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Abstract: This paper considers the optimal plate fin design and the control of CPU heat
sink processes. First, we apply a finite element method to investigate the heat transfer
phenomena of a heat sink process. To have a better heat dispersion performance, a real-
coded genetic algorithm is utilized to search for an optimal set of plate-fin shape
parameters. The objective function to be minimized is the entropy generation rate which
can take simultaneously the two major factors, heat transfer rate and air resistance, into
consideration for design. The comparison with existing method shows that the present
optimization scheme is able to achieve a better design for heat dispersion. To attenuate
environmental and time-varying disturbances, a direct adaptive control scheme is then
developed for the CPU heat sink process. It is based on using a bounded single neuron
controller (SNC) along with a parameter tuning algorithm to regulate the temperature of a
selected control point. Extensive comparisons of the SNC-based control performance with
the on-off control as well as a PI controller show that the proposed scheme provides
excellent control performance despite the existence of unexpected process uncertainties.
Keywords: Heat sink process, Optimal design and control, Real-coded genetic algorithm,
Single neuron controller, Parameter tuning algorithm, Partial differential equation system
the CPU heat sink process without a fan. In this case Figure 3 Governing equation and boundary
there is no forced convection and only the conduction conditions
and nature convection are considered. The simulation
studies for this case are under the situations of using Heat dispersion with forced heat convection. The
aluminium fins and silicon CPU. The physical simulation results shown in the pre-subsection
properties of the materials and the operation indicate that the CPU temperature can be too high
conditions are listed in Tables 1 and 2, respectively. when the fan is switched off. The overheat situation
can be simply avoided by turning on the fan to
enforce the air convection. Now, we examine the 55
)
responses for changing the fan speed. From this 40
T(
figure it is seen that the higher speed, the lower 35
tb
70
isothermal condition, the entropy generation rate can
60
be given by (Bejan, 1982; 1996)
50
30W
Q 2 Rsin k FdV f
S gen = + (3)
40 35W
40W
30
0 1000 2000 3000
time (s)
4000 5000 6000 Tinf2 Tinf
Fig. 6. Temperature evolutions at the control point where Q represents the heat transfer of the fin base,
for different power sources. Rsin k the overall heat sink thermal resistance,
55
T (= Q Rsin k ) the temperature difference between
5% the heat source (CPU) and V f the air flow rate. Fluid
50 50%
100% friction itself is in the form of the drag force, Fd ,
45
along the direction of air flow. This entropy
generation rate is contributed by both the heat sink
)
40
T(
Fig. 7. Temperature responses for changing various where n is the number of the fins, and R fin , the
fan speed (initial fan speed is at 12% open).
thermal resistance of each fin, is represented by
1 3.2 Optimal design: an illustrative example
R fin = (5)
~H ) Consider a plate-fin configuration as shown in
heff PkAc tanh( m
Figure 9, which is equipped with horizontal inlet
of which the parameter m ~ is given by cooling flow. Both the width and base length of the
fin are 5cm. The thermal conductivity of the
m~ = heff P (6) aluminium fin is 200W mK . The total CPU heat
kAc
dissipation of 30W is uniformly applied over the
The perimeter P is the surface area per unit length of
base plate of the fin. The ambient air temperature
fins, and Ac represents the cross-sectional area for
Tinf is 25 . The air density , kinematics viscosity
heat conduction of each fin. The total drag force
, and the air conductivity k f are 1.177kg / m3 ,
Fd of the heat sink can be obtained by the force
balance on the heat sink (Kay and London, 1984) 1.6 10 5 m 2 / s , and 0.0267 W / mK , respectively.
Fd The objective function to be minimized is the
= f appn(2HL + bL) + Ksc (Hw) + Kse (Hw) (7)
entropy generation rate S = Q Rsin k + FdV f , which
2
(1/ 2)Vch2 gen 2
Tinf Tinf
where f app is the apparent friction factor for a hydro-
provides the trade-off between the heat resistance
dynamically developing flow. The channel velocity and transfer rate. The design parameters are the
Vch of horizontal inlet flow is given by number of of fins, n , the height of the fin, H , the
t (8) thickness of the fin, b , and the air flow rate V f . To
Vch = V f (1 + w )
b solve this optimal design problem, a real-coded
and the factor f app for rectangular channel is given genetic algorithm (Tsutsui and Goldberg, 2001) is
by (Muzychka and Yovanovich, 1998): utilized since it does not need the coding and
2 decoding process and is more efficient to allocate the
3.44
f app Re Dh = + ( f Re Dh ) (9) optimal solution as compared with conventional
2
34
Model-based SNC Chen, C. T. and S. T. Peng (1999) Learning control
T(
-0.5
numerical design of forced convection heat
-1
-1.5
sinks IEEE Trans. Comp. and Packag. Tech.,
0 200 400 600
time (s)
800 1000 1200
Vol. 27, pp. 417-425.
Muzychka, Y. S. and M. M. Yovanovich (1998)
Fig. 12. Control system performance for the case of
Modeling friction factors in non-circular ducts
horizontal inlet flow.
for developing laminar flow. Proc. 2nd AIAA
Theoretical Fluid Mech. Meeting, Albuguerque,
5. CONCLUSIONS
NM, pp.15-18.
This paper has presented an optimization scheme and
Shih, C. J. and G. C. Liu (2004) Optimal design
a direct adaptive control strategy for CPU heat sink
methodology of plate-fin heat sinks for
processes. The heat transfer phenomena of the plate-
electronic cooling using entropy generation
fin are investigated using the software - COMSOL
strategy. IEEE Trans. Comp. and Packag. Tech.,
Multiphysics. A real-coded genetic algorithm is
Vol. 27, No. 3, pp. 551-559.
developed for the optimal design of the plate-fin with
Teertstra, P., M. M. Yovanovich and J. R. Culham,
horizontal inlet air flows. The objective function to
(2002) Analytical forced convection modeling
be minimized is the entropy generation rate, which
of plate fin heat sinks. J. Electron Manuf., Vol.
allows one to take into account of both the effects of
10, No. 4, pp. 253-261.
heat sink resistance and viscous dissipation. The
Tsutsui, S. and D. E. Goldberg (2001) Search space
proposed real-coded genetic algorithm can give better
boundary extension method in real-coded
designs than existing methods.
genetic algorithm. Information Sciences, 133
As indicated by simulation experiments that the CPU
pp.229-247.
heat sink process is sensitive to environmental
White, F. M. (1987) Fluid Mechanics, New York:
disturbances even though the design is optimal with
McGraw-Hill.
respect to certain operating conditions. To reject