ALGEBRA rational number — expressed as a quotient of two integers, (Vo) — ferminates and repeats: — 5,717, 49, 3.666 irrational number ~ decimals that do net repeat and ab not terminate 7N2, 1, 5.2179... Ogproxim ations by truncation climinating Cveryihing to whe right of @ certain Aecimal place ~_approximare. 12366204 10 two decimal places > 17.6 Qpproximations by rounding ~ looking fo the right of the specified decimal place and make judgement = 900 Tunit If the Number fo hE right is greater or equal 10.5, if he digit to the right isjess ihan.5, remains the same = approximate (7.368204 to two decmalplaces. —> 17.37Significant Figures 2) All nonzero aigits are significant. 45281 (5 significant figures) 2)_ All 2eras betwen nonzero digits are significant. 2005 (4significant tigures) 2D Zeros fo the right of @ nonzero digit but fo the /eFt of an_understed decimal point, Gre not significant unless specifically indicated as significant by @ bar placed above the rightmost such zero iS significant 452610 ( Ssigniticant tigures) 452610 ( 6significant figures) 4)_ All zeros fo ihe right Of a decimal paint but fo ihe /eft of a nonzero digit are not Signiti cant._0.02671 (4signiticant figures ) )_All zeroes to ie right of a decimo] point and! to she right of o nonzero digit are significant. 0.049600 (5 significant figures) Scientific Notation: Cx 10" 10° Kilo (k) 10° Milli Cm) 10* Moga (M) fo* micro (mM) X 22.5.x103 is nota scientific notakor 10? Giga (6) 40? Nano (n) V 2.25 x 108 is ascientificnotation .00000109 + 1.09% 40° wo tera (T) 10% Pico (p) 400Q00Q000-4 40x109Laws of Exponents: @M=a00-0 Qa a @) q°= @a".a"= am @o" =o" q @@n"=a™ a (ao)? = ap @) (2) ER (@ gin = y a @) We =e) Algebraic Expressions 2x + 3) > constant ——> variable ——> coefficient / factor Polynomials 4 Monomial — 2x 2) Binomial 2xty 3) Trinomial 7x? - 4y +5 4) Polynomial -5k* * 4x7-2x-6 Adidition_of Polynomals: 3x7 + 2x + 4x*+5 Tx? + 2445.Subiraction of Polynomials: (3x°-2x+1)- (x8 +5x-9) 3x3 2x41 - X38 “5X +9 2x8 -7x +10, Multiplication of Polynomials. (~x*+1)(x+2x) WKF ~2KF + KI + 2K = x= x8 + 2x Special Products 4) (atb)(a-b) = a*-b* 2 (G+b)(a+b) = a? +Zab + b* 2) Ca-b) (a-b) = F ~ Zab +b? 4) Carb)? = 9° t Sa%b +3ab? +b® S) (q-b)% = g?- 3q%D + 3ab* -b? 6) (at Pla*-ab +62) = 9° +b? 7) (9-b)(G? tab +b*) = qe - 6?“pringpal square rect’ nonnegative ex: The principal square root oF 16 iS 4. 25 = 45 x W=5 Properties Of square root a {ob - [a -fb cx. 20 = {F3 IF I5* 215 9 [g-& ;-b40 ; Ta £40 + J4-[00 = 2f70 ex: [40 = = J4 S10 = 2/10 4 49 Zz Z Combining Like Radicals: 43 - 6{3 +13 = 5S 4U7 ~ ONT +907 > 717 ss Kapagnauna yung mapaba so.matads, subtract * Kopag naura yung mataas sa. mababa, normalDomain Restrictions 4) 2k* + SX+3 (polynomial) D. ail peal numbers: 2) 2x+1. (rational expression) 2. all peal numbens. X-4 except x= 4 3) _X_ (rational expression) D: ait real numbers xe+4 4) 3X44, (rational expression) D- all peal numbers x except x=O Multiplying. ardt Dividing Rational Expressions Q.&£. Gl; 640,040 bod bq 2.6 9d; b#0,c40 bod bc FalncyS. make the restrictions after factoring completely! donot make restrictions after simplifying / Adding and Subtracting Rational Expe QtcC = adit bo; br bo qd bd d#0 tc = gte ; bso bb 5 3 factor finst the denominator before adding ant subracting ;. and aso find thein wep! Complex. Rational Expressions fs Bs. 2-x x § 44-2" 2tx x4 > q rational expression that contains Nether rational expressian in either tS numerator denominatorComplex Numbers g+ bi © imaginary number ——> real number atbi ond crdt arc equal if and onty if @=C and bed. Adding and Subtracting Complex Numbers Cq+bi) + (c+dt) = Cate) + (bedi (a+bi)— (ctdi) = (a-c) + (b-a)i Multiplying Complex Numbers (a+bi)+ (c+di) =(ac-bd)+(ad+bc)i my Divididing Complex Numbers atbii | c-ai c+di c-cdComplex Numbers_to integer Powers bs f7. t= -1 Ps ics CNW -F4 [tS Be ifaCA Ke 4 IES LS 4 Cl see [eis (EL Gy) © Cp ee i Uti = NGI) > Hi [8 (1¢= Ge 4 (=? 35° Caivigect by 4 because 4 after 4 intervals. itreturns fo its original value) e7F Sxty — BX~Y algebraic expression, Xt7=I1__x?aq algebraic equation: Linear Equation. Ok [yin O realnumbers, 9#0. ‘£ sometimes for rational expressions /equations, variables are in the denaminatar, always check wheiner the. Soluion sovisties tte real /ovigival equation. sometimes. its just an erroneous solution.’Applications involving Linear Equations AVcnage = _suin of digits NO. of digits {) Number/ Digit Froblen “conxcoutive integers” Xx, X+4, x+2 2 Geometric Problems “odd/even consecutive general intogens” x, x+2, x+4. "even specific integers” 2x, 2x+2, 2x+4 “TJ P=21+2w A-lw ‘odd specific integers’ 2x +1, 2x+3, 2x+5 2 @ P= ger Av? cighty tess than qd number x- 80 number less than3 3x QS prarptc Ae Bh Faigit number: _H - hundreds aigit T - tens digit 3) Age Problem (Time) U- units digit m res Present _| nyeans fram no Am A Ata N= 400H +40t_+ UClock Problem everything in minutes M__-M-rotatian of minutehang 72” Potation of hour hand 5*=GOM ~ rotatian of second hang trey = 560" trot. Gamins ) Mixture Problem, P* Amount of substance 4 T_* 9mount of substance 2 ‘otal amount of mixture Ts p+g concentration = amt. of pure substorog fOtal Amt. Of mixture t “Ree subst Gi. bi ex. subs2__ci. di fl A+B2C GA + bLB = o/C @) Motion Problem. d= rt} time in motion E pate of motion — Gcoynsiream asrance covered SRN ieteaee7) Work Problem We Rt < time spent in doing work pate of doing the wark work Clon (74 work Gone) w= 8) Labor Time Requirement t LTR =_Labor x Time! 7) Simpic Interest time in years Interest rate, decimal Principal interest 40) Venn Diagram —— Quadratic Equation et ed $ =O <—std. Form Neal numbers, a#OMethods for Sowing Quadratic Equations: 4) Factoring Method. x*-6x-I6=O (4-8 442) =O x-6-0 [ x+2<0 £28: | xo-e 5x? 27-0 3x*=27 xray ant aka 2) Square Root Method: x= 4/P 3) Completing the Square: et ecg rg r+ BF = cr (#] Wee 4) Quadratic Formula. ox + bx +c =O bF-40C [x5 -2 V2xt5 7X #Glwoys Check she value OF x compuied if really satisfies the original equation Radical Equations Unear Inequalities ©) ess than (©)? greater than C1] 4 tess than or equal to {[] 2 geaier nave equal tounion. AUB intersection: ANB let A={ Austin, Brittany, Jonathan} Bt Anthony,Brittany, Elise } AUB ={ Austin, Brittany, Jonathan, Anthony, Elise} ANB = {Brittany} Solving Linear Inequalities # same as linear equatims .. just changc/ neverse in inequality sign when multiplying. or aividing bya negative real number Solving Linear Inequalities w/ Fractions * climinate the fractions by muitioly! hei. OT CROSS MULTIPLY’ age Solving a Double Linear Inequality 4 write in two Linear inequasties “24 3xtg £16 “24 3x4 3xt4F 16 2-4 23x 3x 4 10-4 “O43x 3X12 “2Lx ee -2£x£4 G2,4] Polynomial Inequalities ( Quadratic Inequality) awrite the inequality in g standard form. 2) Identify zeros 3) Draw th€ number line with zeros |apeled. 4) Test cach interval, identify w/c interval make: fhe inequality true.if the original polynomial is 40, NEGATIVE. f the original polynomial is >O, POSITIVE. # Kpag ang solution naging imaginary s auroiatic (-s0, <0) KP-X 712 X-x-12 70 (x-41(x43)70 (1-4) (x43) 20. k= 453 —+—_+> 4 oS ceKH | (00,73) $ (4,00) (-,-3)U4,-)] | Xr2x 23 X* +2xt320 x2 22t. 2-H). Za) Ae 22248 Rational inequatities (denominator has variables) 4) acter denominator 2) Domain restrictions, identity zeros Of both numerator and denominator 2) Draw the number line A Test ie intervals xeS 2-0. iat X-5_ 20 (x-2XK2), X#3,2-2 et Od"? Fy" Fy SI= Hy (22) Uf 30)Absolute Value lal={ a, itaz0 “a , ifazo Properties of Absolute Value 4 lal 20 4 lal = lol 2 |ab| = |allb| alg =lal, +0 bl To Solving Absolute Value Equation: always rc: KeS <5 waite as two equation. | x-3|=8 (23) X= 1. x93. # kapag magkabilaan ang qbsaluté put al absolute vale inone sie 2 Kopag absolute value = negative value, NO.SOLUTION/ 2 forquadratic absolute valve equation, once he rools ore imaginary , automatic NO.SOLUTION.” Properties of Assolute Yaue Inequalities (=x) Qlaléb — -bzazb oP glaléb — -béaéb SS ald >b > aé-b/ard ee alalzb — 94-b/a2b “TS 4 KapOg ess shan inequality. Single statement 4 kopag greater thon inequatty, two statementFunction. one-to-one many-fo-one Not Function. One-fo-many X-_ independent variable. y- dependent variabie y=xt,_yelxl, yex® (CF) xey, xelyls xtey*=4 (NF) use vertical line test to derermine whether the. equation is @ function or not. F Kapag isang point of intensection, F kopag colawang point of intersection, NF. Damain of a Function DAN 3 > Xx#-55 XP-25 0°5)UC55)U(5 +) DHO)= 4[F-2x 7% -1-2x20 2a 9 x£% DGO)= YT > 800) (aude root) Comman functions: Pa Rs 4 Constant function f(x)=b 2) Identity Function f00= x Spx 3) Square Function fx) =x? im 4) Cube Function — fKx)=x? mn 5) Squore Rect Fuinctian fo)- JK 46.5) Gabe Font Rincon 4a = Tx = Absolute vaive function fox) Ix | ae “PP ) Reciprocal Function fx) = & ~e- cven functian + Symmetric wrt ¥ axis £Cx)= fx) odd function + symmetric wet origin £Cx)*~f&x) Proportions and variations ® Directly Proportional ye Re YO KX 2 loversely Proportional y«'x. y= ®) saintly Proportional ¥&ZX 5 ¥ =KZX 4) Combined Proportion yz, yo AZ x K = proportionality constant. Dividing Patynomials 4 Long Division 2) Synthetic Division EPPICABIE Only when Me divisor is in the foun of X-Q or +0 Remainder meorem —POQ)_— then r= Pla) x-a *substitufe @ in the function UO, eemainder = PCa) \ Factor Theorem if Pa)=O then, x-@ is @ factor of P(x) if _x-a_ is @ factor of P(x) then, Pa) #_USC_syntneric divisian_re derennine if itis a PackorSystems of Linear Equations in Two Variables @ Independent Solution — has ane solution 7 lines hove aifferent slope @ Inconsistent System — hOs no solution “lines ave paralies / wily the same siope @ Dependent Syste — Infinitely many solution 7 lines oincide Partial Fractions cqset_Nan- Repeated Linear Fractions Ht 4x-5 Ox+13 (x+5)001) (4#5) _( case. Atleast One. Repeated Linear Factor TOX*+1BX-12_ = _= 9x8 + BX-12 2X9 ~ 4x8 44X X(X-2)* “38+Bx-12 = _A +B +_C_ XS ~4x°+ 4x X__(e2) (x2. e cqse3._Nan- Repeated Guacratic Factors. eee eA Ba (2K+1)( x2 41) (2x+4) (x2 +1) cases Repeating Quadratic Factors. WO-X 13x42 = _AxtB + CarD. G+1)* (x8+1) Gtey* always check the highest exponents. Of the numeratorMatrices Es if M=N, square matrix, m> rows n> columns ® Equality of Matrices: = two inatrices A and 6 are equal, ifand only if Aand 6 have the same order mxn_ and corresponding elements arc equal: yj = by’ [ eer 7] seve for x ie 1 21 any. 2x=6 | yet27 x=3] (y=6 Matrix Addition and subtraction “Trl P14 3] a 40 Arb -[ Cox) on] ate 3] +04) 240 32ova | 2-64) 20] [ 6 3} 41 oa] [52 In cading and subtracting. Matrix A = MatrixB. sum = Qj + by difference = Qj ~ by 3) Scalar Multiplication kK} Qu...dn ina. i 0 4]: [a2 30) 20)] 75 2] Ls x5) 32) a ° B 21 15% 4) Matrix Multiplication Matrix A B AB Order mxn__nxp mp. [sx! | cane 5) Inverse of a Matrix tO. determine if it is the invense of 9. matrix, A-A’ = Th where In* Inan w[ 49] L-| 10.0 04 a 10 oo01 ® ang may inverse lang, square matrices# 19 find tne inverse of @ matrix, @)_Transpose Matrix we? ala acl Ax-[q_x xyz by z ab]-f10 & [ealeet{s 3} garac_ap+ad].[ 4 0 bata Sb+éd} [01 20+3C=170 p13 0 7@ satéc*O7@ 5b téq-17@® q- 8 b+ 3 Sum of Coefficients: (otis; ge 2 @ Let Gl variables be equal 10 4: © IF there will be an existing constant, deduct. CExt By)T= On9t.. Fy)? (2) + 34) 5 7) Determinant of Matrix + use calculator. MaDe > MATRIXoxen? = Gen®-a)? So* 1. [a+ co] = n{ 2q,+(n-Nd] Scot = 5 Z 2 sequence G Qe G ... Gm Geometric Sequence ~ has commen ratio Y finite Qi, Qe. 9a4G4.-gGn_(mayhangganan) Y infinite, WU, Qs... (wotenghanggaran) GP — G, &,%,44, Qs... comin ratio > P= Ge. factorial n= nCn-4#)(n-2).. $21 022 o a= 4 P= Ont fief Qn, Arithmetic. Sequence ~ has common dif ference. Srwre = QC 4=r")| nat iP AP —> Qh, O, Fs,4,Q5... commandiff > d= Ge-Q Swine = _ In) 44 Id? nt) Qn} | Gn= G++) f=rHarmonic Sequence ~ eee AP @ Ge Oe Ae 44 q& als 9 A. % Geometric Means 7 1@8.9.e Binomial Theorem ~ £- term polynomial > (qt p¥@eewenent DR vase pi term= nGn, Ca) (or ifn s0cK, nomianile term if_n= even, middle term =n +4 zZ if midale term, expanents ane. #xe.sonkaGeleration — 1 of velocity a= dv velocity - rate of change of positian(s) ct FOR @ *Y “a face [av q = Vv Sat gas dy 8 {fds =[(vav as= vt- vi 2 2 yt= 245+ Vo~