MATHEMATICS

TARGET IIT-ENTRANCE & CBSE - 2013

XII

LOGARITHM

C ON T E NT S
LOGARITHM
KEY CONCEPT .................................................................. Page 2
EXERCISEI ...................................................................... Page 3
EXERCISEII ..................................................................... Page 4
EXERCISEIII ................................................................... Page 5

ANSWER KEY .................................................................... Page6

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 KEY CONCEPTS (LOGARITHM)
THINGS TO REMEMBER :
1. LOGARITHM OF A NUMBER :
REMEMBER
The logarithm of the number N to the base 'a' is the exponent indicating
the power to which the base 'a' must be raised to obtain the number N. log102 = 0.3010
T h i s n u m b e r i s d e s i g n a t e d a s l o g a N.
log103 = 0.4771
Hence : logaN = x ax =N , a>0 , a1 & N>0 ln 2 = 0.693
If a = 10 , then we write log b rather than log10 b . ln 10 = 2.303
If a = e , we write ln b rather than loge b .
The existence and uniqueness of the number loga N follows from the properties of an exponential
functions.
From the definition of the logarithm of the number N to the base 'a' , we have an
log a N
identity : a =N , a>0 , a1 & N>0
This is known as the FUNDAMENTAL LOGARITHMIC IDENTITY .
NOTE :loga1 = 0 (a > 0 , a 1)
loga a = 1 (a > 0 , a 1) and
log1/a a = - 1 (a > 0 , a 1)
2. THE PRINCIPAL PROPERTIES OF LOGARITHMS:
Let M & N are arbitrary posiitive numbers , a > 0 , a 1 , b > 0 , b 1 and is any real number
then ;
(i) loga (M . N) = loga M + loga N (ii) loga (M/N) = loga M loga N
log a M
(iii) loga M = . loga M (iv) logb M =
log a b
NOTE : logba . logab = 1 logba = 1/logab. logba . logcb . logac = 1
x
ln a
logy x . logz y . loga z = logax. e = ax
3.
*
(i)
PROPERTIES OF MONOTONOCITY OF LOGARITHM :
For a > 1 the inequality 0 < x < y & loga x < loga y are equivalent.
(ii) For 0 < a < 1 the inequality 0 < x < y & loga x > loga y are equivalent.
(iii) If a > 1 then loga x < p 0 < x < ap
(iv) If a > 1 then logax > p x > ap
(v) If 0 < a < 1 then loga x < p x > ap
(vi) If 0 < a < 1 then logax > p 0 < x < ap

NOTE THAT :
If the number & the base are on one side of the unity , then the logarithm is positive ; If the number &
the base are on different sides of unity, then the logarithm is negative.
The base of the logarithm a must not equal unity otherwise numbers not equal to unity will not have
a logarithm & any number will be the logarithm of unity.
n
For a non negative number 'a' & n 2 , n N a = a1/n.

* Will be covered in detail in QUADRATIC EQAUTION

Logarithm [2]
 EXERCISEI
[STRAIGHT OBJECTIVE TYPE
1 1 1
Q.1 log abc + log abc + log abc has the value equal to
bc ca ab

(A) 1/2 (B) 1 (C) 2 (D) 4

Q.2 If 5 x log2 3 + 3log2 x = 162 then logarithm of x to the base 4 has the value equal to
(A) 2 (B) 1 (C ) 1 (D) 3/2

log 70 9800 log 70 140 log70 2

Q.3 If N 2 5 7 , then N is equal to
(A) 20 (B) 60 (C) 18 (D) 40

Q.4 The number of value(s) of x satisfying the equation

log ln x
4 2 1 ln 3 x 3 ln 2 x 5 ln x 7 0
(A) 0 (B) 1 (C) 2 (D) 3

100
5
Q.5 Number of cyphers after decimal before a significant figure starts in is equal to
4
[Use: log102 = 0.3010]
(A) 6 (B) 7 (C) 8 (D) 9

Q.6 The sum of all values of x satisfying the equation

log 0.03 log 2 x 3 4log 2 x 2 3log 2 x 1 = 0, is

(A) 16 (B) 15 (C) 10 (D) 11

log x 1log 2 x
Q.7 Number of values of x satisfying the equation 5 3 3 2 = 3, is
(A) 0 (B) 1 (C) 2 (D) 3

[COMPREHENSION TYPE]
Paragraph for question nos. 8 to 10

logMN = + , where is an integer & [0, 1)

Q.8 If M & are prime & + M = 7 then the greatest integral value of N is
(A) 64 (B) 63 (C) 125 (D) 124

Q.9 If M & are twin prime & + M = 8 then the greatest integral value of N is
(A) 624 (B) 625 (C) 728 (D) 729

Q.10 If M & are relative prime & + M = 7 then minimum integral value of N is
(A) 25 (B) 32 (C) 6 (D) 81

Logarithm [3]
 Paragraph for question nos. 11 to 13
A denotes the product xyz where x, y and z satisfy
log3x = log5 log7
log5y = log7 log3
log7z = log3 log5
B denotes the sum of square of solution of the equation
log2 (log2x6 3) log2 (log2x4 5) = log23
C denotes characterstic of logarithm
log2 (log23) log2 (log43) + log2 (log45) log2 (log65) + log2 (log67) log2(log87)

Q.11 The value of A + B + C is equal to

(A) 18 (B) 34 (C) 32 (D) 24

Q.12 The value of log2A + log2B + log2C is equal to

(A) 5 (B) 6 (C) 7 (D) 4

Q.13 The value of | A B + C | is equal to

(A) 30 (B) 32 (C) 28 (D) 30

[MULTIPLE OBJECTIVE TYPE]

2 2
Q.14 The value of x satisfying the equation log 2 2 x log 2 x log 2 = 2, is
x
(A) a prime number (B) a composite number
(C) an even number (D) an odd number

[INTEGER TYPE / SUBJECTIVE TYPE]

Q.15
(a) Let A = log11 11log11 (1331) , B = log385(5) + log385(7) + log385(11), C = log 4 log 2 (log 5 625) ,

log100 (16 ) AD
D = 10 . Find the value of
.
BC
(b) Let log7(5a) log7(a 4) = 1 and e2b + 5eb = a. If b = ln k where k N, find k.

1
Q.16 For 0 < a 1, find the number of ordered pair (x, y) satisfying the equation loga 2 x y = and
2
loga y loga x log 2 4 .
a

Q.17 Let N be the number of integers whose logarithms to the base 10 have the characteristic 5, and M the
number of integers the logarithms to the base 10 of whose reciprocals have the characteristic 4. Find
(log10 N log10M).

Logarithm [4]
 [MATCH THE COLUMN]
Q.18 Column-I Column-II

(A) The expression x log 2 log 9 6 6 6 ..... simplifies to (P) an integer

(B) The number N = 2

log 2 3 log 3 4 log 4 5......... log99 100 simplifies to (Q) a prime
1 1 1
(C) The expression simplifies to (R) a natural
log 5 3 log 6 3 log10 3

(D) The number N = 2 5 6 3 5 14 6 5 simplifies to (S) a composite

Q.19 Column-I Column-II

(A) For positive real numbers a (a > 1), let pa and qa (P) 3
be the maximum and minimum values, respectively, of
1
loga(x) for a x 2a. If pa qa = , then the value of a is (Q) 4
2
1023
1
(B) log 2 1 n is equal to (R) 6
n 1

(C) If A = log 3 3 3 3 , then the value of log 8A 1 is equal to (S) 8
3 2

(D) The value of expression (T) 10
log 27 8 log32 243 log625 81 log9 25 log 2 9
3 2 5 3 + 2 3log 4 25 5log 4 9 , is

Q.20 Column-I Column-II

(A) The value(s) of x, which does not satisfy the equation (P) 2
l o g 22 (x2 x) 4 log2(x 1) log2x = 1, is (are)
(B) The value of x satisfying the equation (Q) 3
log 7 10log10 ( 8 x 3)
ln 5log5 7
2log2 e = 13, is (R) 4

1 1
(C) The number N = log log is less than (S) 5
2 6

log 65 5
(D) Let l = (log34 + log29)2 (log34 log29)2 and m = (0.8) 1 9log3 8 (T) 6
then (l + m) is divisible by

Logarithm [5]
 EXERCISEII
ab (ab) 2 4(a b) ab (ab) 2 4(a b)
Q.1 Let A denotes the value of log10 + log10
2 2

when a = 43 and b = 57
and B denotes the value of the expression 2log6 18 3log6 3 .

Find the value of (A B).

6
Q.2(a) If x = log34 and y = log53, find the value of log310 and log3 in terms of x and y..
5
log2 5 2
(b) If k = 16, find the value of k (log2 5) .

Q.3 Solve for x:

(a) log10 (x2 12x + 36) = 2
(b) 91+logx 31+logx 210 = 0 ; where base of log is 3.
(c) log10 (2x + x 41) = x (1 log105).

log b log b N
log b a
Q.4 Simplify: (a) log1/3 4 729.3 9 1.27 4 / 3 ; (b) a

Q.5 Solve for x:

(a) If log4 log3 log2 x = 0 ; (b) If loge log5 [ 2 x 2 3] = 0

2 3
Q.6 Find the value of the expression 6
.
log 4 (2000) log5 (2000) 6

Q.7 Simplify the following:

1 3
log 9 log 3
5log 3 6 6log8 3 2 81 5
3 6
2

(a) 4 4 2
(b) . 7 log 25 7
125log 25 6
409
log1 / 5 12
log 4 1 1log 7 2 log 5 4
(c) 5 log1 / 2 . (d) 49 +5
2 7 3 10 2 21

log3 7 log7 11 log11 25

Q.8 If a, b, c are positive real numbers such that a = 27 ; b = 49 and c = 11 . Find the
(log 7 ) 2 (log 11) 2 (log 25) 2
value of a 3 b 7 c 11 .

Q.9 5logx 3logx-1 = 3logx+1 5logx-1, where the base of logarithm is 10.

Q.10 Let y = log 2 3 log 2 12 log 2 48 log 2 192 16 log212 log248 + 10. Find y N.

Logarithm [6]
 x
Q.11 (a) If 'x' and 'y' are real numbers such that, 2 log(2y 3x) = log x + log y, find .
y

(b) If a = log1218 & b = log2454 then find the value of ab + 5 (a b).

9
(log9 x ) 2 log x 5
Q.12 Find the sum of all solutions of the equation 3 2 9
3 3.

Q.13 (a) Given : log1034.56 = 1.5386, find log103.456 ; log100.3456 & log100.003456.
(b) Find the number of positive integers which have the characteristic 3, when the base of the
logarithm is 7.
(c) If log102 = 0.3010 & log103 = 0.4771, find the value of log10(2.25).
(d)
If N = antilog3 log6 antilog 5

(log5 1296) , then find the characteristic of log N to the base 2.

Q.14 If log102 = 0.3010, log103 = 0.4771. Find the number of integers in :

(a) 5200 (b) 615 & ( c ) t h e n u m b e r o f z e r o s a f t e r t h e d e c i m a l i n 3 100.

Q.15 If (x1, y1) and (x2, y2) are the solution of the system of equation
log225(x) + log64(y) = 4
logx(225) logy(64) = 1,
then find the value of log30(x1y1x2y2).

EXERCISEIII
Q.1 Let (x0, y0) be the solution of the following equations
(2 x )ln 2 (3y)ln 3
3ln x = 2ln y.
Then x0 is
1 1 1
(A) (B) (C) (D) 6
6 3 2
[JEE 2011, 3]

Logarithm [7]
 ANSWER SHEET
EXERCISEI
Q.1 B Q.2 D Q.3 D Q.4 C Q.5 D Q.6 D Q.7 B

Q.8 D Q.9 C Q.10 C Q.11 B Q.12 A Q.13 D Q.14 AC

Q.15(a) 0024 ; (b) 0002 Q.16 0002 Q.17 0002

Q.18 (A) P, (B) P, R, S, (C) P, R, (D) P, Q, R Q.19 (A) Q; (B) T ; (C) S; (D) P

Q.20 (A) Q, R, S, T; (B) P; (C) Q, R, S, T; (D) P, R, S

EXERCISEII
xy 2 xy 2 y 2
Q.1 12 Q .2 (a ) , ; (b) 625 Q.3 (a) x = 16 or x = 4 (b) x = 5 (c) x = 41
2y 2y

Q .4 (a ) 1 (b) logbN Q.5 (a) 8 (b) x = 3 Q.6 1/6

25
Q.7 (a) 9, (b) 1, (c) 6, (d) Q.8 469 Q.9 x = 100 Q.10 y=6
2
Q.11(a) 4/9 ; (b) 1 Q.12 2196 Q.13 (a) 0.5386; 1.5386 ; 3.5386 (b) 2058 (c) 0.3522 (d) 3

Q.14 (a) 140 (b) 12 (c) 47 Q.15 12

EXERCISEIII
Q.1 C

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Logarithm [8]