Wastewater discharge

Sewer systems, requirements

Dipl.-Ing. S. Rettig
TU Berlin, Department of Urban water management
Gustav-Meyer-Allee 25, D - 13355 Berlin

Phone: +49 / (0) 30 / 314 72356; Fax: +49 / (0) 30 / 314 72248
e-mail: stefan.rettig@tu-berlin.de
 Drainage Design
General planning objectives
Save collection and discharge of wastewater
Fast transport of sewage out of the settlements
Main reason: disease protection
Save collection and discharge of storm water
Priority: on site infiltration (humid region)
Great variations of flow (storm weather - dry weather 100:1)
Prevention of not maintainable vitiations of the ecosystems
Decrease of water pollution load in rivers and lakes
Improvement of costs for installation and operation
Construction of durable closed pipes (static's, material)
Rehabilitation of leaky canals

Department of urban water management

 Drainage Design
Considerations

Topology
Ditches, streams and rivers
Settlement Development
Density of population, amount of citizen
trade and industry
Building and land utilisation plan of the city
Future developments
Decisive groundwater level
Existing sewerage installations (e.g. canals; plants)
Conditions of foundation soils
Manner and extent of water supply
Department of urban water management
 Wastewater Discharge

Municipal Wastewater
Domestic: household, small traders, tourism (e.g. Hotels)
Effluent from trade and industry: e.g. food industry, paper mills
Infiltration water
Rainwater discharge in dependence of the pollution
Non-polluted rainwater can be percolated into the soil or drained off on the shortest way
Polluted rainwater has to be treated (separately or at the wastewater-treatment-plant)

Department of urban water management

 Assessment of the storm water quality

Aera / Definition Validation

Roof in residental aeras No problem

Bike- and footpathes in residential aeras
Yards in residential or similar aeras
Roads < 2,000 cars per day
Roofs in industrial areas To tolerate
Roads 2.000 15,000 cars/d
Parking place
Agricultural courtyard

Courtyards and roads in heavy polluted industrial areas not suitable

Application depending of
Available space
Permeability of the soil
Department of urban water management
 Area infiltration:
Natural stone pavement with gaps

Good solution: infiltration onsite

(Kwon, 2006)
Department of urban water management
 Infiltration ditch

Infiltration Ditch Covered infiltration ditch Open infiltration ditch

Surface inlet

Top layer

Layer with high

permeability
(based on DWA)

Department of urban water management

 Wastewater Discharge

Municipal Wastewater
Domestic: household, small traders, tourism (e.g. Hotels)
Effluent from trade and industry: e.g. food industry, paper mills
Infiltration water
Rainwater discharge in dependence of the pollution
Non-polluted rainwater can be percolated into the soil or drained off on the shortest way
Polluted rainwater has to be treated (separately or at the wastewater-treatment-plant)
Wastewater discharge systems
Gravity Sewer
Separate System or combined System
Pressure drainage
A lot of small pumping station for all buildings
Vacuum drainage system
Collection in shafts and sucking to central vacuum station
Centralized or decentralised on-site treatment

Department of urban water management

 Pressure drainage

Pressure
flush
Druckrohr-
station
splstation

Pressure collection pipe

Gravity pipeline

Department of urban water management

 Vacuum drainage system

Central
Vacuum shaft vacuum
station

Department of urban water management

 Centralized or decentralized Treatment
Example of a small village 120 E

PK II

Todenhger Strasse

Todenhger Strasse
Centralized Treatment
Each house has connection to a main sewer Central WTP
Wastewater-Treatment in a central plant
Discharge into rivers

Department of urban water management

 Centralized or decentralized Treatment
Example of a small village 120 E

Todenhger Strasse

Todenhger Strasse
Irrigation, Re-Use Discharge into rivers

Decentralized Treatment
Each house (site) has its own small treatment plant (on-site)
Building of groups is possible Decentral WTP
Recieving water for all plants required

Department of urban water management

 Centralized or semi centralized Discharge?

Department of urban water management

 Components of wastewater discharge
Central System (Industrial countries)

Combined Percolation
Separate system
system

WTP

COST
CSO

[based on Gujer]

Department of urban water management

 Dimensioning of the sewers

Qmax Maximum Flow; stationary calculation

Combined System
Combined Sewer : Qges = Qt + Qr (l/s)
Separated System
sewer Qges = Qt (l/s)
Strom water sewer Qges = Qr (l/s)
n: Rain Frequency (Breakdown frequency from Qmax)
Planning period (e.g. 50 -100 years)
Necessary and possible exactness
Minimum tractive force (v = 0.5 m/s)
Minimal Diameter
Sewer pipe DN 250 (DN 200)
Rain and combined water piper DN 300 (DN 250)
Department of urban water management
 Dry weather flow Qt

Domestic sewage Qh
wastewater from trade and industrial Qg
Infiltrated wastewater Qf
Qt = Qh + Qg + Qf (l/s)
Determination of Qh (l/s) or estimated value 4l/(s1000 PE)

Calculation with the catchment area

Department of urban water management

 Dry weather flow Qt

Industrial and wastewater out of trade Qg (l/s) is estimated

over the area of trade AE2 (ha)
Runoff rate qg (l/(s ha)) depending of the consumption of water
small water consumption 0.5 l/(sha)
average water consumption 1.0 l/(sha)
High water consumption 1.5 l/(sha);
Qg = qg AE2 (l/s)
Infiltration water additional amount of 50 100%
Depending of the groundwater level!
During 24 hours
Calculation period 50 -100 year

Department of urban water management

 Rain (Over flooding) Frequency

Assumption of rain frequency is from particular interest for

a) safeness of flooding
b) expenses of sewer construction
c) future handling (maintenance, repair etc.)
General assumption: once per year n = 1.0
Recommendations of the DWA are for preplanning's and sanitations
depending on economical interests
common building areas n = 1.0 - 1.5
city centers, important commercial and industrial areas n = 1.0 - 0.2
roads beyond urban areas n = 1.0
road and highway underpassings, subways or the like including
receiving waters n = 0.2 - 0.05

Department of urban water management

 Storm water flow
Hydrologic model

Rain intensity r

Aera A

Q r rD,nA
Run-off of rainwater into
[based on Gujer]
the sewers
= Coefficient of Discharge

Department of urban water management

 Rainfall- und run-off intensity
Block-rain

rD,n A

Q r ,max

0
Duration of rainfall or flow [based on Gujer]
0
Maxium Coefficient of Discharge :
Depending of the condition of the surface; grass = 0; concrete = 0,8
Q R ,max
S Q R,max rD,n A S
rD,n A
Department of urban water management
 Hydraulic Calculation of Sewer Systems

Run-off conditions in sewers are as a basic principle unsteady

Unsteady flow calculations for large systems
Steady flow calculations for small systems:
Q=v A
The friction drag formula for the frictional losses, which is
assumed are evenly spreaded along the flow path, is in flow
direction:

hv friction head [m]

hv = l/d v2/(2 g) dimensionless coefficient of friction
l length of regarded sewerage
v velocity
d diameter

Department of urban water management

 Operating Roughness kb

Local drags and losses of energy heads as a result of skin friction

Considering single losses
k/d = relative roughness for circular cross sections
k/(4d) = relative roughness for non circular cross sections
General values for operating roughness kb [mm]
standard Shaped Special
Kind of sewers
shafts shafts shafts

Transport sewers 0.5 0.5 0.75

Collecting sewers DN 1000 0.75 0.75 1.50

Collecting sewers > DN 1000 - 0.75 1.50

Stonework sewers, concrete sewers, sewers made of un-standardised

1.5 1.5 1.5
pipes without verification of skin roughness
Throttle sections (1), pressure pipe lines (1,2,3), dip-pipes (1) and
0.25
cleaning sections without shafts
Department of urban
1) without inlet, outlet waterlosses
and re-routing management
2) without pressure networks 3) seperate consideration of effects on pumping stations
 Full Flow Tables
[Unger, 1969]

DN 200 1: 200
Qmax = 24 l/s

DN 250 1: 240
Qmax = 39 l/s

Department of urban water management

 Partly Full Flow of Pipes with Circular Cross Section

Degree of partly full flow hteil/ D

Flow

Velocity of flow

[based on Gujer]
Department of urban water management
 Cross-section Shapes of Pipe-lines

[Hosang, Bischoff, 1998]

Department of urban water management

 Connections of Pipe-lines

[Hosang, Bischoff, 1998]

Department of urban water management

 Possibilities of net shapes

Catchment System Star-spaped network

Circle Systems

[Hosang, Bischoff, 1998]

Distributor Systems Collecting Systems

Department of urban water management
 Combined Sewer-System

Combined Sewer-System

[BWB]

Department of urban water management

 Combined Sewer System

Qs Qr Discharge
Domestic and Storm water Storm water from external
industrial needily to not needily to sites, drainage
wastes be treated be treated water, spring
water etc.

combined- Waste water

CS discharge treatment
sewage
plant
CS -storage/
treatment

Bod
y of
wate
r
CS: combined
Department of urban sewage
water management
 Combined Sewer Overflow

to wastewater-treatment plant

to rivers

Department of urban water management

 Separate Sewer-System

Separate Sewer-System

[BWB]

Department of urban water management

 Separate Sewer System

Qs Qr Discharge
Domestic and Storm water Storm water from external
industrial needily to not needily to sites, drainage
wastes be treated be treated water, spring
water etc.

Storm Storm water

sewer treatment

Waste water Infiltration,

sewer
treatment utilisation,
plant discharge

Bod
y of
wate
r

Department of urban water management

 Manufacturing costs for gravity sewer
(Road area)
1.900
1.800
depth = 4,5m
1.700
1.600
1.500
1.400
1.300
1.200
depth = 2,5m
/m

1.100
1.000
900
800
700
600
500
400
300
200
100

[based on Halbach] Nominal diameter

Department of urban water management

 Development of plans

Needed documents: Determination of:

Site plans (1:500 - 1:2000) Level of sewer bottom next to the shafts
Subsoil conditions slope 1/DN or Gelndegeflle
Permeability Diameters and pipe line profile
If applicable general parcelling Flow-through conditions
maps (water level and velocity vmin=0,5 m/s)

Site partioning
Normally by bisecting lines
and by real ground conditions

Department of urban water management

 Shafts

Tasks: Arrangement:
Enabling the access of pipe-lines Turnarounds
Aeration and dearation Profile changes
Surveillance Alternating slope
Purification At confluences of lateral connections
Acceptance of pipe-lines (except service pipes)
Intermediate shafts in straight sewers

In-base connection
Department of urban water management
 Tasks of operation

Cleaning
Subern, Splen von Kanlen und Leitungen zur Vermeidung von Ablagerungen
(Abflusshindernis, Geruch etc.)
Maintenance
Manahmen zur Bewahrung und Wiederherstellung des Sollzustandes
Reinigung, Funktionsprfung Pumpen, lwechsel etc.
Inspection
Kontrolle und Beurteilung des Ist-Zustandes (sicht- und Dichtigkeitsprfung
Repair
Wiederherstellen des Sollzustandes, Beheben von Missstnden, Reparieren von
kleineren rtlich begrenzten Schden
Rehabilitation
Erhaltung des Substanz, Reparieren im greren Ausma, Abdichten
Replacement
Herstellen neuer Anlagenteile, die die Funktionen der vorhandenen bernehmen

Department of urban water management

 Inspection of the sewer network

Self-monitoring
with own staff
once a year: simple visual check
once a month: special structures (pumping stations, storm water
basins and similar)
records
Third-party-monitoring
Normally with contracted staff: Camera inspection (suitable
equipement and specific education required)
each 5-10 years: sewer inspection with classification of damage

Department of urban water management

 Camera inspection of sewers [based on Wagner, 2009]

Pictures: JT, IBAK

Department of urban water management

 Optical inspection [based on Wagner, 2009]

Pictures: KM, IBAK and JT-Elektronik

Department of urban water management

 Condition before rehabilitation

[Herold Ing.]
Missing bricks Crossing line
Department of urban water management
 Rehabilitation of a sewer

Starting shaft Rehabilitated sewer [Herold Ing.]

Department of urban water management

Department of urban water management
 Vielen Dank fr die Aufmerksamkeit!

Department of urban water management