MATHEMATICS

TARGET CBSE & IIT-ENTRANCE 2013

XII

L I M I T, CONTINUITY AND

DIFFERENTIABILITY OF FUNCTION

C ON T E NT S

KEY CONCEPT ........................................................................... Page 2

EXERCISEI ............................................................................... Page 7

EXERCISEII ............................................................................. Page 9

EXERCISEIII ............................................................................ Page 10

EXERCISEIV ............................................................................. Page 13

EXERCISEV ........................... ................................................ Page 14

EXERCISEVI(A) ....................................................................... Page 16

EXERCISEVI(B) ....................................................................... Page 17

ANSWER KEY ............................................................................. Page19

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 KEY CONCEPTS (LIMIT)
THINGS TO REMEMBER :
1. Limit of a function f(x) is said to exist as, xa when
Lim f (x) = Lim f (x) = finite quantity..
x a x a
2. INDETERMINANT FORMS :
0
, , 0 , 0, , and 1
0
Note :
(i) We cannot plot on the paper. Infinity () is a symbol & not a number. It does not obey the
laws of elementary algebra.
(ii) += (iii) = (iv) (a/) = 0 if a is finite
a
(v) is not defined , if a 0.
0
(vi) a b = 0 , if & only if a = 0 or b = 0 and a & b are finite.

3. FUNDAMENTAL THEOREMS ON LIMITS:

Let Lim f (x) = l & Lim g (x) = m. If l & m exists then : Remember
x a x a

(i) Lim f (x) g (x) = l m (ii) Lim f(x). g(x) = l. m Lim x a

x a x a x a
f (x)
(iii) Lim , provided m 0
x a g(g ) m
(iv) Lim k f(x) = k Lim f(x) ; where k is a constant.
x a x a

(v) Lim f [g(x)] = f Lim g( x ) = f (m) ; provided f is continuous at g (x) = m.
x a x a

For example Lim l n (f(x) = ln Lim f ( x ) l n l (l > 0).
x a x a
4. SQUEEZE PLAY THEOREM :
If f(x) g(x) h(x) x & Limit Limit Limit
x a f(x) = l = x a h(x) then x a g(x) = l.

5. STANDARD LIMITS :
sin x tan x tan 1 x sin 1 x
(a) Lim = 1 = Lim = Lim = Lim
x 0 x x 0 x x 0 x x 0 x
[Where x is measured in radians]
x
(b) Lim (1 + x)1/x = e = Lim 1 1 note however there Lim (1 h)n = 0
x 0 x x h 0
n

and Lim (1 + h )n
h 0
n

(c) If Lim f(x) = 1 and Lim (x) = , then ;

x a x a
Lim ( x )[ f ( x ) 1]
Lim f ( x )( x ) e x a
x a
Limit, Continuity and Differentiability of Function [2]
(d) If Lim f(x) = A > 0 & Lim (x) = B (a finite quantity) then ;
x a x a
z
Lim [f(x)] = e where z =
(x)
Lim (x). ln[f(x)] = eBlnA = AB
x a x a
x x
(e) Lim a 1 = ln a (a > 0). In particular Lim e 1 = 1
x 0 x x 0 x
n n
x a
(f) Lim n a n 1
x a x a

6. The following strategies should be born in mind for evaluating the limits:
(a) Factorisation
(b) Rationalisation or double rationalisation
(c) Use of trigonometric transformation ;
appropriate substitution and using standard limits
(d) Expansion of function like Binomial expansion, exponential & logarithmic expansion, expansion of sinx ,
cosx , tanx should be remembered by heart & are given below :
x ln a x 2 ln 2 a x 3ln 3a
(i) a x 1 .........a 0
1! 2! 3!
x x2 x3
(ii) e x 1 ............ ; x R
1! 2! 3!
x 2 x3 x 4
(iii) ln(1+ x) = x .........for 1 x 1
2 3 4

x3 x5 x7
(iv) sin x x ... ; x ,
3! 5! 7! 2 2

x2 x4 x6
(v) cos x 1 ...... ; x ,
2! 4! 6! 2 2

x 3 2x 5
(vi) tan x = x ........ ; x ,
3 15 2 2

x3 x5 x7
(vii) tan1x = x ....... ; x ,
3 5 7 2 2

CONTINUITY
THINGS TO REMEMBER :
1. A function f(x) is said to be continuous at x = c, if Limit f(x) = f(c). Symbolically
x c
f is continuous at x = c if Limit f(c - h) = Limit f(c+h) = f(c).
h 0 h 0
i.e. LHL at x = c = RHL at x = c equals Value of f at x = c.
It should be noted that continuity of a function at x = a is meaningful only if the function is defined in the
immediate neighbourhood of x = a, not necessarily at x = a.
2. Reasons of discontinuity:
(i) Limit f(x) does not exist
x c
i.e. Limit f(x) Limit f (x)
x c
x c
(ii) f(x) is not defined at x= c
(iii) Limit f(x) f (c)
x c
Limit, Continuity and Differentiability of Function [3]
 Geometrically, the graph of the function will exhibit a break at x= c. The graph as shown is discontinuous
at x = 1 , 2 and 3.
3. Types of Discontinuities :
Type - 1: ( Removable type of discontinuities)
In case Limit f(x) exists but is not equal to f(c) then the function is said to have a removable discontinuity
x c
or discontinuity of the first kind. In this case we can redefine the function such that Limit f(x) = f(c) &
x c
make it continuous at x= c. Removable type of discontinuity can be further classified as :
(a) MISSING POINT DISCONTINUITY : Where Limit f(x) exists finitely but f(a) is not defined.
x a
2 sin x
e.g. f(x) = (1 x )(9 x ) has a missing point discontinuity at x = 1 , and f(x) = has a missing point
1 x x
discontinuity at x = 0
(b) ISOLATED POINT DISCONTINUITY : Where Limit f(x) exists & f(a) also exists but ; Limit f(a).
x a x a
x 2 16
e.g. f(x) = , x 4 & f (4) = 9 has an isolated point discontinuity at x = 4.
x4
0 if x I

Similarly f(x) = [x] + [ x] = has an isolated point discontinuity at all x I.
1 if x I
Type-2: ( Non - Removable type of discontinuities)
In case Limit f(x) does not exist then it is not possible to make the function continuous by redefining it.
x c
Such discontinuities are known as non - removable discontinuity or discontinuity of the 2nd kind.
Non-removable type of discontinuity can be further classified as :
1 1
(a) Finite discontinuity e.g. f(x) = x [x] at all integral x ; f(x) = tan 1 at x = 0 and f(x) = 1 at x = 0
x
( note that f(0+) = 0 ; f(0) = 1 ) 1 2 x

1 cosx
Infinite discontinuity e.g. f(x) = 1 or g(x) =

(b) 2
at x = 4 ; f(x) = 2tanx at x = and f(x) =
x4 ( x 4) 2 x
at x = 0.
(c) Oscillatory discontinuity e.g. f(x) = sin 1 at x = 0.
x
In all these cases the value of f(a) of the function at x= a (point of discontinuity) may or may not exist but
Limit does not exist.
x a
Note: From the adjacent graph note that
f is continuous at x = 1
f has isolated discontinuity at x = 1
f has missing point discontinuity at x = 2
f has non removable (finite type)
discontinuity at the origin.
4. In case of dis-continuity of the second kind the non-negative difference between the value of the RHL at
x = c & LHL at x = c is called THE JUMP OF DISCONTINUITY. A function having a finite number of jumps
in a given interval I is called a PIECE WISE CONTINUOUS or SECTIONALLY CONTINUOUS function in this
interval.
5. All Polynomials, Trigonometrical functions, exponential & Logarithmic functions are continuous in their
domains.
Limit, Continuity and Differentiability of Function [4]
6. If f & g are two functions that are continuous at x= c then the functions defined by :
F1(x) = f(x) g(x); F2(x) = K f(x), K any real number; F3(x) = f(x).g(x) are also continuous at x= c.
f (x)
Further, if g (c) is not zero, then F4(x) = is also continuous at x= c.
g(x)
7. The intermediate value theorem:
Suppose f(x) is continuous on an interval I , and a
and b are any two points of I. Then if y0 is a number
between f(a) and f(b) , their exists a number c
between a and b such that f(c) = y0.

The function f, being continuous on [a,b)

NOTE VERY CAREFULLY THAT : takes on every value between f(a) and f(b)
(a) If f(x) is continuous & g(x) is discontinuous at x = a then the product function (x) = f(x). g(x) is not
necessarily be discontinuous at x = a. e.g.
sin x x0
f(x) = x & g(x) =
0 x0
(b) If f(x) and g(x) both are discontinuous at x = a then the product function (x) = f(x). g(x) is not necessarily
be discontinuous at x = a. e.g.
1 x0
f(x) = g(x) =
1 x0

(c) A Continuous function whose domain is closed must have a range also in closed interval.
(d) If f is continuous at x = c & g is continuous at x = f(c) then the composite g[f(x)] is continuous at x = c.
x sin x x sin x
eg. f(x) = 2 & g(x) = x are continuous at x = 0 , hence the composite (gof) (x) = will also
x 2 x2 2
be continuous at x = 0 .
7. CONTINUITY IN AN INTERVAL :
(a) A function f is said to be continuous in (a , b) if f is continuous at each & every point (a , b).
(b) A function f is said to be continuous in a closed interval a ,b if :
(i) f is continuous in the open interval (a , b) &
(ii) f is right continuous at a i.e. Limit f(x) = f(a) = a finite quantity..

x a
(iii) f is left continuous at b i.e. Limit f(x) = f(b) = a finite quantity..
xb
Note that a function f which is continuous in a ,b possesses the following properties :
(i) If f(a) & f(b) possess opposite signs, then there exists at least one solution of the equation f(x) = 0 in the
open interval (a , b).
(ii) If K is any real number between f(a) & f(b), then there exists at least one solution of the equation
f(x) = K in the open interval (a , b).
8. SINGLE POINT CONTINUITY:
Functions which are continuous only at one point are said to exhibit single point continuity
x if x Q x if x Q
e.g. f(x) = and g(x) = are both continuous only at x = 0.
x if x Q 0 if x Q

Limit, Continuity and Differentiability of Function [5]

 DIFFERENTIABILITY
THINGS TO REMEMBER :
1. Right hand & Left hand Derivatives ;
f ( a h ) f ( a )
By definition : f (a) = Limit
h 0 if it exist
h
(i) The right hand derivative of f at x = a
denoted by f (a+) is defined by :
f ( a h ) f ( a )
f ' (a+) = Limit
h 0 ,
h
provided the limit exists & is finite.
(ii) The left hand derivative : of f at x = a
denoted by f (a+) is defined by :
f ( a h ) f ( a )
f ' (a) = Limit
h 0 ,
h
Provided the limit exists & is finite.
We also write f (a+) = f +(a) & f (a) = f _(a).
* This geomtrically means that a unique tangent with finite slope can be drawn at x = a as shown in the figure.
(iii) Derivability & Continuity :
(a) If f (a) exists then f(x) is derivable at x= a f(x) is continuous at x = a.
(b) If a function f is derivable at x then f is continuous at x.
f ( x h ) f ( x )
For : f (x) = Limit
h 0 exists.
h
f (x h ) f (x )
Also f ( x h ) f ( x ) .h [ h 0 ]
h
Therefore :
f ( x h ) f ( x )
Limit [f ( x h ) f ( x )] = Limit .h f '( x ).0 0
h 0 h 0 h

Therefore Limit Limit

h 0 [f ( x h ) f ( x )] = 0 h 0 f (x+h) = f(x) f is continuous at x.
Note : If f(x) is derivable for every point of its domain of definition, then it is continuous in that domain.
The Converse of the above result is not true :
IF f IS CONTINUOUS AT x , THEN f IS DERIVABLE AT x IS NOT TRUE.
e.g. the functions f(x) = x & g(x) = x sin 1 ; x 0 & g(0) = 0 are continuous at
x
x = 0 but not derivable at x = 0.
NOTE CAREFULLY :
(a) Let f +(a) = p & f _(a) = q where p & q are finite then :
(i) p = q f is derivable at x = a f is continuous at x = a.
(ii) p q f is not derivable at x = a.
It is very important to note that f may be still continuous at x = a.
In short, for a function f :
Differentiability Continuity ; Continuity derivability ;
Non derivability discontinuous ; But discontinuity Non derivability
(b) If a function f is not differentiable but is continuous at x = a it geometrically implies a sharp corner at
x = a.

Limit, Continuity and Differentiability of Function [6]

3. DERIVABILITY OVER AN INTERVAL :
f (x) is said to be derivable over an interval if it is derivable at each & every point of the interval f(x) is said
to be derivable over the closed interval [a, b] if :
(i) for the points a and b, f (a+) & f (b ) exist &
(ii) for any point c such that a < c < b, f (c+) & f(c ) exist & are equal.
NOTE :
1. If f(x) & g(x) are derivable at x = a then the functions f(x) + g(x), f(x) g(x) , f(x).g(x)
will also be derivable at x = a & if g (a) 0 then the function f(x)/g(x) will also be derivable at x = a.
2. If f(x) is differentiable at x = a & g(x) is not differentiable at x = a , then the product function F(x) = f(x).
g(x) can still be differentiable at x = a e.g. f(x) = x & g(x) = x
3. If f(x) & g(x) both are not differentiable at x = a then the product function ;
F(x) = f(x). g(x) can still be differentiable at x = a e.g. f(x) = x & g(x) = x.
4. If f(x) & g(x) both are non-deri. at x = a then the sum function F(x) = f(x) + g(x) may be a differentiable
function. e.g. f(x) = x & g(x) = x
If f(x) is derivable at x = a f (x) is continuous at x = a.
x 2 sin x1 if x 0
e.g. f(x) =
0 if x 0
6. A surprising result : Suppose that the function f (x) and g (x) defined in the interval (x1, x2) containing
the point x0, and if f is differentiable at x = x0 with f (x0) = 0 together with g is continuous as x = x0 then
the function F (x) = f (x) g (x) is differentiable at x = x0
e.g. F (x) = sinx x2/3 is differentiable at x = 0.
EXERCISEI [LIMIT]
100 k
x 100
Q.1 Lim K1
x 1
x 1
Q.2 Find the sum of an infinite geometric series whose first term is the limit of the function f(x) = 1 tan x
1 2 sin x
1 x
as x /4 and whose common ratio is the limit of the function g(x) = as x 1.
(cos 1 x ) 2
t t
p q
Lim (x l n cosh x) where cosh t = e e .
Q.3 Lim p
p, q N Q.4
x 1 1 x 1 xq x 2

sin 4 (3 x )
Q.5 Lim .
x 0 1 cos x

cos 1 2 x 1 x 2 [ x ]2 15[ x ] 56
1 sin 2x
; (b) Lim

Q.6 (a) Lim x 4 ; (c) Lim
x
1 1 4x x 7 sin( x 7) sin( x 8)
2
x
2 where [ ] denotes the greatest
integer function

1 3 tan x 8 x2 x2 x2 x2
Q.7 Lim Q.8 Lim 1 cos cos cos cos
1 2 cos 2 x
x 0 x8 2 4 2 4
x
4

Limit, Continuity and Differentiability of Function [7]


sin 4h 4 sin 3h 6 sin 2h 4 sin h sin
Q.9 Lim 3 3 3 3 3
4
h 0 h

x2 3 x 3
2
(3x 4 2 x 2 ) sin 1x | x |3 5
Q.10 Lim x Q.11 Lim
x
x x

x
| x |3 | x |2 | x | 1

n

Q.12 If l = Lim (r 1) sin r 1 r sin r then find { l }. (where { } denotes the fractional part function)
n
r2

x2 1
Q.13 Lim
Find a & b if : (i) x ax b = 0 (ii) xLim x 2 x 1 ax b = 0
x 1


(ln (1 x ) ln 2)(3.4 x 1 3x )
Q.14 Lim [ln (1 + sinx). cot(ln2 (1 + x))] Q.15 Lim 1 1
x 0 x 1 [(7 x ) 3 (1 3x ) 2 ]. sin( x 1)
2
e x 33 x
Q.16 If Lim = ln K (where k N), find K.
x 0 x2
sin sin x
2

x 1 x 2 5
2 x 3 x x 2 5 x 6 a b
Q.17 If Lim can be expressed in the form where a, b, c N,
x 3 x 1 x 1
c
then find the least value of (a2 + b2 + c2).
1 1 1 ax 1 2 3
Q.18 If the Lim 3
exists and has the value equal to l, then find the value of .
x 0 x 1 x 1 bx a l b
Q.19 Let {an}, {bn}, {cn} be sequences such that
(i) an + bn + cn = 2n + 1 ; (ii) anbn +bncn + cnan = 2n 1 ; (iii) anbncn = 1 ; (iv) an < bn < cn
Then find the value of Lim (na n ) .
n
Q.20 Let f (x) = ax3 + bx2 + cx + d and g (x) = x2 + x 2.
f (x) f (x) c2 d 2
If Lim = 1 and Lim = 4, then find the value of 2 .
x1 g( x ) x 2 g( x ) a b2
sin 1 (1 {x}).cos 1 (1 {x})
Q.21 Let f(x) = then find Lim f(x) and Lim f(x), where {x} denotes the fractional
2{x} . (1 {x}) x0 x0
part function.
a ( 2 x 3 x 2 ) b( x 3 5x 2 1) c(3x 3 x 2 )
Q.22 If Lim = 1, then the value of (a + b + c) can be expressed
x a (5x 4 x ) bx 4 c( 4 x 4 1) 2 x 2 5x
in the lowest form as p q . Find the value of (p + q).

4
3
n 1
(1 n 1 ) 2
Q.23 Let L = 1 2 ; M = 3 and N = 1 , then find the value of
n 3 n n 2 n 1 n 1 1 2n
L1 + M1 + N1.
Limit, Continuity and Differentiability of Function [8]
 EXERCISEII [LIMIT]
f (x ) x (1 a cos x ) b sin x
Q.1 f (x) is the function such that Lim 1 . If Lim 1 , then find the value of
x 0 x x 0 f (x ) 3
a and b.
tan 2x 1
x Lim x 1 cos x
x
Q.2 Lim tan Q.3 x 0
x 1 4 x

x F I
Q.4 Lim x c 4 then find c Q.5 Lim x 2 sin n cos
GH JK
x
xc x x

2 n 2 n 1 1/ x
n2 n 1 1 x1/ x
Q.6 Lim Q.7 Lim
n n x 0 e

x2
cosh ( x ) et et
Q.8 Lim where cosh t =
x cos ( x ) 2

1 a2 x2 a x
Q.9 Lim 2 sin sin where a is an odd integer
x a (a 2 x 2 ) 2 ax
2 2

(1 x )(1 x 2 )(1 x 3 )......(1 x 2 n )

Q.10 If L = Lim then show that L can be equal to
x 1 [(1 x )(1 x 2 )(1 x 3 ).........(1 x n )]2
n
nr 1 n
(a) r (b) ( 4 r 2)
n! r 1
r 1
(c) the sum of the coefficients of two middle terms in the expansion of (1 + x)2n 1.
(d) the coefficient of xn in the expansion of (1 + x)2n.
(e) sum of the squares of the combinatorial coefficients in (1 + x)n.

Q.11 Let x0 = 2 cos and xn = 2 x n 1 , n = 1, 2, 3, .........., find Lim 2 ( n 1) 2 x n .
6 n

ax 2 sin(bx ) sin(cx ) sin(dx )

Q.12 If a, b, c and d are real constants such that Lim = 8,
x 0 3x 2 5x 4 7 x 6
then find the value of (a + b + c + d).

n
x
Q.13 Let f (x) = Lim 3n 1 sin 3 n and g (x) = x 4 f (x). Evaluate Lim 1 g( x ) cot x .
n 3 x 0
n 1

ln ax
Q.14 If Lim ln x ln a ln = 6, then find the value of a.
x 0 ln x

a

x x
x
Q.15 Evaluate Lim x
x e x 1

Limit, Continuity and Differentiability of Function [9]
 2 n 3nx 1
Q.16 If f (x) = Lim kx where n N, then find the sum of all the solutions of the equation
2
n n k 1 3nx 1

f (x) = x 2 2 .

1
2 x 2 n sin x
Q.17 Let f (x) = Lim x then find
n 1 x 2n
(a) Lim x f ( x ) , (b) Lim f ( x ) , (c) Lim f ( x ) , (d) Lim f ( x )
x x1 x0 x

Q.18 Using Sandwich theorem, evaluate

1 1 1 1
(a) Lim ...........
n 2 2 2 2
n n 1 n 2 n 2n
1 2 n
(b) Lim + + ......... +
2 2
n 1 n 2n n n2

EXERCISEIII [CONTINUITY]
Q.1 Find all possible values of a and b so that f (x) is continuous for all x R if
| ax 3 | if x 1

| 3x a | if 1 x 0
f (x) = b sin 2 x
2b if 0 x
x
cos 2 x 3 if x
tan6x
6 tan5x

5
if 0x 2
Q.2 The function f(x) = b2 if x 2
a tan x
1 cosx b if
2
x
Determine the values of 'a' & 'b' , if f is continuous at x = /2.

f (x )
, x3
Q.3 Suppose that f (x) = x 3 3x2 4x + 12 and h(x) = x 3 then
K , x3
(a) find all zeros of f (x)
(b) find the value of K that makes h continuous at x = 3
(c) using the value of K found in (b), determine whether h is an even function.
x2 x2 x2
Q.4 Let yn(x) = x2 + ............ and y (x) = Lim y n ( x )
1 x 2 (1 x 2 )2 (1 x 2 ) n 1 n
Discuss the continuity of yn(x) (n N) and y(x) at x = 0

Q.5 Find the number of points of discontinuity of the function f(x) = [5x] + {3x} in [0, 5]
where [y] and {y} denote largest integer less than or equal to y and fractional part of y respectively.

Limit, Continuity and Differentiability of Function [10]

 1 sin x 1
, x
1 cos 2x 2
1
Q.6 Let f(x) = p, x . Determine the value of p, if possible, so that the function is
2
2x 1 1
,x
4 2x 1 2 2

continuous at x=1/2.
1 x , 0 x 2
Q.7 Let f(x) = . Determine the form of g(x) = f [f(x)] & hence find the point of
3 x , 2 x 3
discontinuity of g , if any.
ln cos x
if x 0
4 2
1 x 1
Q.8 Let f(x) =
esin 4 x 1
if x 0
ln (1 tan 2 x )
Is it possible to define f(0) to make the function continuous at x = 0. If yes what is the value of f(0), if not
then indicate the nature of discontinuity.
1 2 1


2 sin 1 {x} sin 1 {x} for x 0
3
Q.9 Let f(x) = 2 {x} {x} where {x} is the fractional part of x.

for x 0
2
Consider another function g(x) ; such that
g(x) = f(x) for x 0
= 2 2 f(x) for x < 0
Discuss the continuity of the functions f(x) & g(x) at x = 0.
Q.10 Find the number of ordered pair(s) (a, b) for which the function
f(x) = sgn ( x 2 ax 1) ( bx 2 2 bx 1) is discontinuous at exactly one point (where a, b are integer).

[Note : sgn (x) denotes signum function of x.]
Q.11 Let the equations x3 + 2x2 + px + q = 0 and x 3 + x2 + px + r = 0 have two roots in common
and the third root of each equation are represented by and respectively.
x log
e 1 x , 1 x 0
a, x0
If f (x) = 2
is continuous at x = 0, then find the value of 2(a + b).
ln e x x
b , 0 x 1
tan x
ax 2 bx c e nx
Q.12 A function f : R R is defined as f (x) = Lim where f is continuous on R. Find the
n 1 c e nx
values of a, b and c.
x n f (x ) h(x) 1 sin 2 (2 x )
Q.13 Let g (x) = Lim Lim
, x 1 and g (1) = x 1 be a continuous function
n 2 x n 3x 3 ln sec(2 x )

at x = 1, find the value of 4 g (1) + 2 f (1) h (1). Assume that f (x) and h (x) are continuous at x = 1.
Limit, Continuity and Differentiability of Function [11]
 x 2 n 1 ax 3 bx 2
Q.14 Let f (x) = Lim . If f(x) is continuous for all x R, find the bisector of angle
n x 2n 1
between the lines 2x + y 6 = 0 and 2x 4y + 7 = 0 which contains the point (a, b).
a sin x a tan x
Q.15 f (x) = for x > 0
tan x sin x
ln (1 x x 2 ) ln (1 x x 2 )
= for x < 0, if f is continuous at x = 0, find 'a'
sec x cos x
x
now if g (x) = ln 2 cot(x a) for x a, a0, a>0. If g is continuous at x=a then show that g(e1) = e.
a

cosec x
(sin x cos x ) ; x0
2


a ; x0
Q.16 Let f (x) = 3
1 2
x
ex ex e
3
; 0x

2 2
x x
ae be
If f (x) is continuous at x = 0, find the value of a 2 b 2 .

f (x )
Q.17 Let f (x) = x3 x2 3x 1 and h (x) = where h is a rational function such that
g( x) 1
(a) it is continuous every where except when x = 1, (b) Lim h ( x ) and (c) Lim h ( x ) .
x x 1 2
Find Lim 3h ( x ) f ( x ) 2g ( x )
x 0

tan[ x ]
a , x0
x
Q.18 Let f (x) = 3, x0
x tan x
b , x 0
x3
r
a
If f (x) is continuous at x = 0 then find the value of .
r 0 b
[Note: [k] denotes the largest integer less than or equal to k.]
Q.19 Let f be a real valued continuous function on R and satisfying f (x) f (x) = 0 x R.
If f ( 5) = 5, f ( 2) = 4, f (3) = 2 and f (0) = 0 then find the minimum number of zero's of the
equation f(x) = 0.
Q.20
(a) If g : [a, b] onto [a, b] is continuous show that there is some c [a, b] such that g (c) = c.
(b) Let f be continuous on the interval [0, 1] to R such that f (0) = f (1). Prove that there exists a point c in
1 1
0, 2 such that f (c) = f c 2

Limit, Continuity and Differentiability of Function [12]

 EXERCISEIV [DERIVABILITY]
Q.1 Discuss the continuity & differentiability of the functions.
f (x) = sin x + sinx, x R.

x2
for x 0
Q.2 If the function f (x) defined as f (x) = 2 is continuous but not derivable at x = 0
n 1
x sin for x 0
then find the range of n. x

tan x tan y
Q.3 Let g(y) = Lim and f(x) = x2. If h(x) = Min. f ( x ), g( x ) , find the number
xy x x
1 1 tan x tan y
y y
of points where h(x) is non-derivable.

Q.4 Let f (0) = 0 and f ' (0) = 1. For a positive integer k, show that
1 x x 1 1 1
Lim f ( x ) f ......f = 1 ......
x 0 x 2 k 2 3 k

1 1x
x
Q.5 Let f(x) = xe ; x 0 , f(0) = 0, test the continuity & differentiability at x = 0.

Q.6 If f(x)=x 1. ( [x] [x]) , then find f (1+) & f (1-) where [x] denotes greatest integer function.

ax 2 b if x 1
Q.7 If f(x) = 1 is derivable at x = 1. Find the values of a & b.
if x 1
| x |

x 1 if x 0 x 1 if x 0
Q.8 Let f(x) = | x 1 | if x 0and g(x) = 2
( x 1) if x 0
If m, n and p are respectively the number of points where the functions f, g and gof are not derivable,
find the value of (m + n + p).
1 , 2 x 0
Q.9 Let f(x) be defined in the interval [ 2, 2] such that f(x) = &
x 1 , 0x2
g(x) = f(x) + f(x). Test the differentiability of g(x) in ( 2, 2).

Q.10 Examine for continuity & differentiability the points x = 1 & x = 2, the function f defined by
x [x] , 0x2
f(x) = where [x] = greatest integer less than or equal to x.
(x 1) [x] , 2 x 3
2 x 3 [ x ] for x 1
Q.11 Discuss the continuity & the derivability in [0 , 2] of f(x) = x
sin 2 for x 1
where [ ] denote greatest integer function .
Q.12 Let f (x) = [3 + 4 sin x] (where [ ] denotes the greatest integer function). If sum of all the values of 'x'
k
in [, 2] where f (x) fails to be differentiable, is , then find the value of k.
2
Limit, Continuity and Differentiability of Function [13]
 ax( x 1) b when x 1

Q.13 The function f ( x) x 1 when 1 x 3
px 2 qx 2 when x 3

Find the values of the constants a, b, p, q so that
(i) f(x) is continuous for all x (ii) f ' (1) does not exist (iii) f '(x) is continuous at x = 3
ln (1 x ) ln (1 x )
x. , x (1,0)
Q.14 Let a1 and a2 be two values of a for which f (x) = sec x cos x
(a 2 3a 1) x x 2 , x [0, )
is differentiable at x = 0, then find the value of (a12 + a22).

Q.15 For any real number x, let [x] denote the largest integer less than or equal to x. Let f be a real valued
x [ x ] if [ x ] is even
function defined on the interval [ 3, 3] by f (x) = x [ x ] if [ x ] is odd .

If L denotes the number of points of discontinuity and M denotes the number of points of non-derivability
of f (x), then find (L + M).

1 x , ( 0 x 1)
Q.16 f(x) = x 2 , (1 x 2 )
4 x , ( 2 x 4 )

Discuss the continuity & differentiability of y = f [f(x)] for 0 x 4.

Q.17 Let f be a function that is differentiable every where and that has the following properties:
(i) f (x + h) = f (x) f (h) (ii) f (x) > 0 for all real x. (iii) f ' (0) = 1
Use the definition of derivative to find f ' (x) in terms of f (x).
2
x cos 2x if x 0
Q.18 Consider the function, f (x) =
0 if x 0
(a) Show that f ' (0) exists and find its value(b) Show that f ' 1 3 does not exist.
(c) For what values of x, f ' (x) fails to exist.

EXERCISEV [CBSE]
2
3x ax a 3
Q.1 If the function f (x) = is continuous at x = 2. Find f (2).
x2 x 2
1 sin 3 x
2
if x
3 cos x 2

Q.2 Determine a & b so that f is continuous at x = where f(x) = a if x
2 2
b(1 sin x )
2
if x
2 x 2

Limit, Continuity and Differentiability of Function [14]

 (e 2 x 1) ( x 1)(e x e x )
x
, if x 0
Q.3 Let f (x) = x ( e 1)

k, if x 0
If f (x) is continuous at x = 0 then find the value of k.
1 cos 4 x
if x 0
x2
Q.4 If f (x)= a if x 0
x
if x 0
16 x 4
Find the value of 'a' if possible so that the function is continuous at x = 0.
( x 2 3x 1) tan x
if x 0
Q.5 If f (x) = x 2 2x
k if x 0
is continuous at x = 0, then find the value of k.
Q.6 If f and g are continuous functions with f (5) = 5 and Lim 2f ( x ) g( x ) = 6 then find the value of g(5).
x 5

sin x sin 5x
if x
Q.7 f (x) = cos x cos 5x 4 . Find k if f is continuous at x = .
4
k if x
4
8 x 4 x 2 x 12
if x 0
Q.8 If f (x) = x2 is continuous at x = 0 then find the value of k.
e x sin x 4 x k ln 4, x 0

4 sin x cos x for x

2

Q.9 If f(x) = a sin x b for 2 x 2 is continuous then find a and b.
cos x 2
for x 2

1 3x 2 1 x 1
4
Q.10 Show that the function f(x) = 5 4x 1 x 4
4 x 4x

is continuous at x = 1 and discontinuous at x = 4.
2
3x 4 x 1 for x 1
Q.11 Let g (x) = .
ax b for x 1
If g (x) is continuous and differentiable for all numbers in its domain then find a and b.
Q.12 Let f(x) = | x |3 find whether f "(x) exists real x.
Q.13 Discuss the continuity & differentiability of the functions f (x) = x+ x 1+ x 2x R.
Also given an example of the function which is continuous everywhere but not derivable at exactly two
points.
Limit, Continuity and Differentiability of Function [15]
 1 for x 0

Q.14 A function f is defined as follows : f(x) = 1 | sin x | for 0 x 2
2

2 x 2 for
2
x
Discuss the continuity & differentiability at x = 0 & x = /2.

a x 2 , 0 x 2
Q.15 Let g (x) = . If g (x) is derivable on (0, 5), then find (2a + b).
b x 2 , 2 x 5

EXERCISEVI(A)
Q.1 Show that the function f (x) = 2x | x | is continuous at x = 0. [1 Mark, CBSE 2002]

2 x 1, x 0
Q.2 Discuss the continuity of f (x) = at x = 0 [1 Mark, CBSE 2002]
2 x 1, x 0

x
,x0
Q.3 Discuss the continuity of function f (x) = | x | 2 x 2 , at x = 0. [4 Marks, CBSE 2005]
2, x0

Q.4 Find the relationship between a and b so that the function f defined by
ax 1, if x 3
f (x) = is continuous at x = 3. [4 Marks, CBSE 2005, 2011]
bx 3, if x 3

m( x 2 2 x ), x 0
Q.5 Find the value of m such that the function f (x) = is continuous at x = 0.
cos x , x0
[4 Marks, CBSE 2006]
x 2 25
If f (x) = x 5 , when x 5 is continuous at x = 5, find the value of k.

Q.6
k , when x 5
[4 Marks, CBSE 2007]
Q.7 If f (x), defined by the following, is continuous at x = 0, find the value of a, b, and c.

sin(a 1) x sin x
, if x 0
x
f (x) = c, if x 0 . [4 Marks, CBSE 2008]
2
x bx x , if x 0
bx 3 2
Q.8 Show that the function f (x) is defined by

sin x
cos x , x 0
x
f (x) = 2, x0 is continuous at x = 0. [4 Marks, CBSE 2009]

4 1 1 x


, x0
x

Limit, Continuity and Differentiability of Function [16]

Q.9 Find all points of discontinuity of f, where f is defined as follows:
| x | 3, x 3

f (x) = 2 x , 3 x 3 [4 Marks, CBSE 2010]
6 x 2, x 3

5 ; x2

Q.10 Find the values of a and b such that the function f (x) = ax b; 2 x 10
21; x 10
is a continuous function [4 Marks, CBSE 2011]

EXERCISEVI(B)
Q.1
(cos x 1)(cos x e x )
(a) The integer n for which Lim is a finite non-zero number is
x 0 xn
(A) 1 (B) 2 (C) 3 (D) 4
tan 1 x if | x| 1

(b) The domain of the derivative of the function f (x) = 1 (| x|1) if | x| 1 is
2
(A) R {0} (B) R {1} (C) R {1} (D) R {1, 1}
/ x
f (1 x)
(c) Let f: R R be such that f (1) = 3 and f (1) = 6. The Limit equals
x0 f (1)
(A) 1 (B) e1/2 (C) e2 (D) e3
[JEE 2002 (screening), 3+3+3]
x a if x 0 x 1 if x 0
(d) f (x) = and g (x) = 2
| x 1| if x 0 ( x 1 ) b if x 0
Where a and b are non negative real numbers. Determine the composite function gof. If (gof) (x) is
continuous for all real x, determine the values of a and b. Further, for these values of a and b, is gof
differentiable at x = 0? Justify your answer. [JEE 2002, 5 out of 60]
Q.2
sin(n x )[(a n )n x tan x ]
(a) If Lim 0 (n > 0) then the value of 'a' is equal to
x 0 x2
1 n2 1
(A) (B) n2 + 1 (C) (D) None
n n
[JEE 2003 (screening)]
(b) If a function f : [ 2a , 2a] R is an odd function such that f (x) = f (2a x) for x [a, 2a] and the left
hand derivative at x = a is 0 then find the left hand derivative at x = a. [JEE 2003(Mains) 2 out of 60]

2 1
Q.3 Find the value of Lim (n 1) cos 1 n . [ JEE ' 2004, 2 out of 60]
n n

Q.4
(a) The function given by y = | x | 1 is differentiable for all real numbers except the points
(A) {0, 1, 1} (B) 1 (C) 1 (D) 1
[JEE 2005 (Screening), 3]

Limit, Continuity and Differentiability of Function [17]

(b) If | f(x1) f(x2) | (x1 x2)2, for all x1, x2 R. Find the equation of tangent to the curve y = f (x) at the
point (1, 2). [JEE 2005 (Mains), 2]

Q.5 If f (x) = min. (1, x2, x3), then [JEE 2006, 5]

(A) f (x) is continuous x R (B) f x 0 , x > 1
(C) f(x) is not differentiable but continuous xR (D) f(x) is not differentiable for two values of x

( x 1) n
Q.6 Let g(x) = ; 0 < x < 2, m and n are integers, m 0, n > 0 and let p be the left hand
ln cos m ( x 1)
derivative of | x 1 | at x = 1. If Lim g(x) = p, then
x 1
(A) n = 1, m = 1 (B) n = 1, m = 1 (C) n = 2, m = 2 (D) n > 2, m = n
[JEE 2008, 3]
x2
a a2 x2
Q.7 Let L Lim 4 , a 0 . If L is finite, then [JEE' 2009,4]
x 0 x4
1 1
(A) a = 2 (B) a = 1 (C) L = (D) L =
64 32
Q.8
1
2
(a) If Lim [1 x ln (1 b )] x = 2b sin2, b > 0 and (, ], then the value of is
x 0

(A) (B) (C) (D)
4 3 6 2

x 2 , x
2

(b) If f ( x ) cos x , x0 , then
2
x 1, 0 x 1
ln x , x 1

(A) f (x) is continuous at x = (B) f (x) is not differentiable at x = 0
2
3
(C) f (x) is differentiable at x = 1 (D) f (x) is differentiable at x =
2
(c) Let f : R R be a function such that f (x + y) = f (x) + f (y), x, y R.
If f(x) is differentiable at x = 0, then
(A) f (x) is differentiable only in a finite interval containing zero.
(B*) f (x) is continuous x R.
(C*) f '(x) is constant x R.
(D) f (x) is differentiable except at finitely many points.

Limit, Continuity and Differentiability of Function [18]

 bx
(d) Let f : (0, 1) R be defined by f (x) =
1 bx
where b is a constant such that 0 < b < 1. Then
1
(A*) f is not invertible on (0, 1) (B) f f 1 on (0, 1) and f '(b) =
f ' (0)
1
(C) f = f 1 on (0, 1) and f '(b) = (D) f 1 is differentiable on (0, 1)
f ' (0)
[JEE 2011, 3+4+4+4]

EXERCISEI [LIMIT]
1 8 pq
Q.1 5050 Q.2 a = 2; r =
;S= Q.3 Q.4 ln 2 Q.5 324
4 3 2
1 1 3
Q.6 (a) DNE; (b) DNE; (c) 0 Q.7 Q.8 Q.9 Q.10 1/2 Q.11 2
3 32 2
1 9 4
Q.12 3 Q.13 (i) a =1, b = 1 (ii) a = 1 , b = Q.14 1 Q.15 1n Q.16 27
2 4 e

Q.17 29 Q.18 72 Q.19 1/2 Q.20 16 Q.21 , Q.22 167 Q.23 8
2 2 2
EXERCISEII [LIMIT]
2
Q.1 a = 5/2, b = 3/2 Q.2 e-1 Q.3 e1/2 Q.4 c = ln2 Q.5
4
12 2a 2 4
Q.6 e1 Q.7 e Q.8 2 Q.9 Q.11 Q.12 24
e 16a 4 3
1
Q.13 g (x) = sin x and l = e Q.14 e3 Q.15 Q.16 0
2e
Q.17 (a) 2, (b) D.N.E., (c) 0, (d) 0 Q.18 (a) 2; (b) 1/2
EXERCISEIII (CONTINUITY)
Q.1 a = 0, b = 1 Q.2 a = 0 ; b = 1 Q.3 (a) 2, 2, 3 (b) K = 5 (c) even
Q.4 yn(x) is continuous at x = 0 for all n and y(x) is dicontinuous at x = 0 Q.5 30 Q.6 P not possible.
Q.7 g(x) = 2 + x for 0 x 1, 2 x for 1 < x 2, 4 x for 2 < x 3 , g is discontinuous at x = 1 & x = 2
Q.8 f(0+) = 2 ; f(0) = 2 hence f(0) not possible to define

Q.9 f(0+) = ; f(0) = f is discont. at x = 0 ; g(0+) = g(0) = g(0) = /2 g is cont. at x = 0
2 4 2
Q.10 6 Q.11 9 Q.12 c = 1, a, b R Q.13 5 Q.14 6x 2y 5 = 0
1 39
Q.15 a= Q.16 e2 + e2 Q.17 g (x) = 4 (x + 1) and limit = Q.18 4 Q.19 5
e 4
EXERCISEIV [DERIVABILITY]
Q.1 f(x) is conti. but not derivable at x = 0 Q.2 0<n1 Q.3 2
Q.4 f is cont. but not diff. at x = 0 Q.6 f(1+) = 3 , f(1) = 1 Q.7 a= 1/2 , b = 3/2
Q.8 5 Q.9 not derivable at x = 0 & x = 1
Q.10 discontinuous & not derivable at x = 1, continuous but not derivable at x = 2
Q.11 f is conti. at x = 1 , 3/2 & disconti. at x = 2, f is not diff. at x =1, 3/2 , 2
Limit, Continuity and Differentiability of Function [19]
 1
Q.12 24 Q.13 a 1, b 0, p and q 1 Q.14 5 Q.15 8
3
Q.16 f is conti. but not diff. at x = 1, disconti. at x = 2 & x = 3. cont.& diff.at all other points
Q.17 f ' (x) = f (x)
1 1 1
Q.18 (a) f ' (0) = 0, (b) f ' = and f ' = , (c) x = nI
3 2 3 2
2n 1
EXERCISEV [CBSE]
Q.1 1 Q.2 a = 1/2, b = 4 Q.3 1 Q.4 8 Q.5 1 2 Q.6 4
Q.7 1 Q.8 ln 2 Q.9 a = 1, b = 3 Q.11 a = 4 and b = 4 Q.12 Yes
Q.13 continuous x R, but not derivable at x = 0,1 & 2
Q.14 continuous but not differentiable at x = 0 ; differentiable & continuous at x = /2. Q.15 3
EXERCISEVI(A)
3b 2 2
Q.2 Discontinuous Q.3 not continuous Q.4 a= b
3 3
Q.5 f (x) cannot be continuous at x = 0 for any value of m. Q.6 k = 10
3 1
Q.7 a= ; b = any real value; c = Q.9 only point of discontinuity of f(x) is x = 3.
2 2
Q.10 a = 2; b = 1
EXERCISEVI(B)
Q.1 (a) C; (b) D; (c) C; (d) a = 1; b = 0(gof)'(0) = 0 Q.2 (a) C; (b) f (a) = 0
2
Q.3 1 Q.4 (a) A, (b) y 2 = 0 Q.5 A, C Q.6 C Q.7 A, C

Q.8 (a) D; (b) A, B, C, D; (c) BC; (d) A

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