Facultad de Ingeniera en Mecnica y Ciencias de la Produccin

(FIMCP) Escuela Superior Politcnica del Litoral (ESPOL)

Guayaquil Ecuador

Procesos de Manufactura
23 de Mayo del 2017, I trmino Ao lectivo
Grupo 3: Jos A. Contreras Anchundia , Ral J. Coca Buenao, Jaime G. Chica Munoz

Lloyd's Register Rules and Regulations

Rules for the Manufacture, Testing and Certification of Materials, January 2016
Steel Casting.
Castings for ship and other structural applications.
Chemical composition.

Quality grade Normal Special

(see Note 3)
Carbon 0,23% max. 0,23% max.
Silicon 0,60% max. 0,60% max.
Manganese 0,70 1,60% 0,70 1,60%
Sulphur 0,040% max. 0,035% max.
Phosphorus 0,040% max. 0,035% max.
Aluminium - 0,015 0,080%
(see Notes 1 and 2)
(acid soluble)

Residual elements:
Copper 0,30% max. 0,30% max.
Chromium 0,30% max. 0,30% max.
Nickel 0,40% max. 0,40% max.
Molybdenum 0,15% max. 0,15% max.
Total 0,80% max. 0,80% max.
Note 1. The total aluminium content may be determined instead of the acid soluble
content, in which case the total aluminium content is to be 0,020 0,10%.

Note 2. Grain refining elements other than aluminium may be used subject to special
agreement with LR.

Note 3. For the Special grade, the nitrogen content is to be determined.

Heat treatment

Castings are to be supplied:

fully annealed; or

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 normalised; or
normalised and tempered at a temperature of not less than 550C; or
quenched and tempered at a temperature of not less than 550C.

Mechanical tests

At least one tensile test is to be made on material representing each casting or

batch of castings.
Where the casting is of complex design, or where the finished mass exceeds 10
tonnes, two test samples are to be provided. Where large castings are made from
two or more casts which are not mixed in a ladle prior to pouring, two or more
test samples are required corresponding to the number of casts involved. These
are to be integrally cast at locations as widely separated as possible.
The results of these tests are to comply with the following requirements:

Yield stress 200 N/mm2 min.

Tensile strength 400 N/mm2 min.
25% min.
Elongation on 5,65
Reduction of area 40% min.

Castings for machinery construction

Chemical composition

The chemical composition of ladle samples is to comply with the following limits, except
as specified in Ch 4, 3.2 Chemical composition 3.2.2:

Carbon 0,40% max.

Silicon 0,60% max.
Manganese 0,50-1,60%
Sulphur 0,040% max.
Phosphorus 0,040% max.
Residual elements:
Copper 0,30% max.
Chromium 0,30% max.
Nickel 0,40% max.
Molybdenum 0,15% max.
Total 0,80% max.

Castings which are intended for parts of a welded fabrication are to be of

weldable quality with a carbon content generally not exceeding 0,23 per cent.
Proposals to use steels with higher carbon content, or alloy steels, for welded
construction will be subject to special consideration.

Heat treatment

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 Castings are to be supplied:
fully annealed; or
normalised; or
normalised and tempered at a temperature of not less than 550C; or
quenched and tempered at a temperature of not less than 550C.

Engine bedplate castings, turbine castings and any other castings where dimensional
stability and freedom from internal stresses are important, are to be given a stress relief
heat treatment. This is to be at a temperature not lower than 550C, followed by furnace
cooling to 300C or lower. Alternatively, full annealing may be used provided that the
castings are furnace cooled to 300C or lower.

Mechanical tests

At least one tensile test is to be made on material representing each casting or

batch of castings.
Where the casting is of complex design, or where the finished mass exceeds 10
tonnes, two test samples are to be provided. Where large castings are made from
two or more casts which are not mixed in a ladle prior to pouring, two or more
test samples are required corresponding to the number of casts involved. The
test samples are to be integrally cast at locations as widely separated as possible.
Table 4.3.1 Mechanical properties for acceptance purposes: carbon and carbon-
manganese steel castings for machinery construction gives the minimum
requirements for yield stress, elongation and reduction of area corresponding to
different strength levels, but it is not intended that these should necessarily be
regarded as specific grades. Intermediate levels of minimum tensile strength
may be specified, in which case minimum values for yield stress, elongation and
reduction of area may be obtained by interpolation.

Table 4.3.1 Mechanical properties for acceptance purposes: carbon and carbon-
manganese steel castings for machinery construction
Tensile strength Yield stress N/mm2 Reduction of area %
N/mm2 minimum Elongation on 5,65 minimum
% minimum
400 550 200 25 40
440 590 220 22 30
480 630 240 20 27
520 670 260 18 25
560 710 300 15 20
600 750 320 13 20

Castings may be supplied to any specified minimum tensile strength selected

within the general limits detailed in Table 4.3.1 Mechanical properties for
acceptance purposes: carbon and carbon-manganese steel castings for
machinery construction.
The results of all tensile tests are to comply with the requirements of Table 4.3.1
Mechanical properties for acceptance purposes: carbon and carbon-manganese

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 steel castings for machinery construction appropriate to the specified minimum
tensile strength.
For alloy steel castings and carbon-manganese steel castings containing more
than 0,40 per cent carbon, the results of all mechanical tests are to comply with
an approved specification.
When a casting, or a batch of castings, has failed to meet the mechanical test
requirements, it may be re-heat treated and re-submitted for acceptance tests
but this may not be carried out more than twice, see Ch 1, 4.6 Re-test
procedures.

Castings for boilers, pressure vessels and piping systems

Chemical composition

The chemical composition of ladle samples is to comply with the limits specified in Table
4.6.1 Chemical composition of steel castings for boilers, pressure vessels and piping
systems.

Heat treatment

Castings are to be supplied:

fully annealed; or
normalised; or
normalised and tempered; or
quenched and tempered.

Mechanical tests

A tensile test is to be made on material representing each casting, unless a batch testing
procedure has been agreed, see Ch 4, 1.6 Test material and test specimens.

The tensile test is to be carried out at ambient temperature, and unless agreed
otherwise with the Surveyor the results are to comply with the requirements of Table
4.6.2 Mechanical properties for acceptance purposes: steel castings for boilers, pressure
vessels and piping systems.

Table 4.6.1 Chemical composition of steel castings for boilers, pressure vessels and piping
systems
Type of Chemical composition %
steel C Si Mn S P Residual elements
max. max max. max.
.
Carbon- 0,25 0,6 0,50 0,04 0,04 Cr 0,30 max.
mangane 0 - 0 0 Mo 0,15 max.
se 1,20 Cu 0,30 max.
Ni 0,40 max.
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 Total 0,80 max.
Cr Mo V Residual
elements
Cr Cu Ni
1/2 Mo 0,20 0,6 0,50 0,04 0,04 0,45 0,3 0,3 0,4
0 0 0 - 0 0 0
1,00 0,65 max max max
. . .
1 Cr 1/2 0,20 0,6 0,50 0,04 0,04 1,00 0,45 0,3 0,4
Mo 0 - 0 0 - - 0 0
0,80 1,50 0,65 max max
. .
2 1/4 Cr1 0,18 0,6 0,40 0,04 0,04 2,00 0,90 0,3 0,4
Mo 0 - 0 0 - - 0 0
0,70 2,75 1,20 max max
. .
1/2 Cr 0,10 0,4 0,40 0,03 0,03 0,30 0,40 0,22 0,3 0,3
1/2 Mo 5 - 0 0 - - - 0 0
1/4 V 0,15 0,70 0,50 0,60 0,30 max max
. .

Table 4.6.2 Mechanical properties for acceptance purposes: steel castings for boilers,
pressure vessels and piping systems
Type of steel Yield stress Tensile Elongation on Reduction of
minimum strength area %
N/mm2 N/mm2 5,65 % minimum
minimum
Carbon- 275 485-655 22 25
manganese
1/2 Mo 260 460-590 18 30
1 Cr 1/2 Mo 280 480-630 17 20
2 1/4 Cr1 Mo 325 540-630 17 20
1/2 Cr 1/2 295 510-660 17 20
Mo 1/4 V

Table 4.6.3 Mechanical properties for design purposes (see 6.6.1)

Type of steel Nominal minimum lower yield or 0,2% proof stress N/mm2
Temperature C
100 150 200 250 300 350 400 450 500 550 600
Carbon- 225 214 201 186 163 156 152
manganese
1/2 Mo 242 236 226 207 186 175 169 158 145 136 126
1 Cr 1/2 Mo 240 212 196 184 160 117
2 1/4 Cr1 Mo 323 312 305 296 290 280 273 258 240 211 180
1/2 Cr 1/2 Mo 1/4 264 244 230 214 194 144
V
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Where it is proposed to use a carbon-manganese steel with a specified minimum tensile
strength intermediate to those given in this Section, corresponding minimum values for
the yield stress, elongation and reduction of area may be obtained by interpolation.

Carbon-manganese steels with a specified minimum tensile strength of greater than 490 N/mm2,
but not exceeding 520 N/mm2, may be accepted provided that details of the proposed
specification are submitted for approval.

Mechanical properties for design purposes

Nominal values for the minimum lower yield or 0,2 per cent proof stress at
temperatures of 100C and higher are given in Table 4.6.3 Mechanical properties for
design purposes (see 6.6.1) . These values are intended for design purposes only, and
verification is not required except for materials complying with National or proprietary
specifications where the elevated temperature properties used for design purposes are
higher than those given in Table 4.6.3 Mechanical properties for design purposes (see
6.6.1) .

In such cases, at least one tensile test at the proposed design or other agreed
temperature is to be made on each casting or each batch of castings. The test specimen
is to be taken from material adjacent to that used for tests at ambient temperature, and
the test procedure is to be in accordance with the requirements of Ch 2 Testing
Procedures for Metallic Materials. The results of all tests are to comply with the
requirements of the National or proprietary specification.

Values for the estimated average stress to rupture in 100 000 hours are given in Table
4.6.4 Mechanical properties for design purposes (see 6.6.3): estimated average stresses
to rupture in 100,000 hours (N/mm2 ) and may be used for design purposes.

Table 4.6.4 Mechanical properties for design purposes (see 6.6.3): estimated average
stresses to rupture in 100,000 hours (N/mm2 )
Temperature C Type of steel
Mo 1CrMo 2Cr1Mo CrMoV
430 308
440 276
450 245 222 277
460 212 199 237
470 174 236 177 206

480 133 186 156 181

490 103 148 139 159
500 84 120 124 140
510 71 100 111 124
520 60 84 99 109

530 70 96
540 58 85

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550 75
560 66

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ASTM

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