This is to certify that dissertation titledANALYSIS OF

DIFFERENT TYPES OF PERFUMES submitted by ANMOL

PURI to Chemistry department of DELHI PUBLIC
SCHOOL,GREATER NOIDA,was carried under guidance and
supervision of Mrs. DEEPALI BHARGAVA during the
academic year 2017-18.

Signature of the Teacher Signature of the Examinee

(Mrs. Deepali Bhargava)

I wish to express my deep gratitude and sincere thanks to
the Principal,Mrs. RENU CHATURVEDI for her
encouragement and for all the facilities that she provided
for this project work.I sincerely appreciate this magnanimity
by taking me into her fold for which I shall remain indebted
to her.I extend my hearty thanks to Mrs. DEEPALI
BHARRGAVA,my Chemistry teacher who guided me to the
successful completion of this project.I take this opportunity
to express my deep sense of gratitude for her invaluable
guidance,constant encouragement,constructive
comments,sympathetic attitude and immense motivation
which has sustained my efforts at all stages of this project
work.

I cant forget to offer my sincere thanks to my classmates

who helped me to carry out this project work successfully
and for their valuable advice and support,which I received
from them time to time.

ANMOL PURI
To understand the chemical composition or the concentration
of a substance or multiple substances in the given sample
which can provide invaluable information of the
product.Also,to understand the advantages and
disadvantages of using perfumes and its effects on the
human body and how to prevent any harmful effects caused
by these perfumes.
1. Introduction
2. Theory
3. Experiment-1
4. Experiment-2
5. Experiment-3
6. Observation
7. Conclusion
8. Some other Perfumes
9. Marketing Value of Perfumes
10. Bibliography
 INTRODUCTION

PERFUMES:
WHAT ARE THEY?

The word perfume has been originated from the Latin word
PERFUMUM meaning through smoke. Perfumes, fragrances etc
are all part of our daily lives. The sense of smell is very important
as it helps us enjoy many experiences.

The nose can detect 7 primary smells :

1.) Camphorous.
2.) Musky.
3.) Floral.
4.) Pepperminty.
5.) Ethereal.
6.) Pungent.
7.) Putrid.
 WHAT IS A GOOD PERFUME?

Anything that just smell nice cant be called a perfume.

The essential requirements of a good perfume are
1.) Harmonius smell.
2.) Stability.
3.) Lsting fragrance.
4.) Diffussiveness.
5.) Ability to get fixed in the required product.

SOURCES OF PERFUMES :

Many of the fragrances made into perfumes originate

from plants . the fragrances come from parts like
flowers(rose), seeds (cardamom), roots(angelica), wood
(sandal), peels (orange). However due to the limited
supply of natural materials, perfumes have been
synthesized synthetically.
 HISTORY OF PERFUMES

The history of the perfumes goes back over 4000 years

into the past. Humans used it for the hygiene and hair
care.
The perfume as me know it today became between the
end of 19th century and at the beginning of 20th century.
The smell of humans also was at the same time, indication
of its class affiliation, because not yet all social classes
attached importance on hygiene. The smells became
stronger, because in the increasing anonymity of the large
are wanted to make impression on its fellowmen.

SOME OF THE RENOWNED PERFUMES

TODAY COMPRISE:

1.) Perfume: 8-25% smelling materials with 95%

alcohol.
2.) Eau de perfume: A weaker variant of the perfume.
3.) Eau de toilette: 5-8% alcohol solution is the simplest
one.
4.) Eau de cologne: 2-5% perfume oil in 70-80% alcohol.
5.) Perfume of gels: Little alcohol gel pictures and 5-7%
perfume oil.
 MOSCHUS-NATURES PERFUME

Moschus, a class of deer shows outstanding fixing

characters and hence has added itself to the count of popular
perfumes. The deer has exocrine smell glands in the
proximity of the male sex organs and is settled in the high
valleys of Himalayas. Their extremely strong smelling
secretion serves on the one hand the marking of its territory,
on the other hand it makes the attraction for the female kind
comrade possible over large distance.

The smell determining component contains

Makrocylen along with Ambrettolid and Zebeton. The
Zibet is extracted from the bag like glands of the Zibetkatze.
The secretion is out scraped twice weekly by means of a
horn spoon from the bags. Each scrapping supplies
approximate 20-30 gm Zibet per month.

Due to high price and the large demand for Moschus,

synthetic Maschusriechstappe is being manufactured. Both
the natural and synthetic form of Moschus perfume is highly
respectable though unfortunately it is highly expensive.
The synthetic perfume however has some disadvantage as
well.
They pass high bioaccumulation ability as they deposit
themselves in the fatty tissue of organisms.
It is considered as very difficult degradable.
It adds to the carcinogenic characteristics in mothers
milk.
 Theory
A perfume contains mainly three components:

1.) ODORIFEROUS CONSTITUENTS: These are the

functional groups, which give the perfumes its characteristic
odour. They may include alcohols, ethers, aldehydes,
ketones, esters, lactones, castor oil products, terpenes,
paraffins and heterocycles of these aromatic aldehydes,
ketones, heterocycles and terpenes are the most important.

2.) FIXATIVE: These are the substances which make the

perfume last longer by reducing its volatility.

3.) DILUTANT: It is invariably ethyl alcohol, server to dilute

the fended perfume to the desired odour strength.
 SYNTHESIZING THE SMELLS :

[GENERAL PREPARATIONS]

Formulation and blending of perfumes is by no means an

easy task. The perfumer must be a chemist with a highly
developed sense of smell so that he can recognize and
distinguish between thousands of different odours and
notes. The smells for odours can be stated as below :

Man smells: freshly (cool water), bluing freshly (escape),

spicy (old spice), chirp (bass).

MANUFACTURING METHODS:

COLD EXTRACTION: For this one cuts up for example:

orange blows and grind her with little alcohol until a mash
developed. Subsequently, one filters the mixture off.

EFFEURAGE: For this petals are presented on odourless

fat and pressed between two glass plates. The fat takes upe
the smell of the blooms. This procedure last 24hrs. with a
bloom fright then replaces one the blooms several times at
least, until the fat is satisfied. Subsequently, the fat with
alcohol is mixed. The odoriferous substances change into the
alcohol.
STRUCTURES OF SOME COMMON PERFUMES:

METHYL SALICYLATE: ETHYL SALICYLATE:

ETHYL BENZOATE: BENZOPHENONE:

METHOXY NAPTHELENE: METHYL CINNAMATE:

USE OF PERFUMES:

Perfumes have a wide range of applications, which are

specified as under:

1.) All of them are used in perfumery and flavouring of

cosmetic, soaps and other articles.
2.) Camphor (Terpene) is used in medicine.
3.) O-terpineol is used as perfume in disinfectants.
4.) Benzyl alcohol is used as a solvent for synthetic
musk.
5.) Methyl salicylate is used as modifier of floral
banquets.
6.) Thymol is used in antiseptics and germicide in
dental preparations.
 Experiment -1
Aim :

To prepare a perfume METHYL SALICYLATE.

MATERIAL REQUIRED:
Test tube, burner, beaker, tripod stand, wire gauge, test
tube holder.

CHEMICALS REQUIRED:
Salicylic acid: 1gm, methyl alcohol: 2gm, conc. Sulphuric
acid, water.

REACTION:
PROCEDURE:

STEP 1:
Take salicylic acid in a boiling tube and add to it methyl
alcohol plus 1-2 drops of conc. Sulphuric acid.

STEP 2:
Heat the test tube in a boiling water bath for 20-25 min.
and then pour its contents in a beaker containing 2 cm
thick layer of water.

STEP 3:
Note the odour, which is that of pungent wintergreen.
 EXPERIMENT 2

AIM:
To prepare a perfume ETHYL SALICYLATE.

MATERIAL REQUIRED:
Test tube, burner, beaker, tripod stand, wire gauge, test
tube holder.

CHEMICALS REQUIRED:
Salicylic acid: 1gm, Ethyl alcohol: 2gm, conc. Sulphuric
acid, water.

REACTION:

+ + H2SO4 (conc.)
C2H5O
H

PROCEDURE:
STEP 1:
Take salicylic acid in a boiling tube and add to it ethyl
alcohol plus 1-2 drops of conc. Sulphuric acid.

STEP 2:
Heat the test tube in a boiling water bath for 20-25 min.
and then pour its contents in a beaker containing 2 cm
thick layer of water.

STEP 3:
Note the odour, which is that of faint wintergreen.
 EXPERIMENT 3
AIM:
To prepare a perfume ETHYL BENZOATE.

MATERIAL REQUIRED:
Test tube, burner, beaker, tripod stand, wire gauge, test
tube holder.

CHEMICALS REQUIRED:
Benzoic acid: 1gm, Ethyl alcohol: 2gm, conc. Sulphuric
acid, water.

REACTION:

+ + H2SO4 (conc.)
PROCEDURE:

STEP 1:
Take benzoic acid in a boiling tube and add to it ethyl
alcohol plus 1-2 drops of conc. Sulphuric acid.

STEP 2:
Heat the test tube in a boiling water bath for 20-25 min.
and then pour its contents in a beaker containing 2 cm
thick layer of water.

STEP 3:
Note the odour, which is pungent and fruity.
 OBSERVATION

It was observed that ethyl benzoate produced a cherry

fragrance. Methyl salicylate and ethyl salicylate produced a
wintergreen scent.

It was observed that most of the odours do not smell as real

as an actual fruit because of the high concentration
produced. In addition, the natural fragrance has other
molecules mixed with the ester, which adds to their scent.

It was observed that the alcohols , sulphuric and benzoic

acids by themselves smell awful and completely unlike what
the final ester smells like. However, once combined, the ester
can produce pleasant scents.

It was also observed that the esters with a smaller molecular

weight, like methyl salicylate (wintergreen), ethyl benzoate
(cherry) and ethyl salicylate(wintergreen) produced
a pleasant and fruit-like odour and all the esters produced
were a clear liquid.
 CONCLUSION

The following perfumes were successfully prepared in the

laboratory:

1.) METHYL SALICYLATE: This is an ESTER, which has

pungent smell in high concentration and characteristic
odour of wintergreen and has following structure:

It is used as a modifier of Floral Banquets.

2.) ETHYL SALICYLATE: This is an ESTER, which has

wintergreen odour and the following structure:

It is used for Acacia, Classic and clang perfumes.

3.) ETHYL BENZOATE: This is an ESTER, which has fruity

odour and the following structure:

It is used in soap perfumery.

These experiments proved that esters can indeed be created
by combining sulphuric acid,carboxylic acids and alcohols.
Different scents can be created from the combination of
different types of alcohols and different carboxylic acid and
sulphuric acid. This means that it is in fact possible to create
artificial scents that could possibly have therapeutic
properties also.
 SOME OTHER PERFUMES

Some other perfumes that can be prepared in the

laboratory by similar procedure are:

1.) METHYL CINNAMATE: Fruity and balsamic as

strawberry.

2.) ETHYL CINNAMATE: Sweet balsamic honey note.

3.) ETHYL ANISATE: Light fruity anise odour.

4.) METHYL ANISATE: Sweet odour of new mown (cut).

5.) CYNNAMYL ACETATE: Sweet balsamic (creamy)

floral odour.
During the course of this project,to understand
certain topics and to check their relevance,the
following book was referred to:-
Comprehensive Experimental Chemistry
By V.K. Alhuwalia and Sudha Raghav

The information amd the invaluable facts were

collected from the following websites:-

www.wikipedia.com
www.google.com
Comprehensive Experimental Chemistry
www.odec.ca