WOLF LESLAU

ENGLISH-AMHARIC CONTEXT DICTIONARY

 To

CHARLOTTE

ELIANE SYLVIA

LISA MONIQUE LYNN CHRISTINE

 Every other aullwr mq)J tupfr11 to
[11'aise; tile lexictJgrapher cun only
hope lo e;Jcape reproach, tlJid eve.11
this Mgative recompense has hee11
gra11ted ta very few.
SAMUEL JOHNSON
Pf'eface to a Dictionary
of tbe English langua.ae

PREFACE

Amharic is the national language of Ethiopia. The scientific investigation of Amharic goes back to
the 17th century, but little attention was given to furni5hlng the student with practical tools for the
acquisition of the language.
The most recent English-Amharic dictionaries are those of C. H. Armbril:iter, Initia Amharfca,
part II, 1910, and of C. H. Walker, English-Amharic Dictionary, 1928. Since these publications
Amharic has developed considerably. The progress that Ethiopia has made in the field of education,
the literary documents of the last fifty years, the technical needs for new expressions, the contact with
the Western world, and the natural development within the language itself have contributed greatly
not only to the enrichment of the language but also to numerous changes within the existing vocabulary.
A few examples taken from .ApnbruSter's dictionary illustrate the changes in the expressions. Thus,
'address' is rendered in Armbruster by IJ"A.h-l- in contrast with the present-day h~t.ti; 'bank'
11")1" tL-l- as against q.,h; 'bicycle' f(lf.tll') 1-l.:h as against n.ll.htt.T; 'cigarette' Rml..,..'J- ,..,.
m.,.l\1\ 1 .'J-IJ"ttU" (1it. 'tobiU:CO that is wrapped in paper') as against M~; 'coin' -rhA:,. as against
iVJ-1:9'"; 'doctor' ql\ DltJ'.:u..:t- as against .hh.-9'" or P..h..,.c; 'general' ~'"'*as against 1:):6-A;
'map' nc 1 PilA. as against ltC;t-; 'sea' fOJ-? ttihe as against qmc; 'story of a house' .t.cil as
against :..,., and many more.
Needless to say, in Armbruster's time there was no need for expressions ruch as 'United Nations,
Trusteeship committee, Security Council, control tower, review of books, agenda, airlines, basketball,
elevator', and so on. Moreover, the practical interest in Amharic has increased in the last few decades.
If to all this we add the fact that at present English is the language of instruction in the high schools
of Ethiopia as well as at the University, we can easily justify the urgent need for a modern English-

Amharic dictionary.
The most useful approach to the understanding of English lexical items and to the translation
process from English into Amharic appears to be to illustrate English words in context, that is, in a
sentence showing the usage of the word, rn.ther than simply to enumerate the various Amharic render-
ings of any given single English lexeme. This is particularly important wherever a single English lexeme
varies in meaning according to the context of the sentence. A few example.~ bear out the point.
The Engliili 'box' can be rendered by (rt~:t i ;r}'l and by RRfP. 1 -ou;t-:t-. It is only the context
that helps the reader to choose the appropriate Amharic expression. Thus, in the sentence, "Shall l
put the shoes in a box?" *"1...,9"1fi") {t.,~:,. 1 ~~D-{1'1" 1 o'\~G;J>=t1.D'l, 'box' is rendered by {t'},IJ.:t.
In the sentence, "I have another box of cigars" M 1 :rfl 1 it.:J&- 1M'S, 'box' is rendered by :r\1.
Finally, in the sentence, "A box on the ear hurts" ](r: 1 4\.& 1 Oll"m. -010;-;r. $/}f"'A., 'box' is
rendered by Rll"m.. 1 --.:1'-l-.
Or, the English 'draw' can be rendered in Amharic by 40 I "'A I .,.~ I 1\mnJ J +nlllld 1 hfl.'lq I
 Vlll

A+t!d. t .,.lh I DfiiiH, and probably by other expressions. Here again, only the context helps the
reader to choose the appropriate expression. Thus, "The horses draw the wagon" ~t:.l'\lti 1'h~1~ f.h
1

rur; "He drew a picture of his teacher" .t"il.,...,tk&"t P'6A "''ll; "The boy drew water from the
weU" A)l: h.,.~~ (1)<:.0 4'.';; "He drew his hands from his pockets" ~!Ji'J htu\o AmtiJ;
"They drew lots to see who should go first" OJJ'1,.a-t;,.t ...,., ll't~tz~ l)tfJ -r-nl"'fto; "You
should draw fresh air intO your lungs" 1A-ih l'lfC CDR. ,..,..qp "'7lrJill- AMltJ; "His speech
drew long applause" 't~<G- t:.H,.. J!it 1,11"'-11 .1\.,..t:.LA-l-; "Her elegant dress drew the eyes
of all onlookers" .til'O<l..,.ID' Ail I). f.,._Alt1fi"t 'H'"t fJoh- U.h; "He drew his sword and
nm at the enemy" .,.,t..F.,(&'} _,. mF. mo\41 t"m.
The ambiguity of meaning applies to many English lexemes, and it therefore dictated the principle
of using the lexeme in context.

The various meanings of the same English lexeme were taken from the existing English dictionaries.
Sentence~ were chosen to illustrate the various meanings. Nevertheless, not all the meanings of the same
lexeme were always considered, since to do so would have greatly increased the bulk of the dictionary.
Occasionally, a sentence is limited to a specific situation. St:e, for example, 'incidence' where the sen-
tence refers to 'a high :incidence' only; or 'going, get going' is limited in reference to holding a con-
versation. The verb 'adulterate' (no. 2) refers only to adulteration of meat, but of course in Amharic
for other kinds of food the verb 'adulterate' has to be translated differently.
In other situations, a main entry has to supplement a subentry or the other way around. Thus, in
the entry 'inhospitable', the sentence of the subentry 'be inhospitable' refers only to the desert, but
if the reader needs to translate 'be inhospitable' speaking of a host in relation to his guests, he must
choose the translation of the main entry 'inhospitable' hh-K.?~t!'t f.,..Xr\m- and convert the relatiye
f.,.. XI\ into the verb 1-M. Or, in the entry 'reasonable', it is evident that the subentry 'be reasonable'
illustrated with the sentence "chicken is reasonable this week" refers to a specific situation. The transla-
tion of the verb 'be reasonable' in any other context is made possible by using any of the five adjectives
translating 'reasonable' by the addition of tm- 'he is'.
There are sentences illustrating a lellCme in which the context does not seem to vary from the
standpoint of English, but nevertheless require different Amharic translations. See the entry 'attitudC',
or 'uncover', nos. 3 and 4.
It is true that some Iexemes have only one meaning and an illustrative sentence may not have been
necessary. For other entries, the sentence may be considered supcrl)uous since it is not meaningful, .u
"my father left for Harar" to illustrate the noun 'father' t,q:,O. How~er. it is interesting to see that
the same Amharic ~<.q.'f- is also used in the sentence "God is called Our Father," but in the sentence
"I talked with Father Giyorgis about the church", 'father' is rendered by hq.
For the sake of consistency I therefore thought it advisable to illustrate every word with a sentence.
An additional reason for doing so was to provide the learner of Amharic as well as the Ethlopian
:;;tudent studying English with concrete illustrations.
An exception has been made for a few categories, such as the numerals (outside of the numerals
1 to 12 referring to time), certain animals, and a few isolated words.

INFORMAL USAGE, SLANG

The English usage is mostly that of American English. Likewise, the orthography is that of American
English.
Expressions that are considered informal in a dictionary such as ''The Holt's Intermediate Dictionary
of American English" are occasionally included. Thus, 'close call'; 'easy' in 'take it eMy'; 'fancy' as in
'fancy rate$,' and so on.
Slang expressions are not given.
 IX

TECHNICAL EXPRESSIONS

Technical expressions in the fields of technology, mechanics or exact sciences are not included since
normally Amharic would use the foreign word. Thus, 'electrodynamics, electron, helium, hydrogen,
biopsy, biochemistry' will not be found in the dictionary. However, the everyday expressions dealing
with electricity, cars, and telephone are included even though most of them are foreign loanwords.

TRANSLATION

The translation of each sentence was checked with several translators. The main objective was to
have a correct translation oft~ English sentence in idiomatic Amharic. Needless to say, because of
stylistic preferences, various translators rendered the same sentence differently. Only one translation
wu chosen in order to keep the bulk of the dictionary within bounds.
For many words, Amharic offered only an approximate translation and thus the translation proved
to be pale.
Since the main objective is a ~rrect transJation in idiomatic Amharic, stylistic and syntactic diver-
gencies between the English sentences and the Amharic translations arc inevitable. Only a few examples
illustrate this point.
"He banged his fist on the table" m~A..IIID-1' Ofl<m, -:1-m- (English bang on, Amharic -:J-
with the direct object).
"Under the ~ulse offriendship, he plotted treachery" m.ll~ tN{tfr> 1 hihf..+'t 1 hl'lR (lit. "looking
like a friend").
"Donations are welcome" "'-C~;f- 1 "'-'+RII.il.") (lit. "we accept help" or "donation").
"It is evident that he cannot come" il.-9'""1:,. h.il.tN~Ir '1Ait 1 }m- (lit. "his not being able to
come").
"His brief was printed in the newspaper" fl'lmiD' 1 h"PC ou1fl.-.. 1 n;n1"1 ;J-TDB (lit. "the brief
that he gave").
"Can you discriminate gMd books/rom bad?" ,...,.l::.c; 'No or>A'.rhi:!~'J A,..il.f:,. 1 T";fl\il.11?
(lit. "bad and good books").
"You will be surprised how he changed" "'-').J.'..T 1 "J'.")f..+ilmm 11.:1'~ Y/JCf"''A (lit. "if you
see how he changed").
"The boys apology conciliated the angry father" fl\"K, f.rt>c:l" oumf'-l 1 _tqJ:'J 1 ')I...)- 1 Adt:~
(lit. "appeased the father's anger").
"What is the frequency of the Addis Ababa statiOn?" fh4,n 1 t.nq 1 o!..4,f'" "'RJ 1 ~71
9""t 1 .ttJA 1 ~mo? (lit. "how much?)".
"SM is in the work heart and soul" P~,.., 1 hA9.. ' -l-w.&-A~ (lit. "she does her work").
"He is thirty years of age" u>o\ta 1 'l-..z 1 t.,. (lit. "his age is").
"She waited at the street (".()mer for a bus" (1-')1.(- 1 .I;C 1 .fo"7 1 hd)o.fortn 1 mR+:Y. (lit. "standing
at the street corner").

GEEZ AS SOURCE OF NEW EXPRESSIONS

Geez morphological patterns as well as the Geez vocabulary are occasionally used for the creation
of new expressions. Thus, the passive participle q<Jtul is used in : 'th-1'1 J>D't-t 'subcommittee',
'article' A_,. 'axiom'
Jtth.llj:
Verbal nou~s with -o1, -o;
ni h..l':"&-iT 'welfare'. h:l;.,.:,. 'admiration', hlMlC"+ 'respect',
 X

h"tK"C'+ JI'A (in the so-called construct state) 'abbreviation', 1\~IA, 'bias', ..,At' 'theory',
.,..;JY:tr- 'campaign', +:lrll'i" 'influence', AM..,...,.. +4'RA 'acquiesce'.
Geez construct state : htj:A h1C 'region', h'i!A II,..'J 'century', Pl. UC 'bottom of
things', hill. Rtt-A 'celebration'. A reversed construct state, that is, the Amharic word order with
the -ii of the Geez construct state: ID"lam ~")ofl 'bylaw', m-{lm 'ltl."i" 'subconscience', .,1M A
Rc 'accomplice', h"t~n.,. Cirl'IH 'eloquence'.
With an adjective as second element: ou,.,.t:..+ O.h 'baseless',""'""~'~' C.,. 'calm', q.,.e.t I'UDC
'blir~O.'.

CALQUE TRANSLATIONS

With the spread of foreign languages, and particuJarly of English, it is to be expected that calque
translations are being used in Amharic. Examples : 'weekend' fltM-l- -~t:.Ti; 'cross-c;amina
-
tion' ou{I4"A~ Tl'<t; 'slide rule' +'Jil"~;t-';f or>ptPJ~I'. and others.
Of particular interest is the usage of the verb m(IJ'. 'take'. The example of lllf"RC m-ilS: for
'take a seat!' is recognized by most Ethiopians as a calque and is frowned upon. The verb mtV..
'take' seems to be extended in usage. however, and it is at times qifficult to decide whether we are
faced with a calque translation or a correct Amharic expression. Thus, for instance, 'take' is idiomati-
cally translated by 4.' in the sentence, "it took the firemen two hours to put out the blaze" .4'mi'P,.
') 1 ll"""'J"'...-,.
f1.4..-,. 1 h}!.;Ji.D< .,~.,.if* fl./l:t 1 lt<H- 1 4.)!;4:fiD"', However, 'take' is ren-
dered by m(IF. in the sentence "the wound took a long time to heal" -l:l'IA- 1 :lo..llh.1ic 1 11ft< 'LH.

IDfl'-. The question arises whether this is a calque translation or whether it is idiomatic
Amharic.
Another important question is the plural marker. Amharic does not normally use the plural marker.1
Thus, "there are many trees in this park" is normally rendered by OH.U ~4.7( r (l;J- 1 -nu ~~~
hit There is, however, an increasing tendency to use the plural marker -oCC, a tendency that is proba-1
bly due to the influence of foreign languages. The above-mentioned sentence is translated by DH.U
OH.U
lP'fiL'l'i 11;1- ofllfo lf~l- h&. Or, in the sentence "they raise fine cattle in this country"
h1C ID"'llT r '1"~ ' hofl.,.* 1 J'C:Qh-, 'cattle' has the plural marker. Whether the tendency to use the
plural marker is due to the influence of a foreign language or whether it is a naturul development
within Amharic itself can be ascertained only by examining the writings of authors whoarenotfam iliar
witb a foreign languase.

CULTURE-BOUND TRANSLATIONS

Many English expressions cannot be translated into Amharic because the object or the institution
does not eJr.ist in Ethiopian culture. Thus, there is no way of translating 'jury' or 'cheese' in Amharic,
since: the institution of jury does not exist in the legaJ system of Ethiopia, and Amharic hiAI is really
not 'cheese'. The method adopled in the dictionary is to give an explanation in brackets (see 'ale,
allergy, delta, galley'), or to use an existing loanword as in the case of 'cheese' rendered by S:C...,;,
Italian 'formaggio', even though some loanwords are rarely used outside the confines of the literate
class of Ethiopians.
Likewise complicated is the rendering of lexemcs that are not equivalent in English and Amharic.
Thi9 is the case of 'winter' and 'sununer'. Neither the time nor the character of the continental winter
or summer corresponds to the seasons in Ethiopia. The only recourse was to translate 'winter' by
ho~..,-:,. (ac.tually 'the rains' from July to September) and 'summer' by U,.!) (actually
'the dry season').
It is due to the culture-bound phenomena that no literal translation can be given for certain English
expressions. This is the case of 'temperate climate' in the sentence "we live in a temperate climate"
 XI

rendered by ff"'fCOT I fl;f- I tD,.t; I S!;J I ~dl'o, but IDPi ' 1.;J (the intermediate region between
highland and lowland) applies only to Ethiopia.
The sentence, "write the alphabet in reYerse order" is rendered by AJ.~') h:l'"f. tJJJ/.. l!,.f,.
0.,.&-~ because the Ethiopian student when studyiog the alphabet mites it from top to bottom.
The expression 'period' is translated by AM )'1'-n 'four dots' in the sentence, "you forgot to put
a period here" ).ff_p .l'tt.-l- 1-'1'11 "''I: .f.., il.IJV because Amharic uses four dots where English
uses a period.
The sentence, "I did not get your last 1fat!le" rendered by .fQ>lolJ ll9"' h.Ad"''IJof'" means literally
"I did not get your father's name., because the last name in Western culture is in rea1ity the father's
name in Ethiopian culture.
The cxprc!l.'!ion 'bang out' is rendered by hi\tll 'spread out on the ground' in the sentence "she was
hanging out the wash when 1 came" il"""llf f:J-mn A:flil :l"'i'to1J ~nc because the Ethiopian
woman spreads out the wash near the river instead of hanging it out. The verb d+A 'hang out' couJd
probably be used in the sentence, but the verb h(I11J 'spread out on the ground' is a more natural
expression.
Anothcc interesting lexeme inherent to Amharic is the verb 'borrow' or 'lend'. While English uses
the same verb for borrowing money or objects, Amharic differentiates between borrowing money or
grain (+O~l) and borrowing objects (-I''PI\). The same differentiation is expressed for lending money
or grain (h!U.C::) and lending objects (h'Pn).
English 'empress' expresses both the wife of an emperor or a woman who rules an empire. Amharic
differentiates between the two meanings using 1..-t-1. for the wile of an emperor, and 't"!P'+ ' ~"JI"':,..T
for a woman ruler. In the entry 'empress', in the first sentence the empress Menen was the wife of the
emperor (therefore 1.-1:1.) whereas in the second sentence Zawditu was empress in her own right (there-
fore 'l'1P'+ ' ~"JP':I-T).

LOANWORDS

The purist will probably object to the listing of loanwords in the dictionary. These loanwords
are, however, normally used in the language and no systematic attempt has been made to replace them
with Amharic expressions. There are about 300 loanwords in the dictionary from English, French
and Italian.

NEW EXPRESSIONS

There are many English lexemes for which there is no Amharic equivalent, mostly because they are
culture-bound expressions. An attempt was made to create an Amharic equivalent, as in the case
for 'dessert' ..,oTI"''"tf; 'dressing (for salad)' "'fiiJL~; 'lawn' f.,O. 1 -il.h; 'oasis' fOC::'Ii "1~+.
and other.:;.
Other lexemes are ad-hoc creations, such as 'brochure' oP"'JAAf.' A'tft.'j:.; 'leaflet' Jt'b'i: (also 'article
in a newspaper'); 'diagram' P"M'I! oo.,AAf.; 'dock:' f..,.Ch-11 1 .,6-"'tl.f; 'drain' f1t.t1Jil """m-C::)f,
and others.

ORTHOGRAPHY AND PUNCTUATION

An important deciiion had to be made in the domain of the orthography of Amharic. The Amharic
alphabet has various leUer.:; representing originally only consonants, some of which have become iden-
 XII

ticaJ in pronunciation. This is tho case of .h and 0 (letters that have lost their consonantal value
and serve mainly when a word must be written with an initial vowel); 0, dt and 'l pronounced h;
u> and 1"1 pronounced s; II. and D pronounced ~ As a result of the identical pronunciation of these
letters, there is lack of consistency in Amharic spelling. There are three possible solutiOns in dealing
with Amharic spelling : 1, a radical reform of the alphabet; 2, the adoption of the commonly accepted
orthography; and 3, the standardization of spelling through etymology.
In a radical refonn of the alphabet, wherever there is a choice of two or three letters for the same
pronunciation, one would have to adopt arbitrarily only one letter, regardless of the origin of the root.
Thus, if in the case oft. and o, one were to choose, say, the letter 11., one would have to write h(l'
'imprison', h.m+ 'know', ht.1' 'eye', all with the h, even though .1',10.,. goes back to Geez I+ (with 0),
and h.f..') likewise goes back to Geez O.&') (cognate with Semitic 'ayn). Similarly, if between"" and il
one were to choose il, one would have to spell ..,.IJA 'vow' and +IJA 'be painted' both with ll, even
though etymologically .,.... A 'vow' goes back to Geez MA, and "''r\ 'paint' goes back to Oeez IPdfl..
The same arbitrary principle wou.ld ha.ve to be applied to the other letters that have become identical
in pronunciation. I did not feel that I could use this solution in a dictionary that is intended for
use by Amharic speakers.
The orthography currently and commonly accepted is highly unsatisfactory. Indeed, not only
different speakers of Amharic. but even the same speaker will spell indiscciminately Mol- and :r.o:,.
'sister', ~'1111 and .(.tJ'i" 'well', fJtJA and fJifiA 'culture', rh+l1 and v+l1'just', om+ and 11om+ 'know',
and so on. In this connection it is interesting to mention two authoritative dictionaries published by
Ethiopian scholars. Abba Yohann~ Giibtii Egli'a~her (JI.Q 1 \"'rh")h 1 Hit: 1 2\"'tU.ofl:.r..C) in his
..-,,n 1 .+o'\-1- J -1-"'K?l- hf"rhC,_, (a Tigrinya-Amharic dictionary) spells the Amharic verbs hOC:
(p. 46), h.(.C:: .(p. 47), hr\L (p. 49), all with h., whereas Kidana Wa.J.d K::~Oe (h.-'1~ mA~ h'AA.)
in his OUK'rhL fl'I"Rm- ltDOU'tJ1R J>o'\T hJth (A Geez-Amharic dictionary) spells the same words
withO; thus, one: (p.470), ou (p.473),andPA"-(p.478).Incidentallythew ordfor 'Amharic' is spelled
h....,C~ (with h) by Abba Yohann;)S Giibrii Egzi'abQher, but D"7Cii" (with II) by Kasate B:u-han
TAsimma (h"fir -flcn Tl\"7) in his f0"7Cii'- -1t10 ?11-l- (Amharic-Amharic dictionary),
p. 979. On the basis of this evidence it seems to me that it is not practical to follow the normally accepted
speUing.
I decided to adopt the principle of standardization through etymologies even though this principle,
too, presents certain pitfalls. In the case of h and D, Geez as well as Tigre and Tigrinya and the other
Semitic languages could be used as guides for oorcect spelling. In the ca!le of V (h), .h (b) 01 -1 (b),
only Geez (and Arabic) could serve as a guide since Tigre and Tigrinya retain only 0 h and dt b. this
last sound representing a merger of th b and.., !J. For w and (I as well as foe ~ and I, Geez alone
could serve as source of information, since in both Tigre and Tigrinya IP and (I ace represented as
(I s, and " and 6 have merged into " I It is on tho basis of this principle that I adopted spellings
such as OCD4' 'know' (Geez 1+), UFC 'ten' (G. dFC), 7.1-l- 'sister' (G. 7..'1-l-), rM 'three' (G.
wAn-tt), ift'tlt 'building' (G. ifa'l~) .nn 'baby' (G . .nn), :r..+ 'things, baggage' (Tigrinya lt_.da),
bi:A 'fortune, luck' (Tigrinya IJ.Rr\), and so on. Less generally accepted spellings ace those of om.t.
'double', a~ 'mow, IJ")Q-:,0 'wood', and 'tCD-1'\<' ~<f.n 'whirlwind', but here again the speJling
with o was adopted be<::ause these roots have an fl as first radical in Geez : om.t. I IJP.R J /JiJ and
IJID'tr, re'!pectively.
Special mention shoUld be made of w6- 'work, do', and its derivatives F~ 'work' (noun), V"&-+11
'worker', ""'Yf/.f 'tool', all with~~'. It is true that this root is the closest connected with Geez flCdl
'labor, endeavor' (with ll), but it can also be connected with Oeez uco 'arrange, dispose' (with 1.1").
If one adds to it the fact that the most frequently used Amharic spelling is,~ (with 1P), I thought
it advisable to spell it with IP.
The Amharic verb for 'to take a rest, to die' is spelled 1\C:I. (with h) even though the root is DU.
The spellinj: with h is justified since Amharic hU comes from hM.L becoming hU., the h of which
is that of the prefixed morpheme of the 1\-stem. The noun 'rest, vacation' is spelled,. however,
M~+ (with o) going back to its root.
 xm
Etymological spelling is also used in Arabic loanwords. Thus, .h.llil 'bill', Arabic ~,.,.~I_.; rhh.f'"
'doctor', Ar. ~; O,o\'"7 'aim', Ar. -;_.~; 1-ol\., 'object, purpose', Ar-l...:N.. and sO on. It-is like-
ly that ).:,OJ!' 'plan' comes from Arabic~ but since its origin is doubtful and it is normally written
with ilt., I adopted the spelling :P..lt~.
The standardization of spelling through etymology is not intended to conflict with actual pro-
nunciation of a lexeme. Thus, for instance, the verb 'be went out' is pronounced wdtra, with J,
and is therefore written tatiJ (with "1), and not m~ as it would he if one adhered strictly to the origin
of the verb, namely Geez OJirlt.. Also, the verb 'he is' is pronounced a/Iii, with an initial a. It is therefore
written hi\ and not PI\ as it would be if one adhered strictly to the etymology, namely Geez 1.11\ ...
The samecoosideration applies to 'new' addis, written h.ll.n and not rhJI,h as the etymology would have
required.
In roots for which there is no corresponding Ethiopic or Semitic ctymoloJY, I have adopted h
for an initial vowel, fJ for h (except in lit? 'water'), 1\ for s, and A for ~
A labiovelar with the vowel ii is often reduced in pronunciation and in writing to a velar followed by
o. Genetally, I kept the spelling with the labiovelar; thus ojLm.l. (and not "'m4 This spelling is,
however, not consistent.
In the verb forms of the 1.2.2. verbs in which the last two consonants are in contact I have adopted
the spelling with one consonant; thus, -+(pronounced marro) for ,..:t+ (from ,..:"').
Jn forms in wbich there is a meeting of the vowels tl-tJ I have no:rmally adopted the system of eliding
the vowel a; thus, /1C for fA1C. In entries, however, I also keep both vowels; thus, fMC (see
'airlincs'). In the meeting of the vowels 11--a I ha.ve normally kept the two vowels; thus n.~ (and not
f~J, but Ml'lo (and not hl'\:l'!.{t).
Tile conjuoctions are not separated from the verb5l; thus, RAI>IJ, The prepositions that have more
than one letter- are written separately; thus, ilr\ 1 11"i"il. They are not separated from a pronoun;
e.g. 111'\ll- (for ilA"Il-), or occasionally in combination of nouns in which the f of the first noun is
omitted as in ilr\tJ')P.':f- 1 ).~forM 1 (f)tnJl.olC >c.
The end of the Amharic sentence is not marked by . Only the question mark(?) is given wherever
required, and occasionally the exclamation mark (!).

PRONUNCIATION

No pronunciation is given for the English Iexemes. The student will have to know that the pro-
nunciation of 'entrance' (n.) is different from that of 'entrance' (v.). Only in exceptional cases where
the swne part of speech is pronounced in two different ways is there an ind.ication for the pronuncia-
tion; see 'row' (n.) rhyming with 'low' or 'how'; or 'tear' (n.) rhyming with 'pear' or 'fear',
As for the Amharic lexemes, it would have been hJghly desirable to indicate the gemination with a
special symbol, but this would have increased the cost of the dictionary considerably.

ENTRIES AND THEIR ARRANGEMENT

In the enumeration of entries, the verb is given before the noun.

Within each entry, the arrangement is alphabetical. Example : 'close. close down, close in, close in on,
close out'. A word in parentheses does not count for alphabetic arrangement; therefore '(be) closed
up' is not placed under 'be', but after 'close out'.ln the subentries in which the word of the main entry
is at the beginning, it is treated first. Thus, under the main entry 'near', the subentries 'near at hand.
near here', are listed first. Only then follow the subentries in alphabetical order where 'near' is not the
first word, as in as near as. come near, get near, nowhere near.'
 XIV

An English entry is occasionally translated by two Amharic entries. In this case the symbol J
is used to separate the equivalents; see 'anger' (vt.) h.'iU I lt.lt...IIJ; 'abduct' mill. 1 .l't'i=IIJ" m(l,_
The second Amharic lexeme is either illustrated with a different sentence (as in the case of 'anger'),
or is used in the same sentence. The second lexeme is then put in pareotheses (as in the case of'abduct').
Wherever there is only one meaning for the English entry, the Amharic equivalent follows imme-
diately after the English entry (see 'ail'). ff the English entry has more than one meaning, no Amharic
equivalent follows the entry directly, but the Amharic equivalents are below the entry and are
numbered according to the various meanings o the entry (see 'aim').

The English verb entry is normally rendered by the Amharic verb in the perfect, singular 3rd
masculine; e.g. 'build' w&., lit. 'he built'. The Amharic verb is cited in a verb form other than the
perfect wherever the perfect is not used; see 'not bad' (under 'bad') Mf" Af.l\ since in this idiom
the verb is used only in the negative imperfect.
The Amharic verbs translating the English verbs with the prefix un- are also occasionally given in a
verb form other than the perfect; SEe '(be) uninhabited'.
The 3rd person singular, masculine is alro used if the Amharic entry is a gerundive or a relative
imperlect translating an adjective. This is the case of'late' (adv.) !MIA-, but one of the cited sentences is
'she arrived late' Jl..,,.;f- f.~(l"f where the fonn is that of the Jrd person, singular, feminine. Or,
'favorite' (adj.) f"'l.tD.Rm-, lit. 'that he likes it', but the cited sentence is 'my favorite' f'/"tJJf.ID"
lit. 'that I like it', that is, the first person.
The Amharic impersonal verbs are cited in the perfect, singular, 3rd masculine followed by the object
suffix pronoun of the singular, 3rd masculine in parentheses; thus '(be) thirsty' m"7(tD-); 'under-
stand' 'l'l(ID').
An Amharic verb that is used with prepositional suffixes is cited with the prepositional suffixes in
parentheses. Examples: 'rage' Qf'\(O'f-); 'rally (to)', 2. Ufi(RT).
While the Amharic verb entry is cited in the perfect, singular, 3rd masculine, the verb of the trans-
lated sentence can be used in any verb form. Thus, in 'base' (v.) -.,.~.,., the verb of the translated
sentence is likewise in the perfect <-.,.~Thm-); in 'backbite' (h."'J), the verbal noun ("7..,-fit) is used
in the Amharic sentence; and in 'benefit' (m+"-), the imperfect (,_m't'"YA.) is used.

Occasionally an active or a transitive verb is illustrated with a passive in the English sentence.
In this ca..<:, the Amharic verb is cited in the active with its passive form in parentheses. Thus, for
'announce', no. 6, the sentence has the verb 'was announced'; the Amharic entry is therefore i'l~ (+i1
"),
At other times, the cited English entry is in the passive rather than in the active; see '(be) imprinted',
without the active 'imprint'. This procedure was adopted for cases where the p&SSive usage is more
frequent than the active usage. When an active form is required, the reader will then use the Amharic
active verb of tho cited verbs ++"a and~. that is a and li+o-.
Whenever a stative verb is expressed by 'be + adjective', it may occasionally have a special entry
beside the adjective entry. Most often, however, this kind of verb has no special entry. but can easily
be translated by using the cited Amharic adjective followed by irD< 'he ill'. Thus, the adjectives 'curious,
nasty, hollow' and others can serve as bases for the stative verbs ('be+ adjective') by the addition
of idt- 'he is' to the adjective: 'be nasty' h.llm~lo t, or _.,6:. t~~to,

The passive of an English vecb is not cited as subentry since normally the passive is formed in Am-
haric by the -f<-stem. For instance, only 'betray' h-'1 is cited, since 'be betrayed' would normally be
expressed by .,.M, However, in verbs in which the passive is not rendered in Amharic by the +-stem,
but rather PY the basic stem or by another root altogether, the English passive is cited as subentry.
Examples : 'demolish' l\toXrno (expressed by the h.-stem), but 'be demolished' m~- (expressed by the
basic stem); or 'lift' ht.., J h~ AU1, but 'be lifted' i9 translated by other roots (l\R..+ I +li~H).
See also 'affoct' and 'be affected'; 'form' and 'be formed'.
 XV

Verbal nouns ending in -ina (weeding') or abstracts (such as 'oondemnation') are usually not cited,
since they are expressed either by the Amharic verbal noun that can automatically be formed from the
verb or by a verb form.

Phrasal or complemented verbs such as 'go in, throw away' are listed separately as subentries since
the tnmslation cannot be inferred from the main entry. More complicated is the question of a method
for listing those verbs which are followed by a complement, but the combination is not a phrasal verb.
Thus, for instance, 'deal with' in the sentence "how shall we deal with this problemT' is not a phrasal
verb. This combination is, however, listed separately because the proper Amharic equivalent for
'deal with' could not be inferred from the equivalent of 'deal' followed by the Amharic preposition
'with'. Besides, the Amharic equivalents -f'~fi>,.. (no. l) and SH (no. 2) are not even used with a pre-
positional element, but are combined with the marker -'1 of the direct object. Combinations of that
kind ace, therefore, listed separately. See also 'contribute' and 'contribute to'; 'bore into' (under
'bore'); 'zip through' (under 'zip').
A good illustration of separate listing of nonphrasal verbs is 'ask after' (as in "he asked after your
hea.lth")or'askfor' (as in "did anyone ask for me?''). It is true that in both these case; the.verb 'ask'
is translated mf'-t which is the translation of English 'ask'. However, since Amharic does not express
'ask after' or 'ask for' by a combination of mf'-t 'ask' with the prepositions 'after' or 'for', but by the
direct complement, the separate listing seemed advisable.
Occasionally the preposition is put in parentheses, as in 'account (for)', 'adhere (to)', 'answer (for)',
'cut (through)', 'depend (on)'. A preposition placed in parentheses after the verb indicates that while
the combination is not a phrasal verb, the preposition is required for the special meaning.

The Amharic key word does not always indicate the syntactic structure of the sentence which is
conditioned by the key word. The reader should, therefore. read the whole sentence to familiarize
himself with the function of the key word in the sentence. For instance, 'make believe' (under 'believe')
hll-M does not indicate that it requires the verb lo be in the relative. Indeed, the sentence "the boys
made believe they were fighting the enemy" is translated AF,:P 1 ml\_.,., 1 f<"t'P1- t..h-i'l.fto
(with the relative verb f"t,.....).
The functioning of the key word ~IJA for 'about' (no. 4) is understood only through the whole
seiJtence "this house is about as high 8S that tree" ,f.-IJ I 11.-l- I .f")') I lflj! I ~tJ/Jtt. I .E~1f"T/Jtt. Where
it becomes clear that the compared object 'that tree' has the suffix -1' (in ~'J't).
Or, the position of O.ll 'devoid of' after the noun in the construct state is evident only from the
sentence "she is devoid of shame" :h.'i!~.,. ll.h ...-......

LABELS

An English verb is labeled transitive (vt.) or intransitive (vi.) according to the usage in the existing
English dictionaries. A verb is considered transitive if it has a direct object; it is intransitive if it does
not have a direct object. Thus, read' in the sentence "he reads a book" is transitive, but in the sen-
tence "he reads well.. it is intransitive.
The labels vt. and vi are used only when the same verb can be either transitive or Intransitive; see,
for instance, 'dutter, read'.
Most nonna11y an English transitive verb is translated by an Amharic transitive, and an English
intransitive is translated by an Amharic intransitive. At times, however, this is not the case. An
example of this is 'circle' (vt.) in "the moon circles the earth" translated "'~.4> 1 o-&.:r- 1 ,,.tJ' 1
."f-PU:f (where ~~~ is used with the preposition :and postposition 0 ~ - - tt-t.f). Or, 'bang at' (an
intransitive usage) in "he banged at the door to be let in " is translated ADIO"J(J:T 0{-'J 1 J!~O (that
is, a transitive in Amharic).
 XVI

The labels vt. (transitive) or vi. (intransitive) are not indicated for the Amharic verbs. It is through
the translation that the reader wiU be able to deduce whether the Amharic verb bas a transitive or
intransitive USa&e-

The label n. (=noun) or v. (=verb) is used only for entries that could lend themselves to con~
fusion when taken out of context. Thus, 'abuse' out of context can be either a noun or a verb. The
label 'abuse' (v.). 'abuse' (o.) is therefore necessary. But there is no need for a part-of-S);'JeeCh label for
'accessory' or 'accommodate'.

INFLECI'ED FORMS

Plural of nouns. The most frequently used plural marker S, -es (dog-s, match-es) is not indicated.
Any other plural marker is given in parentheses; thus 'calf (calves), child (children)'. Besides, the special
plural fonn is found in the appropriate place with a reference to the singular; thus 'children, see child'.
Past tense. The most frequent marker for the past tense -ed is not indicated. Any form of the past
tense that deviates from the regular form is given in parentheses; thus 'come (came), carry (carried),
commit (committed)', These forms of the past tense (except those of the 'carry' and 'commit' type)
are also found in the appropriate places with the reference to the main entry; thus 'came, see come'.

CROSS REFERENCES

The cross references are indicated as [See also ...] placed at the end of the entry; see such entries as
'advance' [See also 'pacific1; or 'advantage' [See also 'operate']. The choice of p1aciog a subentry
under one or another main entry is arbitrary. For instance, 'make pacific advances' could have been
entered under the main entry 'advance' rather than under 'pacific' where it is placed.
There are no cross references to the verbs 'get, keep, make, put, take' since they are frequently
combined with other parts of speech. Nor are there cross references to tbe prepositions used in phrasal
verbs, such as 'come in, come out, come by' and so on.

SYMBOLS

The symbols used are : ', +, ( = ), and [ ].

The symbol ',
11Ds symbol is used wherever there is no exact Amharic equivalent fOI the English entry. For iiJ..
stance, there is no precise Amharic equivalent for English 'afterthought'. The meaning of'afterthought'
can, however, be rendered in Amharic in a sentence such as "the idea came to me as an afterthought"
t1{., f+1t1Hlh-+ 1 lrlfJii 1 hD-, It would, indeed. be misleading to translate the entry 'afterthousht'
by any of the Amharic Iexemes in the above-mentioned senteoce. It is the traoslation as a whole that
renders the idea of 'a.ftertho\liht'. Or, the idea of the noun 'adhesion' in the sentence' adhesion of the
intestine to the muscles requires surgery" 1'1.1)!-l- bm-1!f= ;~c. 1 1\.I"IJR."t 1 +1!- 1 '1'1'1 1~A
is undoubtedly und,erstood in the verb form 1\."'R~ 'when it adheres'. It would be misleading, however,
to translate the noun adhesion by 1\.I'IJR."t. The symbol' is, therefore, used.
 XVII

A sentence preceded by " is not necessarily the first sentence following the entry. For example, the
first sentence followins: the entry 'advent' hu the Amharic equivalent ....,,.."1-l-, but in tj:le second
sentence 'since the advent' is translated by bor>Rt ID,ILtJ, It is the whole unit 'since the advent' that
is translated and not tbe isolated word 'advent'. The sentence is, therefore. preceded by .
When the English entry has neither an Amharic translation following it nor a *~sentence, it means
that the key word equivalent is lengthy and is shown only in the translation This is done in ca9eS
where the sentence that illustrates the entry contains only few additions to the entry. See, for instance.
'false alarm' (under 'alarm') illustrated with the sentence "it was a false alarm" fm-'ft'.-,. "1hm"t<M:
' ~D"ll!T ~nc. I adopted this procedUJ'e for the sake of economy.

The syffi.bol +.
This symbol indicates that the Amharic sentence has a different subject from that of the English
sentence. This symbol is used if the difference in gubjects affects the entry. This is the case in the soM
called impersonal verb of Amharic; see, for instance, 'understand' no. 1 +1Q(m-).
The subjects may differ between the English entry and its Amharic translation in many other verbs.
Thus, for instance, 'be bored' (under 'bore') where the subject of the Engliili sentence is the person
whereas in the Amharic sentence the subject is the speech. See also 'absolve, be absolved'.

The symbol {"" ).

Occasionally a specific part of speech of the English entry is not rendered by the same part of speech
in Amharic. In this case, the Amharic entry is preceded by the symbol ( = ). Examples : 'advance'
no. 3 (= adv.); 'literal' no. I(= adv.); 'oddJy' (=adj.).
This is likewise the case when an active verb of English is rendered by a passive; or when a passive
of English is rendered by an active o.r transitive; or when an intrami.tive verb of English is rendered
by a transitive verb in Amharic; see '(be) knocked down'(= tr.); 'lean over', vi.(-= vt.); 'bark', vt. 2
( = passive).
For many sentences an equivalent part of speech could have been obtained by forcing the Amharic
translation, but the more natural way of translating the English sentence was through a different part of
speech in Amharic. The Amharic part of speech preceded by the symbol ( =) was therefore kept
Incidentally, the adverb(= adv.) in these cases refers not only to regular adverbs, as under 'vain'
( -= adv.) Rh't-1>, but a1so to adverbial or circumstantial expressions, as under 'twofold' ( = adv.)
IN\-l- ~~;'token'(= adv.) M- fUA, or tti'l- +'t'i'i.

The bracket symbol [ J.

An English lexeme that has no equivalent in Amharic is explained by a definition. The definition
is placed in brackets; see 'ale, allergy, delta, galley, jury'. and so on.

ABBREVIATIONS

act. active intr. intransitive

adj. adjective ~' masculine
adv. adverb n. noun
com. common pl. plural
000\1. conjunction prep. preposition
fern. feminine pron. pronoun
Jie'. aerundive resp. respect
 XVIII

...
tr.
singu]ar
transitive
v.
vi.
v"b
intransitive verb
transitive vt. transitive verb
trans.
d.
(zero) indicates that the English lexeme is not translate

to express my own feelings while work-

The motto at the head of the introduc tion is merely intended
I am well aware of all the pitfalls inherent
ing for the last six years on the compilat ion of this dictionary,
im:onsistencies in the arrangem ent of the
in a work of this kind. There undoubte dly are occasional
the material offered in this dictionar y may
subentrie s and even in the orthogra phy. For some readers
be too abundan t, for others too scanty. As for the translatio
ns themselves, in many cases other render-
ings could have been used. Notwiths tanding the difficultie
s of aU kinds and my own occasion al hesita.-
of the student of Amharic as well as of
tion5, I thought that the time had come to put at the disposal
n student learning English a dictionar y that would prove helpful in furthering Amharic
the Ethiopia
studies.

on of the dictionary. The technical

Many persons and institutions were involved in the preparati
support of the Office of Educatio n
executio n of the work was made possible through the financial
al financial aid came from different
of the Departm ent of Health, Educatio n and Welfare. Addition
Near Eastern Center, the Afrlcan Studies
parts of the University of California, Los Angeles, namely the
tive Studies. The printing expenses were
Center, and the Committ ee on lnternati onal and Compara
(AID) which purchase d a certain number
partly covered by the Agency for Internati onal Developm ent
Sellassic University and to the Ethio-
of copies and made them available for distribut ion to the Haile
y would not have been possible, however,
pian Ministry of Educatio n. The publicati on of the dictionar
witz. I wish to thank in particula r
without the enterprising spirit of the publisher Otto Harrasso
Helmut Petwlt whose extraordi nary attention to detail and sound advice in publica.tion matters
Dr.
ste in Louvain was cooperative and
helped me in many stages of my work. The Imprimeric Orientali
in accepting the many changes that [ had to make as tbe printing went along.
very patient
n students were involved in the translatio n of the sentences. I would like to mention
Many Ethiopia
Shewaye and Girma Walde Sellasie who were very helpful thanks to their excel
in particula r Tesfaye
and their perseven: :nce. Abebe Bekele also helped me greatly in solving
lent knowledge of Amharic Kane who participa ted
usage. I am especially grateful to my student Dr. Thomas
problem s of language ty with Amharic as well
including proofrea ding. His thorough familiari
in many stages of this work, considera ble value from
nding of translatio n problems proved to be of
as his exceptional understa
beginnin g to end.
admirati on and my sincerest thanks to
I take once more the opportun ity to express my profound
me into the study of Amharic and whose spirit guided me in
my teacher Marcel Cohen who initiated
my scientific endeavors.
without the wholehearted coopera-
The completi on of this dictionar y would not have been possible
of my wife. My deepest gratitude goes to
tion, patience, understanding, sacrifice, and encourag ement
he<.
Wolf LesliLU
Los Angeles, Decembe r 1972
a abeyance
a abate (vi.) .,..,.tl't
I. (zero). A boy came. A~ "'""
2. 1>11:. A boy came. 1>11: A~ "'""
aback, be taken ~ f.t.,.(IIJo)
I was taken aback by my friend's refusal to
lend me money. aJ-'1:(_ ~1H-II 1>1\0f:CU
.,. fl.ll't f.t.,.'t
abandon (v.)
I. .,.dl. He abandoned his efforts to achieve
his goal. h'ti\"711Jo II"" 1:~11 Yf.C.*I f
tO~BJo1 '1'~'1- _,.dl
2. 'I'll- 1\f.. The man abandoned his family.
l'tiiJo\1-BJo IL_,. 1'111-1 'I'll- 1\f.
3. 'I'll- lflf. The captain gave the command to
abandon ship. trt1:l- l'tl"'ll DDChll-1 'I'
IIIIJo l\1-'l.lflf. 'l-l\~11 l'tm
abandon (n.)
*The students cheered with abandon waving
their arms and shouting. -f-"7t:.l"'ll ll!f'I'BJo
1 0"7dl~dl11<; 0DD'""1i 0?11 11"'1.'1-
f.ll;I-'I'BJo1 111Jt.
abandoned (adj.) f_,.,.,ll
The abandoned child was begging in the
streets. f.,."'IIBJo A~ 0foP1~JI. Y.ll
.,., tnc
be abandoned +l.
The prosecution will he abandoned if the stolen
money is returned. f.,.l't~.,...,. 11Hil h.,.,..
111'1 hl't- Y..,.&-A
abase 1>'1'~
A man who betrays his friends abases him-
self. aJ'I.l('ll1 f"''..h-'1 l'tiiJo &-l't-1 Y'I'C'IA
abash l>ltol..~
The rebuke abashed him. t.,.ll..:J-BJo l>o'ioi..~IIJo
be abashed hoi.~
The little girl was abashed when she saw the
room filled with strangers. h'i'll- Ol\1"1'1
l'tl":f' _,.'I"A.f flf:f' '1..11 A~;l: l>L~:f'
abate (vt.) .,.tl't
The city administration abated local taxes. f"7
ll?!f IL1: fh-f-"711Jo1 "lilt: .,.M
The ship sailed when the storm abated. "76
011- ......,.til DDChR- -MH
abbreviate
I. l>o'im~. He likes to abbreviate long words.
~lf~!l" :1'11'1-1 "7o'imc f.aJ'IA
2. l>'lK"f!'.,. :I'A 1>1'.~1. How do you ab.
breviate 'doctor'? 1'-h.,.c f"'1.1111Jo1 :I' A
l\1.<'.'1- l>'lK"f!'_,. :I' A :J-f.C~'I'IIU l
abbreviation l>'lK"f!'.,. :I'A
'Dr.' is the abbreviation for 'doctor'. fP..h.,.
C l>'lK"f!'_,. :I'A 1'-C tiiJo
abdicate lf"l.l-1 11.,..,.
Why did the king abdicate? 1.,.,.. 11!1"1
,.of.<;'f'IIJo") 11.,.411
abdomen IFf:
The sick child's abdomen is swollen. f01i.,.
;;- A~ 1 rrf: l>iltll.A
abdominal rrrf:
Abdominal pains may he caused by eating
too much. h""m1 01\Y. 1 DD-1111'1- 1 IliFf:
,,...,. DDt If (I.IF") Y.:f-1\A
abduct milL I l>'i''l' aJI'tf.
The rebels abducted his daughter. ODDD'l''ll
f(t.1 I A~ I mii~'J- I (l>'i'tiiJo I dl~'J-)
aberration fl>ll!l"f!' 1 u-h'I-
He stole the watch in a moment of aberration.
(t't1:1 I f(t~.,.,. I fl>l\!f"f!' I rJoh'J- I f.C{I
0'1- I OtO~O'I- dl~'l- tBJo
*His speech was full of aberrations from the
main subject. 01"1"1'1- 1 1\f. 1.?"1'1" 1 h'l'
....... l>Cll/1'1- f.dl"' I )OC
abet (abetted) l>l'.of.L~
Only one man stole the tire but his two
friends abetted him. i"7BJo1 1 fl't~.,.,. h
11: ....... I -11!1' I llrF1!1" Yf.of.L-1-'1- u-11'1- I
l'tl":f' 1>11-
abeyance, be in - "'""'"
His interest in stamps has been in abeyance
for weeks. 1:!l"iiC fDDI'tofll'tofl 'i'l\i1: 1 11oft
, . I '1!1"1;1-'l- I YUA I T'll~fl )01:

abhor
hold in abeyance O+mt!" h.f.t'
The judge held the case iri abeyance until
addition al witnesses appeared .........76 V"il
hl!':f l.ilh.of>Ctl- J:"~il ' Jl'f.,. ' '1--'ll''t '
Oof>ml!' h+f.,.
abhor (abhorre d) m'l
He abhorred cruelty to animals. Ol.'til(\:f
'If. """"h't' t m'l
abhorr ence 'l''lil'
I cannot hide my abhorren ce for her. Ajl.
.fA'h 'l''lil' Milof>., . ht>.:f-t>.V"
abhorr ent hilmll.
Treacher y is abhorren t. hdi-'l.H hilmA..
) ....
abide (abode, or abided), vt il'A
I cannot abide loud noises. ""l"'i:J- ht>.:f
AVO
abide (vi.) hJ'.of>CV"
Even after disappointments hope still abides.
'1--'l.f:f-'t qf.<\IJA'tV" l.'t\>, ...il4- ..,J:-
~;>:f't hJ'.of>CV"
abide by
!. hhO~. You must abide by your promises.
f1q1i.,.' t :J>t>. ..,hOC hAilU
2. 0 ao;. I abide by what I said qf>.b-l-
M<;AU
abiding H'l<l:
He manifested abiding devotion to his country.
'11~ H'l<l: '1'11-C't h<\f
ability (abilities )
!. ":ftt-:J-. He has ability to swim like a fish.
l.'tf.. 'i"f fOD'I'"f'l- :ftt-:J- ' hll"'"
He is a man of great abilities. h'i! .fA
":ftt-:J- '""'" II..... ) ....
2....11'1'9'. Musical ability often shows itself
early in life. fDDoiL-"' ...11'1'9' hilq'f~
'1..11. 01>.)!')'1- J'.:J-11J-"'1>.
abject M-"'4:
Abject poverty is visible in the beggar's tat-
tered clothes. hA.,"f' R--Io+ t>.ilil hll-"'4:
J:-1i)'l- ' l.'t"'AO'I- J'.:f"W-"'1>.
abjure !Jf..
He abjured his religion. ,,.._..,,N't !Jf..
(be) ablaze
!. ...'tll1fl1. The streets were ablaze with
lights. 1-f-<;"9''fl ' QODilt-'J- 0 -l"'tfl1(1-1'ff>.
2 aboard
2. 01.<\'1- ....f.fH. The whole building was
ablaze. .b'ta.,. QDDoll- 01.<\'1- ...,,.,.
)QC
3. -1:"1 hA. I was ablaze with anger when
he kicked my dog. .,.lftlo't 0~1m '1..11. 0
't ...'l--ll"' ht>.h-
able
!. ":ftt-:J- .fA.,.. He is an able speaker. ":ftt-
:J- .I'll"'" ....<;;>& ) ....
2. '""' An able speech won the king's favor.
f ...f-~1"'" ' '""' ' 't"'"'C ' fi'I-P'-'t ODI>.IJV"
hil....ff'l- hil1"f
be able il'A
Will you be able to come? 1\0DV""''I- '1-":f
'I AU!
able-bo died , ....,_,. 11.,.)'1- .fA.,.
Only able-bodied men will be accepted into
the army. wf.. fllC llt-'E-11 1\oP"'q'J- f
"t.:f-11- , ....,_.. 11.... )'1- '""'"'" ilil'
<;,.,.
ablutio n OD:J"mil
Ablution must be performed by Muslims
before prayer. l.M1":f h""all.f ,.,. R.I.
'1- oP:J"mil t.Aq'f.,.
abnega te 'i'of>
He abnegate d his family fortune and became a
monk. fiL-J- liM Uil'l- 't+ OD)h-11
abnega tion (= adv.) F;>~ OJ:"tt-
A hermit lives a life of abnegation. q;,:J-0
F ;>~ OJ:-tt- J'.'ft-1>.
abnorm al
I. h ....I.'I'C' f ...Af. It is abnorma l for a
man to be seven feet tall. n J:- II.... ...
OD'J- ' llq'J- ' ""1.., ' ODif't ' h ... .I.'I'C' ' f ...
Af ) ....
2. Ohl.V"C'.,. 1111- .I'll. Abnorma l children
require special teaching. Ohl.V"C''I''I'"'" 1111-
.fA- A~ AI' f..,il...._,C H... .fil.l.l>.
;>'1''1'1>.
3. 11-'1' .f"' I .fi>.... AODS'... His abnorma l ac-
tions show that he has been drugged. 11-'1'
.f"'"'" ' (.ff>....I\ODf...,.) o h\>,:\). o ODJ:-'1~'1-
OD1jooPI\-'t o .f<\.ff>.
aboard , go~ .......,~
We went aboard an hour before the boat
sailed ODCh!l 1>.'1-~J:- h'tJ:- ll'i'l- 11.4'
t-'1- ...<\.I,C't
abode 3 about

all aboard floPCb11 aJol)'f' f)ofl"- 11-fto breakdown in communication. hoo1'i~ -flA
When the ship went under all aboard were 'li~ N~"f f_,.f..~~,. '1':1'~ hifol.
drowned. ""Ch!J. 11~11'1'11" fliD-IItjJ. f)fl
tt- r flo/r llm.,... abortion 6'tll't "''llm~s:-
Is abortion a crime in Ethiopia? 6'tll't "''ll
all aboard I .,.114.'1- I ID~.I:' flh.~f"kY dl't"-A ~,.?
All aboard! The bus is about to leave. .,.114.
-1-1 h,..,_fl'll- ii.'U: ~,. abortive
I. P'C YAIIf..f... An abortive case of small-
abode (n.) ou<;&Y
pox will leave no scars. P'C YAIIf..f.. fol.
His abode is far away. OD'f&YID- -1-:J> ~,.
"JIIJIIJ O'li:t- 1 mq/1 1 hY.-1-m-11"
abode, see abide 2. 'i!ol. 11.11. The early attempts to fly were
abortive. 4'1..11" II.A 1\0Dofi~C 1 f.,.f..~.,.~
abolish hi14'&
.....h&-l":Y. 'i!ol. 11.11 ,~,. "'""
He abolished slavery. qc~~'t hil4'~
abound '1"11
abolition "'1'1'4-~
The abolition of poverty was the main pur- Animals abound in this forest. flll.ll ""liJ
ID-11'1' h&-'~ 'I"A:1:A
pose of the bill. fa,.,. 'I'<; 'ill"'' .l:''lh
The river abounds with fish. m'tlf< ID-11'1'
~'t "'1'1'4-~ ~flC
'l"' 'I"A:1:A
abominable
1. hllh.L. The weather this year is abomina. about (prep., adv.)
ble. flll.ll 'l""~ Yf-1- mq,e hilhol. ~,. I. 1111. They were talking about the war.
1111 ,..c~-1> ym-1- ~flc
He finds this music abominable. Y.ll ,....11.:1'
hilh4. lf'f Y.II"'''I'A What is it all about? Y.ll 11-lr Ill\ ll"'t
.~:"). ~,.!
2. hll:l'of:. The abominable cruelties of Nero
are well known. f~ hll:l'of: "l"IJ~ fl"''. 2. fl--- IIY.. There is something queer about
~q f;ND4' ' ~,_ him. 1111- IIY. h't.l:' 7.'t"'JI ~~c .e:r
YA
abominate mil 3. h't.l:'. There were about thirty people present.
He abominates strict discipline. 'J'Il:J> .,.... h't.l:' P'll/1 lll":Y. ~~~-~-
'I'C Y.miiA 4. YIIA. This house is about as high as that tree.
abomination ( = adj.) hllh.L Y.ll IL~ Y't't q'i' YIIA Y.~11"'1A
The man's cruelty is an abomination. f{UDf 5. flll.ll hiJqfl., Are there aoy wild ani-
,. "l"IJ~ hilhol. ~,. mals about? flll.ll hiJqfl. f-'I.C h&-'~
hM
aboriginal f'l"t~ lll":Y.
6. fl - - - lf<&Y. The dog capered about its
Traces of aboriginal dwellings can still be seen.
master. m-lf,. fl'l.;t-m- lf<&Y 11~4'
f'l"t~ lll":Y. OD'f&Yl":Y. C'll&-'l'r h
*John is adept at repairing things about the
11-'tll" Y.:t-YA
house. ]('t fiL~ 7.:l'l":Y. faam~'t :Y.
aboriginal Inhabitant '"""-""&Y ~'I'& 11-:t" hi\ID-
The aboriginal inhabitants of Ethiopia are the 0He is about my age. flcl.l:""'. 7.11-Yf ~,.
Agaus. fh.~f"kY '"""-""&Y ~'l'&l":Y. about face I 4''{ :\11 11-C I
h~l":Y. ""'"'" The officer roared, "about face"! ODho't\Oo 4'
aborigine '"""-""&Y ~'I'& "{ :\11 lf<C oflll- hHH
The Agaus are the aborigines of Ethiopia. be about A +
imperfect + )0>'
Ml":Y. flh.~f"kY f"""-""&Yl"'li )'I'& The pail is about full. q/:I,JI,m- 11.'1"11
~.,.
l":Y.. ""'"'"
abort Lunch is about ready. 11"11 il.f..CII ~,.
1. 111).~~4.. When a pregnant cow is iqjured, be about the same f.,.4'&-~fl ~,. I f.,.OD/1
it will abort. hofl.l:' flf~:Y. 1111" 11'1-7-JI {II\ I )tJJo
o}-111). ~"14-11:y. Is the weather in Addis Ababa better than
2. hlf4.. The attack aborted because of a in Harar? It is about the same. fhJI.II h
above
Rfl ,ffC v-~;1- bm<:C J'.lfiiAt f.,.-1'&-
<:R (f.,.oPfl(lA) I ~liJo
*It's about the same. ~ )m--
be about to A + imperfect + ~w-(~nc)
He is about to leave. fl.'t1: ~"'"
I was about to send for you. AAb11tl ~nc
have about enou1h of fl:J"(tD-)
+I bave had just about enough of your argu-
ments. ,., ... 1."~'1> R'l>.f'i'A
how about It l :J-JU'ill
[See also 'somewhere, up, wbat']
above (prep.)
1. b - - - RIIJ'.. They live above the store. bll-
"'. RIIJ'. I J'.'U..tr
The water came above our knees. tD-;)tD-
b.,_ol\R;J-:Y..1 RIIJ'. ID"'
The temperature was above I 00 degrees. ..,.
-t-lo I boP.P. -'1."16 ' RIIJ'. ' ID"'
His bravery was above all praise. )';"11H
b!l"il:>., RIIJ'. ~ nc
2. b. A father should not favor one child
above the other. hfJ."f- h1JI.1 ol\~ t,
1-'1. .,RIIII'I' fiiR."f-!1"
*The book is above me. ""K".hf. b:fll-:1"
jl. RIIJ'. ~w-
*He is above suspicion. 'tl{t- fli):K.or h.~
m<:mC!I"
above (adv.) b'IJ'.
Seen from above, the lake looks like a mirror.
biiJ'. ' fi.;J- J'. ' m.J'."' ' OD{l.,.'l'."f- ' J'.oPilllol\
As mentioned above, the letter clarified the
matter. b'IJ'. l\11..,.m-tilw- 1.11'1tLw-
"1-.111'1 h11&-e.f;J-ol\
*The bookstore is just above. foPl\.h"i'."f-
""'-11~ ."f-111 b"i' 1111- ~"'"
above all bll-fl-11" J'.RA'I' ! bll-fl-11" J'.ol\:,0
Above all, remember to be on time! ho-A--
!1" J'.RA'I' R'l.ll. oo~T."f-1 hil;l-w-{1
Above all, don't get discouraged! bll-fl-!1"
J'.ol\:,0 .,.il'i- h."f-.,..<:'1'
[See also 'far, over']
abrade
1. lim. The stone abrades theskin.1:1;JJ'. 41'1 1
J'.ol\"'A
2. ( = pass.) .,.lim. +The boy abraded the skin
of his knee when he fell. ol\7!: m!:oll .,.ol\
R-Jo~m
4 abrupt
abrasion
Abrasions of the skin are painful. f.,.llm
oii'IY.,A
abreast mt. 1-1
The soldiers walked three abreast. m;t-t.r:'ll
,,. 1-1 V'll."f- V'il."f- l\fll'). 'tJI.
keep abreast (of)
I. n:,Oc11 .,.b:J-.,.11. He keeps abreast of scien-
tific developments. f<'IJ'.1il1 ,.~..,. n:,.c
11 J'.b;J-.,.IIol\
2. b --- ;JC .,.&-.,..1.. He keeps abreast of
the times. b'l.ll.liJo ;JC J'.&-OD'IA
abridge hllm.:
The book was so long he had to abridge it.
""K"mf. o'.'fr!l" ilii~R.: .,lime ~n.:n."f-
abridged (adj.) ,fm<:
This is an abridged version of David Copper-
field. J'.ll ,fmo'.w- fF..li.f: b-TC.I.ol\1:
l\."f-!1" ~"'"
be abridged .,.~t,
The rights of citizens must not he abridged
without proper cause. Yll ~IL !l"h1Y."f-
f.h1111 ou11."f- OD~t,."f- fiiR."f-!1"
abridgment
This book is an abridgment of a three-volume
history. J'.ll ODK".h"i' V'il."f- '1'&-11 f:J-&h
DDl\.h"i'."f-1 R.,llmc f.,.l\.1. ~"'"
abroad w-op h~C
He studied three years abroad. V'il."f- '\OD."f-
w-op MC .,..,<:
abrogate lfo'.
The Emperor abrogated all laws permitting
slavery. 1.,.,.. ~~1"-lo fJC~."f-1 f"''..oi.:,O.t~-."f-1
.n-t:f ll-fl- lf~
be abrogated Ll..ft.
A binding contract cannot he abrogated by
only one signatory. X".,. m-A Q'l ~ 1..6-
"'1.. 11!1' hJ'.oi.Cil!l"
abrupt
1. .1!-1~.,..,. The road is full of abrupt turns.
""1~-'1. 1:1~.,.:;' '1'9"119"11 J'.RqR;J-ol\
We noticed an abrupt change in his attitude.
nv-~:t-w- 1:1~.,..,
""II'I'ID'I' .,..,.,llb."f-1
2. ( = adv.) R1:1~."f-. The abrupt awakening was
caused by a noise. R1:1~."f- n -"'"'" R<Qo
1i."f- !l"h"iY."f- ~nc
abruptly
--~~------------------------------------~
The road made an abrupt rise up the hill.
OD't"J-'1- -""'"" 'If. {IJ'.Cil OIIJII" h lj" :,0(1
f.a>IIJA
abrupt manner
He has a very abrupt manner. OIIJII" "'ilt.
'i'-t-'1' ) ....
abruptly 7.'tS'.)"Joi-
He treated me rather abruptly. 7.'tS'.)"Iol- Jill
1-'i"IS'.'S
abscess 7.fi"P
The doctor had to cut the abscess . .h h....
7.'1""-"t h.C.<:mll-r
abscond, - with IIC.f' 1>01111
The clerk absconded with the store's money.
~~.... .~..... ' fODS'-11-1-'t ' "l'tH11 ' IIC.f' 1>01111
absence hll""'l"C
The absence of water keeps plants from
growing. f..,.;) hi\OD'l"C 119'1'-r't l.'t-'1.1'
Y:.,. ' .I'S'.C:>'I''I'IIt.
In the absence of the director all work stopped.
'l.~h* ' ill\# ' 1"6-,. ' IHt- .f'oo
*Please be my attorney during my absence.
M 01\.1\o-O.r '1.11. )"1.1: .C.)';. o-"t
[See also 'leave']
absent (v.), - oneself <!'<:
Why did you absent yourself from school?
h-r11"11c-r o.-r liM -1'<:11!
absent (adj.) f-1'<:
The absent members could not vote. f~
:,. httll-l- Y:M'I'~ 1\.llm- hllt.il'll-9"
be absent
I. .,.<:. Three members were absent because
of illness. O.ftou!l" ll"h't.l':,. 1"11:,. hfl
11-l- _,C-1',. )OC
2. hllt.1'1"fll". Snow is absent in some countries.
fl't-'l'tY: h1r:l- O<:P.. h!'-1"19"
in an absent manner IJ1llfl
She was daydreaming and answered in an
absent manner. O.h/111 1',."1 111\)0C II
:f"il-11 ooiJt.il llm:Y.
absentee
I. f"''...,.C 1"'7t:. A careful teacher keeps
track of absentees. m't .+.+ OD!I"IIC f"7...,.
o~-.r"t ' 1'"7t:l":Y. ' J'.WO!m6-llt.
2. Ooo~-J> 'lj'. f"7J'.'l"C. The problem of
absentee landowners is a serious one in this
country. ooo~:f"'l',. 'If. f"7J'.'l"-l- ttl\
5 absolve
oot.+:f o-~;1" 1\ILII h"IC h/1110. :f"'
c ' .C.'J'lf'.llt.
absently 01\.'1 .h/111 ,.11'1' 1-,.tn 1111
She absently nodded in response to the
question. 01\.'1 .h/111 ,.11'1' 1-,.IIJ Ill\
:f. 0 1\'J'f., .... 0 ODIJt.il 0 6-!}.'t 0 :f.
) ... ) ...
absent minded 111.,.
He is always late to appointments because
he is absent-minded. 11't.,. 111\lf) o-llt.'l.
H. 1\_,ml!' H"'U J'.S'.CIIIIt.
absolute
I. 'i'll-11". That's the absolute truth. !'-II 'i'
l\.9" ' 7.fllo),. ' )fllo
The dictator excercised absolute power. 11.9'"
fl 1H 'i'l\.9" Olf) 1"/lt.IIJ't 1~
2. .C.'I"P '11.6-"P. He has been an absolute
ruler. .C.'I"i" 'll.6-"i" 11C )OC
3. 'i'l\.9" 7.C"'ml;'. It is an absolute fact.
'i'l\.9" 7.C"'ml;' )1C ),.
4. 1S'.11 fl\.1\fllo. The absolute authority of
the director was burdensome for the teachers.
"JS'-11 ' fl\.11 .... ' f'l.~h* ' l"llt.IIJ't ' 1\aD!I"
116-'t h'IY: )0C
5. 'tll-.ft. Absolute alcohol has no water in it.
'tll-.ft hllt.l>llt. fllo;) fllo-rll"
absolutely
I. O'i'll-9". He is absolutely right. 7.11- O'i'
l\.9" ' llt.h ' )tJ>o
2. O"i"6-'1i (with negative verb). He is abso-
lutely dishonest. O"i"6-'11 :1""7"1 hJ'.S'.I\9"
3....11- o-11-. Do you agree with me? Abso-
lutely. h~ :>C -rll"7"71\lll -11- o-Il-
absolution 'i':,..h:,. l 'i':J"-r
The priest performed absolution. .,,... 'i':,.
...,. ' ('i':J"-r) ' hS'.<:.,.
give absolution L:'"
"Give me absolution'\ he said to the priest.
., ....'t ' j'.'i'-J>'S ' h'l'l'fllo
pronounce absolution 'i';f":,. hll"7
The priest pronounced absolution. -ttr fi:
:J"-r ' hll-
absolve
I. )II hS'-<:1. The judge absolved him of guilt
in the accident. flF...? 1 ~t;{UD 1 ...-4-+
-""'"'" ' )1\ ' hS'..1:1tJ>o
2. II<:H(II-r). He absolved me from the promise
I made. 111'1111-r f)O.I:fllo't .+A II<:HIIt.'S
 absorb
be absolved 1-l'la(ll 'l-)
+He was absolved from his sins. ~m.h.1: ..,.
(It: fil-l-
absolve (someon e) of his sins L:Jw
.,.,.
The priest absolved him of his sins. -t(l. I.
absorb
1. oomm. The sponge absorbed the water
QUickly. (tlj:~.,.. I 8Jo;'}oli.Jo") I fD.IlJtD- I ODffi
mtiJo
2. }'II. You cannot absorb all that material in
a Single }CSSQfl, n1- I flo/r I f)") S: I :,.,..-
IJC'I- A'I-.1'-UtiJo 1\'1->fAI"'
3. tf'm. Large companies absorb smaller ones.
'1-AA:,O &q1}'l" >f 'I-1'Jll"'ll1 }'.tiJot!llf'I'A
4. .,..,.1111. The United States absorbed millions
of immigrants. 1\"'UIJ 11"7.11.1'"1 f"7. 4-.m~
111.1-'l'>f ' 1-+llll'f
5. 11'11. The company will absorb all the
research costs. b-Q1' ym- fT'i"-IJ') r mQ;a. ,.
11-J'.>flt.A
6. a>l'lf..(fl'l-). This job absorbs all my time.
}'.II .1"&- "1..11.11.1 11..,.11- }'.dJ{l.I!-11>;'A
7. "7t:h. The circus absorbe!l the boy's atten-
tion. I'ICh(l. fA)I:1 ""11..11 "7t:ht1Jo
be absorbe d +oo(lm
He was so absorbed in his book, he did not
hear me come in. noox-mf. OIIJ,.. +ou
iltn iiii~IIC 111q I\A1'1"7't9"
absorb ent, ~ paper DP9"m""'. m.:H-
Absorbent paper is used to dry hands . .,..,.
m""'. m.:.,.:r- 1\)('1 11"7.(-t::,O }"11\"lit.A
absorb ing f"7.DPil'l'
He told me an absorbing story. f"tooil- r
;hlh ~~.:'t
abstai n
I. 1-4-.mfl I 1-mfl.,.. The doctor ordered him
to abstain from meat. mh...,. hP':> 1\1
-'1,4-.mil 1\UUtiJo
Athletes usually abstain from smoking. liT
C1-'1'>f l\it~>;'..,.1 "1..11. h"7..._1l J'.m
11:1'11-
2. .1:-9"6 I\AI'Im9". Three nations voted for
. the proposal and two abstained. 1Pil'l- 1\~
~>f r.,..:n..,. 1 m'lil II.Y-"14- v-1\i>
.,
1 11;9"6 1\AI'Im-9"
absten tion
I. ""mfi:,O. His abstention from alcohol kept
6 abstra ction
him healthy. hi\AI>A ""mil., lim.1~'1-
1\'1'.: ....
2..1:-9"6 1\1\DPilm'l-. The meeting acljourned
after a vote of three for, two against and
three abstentions. IPil'l- floPf..~'i! 1 v-11'1-
IIDP:I'm !"' 1 IPil'l- .1:'9"6 qi\DPilm'l- llil
(lq..,.. 1-111-~
abstine nce ODmfi:,O
Abstinence from liquor is good for health.
h"t}'l'lh C ""m'l' ""mfi:,O l\m.1~'1- J'.
fl)fA
abstra ct (v.)
1. hmar. They abstract iron from ore by
smelting it. 1\I..C 11"7:,011'1' ilt:'l- }'m
"111-
2. 1\'lm.:. The student was asked to abstract
the book. 1-"7tlt1Jo ""!l;m#-1 1\1-'I.J'il'l'C
1-mf.,.
abstra ct (n.)
I. 1\"111;~1- ,.,.<;:.H e published the full speech
as well as the abstract of it. 1"1"1~1 11..,.11-
<; ' 1\"111;~1- ' 11;....#-1 ' 1\/11-DP
2. f~1C 1 i19". Sweetness is an abstract; sugar
is concrete. IIJ4-?~T 1 r~1C 1 il'l"" 1 )m- 1
ll'>.C "11 f-1'/l.,.._{l ill"' ~..,.
make an abstrac t lt.ll"l'l:' 1 "-L
He made an abstract of the book on Ethiopia.
Ill\ ' 1\.'l-\'"ti:}' ' f1-l\l..t1Jo1 ' DP!I;mt;! ' 1\fi'J'
C' I "-Lm-
abstrac t (adj.)
I. <:4::,0. Only advanced students can under-
stand the abstract theory about the nature
of the soul. Ill\ ~'i!ll q,"hCJ'. <:4::,0 1\
111-'ll'lil ll.t:-'1- f"7.>fll- fi'I-9"11C;f-'ft1Jo
f~4- ' 1-"7tll">f ilil' <;'fmo
2. f"7J'....,fl'l'. That is an abstract question.
y f"7J'....,fl'l' ~~c ~..,.
abstra cted (adj.) f1-""iltn
He gazed at me with an abstracted look.
fl1-oP{ltf1 ' 1\{11-}'f'l- ' 1\'l-h-~ ' 1-0DI\h1-'t
abstra ction <:4::,0~'1-
The abstraction of philosophy contains the
essence of human experience. ft;:Ailt;:li" 1 ~
4::,0~'1- fl'lt~Jo'J A)(' 6.....,.'1- <;:.:,
~
~c .1'-JI.A
*In a moment of abstraction he grabbed the
wrong hat. Oth/tofl 1 +m-tn ' lJ!d fA.I\ a (l!m- '
qc~"' m(lf..
abstruse
abstruse
I. f"7 f.""R'I'. What he said about the matter
is abstruse. ilo\ "I-'ll< fof-<;~t.m- f"7f.
Q;l.fl'l' I ~CD-
2. o\ODt."'."J- h."';J:f. +His ideas are abstruse.
.hO\(J-") 0 o\OD(."!."J- 0 h."!;J:f 0 ~OJo
absurd DO-l-
It is absurd to think I would steal. 7-.~ 7-.11
C:J'o\11- oflll- "7/lofl DO-l- ~m-
absurdity ;1!'.1\H
It is an absurdity to wear shoes_ on your
head. """.tl":f"t 7-.&-il ~f. "7Y:t."' ;1!'.1\~
."1-' ~"'"
abundance ofi~."J-
The abundance of fish will develop the factory.
f'i"' ofi~."J- of.ofl&l)m-"t Yf.t."P;A
in abundance
I. R~<;:. Food and drink in abundance are
to he found here. ODoflol\<; ""m'l' 7-.H.II
0~<;: ' f.~"ifol\
2. OY:II-."1-. Since the end of the war they have
lived in abundance. ,nc~1: I}O:J' mJI..tJ
OY:II-."1- ' <;t.'I'A
abundant
I. fOo\K~. Is Ethiopia abundant in minerals?
t..."J-I'"kY 0"7bY:"t fRo\K~:f <;."J-?
2. 11ft'. We have abundant evidence to convict
him. fl(to I /tf. I j\ODij.':~_e- I 1Jit' I OD~)f I
h.o\"t
abuse (v.)
I. t..1-o't-to\. The mother abused her child.
7-.<;."1-1'"'1' ' A:(."t ' h.1-o't-to\:f
2. 1-"1. My brother abuses his eyes by reading
in dim light. m"tY:"" Rf.ofl~~ -ocn
0"7"t0ofl 'if.l-"t f.1-"'A
3. Yo\ t.."'qofl w&-(0."1-). The manager abused
his authority. F&- t..ilh.J')I: OFA"'l-
Yo\ t.."'Q-R w&-O."J-
4. t.mh. The demonstrators abused the
speakers with their shouts. 11~"7'1! IIA.C.'l"'ll
of-<;;J&l"'ll"t ' 0""1i;f''fm- ' t.m\>,'l'm-
5. 111.0 I Oh"t1: m&-. He sinned by abusing
God's narne.fl'."'H.h.ofi.J.C"t ilr oooilf.-R
(Oh"t1: OOD'J'&-."1-) "lm.t..."J- ~"'&-
abuse each other +MY..O
The candidates abused each other during the
campaign. -1-0J"'"'&l"'ll ' om-s:-~ ' 1.11. '
-1-Mf..ll-
7 academic
abuse (n.)
I. iiR:-R. No one likes to listen to abuse.
i~R:-R"t ""ii"'."J- f"''..mY: 11m- fAr
2. -1-~R. YAII'~ t.Y:&-~."1-. We hope to put
an end to abuses. -1-~R. Yol\11'~ t.Y:&-~
."1-"t ' o\..,il... ~Y: ' -1-ilof.. ' h.o\"t
3. Y~"'qofl ""m4'r. The abuse of power
corrupts the official who does it. P'A"'"t"t
Y~"'Qofl oum<tr f.ll"t f"'L.f'f.~m-"t
qiiP'ol\"'"t oflol\lf. Y~'l'ol\
4. 0 - - - oom4'r. Abuses of public office such
as taking bribes are punishable by law.
"1-11 o ODo(I~."J-"t o o\OD0\/11\-."J- ' h.Y:&-~ofo:f '
0"""t"'FT FA"'"t ""m4'r Om"' Yil
4'"1.1\
abusive fBo\4.
He showed me an abusive letter. fHo\4. f.ofl
"111. ' h.o'tf'S
abut (abutted)
I. -1-YYH. The two houses abut. o-o\1: 11.-fo
:f f-1-YYrt- <;'l'm-
2. 1-"t ~m-. The street abuts against the rail-
road. OD"t1-'l- hqiK- .h.II..Y: 1-"t ~"'"
abysmal
I. h<;: Yo\. The people of this region live
in abysmal poverty. fH.II h.I)QR. lll":f
h<;: Qo\ :f"'c m-ilT f.'f&-11-
2. OJf.C fll.o\m-. He showed abysmal igno-
rance of Ethiopian conditions. ilo\ t..."J-I'"kY
o-~;1' mf.C f/l.o\OJo t.~'I'4:~."J- ;f'fO."J-
abyss 1!..1\
The bus crashed into the abyss. hm-ofo!l-(1. 1
f.A m-il'l' mY:.J -1-/IQOt.
acacia "1&-C
academic
I. f<to\r ."1-ruc."J-. We should have an in-
stitute that can grant academic degrees.
A4'Ar ."1-ruc."J- Y:"'& f"'-11'1' Y:c;l!'
."1- 7-."t.ll..'ft."t Y"ifA
2. o\hil-1-0\llofl oflll' f"''..m:J>r. Whether or
not to have a language academy is now an
academic question. f:lrt* t..l)"'"''.. f.\-C
hf.1-C f"''..o\m- 'I'Y"' qo-"t 1.11. At..
il-1-o'tllofl ofl!l' roy_m:J>r ~"'"
academic preparation .rruc+
He has sufficient academic preparation for
the job. o\F&-m- 04: fll'~ ."1-ruc."J-
ho\OJo
[See also 'year1
academy
academy l\OJ-'1"'1.
There is an urgent need for a language aca-
demy. r!t'l* l\OJ-'1"'1. 1111'1'\>..1'. YII~IA
accede, ..... to
I. .,.+1111. He acceded to my request. TJI.,IIo
., ' .,..,.011
2. JIH. He acceded to the chairmanship after
the incumbent died. f-l'.l:"'l"fll- 11.-1' OD'I
OC 11.'1"'1- l\1\- II.+ OD'IOCt_,'l JIH
3. fD~il. When the king died his son acceded
to the throne. ., ... ,.. II.'1"-1: lA )I: l\IA;Jfll-
'1 ' fD~II
accelerate (vt.)
I. 'i!'l't'l- ....... ~. The drivers accelerated
the motor by stepping on the pedal. tl["''ll
o.'Ill.'I ""ll""lfD-'1 o-c..T f'I"-K-'1
'i!'l't'l-' """""-
2. l\'1-mt. Foreign aid is needed to accelerate
Ethiopia's development. fl\.'1-I'"A:JI'I IA"'I'I-
11"'1'1-m'l ffll-.,_.. l\C-'1;1- l\11.1.1\'1. tfll-
accelerate (vi.) fi:.'I')-T Q;t.oo~
The stone will accelerate as it rolls down the
mountain. J!"1,."J'- ' +&o&-tJJo"t (l.mcJ!" r tt:
'l't'l- 1lf""""~ Jl.lt'IIA
acceleration
*Stepping on the gas pedal causes the acce-
leration of the car. 0.'Ill.'I ""ll"'ifll-'1 11'1-
~"'mfll- f""ll_""'" 'i!Tt-1: JI. ...'/"6-IA
accent(v.)
I. M"'. Accent the first syllable of this word!
fll.ll'l :l'IA f"""Y..""&JI h'i!ll :l'IA l\'1"1
2 l\1-1\. Her scarf accented her blue eyes.
JI'I"J:t G:"' II"'IJI'Efll-'1 'iJI.'f!l!'l l\1-1\'ffll-
accent (n.)
I. ~.,-.-,..,- .(--1-'J-. Where is the acoent in this
word? fll.ll :l'IA ~.,-.-,..,- .1:"-1-'1- f'l- 1\JI.
tfll-!
2. ..,_..~.-,.. The French alphabet uses different
acoents for the vowels. f .I.~'I fiJI. .I.S'.IA
11.1:"'1"6 ' 1\..IJil"':r- ' 0.,.111'- ' .,...~.,.:r- ' Jl.
m+"'IIA
3. M;J"JC. His foreign accent betrayed him.
f..,.. I ft1C I {liD' I Jrt),;>1"- I 1\,."J/ltnlD-
*He still speaks with an accent. M;>"Jol- ll
'IS'. ' 1\"Jol- ' .,....1\~ ' 1\JI.S'.II'F'
accentuate l\1-'1
Her black hair accentuated the whiteness of
8 acceptance
her skin. '1"1!'1- 1!.'1-<:: f.,.-'1'1''1 '1"1'1-
l\1-1\fll-
be accentuated +out-
The rhythm of the dance was accentuated by
drum beats. f.,_...l.&-fll- fD-11'1'11. f"'l.""6-fll-
OhOI!' 'F''I- tfll-
accept
I. .,.-1'011. Will you accept that position?
Jl"n ' F 6- '1-+0IIIIIJ!
She accepted the gift. lltn;J-fll-'1 .,.+Oil:r-
They accepted our invitation for dinner.
JIS'.~"''I'I:ffll-'1 ' fl\6-'1- ' "111"1f ' .,..,.011-
2. lllf. l\11. He asked her to marry him, and
she accepted. li'I.I:";J-11Jfll- mJI.*+ toe
lllf. ' l\II:J-fll-
3. 1\'I""S'.. The children immediately accepted
their new classmate. A}(:ti J\.Jl.ll-1 fh
'i!IA 'IS'.'>''f,_., fD/!Jfll-'1- l\'1""'1-'1-
be accepted
I. 11_.,11'1- !I'll. Only able-bodied men are
accepted into the army. m~ lPC {l,t..
'-1: 11"""111'1- r"'l.:J-11- r.,.~~~ llfll-t'l- '
Jl'l'ffll- ' 11!1' ' tfll-
2. :J'""t. It is now generally accepted that
the world is round. ~~ 'ill'/" h11t:t
Om~l\1\fll- :1-'I").IA
3. .,.-I'IJJI.t'l- M"f. Einstein's theory was
widely accepted. fl\JI.'III:J-JI.'I 6'111 dall11
Oll.l.fll- ' .,..,.IJJI.t'l- ' l\1"f
acceptable .,.11"'1"'1.
His behavior is acceptable. mill'- .,.11"'1"'1.
tfll-
be acceptable ++Q,..)-l- = h17
l\~
The plan was acceptable to everyone.
'1- Oli-11-'F' .,_+IJJI.t'l- M"f
acceptance
!.""+RIA. Her acceptance of the flower they
brought delighted the children. Jl""m-'1'1-'1
l\OIJ ""+0~ IA}('Il'l l\IIS'.II;J-'1'111-
The acceptance of responsibilities is a sign
of adulthood. "1'1.1.t'l-'1 """'""' l\OJII oum
'I f"".l:"~ll 'F'IAh'l- tfll-
2. .,.+IJJI.t'l-. The invention found widespread
acceptance. l\'lll f.,..l.llll.l.fll- t1c 11.1.
.,..,.IJJI.t'l- ' l\1"f
*She was delighted by her acceptance into
the club. fhnn- l\IJIA l\'1.1:"'1-.r'l 1111.,.+0
~'I-' S'.ll' l\'1'1-
access
access oo..e-~l'l
Access to the mountainous towns is often
difficult because of poor roads. h""'t~P..'f
OD'J'G:H ' fN"f ' hofi~'?CD-"t ' "1.11. ' .,.&-
&-"'/ mF. rr1- hi-"'',.'f -~.:n t.h'f':>
6 I )fDo
gain access A."IQ 1 !J=Il J "IQ
They gained acoess through a back window.
h'il!" ' 111\11> ' ount>+ II.~~~- il'tr
The queue was too big and I couldn't gain
access to the theater. I'IAf. hi\O~ofl'{ -t:f
+c ""~" -t<:v-
have access to
I. 11.....,11+ !1'11. All children have access
to the library during the afternoon. hl'l't+
0:\11 A}('li ' IJoflo ODl\ih'i''l- o.+ 1\oo>"IIJ
+ f.'flltr
2. 1\"":,0<:o(l !1'11. Only high officials have ac-
cess to the Emperor. h1'?-1P r )"IP'-1: H1'.f.':
1\oo>:,O<:ofl f"'L'fll-'1- h'i'_,.'? 111\P'A"''l"'f
oflil' ' ""'""
3. 1\"''f'l- !1'11. He has acoess to the files.
P..ll.jP'fi't 1\"'/f'l- f.'fiiA
have an access of
He had an access of coughing. ,..,_ f.fi:J-A
accessible 0-tlltr f"'LF.<:h
Debre Bizen is an accessible monastery.
F.ofl<: ' lln't 0-tllflo f"''.F.<:h ~'IIJ" )fDo
A telephone should be put where it is acces
sible. hAh 0-tllflo II.F.<:hO'l- O"''.ii'AO
+ h'i'&- ou-tou'l' hl\0'1-
be accessible to T+Oil
An open-minded person is accessible to reason.
., ... 0 1'1.1. fiT) ' (lfDo fl\.11-'f't hh.,. ... l'lofl '
,1'.4'011A
accession oo"-loooC
The school was increased by the accession
of fourteen new pupils. OF&- t.&-+ h-'1.
h i-"76jP'f 0""""""<!-'ffDo '1-IJ"IIC'l- 0.
"' t.F.~
accession to the throne frt'-i-'l 1l,m&ot.lt
The constitution defines the accession to the
throne. .n~ ""'t"IF1> fit-of.'t't h<&-<:h
,I'.F.)"I;>A
accessory (acoessories)
I. .,....,...,6 l\:J>jP'f.'Duty has been imposed
on automobile accessories. nooh.'i" ..,."'-
"'16 l\:J>jP'f 11,1'. +<:'1' _,.F.C11J'f1>A
9 acclamation
2. "'.IIJ 1 1.'1'. A woman likes her accessories
to be of the same color as her dress. ll.'l- 'l
"' '1'1' hAofiP, :>C _,._,..,....... +Ill>"
ll'l'&-'ffDo ' 'I-< 'Ill'f
accident
I. t.F.;J. When did the automobile accident
happen? foo>h.'i" t.F.:> """' F-<:1'11
2. ( ~ by accident) l'.'t-'1:>"1"'1.. Our meeting
was an accident. f.,.~'i"T)fDo 1.'t'l:>"l"'L )
oc
by accident "-1'~;JliJ""l..
I found it out by accident. l'.'t'I:>"'"'L F.<:h
h-0'1-
[See also 'overt, prevent']
accidental (= adv.)
I. .-.,r.;J-I'Iofl. An accidental discovery of oil
was reported in the paper. "J.'.:J-I'Iofl HJ.'.
'1- ' .,.,~,., 0.;>11."1 .,.)~<:
2. O~'t~'l-. Breaking her doll was accidental.
t.7I"t.,./l.:l:'t fi'IO<:fDo O~'t~'l- )fDo
accidentally O~'t~+ l l'.'t'I:>"'"'L
I dropped the plate accidentally. .-..nl-'t
0~~'1- "'Ah-'1-
I accidentally learned the truth. l\11Jo)1>'t
l'.'t-'1:>"1"'1. ' F.<:hh-0'1-
acclaim (v.) f:>ll h~'i".,..,'t ~1111(11'1-)
The crowd acclaimed the fireman for rescuing
two people from the burning house. fl'..-.'1-
t.F.;> .,.hii!JI< h.,.:J>ml\fDo 0.'1- fDoh'l'
fo-11'1- l'ljP'f ihf.m+ M.,.<:of.. ih1111-
f:>ll h~'i".,.1>'t ~1\KII'l-
be acclaimed i-oflll- .,....,0...,0(11'1-)
He was acclaimed winner of the race. Aft.
fl\11:,0~1>"~- t.lf'i".l. .,.oflll- .,. .... 0 ....
Oil+
acclaim (n.)
I. T"ofi""IJ'i" l'.AA;J-. The Emperor was
greeted with acclaim. 't.,.,.. )~P'.,.'t O"i'"
ofi""IJ'i" Ol\AA;J- _,.+011-'l''ffDo
2. IT :1-. The birth of the new nation was greeted
with acclaim. f-'1.1'1-'t Me ououp><;'J-
OIT;J- .,.+011-'l-
acclamation t.~'i".,.+
A shout of acclamation was heard when the
winner was announced. hif'Jd.(l)o "71 1 7t.
'tF.IT) 0_,.)~<: "1.11. ft.~4l'l- "i'"off""
II' _,.1'1"7
acclimate
~~~----------------~~------------------
by acclamation ~tr/1 il.t.il'l" 0"?11"'-Q
He was elected president by acclamation.
!1:'1"6 ltJ.'.h'l' O"i"f'.U.fJ 1 "f'MVI")+ 1 II'
If I ..,.ODl,tn
acclimate 1\00Y..
The dogs acclimated quickly to the colder
country. tJJol\"'li 11C'I....., h1C D.P.II-
1\0DJI.+
acclimate oneself flODI..
Tom acclimated himself readily to the new
town . .P.V" h-'1.(1-") h+"'/ D'i''l')+ 1\0DY.
acclimatize hll.,ouY.
They acclimatized the plants to the dry
region. 68'1'+") bJ'.G"' h'i'll 01C ;JC h
1\.,0DJI.
accommodate
I. MI.,.,. I will accommodate my plans to
yours. f~") M.1:" It").,. ;JC hil.,.,'l'llv-
2. hil.,.oum. This table easily accommodates
six people. ,I'.IJ mGA.~ il.J:-il+ (ltJJo f
ll"f--C fil.,.9"11J/.\
3. hHG;J. The big bedroom will accommodate
six beds. """'"' ou'S;J- n.:,. il.J:-il+ h
/.\;J?l":f fHG;J/.\
4. G-'1. He accommodated his friend with
money. 'IY.'i'tJJo") D1")H11 G.lltJJo
5. h1"f(ll+). He wanted change for a quarter,
but I could not accommodate him. 1\il.,..t
V"")~& .f./.\1 )DC l "I") 111'S11+ h/.\;1'
Alt-V"
accommodate oneself &-fl-1 Jtil'"ID'f
He accommodated himself to the circum-
stances. hv-~;1-tJJo ;JC &-(1-") hil.,.,
accommodating .f.:I'Y.'i'
The man was accomnlodating enough to lend
me a dollar. {ltJJoftJJo -nc I\..I'D.I:"G'S .f.:l'
Y.'i' )DC
accommodation
I. .,il.,.,+. The accommodation of old ideas
to a new plan was possible. f .l:"~tJJo") hil.,.
lt(l1J lt-'1.(1- fi~ .1:" ;JC _,II_,_,,_ _,.;I'll
2. V"+. The hotel has a restaurant for the
accommodation of its guests. 11'-1:11- llfi")"l
J'.":f V"+ f.,.H;J}! f9""111 n,:,. hllm-
accommodatlons '7~~y
They finally found accommodations in a
small hotel. nouou.Gif lt")-'1.+ :,.-,11
11'-I:A ,.11'1' .,u.y t.."f.
10 accord
accompany (accompanied)
I. lf"f. His friends accompanied him to the
railroad station. 'IY."l''li 1\ilh fJii-C "10.
f .~:"Gil lr"f.+
2. .,.h+ll- """'Evangelists accompanied the
Spanish colonizers in South America. BJ"t'll\lD"
n r7.il;r'S h1c h~'tl".,.., .,.h+11m-
lOY,. I ,g{Ml I Jr..Oit'.ft I OD1fto
3. o;t!n. The orchestra accompanied the singer.
t.cb.M&-IIJo H<f."f.") o}!OIIJo
The nobility accompanied the Emperor to
church. .,.,.,. )11"1: n,.,. hciltn fl.~
Jl. OD\>,")")1: o;t!!l.:f"'"
4 . .,..,.11.,.11(0+). Wind accompanied the rain.
)<f,(l- 11o;11 _,..,.11~11-D+ )OC
*He accompanied his speech with gestures.
")"I"IC {LfY.C"I b{liiJo):,. 7.")~11:1'<'1.
.,_.,-c )DC
accomplice "111G hOC
Who was his accomplice in this plot? Dh.l:"
"'"'" "111G hO-I- _,-, )DC!
accomplish
1. l..:t.oo. For one day he accomplished quite a
lot. fJ") .1:" .,.., 1111' uoo
2. hbo;ro). Did he accomplish anything?
Nothing to speak of. fbo;aJ)IJJo )1C hill
f"'U1CII+ h,I'.Y.IIV"
3. .U.G(l. With their work accomplished the
boys went out to play. A]l;'li P'&-:ftJJo") h
.U.G(l- 0:\11 1\0D"'idl:,. ~JI.
accomplished (adj.) faJ"'II+
He is an accomplished speaker of English.
fdl"'ll+ ' 7.")"111.11 ... ' .,.o;;.& )IIJo
accomplishment P'<l- l fP'&- "'"""""
His mother is proud of his accomplishments.
1\o;-J: ' DP'ci-IIJo ' +ll-&-1\:f
These accomplishments are merely collateral
to his primary goal. Mli.IJ fP'&- IIJom..P.":f
f'l'o;IJJo 'til.,,. ' ~C")"'i::f ' o;:f,.
accord (vt.)
I. hY.G1. They accorded him a warm welcome.
+A~ h.,.fJOA hY.G1-II+
2. hm. We accord praise to those who deserve
it. 9"ll;.o; 11"7.1fJ:ftJJo fi"){lt1JII")
accord (vi.) .,.il.,.,
His account of the accident accords with yours.
ill\ ' hY.;JIIJo ' DPJ:"Gil ' 1.(1- ,.,.o;1G11Jo ' h
-,_,. lt/.\hiJJo ;JC J.'.il.,_,A
 accord
accord (n.)
I. """IQQ'I-. Theyactedincompleteaccor d with
him in releasing the prisoner. l'.II<:"'IIYJ 11.
.I..,. ' hi\- :>C 0"""11- .,...,qq'!- )UC
2. 119"9")'1-. France and England reached an
accord over certain tariffs . .1..<:'11'11-<; 1.'1"1
11.11 1111 h'1-'1'1Y: 4'<:tn:Y. hll9"f")
'1- .1'.<:1\-
be In accord Tll"7"7
Their opinion of war was in accord with his.
1111 tnC)'I- 11\'l'm- hiiTI'lll11 1.1\- 1J
1\tJ>o hiiTil/111 :>C Tll"7"7
of his own accord 0"111 r L:J'/1..
He did it of his own accord. n~q
h.l'.<:~..,.
accordance, in fO<J with
I. l\'1.1'. + (noun). We tried to live in accor-
dance with the customs of the country.
l\'1.1'. h~-1- A"7Y: ll""'l'C 'l"hC'1
2. fl ~ - ouavt:T. In accordance with your re-
quest we are sending you three books. R'I'1111J
"""'<:'!- ' 1"11'1- ""ll"m'i: l'.'1AhAYII'1
according to
1. l\'1.1'. + (noun). He will be punished accor-
ding to the seriousness of his crimes.
m'1)':11- hQY:)'I- f.4'"1A
2. n - - - """'<:'!-. Everything was carried out
according to instructions. v-~t--,.- r ~1C r
our~~m- I ODU.I~T TUOD
3. 0 - - - oum'}. He spends according to his
income. f'"'t,.fmnJm- 01flaJo 1 oPm"J r
4. ( ~ conj.) l\'1.1'. + (verb). According to
the Bible, God created the earth in six days.
""~~""'"' :,.,~~.11 1.'1.1'."'1.1\tJ>o l'."IH.h11m.c
9"Y:C'1 RIIY:II'I- n .t.m<:
accordingly 011.1 """'<:'!- 1 l\'1.1'. .1'.'111-
I have told you what to do, so act accordingly.
9"'1 1.'1.1'.9";1-.I'.C"I )"1"-YIIrr l 011.1 """'
<:'1- P'&.
I have heard the evidence and will judge
accordingly. oP<:]ffDo'1 119"!1'1\rr<; l\'1.1'. , .1'.
'111- tJ>o{)~..,., l\11"11\IJo
*He felt unwell and, accordingly, left. m.'1H
1111;1-mh 1!.1'.
accordion hi>CJI.M
He plays the accordion. hi>CJI.f"'1 1-''"l.m;J-A
accost
I. M:>~<:. A stranger accosted me. f"7ilfDo4'
..,. II..,. h) :n<:'S
11 account
2. T"7m). A beggar accosted him begging
for money. 11"7"t' 1'1H11 tl.llm'S 1111- .,.
"7m)
account (for)
1. 9"h'11-1- ~llll. We must account for every
dollar spent. l\1'1-'1'1JI. 11C fm"'n'l-'1
9"h'11'1- """IIIli" hl\11'1
2. 9"h'11'1- lim. How do you account for that?
1111.1 ,., ' 9"h'11'1- '1-11"111111
3. 9"h1'1- hl\fDo. How do you account for
your lateness? II""H"If'l-11 f"'1 9"h'11'1-
hi\ Ill
4. f"h'11'1- IT). His illness accounts for his
L:I'JI. actions. 1\..(-~-')i: 9"h'l.r+ r ftriom-- r ;,.ouoo- ,
)fDo
5. "lilt. IT). You will have to account for
your actions. 0~;1-.('.C'JaJo )1C r ;1'\L r ou
IT'1 f.'l'C11YA
A dry spell accounted for the poor crops.
h11""&."'" fTRilifm- hY:C4''1- f-1")"1
)fDo
account (n.)
1. oP11\1. His account of the accident is
not clear. ill\ r h.F..;Jm- fftmm- r 000"11\1 r
J\1'~ ; "lAX" hf-.1'.119"
2. ;1-&h. He gave acoloredaccountofthe battle.
1111 tnC)-1: 14'<:UfDo ;1-&h fTifQ )tJ>o
o 3. .,..,..,11" ..h.l'l11. I have an account in this
bank. 1.11.11 IJ'1h T4'"711" ..h.l'l11 hii'S
4. ..h.il11. You will have to give an account
)m- of every penny you spend. 111'1-'1'1~ 1m"l
Y'l- 1'1'1-1:9" rrll- ..h.l'l11 "7:,0<:11 hl\1111
5. 9"h'11'1-. I did not do it on this account.
f"'&.rr'l- RH.I1 9"h'11'1- hf-.1'.119"
1 have an account to settle with him. h(t.
:>C l'.'1T1J'II'1
accounts r ,.h,/111 t oP1f11l
The company's accounts were in good order.
fh-Q'11fDo f..h.l'l11 ""11~11 0.1'.'111 )UC
by all accounts ~"'JF..BtQAm-
It seems, by all accounts, that Ras Ali was a
rival of King Theodore. l'.'1.1'."'l.QIIm- &.II
'til. f'1"l-P' -J:li'Y:c-11 .,..,.<;:I''S nn
-1-. '-""1111"'
call to account ?'"li"J.,f'-IJ"t r
.,...,.
A'l.ll)""l~(l)o r mr
He called his secretary to account when he
found some money missing. 11'1111 ootptf..
1:'1 1Jm4' 1." 9"h'111:'1 l\'1'1.)"1<:..,.
K"'t.tJJo'1 mf4'm-
accountable
of no account 'P;J {lh
His advice was of no account. rtr rhc
'1':> ILll )0C
on account fl,.IJ..fl.
She bought her furniture on account.
~:J>'I''t f1'1:fa>- O'l-0. )a>-
ro.:,.
on {one's) account Af\o -RA- i llA(to
Don't go to any trouble on my account.
Ill!. .flllll (lllll!.) 'l"'t" 1>:,.'1'1C
on account of
I. 0 - - - "h't ,1':,.. The game was postponed
on account of rain. 011.,.fl "h't ,1':,. ""
.,,...,. ...'111.1.
2. 0 - - - f ... )..,. On account of that, he was
fired. 011.,1' , ... ).., hP'&- .....,1,.
on no account OM?"' r"h~ 1+
On no account must you open this drawer.
0"')" "h't,l':,. ,I'.IJ')') ov/111.,1' ovh
.,...,. fll.flll"
take Into account
t.Aov'fH). You have to take all the facts into
account. rNI't" )1C "''OV'fH') l>ll.flll
2 ....ovllh.... The provisions of the law do not
take this matter into account. f.b'l- A't+l<:f
,I'.IJ') ' 141,1'. ' l'o,I'.OVI\h-1>"
3. "'"t a>-11'1' l'of.G1. Before building a
house he took into account the increased cost
of materials. o.:,. hovP'&--1> oo~.:,. f.b'ta
OV"f&,l'fl':f OVOJM'f'CD-'t "1".... ' CD-11'1' '
l>f.G1
take no account of ~ Jr..A
Take no account of his words. f"'L.,1Ga>-'t
:f'l 01\CD-
(be) accountable for '1'1.1. )a>-
Each person is accountable for his own work.
~JI')Jl. lieD- 1\P'&-CD- P'&- '1'1.1. )CD-
accountant th.ll.fl O'Pof:
Since I did not agree with my partner, we
consulted an accountant. h1icll. :>C 0
th.ll.fl MA... II"''"'''t th.ll.fl O'l!+ 1>"'1
hC't
accredit
I. l>"'f ...+011. The committee accredited
Parker's report of the events. ;rchc 1111
Qo~;ND I ffttnCD-") I OD"'Il\dJ. I "-C"J-. I J\tJP'f I
#01\CD-
2. .fill- ...+011. We accredit the invention of
the telephone to Bell. O.A IIAh't f4.111'1
.1. )a>- .flll't ... +oflll)'f'A
12 accurate
3. fif.ov:,. f..flJIO. l'l'l'.f 'lha>-. The minis-
ter accredited him as ambassador to England.
"'1.111* O~'t"'11.11 l>1C Arqllf.C ~')
Jl..rn fif.ov:,. f.ofiJIO. 1'1'1'.....,. '111-l-
4.....,.q,l'.):,. 1>11. +The committee accred-
ited the college.
MqM:,. M"f
"II.)I: Of.C1- H't Y:
accretion f.,.Q;~.oul_
The last part of the legend is a later accretion.
f;f-t:!J. ' fOVIA(;lf h<;:A h'l.ll. 0;\'1
f ... ,;Q,OV(; ' )CD-
by accretion 0'1':1'~ l>IJII-:f OV'I'.hY:
Some rocks are formed by accretion. l>'tJI't
Y: !1/'l''l':f f"''..,.o;.:,. 0'1':1'~ AIJII-:f
OD'f'th.(" I ~aJo
accrue ,;u.oo~
Interest will accrue on my savings account.
7,q')h ,I'll'S ....,..,.,_.. 1'tH.fl OJIIJI. ,I'.
"""&-A
Benefits accrue to society from hetter edu-
cation. h ...lf11 :,.rue:,. f ... ).., '"r.flG...
l'l.fl ,l'.m+"''A
accumulate (vt.)
1. l>h"'''l'. By working hard he accumulated
a big fortune. m'thl!' oovp&-:,. ofltl- II
-o:,. l>h"'':f;tA
2. Am&-+ov. He likes to accumulate money.
1'tH.fl "'ltn&--1'" ,I'.OJ.IIA
accumulate (vi.) ...h"'''l' I ...m&-'i'OD
If you don't sweep, dust will accumulate.
IJAmG"'1ia>- 1>!1.&- ,l'.h"''!J'A
If earwax accumulates, it may hurt the ear.
11-h 1\}(1!' l'l..m&--1'" 11.'1-Jia>- f.:f'IA
accumulatio n
The accumulation of knowledge is a result of
reading. ba>-+:,. f"'L.II.flGa>- .fill- O"'''t
"'" )CD-
His accumulation of old papers filled three
trunks. ,l'm&--l'"'''l'a>- An OJG'i'.f:f
IPII.... "''J'') '1"11-
accuracy :,.hhl\0::):,. 1 :,.hhl\0:: oo!l'')
I trust the accuracy of his story. f;f-t:!J.'t
....hhl\...).... l>"..1\n-
The attestations of all witnesses were checked
for accuracy. f"11hl!':f :J>A n-tr :,.hh
II... 1\0DIJ'). ...OD(;UD(;
accurate :,.hhl\0::
She is very accurate in her work. OP'&-'1'
0"1" ....hhl\0:: .......
accurately
Give me an accurate report of the accident!
lll\ hS'.:JID- '1-hhl\>;' m>"'ll""i lim'S
accurately 0'1-hhA.
She described the accident accurately. hS'.:J
ID-1 l'-.1.1'.'1- l'.1S'.S'..!ll 0'1-hhA. 111
K:f.,.
accursed (adj.) f.,..!1""
The poor man felt himself accursed. S'."'>lm-
nm- f.,..!1"" ODIJ'\L .,.,...,"'"
accusation hll
The man denied the accusation that he was
a thief. (lm-\LfD- llolJ tu .,.oflll- f<I>.!O
0'1-1 hll IJS'.
brina an accusation against bfa(l
Why did he bring an accusation against him?
liM hllllm-1
lay an accusation against hfl(l
He will lay an accusation of theft against
the official. ~ Ollooflt'l- f.hll'I'A.
level an accusation hll A+t:R
He leveled an accusation against the governor.
Oh1.! 1'JCID- ilf, hll h<I>.!O
aecuse
I. hllll. He accused him of theft. Ollooflt'l-
hllllm-
2. m+fl. You can't accuse me of being lazy.
llt'i' tu ofii\U A.'l-m:,Oll'S h'l-:fA.V"
accused (n., adj.) .,.M11
They brought the accused to court . .,.h..,lf-1
'i'CS'." IL'I- h<I>.!R-'1-
accuser h..,11
The judge gave an adverse decision to the
accuser. ,ll>;'m- 1\h..,lf. f"'1..1--'IID- "'""~
llm
accustom hi\"70DS'. 1 hlli\ODS'.
He accustomed his hunting dog to the noise
of a gun. fhS'.1 1 m-lfiD-1 1 hm....,)l' 1 m.
'Ji'l- :JC hi\"70DS'.ID-
The job accustomed him to meeting many
people. JP &-.ID- I b-flft" I (ldJ- I ,.?C I 001'if
'f-1 ' hlli\ODf,.IJ)o
accustomed (adj.) f.,.II.,..S'.
By Monday he was back in his accustomed
place. ll'if .,....,A.i\ ,.,.1\...,S'.m- 11:1' t
oc
13 acid
be accustomed flODJ?..
He was accustomed to hard work. hlJS'." P'
&-. I ODJP~T') I f/t.ODJ?.. I )lD-
get accustomed T/tODJ?..
He couldn't get accustomed to the strict
discipline. '1"110:,. hll'tm- P't P'C't'l-
;JC 1\liODS'." hA.iJ'I\V"
acerbity 1-f"~~H
The acerbity of this fruit set my teeth on edge.
f'i'"-"'" 1-V"~~t'l- 'I'Cil.1 hS'.tllllaJ-
*The acerbity of his words makes the students
angry. ooclf>;' 1"1"1~ .,..,&l"'l?t y<;S'."II
'I"PA.
ache (v.)
I. h_oooo(m-). My ear aches . .l!l!''-1 yoo>;'A.
2. ~~. He ached for his freedom. 1\tllt-1> ~~
ache all over (laJo)., =J"l-A
After riding the mule all day, he ached all over.
4>\0-1 -~r oo:,-11- 1111~11 llm-t-1> ~1-11
(one's) heart aches &-.&-.
Her heart ached for the starving animals.
11.,.&-11- :t.1ll ...,. &-&-:f
ache (n.) ih""V"
This medicine relieves all aches. f,IJ ""S'."
~~,. "71>;'1D-1V" ihODV" Yll:f"''"'A.
achieve
I. IJ..OD. He will never achieve anything. ?"1
V" t1C ll.d.~V" hf,':fA.?" .
2. u>&-. I have achieved only half of what
I hoped to do. Au>&- hV"oo'fm- 1"'1..ll-1
ofi;F u>Cil'l\11-
3. h1'f. He achieved distinction in mathe-
matics. OmAofl 1\.0:,.t'f-1 h1'f
4. h"'ofl hS'..!ll. He achieved his purpose.
"'~"'"'"1 h"'ofl hS'..!ll
achievement
1. h'i'.,.>;' m-m.'l-. Hoover Dam is an engi-
neering achievement. riJooiic 1~ fih"t2\
P' &- h'i'.,.,., m-m.'l- tm-
2. f P'&- h11D-1. By his achievements, the
president dignified his office. OP'&-m- h
11D-1 , -r"-11-'111> lf.oo-1>1 hllhO.!.,.
3. "7"1'f'l-. The achievement of skill takes
practice. :,OA.'!"i'<; 11"7"1'f'l- A.V"V"S'."
"71.".!"1 Yll.t.A.:JA.
acid (n.) hii.S'."
The acid ate into the iron. hii.S'." ofl.!-1>1
Oilm-
acid
acid (adj.) 1>1"'"1"1
A lemon is an acid fruit. 11-"7. 1>1"'"1"1
'i!"- I ~IJ)o
acknowledge
I. h<::nm. This is to acknowledge receipt of
your letter. f.tJ f1.ofi'IILtJ't ooY:<:il 11"7
;J1'1" I )aJ-
2. 11111. Please acknowledge receipt! ooY:l:{to't
"11111'<1\'S
3. hl"''l' .,..,.1111. He acknowledged his own
faults. f &-{to't '1'4-'1- hl"''l' .,..,.1111
4. om+(ll'l-). The boys acknowledged him
to be the best football player. h.,."'11''1i
IN\" ' I"'C'I' ' .,."'11'T ' l\{to ' ODIJ').'t ' <1\]t.
'li omoflll'l-
acknowledgment
I. "7<:;>1"'1. A receipt is an acknowledgment
that a bill has been paid. 1.<:11'S 1'tHofl
IIODb.f./1- ' "7<:;>1"'1 ' ~(I)<
2. "711ofl. The company gave Mr. Parker a
medal in acknowledgment of his long service.
11-Q't}'m- f<:'frll" '1.11. MA"I/1-;1-'fm-'t
ll"''ilofl II"'Lil.,.c ;rchc "'L'lf. ifll"'''l'm-
acoustic (adj.) fODil"'L.f'
Earphones are acoustic aids for deaf people.
f]t.l: "7Y:OD"'',-T 111.'t.Ji:,-T ' IIODil."''.
.I' ' <:-'l.f-:f ' 'O'I'm-
acoustics Y:l/"6 oo(l"''
The acoustics of the new hall are excellent.
.f'P,.{to ' h-'1&-11 ' Y:l/"6 ' OD{l"'i ' fl"JI"' ' ~ '
~"'"
acquaint 11111(11'1-)
I want to acquaint you with the facts of the
case. f"l--'11'-'t 'i't. ~1C <1\1<1\11'<1\tJ l\.1.<1\
;>IIIJo
acquaint oneself +~
It will take me a week to acquaint myself
with all the problems. T"i<-'t II'I"I\ II
ODl:-'l'f- ' h'tY: ' ill""t'f- ' f..f.~...<l\
be acquainted (with)
I. .,.<:-'1. Are you fully acquainted with the
case? '1--'11'-'t 111.'tofl .,.<:Y:.,.1i1'<1\!
2. .,.1'm+. He is acquainted with my father.
IJQ-1: ;>C f..,.1'm?<l\
3. .,.11"7""1.. I am acquainted with the work.
1"&-m-'t ' .,.11"71"')';.1'111Jo
14 acquisition
get acquainted with each other +.,to+
You two should get acquainted with each other.
rrii;J-:frr OD.,.1'm:,O hiiQ:frr
[See also 'intimately')
acquaintance
I. f"'L.f'm-+m- ilm-. An acquaintance of mine
came to see me yesterday. h'JJ': rrPtm-+,.
nm- '1-'0't'l- ll.mf.+'S """'
2. =i1.'S~'I-. We struck up an acquaintance while
we were abroad. tDJfJ" h1C fl~IIC'tll'l-
'1.1 ' =i1.'S~-r ' """'l:'l-'t
be an acquaintance ( = know) om+
He is an acquaintance, not a close friend.
.t.m-+1'11rr ll't:<[ v:,.cofl 'i1."'"" hf.1.11ll"
have acquaintance with om+
He has some acquaintance with Amharic,
but does not speak it fluently. h"''C'l' II
ODffi). ' .f'm-?A ' ~1C ' "l't ' h+l\'1'6: ' hf.'O
1l:fDol/"
make acquaintance +film+
I was very happy to make his acquaintance.
illl.,.1'm:,Orr'f- 1.il oflil-'l'A
acquiesce in flhCll"'l" .,..,.1111
We acquiesced in their plans because we
couldn't suggest a better one. f.,.lfll .-hilofl
11"7:,0<:ofl M<l\ii'A't ft{to't l\:,OY: llhCI"'
.,. ' .,..,.11<1\~tlJo
acquire
I. 1l1'f. He acquired a good knowledge of
Amharic. ~ .l'"lC'l' :f/1-;J- h"I'S:I:A
He acquired considerable skill in football.
fl"IC \>.il OQ,1';J- h'i'_,.'l' :f/1-;J- h1"f
2. +.,oo. He has an inquisitive mind, and has
acquired a lot of knowledge at an early age.
_,.,...&-"'16 hlll/"1: Mllm- 1'0 llm"l
""~"" ' ofiH- ' 6m-+'l- ' "'"'"'""'
3. m<:n. We acquired the house when our
uncle died. h'l;J-T't II.'I"'I- IL.,.'t m<:il"J
[See also 'polish')
acquirement Mflfm- ~1c
One of his recent acquirements is a knowledge
of French. IJ:,Oclt h1fl.l''l'm- ~1t!':f f ~
l:'tflf. ' !fn!l/ 0 ODiJ'/1- 0 h't-'J; 0 ~IJ)o
acquisition "7"11"'1-
Acquisition of skill in riding requires much
effort . .l.l:il fOD;>IIofl't :f-~:1" 11"7"11"'1-
ofiH- '1'<:'1- f.mf.?A
This land is a recent acquisition. f.U out.
'1- (J:,0Cofl f-1"11" ~m-
_acquisitive
(be) acquisitive (of)
1. ,.,..,Oi'IOll 1 tDU, A miser is acquisitive
of money. ..,:,. (ltJJo 1'tHofl "7"1RIIRII
f.a>"'A
2. .,.,..,.. . A great scholar is acquisitive of
ideas. :J-11:,0 11.:,. m<'lofl1 ,..,.P'"7A
acquit (acquitted) R)l\ 11.,..,.
The judge acquitted him. "1'1tJJo R)l\
"'"'"
acquit oneself well
*The new player acquitted himself well in the
football game. lVI.(I- -1-"i'P:f 1'7\"'C \\{I
"'-'I':f-tJJo1 '1'-1- -1-"iaJ.,.
*He acquitted himself well in battle. tpC)
.,1 ~-.<; h.I:"Ci .,....;J
acquittal R)l\ oo11.,.:,.
His acquittal was published in the newspaper.
R)l\ 0011.,..,. R;JII."' _,.11\l\
acre [fDD&.'I- DDI\IU']
acrid h'i'1""i f"'i.h~hc
I smell acrid smoke from the burning rubber.
h'i!1""i f"'l.h~hc r.,.,
7i:J- .err
.,.'1A
*The old man has an acrid disposition. 7i"7"1
1\.tJJo )"'l'<;""i )tJJo
seem acrid h~h~
Smoke seems acrid in your nose. m.ll OAt;:
1""i h11J f.h~h&-A
acrimonious f"''J'IIDDCC
He sent an acrimonious reply to my letter.
lll\'i!h-11'1- ~ofi"'IJ. f"''J'IIOOCC OOAII
llhA'S
acrobat [:,OA'I"i!<; f.,.DDI\R'I- A f. f(ltJJo)'fo
1-.1:,011.+11. f"''J'<'If. lltJJo]
across (prep.)
I. h 'llf1C. I looked across the room.
hh'i!ll- 'llf1C _,.oollh'l-o-
2. h "7 Jl.. He lives across the street.
hOD11JI. "71'- o f.'f&-A
3. ( = adv.) h"'C hllh "'C. Draw a line across
the sheet of paper. Rm~.,..., 1\f. h"'C 7-.11
h "'C hP'!I"CThey sttetcbed a rope across
4. R h"'S::!I".
the path. RDD11JI. h"'S::!I" 1DD.I:" 0~1-
5. R h!l:c.... He hiked five miles across the
desert. R!l".1:"~ R"'tJJo h!J:Ctp h!l"ll'l-
"7Y.A ' _,.'IH
15 act
6. R 1\f.. They are going to construct a bar
rage across the river. OtD1",.. It~ 1 ..,~
l\.1)tl- )tJJo
across (adv.) h"'C h"'C
What is the distance across 1 h"'C h"'C C
.,.... M YIIA )tJJo?
*The river is a half a mile across. tD1",. M
"77i "7f.A 114.'1- hl\tJJo
II.,. [See also 'come, just, pass, now, walk')
act (v.)
I. h~~1. I will act on your advice. h1~ou
hch'S h~:>llv-
2. hll<l.ll1.tJJo1 ~~1. He acted in time to
save the house from burning down. 0.~
l'.1"1.P..+mA R1.11. hll<l.ll1.tJJo1 ~~1
3. If). Don't act like a child. 7-.1~ a.n h
'1-v-1
4. lf'l' .,.""im.,.. Who is acting Hamlet?
U!l"l\.'l-1 lf'l' f"'i.""iaJ_,.tJJo "7)tJJo?
5. tJJoft~(lm. I am required to act by tomorrow.
hllh )1 .1:"~11 m-It~ h1S::{I'f' .,.mf.'l:
Yllv-
6. hiiDDilll. She is not really crying; she is
only acting. 1'7\tJJo)'fo A:,0(> hf.~l\!1" 1 "7
iiDD{I!\_ 0 )tJJo
*Please act your age. l'.'ihll1 P'&-11 Rb.l:"
"'1.11 Ah .P.o-1
*Tbe boy acted badly in schooL A)l: R'l-!1"
IIC'f- IJ.'fo fD-11'1' OD'J'G: m'lf. h<'lf
act as R +abstract + w&-
The student acted as interpreter for the Em-
peror. .,..,&m- 1111-w )1P'., Rhii.,.C'I
'''U'I- w&-
act for
1. a>hl\. My lawyer acts for me in my absence.
h~ Rl\.1\o-R'I- mR.+IL f.a>hii'1A
2. l'-.1~&-11 lf'l' ....&-.Heinvestedhislawyer
with complete power to act for him. 1-.1~&-(1-
lf'l' 1-.1-'1."'&- 1\mR.+m- oo-11- P'A"l1
(lmtJJo
act on +h:,.A- IP~
He acted on his lawyer's advice. fmR.+tJJo
1 !l"hC _,.h'l-11- "'&-
act out
*Everyone roared when Henry acted out the
episode with the teacher. %1& hOO!f"ll-1-
;JC ' s:-c-.....1 ' Yll ' 1"1"1C ' R!I"Ah'l- ' iii" '
1\.Y<'If. v-1\-!1" ' h'l- oflllm- ..,.,.
act up 1\.,.'I''I'C hii'M~
The children always act up in school tile day

16
---- ---- ---- ---- ---- ---- ---- ---- ---- ---- ---- ----
act
il "-"' m4-
before a holiday. -t-"'1<19''1i IIO'tll'l- 'I'll.
"'I M'M'C fll'l'-l&-11-
act upon IP6-
This medicine acts upon the heart. _,., oo
~"1tT ' f"'/.IP<IofDo ' 0>1\11 ' 1\f. ' )fDo
[See also 'collusion, friendly, humble'].
act (n.)
1. J.':C'I.'l-. To hit a baby is a cruel act. ih!"t
oo'/";l'' l- f'i"lt~ J.':C'I..'l- )fDo
2. 11lC. I do not want to miss the first act.
.,,.
f""'f.""<lffDo 11lC 7."t-'I.J'ooAm'1 hAL/A
-
3. f;l'm'f. ih"l. By act of parliam ent demon
strations require a permit. O;rCII"'I O;l'm'f.
ih"l OOIPl.T IIM"'I'I! {l(A<;: L?J.':
Ill
LA;JA
In the act of il + imperfect
The thief was caught in the act of stealing.
llo'lfDo (L(IC:Jo 7.~ b'i'"t~ -t-S'H
acting (n.)
1. 1/tffDo h'i'A. Tbe acting of the main
performer was disappointing. lf'itD- +fl''i
,. S'itf,. h'i'IA :Joe f"7.f(l' 1 )OC
2. f"'lllOO{lfA I"&-. His acting fooled nobody
.
f"'lilOO(l{A ' J"<lofDo ' "'l"t"t'/" ' 1\1\'f"'f'/"
acting (adj.) -t-m'l'l-1:
He is acting minister in the Foreign Office.
OfDo'i" 1--'lf. "7.tll1: C -t-m'l'l-1: "'l.tll
'l-C )fDo
action
1. J.':C"L'l-. The action takes place in a garden.
J.':C'I..-1> f"'I.L~,..,. '1'1-h/A'l- ll'i'&- )fDo
The adventure story was packed with action.
f'f,.11-'l. ;l'&h J.':C"L'l- fO~O'l- )OC
2. P'&-. Emper or Theodo re was a man of action.
" ' . 1:9'J.':t:ll fl"<l- ......... )0~
3. M'IC. To betray a friend is a base action.
'IS'..';'"t ODh.ll'l- ~<;: M'IC )fDo
4. M:'/")1". Has aoy action been taken on my
case? llll). 1-.111- f-t-m(lf. 7.C'I"ll" l\117
5. -11-IA. Tbe action of the water wore away
the rocks. f,.~,. -11-IA 1\ll.f-'li"t Ifl.lft-'ffDo
He was killed in action. OIPC "'t.JJ .,..,.
actions 1\J.':&-1'1-
His actions are hard to understaod. 1\J.':<I-11>
"t ll""l.'l' l- 1'1'1:1'/A
be In action tP&.
The machine is not now in action. Jrtu-"t
""h.'i'fDo ' 1\f.IP<Io'/"
activi ty
----
be mlssln a in action OtnC)-
He is missing in action aod presumed dead.
OIPCH 111- llllmof. 'f":::A -t-1111- 1-1
"":""'
see action +"P;J
The battalion saw action in Korea. ;r1\:J>tD-
IPC 01><11 -t-'1'"1;1;/A
activa te 4'(14'(1
The noise of the alarm activated the fire
compaoy. f"'lllm"t4'4:1fDo S'.mA <Ll>'li'l-
l?>it'l- 1\S'.;JfDo"t J.':C~'l- 4'(14'(1 ,.
active
1. oo-tr. Are you an active member? tiO"fr
"'I"'OC-t-'i' )II!
2. 11C1>. He is still very active for his age.
OtLIJ ~J.':"'LfDo 1\11-"t'/" 11C1> )fDo
3. "t41. Children are more active in the mornin
g
thao at night. /A-,_':f- h"'l:l' 1-IA:Jo '11-'l-
fOIIm "t 'i''l'fDo
4. h.f:t-."L. "Eats" in "he eats bread" is an
active verb. 'All- Jl{l 1 .r.oi\A ,, 1 fl""l..A
fDo Ol.'i'-t- )1C fDoll'l' 1-011/A hJ.':&-
"1. 1 "'Ill ~d)oo
*He leads ao active life. 11-/A'I..H. 7."ti.IP<Io
)fDo
be active
1. o.r;>T IP<Io. Is he still active in this
club? l\11-"t'l" ohon- fDoil'l' O'l-:J'l-
f.IP<Io/A!
2. -t-4-. How long ago was Zuqwa la ao active
volcan o? 1111:'1 7./t-t- 1'1"<1- f.-t-4- no
l.fDo bM 111/A '1..11. Oo!.'l- )OC!
take an active part oo-tr 1 floo-tr 1 .,.114-.r.
)fDo
He takes an active part in the government.
fl0it'}"''F1: I P6- I m-il"'r I ao-tr I OCJD-Ir
-t-l:tof.f. )fDo
active ly o-tr /A11
He is actively interested in tbe project. oM
-'1. f"''.l:t.C./1,. ooa-tr "'11 ),.
activi ty
I. l\"t:Joll,!l'(l.. There is very little activity around
here on Sundays. l\d.J.': 1..Jt.J.': OtLII h
l:t'lll 1/lfDo 7."t:Joll.!l'(l. 0"1'/" T"t1i )fDo
He has to give up all physical activity for a
while. 11'1'4:'1- '1..11. "'l"t'i'fDo"t'l" 1\l:tll'l!
7."t'tll.!l'(l. ,..,.,. 1\110'1-
2. f P' <1- "11-A. When a mao is over 70, his
time of full activity is usually past. 1\"tJ.':
actor
{ltD- {If! -too-l- ltll.l.m- h-tW;'m-"J
"1.11. fP'&- '1,_11- ,_4')ilA
3. 1""1fJC. A student who has too many
activities does not have time to study. ofltr-
1""1fll!':f"t f"'L..'h'i"m-"} 1""'ltl IIT'i"-1-
"1.11. ' flltD-11"
4. h.l:-&-1'1-. The government was aware of
the activities of enemy spies. OD'l..,P"-1: f'
m'l-1- Mf":f-"J h.l:"&-1'1- ym-:t- tRC
*The committee is probing into his financial
activities. S'.C?- 1"JHII-"} hi"'"} P'&- h
"JJI'I'IIm- ' ,_,..~11"&-A
[See also feverish']
actor ....,.,.,_
Charlie Chaplin is a good actor. !I'CII. ii'T
11."J '1-R"lf 1"'1''i",_ tm-
actual
l. "-m-}+;;:. The actual reason was an entirely
different one. hm-t1"'i'm- !l"h"JY-1- 'i'~
II" At< tnc
2. ."1-hhll::'. Can you give me the actual
figures and not an estimate? "'19'".'J- lt.etr
"} '1-hhll'fm-"} 'I'C A'f-{lm'"! '1-:f-'1
1111!
The actual state of affairs in the country
is not known. 1/~tl:J: hiJo"J Yll:f-R-1- '1-h
hll'l' ' 11-~:J- ' h,.;J-OJ:t-11"
3. f"l.ll.. The teacher described the actual
position of the moon. OD9'"U~ r f"LH.8Jo'l r
f ....~,. ' IJo~;J- ' hii~JI
actuality
1. f"l.ll.tD- 11-~;J-. He had to adjust to the ac
tualities of life. h"JS'."J.II.tD- 11-~:J- oo<rc
MR-1-
2. hC"I'I' t~C. The actuality is worse than
your suspicions. hC"Ifllo t1C 1 h"J1" hll"-1-
m~'l'~tD- ,_hof.A
become an actuality flP"~ 4\t. r 1'A
The plan never became an actuality. h:t-JI.
RP'&- '1,_ ll,_m-A 4'~
in actuality hC"Ifllo"J 1 I\OD'i"1C
In actuality, the battle never took place.
hC"Ifllo"J ' IIOD~C ' tnCt-1: ' h.f I hA1"S'.~1!1"
actually
1. Rhm-t-1-. Do you actually believe that story?
n., 1 :r.:h nhm-t-r :J-II"'i"llu 1
2. ( ~ adj.) hm-t1"';'. The president rules in
name only, as the party is actually in power.
htD-t1"';' ' P'A"'"J ' YIIOJo I f?""M:ItOJo I
17 adapt
11-.1:""} I 1\.11"'1 ' T&.H.-'1"}1: ' f"'l.~~,. ' Ril!l" '
11!1' I tiiJo
actuate h"J4'114'{1
He actuated the pump by an electric motor.
7"11""1'"} ' Rl>~"}of: I '1"1"C ' h"J4'114'{lm-
be actuated.,..,..,..,
She was actuated by love for her mother.
f1"t"'"':f-tD- I llh'i":J: ' fi'IT I 'i':t-C I tOJo
acumen 11Atlt."J-
His business acumen made him rich. llA
"J"I.I:" I YlltD- I 11Allt'l- ' t11l;J-9" ' hS'.~~,.
acute
1. .,,_11'1'. Dogs have an acute sense of smell.
IIJoil":f- 0 .,,.Ill;' 0 f"'lii1"!1' 0 :f-flo';J- I hl\'fiiJo
2. ltllJJ.lA.. Aacute appendicitis prevented him
from going on the trip. haJ-'1.1. 1 f-1-C'i' 1 h"}~
T I ihOD!I" ' h?-l'tD- ' h{l'i"hllm-
3. l\")o. A bad tooth can cause acute pain.
Rii1"';' I 'I'Cil ' l\")o I ihOD!I" I 1\JOD") '
,_:foliA
4. f{ll\. Some sounds are so acute that
we cannot hear them. h"JJI"J.I:" .1:-!I"P:f-
R"'!l" ' f{lll- I bODII"'i"'fm- ' f1"t"' ' A"J{l"'l
'I'm- h"J:f-A!I"
5. h'i' 1 Yll. Due to the drought there was
an acute shortage of vegetables. h.!:"C4'1:
f1"t"' h'i' 1 Yll Y-1-hA-1- 1 h'l'~-1- 1 toe
6. -,41:. He is an acute observer of the political
situation. R?"llof:ltOJo ,_,.;r .,.,.
1"h;J-;J-,_ 1
)IIJo
7. iiA. An acute angle is less than 45 degrees.
iiA 1 "'lhH"J ttcfl hll"il-1- 1 .11."ltl n:r:r- 1
tOJo
be acute
1. K'i". If the pain becomes acute, call a doctor.
ihODDDo ' hll'i" I dJ h.!l" 0 'No
2. h~~- The political crisis became more acute.
f?"llof:I}IIJo 0 1I'J'1J'J' I hfh~~ I '/.f.
(be) adamant -,:,.-,:,. 1 h,_A!I"
Once he has made his decision he is adamant.
h "}J'. ' IIJo/1~ I ltf.~1 ' "J:t-"J:t- I h,.A!I"
Adam's apple "'l'lc-1-
He scraped his Adam's apple on his collar.
"'l"JC-J:"J Rl>I\.;J-OJo 'lm
adapt
1. h&-oof.. Schools should adapt their currie
ulum to modern needs. '1-!I"UC-1- 1 O..f:f- 1

adapta ble
P'C'H 'I-?"IIC-1>1 hHoo). <;:111'1- ' ;J
C I .,&-ODY: I hllq'f'a>-
*The ministry adapted the American textbook
for use in Ethiopian schools. "''..tiH:~ fh"'/.
~II11 ' .,111-"''M ' ' ODJI".h'i' ' 0"'1..11.,., '
HF. Oh.'I-f"A",1' '1-?"IIC'I- M'.f 0'1':,0?"
llf. 7.1-'l.<D-A M'-~1
adapt to 1\oPY.,
Most children adapt easily to new surround-
ings. 11rt- A"Jl.'.f h-'1.11 hMR.1 04'11
II- f.II?"Jiotr
adapt oneself -1-'\0D.<'. l -1-11.,.,
He adapts himself easily. 04'1111- f.IIODJioA
He adapts himself to new conditions. h"''..
,1':J'l',_'l- h-'1.11 ll-~:t"9''.f Y.ll.,., A
adapta ble
I. 7.1Polll.ll1.t-l> 11.1\'l'dl'l' f"''..'.fA. Mother
has an adaptable schedule. M'-1: 7.1Polll.ll1.
t-1> 11.1\'l'dl'l' f"''..'.fA '1"1!"'1&-?" hll'l-
2. hll-'i'-l:a>- ;JC f"''.ll.,., . She is an ad-
aptable person. hll-'i'-l:a>- ;JC f?"'l-11. ,.,
lla>- ' ..,..,.
add (vt.)
J. ..,oo~. You will have to add some sugar.
'1'-1:'1- 11\>.C OD..,_ODC ' hl\1111
Add it to my bill. o~ .h.ll11 llf. ""?"~..,.
2 . .<'.OD~. He added 8 and 2. 11?"1'1-'i' fl-11
'1-1 ' ....... ~
3. hhll(o'l-) . The committee added a rider to
the bill . .<'.CI- O.ih'l- ~-1::,0 llf. h1J.': .,
?.$ hhiiO'I-
4. Ht4'. They debased gold: by adding copper.
omc41 llf. oo~~o11 O""Ht:,O h~hll-'1-
5 .,.114'11 (-1-_,.11.,.11). Pigment is added to oil to
make paint. 4'11?" 1\0DP'&-'1- .,:,01\"''..,,'<D-
hHY.'I- ;JC f.4'114'11A
add (vi.)
I. .<'.""~- They started learning to add and
subtract. oPI..DPC'i oPcf-'H'l oPDI/C ~,.,"-
2. o.,...,., t hll. "I hope you will come
early," he added. 0-1-..,., t 4'.<'.?" 1111
II 7.1.<'.?"'!-oD"' -1-114- h.<'.C:JIIll- h hfu>&- f..,&-A
/liD-
add to MII(O'I- )
His father's illness added to his troubles.
'q"" , .noo?" , :y..,~1 t,qllo'l-
add up .<'.OD~
Add up these figures! Mrt.ll1 41'l'C''.f .<'.
?"C
18 additio nal
add up to hODI\h-1-
The evidence adds up to a case of murder.
oo~'/{111' ft'i'll "lllof. dl1)';A ODIJ')-1
,l'oollh;t- A
*How much does the bill add up to? .h./111'
om:,OIIIItJJo 111'1- f.ll''i'Al
[See also 'luster']
addict 11-11:;<
The cigarette addict finds it hard to stop
smoking cigarettes. fii.:J&- 11-11:;< 11.1{&-
.,1[>?" ,I'II'I'"I~'I'A
(be) addicte d to f- --11-11';< ll't If-- -11-11
Mo'I-
He is addicted to smoking. fll.'/{&- 11-11:;<
li'!<A
He is addicted to strong drink. fODm'J' 11-11
Mo'l-
addicti on h.<'.1';< fll't 11-11
Opium is an addiction-causing drug. h"l:f.?"
t..._.,:;- , fll't 11-11 , f"''..,,'l\.11 ""mt'l-
till'
additio n
I. Y:?"C. Is my addition correct? J.':?"t. A
h ' till'!
2. oo.<'.ooc. Addition is taught in second grade.
OD.<'.ODC ' Ofl-11-1-';< ' h'i'A ' Y,II"'A
3. """"ooc . The addition of flour will thicken
the soup. Po-'1:'1- oo..,ooc ll'cq1 ,1'
dl'i'&-A
4. :,0'1',1'. Workmen are building an addition
to the house. P'&--1-'l''ll f .ih1,.tJJo1 :,0'1'
,1' ' OODP'&-'1- ' llf. ' 'i''l'lll'
in addition 0-1"....,<1
In addition he asked for ten dollars. 0-1-
....,<1 OP'C 11C mf_,.
in addition to h - - - f\.1\
In addition to his fixed salary he gets a com-
mission. hoo.<'.O';< .<'.'l"rt- 1\.11 1>"'1..111'"
1 ,1'1';<A
*He works in addition to going to school.
additio nal -~""""'<1
An additional difficulty is the lack of money.
-~""""'&"'" '.f"lc f11H11 htn'l- ttJJo
*For an additional dollar you get better
quality. h1Y: 11C 11'1-..,?"C f-1-lfll
'tY,t'l- ' :J-1';<1\1)
=a=d=d=r~e=s=s--_________________________1=9~-------------------------a=d=J~ective
address (v.)
I. hY:6o'lf IlL. He addressed the letter to
me. 1.11JI0.tl)o"t ' n~ ' hY:6o'/f ' 1\ol..tl)o
2. "t"'"'C hU1. Mr. Parker will now ad-
dress the meeting. "tMc ;rchc hv-"t 111-q
I'. "t"I"IC YY.C:>II-
3. h.,.<:n. I would like to address a question
to th~ speaker. 11.,.<;;>6"" '1'?41 "7"1-<:11
't\.t./:\;JIIIJ-
4. lim. He addressed a warning to a friend.
'l"tY: mJ17!: "7llm"t.,.4:.1' lim
5. h<;1<:. I addressed him with respect.
nhh111!''1- h<;1Cl>.'l'
6. m6o (.,.m6o). Protocol requires that digni-
taries be addressed by their titles. Qll P'IA"'
<;";f n"7b.l:"l 11"7'1' 't\"t'lm~ Tl!'.f-1>/A
YII1Y:JIIA
*How do you address a mayor? fh"li:ll f
h11C oom6Y MY:tl
address oneself .,.Ctl' +)out
He addressed himself to the task of doing his
homework. fO.'I- P'6otl)o"t II""P'6o'l- 4'
Ctn .,_t"'
be addressed
The letter is addressed to me. 1.11'10..,. f.,.'l
h n~ hY:6o'lf t
address (n.)
I. hY:6o'lf. Do you want to write down my
address? hY:6o'lftL"t lloPI\'i' '1-.t.IA;JIIIIl
2. "t"I"IC. The Emperor delivered an important
address. "t1-"' )1P'-I> m?"t flft "t"l"l
c ' h1..1:1-
3. "'ftt-;1-. He managed this difficult affair with
admirable address. hll'l':>6"t 1-JIY. noy_
Yll!."t"'> "'ftt-;1- uoo""
4. oofAh. A salesman should be a mao of
pleasant address. h'lf'lf"l' fl.ll 1.11 oo{A
h ?II II oolf"t hlln'l-
adduce m.,.ll
The lawyer adduced a decision in which the
judge freed a man charged with robbery.
mn? no~.'!- >~';' nn<:'l- f.,.hllll"t
II ntll fll.,._,.n'l-"t .,. ... ~ m.,.ll
(be) adept at "'ftt-:1- hll
John is adept at repairing things about the
house. ~ fO.'I- 't\?l""'f"t fDDm1"t ";f
tt-;1- ' hlltl)o
adequacy 1141t'I-
We doubt the adequacy of his training.
f'I-9"1/C-I>"t 1141t'l- 't\"tm6om6oll"t
adequate
I. not. The lawyer presented adequate proof.
mn? not oo<:lf h.,.<:n
2. h'l':>ll f.,.':'.ll. His schooling is not ade-
quate. 'I-9"11C-I> h'l':>ll (f.,..,.ll) hY-1.119"
3. 1141. Mr. Smith is adequate for the job.
"tll.,_C 11"7.11 IIP'6o"" 1141 t
adhere (to}
I. .,...,n.,..
That scotch tape will adhere to
anything. hlll>:f -I:T hM9" )1C :>C
Y.arn?IA
2. l\'1'11<1' .,.h.,.ll. He adhered to his plans.
h"'--'1-"t ' h'1'11<1' ' .,.h.,.ll
3. .,.h.,.ll. Most people adhere to the church
of their parents. h11~';'1",.; lll""'f fa>'l
}!:ll''l'"t ' '/Y."7'f'l- ' Y-11.,.'111-
adherence Y.;J.Lt'I-
He declared his adherence to the cause of
freedom. lltllt'l- 1-Jif. Y.;Jol.t-l>"t 11111
adherent (n.) 1.:>.1.
The adherents of the church party supported
this plan. ro..,. hcll-tn mn l.:>ol.l""'f
.l'.ll"t"t' '1."1-Y: ' 1.14-
adherent (adj.) f"tarn+
Adherent materials should not be placed
together. f"t"'n.,. t11!'7f"t h"tY:t'l- "7'l"C
hMQ9"
adhesion
*Adhesion of the intestine to the muscles
requires surgery. h"t~'l- llm-"tll' ;JC II.
arn"'> "'~'- '1'1<; Yll.LIA:>IA
adhesive (n.) "7"1not? flft t1C
Glue is one of the many adhesives. _...., "''
arnot? ' hlf!o- ' 1111- ' )11!'"'f ' h"t-'1- ' )tl)o
adhesive tape T'lll.,.C
Give me some adhesive tape for my wound.
1\41111\. f"tlf"t T'lll.,_C lim'S
adieus, make ~ .,.llo;n.,.
He made his adieus and left. .,.11<;11-f- l'Y.
adjacent "'"'II- ?II
The house adjacent to ours has been sold.
II';' 0.'1- _,.'I'll- ?II 0.'1- .,_il'tii-IA
be adjacent .,.'I'll- )tl)o l .,..,.lit
The house is adjacent to the church. 0.-1> II
0..,_ hCII-1:?1'- .,.'I'll- t (M'II<;A)
adjective "1-ltA
The word 'heavy' is an adjective. hll~
f"tlltl)o ' -"'"' ' "1-lt/A ' )tl)o
adjoin
adjoin -1-'l'tU
My garden adjoins his. .1''1-hoM il'i'&-IL
fll-"1 .1''1-hA't- il'i'&- J.'.'l'il~'I'A
adjoining f"t-t'I'A
The adjoining room is empty. f"t-t'I'IIID'
h'i'A. qp. ~..,.
adjourn (vt.)
I. -tm.:. The judge adjourned the court until
the following day. -'~"'"" 11"7.-t'I'IIID' -t"l
-tm.:
2. R-1-~. The chairman adjourned the meeting.
11.-t ' OD"j0~ ' il11ilq..,.., ' R-1-~
adjourn (vi.)
I. -t-R-1-~. The meeting adjourned at 10 o'clock.
il11ilqtD- q,:.:,. t'l'\'1- -t-R-1-~
2. lloft(lq..,. hR:I". With the concordance of
the membership we will adjourn. hqtl-'ll h-t-
il"7DD> ll11(lqtD- .I'R:I"A
3. -1-ll.l'f. It was a strange proceeding when the
senate adjourned without any decision. tl'l
oPOJ(l...tD- .I'll ID'/tlr, 1\.II.I'J.'. .I'Ai"IIOD!l.
~1c ~nc
be adjourned hR:I"
The meeting is adjourned. ll11(lqtD- hR:I"
(be) adjudged
1. ,.roll~. The boy's case was adjudged in juve-
nile court fA:q: 1-JIJ.'. RID"''t- '1'4-1"'1'
:f 'i'C!l.' 11.'1- -!-IBM
2. R'i'C!l.' -1-t'lm. The property was adjudged
to the rightful owner. "1110:-1> R'i'C!l.' 11"-
""~-~'"'"" q11u11'1- -t-t'lm
3. -1-L.:!l.(R't-). The accused man was adjudged
guilty. -t-blt!F- ... ..,. "'"'"""' ~u -t-1111" -t-
L.:!l.R'I-
4. -J-1DD-J-. It was adjudged wise to avoid war.
tnC~'t- hl\"7"1"1'1- fi">fll ll''l' -l-1""-1-
adjudica te R'i'C!l.' hiliDt'l~
It is better to adjudicate disputes than to
settle them by fighting. mR-"1 R'I'A bDD<U.
<:il J.'.A:t R'i'C!l.' "7il1Dt'l"l J.'.>fiiA
adjunct -t-<U."7tl ,_,..
A radio is a common adjunct to an automobile.
t.ll.f'' 1\0Dh.'i"' f-J-1\0D!l.' -J-<U."7tl ' , . . ' ~ ....
adjure 1\oP~
I adjure you to tell the truth. ,_..,.~.,.,
!l.''t-'i"1C "-III"'""YIIIJ>
20 administ rative
adjust (vt.)
I. hil-1-IJbll. The manager will adjust your
bill. 1"&- ' hilh..l'1t ' .h.lt11tl"l ' .l'il-1-IJh
AAYA
Y au cannot see through the binoculars unless
you adjust them first. 0"")'."""<1.1' IJIIili"IJhA
hiD' ' Rh:tMLID' ' OD~K'C ' 11"7f'l- ' h'l-:fA'I"
2. h111D1!l.. The elders tried to adjust the
differences in the quarrel. 11"7"11\.l"'fi Rmtl'
fi".C.m<:tD-"1 hlloP"'qq:, . 11"7111111!l.' 'l"h~
adjust (vi.) &-11-"1 hlloP!l.
His son adjusted to army life. fll- A'f:
&-/1-"1 ' hlll:f'!l.C ' ).(!" ' ;>C ' hlloP!l.
*He has to adjust to the actualities of life.
"-"l!l.'l.niD- U>lr.;f' ou'l'C hiiR'I-
adjust oneself ..,."oP"-
1 cannot adjust myself to the climate here.
hiLU ' 11'1'&- ' h fC ' :>C ' ODIIODfl.' ' hA:fA'/"
adjustme nt
I. "711-1-IJh.l'. Our radio has an adjustment
so that we can make the tone loud or soft.
ft.JJ.f''i"l-"1"1 !l."/"6 h'i''i" 11:t f'l"'i"!l.C
"'R'I- "711-t-IJh.l' hi\ID-
2. f"t..'-t &-C11 H!l... They worked out an ad-
justment of their conflicting ideas. f"7J.'."'q
o-q'f'ID-"1 .bltll:f f"7..1'-t&-C11 H!l.. Lm~
make an adjustmen t ,.11"7"7
Try to make some adjustment of your differ~
ences. RooiJhll:ftJ> ili\1\ID' hll"""'qq:, .
1\0011"7"7'1- ' 'l"h~
adjutant .:JI't-
The colonel's adjutant gave a report. fl>lllr.
tr .:.11'1- &?'c'l- h-t.:n
administ er
I. h11-J-JI!l.<:. Who is administering his estate?
C111>"1 f"7..1'11i"JI!l.'O:ID- "7~1D-1
2. h11Ll\oP. Ethiopia has many good lawyers
to administer justice. h.'t-f'A-.1' '1''1-.h"l
f"7..1'11LK'DD>' '1"1-' fll')o ' 1111" ' f.h"' ' 0'1'<1:
l":f ' htr'l''l-
3. t'lm. The nurse is entitled to administer drugs.
~C!L oP~).'t- l\oP11m't- P'A"'"I l\11'1-
administ ration l\111-JI!l.C
The country is in need of good adminis-
tration. h1t1;t '1"1- h11-I'JI!l.C .1'11LA:>:f'A
administ rative .1'111-JI!l.C
"-"I This is purely an administrative job. ,_.,
0'1"11 ' .1'11-1-JI!l.C ' 1"&- ' ~ ....
administrator
administrative assistant ~.-;+ 1 h.ll+S:-46
The administrative assistant has executive
powers also. ~'I+ hil.,.-'1-'ltl +h~11 roo
ilm+l"' FA"''J hl\tJJo
administrator hil.,.-'1-'ltl
A good administrator treats the poor and the
rich equally. 'No hil.,.-'1-'ltl .<:-"lio; 1111
;foll"'t hh-A YYA
admirable f"''.YilS'.1;r. 1 f"''.f.);r. 1 Mf.<;of:
He performed many admirable deeds in the
war. fltnCH 'IJ'. 1111" f"''.YilS'."J'I- l
11-'l. oPC;J:A
His determination to go abroad to study is
admirable. mF.. 1 m-? I\1C 1 '/.P. /lOD"''
c Yl\tJJo 41C'l' hlt11 f"''..':)'i- )tJJo
Since she has a goiter her admirable face is
ruined. h"J;r.c:,. Mm"'":fo hili'S4: ooA\>.
.,.fl'llf
admiral ffJ.ftC "1J'.A .,.., h~'fr
The admiral's ship sank. ffJ.ftC "1J'.A 'I'
'i h.tJ-n; ODChofl 1 (looml-
admiration h.<:-o;.J+
Your admiration is exaggerated. h:'i""+u
,.,._,)) ' )IJJo
*He is the object of everyone's admiration.
Ml ,.,,. rrtr f"''.Yf.'Jof>tJJo )tJJo
admire hf.)of>
I admire your patience. +b"'F+o"J hf.'J
:J>IIrr
admirer f"''.YI'.'J;r.
She has many admirers. 1111" f"''.YI'."J!t+
ill"":f-' htr
(be) admissible
1. .,.Lof>l'.. This form of argument is not
admissible . .eo 'lJ'.)+ hchc hJ'.Lof>l':r
2 . .,..,IJJ'.)+ hl\tJJo. Hearsay is not admissible
evidence. flil"''. il"''. f.,.1"f mt:. 1\"'lil~ll"
),. ' .,..,IJJ'.)+ ' fl\tJJo!l"
admission
1. OU"'IOJ'. Free admission is limited to certain
days. )l\ """'fl..l' f"''.Lof>l'.tJJo 1\.,.m(l)o.
of>'l'":fo' 11il' ' )tJJo
2. "7ou"). His admission proved my innocence.
f(lo ' "'IOD'J ' f~') ' '!'of..,.:;' ' hi\ODIT') o h~;>
1tn
*Admission to school is by examination only.
+P"oc+ (I.+ f"''.11JOJo IlL.,.., 11il' )m-
21 admonition
admit (admitted)
1. hil11J. The servant opened the door and
admitted the guest. h "lib>~- fi-1-'J b<t:of h'J
"1-'IOJo'J ' hil11J
2. 1\.0D). I admit that I was wrong. il.ft.,.
.,.'i' , ""IT~"J h!I"<;Arr
3. ~of>flll. Jordan does not admit any Israeli
claims on her territory. I'"C-'I'l'il hilt-h.A
fi"'~:J: tJJoil'l' f~ )tJJo fl"'+lltJJo'J rrtr
h+of>fiA!I"
4. YH. The harbor admits three ships. <DI'.
flo IPil+ oocb!l":fo J'.J'.~A
*His answer admits no reply. ooA,(l- 1 4!:C"1"
Yll )m-
be admitted
1. h'J-'1.11J .,.Lof>l'.. Children under fifteen
are not admitted. bOP'<!- hl"'il+ 'lou+
fi;Jo":fo Ytr ;r,yo;+ h'J-'1.1 flo hJ'.Lof>.l:-11"
2. ;foOD), It i generally admitted that a good
wife is necessary for success in life. om:,.Ott
11m- 11.,./t!J )o.t:" "'"- "''.il+ "'lilLIIli
;fo!I"~A
3. ( ~ active) hil11J. Mention my name
and you will be admitted. il"''J 'l't- Yil
1fi-YA
4. ( ~ active) .,..,fill. He was admitted to
the club. fhflflo hiJA h'J-'I.IT'J .,..,
fltr+
[See also 'bar']
admittance fOD"'IJ+ L:J>.<:-
He gained admittance to the park. <DI'. ""
<;L"iftJJo ' il't't- ' fOO"'IJ'I" ' L:J'.I:" ' M"f
admittedly
*He was, admittedly, the thief. flhC"I'I' II.IJ
m- 7l(l- 1 ~oc
admixture ooof>'lof>A
The admixture of foreign words makes the
language hard to understand. ffJb.l:" :J>'I+
ODof>'lof>tr ' !t"J!ttJJo'J ' 1\0D~-'1+ ' Yil'F"It-A
admonish
1. 1U'l\. The teacher admonished the boys
for being lazy. hil.,."'ltltJJo A;o::r; il)'l'
ili\IT)o. 1U'l\:ftJJo
2. hilm)of>of>. The policeman admonished him
not to drive too fast. ?'1\.(lo boom') fill
J'. h'J'IJ'.M hiltn)of>of>tJJo
admonition .,..,.,,..
The teacher's admonition to the student for
his careless work was of no avail. hil.,.*Ytl
adobe 22 adrift

tJJo Ill\ -1-"''tltJJo f"'~l\11 P'tl- film 1\. 7-J!.LiJ' ll'I.J'.<:1tJJo fA)!: 001\ ihf.
tJ)o I ..,..,UfJt I ~ I fl.ll I )'OC m'l- -1-1\fllm
2. oo+RA. The teachers are talking about the
adobe (construction) hm-11 f-1-"'<1- adoption of a new course of study. h.lt+IPI
The houses in this area are of adobe construc- tll"'ll f'l-'I"IIC'l- hr'l"''l' hJ!.ll oP'J"tl
tion. fll.ll hiJqn. 0.-l':f hm-11 f-1-"''~-- .f' lloo+RA f.~:nt~-11-
<;'ftJJo
adoptive, ~ father fm-'1- hq'l-
adolescence f't-A'/"11<;<; fi><:J!~'l-
'1.1 His adoptive father is very rich. rm-+ I

Adolescence starts after childhood. f't-A'/"11 hq-1> R"'!l" llil;l'!l" ~tJJo

<;<; fi><:J!~'l- '1.1 h.'h!'t~'l- R:\'1 f.
~oo.:.A adorable .J'.Il f"''.A
He is an adorable baby. .J'.Il f"''.A .'hf
adolescent ") I ~(I)<

I. i<:'l"lt. He is still an adolescent. 1'0 i<:'l"

/J I ~(IJ-
2. !><:-'!. She is still an adolescent. 1'0 I><:J!
~:f
adopt
I. RP'tl- 'If. h'l'/1. The government adopted
the present civil code several years ago. DD1"1
~""" .f'rl-'11' f<t:'l-.h -nm.c .'h"' h
'1'4:'1- "'\oo:J''l- n.c.'l- nF.:. llf. h'l'l\
2. -t-+nll. The club adopted the motion by
a vote of 20 to 5. hnn- f+<:RtJ>o"l' .hltil
U.f' Rh'l"ll'l- Rll'~ .f':'I"IJ -t-+RIItJJo
3. n - - - -1-111111. For the teaching of Amharic
we adopted a new method. h"''C'i' 11"'111
-1-"''C qJ!.Il H~ -1-1111/i\1'
4. ouctn fH. He adopted a new name when
he became American. fh"'UIJ'E~'l-1' 1"1~'1-
IU'1'S hJ!.ll 11'1" DPCif' .f'H
5. R't-J!.Lil' -t-+RII. My aunt has adopted
a little boy. hhll-1: 'l-1'11 A7!: R't-J!.L
il' -t-+nll:f
[See also 'habit')
adopted (adj.) f't-J!.Lil'
It is an adopted child. f't-J!.Lil' A7f: ~tJJo
be adopted
I. RP'tl- 'If. 'I'll. k flexible pnlicy was
adopted.1.1'.J'. hllL'I'I.~'l- f"''.l\'l'dJ'I' 7"11.
II. ' RP'tl- ' 1\f. ' '1''1
2. -t-+qf-~'1- h1i. Christian practices have
occasionally been adopted by members of
other religions. h1'J!1'.f': fhCM:n '1""1
ql!':f Rl\.11-:f 1.'1"~'1- -1-h:l'l'":f H1'.f':
-f-+qM'l- h"''S-1-'I'A
adoption
I. 7-J!.Lil'. His adoption by the kind old man
changed the boy's whole life. .f'.'t- 11"'1"1
adoration "''hRC
Adoration of the Virgin Mary is widespread
in Ethiopia. .f':1'"1A "''C.f''/"1' "''hnc
nt..'l-l'"k.f' tJJoll'l' nr'l.C.tJJo f-t-1\oof. ~IJ)o
adore
I. hL+<:. She adores her family. 0.-1-r'l!l.1'
:l'L:t-tl-1\:f
2. fll.J'..J'.. The baby adores being tickled. ihf)-1'
ll.h-<:IK-'1- f.lllJ!A
3. h.ooAh. In ancient times, Ethiopians adored
idols. 0'1'1''1- 1.11. h.'l-l'"k.f'tJJo.f'"l' R"'P
:r- .f'OOA!J. ~nc
4. h<t: .f'll hiJC r'lm. The followers of
Gandhi adored him. f:>1'J!. -1-h:l'l'":f h<t:
.f'll h-nc f.r'lm-'1- ~nc
adorn
1. h.ll1.m. The municipality adorned the city
before the return of the Emperor. 'l"NP )
"'JP-h hooooAta:fm- r flA..+ r OUU;J1f 1 fL-JJ h
T"''tJJo1' hll'l.m
2. ht\oP~. Kindness adorns his character.
1."1~'1- mq\<1' .f'lt!I"<:'I'A
adornment "'1'1.""1
A flower was the only adornment on her
dress. Ailjl. 'If. .f'lltJJo .,'1.""1 hnq
-nil' ~nc
*She wasbusy with the adornment of the room
the day before the party. f.f':"'r'l- '1'1"'1 II
'1- 0.-1>1' 11:1''1.'1' '1'1\:f
(be) adrift .f'/1 oo.: -t-1'+'1'1111 l '1'1111
The boat was adrift in the ocean. ~Aq'l' tJJo
:t-.f''l" r'l- 1\f. .f'II oot1 -1-1' +'I' /Ill:f
A derelict ship is adrift off the coast. (ll":f
f"'~'1- oochil Rm<:4- h:t-.:.n..v '1-'I'AA
~nc
adroit
adroit HS'.o;:
We admired the lawyer's adroit questioning
of the witness. mil,....,. llll"llh~ .r.,..:ll
..,.'t HS'.o;: llm.l'f:t- II~):,O't
adulate hDDm't 11'1.1'- 11'1"?1'1
Some young people adulate singers of popular
songs. ll'tJI't.l:" ID"'fo':f ' HOO'i'' H'f.'l'':f
't hoom't 11'1.1'- .I''I""I(J.'f'I'A
adult 0'1'4!
There was milk for the children and coffee
for the adults. IIA;tt.:'f IDT'I- ' IIO'I'<i!l"':f
flo'i' )IIC
adulterate
I. ll.,.m). He adulterated the heer with water.
m'l..,.'t ll..,.;lo ll.,.m)..,.
2. f"7J'.t:Q P':> .,..,.'1.,.11. The company
was fined for adulterating canned meat. IJ.q
't}IIJ)o ' 7.:f"lf?IJ)o ' P';J ' IJ)o/I'J' ' f"7J'.t:Q '
P' ;J 0 II00.,.'\.,.1\- 0 .,..,."J
adulterer IIOO't11t:'i'
The adulterer was killed by the husband.
IIOD't11.:o;:..,. IIQA.f..,. -1-?~11
adulteress H"7''1- 11.'1- l J'OO)Ht:':f 11.'1-
Adulteresses were stoned to death. H"7'.1'
'f- ll.fo':f ' (J'OD)H~ ' ll.fo':f) ' 11.1:-'t;JJ'. J'.
ID?~ )IIC
adultery 11..,.'1-
The Bible condemns adultery. ODK'do'i! :t-.11.
II 11..,.'1-'t J'ID"I~A
adulthood llltll oom't OD.i:"t:ll
The acceptance of responsibilities is a sign
of adulthood. '1'1ol.)'f-'t """'11"'- llltll oo
m't ' fOD.i:"t:/1 ' II"Ah'f- ' )IJ)o
advance (vt.)
I. mt. o!.'l- IIOD"J'f.'l- l.'t-'1.~.1:" 11~.:?. The
general advanced his troops to the new position.
)';.~t-11- o ID:f"J'.C'fl o IIJ~ ' ol.'f- ' IIOD"J'f.'f-
IIJ~ 11.11.1'1- "l'tQC l.'t-'1." 1\.1'...:1
2. .,.~11" ll~t:?. The chairman advanced the
time of the meeting. II..,. DD'tll~ fllofll'l
'
QIJ)o') ' 1.11. ' .,.~11" 11~.:.,.
3. ll:t-.r..-u' l'lm. Could you advance me
some money? '1-'til ?'tHofl ll:t-.1:-"'l..l' A'l-
l'lm'1 '1-':f'IIIU l
4. 1111~.:. The banks often advance money to
farmers. Q'tl>'ll 11-fl~o;:..,.'t 1.11. 1\?11"-l"
:f 1'tHofl .1'11.1:-t-11-
23 advance
5. 11.,..:11. The plan he advanced was not good.
.r.,.-:11..,. l.:t-.1:" ~ IIA)IIt:ll"
6. 7.'tJI.I'I'i!'t 11~.:?. The minister tried hard
to advance the cause of peace. "'l.tll~ M
II" 7.'tJI.I'I'i!'t 11"7.1:-t:"l -flit" ~boo
7. 11-'111.:. His purpose was to advance his
own interests rather than the company's.
~""'"'" ' ft-1'1-'t ' 7.'tl[ ' fiJ.Q't.I'IJ)o't ' 'i!'l
i'l- 11"7-'IIIC IIA)IIt:ll"
8. 1\1\1..1. They advanced him from lieutenant
to captain yesterday. '1-'l't'l-'i' boufo 1111
:,0)'1- m~ lfii"IIA)'f- 111\f...,.:,..
advance (vi.)
I. T'IH. We advanced twenty miles in one day.
Q't.l:" .,.'t u.r "'""' T'l11't
2. Q;Loot:,, Since the war, prices have continued
to advance. htoC~-1: mJLtJ ~ "P;J llfa;toPt:,
~J!.
3. m.r.d.T r +t-oo~. Has civilization advanced
in our century? JPAU:. fl~ htt:A noo
't ' ID.I'.ol.'l- ' Tt-11"J!...Al
4. ?4- I m.r. ol.'l- ?4-. The army advanced
toward the enemy lines. to<-. m~ mil+ .,'l
qc' ?4-
The soldiers advanced under enemy fire. m:f"
.r.c:'ll fm'l'l-'t Tlt-11 '1'1'1..,. ro~ o!.'l- 14-
be advanced lt."tJl.+Cofl r +F..t;.1 1
The date of the meeting was advanced from
April to March. fllofliiQ..,. 1.11. h"'l..1'11.1'
m.r. oo;~R.'I- 7.'tJI..,.Cofl .,.~C'IA
advance against M14- """1(11'1-)
The forces of the enemy advanced against us.
fm'l'f- ' '1.1'-A ' 7.f1'f. ' OD"Jofl't
advance upon 1"m;J
He advanced upon me in a threatening
manner. 1\.l'IILt-t- Tm:>'1
advance (n.)
I. oolflfA. Great advances have heen made in
medicine during the last few years. Qllf.'l-
~ou:f"'f- IJ)o/1'1' ll.lohll"'i' oflll" oolflfA
TJ!.C'IA
2. 1'i!fo ODII""J'I-1 OD"J'f.'l-. Nothing could stop
the advance of the enemy. fm'l'l- 1'i!fo ooll"
"1'1- (oo"J'f.'l-) Mil" /1..1'/fODIJ)o IIAiJ'IIII"
3. ( ~ adv.) ll:t-.1:-"'l...'. Can you give me an
advance on my salary? hJ!.'I"n ll:t-.1:-"'l...'
ll.h'i!ll-'1 ' Y..l-'111-1
in advance ll:t-.1:-"'l..l' 11111.,..1:"'1" I .,.~11" -till-
Let me know in advance if you are coming.
"""""' 7.'t~.r) o:t-.1:-"'l..l' 1111:1"..,..,.'1
advanced
After this, please let us know in advance.
hll.ll ' 0:\'1 ' hii<I'J!"ODII ' hii;NJJ<I''t
I arranged it in advance. <I'J'.9" illlo hH:>
~,.,...
In advance of h--- +J!:"'P
They walked on in advance of the king.
h'J.,.,_... ' <I' J!"ODOJ- o ~.fl.
(be) in advance of b--- +"'oo
His ideas were in advance of the time. thft
flo ' h1.H.OJ- ' f<I'J'.OD )OC
[See also 'pacific']
advanced (adj.)
I. h<;:-J-0::. He is not smart enough to take
advanced courses. her;:+~ J'lclt
(IJ!- ":f-~:1-ID hf.L:J-J:.-fl'l-9"
2. f14-. He is very advanced in years. 0/1..(-
"'1. ' 0"19" ' f1<f. ' )OJ-
3. 0'1-,.:IIC-f: f1<f.. Only advanced students
can understand the abstract theory about
the nature of the soul. {II\ )lf:.il llihC.e
M::J- hll1'fol'lil fl.t:JI. f"''."'f-11- O'l-9"
IIC;f-'fm- f14- -1-"'l&l"":f il!f' 'O'fm-
4. h1.H.IJJo <I' Y:'l" f~J'.. He has advanced
ideas. h1.11.m- <I'J:-'1" f~J'. mfoil hflm-
*Our army is in an advanced position.
fo:' tDC "l'tQC _,.J'.9" )IJJo
advancement
I. f"'IM"I '-F-'1'1-. The captain has hopes of
advancement. !f9"011- f"'l~l."l '-J:.-1'1- {I
"'I"IT'I- -1-ll<f. YJ'.C:>A
2. "'llflfA. Advancement in school reform
requires more teachers. f,'J-gs>LJCT O..f~1' '
f.Jf;f- ' fl"'llflf"' ' .,. .... ..,& '
hll-1-"'l&l"":f '
YIILA:>fl-
3. "1!'"'1&. Loyalty and hard work are what
usually bring an advancement in pay. f"''l"
'If "1!'"'1& f"'/.YII1'f. :f'"'l'h'l-'0 m'th
C' ' ODP'tl-'1- ' 'O'fOJo
advantage
I. 'I':J-9". This method has advantages and
disadvantages. f.ll HJ'.. 'I':J-?"'0 '1-'1'1- h
{IOJ-
This is to your advantage. .e.u t\&.iltl
:J-9" ' )OJ-
2. iiA"'i. George had a good education and
this gave him an advantage over his friend.
}!:C)!' 'No '1-?"IIC'I- )Ot.m- ! )'.II?" h
~J'.o:'m- iiA"'i't hi11Tfl'l-
24 adventurer
have an advantage fl+ifA r v-~:f" It~ )aJo
You have an advantage over me. hi. 1 fi+
lffl !Jo~;f- llf. )II
take advantage of wtl-(0'1-) l -1-m<l'oo(O'I-)
He takes advantage of every opportunity. rot
y ;J'J'ODIJJo') ' M:A ' !Joll- ' J.'.oPtl-0;1-A ' (f.
m<I'9"0;1-A)
Don't let people take advantage of you! l'll"":f
hf.m<l'.....,..ll
to advantage }\{Jguf!"
The draper will arrange your draperies to
advantage. oo;>t.'1/: w.:.-1-o:'m- oo;>t:)fl"":f
ll't hfo!I"C' )'.wtl-AYA
[See also 'operate']
i\.ODOJ- advantageous
1. fotm:t-gu. He is in an advantageous position.
f"7.m:J-oom- (1;1- llf. )IJJo
2. r=ti. This advantageous position commands
three roads. f.ll ll"'fi ll<;:tl- 1"11'1- oo')1
P.":f't {loo<f.flJmC Yll"'fllA
advent oo?"flJ'I-
The advent of spring is a joyful occasion.
fKU OD?"flJ'I- f"''.YIIJ'.II'I- m:J-'1- )OJ-
*Since the advent of modern medidne, diseases
have been reduced. HOD'O' ihhii"'O hooflJ
OJ-'1.11 ' 0'11:1' ' -J-<1'){1
Advent of Christ f""X"h-1-
The exact day of the Advent of Christ is not
known. f?"K'h'l- '1-hhflo:' <l''t h}.'.;f-m
:J-?"
adventitious -~'"""'1&
The exciting life of the author gives the book
an adventitious interest. f~fl..aJo 1 1tl'l1&."t
).C' fiODK".J.4- -~'"""'1& hJ!"'O.J.'I- .r.n
m'I'A
adventure
I. ~il.fl.. The soldier told the tale of his adven
tures. m;f-J'.~ f~il.fl.m-'t OJ6. hmtl-
2. h:>"'"''.. The title of the book is " Adven
ture in the Forest ". fODK'.J.f. hC'-11'1-
O""lto IJJoll'l' fJ'.l.l'l h:>"'"''. f"7.A
)IJJo
3. Y..."JtnODaJo 1 )1C. He regaled me with stories
of his adventures. Y :>moo-'1-') )1C'":f ;1-
~
&h R"'l"'im'l- hiiJ'.I'l-1-'S
adventurer
I. f~il.fl. l'lm-. The traveler to Africa is a
great adventurer. mJ?.. 1 h_ij:;&1J 1 fOIJ.=lHaJo r
...,. ' :f'll:J- ' f~il.fl. ' ..., . ' )IJJo
_a_d_v_e_n_t_u_r_o_u_s______________________-=2~5--------------------------~a=d~v~isory
2. fl"'ilo. The adventurer looked for an un-
married girl whose father was rich. f.A-/t.(J)a
1/A-t-IU..":f- f'lllll;> lA~ ~M
adventurous
I. )';il'l- fn~n'l-. An expedition to the North
Pole is an adventurous undertaking. tJJS'.. {I
"''.o;-<em- 'PIA:" ""'111 J>:it"- rn~n'l-
Y:C"I..'I- ' ~ ....
2. S'-4-C. The adventurous explorer was
applauded by the listeners. ll~of.~ h<'t1i
hY:"?fl"''ll ' h.U.fi.U.tl-11'1-
adverb -t-m-lth "Ill
The word 'now' is an adverb. h&"t
f"''.II<D- :J'IA -t-m-lth "Ill ~..,.
adversary
l. 11/\;J&.. He is my most dangerous adversary.
R"'!l" t 1\.~1'1 '111:>.:.\L 1\.ol- ~..,.
2. mll'l-. The United States and Japan were
adversaries in World War II. Ro-11-t-'i'm- f
'\11!1" tnC~'I- 1.11. h"'L&IJ"}<; )f;r"} m
1\.Y.":f-' )fi~
3. of-:>"1"7.. Which school is our adversary in
the football game? RII."IC '>.ll .U.'I':f' f
'i' of-:>"1"7. ' '1-!I"IIC'I- !1.'1- f'l-'i'm- )a>-!
adverse
I. f"7.1-JI. The judge gave an adverse decision
to the plaintiff. Jl'i'<D- llhltlf. f"7.1-JI<D- m-
Itt lim
2. 1/A-t-:J''i. He struggled against adverse
circumstances. ttA+:J>'i" ll-'i-1: ;JC ;Pli\.
3. 'l't\:F s .fHl\. His adverse criticism discour
aged me. '1'1\;F 1HIIa>- ~.,.of...,. -t-llof.
1\.ll.,.Gm'f
4. h.l.'l- 11.1.'1- fOD"'. An adverse wind de-
layed the boat. h.t.'l- 11.1.'1- fOD"' ~of.ll
oot:h!l."} II.H11'1-
adversity oob,:.
He knew many days of adversity. ofllt' foo
h.:. .,.<;''f-"} hlt/Aj,IA
advertise
I. hll:I'OJ.,.. He advertised for a servant in the
Sunday paper. RII..Jo.Y: :>11."1 11.1ihC oo
4.11-,."} hll;l'm.,.
The mayor advertised the hours of the public
meeting. h"}t'lm- .lo11'1'1! llilll'l f"''.
1~C"I'l:fm-"} ' 11'\.Y.":f- ' hll;I'OJ.,.
2. f"}"/.1:" "7ll:I'OJ<t1 hm"'. Stores that wish
to sell things advertise in a newspaper.
1\.:J' ll""lf"' f"''.l.IA.,. -~ilf!''f- n:>
11."1 ' f"}"!Y: ' "7ll;I'OJ<tf ' 10J"'tr
advertisement
I. "7ll:l'm-t1. I saw your advertisement for
employing teachers. hll-t-"7&9'":f- 11oo:r-mc
10J"l1!m-"} ' .,ll:f'ID<t1 ' hftJ-
2. f"}"IY: "7ll;I'OJ4!1. I saw your advertise-
ment on the special sale. lA I' 111-P II."}
~!I";I'~C"I ' fi"}"/.1:" ' .,ll:f'OJ4!1<D- ' 1\J.'- ' II.
ftJ-
advertising
I. "7ll;l'm4!1 "7ll)1C. Advertising on tele-
vision is very expensive. 01:1\.ii.V1' tl'/ll:r
OJ4!1 "7M1C R"'!l" m-Y: ~m-
2. f"7ll;l'm4!1 F.:.. John found a career
in advertising as an illustrator. V"dt"tll 1 n
"7ll:f'ID4!1 F.:. a>-ll'l' ' R"''\11..)'1- ~
"7. F.:. 1\.11"
advice !l"nc
My advice is- to leave immediately. 9'"h~ 1 h
1}-).). ' 11."}.1:"'1-~.1:"
' )ID-
advisable f"''.lfiA
I think it advisable to stay home today. ~.~.
!1.'1- OD'I'/A f"''.lf /A f-ODllll'i'IA
It is advisable to cross streets only at corners.
oo"}11'-'f-"} oo:J'm.t.1:fm- ~f, it;F "7~
G'l' f"''.lf/A f-oollll'i'IA
advise
I. oPbG. What do you advise me to do?
M 1\."}JI~C"I '1-oohG'i'lllll
He advised me against it. l\.~~1\s-..C'uD 1
oobG'f
2. hll:l'm.,.. Please advise us when the merchan-
dise arrives. lf.,.m- 1\..~Cll 1\.'lhtJ"} 1\.ll
;I' <D-.,."}
be advised of-~1G(m-)
He was advised of the latest developments. n:,.
en- llii~Gol-'1- )11!''f- f,)1G<D- )fit:
[See also 'ill1
advisedly II'~ ill\"
He used the word advisedly. :J'fr"} f-t-m.,.
oPfl+ I (I"~ I 1Jf\- I ~tl)o
advisor h"71J&
My legal advisor is away on business. fih""l 1
h"71J&I'- RF.:. -,..111- ' OJ~ tD-"P ~.\:..lA
advisory 11."71J&
He is a member of the advisory board. fii."71J
6m- s nc.e- hQA 1 ~m-
advocate
advocate (v.)
I. l'tOh. He advocates Amharic as a medium
of instruction for secondary schools. ftN\_,.
Of Jl.<'.7f 'l-9"11C'l- fl"'IC'f ~'t-'l.l't'l'
,l'.(toflltA
2. t.T1l4' !!.1.1.. He advocates education at
the age of six. OIIJ!.'II'l- 'loo'l- 'l-9"11C'l- oo
)!OOC't o h'J'1l4' ,1'..1'."14-A
3 . .,.h&-h<'.. Parties of the right advocate free
trade. f.,.'f h<;:A :rctl"':f 1\)11 1"1
Jl.' ' ,l'.h&-h&-11-
advocate (n.)
I. mO.+. He is studying to become an advo-
cate. mo.+ 1\00IJ''t ,1'."'1&-A
2. -1-h&-lt<'.. Mahatma Gandhi was an advocate
of passive resistance. "7'1+"7 .?"JJl r f(l~"''
'I! _,._,..,.... -1-h&-lt& )OC
advocated (adj.) f-1-mf.,.
A reform long advocated by the younger
generation was finally adopted. Om"''l- 'l-m-
AJ!.' 11<'.1!:9" -z.n. f-1-mf.,.,. oolf'lfA
OOD .... <'.lf ' 1"&- ' '1,1'. ' 'I'll
adze oo-r<'.ll..l'
In olden days they made boards with an adze.
OJ!.'I!' -z.n. ll't .+ f"''.m<'.Om- Ooo-r<'.O.
Y )0C
aerate t.<; t.l't
This device aerates the room. ~IJ OOUf~Y
h<i:ll-'t y<;<;:ltA
aesthetics fl") '1'011 -r<;'l-
aether [htl'l'm- h'i' 1lll- f"'1.1'f fmt.c
h'i'A]
afar -1-:J.
I saw him from afar. h-1-:J. t.fv-'l-
affable
I. :,.,._:,., He is affable with everybody. 1\tJ-11-
,..,. ' ,.,.,. ' )ID-
2. t.ll!l.lt':f. His smile is affable. .1.1"1;1-m-
t.ll!l.lt':f' )ID-
affair
I. "1-.11,1'.. I don't meddle in his affairs. Ol't-
"1-.11,1'. t.A1fl9"
2. )1C. Their wedding was the most brilliant
affair of the season. om:J.-1: h-1-Jl..<'."l-'l-
)11!'"f v-11- !!.9"4' f;l-fiD- f)(t- l'tC
"I )OC
[See also 'state')
26 affectionate
affect
I. t..+m(l. That cold climate affected his
health. .,.11.+qm- t.fC m.<;m-"t t..+m(lm-
2. 1--'5. War affects a nation's external trade.
tnC)'l- fti1C't fiD-"P 't"l!l..' ,1'.1--'IA
Cold doesn't affect him at all. 1lC!l..' ' .1.11''1"
h,l'.'l--'IID-9"
3. h.m4-. The disease must run its course;
there is no medicine which affects it. f"'"l.l'm
4-m- ' ODJ!.'U'l- ' 111111.11 011;1-m- ' ~'t!l.1fl '
,I'.ID-"1
4. +K"6'r J\lllD". Edison's inventions have
greatly affected modem civilization. f.I..Jl.-11
"I ' <;:A(I<f.jP':f ' OHOD<;'f!m- ' I"A"'~ ' 'I
,1'. h'i' Yll -1-ll'b'l" t.'l'l'm-
5. .,..-...,(m-). His wife's death affected him deep-
ly. f"'/.11-1> 'l"'l- OTA:J> -l-l't9"-I'-;I-A
6. m!l.Jl.. He affects loud neckties. Jl."'I:J>
h&-'i-1'-':f"t ,l'.m.IIA
*He affectedJ(not::!tolhear me. 1'19"-1'-'f YA<'I
"'I ' OD(t/1 i!ii b,)
be affected
I. -J-)lt. The lung was affected by tuberculosis.
lt"tflm- Olt'tfl ).,.Cit ' _,.)h;I;A
The stable foundation of this house was not
affected by the earthquake. 1\'). fll')ID- fll.
II I 0...,.. I ODrP,l:r- I ODD"-..,.. I 00").,..,..,..... I hA
-J-)1}9"
2. ;J-oooo. If the epidemic is unchecked,
thousands more will be affected. 011;1-m-"t
ltA-1-41."1m-l-'l- 11.11-':f on:u f"'/.41.m-l-
,1'.;1-00"'11\-
affectation A9"1'tA IJ,I'. v-~:1'
Her little affectations annoyed me. A.~(tA. 1
IJ,I'. rH;I-'1' hO't..,_'f
affected (adj.) f&-l't- YAU')
He has affected manners. f&-l't- YAU') '
miJ,I'. ,l'.!f.A
affection <;::Joe
He hopes to win her affection. 'i':J>~"t II
"'l"l'f'l- ,l'.ooo;'A
The affection of a mother for her children
is well described in this book. ~<;:,. IIA]I..
!I! Y'l'l- <;::Joe 011.11 ODI\'m'i' m-11-r
0"'1.1fl -I-1A!I.A
[See also 'crave, starving']
affectionate
1. (tm- 1 ffl7.lDY:. She is an affectionate child.
(lm- f9"'l-m!l..' A"J!: -;:,.
affianced
2. TID-'I;t'. She has an affectionate nature.
TID-'I;t' Q.bCf. M+
(be) affianced"'""'
He was affianced at an early age. ~<; IIA:t'
)-Jo' "'""'
affiliate (v.) T<i''lof>ll
He refused to affiliate with a political party.
11?'11-1:11 11-~"J ;>C lloPof>'lof>A l>A
Lll~'l"
be affiliated with f - - - 'l'~'i' )CD-
The college is affiliated with the university.
1>11.)1: fllkliCotof:m- 'l'~'i' ' )<D-
affiliation 11'1"~<;
The affiliation of the two languages is shown
by the many words they have in common.
fll-11-lo :t'J:tl":f 11'1"~<; f'"l.;J-mof>m-
II;>&- ' q~'I'm- ' i!H- ' .4''1+ ' )<D-
affinity_
I. oPof>&-~il. There is close aflinity between
those two tribes. lll>HU' v-11+ )~1'-:f oo
llhA 'l'il:Jo oPof>&-~il 1>11
2. Tfl'l'l". He has an affinity for languages.
f:t'J:t Tfl'l'l" l>II<D-
affirm
I. l>~~m. He affirmed his loyalty to his
country. '1~<1- Yllm-"J :J-"'I'h+ h~:>~m
He affirmed that he was not guilty. '1'4-T'i'
l>lloPII"\oo"J t.~:>~m
2. l>KJ'.of>. The higher court affirmed the
lower court's decision. htt:..,.;;:m- tt:CJ!" r CL
.-,. fll;J-:f 'i'C~ IL-r"J m-{)~ l>KJ'.of>
affirmative fl>l""t:J-
An affinnative answer is indicated by nodding
the head. fl>l""t:J- ""'-h t.&-h"t -"-"- of>
<; 11"'1~~., ,ll-1111\A
*John was on the affirmative side of the debate.
}("J llhCh-1- 'If. dollflo"J h-"-~4-+ m
~"J )flC
affix (v.)
I. l><r ~. I affixed my signature to the letter.
-"-il-'IIL<D- 'If. d.C"'IIIo"J l><;'Ch-'S
2. llmL. Affix a label to the jar! ~"JIIm- 'If.
I"'Ah+ ll'l"i'll+
afflict
. I. 11"1'1" '1--'1. War has long affiicted mankind.
IPC)+ llilH- 1.K {lm-"J 11"11"' '1-~
.f;J-A
27 afford
2. l>m.4'. Starvation afflicts India from time
to time. ~;)11 U"J~"J llf'I.K<D- Ym.4':J-A
be afflicted
I. .,.,..~H. Is Congo affiicted by sleeping
sickness? I>"Ji lll>"J:J>A'i' ll'ii:J- .,.,..C~II
:fl
2. .,..,.4'f. Farmers are constantly affiicted
by locusts. ~11<1-l":f llf'I.K<D- lll>"tll"' f.
"'-"'Ytt-
3. T'l--'1. The world was afflicted by the finan-
cial crisis which began in 1929. 111iiffill
n;eou~m- f~"JHil :f"lc 'till"' .,.'1-~.f
)flC
4. ( ~ active) l>m.4'. +Hararge is often afflicted
by drought. do~C'I."J illl- 'I.K ~c:Jo Y
m.4''PA
affliction
1. foub,&. "l.H.. She was brave in her afflic-
tion. flouh&-'1' 'I.K ;J-.:>11 )fl~:f
2. ou:,.Owtt:T. Some diseases are terrible aftlic-
tions. l>"J-'I"J~ ll'ii:J-l":f h4- ou:Jo.,'i'.f
:r- ' <;:fm-
3. 1".4'1-. The affliction caused by this disease
was considerable. 1111.11 ll'ii;J- fT).., f-"-~fl
I& I P:f"~ f h!J: I Ill I ~fl)o
affluence
1. Vofl+. Affluence will not guarantee happiness.
11-ll-'l- -"-h:J-"t 11"'/h~'f:,. 'Ph+<; hf.-"-11'1"
2. O"Jij: DP'iC. The affluence of minerals made
the country wealthy. f"'lb~"J ll~'i' oP<;'C
11~6-Jo"J ' l>llllll.:>+
+"l.il
live .in affluence ).C"iD"
The people of this country live in affluence.
flf.U MC {ll":f \oot!''P:fm- fT".7.'1 )
....
affluent (n.) :t'~+
The affiuents of the Awash River are dry in
December. <D-"- l>'P'ii <D"t11 f'"l.Lfl- :t'
~.f';f fl:J-"r..,JP f.-"-C.4'1t-
affluent (adj.)
l. q{l,.,;J. The minister was an affluent man.
'"Lth+-1- ' Q/111;> ' {lm- ' )fl-1-
2. f'l' .:>il. Affluent times followed the end
of the war. IPC)-Jo 11114' 11:\~ f'l'.:>il
lfOJJ") I OfJIIJ
afford
I. flm. Reading affords pleasure. "'I"Jilil -"-11
:J-"t ' f.I'I"'A
afforest 28 after
-----------------------------------------------------
2. hil1'f. His own garden affords vegetables (be) aflame OM'I- .,..,."'mll
for the family. f..:-(1. ,1''1-hA'I- ll'i'<!- IIIL The house was allame by the time I got there.
.,_ llll- h'l-hA'I- ,I'II1'SII;f-A llt 1\H.,I' O!l.GIIh- 1.n IL-l> Ollil'l- .,_
can afford 71\ 4>"1'1'11- ~nc
Can you afford now to buy a car? h&'t
(be) afloat
""h.';" II"""Jq'J- '1-lf'llllll
I. .,.')iti.L. The logs are alloat. "J').f'.'Ji """
cannot afford ')itl.'i' ' '1,1'. ' .,,.,..,.
I. h,1'.1.:,0~'/". A busy man cannot afford delay. 2. )L{I. There were many rumors afloat.
.,.
p>,:. f"'l.OqO'J- {lfDo ""H"If'J-') h,I'.L:,O~ .fill- .,....,..,_...,.;~-

get afloat h')itl.l.

.r.~'i'll ~nc

2. ho:,..... 0'1,1'. ~ ..... I cannot afford that.

We could not get the ship alloat. oocbll-')
.r ho:,O"' n'l.r. ~..,.
A';"')it'i!l.fDo hA!J'A')'/"
3. o:,..... h,I'.L:,O~ll'l-'1". I cannot afford to
buy a car now. ho-') ""h." /IOO"Jq'J- o:,. afoot Oll"IC
"' h,I'.L:,O~A'S'I" Afoot it is two hours, but by car it is ten
[See also 'pleasure'] minutes. Oll"IC o-11'1- ll't'l- ,I'.OJII'IA
Oooh.';" "J') OJPC !!.<1::1' .fi!J' ~..,.
afforest !!..') hiiOll be afoot .,..,.{14>{1
The government is trying to afforest the area
Trouble was afoot. <:.fill" .,..,.ll:,.{o ~nc
around the capital. 0""';"111" h.,.., hl)Q!l
,l'llfDo') M:..:. !!.') 11"7AOII ~"IF-I: aforementioned h'\,1'. f.,.m+ll
OODIIJC I ~.,t.. I )CD" The aforementioned students can leave. hi\
,1'. f.,.m4>(l.'J- .,..,<ll!'lf 11.~.11. ,l'.:f'ltt-
affranchise hc~'J- hOJtiJ
Lincoln is famous for atfranchising the slaves (be) afoul .,..,.n.,.n
in America. Oh"'<l'l II.')j>A') QC'lf') h We cannot use the rope because it is afoul.
c~'J- 0"7..,."1-1> f;f-OJ4> ll'S:A 1""'1- f.,..,.n.,.n llllll'~ A')m4>'1"R'I-
h')lfA'I"
affront (v.) M'.:F. run afoul
He affronted me by walking out in the middle *He ran afoul of the law. .h"l-') 'J'{o lf"lc
of the speech. 0')"1"14. """A .,.~/".,. n fDoll'l' OJJ!.4>
oofDoti)'J- M'.:F.'S
(be) afraid
affront (n.) fDoC!l.'I- I. 1...:.. He is not afraid of anyone. "7')')'/"
We cannot take this affront. ,l'.tJ')') fDoC!l.'l- h,l'.l...:-'1"
h')4>011fDo'/" I was afraid of hurting her feelings. hll4>,1'."7
;f-llo- .fl\1- I.C!I'IIo-
afield Of"'VV
The hunting dogs are afield looking for
2. ""llll(tD-). I am afraid it is too late. 1.""'"
fH1f ,1'.""1111'1A
rabbits. h.ll'l''li ..,.-p.f 'l'"t'I'A 'I'll;> Of
""' .,,.,..,.
far afield OJ!!. ~:,. Me
I'm afraid I can't help you. At:-'111 f'l"lf
A h,I'.""IIII'S'I"

The traveler wandered far afield. oo')1!!.'1..,. after (prep. adv.)

OJ!!. ~:,. h1C ~!!. I. h--- 0:\'1. Can you call me up after supper?
*To discuss that topic takes us too far afield. b..:-'1- 0:\'1 A'J-J!.fDoAA'S '1-::f'lllll?
OH.,I' 1--'1,1'. M .:>1C hhCl\11-1: .fill- ,I' He fell sick on Tuesday, and died two days after.
OJtiJ';"A "Yhll'l' """"""" bo-11'1- n n:\'1 .,..,.
2. 1111. Your aunts asked after you. hhll.,.lf-11
(be) afire OM'I- .,..I'.I'H 11'1').,. mf41
The house is afire. IL-l> 01\il'l- .,.,l',l'.!f.A 3. ( = conj.) .fl + (imperfect). After all her
set afire h.+11Jmll suffering she is still cheerful. ,1' o-tt- .,...,_
A spark set the house afire. fl.il'l- 'l")tiJ<I il-I'A ll!l.CIIQ'J-'1" ho-')'1" !!.11.,_'1 'J-oo
IL-l>') h4>"1mll..,. Mlllf
afterbirth 29 against

4. ( ~ conj.) (I + (imperfect). After the rude this afternoon tf&. hlltJT 0:\1\
way she acted who could like her? li'M,II Can you come this afternoon? ~.:. bil~'l-
ll'l-q<l\"1 :l'f.:l' "7't f.ID'I:l'Al fl:\'1 ' 41\'l-00"1 ' '1-":f-'11111!
*He wrote a fable after the manner of Aesop. [See also 'late1
fh.fiT't ' .hllll'i' ' flOObof-41\ ' h'tJ:" ' -l-0:'1- '
llof..
afterthought
*He closed the door after him when he left *The idea came to me as an afterthought.
~~-1-'t fof-1)Hilb-'l- H"lf.'f ~fD-
the room. fl-1-'t H"l+ ID"'
*He failed his exams after all that studying. afterwards fl:\'1
n't filA 1>'1"1-fo 1.-1-'i"fD-'t mS'.+ I will talk to you afterwards. 0:\'1 1 M :>"'
*The brazen girl told lie after lie. ""1'1'0:-1- 11.!1. C?llv-
<~>'1': ' S'.:J"/"7 ' 'l'li-l' shortly afterwards tDJfJt-
after (conj.) He came at ten and I left shortly afterwards.
I. ll'tS'. +
(verb.). I answered immediately q,:.-1- ' 11~'1- ' OOIIJ ' ll~?" ' IDJjJfiJ- ' 't.J:-'11-
after I received his letter. S'.il'lfl.fD- ll'tS'.
S'.O:(I'f I IDJjJfD-). I ODjl\{1 I l\'i'b- again
2. b +
verb + fl:\11. He left after we ate. I. ll'tS'.~'i". I will tell him again. ll'tS'.~'i" M
bfl'l't ' fl:\'1 ''t.S'. "10:'1'1\v-
Do you think she will marry again? ll'tS'.~
after all
'i" f?":J-~q f.oo{IAVA?
1. f'l" II'~ f. II 1 fll'~ ll''l'. After all, he
2. bH.II?" fl'lf.. Again, I must say that he
failed his exams. f'l" II'~ f.ll of..-1-'i"fD-'t
IDS'.+
is very honest. bH.II'I" fl'lf. fl"'?" :l'
"7'5 , oo!l''l-'t 00"/1\l\"" l\LA.:>IIv-
You are right, after all. fll'~ ll''l' Ah ~~~
2. oo'f?". What can I do? After all, he is my *It might rain and again it might not. II.H'til
'/" 'lf.H'til'l" f.":f-'141\
friend. ?"'t 'IJ:"C"' 1 ou'f?" ID'I:f.: ~fiJ-
I! appears the best after all. oo'f?" bv-11-?" again and again F.;J.,tt"
f-1-lfll f.ooMA I told him again and again. S'.:>"'"'L 1 ~~C
11-'1-
after that blf..l' fl:\'1
do a1ain 1..10D
After that, there was nothing else to do. bH.
Don't do that again! f.ll't't ll't'I'I-S'."l'/"
1 n:>.'l .,..,,. 1\.'1 f"''.f.O:"l ~~c hA
[See also 'happen, never, now, once, over, time']
~flO:?"

after this hH.U I n:;\1\ against

After this, please let us know in advance.
btl.II ' fl:\'1 ' hll+J:"OOIJ ' h(I:J'fD-+'t
be after
I. -1-b:l'-1-11. The police are after him. 7'1\.fo.":f-
f.h:l'-1-11-:l'A
2. LM. It is quite plain that he is after her
money. ~'tH!J.'t oo.t.l\'l- "141\l\"" ~fD
[See also 'ever, long, one, shortly, soon']
afterbirth fll't"lf. A'l':
The afterbirth was buried outside the hut.
fll't"lf. A'!: M ."(fD- fD-"1!' -t-+11.:
afternoon bil~'l- fl:\'1
He goes home every afternoon at three. v-A
'1.11. bil~'l- fl:\'1 ' flHm'f ' 11~'1- IDS'. ' fl.
of> ' f.'t.'IA
I. b--- h'tl\C. The sailor tried to row against
the tide. oocbfl'i'fD- 1 b'I"~JI. h'tl\C 1 1\00
::,OH'i' 'l"bO:
2. fl - - - 'If.. He had charms recited against
his opponent. nqll.:>.:.fD- ' 'If. ' hll"7'1- ' hll
S'.~oofl'l-
3. noo.+m?". He voted against the proposal.
f+O:flfD-'t mltil noo:I'ID'I" J:"'/"6 lim
4. 1\00fD-.:>'1-. The Ethiopians went to war
against the invaders. h.'l-f"kf11J-n ID.:.t.fD-
.,. I /toPt- ,;J:,O I +~LP"
5. ( ~ adj.) f"''.bllhA. Is there a law against
begging in this country? l\11.11 h~C 41\0D'i"'t
f"''.bllhA <h"l hill
6. 1\00b'lbA. The parliament took energetic
measures against crime. 'l"hC 1 fl.-1> 1 ID't;eA
't ' 1\0IIb'lbA ' 'l"ff:jo ' liC!I"ll" I IDIIS'.
7. 111. He was named chairman against his
age
will. Yll W.1.:rm- 11.+ ou"tOC ~1'.11.11"1'
-t-oo.:m
*He saved money against difficult times.
ll:f-'IC 1.U 0"7(111 11'H11 .,.'I'll hMoum
be against T..4-tDoP
Are you for or against it? '1-J'."I<l.'PI\11 w)'.il
'1-:J'WOO'f'I\IJ!
The police are against student agitation.
7"/l.fol- ' f-J-"7&P'l-1' 00)"1"1'1- )'.:J'W"7(1o
[See also 'time, up']
age (vt.) hifou111
Fear aged him overnight. 'i'CY'I- q"t.l', hlfoo
11\0Jo
age (vi.)
I. h.:)!. He has aged a great deal lately.
h~{:11 1.U W-'1.11 0"1!1" ' hC~tt.
2. 01'111. This mead ages well. J'-11 fWJ'-1' m
~ J'.~'i' fOI'III )m-
age (n.)
I. ~~- State age and occupation! ~~111''i'
P'tl-111' "IIIli'
He is about my age. n~~ ~11-YIL )m-
2. '"""" He is thirty years of age. "''~" '
oP"fl I )'OJ-
3. ~C~'i'. His back was bent with age. n~c
~..... !l"h"t y:,. ' 1-1Jtp.l>t,
4. f~~ oo"l<l-'1-. Because of his age he
stays at home. MJ'.'"''.Y'fm- """1<1-'1- f-1-
)"1 ML'I- OJoii'Ptt.
5. f1.U 1Jq'l-. The bread turned black with
age. -'lflm- h1.UID- 1Jq'l- '""'.:
6. "7C)!'I-. The boards of the floor were
cracked with age. fWIIII- ll"t:J'P'l- h"7C
)!:1-'fm- f-J-)"1 -1-M"''I'+'Ptt.
7. HOD'}. This is the age of invention. ~IJ ftt:
A.(l:cf. I HOD"} I )'OJ-
8. f.,f ,...,..,., Its age heightens the value of
the painting. f.,f oeU"). fP'~II-1' 'P:>
YilWJ'.'J'.'Ptt.
be of age IIO~"" h-'1!1" J'.t:(l
He will enter the priesthood when he is of age.
1\o~oe h-'1!1" II.J'.Cil Y.+il'ltt.
come of age lli't.l]ll oom'} ~~{t
He will come of age next year. 0"'1."""1"'"
,_,. 1\ht,l\ ' ODffi"t J'.J',.ClJtt.
in ages Aoflft" HOP'i+
We have not seen them in ages. ltofl.lt' H
,....,..,. hl\f'i''fOJo!l"
[See also early, old, tender']
agglomeration
aged (adj.) fUM
Do you like aged wine? fOI'III fWJ'-1' m
~ '1-w-'11111!
A boy aged ten came to see me. YPC ~ou
,. ' to,~ ' /l.tnJ'.+~ ' OD"J
aged man 11"7"111.
The aged man was wrinkled and bent. 11"7"111.
OJo "'""'"'" hoolf1Jlffl-!l" 01\J'. 1-11m
'Ptt.
aged woman hf!'1..'1-
The aged woman was wtinkled and bent.
he"!.;!: "'""'"'" hoelf11lffl-!l" 01\J'. 1-
1lm'Ptt.
agency
I. J'.'c~'l-. Employment agencies help workers
find jobs. fhil+"'& J'.'C~l- "'tl--1-'l'l-
P'tl- ~1'-'l.Y1"f. ' J'.t:-'111-
2. wh.tt.. The company has an agency in Addis
Ababa. &q"tym- h-'1.1'1 hnq OJoil'l' wh.
to,' hiiOJo
3. h"7t,J'.)'I-. Sand is made from rocks by the
agency of water. hlf'P h!t'l''l'l- f"''."'tl-
, . OaJo;> h.,llJ'-)'1- )OJo
[See also 'employment']
agenda h)':"t-'1
The secretary read the agenda of the meeting.
11"'"-"'" fil1J(Iqm-1' h)':"t-'1 MOO
agent
I. mh.tt.. Your agent has already called on me.
wh.AI1 +J'.!I" (Lt. mU'i'A
2. h)"111. Agents are fomenting rebellion in
outlying districts. M"'itP'l- tl-~ q(lo:,.
hm-&-"jfP'l- IJ>oil'l' 11'1'11'1' ' y)"'"'il-
3. DD16\1Y. Heat and electricity are important
agents in the life of today. oq&.m- 'N!' '
1><:1'-l:'i' ......,.,_ m:J-"'1. OD16\1YP'l- 'i'
"'"'"
agglomerate (v.) hJ'.qll+
He agglomerated rocks and clay to make a
kind of brick. J!:"t:>SW lfM 0"7MII~
fm-fl 'J'-)'1- ....,:.
agglomeration, ~ of
I. ~~ Yll-. An agglomeration of houses
could be seen in the distance. 0'1-~ ~~
Yll- IL-I'l- J'-:1-Y. )OC
2. f-1-0Jo"'"'. His plan is an agglomeration
of other people's ideas. f(lo ~~J'.' h/1.11-
l- o'IP'l- .bll11 f-1-ID-"'"' )OJo
 LAPSLEY I BROOKS FOUNDATION, INC.
1701 N. GREENVILLE AVE. ST. 810
agglutinate FIICHARDSONI TEXAS 75081, USA
agglutinate ..,1"1m""
The word-particles agglutinate to form long
words. f:l'l/t. 'lhoil h'i'II-:Y. ...1"1'1'""""
~11';1!'1"' ' :1''1'1-'1 ' 1'>1.'1'&-flo
agglutination oo'f'mJ:'
The agglutination of asphalt and gravel
solidifies the highway. ft.'l'fl'<; fmme
oo'f'mJ:' '1-S'.<;ID''I ,l'm)h~'l'l/t.
aggrandize h<U'.1
He aggrandized himself at the expense of
others. 011.11-:Y. +hlf &-"''1 h<U'.1
aggravate
1. h.Ota~. His tardiness aggravates me.
f"' 'l ...''hol- ,I'O<'l..,'i'A
2. hq(t(Ool-). +He aggravated his sprained
ankle by walking. oo&-ooJJ.. tiJfl'r fl\tJJa'J
4!e"'l'l"''i'"'7.1>'1 t.qnool-
aggravation oflil"'I''I-
I got nothing but aggravation. hoflil"'l'+ 0
ll..,+e 1"''11"' h'l1'fv-1"'
cause an aggravation ftflf}(t
The treatment caused an aggravation of the
pain. ihh!l"<;fDo ih"'"""'l hqq(t,.
aggregate (vt.)
I. h+'l+ll. Farmers should aggregate small
fields into one large field. 1Rt.l":Y. '1-'1'1'11
"7<'ll":fo'l 0"7+'1+A h'IJ:' +A:'f- "7<'1
"7J:'G"I hllqlffDo
2. hm:l'l\11. He aggregated his holdings into
one company. 'loflG1>'1 v-11- q'IJ:- !Joq'l
,1' hm:l'llll
aggregate (n.) m:'f-'1'1 J:'l"'e
The aggregate of all his debts is a hundred
dollars. ,1'110'1- M m:'f-'1'1 J:'l"'~ ...,.,.
11C I )(J)o
aggression
I. fmofl h""'.&)ol-. Haile Sellassie the First ac-
cused Italy of aggression. oJ>-'1"7'1! '11'>11 I"
'Ill. h."'A,I"''I Omofl h""'.o<l)ol- hll!l'l-
2. mofl "7""1.e. Aggression is condemned by
the United Nations. mofl "7""l.C o ... qo
~T OD'I"JI" ;fool- f ...fD"IH ' )fDo
aggressive
1. mofi f Mt.6. An aggressive country is always
ready to start a war. mofl -w'. h1C J tnC
H ' 1\0DJ:oue ' 1""1"111.1"' ' 11"1)1: ' )fDo
agitation
2. mO'i'. Nobody likes an aggressive boy.
"7'11"' (tiD' mO'i' A)!' hY.mJ:-1"'
3. 'l'ofl:'i-. The police are making an aggressive
campaign against crime. ?'fl.(l:fo ro'I,J>;A'I
1\0Dh'lhl/t. 'l'ofl:'i- ol-"11/t. 0"7J:'G"I 'If.
""'""
aggressor mofl h""'..: 1 h'l'ol:
The aggressor was Italy, the victim, Ethiopia.
mofl h""'.&'l' h."'A,I''I ll+tl"' Rm'lol-
7.:1!' vmY.+:Y...,. Y.'l" ' t..+f'w.l' )O~:Y.
As restitution, the aggressor government gave
ten million dollars. h.~J>-tm- oo')..,po:,. OP"
e "''.tl.M ofle IJ<'l hl.ll
aggrieved, feel ~ :joe ..,(t'f
He felt aggrieved when I was promoted. 1t,).
fS'.GII' 1.J::1'1- q,-r,. 'l.H. :joe ..,ll'f
(be) aghast h,. oflll- S'.)1m
He was aghast at the damage the wind had
caused. )<!."'
,I'S'.GllfDo'l 'l'of.'l- qf '1,11.
tJ(D- I ofll\- I ~~1ffl
stand aghast tJ(D- 1 1\ll
He stood aghast at the horrible sight. hll.+ot
aJo1' I ~1C I l}f I "l..f'L I tJID" I 1\/l
agile
I. +A"'of.. A basketball player has to be agile.
f:'f-e""'.ol- ' l;>,ll ' ...""'.'I':Y. ' +A"'of. ' ODIJ'
'I hiiO'I-
2. '14!. You need an agile mind to solve the
problem. II~ ou-;:'1-m. 11"7il1'f'l- '14!
h1.1"'l!' ,l'ili.A"IVA
agitate
1. 1\~"1"1. Foreign agents were sent to agitate
the people. ih1111''1 11"7)"1"1'1- ffDo"'l'
Me M"fif'.f ...AhiD' )Oe
2. hli'OG. The news that his enemy was
promoted agitated him. fm'11> ou!l!l" m
to hli'RGfDo
3. h<;mK. The wind agitated the lake. )of."'
mf.4!'1 h<;ro,...,.
4. h"71111. The maid agitated the soup. 1~JI.ol>
ll'eq,.'l h"7llii:Y.""
agitation
I. OD)"f"f'l-. The police are against student
agitation. ?'fl.(l:fo f ..."7.:l":Y.'I ou)"f"f'l-
Y..+m"71\o
2. fOD'II.il ooGO'il. His agitation wouldn't
let him sleep. fOD'II."' ooGR'il 1.'1:'1-A'i!
)"ffDo
aglow
3. ooli"mT. The agitation of air causes the dust
to rise. Yf~ ou<;tn'l' l\!J.&-"'"1 1~"1
'I'A
.,..ifflt:.
be In a state of agitation
She was in a state of agitation due to her
recent bereavement. fl-1-Ctl- flf.<;(lq'Jo fH
OU: ' 'I"'Jo ' 9"h1f'Jo ' .,.lf11&- ' )flC
(be) aglow 1\fl.:.
His face was aglow with pleasure. 4-of:
h:J- ffl&- ~nc
ago
I. h - - - flll-'1-. I was there two months
ago. hll-11'1- tnC flll-'1- l\11..1' )flCII-
2. f~~. The club began two years ago.
hfltl- f~~ o-1\-1- <tou-1- .,_!1/!1/ou
[See also 'how, long, moment, week, while']
agonize (vt.) 1\h..,)<i'
His decision agonized him for weeks. 11..~
~.,. ' .......~ ' 111111- ' ft9"1-l''f ' 1\h.... )<i'ID-
agonize (vi.) ..,..Q;a.~+
Even though he was right, he agonized over
the decision for weeks. 9"19" l\1\\1 -1-
hhA ll11'1 qf.<;~,_ ,_..,~ 111111- ft9"
1'1-.,..... ~"'
agony (agonies)
I. tiJ<: '1"-1-. His agony lasted hours. tiJ<:
.,...,. ' 111111- ' "1.11. ' .fof
2. F :I' f.. An earache is an agony. f;t:C: .h
OU9" ' F :I' f. ' ~ ....
3. l\{l:J'-1: 11-~;1-. The viper bit her and she
died in agony. M-'S-1- ~::1,-1- q(l:J>oJ:
11-~;1- ' .,..,.,_
be In agony +w?f
He was in an agony of remorse. nuT
:J'f. ~nc
suffer agonies bf..~ TIP :J-f
I suffered agonies with that headache. fl&-h
9";1--l- hf.:;' .,..,.:l'fll-
agrarian fl\Cl!"
Our agrarian laws are very strict. n..c;r ih1,."J
:1-'f-1 ' flt1J9" ' '1'11-1' ' "'~'"'"
agree
I. .,. .....,..,. He agreed to accompany us.
ll.lf71 ' .,. .....,..,
We agreed on a price. Ill\ 'I':>.,. .,.11..,
"71
The verb agrees with the subject in person
32 agricultur e
and gender. "Ill flouf.11'0 fll<:l' hqllfl.
T ' :>C ' f.ll"7"7A
2. l\11. I agree that he is the ablest of us.
hll-ft:f-19" fl'f-11-:1' f..,_flA'I' ~,_ l\111111-
agree with one +ll"7t11J
This food doesn't agree with me. f.U 9""1
11 ' l\f.ll"7"7'S9"
happen to agree +il"7-'l
I don't happen to agree with you. 1!1.,. :>
flf.
C l\All"7"79"
agreeable
I. 1\llf.ft'f. She has an agreeable disposition.
1\ll.l'.ft'f ' qa,<;y. ' l\11'1-
2. .,.11..,..,_, They played music agreeable to
the occasion. A"Lrt.m- +il""l"7.. ftr~ .,.,..
IU' ' 1-"'itDof:
{be) agreeable {to) .,.11"7"7
Is he agreeable to our suggestion? l\{1- q4'
<:11~,_ dtft11 f.ll"7"7A?
agreemen t
I. 119"9")-l-. The agreement has to be ratified
by the Senate. 119"9"~1: fl.h"l ouro(l:;' ou
K".l'.-1- l\llfl-1-
2. oull"7"7-l-. Agreement between tbe verb and
the noun is required in Amharic. q..,cij='
fl"lll<; ' flll9" ' OUIJhA ' OU!I"7"7T ' .,...~..
1\1. I ~(Do
3. .,..... ..,..,_~+. There was complete agreement
between the stories of the two witnesses.
flll-l\1o ' 9"1lhC:'f ' :l'A ' OUIJhA ' '1'~9" '
.,_.,....,..,,_)-1- )flC
be in agreement +il"''"''
We are all in agreement on that. o-ll'f-19"
flll.ll ' l\111"7"7111
~.,
come to an agreement +il..Y"'7
We came to an agreement on this point.
flii.U '1--'lf. .,_11"7"71
lt~l..~
conclude an agreement il~gu~:,. I
The two nations concluded a trade agreement.
11-1\oof: ' 1\~c:':f ' f1"1: ' 119"9"~~ ' 1\f.l.'l-
agricultur al fl\Cl!"
The farmers used modem agricultural methods.
~fl.&.l"'li flHOD'O'I! fl\Cl!" HS'. .,.m<l'oo-
agricultur e
I. "111C'O. What is the state of Ethiopian
agriculture? fl\.-1-f"WY "111C<; f.l':l' l\
1S'.'l- ~,_?
 aground
2. I?.Clf -1-"!QC. There is not much agricul-
ture in this region. OltU +OA. r -flrf' n.
elf -I""I'IC fllf"
Ministry of Agriculture 1\C.,.. "ttli-J:C
Inquire at the Ministry of Agriculture! IIC
lf "'Ltll1:CJ mf.+
aground, run ~ ""<l-'1- J.'H
The ship ran aground in the shallow waters.
oPCh!). ' 'l'l\4>'f- 0 01\.1\lflo I fll? I lfloll'l' I
-.:.'1- I J.'H":f
ahead
1. mu'l-. There are rough times ahead.
tDS'..f.'Jo I f:Y..,C I "1.11. ' hfl
2. 0'1'.1:-"''.J.'. I want to send my baggage on
ahead. 'lH.1' 0'1'.1:-"''.J.' fiODI\h 114-A:>
1111-
ahead of
I. 4>1.9" -fill-. He sits thnee rows ahead of us.
M' 1"11'1- -I"C;t- 4>1.9" -fill- -1"4>9"
I\I.A
2. + .1:-'1". He got here ahead of me. h~ + .<:-
.,. ' 1111.11 S'.<:l'l
be far ahead +"-oo
His scientific discoveries were far ahead of
the times. OF~ ' '1!'1'<:'1- .,..,.,. ' J.'1>;''f'lflo
~7C'":f h"LH.Iflo ,.,.,__ ~0-1-
be ahead OD6-
Who is ahead in the election race now?
f9"C""ilflo1' lflo.I:-.1:-C f"'/.fiP&-tD< "7~tD<l
be ahead of
1. +F..oo. Are you next? No, he is ahead ofme.
11'-1" -1"&- ~tiJ<! fllf" 111'1- J.'.+.<:-ou'i'A
2. II+. He is ahead of everybody. rJ-11-1'9"
J.'.Aft'A
be way ahead
I. 74-. I am way ahead in my work. OF&-
\'- 7'1!!1'1111-
2. -fill- 4>1-"". Hurry up, the others are
way ahead of us already. .l.m1' RA i 1\11-
'll ' -fill- ' +.<:-outD<..-A
get ahead -f"o'jiJ(Il'l-)
+My uncle got ahead in business. f~ h"l'-
'1- f1'"1.1:- F&-lflo -f"o'jiJfl'I-
(See also 'go, straight, time']
aid (v.) <:-'1
Can I aid you in any way? A<:-'111 ff"":f-A
n'l- ""1'7.<:- hill
33 aim
aid (n.)
1. Ac.c;:f". Tanzania is seeking only economic
aid. n~v rf"'I-4-A7tD< rt..to<r"''. 11c.11
;t- -fl!J' ~"'"
2. <:-'1'1-. He is a nurse's aide. f~Cll <:-'1'1- ~"'"
come to (someone's) aid S'-<:1'1(11'1-)
When I was losing the fight, he carne to my aid.
0.1:--fl.<:--fl Alf~'i! IIA S'.<:I'IA~
[See also first aid']
ail ~IJ
What ails the man? l'llfloflflo1' 9"1' ~IJiflo!
ailing 011-l"'i'
He has an ailing mother. 011-1""' 11..-'1- h
11-'1-
be ailing houou(tD<)
She is always ailing. 11-A"1.11- J.'"7 ;t-A
ailment "'""'"
There is no remedy for his ailment. fflc
ihfiPJ" ' OD.I:-;}t'f- ' ffllflof"
aim (v.)
I. M"'m<:. Aim higher! Your bullet hit below
the target. h'i! oflllll M"''I'C 1 .,.,_,.
II ' h'\.l\"7tD< ' O;J-":f o ~lflo fOD;J-tiJ<
2. hi'IO. He aims to become a doctor. mh.f"
flODIJ'1' J.'IIQA
3. T"'"'<:. She aimed to please her teacher.
hll-1""76'1'1' 11"711S'.I'l'l- -l""'"'<:":f
be aimed at
I. -I"MH<:. He fended off the blow which was
aimed at his head. 11&-1'1- f-l"l'l~Hl:tD<1' 9"
'1- ' -l"hllhll
The President's speech was aimed at men
of his party. I'T<l-11.-'11'., 1'"1"1C tDS'. &-
1'1- f?'lltiJ n-.<:-1' f-l"l'l~H<: ~oc
2. ;t-1'10. That was aimed at me. f:J-I'IOtD< II
~ ~oc
aim (n.)
I. .,~"'mC. Is your aim good? 'No .,~"'mC
'I-":filii II?
2. '\'1"7. He has missed his aim. '\.11"71flo1'
ll:t:A
3. 'tl\"7. His aim is to become a good doctor.
'M"7fDo To;.. - tbh.r' I i\ODif'} I )om-
take aim 1ti-11Jmt:
He took careful aim and fired at the fleeing
convict. S'.~..- h.!:-C1 M"'m<:..- J.'.lf1i
o~o<:"'" tD"l'.lll"' 111- +hol'l
aimless
aimless (pursuits) 'I'~ .I.~~
He spent his life in aimless pursuits. il:"7.
avt 0'1'~ .I.~~ Aloii.I.<JJo
aimlessly .I'II'M:f 't'l"'i
The child was running about aimlessly. A)l:
.l'll't.'l:f 'tll"'i a>l!..l' <DJI,II J'.C:'f' )0C
air (v.) A<;Ml
Would you please air the room while I am out.
>.~ il<D"' h'i!ll-') A<;<;:(l<JJo
air one's grievances .)o&,;t-m-1 1 f1oi'r
He aired his grievances when he met with
the minister. h"'Uil.X. .:>C 01"1'i"f '1.
H. ' :,.,:._,......,. IJ-1\' ' 1111\
air (n.)
1. AfC. The air in this room is bad. 011.11 h
~A. I dJoll'l' I Yl'\m- I hfC I OD'I'G:. I ~(Do
Birds fly in the air. ro,;:';f OAfC 1\J'. J'.O
&.II'
2. o-~;1'. The famous man has an air of mystery.
11)'f<JJo (l<JJo il<JJoC fll') o-~;1' AII<JJo
The air was charged with excitement. o-~
;I'<JJo f :>II 11"'1.'1- f'I"IIO'I- )0C
3. ""Ah. The hotel has an air of luxury. 11'-1:11-
f.<':ll-'1- ""Ah AII<JJo
4. 11."'1. This is an old English air. J'.ll f'f'')
'1- f>.')"!l\.11 11."'1 )<JJo
airs .l.ll.'f'
John's city airs annoyed his friends at home.
f)M fh-J-"'1 .1.1\.'f' MI.'!- f"''.11''1-')
m-'l}(lf?t AOio""l'f<JJo
air (adj.) .l'fC
The order of the day was to be alert for air
attack. 6/I;I"E<JJo '1-M11 llfC -r:l''l- 11
"1)1: o-'t- f"''.A )OC
sive oneself airs A:t"~ 1 A.;f'"~ 1 hl'\
She has few friends because she gives herself
such airs. A;I'J'. A:l'J'. "'111'1-') ilM";I'
0~ 'lS'.'l'lf 0"111" -r4:'1- <;If..,.
10 off the air .,.ltlm
Because of a power failure, the station went
off the air. 011./l.h'l-.&h '1-.<':11'1- f-J-)"1 "'
IU'<JJo -J-9/lm
(be) in the air ).1..(1
There are rumors in the air that he will become
President. ).(1- 'l'll-11.-'1')'1- J'.II'<;A f"''.A
"t.>'i""rr'!l";l' J'.)<;:loA
let In fresh air I _1'.').1.110'1-
This room is stuffy; open a window and let in
34 airmaillletter
fresh air! J'.ll h<;:A ;l''i!'lA l ""ill>.,..,.
h.t.-J-<Jlo<; _1'.').1..110'1-
let the air out of hllT~L(t
He let the air out of the tire. 1"'/<JJo') All-J-
).I.(l<JJo
put on airs .,..&- c ~~~
Yours friends will laugh if you put on airs.
'1-&. 11'1-)~ 'lS'.'I'"f-11 J'.P'.,ii?A
take the air ..,.r;L(t
Let's go into the garden and take the air!
1 "Jl'\~ <1-lhA.,. 11;1' ),')<;.1.11
(be) up in the air ODJ-'1'1 1 ~m-
My plans are still up in the air. dlloO. 1<;
O<Jlo'f'') ' )<JJo
[See also 'current, freight, fresh, importance,
open')
airborne AfC mil.<':
Airborne troops occupied the town. hfC 1 m
11.<': OJ;l'S'.C:"f h-J-"'Iavt .1'11''1-
aircraft A<JJoC:'l'l\')
Aircraft must land on level hard ground.
A<JJoc:'l'll'f"f S'.MII 011') m')to&. ""<!.
'1- 1\J'. "'ll'i! Allq'f..,.
airfield A<JJoc:'l'll') "'IL.I'
We will meet at the airfield. A<JJoc:'l'll') "'
IU'<JJo ).')1<;'fll')
air force fAfC 'lJ'.A
The Ethiopian air force is strong. fA.'I-I"A'
.1' fAfC 'lJ'.A 'l.r.ll'f )lD'
airing, give an """
1. A<;.l.(l. They gave their winter clothes an
airing. fhl!l"'l- Aillo'f<JJo') A<;.t.(l-'1-
2. ll<h11il )~. The newspapers gave the scan-
dal an airing. .:>H."'jP:f f1-S'.l1lD'') Ao't'l-6
)1C ll<h11il U,.'l-
air letter fMC ""A>.h'l-
1 received an air letter today. tf&. 1 fhfC 1 ou
A>.h'l- S'.l(l't
airlines fAfC ,..,.1.<':
Ethiopian Airlines goes to Athens. fA.'I-I"k
.1' fAfC _.,.1.<': <DS'. A-1:') J'.O&.A
airmail fAfC ""A>.h'I-
What are the rates for airmail? fAfC
ODA>.h'l- 'I'.:><JJo II') 'I- )lD'!
airmail letter OAfC f-J-IIh S'.il-'10. 1 fA
fC ?'11;1' S'.il-'10.
air-minded 35 alarmingly

I received an airmail letter today. ~&. Oh alacrity, with ~

fC I f-1-'lh I S'.iiS'.IL I S'.Gli'S I. ):J> illl-. Although the man is very
old, he still moves around with alacrity.
air-minded ,...,,. ' l\')\>,') ' (lOJofCD- I 0"1'1" I YG1. I fl
*Ethiopia is air-minded now. h..'l-f"kY hrJ- IJ'"t'F' I hrJ-'J'F' I ) :J> I ill\- ' Y,.H'f'ID<!-A
'J I fhfC I OD'J1J': I 'l':f-9" I 1il:f:;J-A
2. O'i''l')'f- 1 Y'l'tll:Y. "'/OD'J;J-'1-. He accept
airplane h,l'.<!'"l"'I'J ! hCD-~'I't ed the invitation with alacrity. 'J'tiCIJ"') O'i'
How long does it take by airplane? OhCD-~ 'J')T I (Y'I'tll:Y. I "'/DD'J;J-'1-) ' -1-+011
1\') I li'J'f- : 1.11. I Y,.~A!
alarm (vt.) hlfOG I h!IS'.)1m
airport fhCD-~'I't "'/u.y The news of war alarmed everybody. ftDC)oJo
The airport of Addis Ababa is new. YJI.ll ID&, I rJ-11-')'F' I hlfOG
hOfJ I fhCD-C'T'I') I "'/U.y I hJI.ll I )CD- The clatter of the mob in the street alarmed me.
fi0D'J1J': I 1\Y,. I f.ft11fl- I CIJ"IJ;f" I l,iiS'.)1ffi'S
air raid fhfC mu. be alarmed
The people were told to seek shelter when
there is an air raid. fhfC r mt:.&. (l.ootiJ ' 1. ~~1m. Don't be alarmed if you see a car
.ft11fl- I of-1') I l\')JI.Y,.11 I of-)1GCD- COming. ODil.'O I (I.OD"J I ll;f"Y,. I l,~S'.'J"I'J'
2. -1-lfOG. Everybody was alarmed at the
(be) airsick h'I'OJIIOJII(CD-) news that war might break out. tDC)'f- Y.
I am airsick in this small plane. Oll:Y. '1-'J )Ufr 1.-IJ"'iA OO?..AID" m~ r flo& (lm- +
1i I hCD-~'1') I CD-!1'1' I Y'I'OJIICD-II'I'A lfii~A

(be) airtight hfc hY.HA+CD-9" alarm (n.)

Is the box airtight? "1'1'). hfc hY.HA+....,.? 1. J':'J ;Jm.. Everyone drew back in alarm when
*We have an airtight case against him. they saw the snake. ll'lfi-'J 'II< 1.11. rJ-
Ollll I ......., . I 'IY. I - - I f"t..''I"'CD- I 11 11-'r I OJ':');Jm. I OJS'. ' :\'1 I hl-11.1-
ll

airy
I h/1')

I. Hll f"'l.1fJCD-. He wants an airy room

on the second floor. OrJ-11-!-'I'CD- c::fo 1\Y.
Yll I h'JJ': I )of.ll I f"'l.1fJCD- I h'i'A I Y.I.A
-
2.
~oJo')
fll~'f- S'.OJA.

.......
I S'.OJA ' 001"<1-

3. f"7llm'J+4:Y S'.IDA. The noise of the

alarm activated the fire company. f"7llm'J
Set the alarm for six! fll
I !J-IlT I l\')JI.S'.CD-A I

+4:YCD- I S'.OJA I ...."Ji'f- I fl\/)'f- I hS'.;JCD-

;JA ') I J':C~'f- I +ll+(lCD-
2. h'J-Io. His airy schemes always ended unhap- aJarm clock f"7..1.m-A 1"1-l+
pily. h'JoJo I l\:f-'1. I !J-Il\1.11. I l)Y,.l)IJ I Y.+t!-A
Set the alarm clock for six! f"'l.S'.CD-A ll~-to'J
001"<!- I !J-IlT I (l~'f- I 1\Y,. I l\')JI.S'.CD-A I hll
aisle oaof-1\III.Y
-1-IJhiiCD-
The aisle in this cinema is narrow. t'H.tJ lL
t"7 IL'f- ouof-'1111-Y m'lil )CD- false alarm
It was a false alarm. fCD-lf'f- "7llm'J+4:Y
(be) ajar 1C0il M ....1i,. I )0C
The door was ajar. 001f1.J'tD- 1Cfiofl 111\- sound the alarm YY..~ Y:'rll hi1'7
)OC Sound the alarm! The building is on fire. YS'.
;J I J':'F'6 I hll"7 I .ft')l\CD- I -1-YY.!I..A
(be) akin
1. of-ODI)l)Y,. )CD-. Most boys are akin in [See also 'flurry']
their love of sports. hil~'l'l"'fi A]F.:Y. !Ill alarming h'l'lfl
li7'C'I- I """'"'" I 'i':f-C I of-OD/)/)Y,. I ""'"'" The report of the world news was alarming.
2. -1-IIDDS'.. The man is an old friend of mine f~/1?" I OJ&, I OD"I/I""iCD- I l,l)/)flo )0C
but is not akin to me. ll:tJJofd)oo f'o(}lf- ~II.
'JS'.'I'tlo I )CD- I l\')7( I hY,.IIODS'.'S9" alarmingly O"tJ'li;J rJ-~;t-
Pity is often akin to love. C'l~ iiH- 1. The fire is alarmingly close. l\1)-to O"t)'li;J
tL I bODeD-~ .,.?C I fTfiODF.. ~-- IH;f- I -1-:l>C!I.A
.:::a.:::la=-s:___ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ ____:.3..c6_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ align

alas I m,e~ A good hunting dog is alert to every sound

Alas! I have no more money. mf,.i, ! 9"'l9"' in the field. 'No 0 ft.S'.") I tJJo~ I "'/JJtJJo I tJJo
nn-o t.A-J-<(.1.'S9" /I'J' I ll"t(t"''tJJo I ll"''"'i'O'tJJoll" I .1:'9"6 I "'joj! 0

albeit 9""'i9" h"'i1>."'i -o + imperfect

~ ....
2. '11"1)1:. The order of the day was to be alert
Albeit he has failed twice he is not discouraged. for air attack. M:f"'l!tJJo 1 Th~ll 1 llhfC 1
9""'i9" h"'i1>."'i IJ-1\i: O.ro.l:':t9" -1-llof. ...,....,. 11"1)1: I .,..,. I f"'LA ~RC
h<l.\.,.<(mll"
algebra hA)!.-fl&-
album fC:of-"1&-'i: "'''l'&Y Algebra is a form of mathematics. li.A:(ofl,t.
He gave her a photograph album for a present. f.h./tofl I ~.l'.)T I ~tJJo
fC:of-"1&-<i: "'''l'&Y 11"':1" t..<'.<(1~:,.
alias f.h(t:,. 1 1111"
alchemy (RoPIIhii'O'm- H"""'i fh."'LIIT& oflm.] The spy's real name was Harrison, but he
sometimes went under the alias of Johnson.
alcohol fMf. I t.m-~-J-'0' I 119" I O&{l"'j I ~0<( ' "l"'i I
I. hAI>A. Alcohol is the principal ingredient h"'io'l"'i.l!' '1.11. P:,"'ill"'i R"'LA f.hl'lT 119"
of beer. t.AI>A 1 'l'<;m- 1 fm~ 1 h<;:A 1 ~"'"
2. f"tY(thC 1 oom'l'. Drinking too much alcohol
.em.,.,. I
1 ~nc
I I I I I

depraves a !person's character. fot..f'(thC ~ alibi [ID"'i~A -J-uoun:,. 1 R-J-qllm- 1 11<;:&- 1

oPffi'f' ~ fiofllf...,. I oPffill)..,. I f(laJo1' I mQ,.e. I hA~RCII-9" I "''ilT]

YRII~A alien (n.) ft1Jo11' 0 h~C I II.;> i ftJJo"f." I h1C I

-!-moll~
alcoholic (n.) fhAI>A (to(t'O' 1
All aliens must register. fiJJ-IiP h'lC H..79'l- 1
Alcoholics must be treated by a doctor. fh
(-J-CD~}':.':f) I IJ-{Io I ""OD'If1-fl I j;jlq'ftJJo
AI><!.\ 1 (to(t'l'':f 1 R.hll.ll" 1 oo:f"hll" 1 hllq'fm-
allen (adj.) q~.l:'
alcohollc (adj.) h<I.\1><1.\~T 1 Yllm-
A refusal to support one's parents is alien to
How is the strength of alcoholic beverages
Ethiopian culture. ro~,'i(.f"'i 1 hiiOOjllC 1 II
measured? h<l.\1><1.\~:,. 1 Y~'l'm- 1 oomjll':f 1
'1.l'.~'l'm- I f"'LIIIItJJo I h"'i ........ I ~"'"!
t.,:,.v-t;ym-n 1 quA ' q~.l:' 1 ~"'"
alienate
alcove 'l-'1 I. hiiYf. His wife alienated him from his
The cupboard is kept in an alcove in the dining friends. "tll-1> 1 broo'IP:,'Il 1 hiiYf':fm-
fOOID. cJt9"' I UflJ"). I fif""""l-fl I (1.~ I flh-A I
2. h&-.,., He has alienated his entire family.
qlltJJo I 'l,ll I T.,.9"qJ.<I,\ 11.-1- 1 {ttJ-"'i 1 Roo~ 1 hC!'IA
ale [fll.&- 1 ~MT] alight (v.)
I. hG.I.. The plane alighted. t.m-er~). h<(.l.
alert (v.) hllmH.,.
The bird alighted on the ground. ro:J, 1 0011,
He alerted the guards that a visitor was coming.
h"'i"l-'1 1 ,1'.00"1<1.\ oflll- 1 HR'l''ll"'i 1 t.llm~.,.,..
..,. ~.e. ' l;<(.C.':f
2. ID<(S'.. I ran up to him when he alighted
"'"'"
The commander alerted the troops before the
enemy attack. m~:,. h"'''l':J'-1> 1 n.c.:,. 1 h
from the plane. bt.m-1!'1'~). 1 fiiD<(S'. 1 '1.11. 1
c:- I IDS'. I h(to I H"'i .1:' I 't.I:'!J.
WH' m;f"Y.C:'Il"'i 1 hllm~.,.:J''I'm- (be) alight
I. LII. His bright face was alight with happiness.
alert (n.) "71lm"'i.,.4!Y ofl-1-IJI ,~.., RS'./1:1" I " " "
He received the alert in the afternoon. O?llm'l 2. ofo"'iRIIRII. The fire is alight in the hearth .
.,.4!Ym- I h(t~..,. I R:\~ ' S',<({ttJJo h<'l-1> I 9".1:'']fm- I tJJo/1'1' I -1-"'iRIIRII
be on the alert 'l41 lf~
A soldier must be on the alert. m;f"Y.C 1 "'ioj! 1
align (vt.)
I. hl'lll.l.. The officer aligned . the soldiers.
ODif"'i hiiRT
00\>-"'j). I ID;f"S',C:'i?) 0 l;(tll.l.

alert (adj.) 2. S'.<(S'.<(, We aligned the chairs along the wall.

I. "'ioj!, He is an alert fellow . .,., 1 (tm- 1 ~"'" ID"'iRC:'Ii"'i I 0"1.1:'"1-'ltJJo ...., I. S'.<(S'.C"'i
alike
align (vi.)
I. -1'1\11.1.. The troops aligned. <D;J-.I'.C'lfi -1'1\
114-
2. q").l'.- ' ODP'ODC ' lt,f. ' -M'f. This wheel
aligns with the other. f.IJ 1"7 hl\.lt.,.. ;>C
q").l'.- ODFODC lt.f. f.'J'i'A
align oneself ,.(tAL
Ethiopia aligned herself with the m<\iority
on that vote. fiiU' "i''lf. .1'.-'1"6 fl"'l.{l'J'fl'l-
1.llo h.'l-f"k1 IJ11~'i',.. ;>C -1'1\ll.l.'f
be aligned -f'qfl<;
Germany was aligried with Japan in World
War II. flll-11-1' ...,.. f'll\'1" fi'C~'I- ~c
"""t wrn :>c -~"qfl.:'f
alike
I. l\11-A. This law applies to men and women
alike. f.IJ ih"' ll<D"t P.'f'l" flll,.Y.'f'l" l\
II-A f.'ISA
2. h"t.l'.-. All music is alike to him. 1\(1. v-ir
'I" ' 'lf.~'l- ....~~.,.. h"t.l'.- ~ .....
be alike -f'OD/j(lfl
These seats are all alike. MH.IJ """'""""l"
'f 11-it' f.oPij(llt,(to
treat alike 111'X" q.,.,.
r J\f
We treat all our customers alike. o--A-"}9"' f..
"tfl'l'!l"f't"t q").l'.- 'lf."t M'1'l''Pil"t
aliment 11""111
Bread, milk, and fish are aliments. -'If\ ! tDi"
,.., 'l"f '1""111 ' ""',..
alimentary fh"t~'I-
Alimentary disturbances ruined his health.
fh"t~'l- fl'ii;J- m."tH"t hfllt.lf,..
alimentary tract fll'.l'.- f'l""'11 oP-f'lt.l\.1.1
The alimentary tract is subject to diseases.
fll'.l'.- f9""111 oP-f'lt.ll.l.1 ' flfl'ii;J- 1\.tll
:J' ' 1-'flt.A
alimentation hOD;>111
Proper alimentation is important for main~
taining health. m."t~'l-"t floPmfl4' -1'1
II. ' t,OU;>11J ' hil.l.lt.1. ' ~ .....
alimony hfiA
After the divorce he had to pay alimony
to his wife. h-f'of..J, fl:\lt. 11"7.11., hfiA
""h.I.A ~fl<:fl'l-
alive
I. flihf.<D'I- 111. Who is the greatest man
alive? flihf.<D'I- !Jit- (ll"'f DPIJhA ;J-
lt."7"t~,..l
37 all
2. h~ihf.ID.,. Get him dead or alive! '-"~ i
II'~ h~ihf.ID., hii""'A"i "~<\,.,
3. "t. John is one of the most alive boys
we know. ]!."t hll"'i',..:J''I',.. fl"''l" 't
hll'l-'1- A]!.'f h"t-'1- ~,..
be alive
I. flihf.<D., hi\. Is he still alive? hll-"tll"
flihf.ID., ' hfl !
2. 'l'<:. Being dead is better for me than being
alive. ll~ ' hDP'l'C ' f.A:t oP'I"T f.ifll'i'A
be alive (to)
I. OID4'. He was alive to the danger of the
situation. ill\ 11-l!.;J-,.. h.1'.1'1~+ 1"":t ~fie
2. 1ti\I\L9'". He is alive to his opportunities.
fDP"'I\'1-"t ~.1'.-A h1A.I.tiJo'l"
be alive with rf-'1"1\
The streets were alive with people. OD'l1P..:fi
Oih1111 i''I"Ai'"" ~fie
*The room is alive with bugs. htt:A- -1-:\'l
11!1' ' ~ .....
keep alive (vt.) hol'f
His revengeful actions kept the quarrel alive
for years. ffi4'A i'"'q-1- mq'f',.."t 1111H-
qon;t-'1- h-1'1-;J::A
keep alive (vi.) flihf.IDT ol'f
It is a miracle they kept alive. flihf.<D'I- ""-~'
1?''l'tiJo' -l'hii"C, ~""
all (n., adj.)
I. 11-11-. He wanted all or nothing. 11-it'"t IJ
All'~ hA.I.A"''I" hll
That upsets all my plans. 1 l\:t.l'.."t 11-11-
1:J',..ii'I'A
+ (suffix pronouns). Did you all go?
2. v-A
v-lt.'fll-'1" 1'-'l'fll- ~tiC l
3. onlt,tiJo. Last year, all Ethiopia celebrated
the 25th Anniversary of the Restoration. qll.l.
~' 'l""'l- ""it.""
t..'l-r-1>1 '11 hll"
il-1''1,.."t nu+ fl'lA hhfl<:
4. "7"t'1,... He has to give up all physical
activity for a while. ll'l'-1:'1- 1.11o "7"t'1,.."t
'II" ' h!Jlt.'l! ' l\"t:tii:J'Il. ' ""-~',.. ' hllfl'l-
5. ( = adv.) fl..,.ll-. My son has appropriated
all my ties. A:( h&-li-Hi'J fl ...it' <Dil
J'.11'1A
all (adv.)
I. fl'i'~ll". He is all wrong. l\(1. fl'i'~ll"
-f'ljil;J:A
2. fl"'l.1q. The men were all ready to start
their next job. fll"lfi f"'L4''1'11~ F&-'1',..
"t {loo~DPC fl"'l.1q i'H;>)'.'-1',.. ' ~tiC
all-around
*If that is all there is to it, I will do it.1.'t-'l.ll
blf~., 1.w&-'I'II!Jo
*That is all I needed. f.l.ll"lrJ-'1- J'.ll't 11
iF ' ~ ....
*The prisoner denied all connection with the
crime. 1.11<:'i'aJo 1111 m't~l\o ?"'!?" hllaJo
:j>?" 1\A 11.1'.
all along
I. ?"'t1.U9". We knew it all along. ?"'11.U9"
M' "'""'"'" ~nc
2. rJ-A1.U. We have suspected him all along.
IJ-A1.U 1.'t.l'.1'm&-mC~aJo ~OC
3. boo~oo<IJ' ~9"1!". He knew all along that
it was a lie. m-if+ r oPIJ").") hoo)!'ou6Y r
~?"c y.,.:j> ~ nc
*There were trees all along the road. flfoP1'
1.11. ' qc:'f- ' ~0~
all at once O.l'.''t1'1-
All at once the wind came up. ~'i-ll O.<:-'t1'1-
OD"J
all but
*He all but collapsed. IIODaJo.l'.:j> ?"'19" hA
4'<:..,.?" ~oc
(be) all for 4.:1'.1'.>;' ~..,.
I am all for accepting the prize. 'IIA.,-I:'t II
oooJ>OA 4.:1'.1'.>;' ~'1
all in all Om:j>llllaJo
All in all, he is not a bad fellow. Om:j>llllaJo
OD'J'C: 0 /laJo ' h)'..1'.119"
all kinds of .,.,,...,.,.. 'l)'.~'I-
They sell all kinds of electrical appliances.
.,<;'faJo't?" ' 'l)'.~'l- ' fl\.1\.h'l-&b 0 OD"f6
.1' Mf"'ll-
all of II-A + suffix pronouns
They asked all of us to the party. llll'f-'t'tl"'
11.1'.'"111- :>Oii''t
all over (prep. adv.)
I. o-11- l ODDIIaJo. He traveled all over the
country. h"l~"t floo-A- tft;
Her brilliance as a piano player was known all
over the world. O'C.I''l" 1-'"i'l''f-~'1- .1'11'1- :j>
A'l''i'<; 0""11"'" 'llll"' f;l-m4' ~0<:
2. 0 - - - II)'. 0 ...11-. He left bread crumbs
all over the table. Om<:A.qaJo II)'. Ooo-11-
'i'C-1-& hll4'<:
3. IJol\OD'im-"t. I am aching all over. IJ-ItOD'i
11-'t '.l'""'i'A
4. ODI\ (tm-~~- He trembled all over. ODI\ r
/laJo~-1: 1''t4'm4'm
38 allay
(be) all over hll-1'
It is all over. You may go home now. hA!II
A l 0.'1-11 11""'/..1'.' '1-'f-111111
*Once the police discovered his identity it
was all over with him. ?"ll.(o.,; 1.11- """
).'t 11m<lt fll- ~1C hO:J' .,11'1- ~"'"
all that
I. 1.11bllll. It is not all that bad. 1.11bllll
""'I'C: ' h)'..l'.lll"'
2. J'.ll't .I'IIA. It is not all that cold. )'.ll't
.I'IIA 11C.I'.' h)'..l'.ll?"
all the better
*If that's so, all the better. 1.'t-'l.ll hlf~.,
h't-'I.J'aJo?" ' f-1-lfll ' ~ ....
all the same
I. -""'" That's all the same to me. II~ -""'"
~ ....
2. O.lf'tl"'. All the same, I want to see it.
O.lf'tl"' llfaJo 1.4-A:>IIrJ-
*His remark was well-meant, but insulting all
the same. hll-1-.l'f'l- fllmaJo O:j>'t ""'t"-
11 O.lf't?" 11.1'.-11 ""If). hA-l'<:?"
as as all that f.tJ"t ' ftJA
It is not as difficult as all that. )'.ll't .I'IIA
hll'f:>& ' h)'..l'.ll?"
from all over hf(t;J-ID-
They came from all over. hffl:J"m- 1 oom-
ln all Om:j>llllaJo
How many are there in all? Om:j>llllaJo ll't
:r- ' hl\o l
once and for all fooa~1f aJo"} 1 ~m-
I am telling you once and for all, stop it .
fi"'~"ICII fou..,<:lfaJo't ~"'" l 1-aJo
[See also 'after, almost, around, at, for, gone,
line, not, once, one, time']
all-around
I. rJ-11 111 flf~. The allaround athlete
earned three Olympic gold medals. rJ-11 111
flf~ :hll?"C-t-'i' 1"11'1- fNI.I""Cb me
:j> flf't M'f
2. ( ~ adv.) .~..,..,., Our attempt to get control
of the meeting was an all-around failure.
1111/lqaJo't ll""oJr."'mC .l'.l'.<:"l~aJo ..,b&-
.~..,..,.
' <'1)'.<'111 ' 4'<:
allay
I. h:J-1111. The doctor allayed his fears. doh.
- 'i'C7-I>'t h:J-111111'1-
2. hll;l-1w. These pills should allay any pain.
all clear
Mtlll h.t'l'l- "71:;:'1'm-1!1" 'IM-1- .h
""'~" .filM"Iit-
all clear YfC wt.&- "7il-"''1- '/"Ah-1-
The all clear was given at 8 o'clock. ,ffC
wt.&-m- "7il-"''l- '/"Ah-1- Ro-11'1- 11'1'1-
.,.lim
allegation -"'A 1 )1C
The lawyer's allegation was no proof. rmn:J>
ID" -"'A "7/lt.lf t.A)Rt.'l"
He made so many wild allegations that no
one will believe him. ilH- hl\m-)'1- f&-4o
)1C':f !l.t./1- illl"'l.A "71'1" t.,f'/")m-'1"
allege toll
The man alleges that his watch has been stolen.
llm-\L<D- 11'1-1: _,.llt.4'il~ J'.~A
He alleged that he had closed the door when he
left. ho't.ll. R.I.'!- IL_,1 H"''li,fl\11- toll
alleged (adj.) f.,.IJII
The alleged theft never really happened.
f_,.IJI\ID" IIC-1''1- Rl\C"''I' t.AAt.ll'l"
allegiance
!. :J-"7~)'1-. In America students pledge alle-
giance to the flag every morning. fi't.~~li
.,..,C':f tp.'l- tp.'l- 11111!1."1- '1~"7'f'm-
:1""7~):1-'f'm-1 J'.1Ar.ft-
2. :J-"7~ ""11'1. The soldiers pledged alle-
giance to their country. w:J-!I.C''Il ~1&-'l'm-
:J""7?f':f OOII''i"'f'ID-1 ' 11\l\-
oath of allegiance
He took his oath of allegiance. ~1-1- f:J-"7
~)'I- """'~ "711
[See also 'pledge']
allegory '1"111\.
He sought to explain it by means of an allegory.
R'/"111\. h.I':C") 1\0D"'I\ll" ' 'l"ht.
allergy [fllm-)'1- t.1'11.1': 'l""!fl:f1'i" oo.r:
:'H:f-1 t.llon4'RA]
alleviate
!. t.il:J-1"'. He takes aspmn to alleviate
the pain. F -"'f-1 11"7il:I"1F t.il"Ctl1
/'.ID-"'A
2. tl-"'1111. Food was distributed to alleviate
the distress of the starving people. ft."1il.,...,.
'Il1 lll":f :f"'c 11"7-"'IIA '/""'ii :J-!1.1\
alley mllil ""11.1':
There are many alleys in Addis Ababa.
39 allow
t.'l.il t.RIJ m-tt'l' illl" mllil ""111'-
:f. hit-
alii ance 1ilt.'l- 1 il'/"'1")'1-
The two clans have an alliance. 11-11., 1-lll"
:f 1ilt.'l- t.~'l'm-
This line of policy seeks security through
military alliances. fiLII 'IJ'.)-1- 711.11.. ll'l'
:1-1 nw:J-!1.&-'1! il'/"'1")'1- 11"71117'1- f
"'l..C.A"' ' )m-
alii ed (adj.)
!. fjllC 'i!l..... The allied nations won both
World Wars. fjllC 'i!l.....:f ""1"1F:I"'I-
11-1\.,1'1" f'll\'1" jllC)'I- .I':A h!l.t.'l-
2. f"'l.~OD.I':. The dog and the wolf are allied
animals. m-lf<; .,.It-~ f"'l.~oo-'1. l\1illl'l-
<;'l'm-
be allied
!. .,.IJRt.. This newspaper is allied with tbree
others. /'.11 :>11"1 hl\.11-:f ?'ll'l- :>11"'
:f :>C f_,.IJRt. )m-
2. .,.il"7"7. The conservatives and the clergy
were allied on the question of church schools.
1\tD-'1' f"7J'..C.A'l-'l-'i" 4'/lm-il_, ill\ IL_,.
hU)'I- '1-'I"IIC'I- ~ IL1':f 1-'IJ'. _,.11"7
,._,...,. )RC
allocate !1.11!1.11
He allocated the money fairly. 11011-1 R
.,.1R. t.'>.:\1 !1.11!1.1\
allot (allotted)
!. OO!f.R. He allotted ten million dollars for
education. OFC "'l.II.M ilC 11'1-'I"IIC
'I- ' OO!f.fi
2. lim. The teacher allotted work to each student.
t.ll.,..,tliD" ll.f1'11.11. .,..,.: F&- lim
3. hUll (.,.hUll). The profits have all been
allotted. '1-Cf- Rou-ft- _,.h4-~A
all-out
!. ll.l.. An all-out effort is needed to wipe out
illiteracy. oollf.ll"}'l-1 11"7~ 11.1. 'l't.-1-
"7.1':t."' .fll.C.A:>A
2. YA.,.4'.mR. He made an all-out effort to
climb the wall. "'.I':"''IID-1 1\0DID-"f'l- YA.,.4'.
mil 'l't.-1- t.!l.t.1
allow
!. 4.4'!1.. How much time will he allow him
for completing the work? ~&-tDw'l 1\0DAC::
II '1"1 ,filA '1.11 J'..C."'-.1':11:1-Al
allowance
2. l\11!1'11. The precision of this instrument
allows us to measure very small things.
fH.U "'"'U.Y '1-hhll'i'H 0"1?" T:l>
:j.') fU'l-'1-'t ~1C':Y.. u-11- lloulllt'l- Yh
":fii<;A
3. ouS'.O. How much should Iallowfortraveling
expenses? 1\00=J=\"lf mQ;t. J irt+ s oooPF..
11 ' l\1111~ ?
4. of-4'011. The International Court of Justice
allowed the Ethiopian claim. f~A9"" fi:.C
Y: ' 11'1- ' fh..'I-NtY't ' TY<fl ' of-4'011
5. hm. He does not allow himself a minute's
rest. 11&-{lo Y'tY: S'-4::1> bG'i''l- hf.h'l'?"
allow for 11.1\4.
This teacher is very stern. He does not allow
for mistakes . .e.o ouruc I Otil?"' I "1"11-t I 'io
w- I h.'h-t-'1-'t hYIA'i'?"
*The dress was made larger to allow for
shrinking. A11{lo {l.b-"'1-t-C ' l\'t'IY.m11 0
"'111'1- 114>:j. of-S'.C1 ofo{lof.
allowance
I. hUlA. How much travel allowance do you
get from your company? hlJ.q')yu f?":t-1
"f(& If1--fl I hOI!\ I 9"1' I ftJA ~OJ-?
2. Att. mQJ.. How much allowance do you
get a week? Ollrl+ Att. mt;Ll.. M 1
UA :f"1 ...11U ?
make allowance for
I. "1?"'1- w-hT hh1q, Indeed, we must
make allowance for his youth. A~~i>'t
"1?"'1- ' tD-h'l' ' "''h1q'l- ' l\1111')
2. l\hof-Yf'l- hS'.G1. We made allowance for
Jack's inexperience. ll)fh fA?"?"Y: l\tn
'1- hhofoYf'l- hS'.G"I't
no allowance oP""IQ-l- bAhA )om-
No allowance except for authorized personnel.
h-t-L4>S'.II'ftD- w&--t-'l':Y.. Oh-t-4>i: ,..,
q'!-' hiAhiA' ~ ....
allowed, not ~ hAhA
The boss served notice that smoking is not
allowed. hll:j.!Lw- "''""h
hAhA ouU''t-'t
l\h:f"ID4'
alloy :j.y..,.
This is not pure gold; it is an alloy. .e.u
') g..n IDC:j. ' hf.S'-11?" l T-1:'1- ' :j. f.T ' h
110'1-
all right
I. hT:>O.. His work is all right. F&-tD- h
'1';>0. ' ~tD-
40 almost
2. l\1(. He said, "All right, I wilt do it". l\1( l
l\w&-'l'llflo hll
3. S'.'W. Don't worry; it will he all right.
h'l-..,~:j. t S'.'W f.IJ'<;A
4. OS'.W. I hope the hooks arrived all right.
ODl';'.hC:,; ' OS'....<; ' l\')~G{lo ' ofohof. ' hS'.
C;>llflo
Is that all right with you? OH.U '1-h"''"''
0;1-IIU?
allround 0..,.11- f-t-'1'"111'1-
He's an all-round sportsman. flaD<of\o s f+'P
"111'1- l\ilTC-1" ... ~w-
allude h~"'
Don't allude to his wife's death when you see
him. il;f-1'fw- f"''.hi>'t '1"'1- h;f-'t"'O'I-
allure h"'/.'1- 110
The sea allures him. q.nc h"'/.-l>'t Y.hO'I'IA
allusion f"''.~lt ~1c
There were certain allusions to me in his words.
hof-'01GtD- tD-h'l' l\~'t f"''.~lt h't'l'tY:
~1c ~nc
make allusions 1\"lvt
Don't make allusions to his wife's death.
f"''.hi>'t '1"'1- h:f"'t"'O'I-
ally v. (allied), ~ oneself ofoqnG
Our country will ally itself with another to
protect its people. l\1&-:Y..'t .'h11!1.'t 1\oPhll
hA h'I-IA ho\.11 h1C :>C '1-of-qO&-II:Y..
allyn. (allies) 'iS'.'i' ! ftnC f:J>A h.'l't
'iS'.If
We need to find an ally if we are going to win.
l\'tY:<;ll''t'i' hLII"I't 'iS'.'i' "'1"11'1- hll11't
France and England were allies in the war.
OtnC~-1> l\'t"l/1.11'0 LG'tllf. ftnC f:J>
A ' h.'l't ' 'iS'.'l':f ' ~0~
almighty -.yA
He prayed to almighty God to save him.
.,Yflo l\"IH.h11.h.C l\'t'I.YY:~w- llllf
almond 11w-11
almost
1. A +imperfect+ )OC. Heslippedandalmost
fell. h'IAtn'l- /I.IDY::j. ~nc
2. A + imperfect + M?" h1A4'G?". The
smoke almost suffocated me. "l.f"to 1\..f"i!"i~ s
?"'t?" t.A4>G..,.?" ~oc
*I almost said that he was a liar. 1\r"t- IIPif
~..,. ' 11"'111'1- ' :1>"1~
alms 41 alphabetize

be almost ~,. fUll\ t.A+t:,. somewhere along n--- -l.e.

It is almost time to start. Aoo)!ooc = 1..t1m- s Somewhere along the journey I lost my bat.
~,- ' fUll\ ' t.A+t:,- ooo"J1.<'. ~f. q(;lr."'tl. m<f-11'{
[See also 'alone, nothing'] [See also 'all, come, get, go, line, move, take']

alms ,.K"'P'l- alongside

The hands of the beggar were outstretched
for alms. 11.,-,: ,.K"'P'l- lloo+OA l\)I:"J
Ht':;>
(be) aloft fl.,Y. ~f. ~Ot':
The planes were aloft at the time of the air
raid. ffC ' Wt':&- ' 01-~<':1 ' 1..11. ' hf.C:T
~<:''fl ' fl.,,. ' ~,. ' ~o~
1. h - - - 1-1 l 1-"J. This tree will grow along-
side the eucalyptus tree. Y,.tJ : 'ffi: hQihC
~'i! ' .,.., ' f.<':;J/l\
He parked his car alongside the building.
ooh_<;aJo") ih"Jl\aJo 1-") t..fooP
2. 0 - - - .IIC!I'. There is a bank of earth along-
side the street. 0""11'1. .IIC!I' fi.C h,.
c ' toll

(be) aloof
alone *Because of her shyness, she has the repu
1. 11!1'. We are not alone in thinking that the tation of being aloof. 'lf.'J t.<f.C lllllf~
situation is grave. o-);.:J"(Do ltll"L = ~aJ-- : -fill ":f- 0111/l\1-'i'~:l: f:t-m+":f- <;:,.
"J f,..,,.., M' 11!1' t.Y.~II"J,. hold aloof A.."JmC 1lil"" 4-DP
2. ofl;.F + (suffix pronouns). Do you live alone? He held aloof from the crowd. hih11tl- I.")
11ii'U"J '1-<:'&-IIU 1 tnCsofl{lo>t"'OO
Meat alone is not the best food for children. stand aloof
P' ;J 11il'aJo"J 11/l\]t.":f- f-1-lf II ,-"111 I. 11,. 1111- 0111/l\1-"1'~'1- .fof. Their lead-
hf.~ll,.
ers stood aloof throughout the crisis. O'f1
almost all alone +~T""' .;...
I "LJI, f 0069'EJ!:ftD- I 119'" I -flt\11:)< I 011\
The house stands on the mountainside almost Aof-'{~'1- ' .fof.
all alone. n.., 1-~'1'11- 01-&-&-aJo 'I';JT 2. 1-111- .fooo. One boy stood aloof from the
~f. f.1"1'A others. t."J.<': A~ h/1.11-'ll 1-111- .foou
stand alone mS?..C flltD-9'"
He stands alone among the scholars on Ethio- aloud
pia. llll h.'l-f"kf h"'l.faJo4lT fl..:J'aJo 1. ...,,.,.., h'i! h.<':C1. You may whisper
"J'l- outthA m~c fll.,.,. in the library but do not talk aloud. ll.-1- '
[See also 'leave, let'] ODl\ih'i!., ' aJoil'l' ' A;t-"JJI"ltlf.h- ' '1-":f-
~~":f-v- I "11 .<':,-Y":f-v-1 h'i! h.<':C;J ":f-
v- t.'l-~:>1~
along
2. ""'h 1111-. He read the story aloud. ;t-&
1. 0 - - - .IIC. We walked along the shore. oq
h-"J ""'h 1111- MOO
ih~ .IIC of-6-0D.<':")
2. 0 - - - """'t':T. Along the lines just noted, alphabet A.~A
I suggest we start the new project. hv-"l The Amharic alphabet is different from the
01-111~'1- dt<lll":f- ou,.,.;;r. t..<Lll l\'1-
Arabic alphabet. f.,C'i' A.~ hOt:11"1'
.r: ' l\").<':"J)';,-C ' t.<lllqllo-
A.f..A f_,./lf ~m-
3. 0 - - - '1'"1. We aligned the chairs along
the wall. m"JOC:'tl"J 0"1.<':"1-'laJo '1'"1 ~t': alphabetical fA.~A
~C") Put the names in alphabetical order. ll'l"'fl"J
*We walked along the road for a mile or so. OA.~A 1-&- t.Mq:f.,.
oP"J1'1."J f,H") t."J.<': _,,A fUI.\ 1-
~11") alphabetize OA.~A 1-&- t.~t':1
along with h - - - ;JC Please alphabetize this list of names for me.
He planned the project along with his asso- f,IJ") fll,- 11C11C OA.~A 1-&- h.<':C"I
ciates. l\'l-'1.") hiicltl"'fl :>C t.H;J)'; A'{
already
already
1. 1\il_,..1M". I have already eaten. 1\!1_,.~ 0
Ail' /Ill-
When he asked for permission to use the
car he had already used it. oull..'i''l''t 1\oPtD-{1
Y: 1\.m.f.:,O 1\il.,..1M" +m:,O'I"'I'I- )OC
2. .,.1.'1" (LA. Your agent has already called
on me. mb..AII .,.1.'1" 1\.A mJ'.-''fA
3. hlf.ll .,.1.'1". I've burned my fingers once
already. hlf.ll .,.1.'1" 1\'tY: "1.11. +llilil'/111-
4. Y:r:. We have already used up our canned
food. f-'C-'r: 'l""l'l:f't't Y:r: ""'~il)m-
5. ~'i' Y:r:. Is it ten o'clock already? ~'i' Y:
r: 1\tl-'1- {I'l-l- ' '1"11 1
also-'/"
May I have some of that also? hlf..l'9" '1-
't'li Am-{IY: 1
[See also not']
altar
I. oPIP',1'. The priest placed the Bible on the
altar. of:(to I OOK'"dttJ: I :,0,.l}.(t-") I 00r.Plf!.ftJI'o I
IIJ'. ' 1\'l' ~m-
2. foPP''J'b'l- "'I:,O~tl,l' 11:1'. Moses went
up to the altar. oo-{1. mi. oup'J'IJ'I- "'I
:,O~tl,I'ID- 11;1- <D"'
alter 1\mm
The death of the President altered the country's
history. fTt.ll.-'l't-1> '1"-l- fl\16-l>'t :1'6h
/UDtntD-
have altered hll+f
I will have to have the collar of this shirt
altered. fll.ll't lf"7.11 1>/1.;1- "'lil.,.fC
1\1\ofl~
*I will have my pants altered. 11-6m- : ll.'t-'1.
il-1-IIhAA~ li.LA;>/111-
alteration
1. AlD-'1'. Not much alteration is visible in
the village. oou'tl.6;1: ID-il'l' ofiH-9" 1\ID-'1'
1\J'.:I'J'.'I"
2. "'lil+IIh,l'. No charge for alteration. 11"'1
il+IIh,l' 1\.e.hLl\.9"
altercate +.,.,:1'...,+
They altercated in the Senate for days on end.
O.lt"l oum(l'f 9"hC 0.'1- 1\ofiH- +'i'-l-
+ ....:!' .....,
altercation 't'I-Ch
The altercation between the two drivers led
to blows. fll-1\-1> oPII..'i' H[l":f 't'I-C
h h-'1-11 1\l.~ll'fm-
42 alternatively
have an altercation .,.""..+"'-+
The two teams had an altercation over the
umpire's decision. &A.fl ~ lt:-'i':f J lilt 1\
"'l'l''fi ....... ~ ' +""':!'""'"'
alternate (vt.)
1\Ltl-~.,.. He alternates work with pleasure.
1.
oup-,&.'1-'i' ouf.{l'l-'t ,I'Ltl-C:l'A
2. li.,I'Ltl-~+ + (verb). Most modern farmers
alternate wheat with barley. 1\ofi~'P'fi non
'i'<D-,I"t ~Ot.9':f (l'tf.'i' ~oflil l\.,I'Ltl-
~4! ' J'.Htl-11-
alternate (vi.)
I. -1-Ltl-~.,.. Hot days alternate with cool days
in Addis Ababa. 1\JI.il 1\0'1 m-il'l' 'I"
:1'-l-'i' ' .,.11:1'~ ' .,......,.. ' J'.Ltl-~:1'11-
2. ( ~ adv.) 0-1-tl- 0-J-tl-. Mary and her sister
will alternate in setting the table. "'1.6'i' ll.')
:1: 11-1-tl- 0-1-tl- m~A.~<D-'t ,I'H;>Jfll-
alternate (n.) 9"-l-h
An alternate was sent in his place. 0(1. fl;J-o
'1"'1-h +llh
alternate (adj.)
1. -1-Ltl-tl--1:. Tom and Harry do work on
alternate days . .f-9"'i' ?6 0-1-Ltl-tl--1: +'t
J'.IP<tl-1\-
2. f-tLtl-~4!. The skirt has alternate stripes
of blue and yellow. +"7.11- f-1-Ltl-~4! {1"'1,1'
'f.'i' tl"'1 on pour::f ' 1\11-'1-
alternation "'ILtl-~:,0
Alternation of crops prevents damage to the
soil. {lofiA't "'ILtl-~:,0 1\LC't h.,.-'1'1- J'.m
ofl:l'A
alternative (n.) /1.11 1\"'ltl-"1."
Is there no alternative to what you propose?
II_,.Mihm- dollofl /1.11 1\"'ltl-"1." film-'/" 1
have the alternative 9'"Cfti ' hl\ID'<
You have the alternative of riding or walking.
OLUI m,l'.9" Oli."ICII foP'/.Y; II"C"'l
1\1111
alternative (adj.) 1\"'ltl-"1."
There are several alternative routes from
New York to Chicago. h~<D-1'-Ch mi. 'EII1
f"'l.mil-'1- ill!- 1\"'ltl-"1." ou')~Y..:f 1\11-
alternatively l\.,l'd.tl-~4!
One must run and rest alternatively to cover
a long distance quickly. 1\'tY: ~'fr9" 1-11
'i''t O'i''I')T 11"'1!11~'1' l\.,I'Ltl-~4! our:'l'
'i' ' "'l~'i' ,l'ilLA:>A
although 43 ambiguous

although il + imperfect + 'I" I il + imper- amalgamation .r:-tlii.-1-

fect + 'I" ~n., 0ur nation is an amalgamation of many
I will be there, although I have very little time . different races. 111<1-':f't f-lirt- '1-lll"':f
.fA'1 1.11. 0"1'1" h"'I'C O.lf't'l" hlf..l' .f:-1111.-l- .,.,..
l\1'fAo-
amass hh"7:f
I don't know him well, although he lives next
The miser amassed a fortune for himself.
door. '1-.lll.of: O.lf't'l" ~'t'>. ilrt- h~m
+m-'1" """' At-11- 1111+ hb"7:f
amateur h"7-I'C
altitude h'i';f- I -l't-t-"7H
She is an amateur painter. 1t"7.,.C w'loll.
lt iS difficult tO breathe at this altitude. fllltJ I .,.,.. 1

h'i';f- I {loP-f'')ol.il 0 hll'l' ,;J& 0 ttJ>o

Ethiopia's tropical climate is modified by the amaze hllS'.t+
altitude. fh..'lf"kf 1 '1"?+ .ffC 'til-l+ Your ignorance in money matters amazes me.
q1&-f> I -f't-t-"7t+ 0 +11+11 0 )'.~I\ 1111 ' 1'tH11 ' 1-'lf. ' hA"71D-l-U I .fllS'.'t+'fA
high altitude h'i';f- be amazed +~'i'+
Because of the high altitude he showed signs of I was amazed at his indifference. O"I.I'.A1i
distress. hh'i';f-a>- 1 f-i't"' fouw?f+ 'I" t-~> -I'S'.'t-1: toe
Ah+ ;f-fO+
amazement DD1l.9"
altogether He looked at me in amazement. 0oP1l.S"'
I. Om-1-~~m-. Altogether there are thirty books. -f'ODflh-f''1
Otn-1-~~"" IPI\/1 oPJ\"dd::':f hll- *To my amazement, he came to see me.
2. O'i'K-'1". He is altogether innocent of the oP'/""1-1> 1.l00'1
charge. ~II- b+.lOO+ hil O'i'K-'1" 't
K-.b tm- amazing f"''..filS'.'t-1-
I don't altogether agree with him. hll- :>C Ethiopia has made aroazing progress. t..+f"k
O'i'K-'1" hl\11"7"7'1" .r I f"''..fllS'.'t-1- ' ~C'I"li' h.f:C:>A"f
be amazing hilS'.)+ ! 1-loP
altruism Atl.l't-':f T-1-'1" "7(1-fl It is amazing how fast he learned Amharic.
Altruism is the opposite of egoism. Atl.l't- h"7C'f ~'t.l'.+ I O'i'T)+ ~'tS'.-1'"7-l .r
':f T-l-'1" "7(1-fl t-ll't fODa>-S'J; T IIS'.'t?A (MC"711.)
?t-t tm-
ambassador h'l"qllf.C
alumnus f+.f:'l" '/"~-l- The Brazilian arobassador came to Addis
Ao alumnus of our school became the prin- Ababa. f-flt-11.11. 1 h'l"qllf.C h-'1.11 hO
cipal. f+'l"uc+ ll.;t-':f't f+.f:'l" '1"~-1- q I ODIJlo
fJP~ I DD& I (J")o
amber -o~u O.""i
always The glass has an amber color. oull-f''l'-1> 11
I. IJ-11.'1.11. l o-fl.. I aro not always at home on ~~~ 0.""1 +A'I" hAm-
Sundays. ~..,_.r;- ~..,_.f: IJ-1\'1.11. (o-fl.) ambiguity hl"7..)+
~11.+ hl\1'1'1" His statement is full of ambiguity. f(lmm-
2. 'l"'t'LH.'I". I aro always glad to oblige you. oP"Ifl""i hlf"''.t+ )'.0~'1'11.
A;f-H11U 'l"'t'LII.'I" oi.?S'.'f I t'1
3. nm+c. The scar will always be visible and ambiguous
will never disappear. mqll 'l"'t'l.ll.'l" 1111"7 I. hl"'1.. His statements on financial problems
Jl.mof. nm+c Jl.;f-.fA are ambiguous. l'aA 11011. l--Ie f(lmm-
OD"Iil""i hl"7.. ' )6>'
amalgamate -I'+~+A 2. "It- f"''..f1q, He was left in an arobiguous
The two companies amalgamated to form one position by his friend's failure to appear
big company. o-A-1> 1!-q't,rl"':f -1'+~-1-A and help him. m.<;1j: ,......,.. ltf..l'la>-
"" I h'tS'.' +A-1- b-q')y If). OOD-1-.l-f> ' "It- I 0"7...f1q I IJ-~;f- 0 ~)'. 0 IDS'.+
ambition
ambition
l. f"'i1+. His ambition is to become prime
minister. '1"'1'-1> m'I>~.J'. "'1.~!1'1-c 11oo
If"") I ~(Do
2. '1'~1'1-. He has plenty of drive and ambition.
1111- '1-:>'1-<; '1'~1'1- Yllm- ilm- ~m-
ambitious
1. ~- The student is ambitious for knowledge.
-1-"'l&tD- ' Mm-.,.'1- ' .,..,. ' ~m-
2. ll"''l" h'i' Yll. He has an ambitious plan
for building a plane. htD-C"''Wt llooF&-'1-
11"1'1" h'i' Yll h'l>.<:- hllm-
3. h'i'-1-,.. He has an ambitious program for
eliminating the slums. f.Vt 1}1: Yllll'l-'t
iiLC ll"'lii1D1J:' h'i'-1-... h'I>J:- hllm-
be ambitious OIIJ9'" +oo1"
John is ambitious to get through high school
in two years. }l:'t v-11-1-.,. f.t.:)f't llv-11
T o quo:,. o IIOD<LJ./.:{1 0 II"J'l" 0 .J'.OD .../:l
ambivalence "'IOD't;J-'1-
His ambivalence made the final decision of
the committee impossible. "700");1-i: F.C'Jo
fOD<LJ.t.:lf ' tD-lt~ ' h't'I.J'.il'l' ' hf.t.:1tD-
(be) ambivalent
*She is ambivalent about going to the party.
IDS'. ;rctm- oo'f.J:- hlloo'f.J!..'t hA'Ir.t.:m
":f-9"
amble
I. -t-'t.,..&-1.1.. The tardy students ambled into
the classroom. '1-t-'l',; -1-"'l&jP":f. hf-1-'t.,..
&-1.~ IDS'. h'i'A 111-
2. hH1oo. The mule ambled along the rocky
path. 11'1>11-'1' ' 1111-t.:lt-'t,; ' OD't1J:' ' ~f. ' hH
10D":f.
ambulance h'l"ll-1\'til
This man is hurt. Call an ambulance! .e.u ft
m- -1-.,..J:-;J:A i h'l"ll-1\'til .1'-m&-
ambush (v.) A~'i'lfl ID;>
The Viet Cong ambushed another government
patrol. li.\1.'1- lo't1":f. 11.1\ fOD't"lP'-I>'t lfl
aJ.,..
C I ~..("' I J\~(Do I
ambush (n.) Yf.Lmll'l- 11;1- l f.L"'
They lured the enemy into an ambush.
.m~'t-'t h:f'llm- ltf.Lm-11'1- 11;1- hil111-'t-
They were killed in an ambush. 111-L"' -1-1
f. flo
44 America
lay in ambush Jt~,n .f.f
The soldiers lay in ambush for many hours.
OJ;f-1.1!',; 111111- {lq.f'":f. hJ:-'i'mtD- 4'1'
place in ambush h't'I.Yf.'i''l' Mt.:1
The general placed his troops in ambush
in the woods. :(~&-flo ID;f-1.1!',; "'iltm-
tD-!1'1' ' 111-t-m- ' h't'I.Yf.'i'm- ' hf.t.:1
ameliorate (vt.) hlflfll
He promulgated laws to ameliorate living
conditions. fl-l!"t v-~:1- ll"'llflfA ih"l
hiD"!
The agency is trying to ameliorate the con-
ditions of starving farmers. J:-C~-1> llt.:;)-11
f"'l.oP:I"I''t-'t 106.jP":f. ll-~;1- ll"'llflfA
floPtlfmC I 1\~ I ~liJo.
ameliorate (vi.) -t-lflfll
Our living conditions will ameliorate soon.
fl-~":f.'t rH;f- II'I>CII- .J'.lflf~A
amen h"''.'t
At the end of the prayer everybody said
"amen", h"-ft--f: I 0::\1\ f frfriJD I (lliJoo I J\
"''.'t ' hll
(be) amenable -t-mY4! rn
People living in a country are amenable to its
laws. IJ'tJ:" Me m-ilT f"'l.'l'~ ih1111
":f. llih;>:fm- -t-mY4! f>tr<; flo
*A reasonable person is amenable to per-
suasion. hil-t-'1'1-'t {lm- 11"'1"/IJIJ't- .1'-!1'1\A
amend hlflfll
They intend to amend the constitution.
ih1 ' OD't"IP'-I>'t ' ll"'llflf"' ' Yil'lflo
amendment f"'llflfY ohlt11
He proposed an amendment to the constitution.
llih1 ' OD't"IP'-1> ' f"'llflfY ' ohlt11 ' h+t.:ll
amendsltlt
The court ordered that amends be made to
the woman. 'i'CJ:" fl. -I> 1111.'1-M' ltlt h 't
Jl.hLA hUH
make amends for if .1..~(11'1-)
His letter makes amends for his rudeness.
f~LtD- 1.11-'lfl. 11A"/<;tD-'t .1'-ii'i''tll;f-A
amenity -t-11"'1"7.~'1-
The amenity of Addis Ababa's climate will
attract tourists. Y-'1.11 hiiiJ YfC 't11t.:
'1- -t-11"'1"7.~'1- MC 111'll'":f.'t 1-IIIJA
America h"'L&It
American
American h"''.<lta'l! 1 h"''.<lta't
Amharic h"7C'l'
Amharic is the national language of Ethiopia.
h"7C'l' fh.'lf"k1 il.h.<l-'1! !tll\' )a>-
amiable .,.m'I;E-
He is an amiable person and everyone knows
him. .,.m'I;E- (tm- 111\lf) "7'tll" 1a>-4''1'A
amicable
I. f<D'I;E-H. They bad an amicable discussion.
fm'I;E-H a>-Y.Y.'I- hf.C:"I-
2. fo'tl\11". Instead of fighting the two nations
settled their quarrels in an amicable way.
o-11-1> .tt1e:Y. 11oPtahl\'fm- Mila>- hll""
"11111'1- 11tnil 'IY.If't 11MII" ""'t1.1:"
hllll"ll")'f- f.C:I\-
amid, amidst 11 --- oPVA
Only one column stood amid(st) the ruins.
11'1'<1-n: OD'/A h't.l:" 011".1:" il!l' <~'"'-A
amiss
I. ( ~ n.) "1-.1:"11'1-. The doctor examined biro
and found nothing amiss. do"-... oPCII"e
"" ll"'tll" "1-.1:"11'1- hl\1711'1-11"
2. ( ~ n.) 1Aif) )1C oPif'J. On entering
his house he at once perceived that some-
thing was amiss. n.-1: 1 (I)-itT 1 {L"JQ 1 h~
Y; I f/:\lf"l I "l1C I oPif). I tD.'}J(D-).
feel amiss :r-c hll(m-)
Don't feel amiss if I criticize your work.
F<I-U't ii):,O"i' :r-c hY.I1AU
go amiss "1"4-+ 1 h1.,l1
She certainly went amiss in quitting school.
'1-II"UC:J:'t 11"71\'C:t!J. '1'4-'1- h.I:"C;JII:Y.
take it amiss :r-c hll(a>-)
Don't take it amiss if I criticize your work.
F<I-U't ii):,O"i' :r-c hY.I1AU
amity OJJI;E-)'f-
The United States and Canada have lived
in amity for many years. h"'l.<<ta<; ta'i"-'1
/Iiiii" """"""" 11m'I;E-)'f- 'f C:'I'A
ammunition
I. 'I'Y.'t-. The soldiers ran out of ammunition.
m;J-f.e'll .,.y.'t- hll4'11'fm-
2. """1<11. The discovery gave biro ammu-
nition in his campaign. h-'1.11 111m- )
1C lla>-.1:"~ """1<11 lf)ID-
amnesia [l1hT,.A .....,..'1'1- ll"h't1'1- f
"'1."""1 f"711;1-0JII't "lY.A f"'l.1'1"1
...,....
,..]
45 amortize
amnesty ,..,.,c;'t-
The Emperor declared an amnesty for the
rebels. 't"I-<P )1P'-I> 1\h;J"'l.P.'Il 11",.,.:'1-
f"'1.1f.C"I-I\'fa>- o oPif<;'fm-'t hii;I-OJ4t
amoebah"'/.11
among
I. 11--- ODVhA. Don't be afraid to express your
opinion. You are among friends. dlllofltJ1' 1\oP
"'IIli" ' h'l-"i'<l- l 110J'I;E- ' ODVhA )IJ
2. ooVA. There were many nice people among
them. Ml\- ""VA ill!- '1"'1- o'tl":Y. )11'1-
3. h--- m-11'1'. You are only one among the
many who need help. l\C-'1:1" h"'1.111.f.A;J'f
.... hilll-l"'ll ' liJoll'l" ' h'tJI. )IJ
4. 0--- H1'Y:. He is popularamongthemasses.
11,.,1111- H't.l:" f.,_OJS'.f. )m-
5. 11 - - - 11-<11. Bees droned among the flowers.
'tP:Y. 111111m- 11-<11 MI1)11-
*London is among the largest cities of the
world. 1\'tf.'t h"l\11" ;l-1\1\:,0 h.,..,..:Y. h
't.l;.. ):f
among them 1\;J&-
They had less tban ten dollars among them.
1\;J<I- ..,..C ' iiC f"'1.1'tll )11<1-'fm-
among -selves
I. 11ootahA + (suffix pronoun). We decided
I 1Q(I)o it among ourselves. 11""tahi\:Y.'t mo't't't
2. l\CII 11CII + (suffix pronoun). They don't
even agree among themselves. l\CII 11C'I'f
.... ' l\'t\\'t 1'.1>11"7...11"
[See also 'other']
amongst h - - - ODVhA
I found the paper amongst my notebooks.
OJC:4'-I>'t hf.ii.,.C''Ii ' ODVhA ' 1'.1711-'1-
amoral "'ilt: 1il)'f- f'l-f.llm- am-
The killer is completely amoral. )'I'll 1'1\t
"i'K-11" "'ilt: ' 1il)'f- ' f1-S'.IIm- ......... )liJo
amorous "i':,OC't f"'l.1All"
His amorous behavior pleased her. "i':,OC't
f"'1.1AKm- 11-l!.;l-m- h!IS'.o't;J-'1-
become amorous Ott::Joc 1 _,...,,lh
One look at her and he became amorous.
h'tS'. t.Y.:t'l- 11"i':r-c .,..,.:h
amorphous :r-c11 11.11
The amorphous clay became a vase. :r-c11
11.11 n11.:m- l\"h'l K"'l' If)
amortize l\fh"-11 ...,.:11
He amortized tbe loan over a ten-year period.
amount
il~"t QP'C ~ou-}- CIJo/1'1' ll.fhd./1
.... ~(1
amount (v.), ~ to
I. II'). His debts amount to 50 dollars. 6-'1
m- ..,II" It iiC f. II'<; A.
How much does the bill amount to? <h.<'tll-
ll"t-l- ' f.li''OA.l
2. -1-<t.m~. Riding on the bus without paying
amounts to cheating. Ohm--1'11-11 ltf.h'i'/1-
OD'/.1: h.,'i'"OCOC f.<t.tn&-A.
does not amount to much 7t.r111J9" i'ID"
His knowledge of Amharic doesn't amount
to much. f(l- f"'C" 'f-11-:1- 7.!1"oflq!l"
)CIJo
amount (n.)
1. oom"}, What is the amount? oom). 9"'1
fUll.' )CIJo!
2. 'I';J. I paid the full amount. -11- 'I';Jm-'t
hd.A.h-
3. oflq-l-. The amount of evidence against
him is great. 0(1- ~f. f<I'~Om- fou.:JI"
o(Jq-}- h'i' f/1 )CIJo
no amount of r'JfD YUA + negative verb
No amount of discipline could lessen his
exuberance. f-1-):J':J'm-"t ou")L(I-"t P""t!l"
11111. "'"'"'c
hf.+"tl'lm-!1"
the whole amount lJoit-
I ordered 50 pens for the class and I need the
whole amount right away. llh'i'll- ..,!1"<'1 il
be t.1111: )OC u-11-"t!l" hu-'1-.,. 7.LA.;J
/Ill-
[See also 'inordinate, like']
amphibious Ofilll!l" Om-;)!1" m-IlT f"'l.'l'C
The frog is an amphibious animal. 7."t.,&-&
-l- Ofoflll!l" Om-;)!1" m-IlT f!l"-l-'l'C <;-}-
ample
I. 04:. Five dollars will be ample for my needs.
ll'i'~,_, hP"Il-l- iiC 04: )tJJo
2. I'll.. The ample room held all the furniture.
(ll.tJJo h'i'A. fn.-l- 7.:J'tJJo"t 0'1"~ '"
ample supply of 04:
Take an ample supply of food for a day's
journey! ~"t 1: <l'"t .,.,. 04: P""'il f1l
amplifier 1:!1"6 .,.,..,
The amplifier broke down in the middle of
his speech. O"t"'"''l- ouuhA. 1:!1"6 .,.,..
ftJJo -1-0~lf
46 amusement
amplify
I. h"l-~. He used a loudspeaker to amplify
his voice. 1:11"11-"t 11.,.,..~-l- 01:!1"6 .,.,..
ftD- ..,.m+ou
2. hilt:-&-. Will you please amplify that
statement. f-1-......,Chm-"t 7.111: hil&-&-
3. O"'l.~Q H~H~. The preacher amplified on
the theme. Mh.tJJo he7.1l.,"t O"'l.~Q 11~
H~
amplitude h'i'-1-':'H
The amplitude of his generosity is the subject
of many songs. fii;J/1)., h<;:-1->';)-}- filii"
HL'l''f- he7.ll-l- )tJJo
amply
you will be amply rewarded. h<;:-1->'; 'I';J
f.hLA.YA.
*They were amply supplied with food. 04:
P""'il -1-l'l'l':l:'ftJJo )OC
amputate <t.~m
The doctor amputated his leg. oh h.- 7."1
'1-"t <t.~tntJJo
amulet h:t-il
She hung an amulet around her neck. h"t~:l:
~f. b:l-il h"ttnA.'I'~II'f-
amuse
I. hll.l'.l'l-1-. That amuses me very much.
f.U OIIJP" fll.l'./l-1->';A.
2. h"'<l'. His foolish mistakes amused all of us.
f"''f.&Q llihi-., ~":f-"t"tP" h"'<l'"t
amuse oneself t-(t.") 1\llF.{I+
The students amused themselves by imitating
the teacher. -1-"''&l"'Ji OD!I"U'I-"t Oou<l'/11:
l\ofOD{I/1- ' &-lt'fCIJo") 0 hllJ'.(I.,
amused (adj.)
I. fi-.1'.1'1-1-. The amused spectators applauded
the play. fi-.1'.1'1.,-l- i-""A.IJ:f -l:f-l-'1-"t o
'i'"ofi .... Q h.l'.)"'
2. .1'.11;1- fou~o.r. The child listened to the
story with an amused smile. A.)l: 1 ;1-&11-"t 1
.1'.11;1- oou~o.r L~"':l- I h'IODtn
amusement
I. ""'1':1-. He did it only for amusement.
fU~tJJo 11""'1':1- I il!l' )CIJo
2. .1'.11;1- I ou.l'.l'l-l-. With amusement, the
child watched the kitten chasing its tail. f 1:""
:J: 1 "11\.~1\. 0 'i'"&-'f'"t I /IOOfll 0 /l:1-ltf:
f: I 1\.:q": I. 0J'./l:f- I i-OD/Ih-1-
amusing
He looked at me in amusement. ooo~(l:,.O 1
-f-ODI\hof-OS
3. ooY..ll~. There is not much amusement
in this village. filf.IJ I OD')Y._C I fDoil"r I -fl
If" o ODJ'.(I!J' 0 fllf"
amusing
I. f"'L.fllS'.M. My friend told me an amusing
story. '\S'.'i'IL f"'L.fllS'.ll'l- tDII. 1\m.:-t.OS
2. 1\P"<I:OS. The man's certainty was amusing
for we could see that he was wrong. f-1-VI
-1- oPif)-1- llM"<;tiJo;r, f{ltiJoftiJo 1\C"l
m'i' ~OS "711'1- 1\P"<J:OS ~nc
an
I. 1\1-Y:. Is there an apple for me? 1\1-Y: ;r
.,. II10S 1\'flll\11- l
2. (zero). Is there an apple for me? ?'9" 111
OS 1\'fllllu- 1
anachronism '1.!1.,..,. fla-t-
It would be an anachronism to speak of
George Washington riding in an automobile.
}':C)\' '1'111-"1-f-1- flODIJ.<; 'tS'. o illl- ""
...c 'l.tl.tiJo1- fla-t- """"'
analogous ( ~ n.) -1-""lalaf.~'I-
A bird's wing and a human ann are analogous.
ftD~ ' h1-~<; ' f{ltiJo ' /;.)\' ' of-ODia/tf.~T ' hll
:ftiJo
analogy "7oPia{IA
The analogy between your problem and mine
surprises me. ,0-t-<; f~1- 'f"lc "7oPia{l
A I\IIS'.1-4''i'A
draw an analogy between }tootailll
The teacher drew an analogy between the
heart and the pump. l\ll-t-"7&tiJo Ait1-<;
?''/"T1- o /;.ODia{ll\
analysis
I. '1-1--t-<;. He gave a thorough analysis of the
political situation. Ill\ ?'1\i:iltiJo u-~;1-
f-1-":l.ll '1-1--t-<; h ... ~"
2. 'I"C""<l-. The analysis of the water proved
that it Was pOiSOnOUS. gtJCOD&-fDo I fDo:-fDo I O'D
C11 ,1'1\fl'l- ODif)-1- l\t::J1m
analyst -t-1-;t-OS . English ancestry. .,.S'.9" ll.A 1\"7.&11 'I
His detachment makes him a good political
analyst. 11\A-t-'i'~-1: '1''1- f?'lltt, u-~;1-
-1-1-;t-OS hY:C1 ;1-A
analyze
I. -t-~-1-~. The teacher analyzed the cause of
47 anchor
our failure. l\ll-t-"7&tiJo ftDS'.:r.1-R't-1- 9"h1-
.l''l- -~-~-~-~
the poem.
2. ""~""~
-1-"7&9'~ .,. . analyzed
.,'The!'...students
-~"""'
anarchy "IC"IC
After the death of the king anarchy broke out.
h1-1-._... '1"'1- fl:\11 "IC"/C -t-h-1-11
anathema ,..,n:,.
The priest's anathema was removed when the
governor promised to obey. h'J~ 1 11((1)- 1 ll
OD:J-H11 :1'/i\ lli\1CJ f<l:{lo fDo"IHT -!-If~
anatomy
I. l;.<;.f-"7.. Anatomy shows how the body is
constructed. l;.<;.fo"''. {ltiJo~'t- 1\1-.0..'1- 1\1-S'.
-I-1~CJ ,l'll~IIA
2. flltiJo~'t- 1\P'.:.C. The anatomy of an earth-
worm is much simpler than that of an animal.
f'I-A f{ltiJo~'t- 1\P'.:.C hl\1-llla't- f_,.l\11
~,.
1 1\J''I- :r.Y:"" 1\J'
ancestor :r.Y:"" 1\J''I-
'1-iM'I-
Our ancestors were warriors. -1' ~oo 1 1.1+
!1"f1- (I\CJ.fo!F'f1-) .... ~....,... ~""'
Kinship is based on a common ancestor.
1111'/"Y:<; .,.,,..~:,. f"''.lf~,. 1\1-Y: 1\J''I-
;r,Y;-ou 1\J''I- ~,.
*Scientists say that the ancestor of man
was the ape. laf-1-tll+'f {ltiJo f"""'fDo h
111-)!C" ~,. Y.llll-
ancestral fHC
They still have ancestral properties in this
province. OH.II m:r.'lf. .,~:,. tiJoll'l' I\
11-1-9" fHC Cll't- 1\'\:ftiJo
ancestral home r:,.(IJ-A~ I h'JC
The ancestral home of the Emperor's family
is in Shoa. 01-P' ~11"1: f'l-tiJoAY: I\
1C I if.- I (1)-il"r I io(IJ-
ancestral trait fHC
Curly hair is an ancestral trait in that family.
OH.II IL-l- {lofl tiJoll'l' hCIIII l\1-C fH
Ci-(1)-
ancestry :r.Y:ou 1\J'.fo'f
Many of the early settlers in America had
f. hll.t.<l-'1- ll9''f fil11"9'~ :r.Y:ou 1;.
.l'+'f ~;..,..,....,.,... <;:ftiJo
anchor (vt.) """'.n;r. "'ll
The sailors anchored the boat. ouchn,.~
f)!ACJtiJo1- o ODA.ft;r, o "'ll-
anchor
--------------------------------------------------~
anchor (vi.) 1Q
The ocean liner anchored at Massawa at noon.
OOCh!l ' Oil.l:"ll'f ' ll't'f- ' 11"6'1' ' 11J:f
anchor (n.) ool!\.n:,.
The sailors dropped the anchor. oocho'l',;
001!\,"h"} ' "'ll-
lay at anchor ODAih4:"J Til"" : .fooo
The ship lay at anchor in the port. oPChll-
001!\,"h"} 'I'll- o CDS'.Ii" 'If.. 4'":1.1!\
anchorite IJ.h;f"'
The anchorite lived alone fu the desert.
IJ.h:l"'l!"'" ' 11".1:"~ ' 0'1 .... ' .... il'l' ' -llil'm-"t '
'f~
ancient (n.) f.l:"~ (1.,.
The ancients considered the flight of birds as
an omen of good fortune. f .1:"~ M':f CDC:
:f ll.O"" 'If. 1.11. 1.1:" ).,. 1111.,. 111"
1- )0C
ancient (adj.)
I. h~"l.. Why did you invest so much money
in that ancient building? 1\ILIJ h~"l. .h'll\
f..ll'l'l fill!\ 1'1H-fl liM hCD"'Il !
2. T"J.:t-'1!. I am very interested in ancient art.
'1''1:1"'1! ' h.) ' '1'011 ' 0"111" ' f!IS'.il-1-'i'l!\
3. f'T"J-1'. Ancient man used to live in caverns.
f'l''l'l- {1.,. O'l'lf "'"il'l' f..'l'C )OC
4. h~-l- foPtiJ. Marriage is an ancient insti~
tution. :>11!1' 11'1''1'1- fOO"' 1!\"7.1:" ).,.
[See also 'vintage']
and
I. (zero.) I brought salt and pepper from the
market. 11101 """'" OCO-' hoP"'o-
2. -'i. I brought salt, pepper and butter.
"""'" OCO-''i :,.IL hoo"Ju-
3. -?". I brought salt, pepper and butter.
"""'" oco" :,.ILII" hoo"'u-
4. -1--. We travelled day and night. 1\.'l- -t-
+'1 ' -l"'l11'1
and so forth
I. 1\.11-':fr. All my uncles, aunts, and so forth
were there. h'l--f-'fll" hhilof-'fll" tt.ll-l-11"
l\11..1' ' )0""
2. l\'1-'1,.1' fDDlt{lll-'1- )1~:f. They were
singing, dancing, and so forth. f..HII""" l f..S'-'1(1.
l\'1-'1,.1' ' fooft(III-'J-'1 ' )1~ ' fS'.C1- ' )0C
and so on M"fll'l foolt(III-'1-
I need paper, ink, and so on. CD~.,.'!- +1111"
c; ' M"fll'l ' fODft{lll-'1- ' fil/..1!\1>:'1!\
[See also 'then1
48 angle
anecdote -t-~'1-
He told anecdotes to the children. 1\.ht'i-1>
-~-~"" ' )1&-'fCD-
anesthetic f"''.fil-1-'i' oo.<:-;)t'J-
The amount of anesthetic they gave you was
according to your strength. f"''.fil-t-'i'm-'1 oo
.1:";)).'1- ' fllm-ll ' oo:,.?"ll ' oom'l ' )CD-
anew
I. li'IS'.1'i. She had to learn to walk anew
after the accident. liS'.;> CD- 0:\'1 ll'IS'.1'i
006-DD.I:"'I o 001!\00.1:" o )O~IJ'J-
2. '1-'l.il ool!\h. The architect planned the
building anew. OOI/'1.11.(1. .h'll\m-"t f)S'.
"-"'" ' IJ-'l.il ' 001!\h ' )m-
angel ool!\hh
The angel told Mary that she would have
a son. OOI!\hh- "7CfM CD'IY: 1!\"l:
l\'IS'.?"'J-CDI!\.1:" ' 1\n(I&-'J-
angelic ooJ!\hlJ'I!
His angelic appearance astonished everybody.
001!\hlJ'I! ' 001!\h- ' o-11-'111" ' hilS'.).,.
anger (vt.) h<;U l hil'k"'
The nasty remark angered her. hilmfl..m-
hil-t-ff'l- ' h'iS'.-'1'1-
His boorish manners angered the host. f-Ill!\
"l'i o-'il:m- IJIIIL-1>'1 hil'k"'"'"
anzer (vi.) -1-'iS'.S'.
He angers easily. 0.,.'111- f..'iS'.-'11!\
anger (n.) '1.<'..'1-
l.et your anger cool before you do anything.
liM: Mil" )1C 11"7.1:-~"lll 01..'1- 'I
.<'..'I-ll ' f..-11~.1:"1!\ll
rouse (one's) anger ltlltkiiJ
The insult roused his anger. il.l:-11- hil'IO"'m-
angle (v.)
I. 1\J"'/IJIJCD- '1"11~. She angled for an invita-
tion to his PartY. by flattering him. l\(1.'1 0
OOS'.I\1!\ o CDS'. o "1-fl"'f ' l\'1-'l.m&-'J- '1!\;l""liJIJ
.... ' 'l"h~:f
2. [Ooo'lm-l''i Oll.IJ1 't"' hmouS'.]
angle (o.) "7l\H'I
The two walls form an angle. u-11-1> "1.1:""7'19'
:f 0"7l\H'I f..:>m"711-
from all angles hli-A-9" h.:ttiJ&
He considered the matter from all angles.
1-'1~'1 ' llo-11-11" ' h~"'""i ' -f-001\ll-t-m-
[See also 'obtuse']
angry
angry
I. f<ll"'. She gave me an angry reply. f<ll"'
""All llm:f~
He spoke to me in an angry voice. 0-k"'
:J'A ' -t-..-...:~
2. f-1-<;FJ... The angry child dashed a cup to
the floor. f-1-<;FJ..OJo A'J': o\.tOJo"J mllil-
1\f.. I (IJ~aJ,ltiJo
(be, become, wax) angry
I. i"<iU. What are you angry about? II?""J~
~,. ' f-1-<;.<'.~hm- !
He began to wax angry. ooCiY.Y: )!out,
2. -~""""' The merchant became angry with the
boys for breaking the window. ~ ;JJ',.OJo A
;(_,; ' oP{l!>-I>"J ' 11.111111-1- ' -~""""'"'"'"
feel angry -t'IJU
He feels angry whenever he sees her. '1.1''1-
<II'I'C f.<;MA
[See also 'dart']
anguish "'""J<I>'I-
She was in anguish until she knew that her
husband's life had been saved. f'l!l"J ;,y.m
'1- oP'I-t:'i' llllh;I-OJo~ ~.:II II"'""J<I>'I-
"" ' ~ll.::f
angular "'ll\H<;'f!
The machine has an angular shape. oob..IJm-
"'ll\H<;'f! ~CK" hiiOJo
animadversion ~+<l.:l"
He softened his animadversions on his- rival's
character. 1111 i"aJ'I'It:OJo m'lf. .fllllJo"J
~<1>.(.;1- ' 11111111. ' IV'..t:1<D-
animal
I. li"JM (pl. li"JM'I-). He heard an animal
moving in the bushes. h"J~ li"Jilto 1141'1'
*"'"'" 'OJoil'l' ' a.
"J<I>to+il ' i"ll"'IOJo
There are many animals in this country. flrt.
u Me ,.~~.,. ill!- li"Jilto'l- hil-
2. h.fD"t:., Lions are carnivorous animals.
h"JIIo\:f F ;J IIA haJo-'9':f <;'I'OJo
Wild animalS r.tJ.C I }\,&.'f!+
There are no more wild animals left. f+-1-
fii-C ' ht:-'1!'1- ' fil-?"
[See also pack, stuff']
animate (v.)
I. h.t.>t. A smile animated her face. L 1"1;1- L
:,..,-, hL>tOJo
2. 1of.of.. Love for her mother animated her
work. Ft:.OJo"J li"J~'I-"'t:. f1of.of.'l- f<;
:t'I'~C'~"'"
49 annexation
3. ;,y.m:,. llm. People believe that the soul
animates the body. ll9':f llh>tt. ;,y.m'I-"J
f?"'l-ll'l' ~'I'll <;'I- iJIIOJo .f?"<;ll-
4. ~?"<1>'1- llm. The speaker's arguments
animated the discussion. fi"<;;Jt:OJo hchc 11
,.,_,._, ' ~,..,.,. ' llmOJo
animate (adj.) ;,y.m;l-'1!
Zoology deals with animate things. Jl9'11-"l[
1111 ;,y.m;l-'1! 'i''l't:.,.:f , ,..,,. , ~,.
animated (adj.) f-1-":1.":1.+
The animated discussion pleased us all.
f-1-.,_.,..,.,. ' ,.,.,.,.' 11-'l:f"t"J?"' hll.<'.lli""J
be animated
I. -t-Hfm. The soldiers were animated by
their captain's speech. m;I-F.c,; lllf?"llil-
"J"'"'C -t-H Ill"
2. -1-"J<I>to+ll. Windmills are animated by the
wind. f)of.{l aJ'I"""9':f f"''."J<I>to<l>{l-'1- II
~of.ll "lf.A ~,.
animation f;JII 11."'1.'1-
He spoke with animation about his plans for
the city. 1111 h-1-"'I<D- .I'IIOJo"J ~~~~ II
;JII 11"'1.'1- i"..-...:
animosity '1''1!1'
He could not hide his animosity toward his
neighbors. M.:IL.,.,; .fii<D-"J '1''1!1' 1\..<'.il~
ht.!l'll'l"
ankle <IIC""'1""1""'1.'1-
Did she sprain her ankle? <IIC"l"'l""l""'L;I:"J m
II?" h'l'l-1
ankleth'I"IJC
The woman wore a silver anklet. ll.'l-1'"" h
i!C fi""'t:. h'I"IJC ' h~C;JII:f
annals H.<; ;1-t:h
The annals of Ethiopia were written in Geez.
fh.'l-l'"k.f H.<; ;1-t:h fi"l\LOJo ll"'c!ll ~,.
annex (v.) <1>'1<1>11
The enemy annexed the conquered territory
to their country. mu9',; .1'11.111~'1-"J h1C
>t1t:.'l',. ;JC <1>'1<1>11-
annex (n.) ~'1'.1' 1 -~""""'It: ;,-,ll
They built an annex to the library. IIlLi" ""
11;,'1'-1> ~'1'.1' (i"""'"'lt: ' ;,"JK) "'"'"
annexation ou+'I+A
The annexation of Texas enlarged the United
States. f-!:htoll ""<I>'I<I>A fh"''.t:>t"J"J "'
~,. ' hllof.OJo
annihilate
annihilate .1!"9"'1""/m-'t l'unof.
Caesar annihilated the enemy anny. <llftC f
m'l'l-'t tnC .1!"1/"'I'"Ym-'t hmof.
anniversary
I. 0'11\. They are celebrating their thirtieth
marriage anniversary. IPel./t~m-1' 't-oo:,.
f;>ofi!J' 0'11\:fiiJo't .l'hoflc!-11-
2. f'IOD'I- O'IA. Your birthday is an anniver-
sary. fofomll.l!"hO'I- -t't f'IOD'Jo 0'11\
)IIJo
Anniversary of Restoration f)~)T O"'A.
Last year, all Ethiopia celebrated the 25th An-
niversary of the Restoration. fli\LiD" ,.oo
'1- ODI\IIJo h.'l-f"t.:.l' ?.1' M"llofo'I'IIJo't
f)I\)'Jo O'IA hhO~
annotate "7-flt-&.1' 1\L
He annotated Shakespeare's plays. l&hll"l:c
111\of.:fiiJo -1;.1''1-l!"'f- "7-flc!-&.1' 1\L
announce
I. hll;l-m.,.. They just announced that on the
radio. .l"t't Oo!..l!"fo 1\h ho-'t hii:J-m
2. 11111. They announced their engagement
last night. ""-1-i"'-:J-:fiiJo't '1-<n'l-'i" "7
;1- 11111-
3. om)!. The Emperor announced that full
authority would be given to the prime minister.
,..,...,., ~.,P-1: tJD-fto P'AirJ"} Am-l-i\1.
"''..tll'l--1- ll't!."''..h'l' om)!:
4. me!-. The servant announced the names of
the visitors as they came in. h 1ih-1- ll't"l.l'-
:,; {1.111- II"Y:fiiJo't h't.l!" q't.l!" f.m
c!- )OC
5. hO{l~. The trumpet blared, announcing
the king's arrival. f't1-u>o't ""'9""1'1- 11"711
{IC ' 'l'-l-9"q11Jo ' h9"q~.,.
6. )1~ (of-)1~). The capitulation of the enemy
was announced this morning. fml\'1- ll~
ODIIm'l- ""' 111.'1- of-)1~
announcement ,...,ll"'i I "711;1-m<ll.l'
The announcements of deaths, marriages,
and births are published daily by the news-
paper. IL'i" M'i''l-'t I :>ofi!J''t I M'l-'t
f"'1..1All-'l- .....,ll"'il"l- ("711:1-m<ll.l'l""'f-)
Of611-lo R:>IL"'IIJo 4\f. .('.m"'ll-
announcer ofo'i":>& ' "711;1-m<ll.l' -l"'i":>&
The radio announcer confused the dates of
the two events. &JLI'" ofo'i";>&IIJo fll-11-lo't
11-l>:J-l"lf "'""" .1'."7;1-
50 anoint
The announcer spoke in a low voice. '"111;1-
m-t.l' ofo'i";>&IIJo .1!"9"11-'t 11:,. h.I!"C'I
ofo'i"1~
annoy hOft"'-
Was that drunk annoying you? .1' hltc!-9"
.I'Oft"l'"U )OC l
be annoyed
I. of-Oft"'-. He was annoyed to hear that the
plane would be delayed. ha>-f!T'Il- ODH"I
f-l<'t (1.{1"7 of-Oft"'-
2. ofo'i"!.!.. He was annoyed with his servant
because his dinner was cold. llc!--1< """'"'11
.,.H- Oh1ih-l- ofo'i"F- ) oc
annoyance "7mh
The annoyance of mosquitos kept her awake.
fmq '1-'t'l':f "Ymh h'lllof-'1' h'l'l-
annual (n.) 'IOD:J-'1! ODI\'do.'I-
The institute publishes an annual. .I!"C~-1<
'IDD:J-'1! ' ODI\'do.T .I'H;>lfA
annual (adj.)
I. 'IOD;J-'J!. This is an annual banquet. f.IJ 'I
OD;f-'J! 0 "lofi"Jf 0 )OJo
2. OJ'ouofo h't!.. f"'1..1'S. Com and beans
are annual plants. O,f.ll-'i" q41i\ 0.1'""-1<
h"l!.. f"'1..11' 68'1''1- ""'"'"
annually O.l'""io
Annually, he receives ten thousand dollars.
OJ'OD-fo OP'C if. ofiC f..,.Oi\A
annuity (annuities) hOI\
An annuity is paid to all wounded patriots.
lltlhll-'1- hCO'l'lf 11-11- hOI\ f.hLi\:f'I'A
annul (annulled) If~
The judge annulled the land contract of the
two penple. 'l'i'IIJo fll-111o't (ll"'f- fODo!.
'1- IIJol\ If~
annunciate, see announce
annunciation f9"llt-:f
The Archangel Gabriel made the annunciation
to Mary. 11..,. ODAhh- 1-fiClo.A II"YC
.1'9" f9"11t-:f ' )1c!-'l-
anoint .,.q
The coronation is concluded when the patri-
arch anoints the Emperor. fHID".f: .,...._,.
~ P'C'I'I- :r'I-&.I'Ch- -,.,.,.. )1P'ofo't
{l..,.q,. J'.Ll\"71\
anomalous
He anointed the sunburned places with salve.
Pdlf. J.':f'tn/ltD-"t il'i'~ 4>1f:f'q '1>11'1-
4>1ltD-
anomalous J.'A-t-1\oof.
Rain in the desert is an anomalous occurrence.
09"~<: 0.11 11<;il J.'A-t-1\aof. ~"'"
anomaly J.'A-t-1\aof. ~1C
A heavy downpour in the desert is an anomaly.
09"~<: Roll tD-il'l' hll~ 11t;il "'"'lA
J.'A-t-1\aof. )1C ~"'"
anonymous illl" J.'Ai"liLO'I-
He sent them an anonymous letter. ttr Y
Ai"liLO'I- f.ii.IIIL 'IM'ftD-
be anonymous
*The author of the story is anonymous.
f:J-&IJ. lldiL illl" t..r.:J-m'l>r
another (adj.) /1.'1
I would like another book. /1.'1 OOl\"dl'i'
"ALA;JIIIJ-
another (pron.) /1.11
I don't like this book; give me another.
Y.U"t ' OOl\"dl'i' ' h.ALA1tD-9" j /1.'1 ' iltn~
In another h - - - 0:\'1
Where will Ethiopia be in another ten years?
h.'I-I'"A:J.' IJFC """"" 0:\'1 f'l- '1-
f.C ... /I:f- l
In another ten minutes, I will be through.
IJFC 1.4::1' 0:\'1 "h""C...IIIJ-
one another (is expressed by the stem of reci-
procity). They saw one another frequently. il
,. 1.1i Y.1r;r. )0C
answer (v.)
1. ouA(t, He answered the question satis--
factorily. 'l'J.'<fltD-"t O"''J'Mil'l- M>,:\"t
tiD I\ (I
2. ooAil l'lm. The student answered the teacher.
1-"''&tD- ' 'lili""''&tD- ' OOAil ' l'ltn
3. All. He answered that he knew nothing.
Mil" h.'ltD-'1>9" hi\
4. '1"'1(11'1-). Will this answer your needs?
f.ll 'i''li'I-U"t Y.'I"'IAVA l
5. h.<:IJ. Will this answer your purpose?
f.ll 'i''li'I-U"t J.'<:IJAVA l
she answered the knock on the door.
il/11-"t\0.'>. ~.II hL-t-:fo
The maid went to answer the telephone.
1<:'1.:1; ilAIJ."t 1\.,"t"''l- ~1.:Y..
51 antecedent
answer back 00/11'1(11'1-)
The father punished his son for answering
him back. A)!: il/lao/l(l/1'1- h. II ' I - - "'"'"'"
answer (for)
I. 0..,'1.1.~'1- i"tnf4>(0'1-). You will have to an-
swer for your mistakes. 11'1'4-'1-11 O..,'IL)'I-
'1-tnf'I>O:J'/IU
2. ouAil l'lm. She was called before the bar
to answer for her crimes. 11-t-hl'll'l:Y..O'I- m"t
)!A aoAil "h"t~'l-1'1'1' 'i'C~ IL'I- 1-tn
~:r-
3. "h"tf. - - - M/1111. A piece of paper an-
swered for a tablecloth. rm<:+'l- 41~? "h
"tf. tn<:A.q Ailil h111111
answer (to) .,.ll,.,..,
The house answers to your description.
IL-l> IJ"ti" 1/lll ;JC Y.il.,.,A
[See also 'call, duty']
answer (n.) DDAil
Have you had an answer to your letter?
1\f.ii.IIILU ooAil h1TU l
What is the correct answer to this problem?
/IlLII 'l'J.'<fl '1-hh/\,.tD- ooAil M~~tD-?
In answer to fl - - - oPIP~+
The doctor came in answer to my call. 0'1'&
(&. I ODIP~T I dth.OD- I ODtiJ
[See also 'guess1
ant 1-"t.ll"t
The ants invaded the food. 1-"t.ll"t 9""111-
'1 m~~ID"
antagonism 'l''lil'
The antagonism between the two villages led
to murder. Oll-/1-1> ao")f.C':fo aoohA J.'
/ltD- 'l"'il' "hilh ao;~f.A h.f.<:..,'ftD-
antagonize f'l''lil' IID"tLil h.~<:O'I- .
Her rudeness antagonizes everyone she meets.
i!A"I<;'I' J.'1Til''ftD-"t u-tr f'l''lil' oo
"tLil .......~CII'I"PA
Antarctic h"t;I'Ch1:h
The Antarctic is always covered with ice.
h"t:f'Ch1;h ll-A'I.Ii OO<:P. "h"tf.-t-lfL)
)tJJ-
antecede h--- o.c.'l- ' 'l'<:
Shakespeare anteceded Milton. lthil1:C f'l'
0~
<:"'" h"'l.A-t-"t o.c.'l- ~"'"
antecedent h - - -o.c.'I-
The witness told of an event antecedent to
antecedents
the robbery. !l"ilh-1- hH<:'i-,. 0.1.'1- il
11>1".1'..1:1,. ~1C >1"<;'1.1:
antecedents
I. :,0.(-oo h.l'.f-l-. His antecedents once lived
on the Red Sea coast. :,..(-oo h.f-Hi hooo
<;'!- oo~.'l- +f. <J.nc 'lei" f.'l"-1- ~oc
2. f.bf.ID'I- ;t-6h. No one knows the ante-
cedents of the mysterious stranger. flltJ"J 1
l\'t"l'l il,. f .bf.ID'I- ;t-6h f""'..l'"'"
:,. ' h.'t.l:-!1" ' (tiJ)o ' fll!l"
antedate
I. '1..11. hil+l.oo. You antedate a check written
on May 3rd if you put May 1st on it. "l'tP'I-
V'il'f- f>t-II.I.IJ)o't "l'tll'f- h.'t.l:' ' 1111U '
1l'I-K"'i'O'I- f'lih-'t '1..11. ;1-il+.J':"''IIU
2. ooowt-'1- +1.oo. Automobiles antedate
airplanes. ooiJ.<; ' ooowt-'1- ' hh.f.l!"l"ll't '
f.+Y:"''&\
antelope .1:-ltll
antenna h.'t-1:<;
The antenna is placed on the roof. h.'t-1:<;,.
"16ftiJo llf. ' >1-S'.C~&\
anterior, - part ( = adv.) hiDS'..I.-f:
The anterior part of a fish contains the head.
f~"' ' ,1.(1. ' f"'l.1")'1J)o ' hiDS'..I-1: ' ~ ....
be anterior +f..oo
The American Revolution was anterior to
the French Revolution. fh"'UII't 1l'MI'I'
ht.<:'tltf. ' ofi'MI'I' ' 4'1.00
anthem, national ""' fib111l 001ftJDoC
The national anthem of Ethiopia is sung on
many occasions. fh.'l-f"t..l' .b111l 0011
CJ'D"C I ofltl" I .... u. I f,HOD&-A
anthology [M'I'!I" i f;t-6h f:,Ot<; f/1.11-
l-11" ' K"Jo.J::l- ' il1lil1l]
anticipate (vt.)
I. >1-il'i- 1>.1..1:1. She anticipates great pleasure
from her visit to Ethiopia. Oh.'l-f"t..l' '1-'fl'S
:J: oflrt- l\'t1.!1"'1-1.ll'l- >1-ilol. ;f-I.C:>IIl-
2. +1.-. The Chineseanticipatedourdiscovery
of gunpowder. M' IJ-1-.1:' hooP' t.;t-l-'t
oo~.'!- iJ'f.<;l"l- +.1:-ooiJ)o') ~oc
3. ltf.mf.+,. h<:II. He tries to anticipate
all my needs. <;:111-J:'t u-11- lt&\mf.+,.
11..1'<:II f.'l"ht.&\
4. hil+.1:"1" OlD+. Our interlocutors antici-
pate much of what we say. li,.f.f.-1: h.ofl<:,.
52 antithesis
't +hoi-f. f)Ool-'1- f!l"'tll,.'t hil+.l:'oo
, . J'IJ)o:J>fl-
anticipate (vi.) h(lfl
The attendance was greater than we antici-
pated. f>t-1T,. .b111l 1Ill11~m- Ollf. ~oc
anticipation oomiJO:,O
Anticipation of the battle made the soldiers
nervous. tnC~1:'t oomiJO:,O ID;f-S'.C''Il't
h..,...~m~"'lfm-
in anticipation flOD10D.-,..
He cut more wood than usual in anticipation
of a long winter. f"'l.OO"'a>- h<:!l"'l- <:'lr
!I" "'""" -fill- 000100'f- hiD'I-I!'a>- f
Ollm b't..,'l- 'IL<:m
antidote .,Chlf
Milk is an antidote for some poisons. m++ c
ll't'l't.l:' oocJfl- .,chlf ~m-
antipathy 'I'II/I'
The old man's antipathy to tobacco is well
known. 11.,"111.,. 11'1-!I"IJU' .l'lllfm- 'I'll
"' ' ,,.... .,. ~a>-
antipodes
I. >t-~111\6 P;t-. The North and South poles are
antipodes. fll"'L't<; fl.fHI '1'&\;t-l"l- -1-
~~~116 P;t-l"l- <;lfm-
2. >1-:l't.~. Love and hate are antipodes.
-;::,.c., 'l'llil' +:J><~-t <;lfm-
antiquated '1..11. .1'11.1.0'1-
Most science books written twenty years ago
are now antiquated. h?.l' ~"";t-'1- 0.1.'1-
f>t-114-'1- h.11q':'l"'ll fl)f.'til OOII.b'i'T
Qu-). ...:,.,. 1.11. .l'llt.IJ'fm- ' .,.,,.
antique (adj.) f'J"t'l-
1 bought an antique vase. f'l''t'l- .,llC'
1qu-
antiquity (antiquities)
I. f'l''t'l- '1.11.. Adulis was a port famous in
antiquity. h'l-ll.il O'l''t-l- '1..11. 11~':' ID
1.1l ~o.:l-
2. 'J''t;f-'1!~'1-. The Tourist Office has several
posters showing Ethiopia's antiquities. fi:6
il'l- .~:-c~'l- 1111- rt..'l-r-t.n 'l"t;t-'1!~'1-
f"'l.1&\lt- P'bll' OO"III"'il""f- h.ll-'f-
antithesis >1-:l't.t
Hate is the antithesis of love. 'l'llil' f<;::,Oc
>1-:J> M: ' ~a>-
 antler
antler 4'7~
The antlers of the oryx were plaoed on the
walls of the hunter's home. fAm-.:.&11 .,..,
1'-"4- ' AJI")"' ' 11.'1- ' tD-/1'1' ' "1~"1'1 ' IIJl. '
-t-{1:,0/I'PA
antonym 1-:l'&.t
"Hot" is the antonym of "coldn. .,..:,.
f ({ 4'11:1'~ ' 1-:l'&.t ' )tJJo
anus <;:")m."J
Diarrhea made his anus sore. -t-:,0"7'1' <;:")
m."'m-") ' A'll{l/lm-
anvil ooll<;:
The blacksmith held the heated metal on the
anvil. 4''1'-"'"" f ;>lim-") 11~'1- oollf.
'If. All+oomm-
anxiety
1. il:JT. We waited in anxiety for news of his
safe arriva1. 0~'\il oP""JQ-J:'l /I..OUiliPJT
011:>'1- h")mqo:,. toe
2 . .,...,...-,.. Her anxiety about sucoeeding led her
to work hard. b'lll."7'1' /IOD~~~~
.,..-,. m")h&. 7.")~'1-,..:. 1#'1-
anxious f-t-lfO~
The anxious person was walking up and
down. f-t-lfO~,. (lm- tD!f.ll.f.<; tD!f.;J-"4-
f.ODII./111 toe
be anxious
1. :J~. I am anxious to see the new book.
AJI.(lo") ODI\'m'i' 11"7f'l- 'i'l'il'llu-
2. (I;>. He is anxious about his future. ll/1
mY..t.'l- t-C:m- f.{l;>A
He became anxious when his daughter failed
to come home on time. A)~: 01..11 mY.
11.'1- ' qJiou"!q;t ' {l;J
any
I. "7")9". Any mechanic can fix that. n-,
"7")9" "2.l!th /1.1'J'ODtJJo f.l-IIA
2. 9"")9". Barren soil will not grow any wheat.
"l"")~ ' OD<I.T ' M9" ' 11").<'. ' AJ'0:,0A9"
3. "7")'i'm-9". That boy can wriggle out of any
difficulty. .1' A"J!: b"7")>;'m-9" "4-"le m-11
'I' OH.<'. 1\.J'ODA'J' f.l-IIA
4. "7<;'fm-9" /1.11. Any job is better than this
QflC, hH.tJ I JP ~ I "7'j:f(Dof""
I
lf'IA
5. A")Jilo. We did the work without any
difficulty. JP&.m-") ,I'II.")Jilo "4-"le .U.M
53 anything
6. (zero). Did you find any books there? hii.U
ODI\'m'i' A1Tu 1
Come any day you like. 0-'.11"1110'1- .,.., c;
any more
!. bh")"IJI.U. He cannot bear anymore pain.
bh")"'JI.U ' M9" ' ihDD9"' 11.:1"11" ' Af.l-A9"
2. /1.11.. Have you any more pepper? /1.11 oe
0<1. A/lUI
any other 1\.1\
Have you any other question? /1.'1 'I'.1'41
A/Ill l
any pi ace f:r-r
You will find a radio any plaoe you go.
f'l-9" ' 11'1-'t~ ' <1.'1.1'" ' :1"1'11111
not any (adj.) M9"
I don't have any bread. M9" Jill fii'S9"
not any (pron.) 9"")9"
Keep the cake! I don't want any. b.IJ.") 'I")
T A~e1m- l M9" AA-'.A"I9"
[See also 'better, man, minute, moment']
.1'11'1- .,. anybody
I. (lm-. Will anybody be at the station to
meet me? 7.~") /IOD4'0A h"lfl..l'm- f"''.
1'S (lm- f.'r &.A l
2. "7")'i'tJJo9" (lm-. Anybody can do that.
"7")'i'm-9" (lm- 1\.oP&.tD- f.l-'IA
not anybody "'119'"
I don't know anybody here. 7.11.11 "7")")9"
Mm-:,09"
[See also 'else']
anyhow
1. ll''i"9". I said no, but he did it anyhow.
7.~ Af.IM9" AA !J.'S ! ll''i"9" A!!.~1m-
2. 7.")!f.M9" 1111-. You will have to make
your way through this crowd anyhow. h").J'.M
9" 111111 11-t-(IO(lflm- ih1111 oot,bA "7
ll'i' A/11111
3. .1'9" II') f.ll. I would have gone anyhow.
19" ll't y.u h't~ toe
anyone (1m-
If anyone needs help, send him to me. heJI;J-
f"''.-'.A"' (lm- II.<re aJ!f.~ 'Ibm-
anything
1\.~ I jP6- I ~ 1. A")Jilo. Did he say anything? A")Jilo
t~e
1-'i"1~l
2. t1e. Is there anything left over? f-t-~-'.
1eAIIl
anyway
3. ,...,,. )~C. I am so hungry I will eat any-
thing. 0"1,- 111\t-R~ ,-,,- )~C 7.0'11\11-
4. ,--;,-,. Is there anything for me here?
MI.U II~ ,--;,--, 1111 1
5. f.l-11~,...,. You could buy anything at the
bazaar. hou.1'.11"'- f.l-1\"'h,_.., .,....,.,,_ '1-
:'f'IIIU
anythlns else /1.'1 )~C
Would you like anything else? /1.'1 f,.'l-.1.
A~fl>" )~C 1111 1
not anything r'l9"'
I can't do anything in this case. l'."t.I'.II.U h
II') ,--,,- "1!!:~"1 1\Al-A,-
not for anything l\r'lr" t"JC ofll\o
I wouldn't do that for anything. 11,...,,.
~c 1111- .l'"t"t h'l.l'.c~ ....,.
anyway
1. ,,. II') Y.U. This may or may not be
true, but we will .look into it anyway. _e.u
l'.fl>")'l- 1\.ll'"t,- 'IY.ll'"t,- Y.l-'IA I y,-
II') ' Y.U ' )~"'-"t ' l'.<;"'t-1\"t
2. ftl') ll''l'. She did not want to come any-
way. ftl') II'<:' ou,-"1'1- hA.I.Ml-,.
3. Rf'l-"'"'""'" 1\"tl\C. The answer is wrong
anyway you look at it. Rf'l-"'"'""'" h"tl\C
11'1-0DI\hof-fl>" ODAII- llihof-'1- ' )fl>"
4. 1."1.1'. + (verb). He does his work anyway
he likes. P't-ll>""t l'."tJilffl>" Y.P't-A
*Sooner or later, you'll have to buy a car
anyway. fl>"ll-,. 1\J!:t':,. R.ll'"t ""IL<; ,
OD"J~'I- ' Y.<:'C11'1A
anywhere f'l-,.
I don't want to go anywhere tonight. If"-
"1;t- f:r-,- 1\0D'/.J!: hA.I.A"',-
01'11 go anywhere you like. f .1.1\"'UR'I- :r.v.
JII\11-
[See also 'else']
apart
1. of"IIYY.of"fl>". They live apart. of"MY.-t-m-
M'Mr
2. R --- AI')'!-. The eruptions of the volcano
came about one hour apart. t?t.IJ.+ 1 1'1"&-
,. ' OD.I."tJI'I- IJ"t!!: l'l'\'1- ' AI")'!- ,.
.I'.Cil )OC
3. llf11il'm-. They viewed each idea apart.
;r.,"tJI"tJI.-, mlt11 II filii'"'"" ""~"""'"""
be apart
1. of"t-t-.,.. The two houses are a mile apart.
11-111> IL.fol- h"t!!: "1Y.A Y.t-t-:1'11-
54 apology
2.-t-0'11\m. We are four years apart in age.
R~!!:""L ht-'1- '\OD'I- l'."tR'II\"11\"t
apart from h " 011-I".,.C
Apart from newspapers, he reads very little.
h;>H.'"l- Rllof".,.C 1111-,- I\Y)11
The book interested me apart from the plot.
h;t-611- 011-t-.,.C ""1\".hf. Rm:t'I'IOJ- 1\11.1'.
llofo...A
[See also fall, keep, take, tell']
apartment h;rC-t-"1
Our apartment has three rooms. h;rC-t-"1l-
"t 111\V'Il'l- h'i'A )OJ-
apathy "11..1111)'1-
After his father's death, he displayed apathy.
hili> h'l"i> R:\'1 "11..1111)'1- Y.;t-Y.O'I-
)OC
ape"'"~
Apes ate up the grain. "'"~ l'.UA ""~(l
aperture .,.JIJI
A window is an aperture for letting in air
and light. ""111>'1- hfC<; 11C'I"t "11l~R.Y
.,.JIJI )OJ-
apex h'i'-1".,. .I'.C/(
The apex of Mussolini's reign was the conquest
of Ethiopia. f-o\1\.t f"'~'l- ,,...., h'i!of"
"' J'.ai f.l'.~l'lm- h.'l-l'"t."Y"t om~~
1.11. )0C
aphorism :r.m-)'1-"t f"'L~Al\" ,. ... ~~,
A collection of aphorisms is found at the
end of the book. 0""1\".hf. .,...,~lf 'I
Y. l'.m-)'1-"t f"'L ~AI\" ,-o't/1. hi\
apiece
The apples are five cents apiece. fl'..I'"IJI
"tJI. ;r,- 'I':> 1\,.11'1- o't"tof:,. )fl>"
we ate an orange apiece. l'..l'"tJI"tJil-"t h"t
Jl"t!!: 11Ci>lJ"t O'l"t
apologize Y.:tc:t- mf.,. 1 Y.:tc:t- 1\0D)
He apologized for being so bold as to speak
to the general. J!,~t-11-"t .l'.'l't': ROD<;~"'-
Y.:tc;J- mf.,.
She lost her temper and apologized in the
same breath. -1"-t.'l':t- Y~m-'l- y.:tc;t- 1\0D)"{-
I apologize for troubling you. Ill\ hll'l'~c
11-u y.:tc:t- h!!:C"'A~
apology Y.:tc;t- ""mf:t 1 Y.:tc;t-
The boy's apology conciliated his angry father.
apoplexy
fA"/f. Y.:tc:t- oumf:t .1'11-1:1 1.1'.'1-
t.o.:.r.w-
You owe me an apology for being late. OODH"/
f'l-11 Y.:tC:t- A'l-m.f.oi>'S MilA
apoplexy f"7.'1'A 0"11:1"
He had an attack of apoplexy and cannot
go to work. f"7.'1'A 0"11:1" .,.~P'-1'0'1- it
II~OC P'&- (1.'1.!!: hf."lfA'J"
apostate .,,...,'l''l- fh-'1 ""'"
The apostate from Islam later became a
famous churchman. I?.M9"1 'IM'l''l- f
Mw- ....... 0:\~ f :f"IDT fiL.,. hCil-1:.1'
1 IJ!11 "~
apostle m'I'C.I'
Jesus had twelve apostles. h.fll-lt OP'&- 11-
11'1- m'I'C.I''l- ~o~'l-
apothecary oo.(-;>t'l- <1'"'1"7.
The apothecary gave me the wrong prescrip-
tion. DD.I:";>t'l- <1'"'1"7...,. II~ f"''Y.111..,.,
DD.I:":>t'l- ilm'S
apotheosis
1. [0'1'1'1- r:"''w-n n1..:- 1"1-P' fl.
'1"'1- ' 7-.1~ ' hll"~h ' ODODAh'l-]
2. 9"1111.. To her husband, she was the apoth-
eosis of womanhood. flQAtf u~.r: a 'A!l.
fll.'l- ' 9"111\. ' <;')-
appall hlt~~1m
This news appalled us. Y.ll m&. hlt~~1m1
be appalled .,.lfo.:
We were appalled at the thought of another
war. 1\.~ tpC~'l- f.~"IA -11111 0"'11'1-11
7-.1lfOc ~oc
appalling
I. f"'l.J'il:t:t. I saw an appalling accident in
the street. 0""11'1. ~y. .f"7..1'il:t:t h
~;J ' hfll-
2. f"t.l'/1111. There was an appalling number
of victims after the earthquake. hOD&.'l- ""
1'i''I'Tm- 0:\~ f"t..'/111'1- -1111' f.,..,_-'1.
~0~
apparatus """16.1'
An apparatus made of bowls and pipes is
used in making arack. l'.1lt&-'i" OD/IIl.l'
\J/ICI)o ' OD"I(.J' ' ht:'l: o 11"'/m-n!'l- ' f.m:t"'/A
apparel A-lilt
His apparel was splattered with mud. A-ll
11- ~.f. "'!':l' .,..~..,.'1'.,.0'1- ~oc
55 appeal
apparent "'AX"
It is apparent that he did not understand
the question. 'l'.f'l:w-1 7-.1-'IA.,.t:'lw- "'A
K" I )BJ-
In spite of his apparent desire to do good,
be fails to help the poor. ODA\JII" P'&- II
oPJP&-'1- ~~~'I- .fllw- llDPitAII" .(-1\
l-1 ' fl.t:-'1 ' hY.:I"J'.II"
His apparent sincerity fooled us. :Jo"'''S ""
9"1'111- h:t-11111
be apparent ;t-f
His contempt for her was apparent in his face.
l'.!l1 """"' o.c.-1: Y.:t-1> ~oc
make apparent O..,A.K" }\ODAb+
His poorly written letter makes it apparent
that he would not get the job. ""'1'6: f~-11'1
IL hl\1\4- JP&-w-1 l'.1~"'1.1'1'S 0"/A
X" J'ODI\h:f"A
apparently
I. f + perfect (affirmative, negative) + Y.
ODii'\A. These stones have apparently fall-
en from the mountain tops. MrUJ .1:"1:>
l'""lf ' h.,.&-&-.... ' '"i~ ' 'If. ' .,.1hlllla>- ' f
ID~<k 0 f.ODii'\1\-
He has apparently not changed his mind.
mllfl-1 .I'AIIIDm f.ouMA
2. (relative imperfect) + f.ooMA (or t.f.ooil
All"). He will apparently reduce taxes. "1-11
C f"7.<1'1lt f.ODMA
Apparently, he will not come today. If&. f
"''_OD"' ' l;f.ODitAII" ~A~-,.-\-
apparition "'t:'l"'l- - !
He does not believe in vapparitions. fltiJ~'f"
'1- ' h.l''/"1'1"
appeal (vt.) f."'ll'S M
The lawyer decided to appeal the case. mO
:J>w- .f."lll'S 11"'111'1- mil~
appeal (vi.)
I. II""~- The prisoner appealed to the judge
for mercy.l'.lt.:'l'w - 'l'l'w-1 II".Rt:'l- II""~
The Red Cross appeals to philanthropy.
"'" ' ODit'i'A ' fO~ ' h.I:"&-'IJI'l-1 ' l'.C-'1:1" '
f.ll'l"'i"A
2. 110. This book appeals to university
students. Y.ll ""X"m~ fl'tlLCfl.-1: .,...,
t.9'"lf1 Y.MA
3. ~it hll. Blue and red appeal to me, but
I do not like white. il"''.l''l!'i" <I'Y. <I'll"'/
'1- ~it Y.II-'I'A I ~"I!' "11 hAID.(-9"
appeal 56 append

4. "7~h. This sensuous music appeals to 2. oPA.b<; hllqflll. You have to pay more
women. ,.e.u tlt'Plt-l-") fO'/J.,PlPf --~ attention to your appearance. l\oPAhU'I ~
ll.of-':1'-'t ' ,_.,CIIA. 1\qfl(IU fflllm T't:J><I: .,Y:l:"' hl\110
5. f"''.oP/Ib'l- ~1C liL. Many newspapers 3. nm-~'1-. A man in your position has to be
appeal to the crowd. 1111- ;>tl.tn':f 1-&-avt careful of his appearance. Q")+ v-).;J- fit
.b1111 f"''.oP/Ib'l- ~1C Y.ll''l.ll- nm- 1\I'I<D-~-1: ODm').,.:,. hl\11'1-
6. II"'L'l- lim. It does not appeal to me at all. 4. -o:,. .,11'1-. His sudden appearance startled
fl'i'l\.11" II"'L'I- hY.IIm'SII" her. Y:'t1'1- 11:,0 .,11.,. hllf.~1"1'1-
Appeal to his conscience! ..,II.'O<D-'t t.'t-'1. 5. oP;J-f'l-. It is his first appearance on the stage.
~lim- hY:C1U 't1l:<D- /t.oP"J!OD6f I ...... I ODJ.!"~h I 1\.e. I oP;J-f1: I

[See also 'conscience'] ~ ....

appeal (n.) give the appearance of (relative tense) +
1-0DIII\" :J-f
I. Y."'q'S. The appeal was denied. Y."'ql'
1-b/lb/1
Mary gives the appearance of being busy,
2. hiL-J::J-. The students presented an appeal but she gets little done. "'L& fll"'l-"'f.'i' ""
M 'I-:J-,1'1\':f l "''t P'&- mofl hY.IA~'I-11"
to the president of the university. .,.....,~,.,:,: 1\
1'-tli:Cit-f:m- T&.IL'I't'l- hiL-J:;f- h.,.t:fl- keep up appearances o-~:1" ~ mfl+
3. oPmf:t. My appeal to her pity met with Keep up appearances whi1e you are looking
no response. lt'l.t.!";l-lt'lA.:.S oPmf-t r1 for a new job. h.Jlll P'6- 1 CJ.:t-L.A.., 1 o-
II" ' 'i'~ ' hA.I'Imll" ~;f-U"t mofl:t
4. II"'L'I- ,..,.11.,.11. He wound up his speech outward appearance oPb\h
with an appeal to everyone's patriotism. The outward appearance of things can be
fv-11-'tll" fU1C <;::,OC II"'L'I- 11"""'11"'11 deceptive. oP/Ab hltlt':f 1\.tl''t Y.':f~IA
')"1"1'\-'t o f.ODf.OD make an appearance 1l:t- 1 h.ll
appear At least make an appearance! 11.,1")11 11.,1")
I. -o:,. hi\. He appeared at the last minute. II -o:t lilA
"""""l:lf'l' ' f.-1:.+ ' -o:,. ' hi\ put in an appearance 11:'fo hi\
2. ;f-f. When we reached the top of the hill. I do not want to go to the party, but I had better
the town appeared below us. blot:ofl;f-<D- put in an appearance. (IJ~ 1-fl"lf'(l)- ll~
""1'1' ' flf.t:ll't ' 1.11. b.,..,.... bfl;J-il":f 1\0D'/.Y: hiALIA"'II" l "''t ofl:t 11/A Y.lf II
') ';f-f') '11A
3. oonJ. He promised to be here at four, but to all appearances
did not appear until six. IIOP'C l'l't'l- t. *He was, to all appearances, dead. h'tf."''.:J-f
"'"'11\v- 1111- ~nc 1 ~1c "''t t.llb m- f'1"1- f.oPMA.
OP'&- ' v-11'1- ' l'l't'l- ' hA.OD"'II" [See also 'majestic']
4. .,.l:fl. The defendant failed to appear in
court. 1-bltll' 'i'CY: n.+ ltY..,.C-fl .,.t: appease
I. hllt:f.. He tried to appease his anger by
5. "'"' This paper appears every Thursday.
.etJ ;JH.tlJ I '100o{l I '1DD-{1 I ,.e.mlfJ/A
I
offering him money. 1'tH11 flODIIm+ ofl"'
<D-') ' 1\.,ofll:Y: ' 'l"bl:
6. ODI'II\. He appears to he very sick. 11"111"
2. '1'117'1- ht:II. Chamberlain appeased Hitler
f:J-OD"" 1-""MA.
It appears to me that the program is a failure. at Munich. ii'II"IICII.'t oo-tb ~f. f'L'I-IIC
't '1'~7'1- ht:II
7.'tf.~ ' TC"''&-oo- ' <D-Y.-:,0 ' ftl'~ 1-0DIII\
[See also 'hunger']
'11A
appear as tr'i r w&- appellation hm&-C
He appeared as the king in the play. 111:,1' The appellation "Habasha" is not liked by
..,.."" I aJ-it..- I 7l,")J~, I ")'}-<p-' ; fr'i I IP&- Ethiopians .... nlf f"''.llm- hm&-C 111>.'1-f-A-.1'
m-n H'tY: hf.rof.Y:II"
appearance
I. oP/Ab. I never judge by appearance. 'I'II- append h,I',I'H
II" ' """"'b ' h/A111"'1-II" He appended his photograph to his letter of
appendage
application. h.,ODII\h!l'm- ;>C C:of..,t-4-
1 h.I'.I'H
appendage 'I-TA hit&\
The tail of a cat is an appendage. f ~:;-on:,.
t. 'I-TA hit&\ tm-
appendicitis f-rc'i' h1~:,. 01i:l"
Appendicitis requires a surgical operation.
f-rc'i' h1~..,. o1i;r- -tP. T1'0 .l'll4.
11\1'1'11\
appendix
I. -rc'i' h1~-r. His appendix is inflamed.
-rc'i' h1~-t>1 h'I":I"A
2. -1-"".,cl OD"JII"'i. The appendix of this
book deals with the genealogy of the kings.
ffltJ I OIIX"thfi: I .,.Q;I.11"U: I OU"1{lftl I {1:1'\ I
t11";1"-l> fHC "11.1': .1'-'01.!.11\
appertain -t-oullh-1-
These are the duties that appertain to your
office. S/.IJ .('1-1-1 fl"t. ' h'i!A f"'I.ODII
h-r ' 'l~.l.t-r ' tm-
appetite
I. f9""111 'i!~1-r. Our boy has a good appetite.
Alf:f-1 '1'1- f9""111 '1'~1:,. hii<D-
2. 'i!~1-r. The lively boys have a great appetite
for amusement. 14ll"'ll A]f.:f' h'i'-t-'1 f""
'1':1" ' '1'~1..,. ' h~:f....
have an appetite t.O(m-)
After a walk, I have a sharp appetite. b1ic1ic
0:\~ 0"11"' J'.C0'1A
[See also 'hearty, sharpen, spoil, stimulate,
whet1
applaud
I. h""0""0 l 0"1"11""q hJ'.t<t. When he
finished speaking, the crowd applauded. 1"1"1
~1 ll.""Cll .1.1111- h""O""O (0"1"11""
q ' hS'.t<i')
2. hS'.t<i'. I applaud your courage. 'HI11.,1J1
hS'.1:J'IIv-
applause "V'11""q
He was greeted by applause. O"V'11""q .,.
<1'011-..,.
bring applause ~,;u.q"} h..,.t.L
The speaker's measured words brought ap-
plause. -t-o;;>&<D- oucfll f-t-o;1t.:fm- :J'~
..,. ' "V'11..,q1 ' h-t-.:4-
apple -1>4-.h 1 7'1"'
57 apply
appliance """lcl.l'
They sell all kinds of electrical appliances.
.,o;:ftD-11"' ' 'tM:,. ' fl\.1\.h:,.&h o OD"'&
.1' ' Y.lf"'ll-
~
(be) applicable oPt.
The rule is not applicable in this case. OtlU
MY. ~y. S/.IJ S'.111 hJ'.oPt.'/"
applicant houAit:f'
There were many applicants for the job.
111".!-<D- 1111- hODAit'l':f' tO~
application
I . .,.,..11\b!l'. Fill out this application blank!
.r.u'l fll/ouAb!f .::cr tJD-.11\
2. oum<f'l"'. The application of the penal code
to this case is incorrect. OH.U .,.~,.. 11\,e.
Om1~11'1 oo:J>~ .h"l oum<f'l"' ll.h-t--r
tm-
3. OP"6- ltY.. "7f~JA. Serious difficulties may
arise from the application of this law. .e.u1'
.h"l Ol"t. ~y. .,'I'A h'i! .I'll :f'"Jc
II_.I.TC Y.:f'~A
4. hoPt.C. The application of what you know
will help you to solve new problems. fl"':l"
<D-<f'<D- ' hoPt.C ' ~ll.tl.ll o :f'"JC::f' o OD<j!
.-,...._ ll.,"l'r:,. .1'-l:II?A
5. .,.~..,... If you show application to your
studies, you will succeed. 1\.."J-,.-uc.-,..u ..-~-1- r
11;1-S'.C"I .1'-llltA?A
6. .,...-,._,.-,.. By application to his work, he got
a better job. 01".!-<D- ' ~.('. ' ooo:,._,.., ' fof-
lfll ' l"t. ' h1'r
7. f"'l.<f'q ou.r:;.>~-r. This application is made
of various ointments. f""L+ll ODJ!";)t+
f"'l.ovt.m- hAl' AI' '1-q-!':f' tm-
letter of application "7DPAhf!
He appended his photograph to his letter of
application. h.,ouAh!l'm- ;>C C:-1'"1.!.4-1
h.l'.l'll
make an application ftoPi\h.,.
We made an application to the court for an
investigation. rcout. 1'.1-'I.S'.l:"l ll'i'C.I': fl.
of> hOD/lb.-,.,
applied (adj.) .,..,qt.'
He published a textbook of applied mathe-
matics. .,..,qt.' f.h./111 ODll".h'i' h/1-t-ou
apply (applied), vt .
q11~
I. oPt.. I had to apply all my strength.
O'l-1"' IJ-1\- ""1".!-:,. ' t0l:11~
appoint 58 appreciate

2. Mit:. The nurse applied a bandage to tbe He got a good appointment in a business firm.
wound. ~Cf).. 1 1111-'J 1 04o"lf 1 h.llt:":f q')f." I ft"Jf." 0 f."C~'I- I 111-II'J' I f.1'i" I ~
3 . .,.m.,.OD(O'I-). You have applied this rule oo:,. I h.1"f
incorrectly. f.II'J 1 f.'Jil 1 Oll..lo.,.'l- 1 .,.m apportion h.hUII
:J>oouO;f"A He apportioned the profits among the partners.
4. OP'<l- 1 llf. 1 h.'l'll. He knows the rule, but 'I-C4-"J I I\..,10C.,.'l''Jl I h.h'(.l./1
does not know how to apply it. f.'Jti-'J 1 fm-
4''1'41\ I ~1C I .,., I 1\'Jf..'l- I l.'Jf."''..J'ID-1\111- ' appraisal f1"".,.
h.S'~'I" His appraisal of the damage was less than
S. 4'q, He applied iodine to the cut on his arm. fifty dollars. ff.t:(ltD-') I 'J''(.'I- I f10D.,.ID- I h
h'J-'1. I llf. I J'I\111-'J I IIA I h.f-'1.') I 4'qm- 1'/"1} I itC I J')(l ' h.f."C1 I ~111-

apply (vi.) make an appraisal "IOD-r-

I. h""llh.,.. I would like to apply for a job. He made an appraisal of the deceased's
P'<l- 1 1\'J.C:.IIm'S ll""llh'l- 1\I.A;JI\rr estate. f"::..'li'J 1 'Jilt:'l- 1 1"".,.
2. .,.,.,1\h.,.. What I have just said applies appraise
especially to you. h.rr'J 1 f.,.'i"1Ch-'l- 1 0.,.11 I. t..-~u~. The teacher appraises the ability
f. I h_')_,.-, I f.OO'I\h:f"<l\ of his pupils. h.ll.,...,&m- ,.,...,&l"'ll'J 1 ":f-11-
3. K'i". This law applies to men and women alike. :f" I '""~11'i"A
f.IJ I ..lo"J I 1\tD"Jf'.":f'J" ' 1\fl..f":f'J" I J\h-41\ I f. 2. 1"".,. He appraised the property for taxation.
P.'i"A 1\"JilC ' h.h'(.l.<l\ I 1\'J.'l.OD":f I 'Jitt:-lo'J I 100.,.
4. h."Jqil~'l- h.l\m- The rule does not apply
here . ...,.,. I 1.Jf.IJ I h_"Jqfl~'l- I fi\111-'J" appreciable 1-AII
apply oneself "''l.1t"l V.lr 1\cpl\ There is an appreciable difference in the results
He applied hlmself to the task of getting rid of the students who study and those who do not
of the slums. 'l't:-lo'J rrll- 1 fh.,...,m--, 1 study. O"''..fm}'i" O"'J'm). 1 .,...,&l"l- 1 m-m.
oll"lf"lf I h'i!<l\ I 1\..,'J''(.-l- I h.'J'I\ '1- 1 onl}hA 1 "I-AII 1 flf~:~ Al'~'l- 1 All
[See also 'brake'] appreciate (vt.)
I. OJf.f.. We appreciate a holiday after a year
appoint
of hard work. I}') f." 1 ~ou:,. 1 bqf." 1 fP'<l- 1
I. ll"oo. The Emperor appointed him judge.
'J"!-IP I ~1P''io I " " ' I h_f."C11D- I
2. ou.:m. The teacher appointed me to score
II"_,. 1.1J. I 0:\11 I ~t:'i!'l-
2. lf';J {tm. He does not seem to appreciate
I {l(lm'J I J\'JOJ-'11\'J

what I have done for him. llf.t:"lrrl\'1- 1 ~1C 1

for both sides. h.ll.,...,&m- 1 1\rrl\-lo 1 011-:'l- 1
'J';J I f"''..(lmtD- I h_f.OO'III\'S'J"
1\'JY:....,.C 1 ou.:m'S
3. 0"1'1" 1 1.11 1 h.l\(m-). I would appreciate it,
3. OJII~. Appoint a time for the meeting!
1\llfl(lqtD- I 1.1J. I OJII'J
if you could come. ofl>Tooat fllflr l.ll
f.I\>;'A
appointed (adj.) f.,.OJM 4. h.f.~4'. A frivolous person will not ap-
The time appointed for tbe meeting was preciate a thoughtful book. h.ll.,.itlltl- 1 4'1141\ 1
8 o'clock. 1\llilllqm- 1 f.,.mMm- 1 1.11. 1 rrll flf~ I (ltD- I 'J'<l\:J> I OO'Jt.J.'i! I h_J'f.'J:J>'J"
:,. 1 11~:,. 1 ~oc S. h.ODII1t. I appreciate your kindness. 11111 f. "I
~'1-11 1 h""II"I'JYI\rr
appointee f.,.ll".,. 1 lim-
6. h.IIOJf.f.. New buildings appreciate tbe value
The official gazette contains a list of tbe names of land. h.-'1.'1.11 1 ..lo'JI\l"l- foot.'I-'J 1 'I';. 1 f
of new appointees. ~;J&'I- 1 ;Jtl."'tD- 1 h.-'1.11 1 llmf."-'111-
f.,.il".,...,.., I (ll"":f I II'J" I 1JC1fC I f.!l<l\
7. .,.1~HO. Everyone can appreciate the danger
appointment of war. ..,.,.,.m-'1" 11m- fi'C~'I- 1 f"''..S'IIh
I. 4'mC'. Did you make an appointment with '1-1\m-"J ' h.f.;J I 11..1~Hil f.":fiiA
the doctor? h.!. h..,... 1 ;JC 1 +me' 1 M'..t:"llll 8. .,.ll..,(m-). A musician can appreciate any
2. ~'1-. The Emperor made several appoint- differences in sound. .,...11.4'>;' 1 01."'1" 1 ool}
ments to the office of judge today. -,.,.., 1 ~ hA I J'l\111- I ..,.,,,111-'l" I ~,.~,. I Al'~'l- I

1P''io I ~<l. I it,. I f'i'S~'I- I ~ . . ., . I /ltn- f.II..,'I'A

appreciati on 59 appropria te

appreciate (vi.) cp;J Q;LODl. apprise hllm~++

I apprised him of the danger. ill\ hf.:>tJJo
This land will appreciate as soon as good
1

roads are built. f.'"l'i" 1 oP11Y.:f 1 01-IP~ hllm)+~ll-'1-

1." I flf.U I OD<l.'J- I 'f';J I J'.Q;I.'/"6-f>. approach (vt.)
appreciati on I. mf+. How shall I approach my boss about
I. 'l"il:>'i". I do not expect any appreciation. a raise? hll.+\1-1 Ill\ 1 1.'1"11 .,_....,,p 7.11..'1-
'1"1'1" 1 'l"il;>'i" 1 hAmQO~'I" Amf.+tiJol
2. hY:'i".,.'l-. The children's concerts foster 2. M ;>1~. Who shall I approach about it?
Ill\ 'I-'ll' "'111 11~;>"/C!
an appreciation of music. fih,'i"'I- 1 1>111C'I- 1
f ....lf.:J-1 I hf."'i".,.'J- I ~~:J":J"f>. Have you approached your father about
3. il"'/.'1-. She has no appreciation for art. letting you have a bicycle? !Lilhii.'I- 7.1'1.1
lib.) '1'011 ,.,,. il"'/.'1- fii'I-'1" II-AU hQ'J-U1 M:>1Clt'l'tiJo l
3. hf.~1. How would you approach the
appreciati ve problem? ':f"/~1 7.11..'1- ;J-f.C1'1'1\U l
I. hooll:>"i. She does not seem very appreciative 4. ( = intr.) 1"+6-~fl. The painter used a
of the kindness done for her. 111"1.~111'1- tJJo green paint that approached what he wanted.
1\:J- hODii;J"i h'J-oo!IA'I" .,.1\'1" +!LtiJo hil- h"''.LA1tiJo :>C f
2. .t./111-1 1-+Qf.. The appreciative audience "'1.+6-~il ' h~1~1.. ' .,.11,. ' .,.q
cheered. .t.IIR-1 1"+Qf. flf).'J- 1 h,_.....,f!"" 5. f.Mt(fi'I-). As a poet, he hardly approaches
':f h"'-0"'-tl- Keats. fl1tiJ"''.)'J- b.'I-111 hY.f.Cilfi'I-'1"
apprehend approach (vi.)
I. fH. The police apprehended the thief. I. +~fl. They approached cautiously. fl-r1.+-t
?"11.11- I\,QtiJo1 I fHtiJo +~R-
2. 1"~'1(tiJo). +He fully apprehended what he 2. """1. We cast about for something to do
read. 1)00tJJo1 0..,.11- 1"~'1tiJo during the approaching vacation. 1\0if.ODifJtD-
[See also 'danger'] f~~'i''I- 1.11. f'/"11P6-tiJo1 1\"'I"IT'I- h
1DtiJ1 h1D~Y:1
apprehens ion
I. "".1'11. The apprehension of the thief was approach (n.)
announced over the radio. fi\.Qm- ODJ'1t I. oo.+~il. The enemy fled at our approach.
fl<l.'l.f" 1")1~ irir
I
floo.+~q':f1 mil'!-
2. "'liD~. Apprehension of the fundamental 2. HI... He invented a new approach to the
principles of health is essential. """'~:J-'1! f study oflanguage. 11!\''1!\' -r'i"'I- h'l.ll Hf..
m.'i" hmQfl~ Hf..1 "'liD~ 1 hiiLII1. )tiJo
Lm~
3. 'i'CV'l-. The roar of the hurricane filled 3. h<\''1". Our director has a straightforw ard
us with apprehension. f'tiD"flo )4-fto "" approach to the problem. 'l.<l.h1"6-:f1 ill\ "I-
'jj'J- I lj:CV'J- I h/11.~111 'll' f"'lfiDIItiJo/:1. h<\''1" hll'l'tiJo
be filled with apprehensio n fl"l9" (l;J 4. f"''.IDIIY: DP'11Y:. The approaches to the
He was filled with apprehensio n about the exam. bridge are under repair. mf. Y:t>.Y:f. f"''.ID
Ill\ ' L1"'i"tJJo I fltiJ'I" 11"/.f- )fiC 11.11.'1- ' OD11Y.':f ' fi0Dtn11 'If. ' 'i"'ftJJo
have a clear apprehensio n of fOD~.IJ+ ":ftr-
approbati on Y::>'i'
;J- hl\tiJo
Our plans have the teacher's approbation .
I

He has a clear apprehension of arithmetic. h~'l:f't 1111""'1<1tiJo1 Y::>'i' ' h"l"i:tt>.

.h./1111 I fOD~,II'J- I ':f~;J- I hl\tiJo
appropria te (v.)
(be) apprehens ive II:>
I. oPf.O. The city has appropriated fifty
John was apprehensive about his test marks. thousand dollars for a new library. h.,...,,..,.
}!1 1111 1 L1"'i"tiJo 1 tiJom.'I- 1 f.il:> ' ~oc
11.11.11 IL1" ODl\ih'i''I- ...,,.11 n:
i!C on
apprentic e 1"11"'1"'1~ Y:QII:f
He is an apprentice in masonry. 'h. ft. M9"fl~ 2. IDilf.(fi'I-). My son has appropriated all my
)'J- I 1"'6- ' 1"1\"'/"'/~ I )tiJo ties. AJ':. ' h6-li-Ml1 ' 11..,.11- IDilf.il"i
appropriate
3. 11.!-h- ml'l.!'.. He appropriated the most
comfortable chair in the room. h'i'll- m-1'1
'I' ' f"''..~"fm-') ' hv.ll- ' f.&\~ ' !1",; ' fll'
)m-') m'JIIC 11.!-h- ml'l.!'.
4. hllll. The government appropriated land
for a military base. DP't"ll"-1> lltnC I'lL
c ' f"''..ll''t ' (1;1- ' hllll
appropriate (adj.) 1-~!l
The remark is quite appropriate. h.i11"ff-1:
lll\m-)'1- ' ~ll ' )d)o
approval
I. 4J'Y:. You will need your parents' approval.
fmll)>::fll L:l'Y: f(ILA"I?A
2. li.Y:<;.f. 'I-. The audience showed its approval
by applauding. 1\.Y:.,..., li.Y:'O.f.-1>') 11"1."
oiJQ;l,l) ~IlK
3. oPfl.,.,'l-. He misconstrued her silence as
approval. 11!1";1-'l''t l\'t.l'. oPfl.,.,'l- 1\.Y:
c~ llrt.h-!-'1- 1-<:'lm-
*This plan has the teacher's approval. ~tJ
l\~Y: ' l)(lof-"''&m- ' of-.1'."1!1,&\
on approval
*They sent me the book on approval. IJf.fl.,
.,'S &\DP&\(1 L~.l'.m- DPI\'do4-'t IIII-A'S
[See also 'meet']
approve
I. li.K.!'..,.. The senate approved the treaty.
f.h"l oom(l'f !l"hC IL'I- (1!1"!1")-1>')
li.K.!'..,.
2. l\.DPI'I1). The teacher looked at John's
work and approved it. 1\.rtof-"''&m- f)>:'t't
I".!- ' li.J.'Ao ' l\.oP(I~)tJJo
3. .!'.~.!.. Do you approve of kissing in public?
IJJ\..J'.I)I)f. 0 DDI\1\11"') 0 '1-.J'."Iof.I\IJ l
4. "-"'-"-(11'1-). He approved his request for
additional money. fmf+aJo"t TID.4fll6 '1
'JHofl "-"'.1'.11'1-
5. of-11.,.,. Her fatherapprovedofhermarriage.
1\.IJ:J: ' ll;>ofl!l''l' ' 1-11.,.,
be approved 1-.,.IJf.)'l- ll.~"f I 1-.,.1111
Your application will have to go through the
proper channels before it is approved. "'""&\
h!f'll of-4'1Jf.)'l- h.,"l"f-1> (hoo.,.IJII-)
lld.'l- ll~!ll",; h'i'll-:f IIII-A DD!/""1
,. ' l\.1111'1-
approving f""11_,.,,_
The speaker was answered by a chorus of
approving shouts. .1.1111- ll"'ofl&'l- IJoP(;Ro
1i 111-'0;>&m- foort.,.,'l- DP&\11 l'lmm-
60 apropos
approvingly 11""11.,.,+
She nodded approvingly. 11""11.,.,'1- ' o!-11.')
.!'.of. ' .,... ' ll..l'.&~:f
approximate (v.)
I. of-:1'&11. The translation approximates the
original. '1-c...- h'I''Om- f.:l'&IJA
2. fUA )IJC. The crowd approximated a thou-
sand people . .1.1111- 01'-'C 1(. fUA )IJC
approximate (adj.)
I. ( = adv.) 11"1!1"'1-. The approximate time of
the trip is ten hours. f1-1'm- 1.11. 11"19"'1-
01'-'C 1'1-t'l- )tJJo
2. ( = adv.) h'l"ll 1-.I'.A. The approximate
length of the room is eight feet. fh'i'll- C
11DP'I- h'l"ll 1-.I'.A rt!l"'t'l- ""'"' 1
UA f.ll''O&\
The painting is an approximate copy of one
by Rembrandt. 1"~11- h'l"ll 1-.I'.A ~'l"ofl
.!-., .... ' f.,..!-.... ' I"~&\ ' "1&\1)"1." ' )tJJo
approximately
I. fUA. He will stay abroad approximately a
month. h."JJ!:' me YtJA ID"~ h.'JC
f..f.fiA
2. 11"1!1"'1-. Addis Ababa is approximately
midway between Asmara and Nairobi. 11"1!1"
.... ' l\.'1.11 ' l\.111) ' lll\.1'-'DP.!-'0 ' II'Of.C'!l
li..,IJ,. ' 1l<i>o!- ' ......
approximation "1!1"'1-
About 93,000,000 iniles is an approximation
of the distance of the earth from the sun.
hou~'l- l\rth Bdof. film- C.,.'l- "19"
'1- 93,000,000 .,,_&\ fUA )m-
appurtenances 1-"""'6
He showed me the house and all appurte-
nances, such as the garage and the servants'
quarters. IL-l>')<; l\'t'LV.!I" fooh.<; .,.,
"'1..1 IL-I>'t i fiihC IL-I>'t foPI\1'111-'1-'t
oj-Q;l..,& ' V.ll- ' 11.1\f'S
April "'1..1111
apron iiCT
She wears an apron when she cooks. ,....,..,.. il
'1-,.o!- iiC'l' ;J-ifC"'II:f
tied to someone's apron strings
He is still tied to his mother's apron strings.
~ .. ' hl\'0-1> ' .,., ' l\.&\61"1!1"
apropos of nil - - - )~C
Apropos of your vacation, what will you do?
1111 ~t:'i''I-U )~C !I"') &\;1-.I'.C"I ll.rtii?A l
apt
apt
I. 1-41. He is a very apt pupil. l'.ll- 0"19" 1-
41 I T"l6 I )Ill"
2. -MO.. That is a very apt remark. 0"19"
1"10. ' ftl') ' hil1".1'f+ ' )Ill"
be apt to
I. II + negative imperfect + hS'A>C9".
A careless person is apt to make mistakes.
"IY-1111 (ltD- ii.01"T /tf.IP&o hf.4'C9"
2. imperfect + f.ll'<; A. He is apt to come in
the middle of the night. Ooo't 4.4' 11.11.+ 'I
f. J.'.OD"' f.ti'<;A
aptitude iltn:J-
He has an aptitude for foreign langnages.
flD-"fl" Me :t'l-!1/l":f ll"""lC iltn:J-
hl\lll"
[Ill";) 111-~ 11:1- IDS'. 1\.'1 f"''..
aqueduct
IIJ(l~O+ ' +A:J> ' !1.9"!1. ' IDJ.'.'l-9" '
Arab o.:11
Arabi a ro.:11 Me
Arabic o.:11'f
Arabic is close to Geez. o.:11'f 11"1611
f.'i'CIJA
(be) arable lll'.C~ II')
The land in this region is arable. fH.II hi!
IJO. oo.:,:,. lll'.C~ f.ti'<;A
arbiter hii:J-&-4:
He was chosen arbiter for the border problem.
1111 IDil). ~f. hii:J-&-4: ll''f .,.,...:m
arbitrary
I. f-Moo S'.ll. A good judge does not make
arbitrary decisions. 'No Jl'f f-MODS'.I\ <;:
c~ hf.il'l'9"
2. Ool.:l'JI. f"7..1q. He is an intelligent, but
arbitrary ruler. 11AII )m- i .,.,. Ool.:l'JI.
f"7..1q ' 111; ' )ID"
arbitrate hii:J-.:4'
The judge is going to arbitrate the dispute.
Jl'fm- mll-1- IU'ii:J-C:J> )Ill"
arbitrate between h.hllll""l
The committee will arbitrate between the
company and the striking workmen. S'.C'l-
h-IJ't.f'aJo't<; I /"&- I .f'.f,_,...,. I IP&o-f"'l':f I
.l'il"l"lA
61 architecture
arbitrator hii:J-&-4:
The quarrel was resolved by an arbitrator.
'I'll- ' IJII:J-&-4: ' OD'i'Tdo. ' .1\17
arc :til+
The fortification is in the shape of an arc.
9"111- ' O:J>iiT ' :JoCK" ' f-l-IP&- ' )ID"
arcade [09"(1(1 f-I"S'.1f. 1-'i'"'"'f. :J-111'-:f]
arch (n.) :J-11+
The city erected a triumphal arch in his honor.
h-1-"l'l' /Ill ' h11-l- ' f~A :J-ilT .1\.fOD
:fll+
arch (adj.) 4'1-S'.'f
The arch rebel was Patrick Henry. 4'1-S'.'fm- 1
OODfJ'f ;r+6l1 ~'1-6 1 )0C
archaic f'I"'-T
(lf.] There are many archaic words in Amharic.
IJ"lC'f ' 1111- ' f'I''I-T I :J''IT ' hll-
archangell\.4' ooAhh
The archangel Gabriel made the annun-
ciation to Mary. 11.4' ooAhh- 111Ch.A
il"lC.I'9" f9"ilt-'li't )1&-T
archbishop 11.4' AAII
The archbishop gave the blessing. 11.4' AA
flo ' 11-&-h. ' .......
archeology hCh.l"ll-:1[
archipelago -1-1-&-IJ:f S'.tl..f:f
architect
I. "1''11- f)S'.ol.. Who is the architect of this
building? fH.II't .01-l\ "1''11- f)S'.ol. .,.,.
)ID" 1
2. ODIJ'I-JI.il. Is Afework the architect of Africa
Hall? .1\oi.IDC:J> ' f)\<;:61) ' .1\JI&-11 ' ODO'I-JI./11
)Ill" 1
architecture
I. f.O'tl\ '1'011. The university has a school
of architecture. l').lfCII.-tm- f.O'tll '1'011
+rue+ IL+ hiltD-
2. f.O'tl\ .1\IP&-C. Some people think that the
architecture of this castle is Portugnese.
.1\1-JI't~ ' (IS":f ' fll.ll ' "l't11 ' f.O'tl\ ' .1\IP
&-C ' f?"C-1>:>11-:f ' )ID" I 111\ID" ' .1'111111-
3. f.O'tl\ .1\IP&-C HY.. Greek architecture
made use of columns. M6l>:f f .01-l\ hiP
&oe HY. 09"ill\ ooom4'9" 1 )OC
archive(s)
archive(s) 0011111 fi.'I-
He filed the document in the Foreign Ministry's
archives. 1'1~.11.'J h"'""l' 1-Jif. "'Uli-I:C ou
11111' fl.+' h'l"~tJJo
archway f:,OII+ ac
The archway by the palace was decorated
with flags. m1. fl.1" ou'J"IP'T f"''..l'll1Q
tJJo r:,-11:,. ac Rl'l't1.:,. ~~~., .,..,_t!>.A
Arctic 1\Cbtb
The Arctic is always cold. 1\cbtb v-A1.11.
.,.11:J-q ' ~IJJo
ardent
I. li"Jo.. He is an ardent defender of human
liberty. li"Jo. fl'ltJJo AY; ou11'1- 1"b<1-lJ
6 I ~(1)-
2. "1f.lll;'. He is an ardent nationalist. -11-
/ll;' f01C II"'L'I- .l'lltJJo l'ltJJo ~tJJo
*She is an ardent lover of music. Aoo-fl.:l"
f ;J/1 'i':,.c /\'I 'l-
ardor f;J/1 II"'L'I-
He expressed his ardor for knowledge in a
beautiful poem. 1111,..,.+ .l'lltJJo'J f ;J/1 II
"'L'I- RtJJoil "IT?" 1111!.
arduous
1. 11C-I>. He gained strength by arduous exercise.
11C-I> l'.'J:,OII:J-11. 0"7.1:-~"1 1-AR'I- <Q.ou~
2. RIIJr bQJ!". The arduous lesson made
him spend many hours at work. 0"1!1" bQ-'1.
'1-?"oc+ 1111- 1.11. T.,..+ 'If. 7.'t'l..l'm4-
h1.~11JJo
area
I. 114-'1-. The area of this room is 150 square
meters. fii.O h'i'A 114-~ ou.f 1\!1"4 lJt.
"'L'I-C' ~tJJo
2. 1\lJQfl. The area around Addis Ababa is
densely populated . .1'11.11 1\RQ 1\lJQfl
1111- ' .ft1111 ' 1\110'1-
3. ll'i'.:.. Bananas grow in tropical areas.
""'11 R'I":J-'1- ll'i'.:.l"l- f.R:,O'IA
*His major area of study is history. 01"/lf.
f"''..l'm.,..tJJo :1-&h ~tJJo
[See also rural, urban']
arena (11-<l.l'tJJo'J f:l"m~ f'I-"IA oumJ11.&
.1' ' 1':1")
argot AI' 't"I"IC
The argot of thieves is meaningless to other
people. f/l.l'l- AI' 'J"I"IC 11/l.~l- +c
1-11" ' hf.I'IT?"
62 aridity
argue
I. .,....,?...,.,..He argued with his sister about
who should wash the dishes. lt.ft'l"'l?t "7'J
7.'J1."'1..1'T11 b7.1-l> ;JC 1"<Q.:J"<Q._,.
2. 1"h<l-b~. One side argued for a larger army,
and the other argued against it. 1\'J-'1. m1
'J '1-A:,O /PC 1'1<1-'1!'1- l'.'JJI.'l"~tJJo l'l.h<l-
bC /l.'ltJJo 1."1'1" aou?mil" 1"h<~-h~
I argued that it would save a lot of time.
1111- 1.11. .1'1"C'i'A....A 11\L 1"h<l-bCb-
3. 1"".7.11". He argued his case before the court .
01-JI- 'i'C.I:- fl.+ _,.CI' 1"".7.11"
argue into h"'flf)
The boy couldn't argue his father into buying
him a new bicycle. A:( 1\Q-1> 1\JI.II flll
h/1.'1- 7.'JJI.111-II'I- IU'"IQQ:ftJJo 1\Ail'/1!1"
argument
I. hchc ">:,.?:,.. I don't want any argu-
ment from you. lJ'J1" ;JC Mil" hChC
(">:,0op:,O) 1\AI..A"I!I"
This form of argument is not admissible.
f.IJ ~~-~+ hchc 1\f.l...,..':-!1"
2. fODb'lb.l' ?"h'J.I''I-. Cancer is a strong
argument against smoking. "7"'-II'J /IDD:J"
m?" flJ'JI'lC 011:1" 11C-I> fDDb'lb.l' ?"
h'J.I''I- ~IJJo
3. ""411. That is an argument in his favor.
.1' ' 7,(1.') ' f"'/.1."1'1' ' """11 ' ~IJJo
4. ou4f. The laWYer presented an ineffective
argument. mR:J"tJJo 1\T;Jfl .I'ArT~ ouar
1\.,.~a
have an argument 1-tiJI\
He is in a bad temper because he had an
argument with his wife. b"7..11-l> ;JC 1111
1""1'1 R"'!l" .,..,..,. ~ac
argumentative 1"<Q.:J""'t.of:
It is difficult to get along with an argumen-
tative person. b1"<Q.:J""'t.of: (ltJJo ;JC IIDD"I
qq-}- ' 1\ll:f;J<I ~IJJo
arid
I. 1.~:,.. The soil in this region is arid. RII.IJ
1\lJQfl ' hi."- 1.~:,. ' ~IJJo
2. f"7.1'111.11'1-. Geography is for him an arid
subject. l[/1."1~ /1(1. M.1'111.11'1- 'l-11"
IJC'I- ' ~tJJo
aridity .~:-c.,.+
The aridity of the climate is bad for the skin.
fl\f"" 't11~+ .~:-c.,.+ 11-JJI ""TS: ~tJJo
arise 63 armed

arise (arose, arisen) arm (n.)

I. .,.)"1. They all arose at the same time. I. 1.~. He has lost an arm. 1\)l:'t .,..,.CIJI.A
rrtr'l" Q't.I:"H .,.)..,.. 2. 1111'1-. Can you carry the package under
2. .,.l.ml. The border problem arose some your arm? 'I':,Otr't 01111'1-11 I"C A'l-f,H
time ago. f.l:"'tO~ l-Ie h.,.l.ml ol'f .... ' '1-:f'll\111
'1- 11!1-o!\ 3. OD.I'.11.Y. The arms of this chair are low.
3. 1t;Jmou. As soon as the opportunity arises, fll.ll m"tOC "".1'.11.J'f':f lf:,O J'lr <;'I'<JJo
I will start work. b.(-o!\ 1\'t'l;>mou~ I" arm in arm ll~ All~ 1 +J'~HID"
&-<JJo't 1.1..'1"&-llrr He walked arm in arm with her. 1.~ 111.~
.,_J'f,H<JJo hit. ;>C 'tJI.
arisen, see arise carry in one's arms h.,L
aristocracy She was carrying a child in her arms. a.n
I. DD'I\'t't'l-. The priests form the aristocracy ;J-:,Oo(. )OC
in some countries. 1111<;'1- Q't'l't.l:" Me have on one's arm h'lmAmA
<JJoil'l' ' hOD\o,')')')o ' h'i'o!\ ' f.S'.fiDtl-fr She had a basket on her arm. :,Oc""l'l- h
2. "'""l'i''t'l-. The aristocracy has begun to be 'tml\'1''1 )OC
interested in land reform. ODIJ:fi:~.J: 1 lh\ 1
. . ' ,,.;r '
.~.,.. fiDlflf o!\ ' "".1'.1'1' ' "f.'l"l'l'o!\
hold In one's arms :Jw+L
She held the baby in her arms. a.U't ;J-4'
l.:f<JJo
aristocrat Q'IQ'l-
put one's arm around 1t+L
Many aristocrats lost their life during the
He put his arm around her waist. dl1!J.'t h
French Revolution. Ol.l'titf. """'l:J-'1!
4'1.
llfDo'l' '1..11. 1llfo Q'IQ.f:f ;r,y,ro;r'f<JJo't
hm- take one in his arms h+L
He took her into his arms and kissed her.
aristocratic t,:,Ofl; .....,,..
I. f1.'1-)'l-. His pose was aristocratic. u-~;J-<JJo with open arms fl~ll:f'"
M'l-)'1- )0C He welcomed her with open arms. O.l'.il;J- .,.
2. "'-ouR.T~+. Her pose was aristocratic. 4'011'1-
u-~;r'l' f1.ou(J.')o)')o )0C [See also 'enfold, fold, give, length, link, lock,
open']
arithmetic .b.it11
They begin teaching arithmetic in the second armada f,..C ouch11 'i.l:"
grade. .b.it11 "7il.,....,C hu-11.,.'1 h'i'o!\ f, The enemy armada is passing by our coast.
1..'1"&-ir fm'l'l- ftnC ouchil 'i.l:" OQa.&-:f't
'ICi!' 1.}'111. )<JJo
ark ouch11 1 .ttouc
Noah made an ark for the flood. 'l"~ 0'1' armament fiPC oout6J'
4-'1- <JJo;) '1..11. h't.l:" ""Ch11 (dt""C) The Ethiopian army acquired modem arma-
...&-
Ark of the Covenant fM~ ;t-PT
ments. fh.'l-f"kJ' r ...c 11&-'1!'1-
r ...c ......,,..J' t.-r~;J:A
""""'!!
The stone tablets are kept in the Ark of the armband .,....,
Covenant. K"'l-flfi Oh.'l't :J-!1'1- <JJoil'l'
,.,.....,ir He wore an armband made of silver. h-oc
f.,_,..&- .,...., h't.ll. 'If, h.I:"C'iA
arm (vt.) hil:Jom4' armchair 'l"'ll m'I"OC
The Chinese armed the guerillas with modem He relaxed in an armchair. 'l"'ll m'I"OC II
weapons. J!'f.<;<JJo.f't f.l'.l."' 1-'l''l..l"'lh , .,.11....
HfiD<;''I! r ...c ou"ft.Yf':f t.il:Joml\''f<JJo
;arm (vi.) :Jom4' armed (adj.) r ...c ou"ft.J' f.I'H
The country armed for war. t.1t..,. II,..C) The police caught an armed robber. ?'11.11-
'1- ;J-m4':f r ...c .,....,,.., f.I'H<JJo't 4'"711 .I'll~~>:
armed
*Each lawyer came to court armed with facts.
1..1'1'111''1. mO:J' ~C"Im'i' )~C f.~ <;:
c~ IL'l- 4'<:0
be armed
I. ftfiC "'"'16Y YH. Were the robbers armed?
.,....,'l':r; ftfiC oP"f/'.Y f.HtJJo )OC l
2. -1-h'lhll. He was armed against the cold
with a heavy coat. '11-ll'i'tJJo"l' 11C~ om
t;:.!-!1" l>'l- -1-MhlltJJo
[See also 'tooth')
armed forces ftfiC '11-11-"f
The armed forces of our country have good
training. Y1<~-"f1' tfiC '11-11-"f 01.11"11
"'A'I')'I'A
armful (of) ~.]><;: .,..it-
He brought in an armful of books for me to
read. 7.:,0t;:. ~P-f'r OJJK"dtt;:. ~ A'1J.S~11 h.
oo"JA'f
armistice ftfiC "7.f!l" !1!1"!1")'1-
The Americans did not violate the armistice.
t."''.i'>lJ'l'';f ftfiC "''.f!l" il!I"II"H"l' t.
A"'~!l"
armor [OtJJo'U' 'l.tl. htfiC';' h"l-<1-.<'.. lltJJo
)'l-1' 1\ooMhA f"''.l\0!1 f11<:'l- t\11!1]
armory ftfiC """'"'' "lll"lf IL-l-
The armory was raided by the rebels. ftfiC
oP"f/'.YtJJo "l!l")f IL'l- Ot.:>"''.P..l""f -1-HM..
armpit 1111'1-
He has hair growing in his armpit. 11-R'i: m-
il'l' li-,..C O:fo!I,A
arms"""'"'' I ftfiC """'"''
Everyone who could carrY arms was drafted.
oP"fi'>Y II""Y11 f"''."f-A o-tt- -J-oollooll
All arms have to be turned over to the police.
"'l"l''i'tJJoll" ftfiC oP"fi'>J' 11?"11..!1 oo<;h
11 ,MO-l-
bear arms ftnC ODUf~Y .fff
A grown man is allowed to bear arms. t.lJII
oPtn"J I f~~(l I (tCJ)o I flflC I ODt&f I 7,'}
JI..Y.11 f..t.4'~11:1"A
take up arms ftnC ODUf~.f ,1..1' r 1-'iUf
They took up arms to defend their country.
o~<~-'1'"'""~' 11ooh~hA r....c """'"'' ,_
HtJJo T'i..,.,.
(be) under armslltfiC)'l- :l"m4'
All men were under arms. fl9'if u-& AID
C)'l- :1"'1'4'tJJo )OC
64 around
(be) up in arms 0'11.+ tl'l.
He was up in arms when he learned the news.
ID<l.tJJo")' ' 011"'/ ' 'l.tl. ' 01'.<'..'1- ' tflol..
army
I. tfiC I ftfiC 11<1-'l!'l-. The defeated army had
to lay down arms. Y:&\. f+oo;ND c fllC oo
"'"''"'""~' ' "7!l<:h11 ' )0<:0'1-
He fought in the Italian army. Ot.."'II..Y"l'
tfiC 11.!-'l!'l- tJJoil'l' -1-'1':>
2. f!l" ~c tfiC. Did you serve in the army or
in the navy? 1'1A1Ahm- O?""X"C toe ~
"'" ' IDJ'.!l ' OIJ.:hC '11-A l
3. ID;I"S'.C)'l-. I am joining the army. m;I"S'.
C)'l- ' oP"IIJ1: ' )tJJo
4. ou'\'l-. An army of children ran down the
street. f.:hY';''l- oo'\'l- """~'~-'!. ~f. , <!'Ill"
aroma 11:1"
The aroma of coffee is very pleasant. ff't''i" 1
11:1" ' 0"111" ' t.!lS'.I(';f ' )tJJo
arose, see arise
around (prep., adv.)
I. II - - - IMY. The earth moves around the
sun. oo.:.'l- OB.hf. tMY 'l-~6-II:Y.
They were sitting around the table. Om<:A.
~tJJo ' 11"<'-Y ' -l-4'!1"mtJJo )OC
2. hll..ll. Is there anybody around? Ml..ll
lltJJo ' t.ll l
3. 0 --- ~f.. He tied the rope around the tree.
~ooJI.1' O~f.. ~f. t.ll<:tJJo
4. ll"i'>YtJJo"l'. The tree was 40 inches around.
~f. ' 11"/'.YOJo"l' t.CIJ t..'t"f )RC
5. ~f.. She lives right around the corner.
IL:t: Ah oo:f"m.I.YtJJo ~f. )tJJo
6. YllA. I have around 20 dollars. ?Y 11C
YllA t.ll'f
7. ~J'.."'l. He is around forty years old. ~~"'1.
tJJ- ACQ ct-ooT 1Y.fPI ~
*Is there enough coffee to go around? IIIJoll-
11" f"''.ll<:!l It';' f.~'i'A l
around here RILU 1 hltQft 1 lUlU
There is very little activity around here on
Sundays. ~,.~ ~,.~ Rll..ll t.lJIJIL (~
11..11) ' ~"l':fo!l:J'I\.OJo ' 0"111" ' 'l-'t11 ' )tJJo
all around
I. 11"/'.YtJJo"l'. His land is fenced all around.
r~ oo.:.'l- 11"<'-YOJo"l' ;1"-rt;:A
2. OYIIR'l-. There are mailboxes all around
the city. Rh-1-"'/tJJo tJJoil'l' OYIIR'l- f?"il
:1" "7m<I-4"'7.Y "1'1'1':f hit-
a~r~o~u~s~e~--------------------------~6~5----------------------------~arrest
be around O.,.A- '-~it
An unfailing friend will always be around in
time of need. 1\<JJotof-,. <D'Il' o:f-le 1.11.
O.f-11- Y.~eltA
be around again F.l.fl
Christmas will soon be around again. 1'1
o:,.eo- .r.~ltA
have (a coat} around IIJA 'hU"'
She had a coat around her shoulders. '1-blf
'I' 11.r. "-"" "'A 1\Y:e:J toe
somewhere around here 1\H.Y.. hltllR..
He lives somewhere around here. Mlll- 1 1\
ltfJO. I .r.'f&-A
with someone around
*Don't use bad language with children around.
AJ!.":f- 1 '111-0'I- 1 r-aA.,., :1'11'1- 1 1\-l-.,~e
[See also 'circle, clock, up')
arouse
I. .,.....,..... The mother aroused her son early.
""""~'""' I A!.1 I 0"711'1 .,. ....,. ...>f-.,.
The hunter aroused the wild beast to anger.
1\'1")' I YtiJo<'..<JJo1 "tS'.T .,. ... .,.110'1-
2. 1\~~(0'1-). Her strange behavior aroused
my suspicion. J'A-1-11-~ IJol<:f''l' 'J'e"'<'..
M~~ofl'f
[See also 'ire1
arraign b'i'CY: IL-l- 1\.,.~0
The prosecutor arraigned the tramp on a
charge of stealing. .lt"l 1\llbfJ<I<JJo 1 011.-tu
T CD1~A I bo\ 'I-CIL<JJo1 h'i'eY: IL
'1- 1\_,.~0,.
arrange
I. 1\H;J~. I arranged it in advance. .,.~.,.
\1. 1\H;J~IJoT
The maid arranged the table for dinner.
~~.11.;1: m~A.If<JJo1 111\&-'1- 1\H;J~
2. 1\~~~- I have arranged to meet him at
5 o'clock. OOF&- 1\"tY: ll'tT I\1Y:"t
~~ ' 1\Y:C"I.J'IIIJo
3. ~~~. Who arranged the books? -x-m.::
'li"t "71 ~~~ 1
4. ~~~~~~ (-1-~MII). The classes are arranged
according to subject. b'i'll-'li r-1-~'1-
0'1-'l"l!e-l- 'tY.)T -"'~-"" t<JJo
5. b - - - ;Je 1\11"7"7. He arranged the piano
music for the violin. M:Y'i'<JJo1 .,...ll:l' b
li\'"1\."t I ;Je I I\11"7"7<JJo
6. mM. The parents sent an old man to act
as go-between in arranging an appointment.
CDII]f.":f- .,.mt!'<JJo1 1\-CDi\1 h1Y: o 11"7"1
1\. l\"7'f.'" 1\b-
[See also 'match1
arranged (adj.) r;~-.,.~
The meeting arranged for tomorrow was
postponed. fl)~ f:f'_,.~,. MlllfJ of-1\IIL
arrangement "7~&-~'1-
The arran~ement of the furniture in our
new house(took a long time. '1.11.11- IL:f'":f-
'1 I fDoil1" 1 I f7-:J"aJo I ti'IJ!.&.J!,:'f- I -flit' I "f.fL I
~
make arrangements 11"7~+ l;.Y..~"'
They made all the necessary arrangements
to leave the following morning. 0"7"1P'1:
111.'1- 11-\IY: I\IILII1.<JJo1 1f"ll''l- ,.
II-. 1\~~.,..
array (v.) ~~
The general arrayed his troops for the battle.
~1<&-11- CD:f'~t!''li1 1111lC)T 1\~&-~
be arrayed 1\lfn~.,.
She was arrayed like a queen. 1\1~ 1"1F
'1- hif11e:l' toe
array (n.)
I. IIA'i'. The troops were formed in battle array.
CD;f'~t!''li Otnet'l- IIA'i' -1-H;J")f.
2. 1\:J>l"":f-. The array of silver on the table
was quite beautiful. Om<:A.If 1\Y. ftO<(.'I-
b11e r-f-w<(. 1\:J>l""'f- ~- toe
array of -R,..
We were impressed by the array of scholars
who came to the meeting. 11111111fJ<JJo 1111-
fi.:I'<JJo1T -r"';f-lf<JJo 1\M)n
11
arrears
*The arrears of his debt are well over a thousand
dollars. lt1 Y: i( 11e fOIIm r-hLJ'
1.11. f-1-1\IILO-l- M 1\110'1-
arrest (v.)
I. YH. The policeman arrested the thief.
7"11.11- ' l\.fJ<JJo1 YH<JJo
2. "7~b. The bright colors of the flag arrested
the children's attention. ~"7-''li ffJ1.1'.&-<JJo 1
.,.1\'l"":f- rA]!.'Ii1 11"''1- "7<:11-
3. 1\.r.oo. Filling a tooth arrests decay. f'l'e
111 "'"" "711'1"1\T OOOII0/11 ,.,.,A
[See also 'growth')
arrest (n.) oo:f'lle 1 "".1'"11
The arrest of the director was announced
arrival
in the papen;. f-'1.<1-h ...-1- OD;f-(IC (oo.1'1J)
0.:> 11."1 ...11\ll
be under arrest T J'H
You are under arrest because you ran through
a red light f'l-&.l.h oo11&.'1- lll\"'llh ...
f.H7A
make an arrest .fH
The police made two arrests. ?"ll.(l':f IJol\
..... (ll"':f S'll"
arrival
I. ""J':lll. We waited for the arrival of news.
fH.'i'm-"1 ""J':lll ""mqO'!>"I
2. OOJ':l'if. The bulletin lists departures and
arrivals of all buses. "711;1-w-t.rm- fhm-1'
11'(1,;"1 Oofl- -~'lf'i' ODJ':l'if f.Ht'.li&.A
3. fODJ':l'if '1.11.. He timed his arrival to
coincide with the President's visit. h'f' <I-lVI"I
-1> 'l-O'S'I- ;>&. 1."1-'1.1"1m!l"ll'l- h1:C1
fOOJ':l'/ffD<"j ' '1.11. ' ODffi~
4. ""11""1'1-. His arrival caused a lot of excite-
ment. fl\- ""11""1'1- 1111" .,C.,C .l.m<:
arrivals 1."1.,1'-':f
There are several new arrivals at the hotel.
Olr-1:11- fD<ilT 1111" h-'l.il 1."1.,1'-':f hll-
ensure the arrival h.Y.~f\
This money will ensure your safe arrival in
Addis Ababa. f.U 1"1H11 1\llh h-'l.il
hoq OS'.!I"11 S'S'.Cll7A
[See also 'new, tardy']
arrive
I. S'.lfl. When will the teacher arrive tomorrow?
~1 hll-1""7&m- 11""1 '1.11. f.S'.CIIA l
Did they arrive at a decision? It"If: m-1\~
S'.ll\-1
2. ...1\lt(ll'l-). Mter yean; of hard work he
finally arrived. h1111" -too-l- Aof.'l- 0:\
" 0"""'-l'if ....1\ltll'l-
arrogance 7.11&'1- I '1-bll'I-
His arrogance comes out in every speech he
makes. O"'L...'S'.C1m- .,.,.,c o-11- 1.11&'1-
('1-bll'l-) f.:l'f.O;I-A
arrogant 7.11<1 ...'1' 1 '1-bfl"">;'
Mussolini was a very arrogant dictator. -(1
il.); 0"111" 1.11<1 ...'1' ('1-bfl...>;') h!l"q
1n ~oc
arrogate (to oneself) 0&.1\- 1.~ hS'.l1
The governor arrogated to himself the power
to punish violaton; of the law. ih., ...,.
66 artful
'll.l"':f"l fOD'I>flJ-1>"1 ' FA"'"I h1<: ' 1
"JCfD< 0&.1\- 1.~ hS'.l1fD<
arrow
I. milo!."lTC. Hold the arrow against the bow
when you shoot. ll'l-m.:m-c Wil.I."IT-1-"1
h.,.ll-1> 'If. hilS'..,.I.U J'Hm-
2. .,.11'1-. The arrow points north . .,.ll-1> IDS'.
(1"'"1 J'OOI\h;J-A
arsenal
I. f"""I<IS' 4-11&1t. Our arsenal makes only
rifles and pistols. fOD"t&f 4-11t:lt:f"l f"''.
OP<IofD< 0 ffiOD"Ili'l"'f"l'i' 0 'li.,.jD'f"j 0 11!J' 0 ~fl)<
2. fjDC """I <IS' .,ll"li' 11.'1-. Only a few rifles
were left in the arsenal. O"'C """I <If .,ll"li'
11.-1> fD<ilT T4!'1- moo"ll!'l"'f 11!1' f.
1'1'11-
arson fll.'l- "7:1'mA m"I)!A
The two young men were accused of arson.
Ool\-1> ID"'.,.'f 011.'1- "7:1'mA ID"I)!A
...hlll\-
art
I. h.~ T011. He knows a lot about art. ill\
h.~ Tfl11 1111- fm-:I'A
This building contains many works of art.
OILU ih"ll\ fD<ilT 1111" fh.~ T011 P'
&.l":f hfl-
2. Tfl11. The public speaker cultivates the
art of pleasing his audience. """;>&m- .r1:
ay,;oo':f"j "711S'.I'I!J' T011 S"I-117"1\A
3. H.l-'.. He has the art of making friends.
WJI~ f"7'i'&.'l- H.l-'. hl\m-
4. 11A7'1-. The witch deceived the girl by her
art. m"llllf.:t Ali'1l-'l.-l>"l 011A7:1: h;l-1\
11!1''1-
artery (arteries)
I. S'.V" '1>'1. It is dangerous if an artery is cut.
S'.V" '1>'1 h""Omf'l hS'.1'1' ~,.
2. 'l''i' 00"111:. Churchill Road is one of the
main arteries of Addis Ababa. f'I'C'I:A 1-'1
.,. hh-'l.ll hoq 'l''i' OD"I11'-'f h"l'l.
~,.
artful f"7"POCflC
The cheat uses artful tricks to get people's
money away from them. h;l-'lf. ff'lm-"1
1"1H11 (loom-(11: 0"7"POCOC H.l-'. J!.m
.,...,A
*The Japanese excel in artful arrangements
of flowers. li':r'f:f hOq OODS'.CS'.C T011
h"7"17" f.A:I'fl-
article
article
1. 1.:1'. Many valuable articles were stolen.
ofltl- .,.:> fll'f<D- 1.:l'l":f. -!-(1<:.,.
2. l\'tof>K". I am not clear on article 3. l>'tof>K"
V'1l'l- O"IAK" I>A1q'fr
3. &"dtott:. There was an interesting article
about it in the newspaper. ilt\(t.. h"JS: f
"'LJ'(IJ'..{I'I- ' K""'"'i' ' O:>H."'<D- ' llf. ' -1-R"r.':
)0C
4. OD(I-!-l'o9"C. In English tbe definite article
is more often used than in Amharic. I"JIPJC
01 f.A'I> 01.'t"lll.11>1 f-1-a>(l) OO(I-!-1>9"
C f.OAm-'t 1..11. f.)1<l-A
[See also 'definite, indefinite, leading, toilet']
articulate (vt.) O"IAR" -1-'01<:
Don't mumble; articulate your words! h~.,...~
9"C9" i O"IAK" -I-'01C
articulate (vi.) T ;JmOD
The arm articulates with the body at tbe
shoulder. h't~ h1lw-H :>C f"'L:>m
ODfll< ' '1-h~ ' ilf. ' )fll<
articulate (adj.) :J""'.f.
The legs are articulate limbs. 1."1t!':f. :t""l
"" l>ltll'l- <;'fw-
*He is a very articulate speaker. :1'11'1- ""
Ctn fOD'01C :f-11-:J" fti<D- (ltD- )fll<
use articulate speech AM +'1''1~
A baby cries but does not use articulate speech.
ih!'t fti'I><'IA 1.'t"l[ flf.-r- l>f.'01C9"
artifact (ltD- .,,:.'II )1C
Artifacts made of flint were found by the river.
bqA......,. f-1-"'~ (lw- "'<l-'II )1t!':f.
Om"t11 JIC -f-1")'
artifice
1. H.l'.. He makes use of tbe artifice of flat-
tery. O~tlll H.l'. f.tn.,...,A
2. 'I'Oofl. She displayed a great deal of artifice
in decorating her new apartment. hJl{lo")
t.;rC-I-"7'1''t Oh<;:-1-'i' 'I'Oofl l\1.m:f.w-
3. ( = adv.) lt't1'1- Ollf.. His sincerity toward
other people is an artifice. fltt.ll-:f. (ll":f.
'l>'t f"'l.OD{I(I<D- lt't1'1- Ollf. )fll<
artificial
1. (ltD- "'<l-'II. Are those flowers artificial?
MH..I' I>Oil:f. (lw- "'<l-'II <;'fw- !
2. hAofl fAll'). She has an artificial smile.
hAofl fAll') .L1"1:t" 1>11'1-
67 as
artillery (n.)
1. bq~ OD"f6f. Our artillery was effective
in destroying the city. bq~ OD"f&f:f.'t h
-I-"7<D-'t tl"7'1'of.'l- i1't1
2. OD~.L7f':f.. The artillery is usually some
distance behind tbe lines. oflti-<D-'t 1..11. ""
~.L7f':f. htnC "J"tqc 0:\11 <l-'1> f.llfl-
heavy artillery bq.J:- """16f
The Russians favored the use of heavy ar-
tillery. OD!l!>qm-n ' Obq~ ' OO"f6f ' OOtn
.,.,..,. I OD~fllo
artillery (adj.) foo~<;:
The artillery fire leveled tbe town. roo.l:"'i'
-1-lt(l h-I-"7<D-'t l>a>J'.oow-
artisan
1. 'I'OO'i'. The weavers of the toga are good
artisans. lf"7~1":f. 'I'~ '1'007f':f. <;'fm-
2. QA )t~. The silversmith is a good artisan.
ofiC 1><;:<'1~ 'I'~ q(l 1.)!' )m-
artist
1. I>Ctll'l-. This artist is famous for his
statues. f.IJ I>Ctll'l- o"'.:.'fm- .hm-A-r-:f.
11)'i' II'S:A
2. fh.) 'I'Oofl nm-. There is an artist colony
near our home. 1.'i' 11.'1- l'otn1ofl fh.)
'I'Oofl 1ll":f. OD')J'.C )\(1
3. "''ill.. Afework Tekle is Ethiopia's most
famous artist. l'o.La>C'I> -1-htt. f:J"a>of> f
1>..'1-f"kf "''ill. )fll<
4. 11..,.. He is an artist on the harp. 1.1l- fO
1'0 11.'1> )fll<
artistic ( ~ abstract) 'I'OO'i')'I-
Her artistic arrangement of flowers was
admired by everybody. l>oq fODJ'.CJ'.C 'I'
00':');1: 011-tl-9" -1-J'.)of>
as (conj., prep.)
I. II + (imperfect). Did you see anyone as
you carne in? 1l'l-1q (lm- l\U?A !
2. 1."tJ'.. I regard it as important. 1.'tJ'. 1>11
.1.111.. )1C l>.l:"C1. ML'I'<:'I'fiii-
He is late as usual. l.'tJ'.-1-flooJ'.m- H"lf.:tA
Try to act as a brave man would. J'.of.C 1l
m- 1.'tJ'."'LJ'J'.C1fll< tiOOP'.l-'1- 'l"hC
2. lltl + (verb). As he is leaving tomorrow,
we must hurry. )1 (lfl"'l.~~ ooof.m't l>tl
ofl't
3. M9" 1.'t\\ ofl + (imperfect). Dark as
it was we could still see tbe sign. M9"
ascend
t."J\\ ""11"'1 O.IY"J II"Ah_,"J "''f'l-
t."J:fA )0C
4. -II + imperfect + 11". Much as I like you,
I will not marry you. 0"111" oflm.(-1111" h
'11Q1il1"
Young as I am, I have experienced life. tJJifJ
,. ofi!Y"}!I" ).C'"} +ll"l&'l'llo-
5. 0 + (abstract). He serves as gardener
and as chauffeur. Q;l-hAH')'l-o; 011'-I..C)
'I- Y111"l'IA
we left the house by the same door as we
had entered. 01Q"JO'l- OC -f"DDA(I"J m"'"J
as a 0 + abstract
As a child, he lived in Ethiopia. OA~)., 1>.
'1-f'kY m-11T "l"<':
As a poet, he hardly approaches Keats.
01"1"'U'l- h.'l-11"J hf..O.C110'1-11"
as ...... as 7,"},1:.
Is it as difficult as you say it is? 1\"JT t."JJ':.
11"'1-llm- hQ.(- )m- 1
*I want a box twice as large as this. hH.II 0
IIT'i' ll'i' f"'l.A "'T"J 7..1-A.:>IIo-
as for 0 --- 011-A
As for him, it is all right. 011- Oil-A J':.W
)m-
As for you, I never want to see you again.
h"JT"J "I"} JI"JOO';' 'lf,ll 1..11''1" l'.A
1,.:,0.(-11"
as if
*He acts as if it were very important. TA
:,. Y11""1111'PA
*He talks as if he had been there. t.H.Y 7."}
,1:.)0<': IY"l" ym&-A
as to - "} t."JJ':.IY)
As to your brother, I will see him later.
m"J.(-11"11"} 7,"},1:.11') 0:\'1 7.mf,4''PIIo-
[See also 'even, far, long, much, often, see,
so, soon, such, though, yet']
ascend
I. aJ"'. The path ascends the mountain.
ft."IC """J1JI. 0 ....&-&-m- 'If, f,aJ"'A
2. ,....,..,..m,
Yohannes the Second ascended the
throne. -'1"1"7'1! f'<h"J11 rt-of."J 'If. .,..,.
...""
ascendancy "1~'1-
The Roman ascendancy in England lasted
for centuries. t:"''m-n 07."}"/II.JI:f 'If.
f)O&-'J'm- "1~'1- 11-1111- """"''~- .,.,
68 ascribe
gain ascendancy over hi'hL
The soldier gained ascendancy over fear.
m;I-J':.'I- 'i'CV'l-"J hlf)l..
ascendant (n.), be in the ~
1. ~fit Y.~. His rivals were in the ascen
dant, and he lost his position. TaJ-'1-'I<Il"'li
7.Yftr 1111~-'1- I"A"')."} h"l
2. t.ru;e ~,~:.His fortunes are in the ascend-
ant. 11-11., t.f.J':.<:;e ~,~:.
ascendant (adj.) 0"7,1:."1 'If, Yll
The prime minister visited the ascendant
nations of West Mrica. m:,.'l,e "7.~11~
O"''J':."I 'If. Ytr'l-"J fll"b&--11 hUll h
1t::f"} .,..01'
ascension
1. oom-at+. The ascension of the mountain
requires much effort. T&o&-a:J-1' J oum-11)..-,.
-1111- T<':'l- f,mf.:I'A
2. IIC1'1-. Christ's ascension is a church holiday.
fhC11.Y.11 IIC1'1- fVf,"''"l"'l- O'tA )m-
ascent
I. oom-"1'1-. The ascent of Mt. Everest is diffi-
cult. f.t..li <:11'1-"J T<l-6- ODm-"J'l- 1'.11'1':><I
)m-
2. oooo"Jm:t>. The sudden ascent of the ele-
vator made me dizzy. fhit"Jh-'1- 0.(-"J1'1-
ODOD"}m:,0 l'.JI<':'S
ascertain
I. h<:.:>1m. He tried to ascertain the truth of
the matter. ft1'1-"J t.m-),...';')'1- 11"7<':.:>1
T 'l"h<':
2. h"l&-. Ascertain what really happened!
f.J':.<':11m-"J )1C 1'."16-
ascetic (n.) ooo;'S
Ascetics prefer to live in the desert. OD<;?f':f
11".(-<: 0-'1 m-ilT OD"l"C ' f,ODC"Jflo
ascetic (adj.)
I. fQ.h;l-'l!. His mode of life is very ascetic.
f).t:m- o-l!.:l' fQ.h;l-'l! )m-
2. f-11:1''1-. The monks live ascetic lives. oo)
lf'l\9':f f-11:1''1- ).t: f."l" &-flo
ascribe to
I. h - - - fT)"f )m- hll. The police ascrib-
ed the automobile accident to fast driving.
?"ll.ll'li h.J':.:>m- f.J':.<':llm- O'i'T)'l- hoo
"J-'1'1- fT)"f )m- htr
2. 0 - - - ll"h"JY'l- )m- hll. She ascribed
ash
her success to hard work. f""m.:l: OD?t;'t-
flhQ~ Ft. l"'h"t.f'fo t..,. hll'f-
*The alphabet is usually ascribed to the
Phoenicians . .J.J'.A"t fd.m-1-'t- 1-"t-l:.f"".f"t
<;If..,. .J'.QIIA
ash(es) hOD~
Don't drop cigarette ashes on the floor. fliDI\
1\-' II.J'. 0 f(IJI"o!- ' hOD~ ' h;l"o!-"/'i!
The floor was covered with ashes. mA& h.
OD~ -fliJ' tflC
be burned to ashes hooY.: IT)
The house was burned to ashes. R..fl
~ll't
[See also 'smother']
(be) ashamed hd.t:
The boy was ashamed of his tears. A)l: fl
"7A+o\- hLt:
be ashamed of oneself hLt.
You needn't be ashamed of yourself. You
have done well in your exam. f?";l"'i!Cfl'fo
t1C fill'" l L_,.'OII"t 'No .,.C.,.YA
ashore mil. .IIC!J'
He jumped overboard and swam ashore.
hODChil ' Hll- IDI'. ' .IIC!J' 'l'"f
be ashore hoPCb11 mtJ.
The captain has been ashore for two hours.
111:1:). 1111-ll'f- (1'}'1- .filA hODChil ID
Cl'- tflC
go ashore m1.. flihC mt.tj: 'LF.
We were not allowed to go ashore. mi. fl
.ftC mt:<;: 1\"t~"tY.~ hA-tL+!l.A"tl"'
ashtray OD-f-CI>lf
The ashtray is full of ashes. (fll.lft!-)
cl>lf..,. h""~ ilil' t..,.
Asia MJ'
aside +c+
All joking aside, I want my money. +A-'1. +
C+ 1"tHIL"t J.d.A:>I\11-
aside from
I. h - - - flll-t+c. Aside from this there is noth-
ing else we can do. hH.II flll-t+c A t;!l.C
"' fl"'"t":f-11"" t1C fill'"
2. h - - - 11.11. Aside from that there is not much
to it. hll..f 11.11 l"'"t?" .filA f+t:IIJo
t1C fill'"
ask mf+
Ask at the ticket office! -th.'t- ""lf""i"" ll
t: m.J'.:r>
69 asleep
May I ask a question? 'I'.f-1: Am.J'.:r> l
He asked a favor of me. ~;r )\"t.ll!l.C"/11
+ mf+'S
ask after tnt'.,.
He asked after your health. m."tt't-1i"t mf+
ask for
I. mf+. He asked for permission to go home.
mil. IL't- 1\""Y.~ L:l'~ mf+
2. Ll\1. Did anyone ask for me? fd.A1'S II
..... hi\ l
ask in
}\tlfJ *Mr. Parker is at the door. Shall we ask him in?
"tll-tc ;rchc )l!l.~ ""'"'" 1 .1'-"'R-
)\"tfllllf.... l
ask of
1. mf+. I only ask of you that you clean
up the room. fl"'m.J'.:r>ll h<i!ll-"t 1\"t~:l"ll
.II ilil' t ....
2. hlllf1t:. Have I asked too much of you?
ill!" hlllf'1Ch-ll l
[See also 'excuse, extension, hand, marriage']
askance, look ~ fl'I'C"'t. i-""1\h-t
The students look askance at the plan for
voting. ~!"'~ lll\ OD(Im;l"lf..,. .fll....., )\
;r>~ -t"7&l"'fi fl'I'C"'t. .J'.ODI\h-Jo;l"A
(be) askew -~-"~"""" 1 -1-"t:>!l.!l.
His hat is askew. QCt"'IIJo -t"t:>J!...A (-t"'
".7.A)
(be) asleep
I. -t>;'. I must have been asleep when you
came to visit me. A't-m.J'.+'S flODtiJII 1.
H. _,.'Slfi .J'.II't;A
""-~" 2. (foot) !l.tHH(..,.). My foot tingles when it
is asleep. J."ltl."t (IJ'.t11H'S .J'.mt:>;'A
fall asleep h"t+ll'l- l .,.,.. I J."t:r>A<i! .fHIIJo
He fell asleep during the sermon. flllilh-Jo
1.11. h"t+II'I-
I simply couldn't fall asleep. l"'"tl"' A.,.>;'
hAil' A h-I'"
I fell asleep while driving my car. oulJ..t; (I)
.II J."t;r>A<;: .fH't
(be) fast asleep ~"t .fl\ J."t:r>A<i! m(l!l.IIJo
He did not hear the burglar because he was
fast asleep. ~., .fll J."t:r>A'i' mll/'..'1-
lllltflt: IL'I- IIClt&IIJo 11.1Q hAII"7..,.1"'
lay asleep .,..:;:
A drunken man lay asleep in the doorway.
!l.1f4- 11.1'- -t'i'
fllht: (1....
[See also sound']
aspect 70 assemble

aspect 2. 'l'l. Most writers aspire after fame. Ml~'l'

I. '1"1ll. The judge has a solemn aspect. ~~~~~h~~~~'}'}~
,II>;'IIJo I (.,;J I Yh I '1"1ll I /'ohdJo
ass
2. 11-~:J-. The aspect of the countryside is
I. l'oUY. He loaded the ass before going to
CXtfCffiC}y attractive. fQ,_,'J.;. I tp..JI,:f" I }..:E-1 I
market. 1RY b""'t.ll. Rol--l- l'oUYtD-'t "'i~
.,&-h. I ~ ....
He insulted him by calling him an ass. l'oUY
3. /'o1P&-C. This house has a southern aspect.
~u 1 IL-l- 1 fJ'.IHI 1 /'o1P&-C 1 l'oh..,.
~u 1111- 1 I'IJ'.R..,.
*The Emperor is a man of dignified aspect. 2. -1:'1'. He gave him a kick in the ass. <l:lll''t 1
'f"1(1 /'olllfdJo ~1tnCD-
't'I-IP I ~1P'-J: I "JC., I I

every aspect ho--A-r ft1AC assail

We have considered every aspect of the I. R'1~A l'om:t'. The enemy assailed the castle.
problem. '1-.11\!.'t I bll-~11" I /'o'tl\C I -f-ODAb mll'l- "l'ttl''t R'1~A l'om:t'tD-
-1-~'I'A 2. l'o"'J'.L. The student assailed me with
asperity '1~h 1 :t'A questions. -1-"'i:tD- R'1'Y4: l'o"'J'.L"t
He answered his critics with asperity, fu:r- assailant J'.11.111l
4-'1-'t I l'll":f I R'1~h :t'A I ODIII'IIIlftD-
The injured man did not know his assailant.
asperse l'o., f"'(IIIIIJo ' (IIIJo\L ' J'.11.111l11Jo't ' l'oii<D.,.....9"
A true friend will not asperse his comrade. ~<;:(1 1.11~
tD,II~ '}J'.,>;'IIJo't /'oY.,P" assassin
l'.IIJo~-f->;' I I I
The assassin escaped. ~'i!ll 1-'1'- }lonf\m
aspersion m"'L'I-
Such vehement aspersions cannot be ignored.
assassinate 1F.l\
l'.'t.II.U 1 Yll 1 bqJ'." 1 m"'L'I- 1 f"'l.:J-11<;: 1 l'o
His former friends assassinated him. fcf'S:f"
'lJ'.'I'~ ' 1J'.~'I-
~J'.IIP"

cast aspersions on h1-"'L assault (v.) J'.RJ'.R

He cast aspersions on my reputation. 11~,. That man assaulted me. y 1'1..,. 1 J'.OJ'.R"t
't I 1'.1-J'.L
assault (n.)
asphalt l'oMA'I- i C:.'t'rr I. '1'?'1-. The assault was repulsed with heavy
The road is paved with asphalt. ou't1Jl. 1 l'o
losses. '1':t'-1: 1111' 1-.11'1- ltl'.t.l'l R:\11 11.
MAT (c:.'t'fr) I -~-~'I'~A ODII(I 0 !J'II
2. J'."11f,q, He was charged with assault.
(be) aspirant for Lll"l 1 "'"""'
There are many aspirants for the position RJ'."11J'.,q I -1-bl'll'l
of mayor. fb't-J:q~-1-'t 1 P'A"''t 1 f"'l.LA
'1- I 111f' I (ljP':f I )',~ assemblage ""1'1111'111
He was responsible for the assemblage of
Some students were aspirants for a scholarship.
"'""'&l":f f~ll '1-P"UCT II., facts. out.'Jfl":f't 11""1'1111'111 '111.1. ~RC
l'o't.ll'tJ'." I I I I

.,,,.. I ~,..,.I ~RC

*This is an assemblage of important people .
~u :J-1111:r- l'll":f f"7.1'f.R'I- ~..,.
(be) aspirated '1-'tof. 1i 1 -t-1'1.,
The 'h~ in 'home' is aspirated. II"JD tJJollT assemble (vt.)
f"7.1'f11Jo I u I tUR11 I '1-'tof.'li I ~I'I.,A I. I'IRI'IR. He assembled the pupils in the
auditorium. -1-.,&l"~'t Rl'o.ll&-11 1 11Joll'1' 1'1
aspiration 9"'l''I- RMlf..,.
He has aspirations to be a doctor. mb..r 2. h"IIIJmon. He assembles cars imported from
IIODIJ"t P"'l'T /'olldJo
abroad. bdJo"" ' fODtJl' ' ""h.~l":f't ' Y,
I I

aspire "''I'_, A
I. -t-ou'f. Many young people aspire to be assemble (vi.) -1-I'IRI'IR
dOCtOrs. 111f' I iD"'.P.:f I mh.P" I lloPIY't I ~ The pupils assembled in the auditorium. "'""'
.... o;:~ &l"'li I Rl'o.ll&-1. ' IIJo(l')' I -1-I'IRI'Itl'
assembling
assembling ( = verb) {IJ'1"l'I'P"
In the factory we saw the assembling of the
parts which make up an automobile. 114-11
61JIJ)o I IJ)oll'l' I fOOh.'i" I h'i!ll-:f-1 I 11..1'7"1
'~""'" t.n
assembly
I. 11111'1Q. He spoke at the lawyers' assembly.
llmll4':f- 11111'1Q 1"1"1C l\1.~7
2. '1-QI\.. The U.N. General Assembly meets
tomorrow. f-J-QII-1-'1- oo1"1P':J-'I- m~'l'l
'1-Qll. ~7 ,P.(tiii'IQA
3. li'H. The assembly of elders meets at the
governor's palace. fl\11..,. if11 l\7~ 111:
..,. ' "Ill. ' f.I.~;JA
assent (v.) lilt l\11
She assented to my request. fmf~:\'1-1
lt' M:f-'"'i
assent (n.) IIP"P"~'I-
The governor's assent is needed before the
bill becomes law. ~4:4< ih"l ll''l" h.,...,.
"'"' 11.1.'1- n~ 711:"'" IIP"P"~'I- Yll
.1-A;JA
give the assent +ll"''"'t
He gave his assent to her marriage. 11?11ll'
'I' -J-11"'1"'1
assert
I. -J-h<l-h~. The lawyer asserted that his client
was innocent. mO:J"tu- ~.,c.,..;;:m- -rof.+~
1\,P.I.IIP" I'I.A -J-h<l-h~
2. ht:.:nm.By revolting, the colonies asserted
their right to govern themselves. II11CI"ll''l'..,.
'If. 1100~..,,. ~'"'i .,~.,.:r- .
.l-it'1'....1
11"'111-J--'II.C Y'l'l'ro-1 oo11't- l\~1m-
assertion f-J-'i"1~
His assertion is questionable. f-J-'i"1~ro-1
""4'11A Y-'1"1;1-A
assess
I. 100-J-. The official assessed the house at
$10,000. QIIP'A"'). IJ.-1:1 IIOP'C lt 11C
100.,.,.
2. .._~m. The club assessed each member
20 dollars. hllfl< ll,r1-'11JI. l\QA 'If. VY
11C..,~m
asset
1. 1\:J. Good health is a great asset. '1"1- m.
1~'1- ;f-'1~ l\;J ~ ....
2. m-"'"'1.. Ability to get along with people
71 assimilate
is an asset in business. hl'll":f- ;JC fOO"I
qq:,. :f-11-;J- 111"11." P'<l- m-"'"'1. ~..,.
-111~'1-
The bank's assets amount to a million dollars.
fQ111- 111~'1- l\11.- "''.II.M 11C ~..,.
assiduity '1-?'1-
His assiduity was noticed by all. f(l. :,.;J't-
1111-11- H11." f;J-m4' ~..,.
assiduous:,...,.
He is assiduous in his work. OP"&om- +~
~ ....
assign
1. ""1.11(-J-oof.ll). He assigned two men to
guard the prisoner. l\ll~'i'ro-1 li1'Lm114<
ll 11-11'1- (tl":f- oPf.ll
These rooms have been assigned to us. ~ Hl
II h<;:ll-:f- Ill;' -J-ODI."II'I'A
2. mM(-J-mM). Has a day been assigned for
the trial? '1--'11' ll'i!CI." n.:,. f"''.:J-f.ll'l-
4'1 -J-aJIIS::A l
3. 1.111.11. They assigned all the new children
to the various classes. l\-'l-'1./l'll1 A]t.:f-
A I' A I' h'i'll-:f- aJoll'l' 1.1\S'.!)..'fro-
4. l\1-'I.YH?;i!' 1\HH..,.. The teacher assigned
us two lessons for Monday. l\11-J-"'/t:ro- 111'1
7f o-1\'f- '1-P"IIC'f- l\11.-'i"H;J)!' l\HH1
5. h~m~. Mr. Jones assigned his home and
farm to his creditors. "'1.11-J-C ]t.111 11.-1:1
..,.. llclfro-1 lll\11-'lt:l":f- t.11m~
6. l'lm(-J-I'Im). He performed the task assigned
him with diligence. f-J-I'Im"'"1 P'<l- 11'1-;J
.-,..I L"J..OD
assignment
I. 1.-AI.-A. The assignment of the various
jobs is taken care of by the foreman.IIAI' AI'
II P'<l- f"'/.1.~1..,. 1.-AI.-A lll\1P6aJo f.to
%-'!A
2. F &-. The boss gave me an interesting
assignment. l\11-"'"'" f"''.YII1.11'1- P' <l- 1'1
m'"'i
3. f-J-ODI.III\'1- P'<l-. He used a subterfuge
to get out of the assignment. h-J-OOI.III\'1-
P'<l- 11"'11"'11'1' 11A?'t- .l.m~
assimilate (vt.)
I. .,..,..,.. He assimilated the customs of his
new country. Yllft.~ 1 J\"IC 1 IA"7Y: +uOD
2. ( ~ pass.) hl'lro-~-1: -J-'I'dtl.. We assimilate
some kinds of food more easily than others.
assist
l>1'1"tK' l''"'lll:f hl\.11-'ll f.A'I> hAID-~
.:l':f-1 0.,.1111- f.'l'dt-'111-
3. fH. The girl reads so much that she does
not assimilate it all. A~ -on- h"710
!1. f-1-~"1 11-11-1!1" A,.f-11 l>Aif'll:f!l"
4. oPmm. Plantsassimilatenourishmentthrough
their roots. ~8'1',. I''"'IQ'fOJ-1 OFC'il''f
..... f.O""'II-
asslmilate (vi.) .,..,.11.,.11
Swedes assimilate readily in this country.
il'I!K-'l':f MUJ h~C 0.,.1111- f..,.l\.,.1111-
assist (vt.) <:-'1
Who assisted you in preparing this report?
1-1111 &rc,. ll.:l'H:>JI.' f<:-'111 .,~..,. 1
He assisted the old lady in crossing the street.
1>1!'1.:1: OD1~-'I.1 ll.:l'<IIC'I' <:-'1,.
assist (vi.) .,.,7
The father assisted at the birth of the child.
.bY). {l.miiK- l>Q,.\1-0J- MIJ'CD- -1-~'S.Y. ~
oc
assistance l>C-'1.:1'
He did it without any assistance. 111. 1 r'"}9"
l\C-'1.:1' ' w&-ID-
assistant (n., adj.) <:-'1,.
My assistants are available if you need them.
<:-'I-Hi1 h.l.lllV'fOJ- 11.<:-'1.11 f.:fi\11-
He is assistant manager. ~4:,.. 1 Ft. 1 hll'hJ
]1.'. ~ ....
associate (vt.)
I. t.~ooJ'.. We associate Egypt with the Nile.
"l-1111'1 hOQf. :>C M'~!l"-'1111
2. ( ~ passive) Odtllll- -1-ffH. In America we
associate Christmas with giving presents. Oh
"'l&II f1'0 O~A OdtllQ:f-1 lltn.:l' hoo
llm,. :>C f-1-ffH ~..,.
associate oneself t-lt-1" 1 1til111
I don't wish to associate myself with what
has been said. 0-1-QIIOJ- ~~c &-1'1.1 liM
q l>ALA"l!l"
associate (vi.)
I. -1-'1--'17. He went wrong as a result of
associating with criminals. hm1~11'l''ll :>C
hoo'l-.'17-1> f-1-~"1 -1-0IIlf
2. "!Tf.H ~O<:OJ-. We didn't associate with
them very much.11H- "l.H. 1 h~f\o 1 ..?C 1 ..,,.
-,_~,. l>M0<:1!1"
3. "11"f.~,. l>J'.<:1. He has always associated
with political groups. II-A1.11. hrM:II "7
"'OC':f :>C "111'~,. l>K"C'\A
72 assume
associate (n.) -1-QQ& 1 'iicii
He was an associate of mine during the
summer months. OO:>OJ- m&-.r-:f -f-QQ&\1.
~oc
He planned the project along with his associ-
ates. l\'l>-'1.1 h'iiCIIl"'ll :>C l>H:>~
associate (adj.) -1-QQ&
He is associate editor of the school paper.
f,.!I"IIC,. 0.-1> 001\'dt.,. -1-QQ& l>H
:>]/.' l\(1. ~ ....
association
I. "7"10C. I don'tthink I will join the association.
f"7"10~ l>QA f!I"IM l>f.OD!lii'S!I"
2. "11"f.~"'- I benefited much from my associa-
tion with him. h(l. :>C QII'S "111'~,.
0"1!1" -1-m.,.!l"h-
3. "1-11<:,.. The United States is an entity
rather than an association of states. 1t"161t
h1K-~,. '""' Me l\1)[ fu~c::r- "111
<:,. l>f.J'.A:f!l"
4. oo'f'A.. His association with the embezzler
blemished his reputation. hl>J'.&- 01\..:J'CD-
,;JC I OD'f't\o I 11'i"aJ-"} I h.1-F.,d.,aJ-
5. ,.11.:1'. The city brings many pleasant asso-
ciations to my mind. h.,.'"l'f'"} = il,r. ~ 11H- 1
f"''.J'IlJ'.Il-1> ,.11.:l'JP:f f.;l'm(l.>;'A
assort Af
Assort these buttons according to size.
MH.t11 1>11&-C':f l\1J'.foom<;'fOJ- llf'fOJ-
assorted, adj. ( ~ adv.) OfM-1>
A box of assorted biscuits costs five dollars.
h1K- "1'1'1 -llllh-,. Off.~-1> 1>!1"11,.
-oc fm"'A
assortment, ~ of AI< AI<
This shop has a good assortment of mer-
chandise to choose from. ,r.u 1 tt-:to 1 ft.oPr'l.
'I' f"''.J'Il:fA -IIH- AI< AI' lf.,."' if
.,.,..;r.. 1>11-,.
assuage
I. 1>11"0'0. Her kind words assuaged my grief.
f-f-<;~<::f'S ooAI)!I" :J'A hdtH~ l>li'<;'O'S
2. l>O<:J'.. Nothing will assuage his anger.
_,"'CD-1 !1"19" l>J'OCJ'.OJ-!1"
assume
1. 100.,.. He is not such a fool as you assume
him to be. 1>1-1- l\1J'.!I",.~!I"-I-OJ- f-111
filA of:A hM'-119"
The maid did not come for a week; I therefore
assumed 73 astonishment

assume that she quit. ~<:.11.:1: II"JJ:- II?"
"t'l- ' 111141\0D"''I' ' P't:-oY'r ' 11:1'11'1' 111'- '
~~?";1-1111-
2. f"'LA .,,..,. .I'll. You assume his inno-
cence before hearing the evidence. .,ll<:jfm-
have one's assurance ( = active) h.~;J1tn(AT)
I have his assurance that he will pay on time.
11"1.ti.<JJo ' f"''.h'i'A ' OO!Y\<-"t ' hl::J.,tnA'I'A
assure hl::J~m

"t ' houii.,TU ' 11.1.'1- ' "tl\..lo ' )<JJo ' f"''.A '
He assured us that he would be there. MI.U
.,,..,. ' Tf.'IIIU h"tS'."'L~'1 hl::J~mA"t
3. ooltA- 1 ;l'f. He assumed a humble manner. Nothing can assure lasting happiness. fHA'iA
,.. S'.ll;l-"t f"'L..'<::J.,'I' ?""t?" )~C fil?"
T.ftTo; 0 ffltD- 0 ODIIflo 0 :J-f
4. hiiODIIfl. He assumed ignorance of the law. assure oneself h.~;J1m
.lo.,."t f.,.l'm-:, hiiOO(lfl The man assured himself that the bridge was
5 .I'll. He assumed the direction of the office. safe before crossing it. hoo?l"1?- 1 fl"T 1 (I
fDoftJJo I S;A_S;f/. I tpfl<}- I ODIJ").") I }i~;J1tn
fR.I!' Ft:-oY'r hoot:-c .I'll
6. -t-+1111. I cannot assume any responsibility assured (adj.)
for that. IIIU' ,."t,. "llloi.)T A+I1A I. 116-11 foo.,..,oo"J. The speaker's assured
hATA?" manner impressed me greatly. fi-tf;J&tJJo 1
[See also 'throne'] 116-11 0 fOO.,..,OD"J 0 !Jo~:J- 0 11"1,. 0 )I)'S
assumed 11.11 2. f.,.I'!IIC'I'. He has an assured income of
The writer concealed his identity under an 500 dollars a month. 11fm~ f.,.l'liiC'I' h
assumed name. 1\d,.l.m- .,"t)-l>"t 1111.11 ,.11'1- oo.y. 11C ~a. hilm-
II,. lfol.)m- be assured t.,oo~
He is living under an assumed name. iloue'} You may be assured that your son is safe.
ii<JJotn J'.'ft:-A A~U S'.'W ootr)."t ~oo"J
rest assured I h.Tm,e..mc
assuming that h1oo.,. 11:\11
Rest assured that I will be there! ~IU' ~ "t S'.
Assuming that he had stolen the money we
called the police. 1"tllil'"t llC!IIA .flil"t ,.1'1 hTmt:-mC
h~ou'I-"J 11:\11 ?'11.11 mt:-"t asterisk fl>h11 ?"Ah'I-
assumption .,?":,. Put an asterisk after all foreign words!
Their assumption that the war could end soon hqc)J:- :1'11'1- 11-11- 11:\11 fl>h11 ?"Ah'l-
hJ:'C.,
was wrong. tnC)-J> .Y.II- 1\..l.ll?" ,I'.'I'IIA
f"''.ilm- .,?";1-:fm- ll<h_,.T )11C astern hooch11 :\11
Another ship anchored close astern. 1\")S:
assurance DPCh.fl h/1.11'1' ' OOCh.fl :\11 0041\.ft~ o
I. h?")T. I have full assurance of his honesty.
1111 :J-"''h-1> ,_tr ~,.H. hil'1 "'ll
2. -11- ~?")T. He answered all the questions asthma hll.,
with assurance. 'I'.1'-lll"'ll"t 11-11- 11-11-
)',,..),. ' 00{1{1 (be) astir.,...,..,.,.
3. 07 ~.."J1fii. The flood victims received assur~ The town is astir with visitors. h+"'' f..-h 11
ances of government aid. ftJJo~ DPTA-l-A ~c 1-.fll:l"'l' .,...,,_:1'11'1'
~ ' hS'.:J ' fS'.<;(lq:fro- 0 flJ"T ' hOO"J., astonish hilS'.)+
F'l- hCJ!:J- ~"tS'."'LS'.CII:fm- .,<::1~""1 The gift of ten dollars astonished the little boy .
.,.ll"''fm- fOP'C 11C lltn;l- '1-"t if."t A~ hilS'. )+ro-
4. 116-11 oo.,..,,.."t. The young lawyer lacks
be astonished fliiJr +1~00
assurance. OJIIJ-h 1 mfl.+ 1 n,e..ll oPT"'' I am astonished that he did not come.
OO"J ' ,1'.1-J:-ii'I'A
1]{100?""11> ' 11"1,. ' ~<:,.!J.
give usurance hG;J~m(il'l-)
Mother gave me her assurance that I could astonishment hJ:-o;-1''1-
go to the movies. ho;-t: mS'. ll.l., ~"tS'. He expressed astonishment at the invention.
M.t:.- hl::J~m'I'A'1 11'i'AIIof.m- hJ:-o;4'-l>"t ~ill\
astound
~~~-------------------------------------
astound
1. '-:1!'"1 hll1t:ou. The Americans' landing
on the moon astounded us. fh"'Ult'l':f
<U.t!.<l' 0 il.f. ' .,t!'i' ' '-)!'"1 ' l\111t!OD1
2. hll.<'.~1m. The news of Kennedy's murder
astounded everybody. fh.~'L ou1J'.A n'i'
llm-1 IJoll- hll.<'.~1m
(be) astray qb~
Her thoughts are astray. h<'l!l. fqb~
10 astray m4-
We are looking for the cows that have gone
astray. fm4-+1 il.'l":f OODol.l\"1 ilf. ~1
lead astray h<'l<'li'
The similarity between the two situations led
him astray. fiJoll-1> IJok;l-l":f ouou<'IIIA h
<'1<'11-m-
(be) led astray .,1m
The boy was led astray by bad companions.
A"K. bou'!'G: 0\J'.,.I":f 1'1''1" .,1m
astride, sit ,..., h.'lL&-tu ++oum
He sat astride the log. h1oi.MP "11.11. il
,. ' .J-4'oum
astrology hii'I-C'II-1{. l l>b11 4/.mll-
Magic and astrology are occult arts. '1'14/.il.'i'
l>b11 4/.mll- (hii'I-C'II-l[) lim-e 'I'OII:f
.,..,....
astronomer fb'l'b11+ oue.,.-;
An astronomer observes the stars. fb'l'b11+
oue.,.-; ' b'l'h11+1 ' f.OD<!'/"11-A
astronomy hii'I-C''l'"'l.
astute 111\'1'
He is an astute merchant. -fiAT ~;JF..
asunder, see drive, split
asylum '1'1'S~+
The rebel found asylum in the neighboring
country. ooup,...,. o.,_.:o.+ Me '1'1'S~
+ ' M"f
at
1. 0. He came at three o'clock. OHm'S
ll'l+ """'
He could read and write at the age of four.
ot.t-+ 'l"""" .,1011'i' oo11-;: f.:fA ~oe
I was astonished at the size of the city.
Obi'"Ym- +~>.:,O~+ 1'.<'.141 ~oe
2. '- I met him at the station. '-"'IU'"'" h1
"fiJo'l-
74 atone
I will be at home. '-0.+ M"'IIIJo
3. '---- ilf.l 0--- ilf.. I will waitforyouat the
entrance. '-"""IIU'm- ilf. '-m11:,0?1\1Jo
The bus stops at the next comer. J\aJo.,.flo-fto
0"'l.4''1'1\m- ou;f-moi.Y ilf. f..f.,A
4. h. We have not arrived at a decision yet.
1'i' ' bm-<'1~ ' hAJ'.t:ll1'1"
5. 1\. At the moment I have no permanent
address. 11'1..1"'" *"'l. h~ll-"if fii'S'I"
~..,.
6. H1~. We were at the tailor's. 1\1111 114.
m- H1~ ~OC"t
7. (zero). It happened at night. flY~,. 1\.11.
+I )QJo
The children are at school. A)('li 1-"'6 0.
+ ' .,..,,.
at all
1. '1"1'1" + (negative verb). I do not have
any money at all. '1"1'1" 11H11 fii'S9"
2. O'i'l\.9" + (negative verb). He has no
patience at all. O'i'l\.9" +6"1F+ fi\11Jo9"
3. 9"'i'Aq+. If you are at all worried, you
shouldn't send your child to that place.
'l"'i'Aq'J- f9"'l-11:> bll'~ A)!'tJ1 <DJ'.H.
y ' (1;1- ' """h ' fl\11119"
[See also 'cost, first, last, least, most, once,
time, will']
ate, see eat
atheist ['-"1H.h11m.e ""'l'-1-1 f.,Y'/"1]
athlete nre1-"' 1 '-ll?"e.J-"'
The best athlete received a prize. 9"em- II
?"ei'"' 1iA.,+ M"f
atlas h'l-illl
)tJJo atmosphere
1. tJ'I'. The atmosphere is now a subject
of careful study. IJ'I'IIJo h1Jo1 0'1'1.<1'41 0
OPffifi-l- I "~ I ~(l)o
2. IJo~;l-. The atmosphere of the room is
pleasant. fh'i'll- IJo~:f- f"'l..I'IIJ'.II+ ~,.
[See also 'tranquil']
atmospheric fhfe
Meteorology instructs us about atmospheric
changes. fhfe mqf. '1-'l"tJe+ 111\hfe
""1\'I'ID'I' .l'llt:'IA
atom h-f-9"
atone
1. 1'il.,_ '111. How can I atone for my sin?
b;IILh-1: h1.<'.'1- 11ldt A1q '-:fii.IIIJo l
atrocious
2. 1\{.oo. How can I atone for my bad be-
havior? OD'J'Il: 1\J':t:.H:'J I\'J.1'.9"'J 1\C
ODID"f
atrocious 1\{l_,..of:
The murderer committed an atrocious crime.
)<j:{l 7.111'- fwt:.m- ID'J)';A 1\{l:J-of: )ID"
atrocity (atrocities) "1'1'
The atrocities of the enemy are revealed in
this book. fml\'1- "1'1' 011.11 oox-m'i' m-11
'1'-I-7A!I.A
atrophy oooo')oo'J
Paralysis of the arm resulted in atrophy
of the muscles. fh'J.tl. oo{l/IA fm-'J!I'll'":f
') ODOD')OD') ' l\11h-J-/I
attach
I. 1\J'J'H. He attached a sample of cloth to
the letter. h.I'.-IMO.m-9" :>C f""C41'J <;oo-
c; ' 1\J'J'HID"
2. oo.RO (-J-oo.I'.O). He was attached to the
Imperial Bodyguard for awhile. 11'1'4:'1- 1-11
Oh11C HO'f <D-11'1' -J-ouJ':{t )0C
3. O.h"' I\11J'H. We had to attach Mr. Parker's
salary to collect what he owed us. "'t11-J-C
:rchc 1\f. J'II'J'J 7'JH11 11"'111
hoi.A .1'.'1"11-'J O.h"' "'111J'11 )0l.11'J
4. ftm. You attach too much importance to it.
h"'tJ'11oi.A7tD- 01\f. h'i' J'/1 'I':> '1-{lm'l'
/Ill
be attached to mF.F.
I am very much attached to that child.
n'J A., 0"19" 1\ID.I'.'I'/IIJo
attach oneself 1"1-J.;T
He attached himself to a political party.
IJ'JJ': f?'M:IJ 11-J':'J :>il- -J-1-.IIT
attachment
I. oo.c....,+c. The two had a strong attachment
for each other. ,.fl-1: hi: 1 Yfl 1 ooL:J-+c r
)Ot:.'fm-
2. ""J'l'1!io+. She is promiscuous, so don't form
any attachment with her. Ah11h11 (l,'f- 1111
tl')":f h!l- :>C 9"'J9" "''J1')'1- 1\;f-
.I'.C"'
attack (v.)
I. .1'.0.1'.0 l -J-<;)oj> l oo;f-(-J-ou;f-). The thieves
attacked him and robbed him. 1\.(l,; 1.11.<:-R
ID" ' Hl.f-'1-
He justified his shooting the criminal by
saying that the man attacked him. m'J)';II'i'
75 attain
ID"'J O'l'f.'l- f7.1'.11m- 11/1-J-<;)+m- oo
ll''t-'J 9"h'JJ''I- 1\J':C"'l h+.:o
He was attacked from behind. h:\1\ID" -J-oo;f-
2. 1\m:J-. The enemy attacked at dawn.
tnl\'1- ' .,_.,..,_ ' 1\f. 1\tn:J-
Measles is a disease which attacks children.
h-'1'~ A"lf.":f'J f"'tJ'tn:J- Oii;f- )m-
The dog attacked the cat. m-lfm- J':oo-I;:J:'J
1\tn....'l-
3. mt.l.. The disorderly mob attacked the
President's residence. .:JoT ,f"ll ..01111 1 fT~
11.-'l'J-I>'J 11.'1- mt.l.
4. M+. The leopard crouched ready to attack.
)11>~- 11-n~ 1\Y:'i'fii-A
5. -J--J-<;h-11(0'1-). Some insects attacked our
garden plants. 1\'J.Il'JJ': )'i'fl'l- 1\'l-hA+!I'":f-'J
., -J--J-<;h-11-11')
6. O~f.A )4'.1. l Hllol. (-1-HIIol.). The news-
paper attacked the senator's speech. ,."JH."l
m- f .h"' oom(l'fm-'J 9"hC 0.'1- 1\
qA 'J"'"'C O~f.A )oj>ol.
He was violently attacked in the newspapers.
0:>1"11D" ' hf.'i' ' -J-11/Iol.
7. 1\"'.l'.ol.. The hungry boy attacked his dinner
as soon as it was served. f.,.&-flm- lA"/: 1 1l.
il--l> I\'J.I'.4'l.OII'I- mi!JID" 1\"'.l'.ol.fD-
attack (n.)
I. "'''I':J-'1-. In the attack many soldiers were
killed. O"'''I':J--1> m~."J- 1111- ID;f-.l'.l':":f '
-l-7.1'.11-
2. oom-,.?+. The German attack on Russia is
considered a blunder. f;i';C""'J ou111>11'J
oom-:>'I- 1\').1'. h'i'-1-'f 11.1.-J-'1- )!.'!&mil-A
3. ID"1..J'. The general massed his troops for an
attack. :(.~il-11- m;t-.1'.1':,;') IIID"1..J' 1\'JJ':
)'f- {IR{IO
4. mt;&-. The soldiers resisted courageously the
enemy's attack. m:t-F.t::ri fmt\+'l 1 mt;&-
O)';"''J)'I- ' -J-!f/!1/oo-
He had another attack yesterday. '1-II'J'I-<;
a.oooo- -J-)P'+ )OC
have an attack of -J-)'"1(0'1-)
He had an attack of fever. mqm- -J-)P'+
0'1- )OC
attain
I. 1\71"'. He attained first prize. n.l'.'f)'I-'J
iiA"7'1- M'f'
2. h - - - .l'.l.{l. He tried hard to attain his goal.
h"'R- ' /IODJ':l.11 ' 0"19" ' -1-"'"'l.
He attained the mountain peak after five hours
attainment
of climbing. t-.9"11'1- ll't'l- .I'UA hi''l
H 0:\11 hi'~~ro- ""l'i' F.t'.ll
3. IJ')lJiol '1"1\ro-. Grandfather attained the age
of 90. ID"tF.- h.l'-1: Hm'O -too+ U'<;'l'ro-
('1"1\'l'ro-)
attainment "7"17'1-
The attainment of complete happiness is the
goal of some religions. J'"tJ!"tF.- YJ/."7'1''1-
'tl\"7 'i'K-9" F-11;1-"t "7"17+ )lJio
attempt (v.) 'l"ht'.
Don't attempt too much at one time. fJ"tF.-
'l.li hODm't Ollf. t.+'l"hc
attempt (n.) ..,.h~
They failed in their attempt to climb the
mountain. +&-&-aJo"J s 1\oPaNJJ-l- ,!!..~.,..:,.
..,.h~ <lf.<l!JII'I'ro- 4'<'.
An attempt was made on Sukarno's life
several times. ll-IJC'l'"t {IOD"/F.A 1111- '1.
li ..,.h~ 1'F.c1 )OC
make an attempt 'i"h~ JF..bou
At least make an attempt to pass your exam.
ll..MII 1.1-'0ro-"t ll"7ll'i' 'l"hC
I made vain attempts to reach him by telephone.
OIIAh 1\);J"/t'.fDo Oh"t-1> F.h9"h-
attend
I. 1'17. His inability to speak English puts
him at a disadvantage when he attends con-
ferences. fCil- h"t"/11.11'1 ou<;1c .I'll""
!I'll- "1-fJll. 1\f. 11.1'1 ".f"lc 1\f. f.'l'll
'I' A
2. 1"'7<'.. I attend business school. "t"IF.- 'l-9"
uc+ IL+ 7."7~llo-
3. 1-IJI.ll. He attended a seminar in economics.
011111' 9""1~ '1-f"UC:-"'1! "1-IJh. 1\f. 1-IJ
fi'!I.A
4. t.hoo. What doctor attended you? J'houu
mh.9" "7)ro-!
5. h(t;.l'ouoo. Three nurses attended the patient.
V'll'l- )C{':f 01i.,.'i'ro-"t hll;.l'oo..,.'l-
6. h1ll1ll. She has many servants attending
her. 1111- f"'L..'1ll"l!l.+ h1ihc-ll' h!l.+
7. o~O. A company of nobles attended the
king. 1111- IJIIIJ-I'li' "t"l-.,."t u~o-
attend to
I. hhO<'.. The child attended to his mother's
warning. A:q: M"-1> fllmll'ro-"t "711m"t4'4:
.1' LhhO<'.
2. A11 -Rh'" +lttl'/oPY.., Attend to your music
if you want to play well. ~ h..("C1tl ftoP
76 attention
""lfD'I- 11'1-LA"/ ..,.H.:I'U"t A11 1111
II 1'ii"70DF.-
3. 1.1\0D. I still have some things to attend to.
1'0 f9"1.1t"7'l'ro- '1'4:+ "1--'11'-ll' hll-'1
attendance
I. 0011+. Attendance is compulsory. 0011
+ "IS'.:-" )lJio
2. O'l-9"uc+ 4'"t 0011+. Attendance in
school is compulsory. o+ruc+ 4'"t 'l-9"
uc+ IL+ 0011+ "IS'.:-" )ro-
3. f-1'17 ih1111. The attendance at the last
three meetings has been very poor. IJM-+
V'll'l- 1111111Jl"ll' 1\f. f1'17ro- ih1111 0
"19" Mlli''i' )OC
be in attendance
1. n~~lfJr. There is always a mechanic in
attendance in the garage. 9""t"lli9" h.:>&-
"11' oo!Jth hf.:-""19"
2. mO+. The nurse is in attendance. )C!t.
+m114''1'llll'
take attendance il.9" m&-
The teacher takes attendance every day.
hll1'"7&ro- Of4'lo- 119" f.m&-A
attendant (n.)
I. 1-h:-" f.. The prince accompanied by his
attendants came to our country. AD-ftc b+
h;.l'f-~ .:>C IDF. h1~lf't OD"J
2. mfJ-1:. The attendant at the zoo is sick today.
fh~'l!-l"'l "7'1'&.1' mfJ-1: qil. :-""J.A
gas station attendant R."}fl"} 4-:(m-
The gas station attendant spilled some gas-
oline. IL"ttl."t 4'l[m- 0."ttl."t hl./111
attendant (adj.)
*The war and its attendant evils are described
in this book. fi'C)'I- .l'llh-1'1\'l'ro- m"t.f.
:f OH.U 001\"m'i' m-11'1' 1'1A!tA
attention
I. 11"'1.'1- 1 DP'tl.ll. The bright colors of the
flag arrested the children's attention. F-"74'~
ffJ"tS'.&-ro- 4'll'l"ll' fA;i':~"t 11"'1.'1- (oo
"tl.ll) "7<'-h-+
2. 'i'l\1'1-. The advertisement will capture the
attention of the buyers. f"t"IF.- "711:-"ID-1:.1'
ro- f11Cl"~"t 'i'l\1'1- f."7CIJA
3. film- 'tf.) All<;. The speaker was the focus
of attention. -fo'i;J~tiJo fftm- r q._e.~ Afl'i
"7<'.4..1' )OC
4. m<l11. Some people's attention is easily
attentive
diverted. sM"JI." nl"":f mlt11 o+IIA- m
1. 1\.11 """&-/1\
5. -t-ou/1\lt":f. A pretty girl gets more attention
than an ugly one. .f"J}>: /1\"lf~GI.- hf."J.:>
J'./1\'Jo 1111" -f-OD/1\It":f ;M~II":f
Attention please! 7.1llt":fo- M9"m- I
*No attention was given to my advice. fDht.
-1-+IIJ'. hi\~"f9"
Attention I (military command) -1-m"J+'Jo I
attentions oP~(IOJf''l-
The soldiers were grateful for letters,
packages, and other attentions from home.
m;J-1.1:,; 1\-1-llh-'llftJJo 1.11-'IIIJ"":f l 7.:1"1"
";f<; 1\.1\-":f OD:f""{liiJ'l"":f ' hOD{l~).
attract attention dtftfta'} 1\Rm-
Any moving object attracts my attention.
f"''.."J+lt+ll )~C 11-11- mltiL"J Y.il11'1'/l\
*Can you bring in the dishes without attracting
attention? lll"":f lt.l'\<11 lt.ft)."J /1\:f"""""'
'1-":flll\11 1
*I tried to attract his attention. m1.~ 7."JJI.
.l'il-1-0Jo/1\ 1\.,1.-G"I 'l"hCh-
bring to the attention J\O:t'm+
Any change of residence must be brought to
the attention of the police. hl.-&-"lf 0-t-Amm
"1.11. 117'11.11 .,/l;f-IJJ'Jo .1'114./A;>/1\
call attention to
1. hlt!lO. I have called attention to that
repeatedly. Ill\ """ 1.;>"1"'1. 1..:>"1"'1. h
ltlliL )0C
2. J\ouAh-1-. He called my attention to the cat
trying to catch the mouse. 1-""":1: hf.l\l."J
1\DD.I'"IJ ' /I."J-'I"hC ' hODI\h-f-'{
*I called his attention to it. l."JJI..I'/1110'1- )
~ch-'1-
catch one's attention J\'JJLoPi\.h.,.m- rAh
'1-. nm
She looked away when I tried to catch her
attention. 7."J1.-'l-""llh-f-'{ 9"/Ah'l- 1\0D/1
m-1- ll'l"hC 4-:t:"J HUJC h1.G~":f-o'{
draw attention to h.il1'tHO
He drew my attention to my mistake. ll.:h-1-i:"J
hM)HO'{
get the attention
1. ?."JJI.h:f""-1-1\0Jo h1.G~. A teacher must know
how to get the attention of his pupils. h"JI."
009"11C T"?Gl",; l."JJI.h:f""-t-11-'1- .,1.-G"I"J
.,m'Jo hl\0'1-
2. dtltll-"J .,Gh. She jogged his elbow to get
77 attenuate
his attention . .hltll-"J 1\0D.,Gh hC)."J )It
h1.G~":ftJJo
pay attention
1. A11 -fill- Jt.lloom. IPiease pay attention
to the teacher. hll-1-.,&tJJo"J /1\11 111\":fo-
hJ19"m-
2. n.,. Don't pay attention to anything he
says! 7."" f"''..l\tJJo"J h."l-ll.,
3. -t-m"JW .,&-. Pay attention to what you
are doing, or you will hurt yourself. f9"'1-"'&-
tJJo"J )~C -1-m"J'Jo+ll P'&- .1'1101\IU'
&-llii"J ."1-1-JII\11
4. 'l'"t:J-4: l\I.G~. Youhavetopaymoreatten-
tion to your appearance. 1\0D/1\hii'O 111\IIOllll
h'i'-1-~ 'l'"t:J-4: .,1.-G"I hl\1111
not pay attention
I. ":fll hi\. Don't pay attention to it! :Y.II
01\0Jo
2. hM9" h/A41.mG9". The warriors paid no
attention to their captives' entreaties for mercy.
9"CI>'I';FlfOJo 9".:hG."I- h'JJI.I.G"!IIlfiJJ< .1'+
Gll-."1-"J (Aoo<; hco'l',; hM9" h/l\41.m
'1-9"
3. I'C 1111-9" hllfOJo. The passing crowd
paid no attention to the sick child. -1-11114-0Jo
,,.
.:h1111 O'li-1-~0Jo"J /A~ I'C 1111-9" hi\
show attention l\!10(11+)
The boy shows his mother much attention.
/1\:q': 1\M"-1> 11"19" .l'll1111:f""IA
[See also 'center, concentrate, focus, snap,
turn']
attentive '1-1- l /I\Q9"
The attentive student learns his lessons quickly.
h (/1\QDD<) -1-"16 ."I-9"11Cof>"J O'i'"i')."J-
Y..,&-IA
be attentive to (guests) 007..111 hll+'i1S!.
The girl was attentive to her mother's guests.
/A:E-;t fl.'O:t:"J l."J"IP..":f 0"'1..~11 :f""ll-1-'0
"11." )flC
attentively, listen ~ /Ail 1111- hJI""m 1
II"J:I"+ hJI""m
The teacher listened to the student's story
attentively. l\11-t.,&OJo f-1-.,&tJJo"J :f""&h
/A11 1111- 1\Jioum
The children listened attentively. /1\}>:'ll O"J
:1"+. hJioPtJl<
attenuate (vt.)
1. hmh. The harsh climate of the desert
attest 78 attractiveness

attenuates the health of those residing there. show up at the hearing. fh-IJ')1fll- mfl:l' n
oj>mC"tJJo .,.., {)f.oj>Cofl .,.~
ffla,. ..,,.11,.. 1fC m'l,e MU' f"''.
'l''I-'Jo') (l!P"'f tnS 1tJJoiJA 2. ~1~ 1 1."/":. Please be my attorney during
2. ( ~ intr.) OD~OD~. +stretching attenuates a my absence. 7-'lhll'} 1 7.~ flr\.1\u-fl'Jo '1.11. ~
rubberband. 'IM:h 1\.Hl f.OD~9'";A 1~' 1.}';.. II-'}

be attenuated attorney for the prosecution ib"'l hilhll6

I. .,.'I
hOD. The power of the kings became The attorney for the prosecution hopes to get
a conviction . .h"l hllh'l<ltJJo fl.,.hllif. 1\
much attenuated in recent times. h:t>c-n
'1.11. ID'I.U n1P';f''Jo .-,,eA 0"19" .,. ,e 1\.,111.~1: .,.llof. 11-C.?A
'!hOD attorney seneral m:Jtl\.,e. 0..4-lL ih""l
2. OD~OD). His body was attenuated by disease. The attorney general asked the judge to acquit
(l"'"~"" nn1i:f' 1 oo'}f"'l" ~nc the defendant. m~l\.1'. 0:1'11. .h"t .,.M
1f. fl)l\ 7.'}-'1.11.,.~ '!,..,.., mf+
attest (to) defense attorney f-Th/t"li I tnfi..+
I. OD{lh~. Your work attests to your ability.
The defense attorney is a famous lawyer.
P'&-U "'fll-;f'U'} _r.oo(lh&-A
f.,.hllif. mn:l' "11),.. mfl:l' )fll-
2. h~.?1m. The auditor attested to the correct-
ness of the account. .,.41"1"l<ltJJo f.h.llfl-'} 1 '1- attract
hhi\,..)'Jo h~.?1tn I. .,~h. The glamour of the East has always
attracted me. f9"P' &-~ fll-0'1- 9"'} '1.11.9"
attestation :l'A 7.'}1-..,~h'S ~ ....
The attestations of all witnesses are checked for 2. llfl. What is attracting the flies here?
accuracy. ff"(lbc-,.; :l'A 1 rNr '1-hhl\,.. MLII "JI'}fl";f'} f"''.llofl Mf:)tJJo l
l\oPtr'l- -ToPt:oP~ .,-.~'1- 11~'1- f.ll'IA
I
A magnet attracts iron.
[See also 'attention']
attic ["1<11tJJo P'C 11\tJJo fl:f']
attraction f"''..,Ch
attire (n.) Aoflll Her dancing was the big attraction in the show.
He came to church in inappropriate attire. fl'l-e7..e-f> '1.11. 0"19" I f"''..,ChtJJo f!l.
f.,f.1'1 Aoflll 1\oflo\ mt. fl..,. hCM:1 'l'}ll )flC
~ I ODIIJ
have an attraction for J\Jt~
(be) attired 1\fl(l Money has a great attraction for him.
The queen is attired in red . .,..,...,"" +.e n 1'}H11 11"19" .I"J~'I'A
+f. 1\ofl{l'I'A
attractive
attitude I. f"''.ff"C ! f"''..,Ch. He married a very
I. m'l,e. His unfriendly attitude discourages attractive girl. 0"19" f9";1'9"C A"/": 1\1'1
visitors. (ltJJo 11\0DtJJof..f: tn'lf. 1-ofl'S!P";f'} This film star is very attractive. .eu"'f I.A9"
1'1C&-A T-'1''1' fl"lf" f9"'1-.,ch ""'
2. u-~;1'. I don't like his attitude. u-~;f'fll-') 2. .,&-h.. The girl's voice is attractive. fA"/":;1:
I\AID1.tJJo9" 1:9"6 .,&-h. )fll-
3. 1\ll.,.S'f'l-. What is your attitude toward 3. f"'LJ"'~. He made me a very attractive offer.
cheating? Ill\ .,;1'1\A 11\U hll.,.1f'l- f"''.f~~ 1:C1:C hoj>~flA'S
'}"'}f:~tJJol be attractive 1\111.(1.,.
4. h ~:\'}. He stood there in a threatening The layout of the streets is quite attractive.
attitude. 11"'1.1111.&- 1\~:\'} MU' oi'OD fDD'}1JI. ' 1\oj>ffll 0"19" ' 1ll1.ll;I'A
5. oo'}l.ll. We must maintain a firm attitude. make attractive h./toP~
41&-'1' OO'}I.ll f.H'} ' oool'f'Jo hl\ofl'} Typography makes the printed page more
6. hOD A. That attitude is characteristic of her. attractive. 7.'1-9" K'dtof.'} ffHtJJo'} 1K'
1 1\0DA fC!l. 'tf.~.,.,.. m'lf.'l' ~,. fl.I'.RA'I' 1119"&-A.
attorney attractiveness tJJofl'Jo
I. mfl:l'. The company's attorney failed to The municipality is in charge of the city's
attribute
attractiveness. Ah.,.DI/OJ- m-o+ ...,1\4- """H
;J'If IL-l- ~..,.
attribute (v.)
*He attributes his success to hard work.
fF&-m-1 ""illt-l- R-l-:>-1: 1"11"11-T ~m-
Y.'IA
*He attributed intelligence to his colleagues.
fF& ~.l'.'l''l> O'l'of!l":f ' ""ll'';"lfm-'t ' Y.
.,.,&A
attribute (n.)
1. tta.c.e. Mercy is an attribute of God.
P" a.~+ f1."1tt.h11m.c tt.nc.e ~..,.
2. ""llf". The crown is an attribute of royalty.
HtJJo.l': 0'1-F~T ""llf" ~..,.
attrition "7-'lhP"
The long siege turned into a war of attrition.
li~1CP" 1.11. f.,..l'.~1l1Jo oPlJ011 1.11.
"7-'lhP" ,nc~+ 11'~
by attrition {Lfil\
Metal becomes weak by attrition. 11~-l-
'I .l'.lt"7 Y,IJ'';"A
(be) attuned to llaa.l'.
His ears were attuned to the noise of the big
city. ](.r:m- f-l-A.,1 h.,."7 m-h;f-';" "'i
"''.;f- liP"P.;f-A
auction <h&)>:'
His property was sold at auction. 111.:1: R
<h&)>:' .,.ifm
audacious .r.<f.c
The audacious boy rushed into the burning
building to rescue the child. 1.-M- A)!' m
flo.1 ll"7-l-t:'i' f.,.+"'mlltJJo IL-l- m-(1
If' I (!"tfl I 1Q
audacity .l':'i't:-l-
His audacity to ask me for money shocked me.
1.l!.1 11H11 1\.mY.:t> .l':'i'~-1: l\ll.l'.~1m'S
audible f"''.Jl"7
He spoke in a scarcely audible voice. o:Y...,c
R"'Lil"'' .I':P"/1 .,..,.,~
audience
I. f.,.iiRiiR .01111. The audience was asked to
remain seated. f.,.iiRiiRm- .01111 1..,..,..,..
mR+ 1.1-'l..f.Y. .,.mf+
2. .,..,..Ait:Y.. Thetelevisionaudiencein Ethiopia
is still very small. h..-l-f-11:~ m-(1'1' hii-1P"
f-l:lloli.'fn .,.ooAI}:f R"'f" l\~(1.,.,. ~m-
79 auspices
3. ""1';""f-l-. People were waiting in the hall
for an audience with the governor. h11CdJ-
;>C ll""1';""fT ill":f R.,...,.'lllol.~tJJo 'I
Y. Y,mQR., ~RC
*Today I had an audience with the minister.
~"- "'Ll:.il-l--1- .,.+11llm- M:>1-1<'S
give an audience fl.fo~~ (I..Y
The committee will give you an audience to
hear the plan. 7.:t>.l':t11 li"'/'IDD'J' 1.C'I-
R"'Y.:f" Y,i1"7VA
grant an audience T4"1li\- }\):J1l.lD"
The Emperor granted him an audience.
'~'~-"' ~11"1: .,.+11llm- M:>1-l--l-
auditor
I. l\.1':"7'fl". The auditors sat in back of the hall.
l\.1':"7t;""'li l\'1&-lf. m-il'l' hRll-t-:\'1 .,..,.
"""'"
2. .,..._"1"1&. The auditor checked the account.
.,...."'"'tltJJo <h./111-1 ""~-~
auditorium (f'l-llh.) l\'1&-11
1\.R The auditorium in which the celebration was
to be held was small. R'tll- f"'LI.Rf"R-l-
f'I-Qh.m- h'l&-11 T't11 ~RC
augment
I. ...,.,..~. The boss failed to augment my pay.
hli:J-11. 1.'1"11.1 /IY,Q;l.f"CA'S +t:
2. l\111.1. He augmented his income by
writing speeches. 1"1"1C R""R'i' 1tltJJo'!
l\111.1
augur .,.(l<f. hoollh.,.
Everything augurs success. u.trr ~1C foo
lllt+'t .,.(l<f. ~aalllJ;f-A
august "'C"7 '1"1ll ~llm-
Ras Imru is an august personage. &oil 1.?"
-1- "'C"7 '1"1ll ~'llfm- ilm- o;lfm-
August ~<hll.
aunt 1\hil-l-
aura oP"JLil
An aura of holiness surrounded the saint.
:t-'1-il ""'!Lil RR.I':., 'IY. Y,;f-Y, ~RC
aureole f11CV"t hhii.A
The aureoles are always painted in gold.
f11CV"t hhii.A 11-A1.H. mC:t-"7 +liP"
Y.+IIA
auspices .l'::>'i'
He traveled abroad under the government's
auspicious
auspices. floP"J""IJV-1- 1 Y:;Jfi: 1 mY..
MC 't.f.
auspicious Tllof. f"''.ll'l'
Our team made an auspicious beginning by
winning the first game. 11-t.-.,:Y., fou)!oo
6Yw-"t "1'1'"'/.Y R.,lh<;: Tllof. f"''.ll
'I' h)!.,ODC h/lf
austere
1. 11"'1- fll'li. The austere life of the first
pioneers was remarkable. f4' f. !I"-Hi llof-6
l"":f 11"'1- r1111 ).t!' f"''.t.~'l> ~nc
2. .,--a:,.. He is an austere person.
OJ- I )ll)o
3. l>ll:hl. The austere look on the judge's
face frightened the criminal. f.lll;',. l>ll:l-6-
hliTYf'l- m1)!11l;'w-'t hllf.~~m,.
austerity t.-11-'1- fll'li ourn
Austerity is characteristic of monasteries.
f~.ll!l" ).(!' t.-11-'1- fll'li oorn fTII
oPY,. I )OJ-
relime of austerity 'f-Ie 1 ffl'lflT )of!"
Because of the war, they had a regime of
austerity. biPC~-1: fT~"' ":f"'c fR~R'I-
).t!' h.?m_,'f,.
authentic
1. 7.,.~.,.>;'. This is an authentic signature.
,I'.U 7.,.~_,.>;' oi.C., ~,.
2. f"''.;J-oo1. I heard an authentic account of
the wreck given by one of the ship's officers.
1111 oochtl- hliiJRC boucbtJ- oob-1'l'":f
.,.,.
l\1/1. ' f(lm,.1 ' f"'/.:J-001 OD"'/1""& (I
authenticate
1. 7.,.~.,.>;'~'1- ht:;J~m. The art historian
authenticated the painting. fi"MA ;J-6h
0'1'<1:,. f/"1>111 7.,.~.,.>;'~'1- ht:;J~m
2. hliJ'.4'. The court authenticated his claim
to the property. 1111-1: ,I'.~IJ>;'A .,11-1:1
'i'Cf.' IL-l: hliJ'.4'11'1-
author
1. 1.6-ll.. He always wanted to be an author.
nm'l-c ~ll. ourr1 .eou'f ~nc
2. hou1"'-. Are you theauthorofthis scheme?
fii.U "'"'1'1 hOD1"'- h1T ~~~ 1
authoritarian .l."t"i" 'il&-"1"
South Africa has a authoritarian regime. 1.11-
11 h'i'6II 1..11"1" 'll&-"1" ' flf~
,..,.. 1>11,.
80 authorize
1 ~ 1 authoritative
1. f"''.;l-oo1. The news came from an authori-
tative source. H.'i"OJ- 1 f.,...,TaJo 1 h"'l.:J""oP'l 1
!1"1"1" ~ ....
2. fh~'l'n'l-. The officer spoke to the crew in
an authoritative tone. oolJ..'l"). 1 lPt-.,..'f~'l 1
RM'I'n'l- :I'A T'i'~&-'1',.
authority (authorities)
1. I"A"'1. Do you have the authority to sign
this contract for him? .1'.1111 ,.A A'I-I..C
!1"11'1- I"A"'1 hiiU 1
2. f;J-ou) 1 ODt:Jf. What is your authority
.,--a:,.. 1 (I
for this statement? AU..U :J"A f:J""oo) 1 oo
t:JfU Mf.-1 ),.1
3. !1"1"1". I have it on good authority that the
minister will resign. h;t-oo) ,-,.,_. 1 7t'l1.
ll.,u-'1- "''.tll'k- 1"6-"'"1 RUJI. .I'.II:I'A
4. !1"/lhC. This dictionary is the best authority
for English words. 117.1"111.11>;' :1'11'1- .I'.U
oo11~R :1'11'1- hll-11- fRI\m !l"llhC ),.
5. Ym'i' 11.'1> l 0'1'<1:. He is an authority on
labor problems. n.,.&-.,.~":f ":f"'c Ym'i' 11.
'I>.~,.
Everyone recognizes him to be an authority
on Ethiopia. 1111 h..'I-NrY 0'1'<1: oolf).
1 .,1!1" URII'I'A
authorities QAJVAIIJ'l
Apply to the proper authorities. IIT~R.,. IJ
III"A"'1 hooAh'f-
authorization I"A"'1
We need authorization before we can act.
11.,1.-t:"' boolf'll":f-1 RoL-l- I"A"'1 1.
1'1.llm1 Ylii..A;JA
He had no authorization to sign my name.
R~ Ill"' llool..t:!l" I"A"11 hA~Rt:,.!l"
authorize
1. 1.4'f.. The board authorized the spending
of 10 million dollars for schools. llCJI. 01"
C "''.II.M 11C 11'1-!I"UC'I- IL+":f tD
..... 1.1'1.11'1 1..4'1.
The dictionary authorizes the two spellings of
this word. oo1J~R :1'11-fo ,I'.U :I'A Yll
"'"1 11-11'1- 'l,l'.~'l- hRR'i' ,1'.1..!1-.IIA
2. I"A"11 lim. The President has authorized
him to sign the treaty. ,.11-1 h1'1.1..C!I"
Tt.H..II1-fo I I"A"11 ll'l'-l';l-A
authorized personnel fTI..4'f.ll'f,. "'6-T~":f
Only authorized personnel may enter this
OD1"1 office. fTI..4'f.ll'f,. .,.6-.,.~":f 11!1' hH.U
R.t!' ......,IJ,.. ,l'.":f-1\11-
authorship 81 avenger

authorship avail oneself of U'~(O'I-)

*The authorship of this book is uncertain. You should avail yourself of every opportunity
r~u-~m~~~~h~~m+~ to speak Amharic. h"''C':' IIOD'i'1C f"'L..'
:>'l'!I"U't bY:~ v-1\- ~'1-"'""0'1- f.1Q~
auto oo!J.'i'
avail (n.) -r:,O!I"
autobiography f~ll f.Rf.m'l- ~.:h Of what avail is it to study Chinese? fiJ'f.'i'
The teacher asked the student to write his ') ' !1/')!1/ ' .,'l''i''l- ' ~') ' -r:,O!I" ' hllm- l
autobiography. hiiT"'Mm- .,..,,:,. f~ll of no avail tt:~ fi.ll
't f.Rf.m'l- ~.:h l'.'tJI$~ mf+m- His efforts were of no avail. ~lt,.. 1 IIi!~ fl
autocrat 11 ~oc
*The kings in the Middle Ages were autocrats. to no avail Ob"}-J:
OODIJhll'i'm- ' HOD"t' ')-,.l":f ' ~~it' f/l.llfD-' The hunters pursued the quarry to no avail.
P'~"'') ' ~0~'1',. hJI'l''fi f"'l...'Y:l>-'1-'t l'.'tllil Oh't-1> ~1
IIY:JI. ' '1'11-
autograph (v.) llou-') R.I.
available (adj.) fT~'f
The film star autographed his picture. f ol.~
~ !>btl- IIODo't OS:.f"l~~ ilf. R.I. After the fire, every available car was used to
take the injured to the hospital. h:l'mll-fD-
automatic 0:>.11. ,.,..,.JI.'I-'t (ljP:f mh.~ o.'l-
1. h-r-a7i:b. This is an automatic device that II.,Y:O:II f~'fm- oo!J.'i' Oou-11- .,..,
turns the heat on and off. .e.u Ot&.,. ,...,..-,. ~0'1-
f"'l.ll-r'i' f"'L..'mof.. h.Y..,-I:h """'<IY ~,. be available T1T
2. Yll ' QII0.-1> "''I''I'C f~CII. Breathing When will the doctor be available? mh.""' oo
and swa11owing are usually automatic. ,.,..,..,. 'li' ~-~o;:~ l
ol.ll'i' oP'f'J' hitqo;'m-') 'I.U Yll ' QII0.-1> The dress is available in three colors. ~itll-
"''I''I'C f"'l.~Cil- ' 'i''fm- 01"11'1- ' ~I' ' ~I' ' +11"'1'1- ' ,.,o;:~
automobile h,..,..,.O.~ ! oo!J.'i' avalanche
I. 'i'JI. An avalanche of rocks blocked the
autonomous highway. fY:'t.:>f. 'i'JI oo')1JI.') H;>m-
l. ~K. An autonomous nation chooses its
2. T'tif~~:f fOO:I'- h!I"C. An avalanche
own ruler. ~K h"lC ft-ft."J oot, f.oPCITJA
destroyed the village in the Alps. h~-rll
2. ~11-'t f"'l.TJI~. This department
l-11-
ODUb~ ' f!l"'l-~'fm-'t ' OD'I~C ' T'tif~~:f '
is autonomous; it appoints its own officials.
fO.:I'- h!I"C hm~"'''l-
f.U h~~ ~11-'t :fll- f"'l. TJI~C 111\11'
~ ' f~ll-') ' If..,~..,. ' ,_yr.,~ avarice 't4-"I~'I-
't4-"l~
His avarice helped him get rich. fll-
autonomy f~ll't h~WH ~R~'I- ..,. ' QIIR,;J ' IIDDIJ'') ' O:JifD-
This country gained autonomy last year.
f.U h~C f ~ll't h~q11 ~R ~'I- Qllol.m- aVariciOUS Q;lr.::,0
'tOD'I- ' h~'f The avaricious old man gave no money to the
poor. """' 11"'1"1/1. IIY:'Ii ~'tHit h
autumn oobc ~lim!I"
In Europe, autumn lasts from September
avenge TO+II
to December. OhfD-C';r oohc hoollh.:~
He avenged his father's death. YQ-I>'t ~!I"
l'.llh :J-l"'P' f.Y~ .,.0.,.11
auxiliary O:JI'I- avenge oneself on Tfl+A
The general sent auxiliary troops to the front. He avenged himself on the enemy. mil..,'t
:(t~ll- O:JI'I- tnC m~ "l'tQC ilh .,.0.,.11

avail (v.) m+oo avenger ~!I" oo11.11

Money will not avail you after you are dead. The avenger was a member of the family.
h'l"'l-h 0:\11. ~'tHitU hf.m:,O!I"U!I" ~!I" _,.If. ho..,. 11o- h'tJI. ~oc
avenue 82 avowed

avenue avert an accident lti.;J r J;'i

I. ,_.o;-;. Churchill A venue is the main street He averted an accident by applying the brakes.
in Addis Ababa. f'I'C'fA ,_'l'i' fiVl.ll 'i't.l-'J 00DJ'11 IJI'.:>IIJo 'I)
}1,flfl I ff'lj I 00")1J': I 'jQ)o
2. OC. Hard work is a sure avenue to success.
aviation .l'fC "7oPI\II'l'
Aviation is important for Ethiopian commerce.
m'Jhf!" oPJ"&-'1- f1-~:>1m f~~'t-
flC I ';aJo .l'fC "7""1111'1' llh.'l-f"t;.l' 'J"I.J:- 1\11
4.'11. )fl>o
Books are avenues to knowledge. oog,n~:,.
f,)fl>o.,.'t- oc 'i''l'fl>o avid .,..,.
average (v.) He is an avid reader. ?-?- 1 h.'lflll 1 'im-
*The rainfall averages 30 inches a year. be avid 1-111010
f11'i'R- "7~h'l' ""m'J IJoD't- U'l\lt The merchant was avid for gold. );>.l',.fl>o II
h.'J':f )fl>o wc:,O J'.II1011JA
*He averages sixty dollars a week. fltr-t+
avocation
"7~hll' 1!lfl>o FAit 11C )fl>o
*Mr. Brown is a lawyer, but writing stories is
*He averages six hours' work a day. Of4'). 1 f
his avocation. otil+C 11:&-aJo'l 1 mfl:J> 1 'i
"7.U'&ofl>o II.J:-11'1- ll't'l- ,I'UA )fl>o
8Jo I "'j") I ;J-~h I ODgtj: I hoP~fl;;:aJo I pi
*The cost of our lunches averages one dollar &.aJ- I Q)o,... I f07.1P&.l1Jo I 'if&
a week. llll"lt':f'J Oitii"')'Jo fll"'i'ID"'fl>o
t."71JJ'. d..lt11 1\'J.J:- 11C )fl>o avoid
1. ifif. He took a devious route to avoid
average (n., adj.)
I. t."71JJ'.. The average of 4, 5, and 9, is 6.
busy streets. f+"'-'i'i+ 1 oo")1~ 1 Aouif"li 1 o
11"&.1' 00')1.(- '1.1'.
fl\&-'1- I ft-11"11'1- I fHm'S t."71JJ'. II.J:-11'1-
)fl>o Why is he avoiding me? 1111"'} J'.iflfl;'A 1
2. ool]hl\1;'. The average daily temperature was 2. t.IIW11'.. Avoid that by all means! 011"'}11"
30. f.,.l- ooiJhl\1;' .,...,.'!-
3Qo )OC t.'>.:\'J ,I''}'} t.IIW"II'.fl>o
3. h - - - &-.,., This peaceful tribe tries to avoid
3. "7~hll'. Your work is below the average.
F&-U h"7~hll' 0;1-':f )fl>o
war. J'.U M"7' )1.J:' hiPC)'Jo IIDP&-:,0
4. oom)l;'. He is above average height. boom J'.'l"h&-A
H' 41oo'Jo 01\J'. )fl>o be avoided +m1~

on an average h'l"-\ 1 "'-I.A.

The main part of his speech was that the danger
It rains on an average of once a week. h'f"lt 1 of war must be avoided. f'l"'l"'l.._ tt:~ 1 'i1C 1
toC'i+ I f"YJ'ODITJ.Q)o I 1\Y.,;J I 0DaJ1Y:' I 1\t\
,_F.A Oitii"')'Jo 1\'J.J:- 1.11. J'.H'JIJA
0'1- f"7.A )fl>o
on the averase 0"71\hll' {l.;f-1'111
On the average, I go to the movies once a week. avoidance oomo:,O
0"7~h'l' {l.;f-(111 01111"'}'1- 1\').J:- .,.., The surest way of keeping slim is avoidance
WJ'. ' {1.):"7 ' ~'f.-'11\11- of fattening food. ttoo:,:Om'l 1 fJ''iaJo 1 HY..
h"''.J'W'i'C 11""111 ""mo:,O )fl>o
(be) averse (to) m'l
He is averse to hard work. hfl~ 1 JP~~mi\A avouch h~:>1m
The spectators avouched that the man was
aversion '1''1!1'
His aversion to poetry is well known. t\"'IT,.. 1
injured. -f-oPAIJ'11 (lfDo!LIIJo """"{11\o'J
l\~:>1m-
,1'1\IIJo ' '1'1\!J' ' f;f-ID.,. )fl>o
have an aversion to m-\ avow 1\0D'i
He has a strong aversion to eating pork. He avowed that he could not think. {1..1'11
.1'11"7 I":> oP.flll't- 0"111" J'.mi\A 11 ' hi\OD!J'I\o'J ' hOD)
avert fiC 1\1'.~1 avowed (adj.)
She averted her eyes from the wreck. 0"1"1" *His avowed intention was to rob the bank .
., h-1-lliJO~IIJo )1C 'tJ'.S:'J rrc t.F. IJ'Jh-'J lloP11~'i' 't'l"7 ~'J-'11\fl>o 0"1
~1':f A~' 1-'i'1~
await
await
I. -1-mflfl.,.. We await your reply. ODI.\illl't
h'ttnflfl:l'll't
2. mfl.,.. Many pleasures await you. 1111- S'.
11;1- f.m11:,0YA
awake (awoke), vt . .,. ... .,.11
The story I heard awoke my interest. fii"71J--l-
;f-<lh 'i''l11:'t .,.11_,.11,.
The photo awoke old memories. t::..,...,~f.
'l"t-lo -l-11;1-11-'t .,. ... .,. .......
awake (vi.) ~:I'
I awoke at seven o'clock. ll"tJ!" fl'l:,.
awake, be (become) h't:,OI.\'1- /\.,..,.,..
Are you awake? Let's go on a walk! h't:,OI.\
o;:u 11.,..,.111 -t-~.- h'tif&-ifc
be (become) awake to
I. 't., ~,.. He was awake to danger. 1\h
S'.:> 't"' ~fiC
2. S'.~ll(fl+). He became awake to the fact that
his girl was seeing someone else. mJl)l:. 1 hi\.-\ 1
(1,_ ;)C ' OJ'I~~o}o ' h'tS'."/:OD~";f < S'.~(lflo}o
keep awake (vt.)
I. h't:,OA'i' ~"'"'" The cannonade kept us
awake all night. fooY:of. M-!1";1- 11.11.-l:'t fl
-~~- 1,'):,01.\<;: ~"''t
2. h'lil-1-'l' hi\,.. The annoyance of mosqui-
tos kept her awake. ftJJIJ -l-'t'l':f "7mh
Mil-1-'l' M+
keep awake (vi.) ~:,..,_ .fof
She willed to keep awake. ~:,.;1- 1\0D.fof-l-
--~tn:f
stay awake ~-1-.P. 1 4of'
He needs the stimulation coffee gives him to
stay awake. ~:,..,_ h't'l..fof. ffl-t; "7~:1'<1:
Y Yil4.A1'1'A
awaken .,. ....,. ...
The noise awakened me. ""1i+ .,. ....,. ...~
awakening
I. ( = verb) n:l',.. The abrupt awakening
was caused by a noise. fl.e-1"1.-,..
fl""1i+ !l"h'tY-l- ~fiC
2. oo't:l'-l-. Their awakening to danger saved
their lives. 1\l'.S'.:> OD't:l';f-'f,. mf.OJ;f-
'f~ h'l~
award (v.)
I. ifi\OD. He awarded him first prize.
~o}o ' 111.\"7-}o < ifi\OD,.
2. 'll;~m(ll+). The judge awarded him 50
83 awesome
dollars as damages. '1'1',. h!l"lt 11C lilt
'!&~mil+
award (n.) 111.\"7-l-
He received the Haile Sellassie award. f.,.-'1.,
'I! ~.1'-11 ........ ~~.'t 111.\"7-l- ..,..,.fill
[See also 'presentation']
(be) aware T1~Hfl
1 f' I was aware how deeply he felt the death of
his mother. fht;1: '1"-l- M YIIA h
'tS'.-t-(1"7,_ -t'1't1tll. ~fiC
1 ~.+& be aware of om+
The government was aware of the activities
of enemy spies. OD't"IP'1: fm'l+ Ml'-:f't
hY:&-1+ ym-:,. ~nc
[See also 'fully']
(be) awash (= trans.) m-;) h'l'l\.,.1\.,.m-
+Th_e street was awash after the sudden down-
pour. fiY:'t1-l' ~f.ll'l' 1ft;?" fl"""'ir
DD')1JI.') < ,_;) < h'J'I\.,.1\.,.,.
(be) away
I. hll.ll Til f. I shall he away for some time.
'l"l"C 1.11. hll.ll hi\YI\IJ-
2. "'""1" 'tS'.. I shall he away from Ethiopia
for five months. '1!1"11-l- me bh..-l-1'-A-Y
"'"""' h'/.'11\IJ-
3. 'tS'.. She is away on vacation. M~o;:+ 't
'11\:f
4. ~+. The sea is two miles away. llih"" 1 v-
II+ "7.1'-A .1'-C:I'I.\
*When his best friend is away, he never fails to
backbite him. f:,0C11 m.<;:q: flll.llfl-l' 1.(1.
't .,.,.,') 4.X:'I" hY.-t-m-!1"
awe (v.) hilS'.~.,.
The majesty of the mountains awed us.
f-1-&-&-m- '1"111 hilS'.~.,.')
awe (n.) hh111!':J'I! 'i'CY+
The sight of the Emperor filled him with awe.
1 f'~.4"m- 1
't1-P' ~1P'1:'t flf 1.11. hh11C';f-'l! "'
cY+ '""'"
feeling of awe 1\J!"'i.f:t-
The glory of the sunset filled his heart with a
feeling of awe. fB.hf. 'I'A.,.+ ,.11+ A
11-'t flhY:t; .foo}o .,..,.,.
ns-.'l' awesome hil4.6
A great fire is an awesome sight. -l-1.\:,0 :I'm
~ hilu +c~+ ~,.
awe-struck
(be) awe-struck .,.,.~.,.
He was awe-struck at the size of the building.
fih"Jllm-"t '1-A'I-H Qf 'LH. TS'.~4>
awful
I. 0"19" f"'L..'II:f>'l-. I saw the accident and
it was awful. hY-;Jm-"J hfiJo'l- I 0"19" f
"'L..'II'I-'1- ~oc
2. hll:l'<J:. He died an awful death. 1'.11:1'<1:
h.,_.,_,_ ' ......
3. ODIJ't::. What awful handwriting you have!
,..., ' 'tf.~-l- ' OD'J'fl: ' l'h~ ' JP;-ih.l-'1- ' 1'.1111 I
4. fQIIO'I-. He is an awful liar. fQIIO'I- m-
li":J-9" ' ~,_
5. hllmiL. I wouldn't wish that awful job on
my worst enemy. n h.l'lmfl. F6- Atlf.
ml\-1:9" Jo.Aou"fm-
6. Ah fi\.IIID-. That was an awful mix-up.
f Ah fi\.IIID- 9"ll:f>A:f>A ~OC
awfully
I. h4-'f. I am awfully tired. h4-lf S'.h'I"':'A
2. 0"19". I am awfully sorry that I hurt your
feelings. Mll4>f9"h-ll 0"19" Ml'i"IIIJo
behave awfully
She behaved awfully all evening. f"7f.1Q
mQJ'. ll:l'ilf. hou1f'-f
awhile 11'1'<1:'1- 1..11.
He was here awhile this afternoon. If~ hll
<t-l- 0:\11 11'1'<1:'1- 1..11. 1.11.11 ~oc
awkward
I. 1Al1111". Is he so awkward in everything he
does? 0"7,,&-m- IJoll- 1\"JS'.H.II 1All'
ll' ' ~,_ 1
2. f"7f.ou":f-. The meeting was at nine which
is an awkward time for some people. il-fl{llJaJo
llih11ofl 0"7f.ou":f- 1..11. 011'11'1- ll't'l- ~oc
3. "1&- 11.11. This bottle has an awkward shape.
f.ll mc-11 "1&- 11.11 fiT~ -l-ey;- hllm-
84 azure
4. mAlt'f... He has an awkward gait. h<!"''""
.11- mAlt'f.. ~,_
5. fot.,fltfi:C. His unfortunate remark was
followed by an awkward pause. T111. YA
!T~m- hiiTYf-1> f"'L..'il'i'C 119":1'"J
hllhTII
*The child is still awkward with his knife
and fork. ihflo 011.1\'l''i" 011"-lt hYY11
1'i" hA,IIm~9"
awlmll.l..
The shoemaker needs an awl for his work.
'"1."7 11.1-m- 111"&-ID- mll.l.. YII"-A1'1'A
awning "ICI'-71
The awning keeps the sun off the porch. "ICI'-11"-
Ot:"JJIID- 'If. Omf. 1\"JJIJ'.a>"l J'.hllh'IA
awoke, see awake
awry, blow ~ h"J:>S'.S'.
The wind blew her hat awry. ~4-11 QC~"''I'
., ' h"J;>.J',.f,.Q'f-
go awry TOIIII"
Our plans went awry. 7.'1-JI":f-"J TO'Iil"
ax ""T<!Il.Y
He split the wood with the ax. 7.11- 6"J"'--I>
"J Oou'l't:ll.Y 4-llm
axiom 7......, I y;-f."o}>
It is an axiom that no one lives forever.
"7"J9" (lfDo ll.IT"J IIHI\119" 7."JS'."7f.'l"C
7.-"J ' (JP;-S'.-'1-) ' ~,_
axis H"J"I I 7."J11C'I-
The world whirls on its axis. q.Ar OH1'=l
(07."J11C:I:) 1\J'. '1-"lih.:h&-ll":f-
azure fm&-
The azure sky had only one cloud. fm&-fDo II
.,,. 'h"J-'1,-l-' ,....... '-11!1'' ~0<!0-l-
babble
babble (v.) +I>'I+L
The baby babbled all day long . .h!). .,.).,.
-tr 1\.1>'1-1-'i' 'I'll
babble (n.) .,.e,_e,-;1-
The babble of the stream was very soothing.
fm"t,. '1-C,_C,-;1- fou'tLil ).CI);I- f.
1l'l' ~oe
babies, see baby
baboon 111-)!1!"
The baboons destroy grain. 111-)!1!" l\UA
.l'moi.A
baby (babied), v. h'tMbO
We all babied father when he was sick. htJ;I-":f
't O;f-oooo 'l.lt. !Jdl":f't,- h'tb'lb11
~ ....
baby (babies), n.
!. a.n. The baby is crying . .h!). .I'll :r-Ite.
2. fouQ;~.,:lf A~. Which one of you is the
baby of the family? foo...,.:lf A~ .,,..,.
:y..,. <;":fv- l
baby bird fm<;: "'tm'I-
The baby bird was attacked by a horde of ants.
fm!(,'t "'tm'l- f'l-'t'l't ooq'f- m.:&.'I-
[See also 'change, deliver, newborn baby,
nipple')
babyhood a.nH
The boy had no illness during his babyhood.
A"Jt O.h!'t~-1> 'l.lt. ,_,_,_ ;,oo,- h
A~o.:m-,.
babyish f.h!'tH
He outgrew his babyish habits.
!1-~'1- ' m'll''t ' '!-;toll.
bachelor m't~ 'lm.
Even though he is thirty years old, he is still
a bachelor. tPillt q.oo+ n.r.r~m-9" h.Vw
'}9" I fD'}1., I "ffl. I )(Do
bachelor's degree fR., Jb
He received his bachelor's degree from the
University of California. fll 1o. '1..,,: .1'
1Tm- biJI\.I':C't.l' l'tliel\.1! ~m-
85 back
back (v.)
!. b - - - )!etJ ~m-. Our garden backs theirs.
f ... .1''1-llA'f- tl;l- b)(l- .)'."etJ ~m-
2. ~1L. He backs his friends in every argu-
ment. 0.,,..,.,.,. helle m'1,1'1?t f.~
""""'
back away
*Protocol requires backing away from the
Emperor's presence. fl'}"N"' )1P"-I: ~+
lt'f-~e m~ :\'I ll't J:-'1-'tJ:- Tl!"-1'1>11\ f.
mf.ft'A
back down
I. +m. After threatening to hit me, he backed
down. 1\.0D:1"'1 M+ 0:\'1 +mm-
2. m~:\'1 hL1L1. He claimed that he could
fix the engine, but backed down when asked
to do it. '1"-K-'t 11\m.,~m- ll":f'lllv- 1111-
~oe lll't'L"'&.m- llmr:r- .,,. m~ :\'1 hL
14.1
back out (vt.) m~ :\'1 ~J:-1' hm"'
He backed his car out of the garage. m~ :\
'I ~J:-1' oo!J.<;m-'t b;>&.'fr hm"'
back out (vi.)
I. hL1.1.1! m~ :\'1 h/1. He promised to help,
but backed out at the last minute. /lODe'!'!-
:I'll\ 1111' ooo...,,:lf ~4::1' hL1L1
(m~ :\'1 1'.11)
2. l\"Jt't hm"'. He tried to back out of
the agreement he signed. hLl.oom- m-A
l\"Jt't 11.,,...,,. 'l"b.:
back up a bit m~ :\'1 't~'l- h/1
Back up a bit; I can't get by. '1-1-11 m~ :\
'I 't~'f- OA I '111\'i' hll\":fll\,-
M~1 fa.
back (n.)
!. )!etJ. My back aches. )!etJ\L't .l'"""'ol\
He wrote something in the back of the book.
00D!\'m4- )!etJ 'If. h'tJ:- ~1e l\L
2. ""~14..1'. He hung his sweater on the back
of the chair. l.&.11-'t Om'tO~ oo~1.L.I'
.II...," 'If. .....,.11....
back of hand
He has a scar on the back of his hand. ll"lt 'I
~ I mQ/t I h/ltJJ-
back
back of head "'1~&--l-
You cannot see the back of your head. "'1~&
-l-IJ'J ll"''f-l- ll.-l-"{-Ar
back of knife fO..I\IJ' ~1'1-ll
You cannot cut anything with the back of the
knife. 00.'\'Pa>- ~'J~ll ?"'J?" A-l-'ilC'I'O-l-
ll.-l-"{-Ar
-
back to back ~C'I II~C'I
They sat back to back. ~C'I II~C'I .,.4'
....
behind one's back
I. 011.110-l-. She slandered me behind my back.
0/l.llrJoO-l- ll."''"'f"i
2. bll- ~114'. They did it behind my back.
b~ ~11-l'a>- ~~.~....,.-r
3. f 4-'l'"i. His hands were tied behind his back.
1-lt f.l.'l'"i :l'ilr: ~oc
in back of the house h0.1: r ~C"
There is a garden in back of the house. bO.iJ
'\r: .1'-l-bA-l- 11:1' l\.11
In the back
I. b--- :\~. He put it in the back of the car.
bDDIL'i'a>- :\~ ll.lloJ>ouma>-
2. b - - - Oil.,.:\~. She put the wardrobe in the
back of the room. fl'J-'1--k'J bb<;:ll- 0111-:\
~. l\.~<'.1"{-
take on one's back hHil
She took the child on her back. A~'I''J li.HII ";fm-
turn one's back on
1. ,,.. 11./lt" hi\L. He is unable to turn
his back on any suffering creature. flP".:J>J'.
~.e .I'll "'''J'i':fa>-'J?" 'i'tn-C 11?" 11
/'r> ' "''ll'i' ' li..P.IJ''JII-l-?"
2. 4.-l:'J ll.~<'. (0-l-). He refused to tum his back
on his friend when he got in trouble. 1\~':'m-
,_.,c O~<'.flO-l- 1..11. 4.-I:'J 11.~~.-.o-rr
[See also 'bend, carry, fiat, go, hump, pat,
resistance, run down, seat, talk']
back (adj.)
I. f:\~. The back wheel of the bicycle came off.
fllllb/1.;1: f:\~ ' ..,.., aJII-l'
2. Oll.,.~CIJ .I'll. The back rooms are dark.
Oll.,.~C'I .1'11--l- h'i'fr>"{o ""11"'1 'i':fa>-
3. b'\r: .I'll. They gained access through a
back window. h=iC" Ql\dJo oulllt+ A."'ll- 1
!1'11-
4 . .1'111.. Send me all the back numbers of
your newspaper. f;>H."l"'frJo'J .1'114--l-'J 1.-l-'1"
"'f rJoll- ~hA"i
86 background
5. M.l.. He received 500 dollars in back pay.
ll.?"ll-l- ou-r- 11C M.l. ~'1"11 .,_4'011
back (adv.) Y:r:
They met in Addis Ababa back in 1946.
Y:r: ' Oiiif\98 't.?" li.JI.ll l\.0'1 a>-il'l'
.,.1'i'"i.,...,. ~nc
back and forth aJ/iY I aJJl,lJ
The pendulum swings back and forth. f"IY:"''I
m- fl't-l- 1.~:1' a>JI..I' a>JI.IJ _emqmqA
be back +ool\(l
He is not back yet. 1'i' li.A.,..,..II(l9"
[See also 'there']
backache f~C'I ih""?"
Backache is his chief complaint. fifiJ9"" f'""".
107C~m- 1 f'j!CQ 1 ,nou,m. 1 ~m-
backbite l\."'1
When his best friend is away, he never fails to
backbite him. r:,Oc11 m'l)t 011.110-l- 1.(1
'} ' "'1"'11:'} 1."'1" ' h.P..,.a>-?"
backbone ll.bCIJ&
His backbone was broken when he fell.
Om~oJ> '1..11. ll.bCIJ&m- .,.flO<'.
It takes backbone 4\,&..'1'~+ 1 ~m~~A.
It takes backbone to stand up to such a big man.
1-'J~H.u .I'll -l-A:,O (lm- 11ouototr .,.
&-'l'~T .P.m.P.:J>A
backdoor f'\r: ' nc
They exited through the backdoor. 0'\C: OC
rom-
background
I. oo~11. The stars of the American flag are
sewn on a blue background. fl\.'"UIJ'J {l'J
~:,. '1~"'1 !>b(l"{o f.,_(l<f.-l- Ofl"''.l''l!
00~11 I "~ I ~tJI'o
2. ou~lf. This book tells about the background
of the last war. ~IJ ~ oPK"dt'i: il"-hLt- 1
IPC~-l- ou~lf .P.'i'1&-A
3. A?"?"Y:. She has a good background for
office work.llllr: F&- '1'1- 11\?"?"Y: ll.~-l-
4. "'flr>;J-. His background includes courses in
French and German. "'ffr>:J'a>- I.<'.'JII.P.'i''i'
~COD'}';''} .l'm:J>A~A
In the background b - - Oil.,.~C'I
There were mountains in the background of
the picture. bFbll- Oll.,.~C'I .,.&-r:"'f ~0-1-
keep In the background (vt.) l\.11111
He always keeps his young son in the back-
backhanded
ground. l\"" T"Jif.") A)I:"J 11-i'\1.11. l\")'11
/\1\aJo I )aJo-
stay in the background r"'7,.e.~,.e.n:,. I {1;1'-. J'H i
IDS'.' :\i\ ' II'~
The mayor's wife tried to stay in the back-
ground. fh>J-f:qtD- "'LilT f"''T:l'J.l.OT
11;1' ' iiOD.I'lf ' (IDS'.' :\i\ ' iiDDII'")) ''l"h<::f
backhanded fiiOIIJ
He likes to makes backhanded compliments.
fiiOIIJ 'F'll;J<; "'/:,O<:it J,l.ID'IA
backing t::>'i'-
He has the backing of the president. fT t.IL'I"J
-1> ' :;J'i'o ' AiltD-
backlog
*There is a large backlog of unfilled orders.
iltl- J'A.,."::.i\ fP'&o 1D-1l'i'- Ail
back rest oos>.1.&.J'
The back rest of the chair is broken. fiD")0-1-
00S'.1A.f _,.llilt::A
back seat, take a - O:l':f II'~
He will take a back seat to no one. h"''"J'F'
O:l':f 11.11'") AJ,l.LA"19"
backward (adj.)
1. fAl\9"C' illliiT f"'L"l-Y:iiiD. Backward
children need a special kind of schooling. f
Al\9"C' ofllliiT ii"'L"l-Y:i\'I'ID- A"/l.:f f.,.il
f f"''ll.,."''C Hf., J'llLA;J'I''I'A
2. ( ~ adv.) IDS'. :\i\. The backward movement
of the car was halted by a wall. ooh.<;'l' IDS'.
:\i\ llT'tY: "I"Jil Afo"''T
be backward IDY.. :\l\ +~
The people there are very backward. fiLJ'
A1C llll':f 0"19" IDS'. :\i\ ' of>C.,.'I'A
backward (adv.) IDS'. :\i\
He walked backward, and then he tripped.
IDS'. o :\i\ ' h.,.&-ODJ'.. o 0:\i\ ' .,.J'..<;of>L
backwardness
An inclement ruler contributes to the back-
wardness of a country. "'-*~
'11C 1\"JC
") IDS'. :\i\ ' f{lof>&-A
backwards
1. IDS'. :\i\. Can you say the alphabet back-
wards and forwards? A.S'.ii-"J IDS'. :\i\<;
ID!l. ' A.T ' ATiiiD- ' T:filiiiJ 1
2. fl\"J"IAA. He fell backwards. fl\"J"IAA
ID!l.of>
87 bad
backwards and forwards m"J-l-.fo h~C All
h 'IC
He knows his lines backwards and forwards.
T'F'IJC-f>") m-):,04' h'IC l\llh 'IC J'tD-:l'A
[See also 'bend, lean']
backyard '\C'
There was no grass in the backyard. 7t.~C"m- '
9"")9" "'C AA~0<:9"
bacteria <:<l::l'"J ~'i'-taT
Bacteria causes milk to sour. ~4:..+'1 )t;:.fJ.
T o ID.,.T") 1 J'b-OD'J'IIJ{Io
bad
1. h4-. He heard the bad news over the radio.
h4-tD-") ' ID(. ' ht.Y:f" ' ll"''
2. ..,J.l.il'i'. I have a bad cold . ..,J.l.il'i' 1-"Jof."J
J.l.l''i'A
3. OD'J'G:. There is a bad smell here. l\ILIJ oo
'I'll: 7i:l' Ail
That's not a bad idea. f oP'J'fO': thfJ.-R
AJ.l.J'..i19"
The boy was led astray by bad companions.
A)l: h""'I'G: '\J'..'i'll':f 1'1''1" "'11m
4. 07i.,.'i'. A bad tooth can cause acute pain.
07i.,.'i' I 'I'C{l l\'.,. 0 <fo009" o 1\.fODIIJ o
J.l.:fi\A
Bad eyesight handicaps him. 'lJ.l.~ 07i_,.'i'
ooll'-,. ~"):,04-T ll''l'O:l'A
5. 1-'l[. Reading in poor light is bad for the
eyes. OJ'..oflqq ooofl&-T "''"JOil il'lJ.l."J 1-'l[
~ID-
6. f.,.O'Ilf. He is tempting fate by driving
with a bad tire. O.,.Oi\lf 'l"'' 1 0""'J'IT 0
1q l\)1: AS'.:> J.l-1-T:l'A
7. 1\J''i'. He uses bad Jangnage all the time.
rJoi'\1.11. 1\J''i' M:>1C J.l-'01&-A
8. J'A.,.IIJ&o. Please excuse my bad Amharic.
lli\A.,.tiJ&otD- A"''C'i'\1. J.l.:,OC;l' AY:C"I
A~
9. qil1.. If you are bad in school, you'll go to
bed without supper. OT'F'IJCT O.T tD-ll'l'
qil1. hll'"lh l\&-T AJ.l.liTIJ'F'
10. A'I-A. He came at a bad time. OA'I-A 1.
If. I ODIJ)
11. fOliO II. This bad apple upset his stomach.
fOliO/ltD- -!>of. li'JI.") ' AfaODOD(IJo
12. 'I':> flll. He was arrested for passing
bad checks. 1':> flll 'lih llilllm .,.J'H
bad weather fh.fC DPTG:.)+
Do you contemplate any difficulty because of
bad blood 88 bag

bad weather? Ol>f~ oP'J'f::~'l- :f-Ie Y.f.C 2. OU'J'f:: l>J:-e1. The barber cut my hair badly.
itA 111111 T1?";f-I\Ul l\1-e hh-1-IJIJ\< l\1-<1.1 ""'1'1:: l>J:-e1
be bad h<f. 4r.<:m'5
The locusts are bad this year. 1>10"1 OII.U 3. OoP'J'f:: l>\\:\1. He sent me a badly written
't""T h'i':I:A letter. OoP'J'f:: l>\\:\1 f-1-l\.1. 1.11.110.
call someone a bad name il~n
~hA'5
He called me a bad name because he was 4. 0"1?". She wants it badly. 0"1?" 'l-.I.A1'1'
mad at me. 0"1?" 1-'i"P.11'5 hi\ tO<: 1'11.0'5 ll'f-
5. 0-)Y,.A. The soldier sank to the ground,
feel bad
badly wounded. m;J-1.~ 0-).I'.A hl\4r.hl\
I. tiL1)'1- I>A-1-h"''tJJo?". I feel bad today. Per-
1-111\'i'AG: "''-"'
haps I shouldn't have drunk so much yester-
Badly cooked food bloated his stomach.
day. ~to 1 tiL1)'1- MM"'/'5?" i 'l-'i"1'l- 1
01.111 .f'AO{II\m- ?""111 11'-'1.1 t<f.m-
1111- qAm"' .l'.lfl\'5 )Oe
*The car runs badly. ooh.S'I' 01.111 1>'1-
2. l>H). I feel bad about your loss. hi\S'.U111
'tJ:-?"
u 1--'1'1- Ml'i"I\IJo
be badly off 1-'f"'l<: l 'f1<:(m-)
go bad 1-0~if
They are not so badly off; they still have
Fish and meat soon go bad in hot weather.
money in the bank . .I'.U11 ,I'UA l>A-1-:f
't"''i" P' :> Ooo-_,.'1- l>fe OJoh'l' .fir-
1~?" ! l>1Jo1?" l\,q1h 11H11 l>~:fm
Y.O~lfll-
They are badly off this year. OII.U 't""T
go from bad to worse fl)(lm-"} 7t.f+OI\if 0"1?" :f"';,::f'I'A
'tf.
His business is going from bad to worse. take badly Afl-1 t"'(m-)
1"1-'1. fq{lm-1 I M-1-0~if OoP'tJ:" I ~,. tm- +He took his loss badly. ff.<:I'IO'l- 1--'1'1-
Afl-1 t"'ID-
not bad ?"1?" l>Y.A
[See also 'behave, treat, use']
How are you? Not bad. l\.11.?"1 tu 1 ?"
1?" l>AA (be) bad-mannered oP'J'f:: mqY,. l>ltf
too bad He is generally bad-mannered with his em-
Too bad that you couldn't come. l\OD9"'11J ployees. Om~~~.,. 0"'6-1-'l':r; ~.1'. oP'J'
T 1>1\oP!J'AU ,l'lt11'i"A ,;: mqy. ,l'lt,I'A
[See also 'grace, half, humor, language, luck,
manners, mood, repair, shape, taste, temper, bad-tempered "'"'"
term, worse'] He is a bad-tempered old man. "'"'" 11"'1"11\.
tiD-
bad blood 'l'~il'
There is bad blood between the two families. baffle "16- 1>1q
OIJol\-lo 0.1-1'111 oPIJhA 'l'~il' 1>11 This algebra problem baffled me. 1/.U fl>Al':.
116- '1',1'.,. "16- )>1q'5
bade, see bid
bag (bagged), v. '1-<:0
badge l>e"''
The policeman wears a badge on his arm. The trousers bagged at the knees. 1'1-tliD- l\.1-
?"11..1'1- ll.h1'1. ~.1'. he"'/ l>J:-e'iA AO-to ~.1'. '1-e!I.A

badger 1>0/tQ;L bag (n.)

They badgered the speaker with interruptions.
1"1"1~1 1111- "-" O"''ol/<:'1' 1-'i":>tlm-1
1>0/t""'l-
badly
I. h4-'l'. This team was badly beaten in foot-
ball . .I'.U fi-J:-1 Oll."'e \\h h4-'l' 1-
if1G: toe
I. Pelt. She took some change out of her bag.
htlelt'l' ID-{I'J' 11C11e 11H11 t.m"''f-
2. h<:m_'l-. Put these oranges in (to) a bag.
MII.U1 11e-to1J'l"f- ll.b<:m_'l- ID-h'l' l>
J:-e:>:fiD-
3. P.1,1' l ]1:),1'. The bags of wheat were piled
on the dock. fh1F. P.1.1'!P'f- o-eh11' "''
t~-1..1' 1-h?"<:m- toe
baggage 89 balanced

4. 11/.\11'. Farmers bring gristtothemillinlarge the budget this year. ""1"1Fi> H1.1:"1!" Q~i>
bags. ~0"-l"l- 0-l-/.\/.\-l- 11/.\l"l"l- f"'/.4. 1 hiiTilhll (h:l"'i")
"1" l\U/.\ <D'i'""" IL+ fODifl{t- 2. 4''1' h.I:"C1 ,.,._. Can you balance a
bag and baggage ~11 stick on your head? 0"1"1-l-1\-l-U 1\f. H1"1
He packed up bag and baggage and left. 4>'1' h.I:"C~U "7.,.11" -l-l-1\1\U 1
'ill-'t m-l-/.\11- ~.r.. 3. hm.tll.o'... She balanced a trip to the moun-
tain against the chance of a summer job.
baggage 'ill 1 1i""t"'l"l- m.r.. T&.&.,. ll'lic'lic _,."1-l-'t'i" f
I want to send my baggage on ahead. 'ill.1 ho'..ll"-1- JP&. f"'/"17-l-1 b.J:o/.\ hm.tll.o'..l-
0-l-.1:-"''.f 1\0DI\h l\4./.\;JI\rJ. 4. hltllll(ll+). His kind act balances his rough
He put his baggage in a cart. lf1"1l"'li1 :>& manner. f'~""J~+ I JP6-ID- I QA'J. I mQ'-~ I
ID"I\,.-n fllhlll\:1"/.\
[See also 'bag'] balance (vi.)
(be) baggy ll4- M I. /.\h oPifJ. Does the account balance? .h.
His trousers are baggy. ft.-&~ fttf.. ofl!l.A ftfl- ' /.\h ' f.OD"J/.\ 1
2. -1-hh/.\ t<D-. These scales balance. Mil.
bail 'PII-l-'i" 1 f~1Hil 'PII u "''.~'l"'f -1-hh/.\ ""'"'"
The judge released him on 2,000 dollars bail. 3. +-r ~ 11ft<> .r-oo. The dancer balanced on
.tl'f,. OrJ.II-1- l( ilC 'PII-l-'i" 1\4>4>,.
Since the trial will not be held until next _..,.
her toes . .tl1ll'f'P 4>'1' 111\ 0'1'~ .,.

month, he's out on bail . .,..til' l\llh"'J.oP"'

, . IDC O'i'C.I:" IL-l- Ill\"'' f. :I" f. 011
balance (n.)
I. "'1.~1.
He weighed the gold on a balance.
H11 'PII Tlllt/.\
me.,., 0"'1.~1 ouHt,.
He found it hard to keep his balance in the
bail out
1. ,.;),., h4.llll. The sailors bailed out strong wind. OhQJI. t<l-11 <D-11'1' "''.~l-1
the boat. ODChO'f,. h~/.\..,. ,.11'1' , . oumool- hll=f:>& rrto+
;)<D-1 hol.llll 2. fOD14.11 l\C:>:I". His balance kept him
2. 'PII rr<r l\114.:1". His friends bailed him from doing anything foolish. fOD14.ll- l\C:>
out. m.tl;'11 'PII rrt,. hll4.i>+ :1" h1.tl'fll" f"'lf.o'..Q t~C l\1.tlfi.C"I
,_,~~,.

bait (n.) ouftll.J' ll""lil l "7:1"1\f 11""111

3. 4>&. Pay one third down, and the balance
Bait is placed on the fishhook. 't"' II""f1l in a month. (l.(l,., hrJ.'t h4./.\ 4>&,.
ou'Jm.,. 1\f. ouftll.J' 11""111 f.l.o'..;J/.\ ~ I Y._Cij'fP I Q"}_e- I dJC I tD-ilT I h4f.A
He catches fish with bait. Oou'Jm.,.,. 1\f. 4. fT<'.ol. "LH.. I will be away for the balance
"'1:1"1\f ll""lil h.I:"C1 't"' fmll".tl/.\ of the week. IIT<'.ol.,. fft11"1-l- "LH. m.r..
bake tD-"1" ' l\~.tlllrJ.
I. :>~<'... She knows how to bake good bread. keep one's balance .,.,. oflh- ,foP
'No .tl(l OD;J~C ;1-<D-:#"1\T A small child has to learn to keep its balance
2. mOll. She baked the clay in fire to make before it can walk.M1 /.\"J': ou&.oo.J:o h
a pot. "'ill!!" 1\0DJP&.+ lfhl\,.1 Ol\ft-1- m OD!J=fr I fld.:t- I +If' I oflflco I OD ...I}P I 00/:\00Y: I
Olll-,. Mo+
lose one's balance "Y.IJ).''J It+
baker .till :>:>&
He lost his balance and fell. "''.~l-1 11-f- m
This baker has good bread. f.U .till :>:>& 'I' .....,.
.;... I J;fl I hAt&
recover {one's) balance
bakery .till "":>~&f
IL-l- He recovered his balance immediately. hT1~
The bakery is closed on Sunday. .till "":>~&f ....~.... 0:\1\ dl.ti.J',..,. "'"' hi\
, . IL-l- l'uh-.1:- 11-l- 11"1 t,. [See also 'hang']
balance (vt.) balanced (adj.) fTI.I\1.11
I. hiiTilhll I h:l"'i". The government balanced A stable currency is necessary for a balanced
balcony
economy. 11-1-~11~11 ll.l>'l""'t f"'lf.ll'l'aJ'I'
~"tH-11 Yit~/A;JI:t.
balcony
I. il1~+. I have an apartment with a balcony.
il1~+ YlltD- ll;rc-!-"'1 1111=-t
2. G:~. We had seats in the first balcony.
0"".l""&YtD- G:~ """'""""l ~O&"t
bald
I. ""11"1. He has a bald head. ?flo ""11"1 ~tD-
2. ?II 0&-. He is bald, and yet he is still
young. ?II 0&- fLII'"tP" ~<; lA~ )tiJo
3. ~11"1. The mountaintop was bald. f-1-?&-tD-
""l'i' ~~~"' ~oc
be bald +oPc\m
He was bald at thirty. 0"'11<\ ~.,..., -~""""'
"' ~oc
the bald truth Is ~~~...., 1\oP.,~C
The bald truth is that he is a thief. ~~~...., II
OD'J1C I h(r I fa,q I ~(Do
bale (v.) 1111&
They baled the currency in large bundles.
~"tHII-1- 0'1-l:t.l:t.~ '1'~/:t. liM-+
bale (n.) '1'~/A
They compressed the cotton into bales.
'l'tn-"t IIP"4'tD- 0'1'~/:t. liM+
baleful hf.
The wicked witch gave the child a baleful
glance. IIC"I-".7. llit"'l-1-'i' i:t.)l:"t Ohf. '
~f.") 0 oj-ODI\h-1-:ftiJo
balk (vt.)
I. 11"1-l:t. 11~&~(0+). A heavy rain balked
our plans for a hike. ""'rf.ll'i' 11.,-11 111iC1i
c no&"t"t ~~~x: 11"1-l:t. 11~&~-fl"t
2. llhlf~(o+). The police balked the robber's
plans. ?'ll.ll'll fl\.lltD-"t 11~1:" llhlff.o+
balk (vi.)
I. 111'1" olloo. The mule balked, and noth-
ing could make her move. 11~11-'1' 111"'1 itll
oi'OD:f P""tP" 1\.Yith.JI'l- 11/:t.iJ'IIP"
2. <\f.it"'l"'l 4'&. When tax reform was pro-
posed, the committee balked. :1-hit ll"t'l.lflf
1:t. dt<\-11 04'&0 "1.11. ~c~- <\f.it"'l
.., 4'&
ball
I. '>.it. They played ball all afternoon. hll~+
0:\11 ' '>.it ' 1\.""ldl-1> ' 'I'll-
90 ban
2. f'l"tit P"1i+. He attended the ball given
by the minister. "'ttit'k- IIH;J)I:'l- f'l"tit
P"1i+ ' 'If. ' -~-~'
3. '1'~/:t.. I want a ball ofyarn.ll"tl:" '1'~/:t. h
C 11~/:t.,;JI\11-
carry the ball ;1\A.~:,. r +ifhoo
You can always count on him to carry the
ball in an emergency. P""t "1.11.11" Ollit'f'>.
f. 0 "1.11. 0 ""'11\of.~'J- 0 ll"t~"'tlfhP" 0 /:t.'J--f-"'100
"tO'!- '1-:flll\ll
[See also 'roll"]
ball ad llm'l1i 1'1'11"
The ballad commemorates the king's victory.
llaJ'Ilf. '1'1'11"' ,.,..... 'fl:"l:t.' OD:f'llfLY' ~(IJo
ballast P""t"''i'
A ballast of heavy stones keeps the rails in place.
flt-&+ ' J:""t,;Jf. ' P""t"''i' ' dt-'1.'1- ' hll;l-tD- '
ll"t'lf.~.4"~~ IIC-1' f.f.ll'l'l:t.
balloon .t.'i'
The child likes to play with his balloon.
.hY). ' O.t.'i' ' OD""ldl'l- ' f.aJ-'1/:t.
ballot (n.) fP"C""l m&4'+ i 1:"!1"6
Have all the ballots been counted? fP"C..'I.tD-
aJ&4'+ ' 11-11- ' 1-<lr.'I'Z:I:t. !
How many ballots were cast for their candi-
dates? 11-t-oo&-""'iJ''ftD- it"t+ J:-!1"6 1-IIm !
take a baiJOt nml.+..,. ; ~'r(J I {llfl
Let's take a ballot to decide this question.
f.ll"t"t "1-'lf. 1\0DaJII"t Om&4'+ J:-!1"6
II"tit'!'
balm
I. oPJ:":'t+ fll'~ ~11+. She put balm on
the wound. 4litll- 'If. onJ:-:>t+ fll'~ ' ~
11'1- ll~t:1:fO'l-
2. "'lit:f'11f. Sleep was a balm to his troubles.
ll"t~l:t.'i' f:f1~ "'lithlf ~IIC
balmy liM<\
The balmy weather is good for his health.
llitll<\ llfC 1\m."t~-1> f.it"'l"'l'l'l:t.
bamboo lfP"0-1'
Bamboo grows in Ethiopia. lfP"0-1' 011.'1-f'A-
y tD-it'l' f.O~III:t.
[See also 'shoot']
ban (v.) m~ 111C tD-it'l' ll"t'lf-111 hllh
II l 111~
ban
The government banned the book. oo't"IP''I-
ODI'i'dt4- lD!l. 1>1C aJoll'l' l\'t-'11-1fl b
llbll (or OO't"IP''I- ODI'i'dt4-'t 1>1!l.aJo)
ban (n.) l\1-'1
The ban on importation of automobiles
was lifted. oob.'Ol":f tD!l. l\1C aJoll'l'
l\'t-'11-111- f ....!l.l.1fDo l\1-'1 ..... lfl.
The court decision lifts the ban on the book.
f'I'C!f.' 0.-1> aJo<'l~ fODll'dt4-'t ' l\1-'1 '
Yt"'II:J-A
banai..,.&-
She made a banal remark. ..,.&- l\11..,..l'f'l-
llm:f
banana ,..,
band (v.), ~ together ..,.fJOl.
The people banded together to fight the enemy.
<h111t lllll'l-'t IIODfD<;J'!- ..,.fJOl.
band (n.)
I. '1'11""19". I need a new band for this hat.
1111.11 IJC~"' l\11.11 '1'11""19" l\J..A;JIIIJ-
2. b.l..'i'. The white plate has a blue band
around the edge. )Q;k <'l<h't ,.C.I'aJo't 11"'1
.1''1! 11.1..'1! l\IIIJJ<
3. "'111/..J'. I bought a black band for my
watch. 1111'1-1; "'"'c "'111/..J' 1qtJ-
4. l\IIC. A tight armband will interfere with
circulation of the blood. fm04' fll't!!.' II
.e l\IIC f!l.ll"'t ODH'I'lDC YfD<IJA
5. f..,.H..+ ~!!.'.The band played all evening.
f'oo-~t,.:t-m- =tJ!" 9""7i1:1' Ooo-h- +-Lm+
6. ~!!.'. A band of robbers attacked the trav.
elers. f1l'i!of:f ~!!.' OD't1!!.'l',;'t l\m:l":ffD<
iron band fofl~:,.. dt~
The iron bands around the barrel broke.
ORC"''./1- ,./..1' .J'flfD< f11l.'l- dtll.!l.'
..,.IIOl.
[See also 'decorative']
bandage (v.) Ml. ! 04-lf Ml. (:J-Ill.)
I am going to the hospital to have the nurse
bandage my cut finger. f..,.<ILl.mfD<'t "1-i;'t
l\ll:J-"'I"'L'P l\'t!l.':J-IICA'S lD!l. dtb.ll"
0.'1- l\'t-'lfltJ-
The injury was local; so his leg was bandaged,
and he went home. .,..o;.,
f!l.l.llfD< fl't!l.'
fl:J- 111- lllllf) l\"1~ 04-lf :J-11.: "'
!!. 0.-1> 't!l.
bandage (n.) 4-lf
The bandage is narrow. "'-~OJo +"'V'') )(Do
91 bank
bandit 11'1':1"
Jesse James was a famous bandit. J;.ll. J:,ll"
II 11H' 11'1':1" )OC
banditry fD<'t11!!.''0
Where there is no law, banditry is common.
.,., b(l,ll fD<'t11!!.''0 .eoqA
bane, be a ~ '1'4-'1- l\oo"J
Wild animals were the bane of the mountain
village. ..,.6-6-aJo 111- 1\tl:ffD< oo't!f.C
'l'of.'f- ' f"'L.J'OO<flo ' l\fD<.l.9':f ' )0~
bang (vt.)
1. Jr.Ci;J. Don't bang the door! OD1f'1JtD-'}
l\:J"'O;JfDo
2. ro.+. He banged the book down on the table.
OOI\"dtl-'t bml.A.q,. 111- "'"""'"
3. oo:J-. He banged his fist on the table.
mt!A.IftD-1' r llaJcftl oP7t&-
4. l\;J"". I banged my elbow. llC~'t l\;J
...1)-,.
bang (vi.) .,,. 1111- ..,.H;J
A stop for the door keeps it from banging.
""111..1' OO"Ii/' ' b..,.O~fl'l- .,,. 1111- boo
H;J'I- Y!f.')'PA
bang at!l.O!l.O
He banged at the door to be let in. IIOO"Ifl'l-
O~'t !!.0!!.0
bang (n.) !!.'9"6
The bang of a gun could be heard from a
distance. fmoo'tlj"fD< !!.'9"6 h~:t 1-11"'1 '
)OC
with a bang
I. !l.'aJo 1111-. The box fell down with a bang.
"f'l'). ' Y:IJJ< 1111- ' lD!l.4'
2. l\.,.,1". He always shuts the door with a
bang. IJ-A1.H. O~'t l\.,_,1' 1-H;J'I'A
banish
I. l\;JH (..,.;JH). He was banished to the remotest
province. 111119" -t-:,0 mF.. lf")m- m.:Jtt\f. 1..,
q'f-' ....;JH
2. l\lltD1!!. (fl'l-). The doctor's talk banished his
fear of illness. fdtb..,.. 't"I"IC llfl 011
;f- f)Ol.aJo't 'i!CII'I- l\lltD1!l.fl'l-
bank (v.) 4'.1111
The wind banked the snow against the door-
step. )of.(l. Ol.P-fD<'t !l.l.li"aJo 111- 4'.
llflaJo
bank 92 bar

bank (n.) go into bankruptcy hi\~

1. Q"}h. I keep my money in the bank. The firm went into bankruptcy. f"l"l.tl. Y:C
~"}Hil. "} ).Q"}h t.ll4'?""1111J- )('+' M.:
2. f<D"}11 .IICiJ'. He swam to the nearest bank. banner
4'.:11 m.1111m- fm"}11 'lei" 'l'"f 1. fll"..,_'i' (111..11. The students carried a ban-
3. 41AA. There is a bank of earth alongside
ner with "We want better schools" written on
the street. Ooa"}~-'J. .IICi" ft.4.C 41AA
it. _,..,&J"'j; f_,.lf II :J-?"1/C:J- ll.:t-
toll 7."}4.A;>II"} f"'LA fll"..,_'i' (111..11 ,I'.H
The ship ran aground on the sand bank. fl ..... .,.(1114-
Q.l.C m-11'1' R"'I.Y~ t.if'1'"7 1-11;1- oo 2. (l"}f.~ 'tl\"7. The banners were waving
Ch!l. oot,:J- .I'H"f- in the breeze. (I"} f.~ 't'I"7J"'j; Rtof.ll ,l'.m-11
*The water rose until it was level with the bank. 01111-' ~RC
m"}lf- 7-llh t.'i' f.~of. 'I"A:I:A
make a bank of earth hLC tiLAA banquet f7.t-+ "111"11"
The engineers made a bank of earth across The Emperor gave a banquet in honor of his
the road to keep out the cars. ooiJ.<;J"'j;"} 11"7 guests. .,.,.,., t~P'-1> 117."}"11'-,.; h11C
~.r: 001/"}JI.{l'j; OOO"}~Y: '1,1'. t.4.C .,. f7.t-+ "111"11" t.f.t:'I-
1111- [See also 'wedding']
[See also 'farther, flow, overflow'] banter 1..11
bankbook fQ"}h f..h.<'l11 f.11.,.C The boy's banter made the girls laugh. fA)!:
He lost his bankbook and cannot withdraw 1.11 Alf~t;l'-'j;"} t."':l''i'm-
money. fQ"}h f..h.<'l11 1.11-J-1.."} llll"'ll baptism hell+<;
~"}H11 II..I'ID"' t..l'-"f-A?" The baptism was performed in the new church.
banker Qll Q"}h hCll'l-<; f_,.4.1\00fDo Q.ll.fl- 11._,. hCM;.I'
., m-11'1' toe
Foreign bankers are permitted to have banks
in Ethiopia. ffD<"f!' Me Qll Q"}io"f- I;. baptize
:t-f'"k.l' fDoll'l' Q"}h 7."}-'l.'l"t-'l'm- ,1'.4. 1. t.moa4'. The priest baptized the child.
4'Y:'I'I''I'A <Jill- .loY)."} t.mou4'm-
2. fhCII:t-<; ll?" (lfoo. They baptized their
bank note ~"}Hil 111C
The government brought out new bank notes son, John. fAif'fm-"} fhCII'I-<; II?" }>:
recently. .,...,.,,..,. R~C11 t.-'1.11 ~"}Hil "} ' -RIIm- ' (lfoo-:J-
(-oc) t.'l-'1" t.m"l be baptized hell+<; .,.)..,
She was baptized when she was a month old.
bankrupt (v.) t.M.: am~ hell'!-<; .,.~..,"f-
They are underselling us in order to bankrupt
us. M'"} 11"7hllC 011~_,.;;: 'I':> Mf"'tr bar (barred), v.
1. 4'0:4'0:. He forgot to bar the gate. 0~"}
bankrupt (adj.) fhl'lt: OD4'C4'C .:<'1
A bankrupt firm is not solvent. fhllt: .r: 2. H.?. A fallen tree barred our way. t."} Y:
c)('+ MIJ)o"} ll.h'i'A t..e"f-A?" f<Df.4' 'l'i' OD"}~.II"f-"l"} H;JfDo
be (become) bankrupt hfl~ 3. hllhll. The director barred smoking in
He became bankrupt through too many the classroom. 'l.t.h-1-1- 7.h'i'A m-11'1'
business expenses. f"}..,.(- Pt-111- m"'-. r il "7f1Lil"} hllhll
IIR'IR:t- hilt:
bar (n.)
bankruptcy I. f11.:+ H"}"l. The bars in the window show
1. oohflC. Their bankruptcy reduced them that it is a jail. Oooll!o+ '1,1'. .l'tr+ fil
to begging. oohflt-'l'm- hA.oa<; t.f.t:<'l'fm- .:+ H"}1"f- f7.11C n.+ ODI)")."} J'ODIIh
2. f"l"IY: 11.<'1<1-. There were ten bankruptcies ;f-Ir
last year. 't?"<; OP'C f"}"IY: ll.<'lt- f. 2. R-<; n.+. Let's meet in the bar in an hour!
C{l toe Q"} .r: ll't:t- <D-11'1' 7.(1-<; n.+ )."}~<;"i
barbarian 93 barely

3. 'i'C.I:"" 11.'1-. She was called before the bar He fought the enemy with bare hands. hm'l'l-
to answer for her crimes. 11-t-ho'u'l:f-0'1- m"J;e :>C ' qp. ' ~)!:") ' of-'1':>
A oPA/1 ~"J.i:""'l-11'1' 'i'C.I:"" 11.'1- -t-m.:.:fo 2. (6).:.41'1-. In hot countries, men and women
4. oP{I<;hA. Poor health may be a bar to go around bare to the waist. 0'1"-"''~- h1<:
success in life. fm.'i" OlltiJT A).G" DDI\lt :r- m"JP.:fo'i" ll..fo:fo hm11J:fm- OilY. 6.:.
'1- oP{I'i"hA ll.ln Y.lf-'IA ofl;l-:fm-") S'-~11-
be a bar 3. Mll-t-'1. He was elected by a bare majority.
I. h1S'... Foreign birth is a bar to becoming foJ-oP~mm- OMil-t-'1 f.l:""l'"t 11A"'i ~m-
President. h~ h"IC (tm- oPtJJt\~ 4. 1'111J. The top of the hill was bare. f;>tl-m-
T &.IVI"J'I- hoPU'"J MilA "'if~: "11\IIJ ~nc
2. hllhll. Disparity in ages is no bar to 5. f-J-6-<fr.-J-. The Ethiopian landscape in the
marriage. 06.1:"""'1. t.l\oPoPIIJm"J :>11!1' north is very bare. fii"''."J 1 h.'l-f"Wf f""
hf.hllhAI'" &.'1- ' ,.,.,...,....... fof-6-<fr.-J- ~"'"
*The room was bare of furniture. h'i:h- f'O.
be admitted to the bar 0"1'-fl-1-'i r l't,")Jlw&-
'1- ~... I hA~O~m-9"
of-.I..,.S'..II'I-
*The trees are still bare. lft::=t:i ,c; :,.OmA
Mter passing his law examination, the young
f'l:flD-9"
man was admitted to the bar. fon"' .1.-t-'i"m-
*These are the bare facts. ~:J.op film- 1 ~
-, IJI\4. 0:\'1 lDIIJ-1: {lm- 0'1'1l:J.'i"
m-~-t-'1 ~1C S'-11 ~m-
~")/I.P'ilo I of-.I..,.S'..II'I-
*His pay affords him only the bare necessities
[See also 'soap')
of life. S'-'1"11- h~~ IDS'. h'i' hfA'i'l'"
barbarian (adj.) f~""~'l'lf- bare of goods QP..
To emasculate is a barbarian custom. oo(llt The store is now completely bare of goods.
11 1~-~'l'l- I A"l.l:"" ~"'" OUJ'..ofl-1- ' hrJo") ' qp. ' ~tJJo
barbarous f"'l".f'i" be bare of fiiO'I-1'"
The barbarous treatment of prisoners was The chicken yard is bare of grass. f P.<:'l''ll 1
described in the newspaper. fMt~"iP:fo f"P ll;l- "'C fiiO'I-9"
.f'i" hff11 O:>H.IIJm- 'If. of-11\l\ lay bare 1Am I 1l.l.
barbed wire IJIIII"II 1 'iill The doctor laid the burned flesh bare with his
The soldiers placed a barrier of barbed wire scalpel. P.h-J-'1- fof--"'mllm-"J P' :> OM
across the road. m;l-Y.e:~ 1 fflllil"ll 'iill IL'I'I' 11\mm- (1LLm-)
"'1111" 00U")1/I. "" "''~- look bare +&-41.+
The walls look so bare. "1.1:"""1-'1'1'~ 1 f-J-6-<fr.
barber l\1-C hll-t-IJIJS'-
The barber cut my hair badly. l\1-C hili' -1: """'"'"
lJIJf. l\1-&.") oP'J'fl: h.I:""C1 <fr.~m'S bareback 1\.IIJ(m-"J)
He rode the horse bareback. 4.~11-"J 1\.ll)m-
barber shop fl\1-C "'111-t-IJIJJ' 11.'1- ") :>1\0lD-
The barber shops are closed on Sunday.
barefisted OIJP. ~~
fl\1-C "'111-J-IJIJJ' O..fo:fo 7uh-.l:"" ~d>.l:""
The two boys fought barefisted. rJoll-1: A}!
f.H:>II-
:fo OIJP. ~:fm- ' of-S'..IJS'..II-
bare (v.), - the head IJC~ M"'
barefoot IJP. ~"1'1-"J
When the flag passed, the men bared their
Children, don't run around barefoot! A}!:fo 1
heads. II"JS'..:J. 1 '\'1"'/m- ll.fA'i' ll'l''ll fJ
IJP. ~"16-:f-rJo"J mll.f'i" 1 lD/1.11 h'I-H'I'ID'I- I
C~IIJ:fm-") M"'"
barehanded IJP. ~)!:")
bare (adj.)
Don't pick up that hot pan barehanded!
I. IJP.. You should not run around in your n . f :>II """'olf 1 tJP. ~~~~., ,.,,..,..,"'"
bare feet! OIJP. 1 ~"'CII 1 ""H'I'lDC 1 hMIJ
barely
"'"
He lived in a bare, little house. '1-")'11
IJ.'I-' tJJo{I'J' I 'l"~
1 qp. I. 'lou A. The ship is barely visible. ""'Chfl- 1
'IODA S'-:l"fA
bargain 94 barrel

2. ~'t~MII" 1111-. He barely managed it. to dry them. 70<1-l"'li ~fl:'li ~'t~e<l!
~'tf.ll"'tll" 1111- 11"~1\..,. 'lm-'l''ftD-
3. "!AT M':e1. They gave the facts to him 2. ( ~ passive) T'l'lm. +I fell down the steps
barely. :,.hhM'ID-'t ~7e "IA'I" M':e7m- and barked my shins. ~.:JI"m- 'IY. om~:fo
~7~..,. 11-'I..H.:foA'I'"'/.T'I'Im
4. 1\:,.'t'li. He barely escaped being beaten by bark (vi.) '""'li
the mob. h.h1111- J!"11~q 1\:,.'t'li t.ool\m The dog barked loudly. m-lfm- o.-,y.A '""'li
*This room is barely furnished. h'f:.& 1 flt.t& bark commands 0Q;h1i+ 1 +7t.tflt ()m
~,., ~11"11~11" ~m-
The officer barked commands at the soldiers.
*He is barely ten. OFC flouT i\.,'9"1\BJo ~m oolt-'t). 1\m;J-~I!''Il O..,.'li.-,. :,.~~11 lim
[See also 'crawl']
bark (n.)
bargain (v.) Thtl-h<: I. :foc,c.:,. ! A"'"l". Those sycamore trees have
I bargained with him about the sale of his a thin bark. MH..r mcltl":f !Ill :foe.r.
house. Ill\ IL1> 'li$'1!" he"" ;Je Thtl- ..,. t.'l'ftD-
h<:'t ~oe The bark of some trees is used for making
bargain for paper. n"''tJ!" ~fl::f A"'"l" (:foe,c.:,.) m
we had more trouble with the old car than ,:.,.-,. 1\00JPtl-:,. $11\"I'IA
we bargained for. O.t.c-1.'1' oolJ.'i' ll"h't$ 2. ='li:,.. A bark of a dog could be heard
:,. lt1111~m- MY. :f"!e 7mOD't from afar. fm-lf ..,.'li.-,. h~:fo 11.11"7 Y.'lf'IA
take off the bark 1\m
bargain (n.)
1. T"- ..,"JC. This book is a bargain . .e.v Take off the bark before you bring in that log.
ODX"tftfj! I 'No I ..,"JC I )(Do
n't "l't .t: h"Y"Iq:,.u o.r.:,. 'lmm-
2. "I"IC. The guarantee was part and parcel of barkeeper fll-'i' o.:,. ql\o.:,.
the bargain. '1'11.-,.'i'm- f"I"JCtD- oowt::J-'1! The barkeeper is a rich man. ftl-'i" 1 0.1:
h'i'A ~oe ql\0...,. 1!11;1-11" lim- ~m-
3. 1111"11"~:,.. According to our bargain, you
were to pay half this month. ~'t~ llii"II"~;J-:f barley 11111
't .,.,~'t 011.11 me :,.h<i:I\'S ~oe I like beer made with barley. f11111 m'l ~
fD.III\11-
drive a (good) bargain
He drove a good bargain at the store. barn [~IIA'i' fh11.-,. "71l.,"""'i IL.-,.]
Thtl-hl!' h""<l! 70f
in the bargain -9'" barracks 111-c
The new houskeeper proves to be a fine cook The soldiers' barracks are built of concrete.
fm;J-~1!',; {ILe h.t:'t;JY,'i' hii."'L't-1'-
in the bargain. t.JI.!I.. "'"fl.-,. 'I"~ fD'I"
fTP'tl- ~m-
IL.-,.11" ' .,..-,.
make a bargain +lllPftlfl barrage
Let's make a bargain to help each other with 1. ..,~. They are going to construct a barrage
our chores! IIP'tl-:f't 1\0D<:-'1.11.-,. ~'tll"7"7 across the river. Om1,.,. t\f.. 1 ..,~ l\.."J)'flo
~m-
strike a bargain +lt."''"7
He struck a bargain that each one was to pay 2. hqJ!" Tlt-11. The enemy barrage began
half. ~.ll't-'1- "1"71i ~'tJI.h'i'A Tll"7"7 at dawn. m'l:,. 't;J:,. 'IY. hq,t: Tltll
[See also 'seal'] hLT

barge f'f!"~.-,. ooeh11 barrel

The barge which was transporting stones sank
in the river. J!"'t;JY, Tlfh'l" ftO<:m- f
'1!"~:,. ODCh11 fiJ'tlfo tD-11'1' {!moo
bark (vt.)
I. 'lm. The farmers barked the trees in order
I. Oe"'LA l Oe"'/.A. We drank a whole barrel
of beer. t.'t.t: .,...tr OC"''.A fltl- m"''t
2. t.'i'. The barrels of the cannon shone in
the sunlight. fou .1!"4- h'i' 08d>Y. 111:7
't t.'tl!.q.:.,
[See also 'lock']
barren
barren
1. out)"). He sold his barren mare. out)'}
IJ11.l-m-'J ifm
His wife is barren. ot.ll-1: oolJ.") ) 'l-
2. IJP.'i' m'i'. Above the three thousand meter
line, everything was barren. hi" II:,. I( "'/.:,.
c h'i':l' OIIJ.l. no.:m- IJP.'i' m'i' ~oc
3. IJP.. The Red Sea coastline is barren.
f+J.l. IJ<hC mt:'i' IJP. ~..,.
4. "L'"J""l. Barren soil will not grow any wheat.
"l"'J""l . "",:.:,. 9"'J9" II'J.e. h.I'O:t
lA?"
barricade (v.) H.:>
She barricaded the door with a chair. OD1f1JtD-
'J OID'JOC H:>'lfm-
barricade (n.)
1. ooh;J-. They quickly made a barricade to
keep back the enemy. mll.r'J 1\DPhl\h/A
-fll- oflllm- oPh;J- hOlt
2. oo"}1~ = ou1f'1j'. The barricade was placed
there temporarily, not permanently, OD")1.tt" =
O'D1f1_faJ- I f-t+OOtnaJo I l\'t,raJo I )tD- I Jt
'J)( IIHI\4:;1- hM'..I\9"
3. ""il'i'h/A. The students erected a barricade
to keep out the police. ?""ll..(o:r;-, 1\oPhl\h/A
T"76fl':r; ' OO(I'i'h/A ' W-1--
barrier
I. "7~11'. The soldiers placed a barrier of
'i\"tJ I 7i(1 I Ol/1)f I 00'}1S;' I I\,.
barbed wire across the road. m;J-s>...::r; filii
I lP.;..
2. ~S'..ofl. The enemy was strongly entrenched
on the other side of the barrier. ml\:,.0 O"l~ft
.t.lf~c os>..9"-o -111 ~oc
3. oo(l<;h/A. The Sahara Desert has been a
barrier to trade. fil.h<l- 9"Y:t: 0'1 II'J"IY:
""il'i'hA tl''l' ~oc
barring (prep.) IJIAS'...:il 011-t--+c
Barring accidents, the train will reach Chicago
at 12:00 o'clock. hS'..:> IJIAS'..t:il 011-t--+c
1111---1-- OIIY:II.r (lq:,. 'f1J1 J.l.S'..Clt/A
barter (v.) 1\IDm
Indians used to barter furs for guns. II'JP.:f
f.t.m-.:. 1\.,..C omoo'Jif J.l.llm-'"' ~oc
barter (n.) fl.? oPI\'l'ID'J' 'J"IY:
Barter was practiced before money was intro-
duced. 1'1H11 bODIP,t.-1: Od.T t?t.4" ou
1\'1'111'1' 'J"IY: ,e.w.:.o-r ~oc
95 basically
base (v.) oow.:-t--
= On what did you base your figures? f4l'J'C
11C11CIJ'J 9"'J 1\J.l. """'t:.rhm- I
be based +ooF..fl
The division is based at Fort Benning. h'i'll
tn<~-- ~::c-r o.n., """""Y:!l..IA
The tax is based upon income. ""111~ f+oo
S'..Om- h'JS'.. ~O.m- -o~:,. ~..,.
base (n.)
I. .,.,,..::,.. The base of the statue was still
standing. f.hm-/A1: ouw.:.r hu--19" oil
.,. ~oc
2. t"'4..C. The government appropriated land
for a military base. oP"J-JF-i: r AtnC liLC
f"''..ti''J (1;1- hllll
3. uos>..a"' :,0oP9". Pepper is the base of this
SteW, 0C0& I ffLlJ I tiJT I OD~O;;: I :,.oo,.. I
~..,.
base (adj.)
1. 2l,t't;:. To betray a friend is a base action.
'lS'.."''J oPh'l-r l\.l''i' -1--"IIJC ~m-
2. -1--.l-. Iron and lead are base metals. -o.:-r'i'
7.Cltll -1--.l- oflt:-f:f 'i''fm-
3. ( ~ n.) m.:-'1 ~~c. No needful service
is to be looked at as base. .,.,,.,..,.,.. '\J.l.
~.-.. hll.l..l\'1. F<l- 7.'J.V.. m.:-.11 ~~c
"":l'f:,. fiiO.r9"
baseless """'.:""" 0.11
This is a baseless accusation . .eu ouwt:T
0.11 hll ~..,.
basement ?"Y:C o.-r
The basement was flooded by the rain. 9"Y:
c 11.-1> 011'i'?" i--'1'11+11+
bashful '\J.l.'i'of..C
She is bashful in company. hilm- :>C ll.rll'
'J ' '\J.l.'i'of..C' ~'If
basic
I. """'t:;l-'1!. One of the basic difficulties of
Ethiopian agriculture is land tenure. ht...-ri"A--
.1' fClf oPWt:;l-'1! :f"lf:';f h'J-'1. f
-.:.-r J.l-11;1- ~..,.
2. 'l''i'. He quoted his basic reasons for the
decision. 1\m-lt~m- 'l''i' 9"h'J.1'-r-:r;., m+il
basically""""'.:""
He is basically honest. """"'.:"" ;1-"7~
~..,.
basin 96 bathub

basin 2. DP!/"!1'. He hit the ball so hard that the bat

I. 1-=.11 llih"t. He washed his hands in broke. 1\!l."t O"lJ!.~ 111\0D;f' OD!/"!J'w-
a metal basin. ll}(,;"t hil<:'l- 0-I-U'&. 1- -1-110<:
K-~.11 llih"t w-11'1' :l'mO
2. lrl\4'. The Awash river basin is being
batch
developed for agriculture. fM'1i IfII.,_ Ill\ I. h9"':f'l-. What happened to the batch of
elf. P'&.. ooo~.,,.. 1\J'. ~ .... papers on my desk? hm<:A.~\Io 1\J!. no
<:w- fm<:_,.'l- hll":f:r- f'l- ~<:II 1
basis 2. o-K-"t. A new batch of Peace Corps vol-
l. ouwil,:r-. We cannot continue on this basis. unteers arrived today. h.-'1.11 fMII" ~K-
OII.IJ OOU'l:T ~"t.,.'l'~ h."t':f-~9" ~~-~. ~t.. ~q
2. "711<::(. What basis do you have for that *She made another batch of cookies. 1\.1\ illl
statement? 1\lf.IJ t,.qq~u 9""t "711<::( .hiiiJ 1 h-'1- U'&.':f
3. oo,_fl~ :,,oor. The basis of this medicine is
oil. fooK-:>t-1> oo~O'O' :,Ooo9" HJ!.'I- bath f~ll oo:J'mtl..t' 1 f~ll oo:J'mtl..t' w-;>
~w-
Have you a room with bath? f'll\ OD;J-m
OJ $1\IJ)o h'i'~ hl\11 1
bask.,..,. Your hot bath is ready now. f~l\11 oo:J'mO.
He likes to bask in the sun. BmJ!. .,..,.:,. J!. F oo-:,0 w-;> -1-H:J:E-:l;~
tD'I~ take a bath "11\ :t"mfl
Take a bath after work! P'&.ll"t bQ;J.<:IIh
basket :,Oc"'i'l- 0:\11 ~1\ll"t :l'mil I
Put the laundry in the basket! f"'L:I'mllw-"t
~illl l\:,OC"'i-1> w-11'1' l\11.,.9"'1' bathe (vt.) Amo
Bathe the baby in lukewarm water I ihY'l-"t II
basketball f:,OC"'i'l- 1>.11 1) I fll\ I aJo;) I 7..tnofl
He likes to play basketball. ftj>C""l'l- 1>.11 He bathed his wound in alcohol. .,lltr"t 0
OO"'itDT J!.tD'I~
A~lt~ Amow-
bass [tD'i'&-9"<; 1C<;<; fto"tK- K-9"6] bathe (vi.)~~~ :l'mO
I couldn't bathe this morning because the
bassinet fiht"t :,Oc"'i'l- water was cold. ~~~ Ill.+
aJo;5o8Jo +11:1-lf
The baby SleepS ifl a baSSinet. tlJ.'). I flm.!'l I
1111~0<: ~11\lo"t ~:l'mil t.~!l'~h-9"
:,.c"'i'l- w-IlT ,....,.~
be bathed -1-'1'1\.,.1\.,.
bastard '1.,..1\ The valley was bathed in sunlight. If114'w-
He is said to be the prince's bastard. llll- f~ oom.e ilcn -l-'1'11:,.~*~
o-tr VI\ ~w- J!.q'l~ so bathlns 'P"f'
baste tolltoll We went bathing every day. Of.,.'). ll"t'l'~
The tailor basted the hem before he sewed it ~oc

permanently. ~illl IIA.w- mCH-"t hooll bathing suit f'l'<; ~illl

"'"' 0<1.'1- tDIItollw- Put on your bathing suit and go for a swim!
bat (batted), v. 1\;J f'l'<; ~illlll"t ~Oil<; to~ '!'<; 'I..K-
He batted the ball over the fence. 1\!l."t q'l'
bathrobe foo:J'mtl..t' ~illl
<1- 1\J!. . h.lf"IC' II;J'I-
I need a new bathrobe. A-'1.11 foo:J'mtl..t'
not bat an eye 'lJ!.'l-"t ll"tl>."t A~II0<:9"
~illl $114.~~,.~
The prisoner did not bat an eye when accused
of murder. liii<:'O'w- O~'i'll ~.11,1'.~'1- ll.to bathroom fOD:J'mtl..t' IL-l-
~:J!:~ 'l,l'.'l-"t ll"tl>."t l\~110<:9" The bathroom is large and new. fDD;J-mOJ
IL-l> II<~.<; h.-'1.11 ~.,.
bat (n.)
I. fl\.11.'1- tD'i'. The bats flew about to catch bathub Ml\ DD:J-mtl..t' ~"t'l 1 fOD:J'mO.
insects. fl\.11.'1- roc::f ~'i'll'l- 1\0DJ."H F ~"t'l I q'l'
tD/lJ tD-'1.11 0<:<1- Do they have a bathtub or a shower? $1\'l'
battalion 97 beach

fD- f~'l ou;J-m!U' 1't.ll (Q'l') ~ID- tD battle cry +l.C.Y.

f.ll f<flll" ou:l"m!U' l The battle cry of the patriots frightened the
Watch out that the bathtub does not run over! enemy. .('Cfl'l''li +t.c+ m'l'l-'t hltflt.
fou;J-m!IJ'ID- 1't.ll 'f"tt.+ l>'t.llf.ol.lt .,. ~~,..

m't+~ [See also 'lose']

battalion lfll:l' battlefield fiPC "'1..111 fiPC~'I- "'LJI
The battalion saw action in Korea. ~A:J"CDo The battlefield was littered with corpses.
fli>C.t' T'I"'':I;Pt. fiPC "'L..Im- (fiPC~'I- "'L..Im-) fl"-<'1
batter (v.) U.ol. TCh'i'hC: ~flC
The waves battered the rocks on the shore.
battleship fiPC ""Ch11
'Mflll- q,n~ J!C!I' f)fl~'l-1 :l:'l''l':f
The navy has six battleships in commission.
~(.of.
rq.nc ~f. A Ill".:. 'If. .t'11- ll~ll'l- r
batter at 01-,.A ~O~R IPC ouchl':f hll-'1-
The firemen battered at the front door.
fl><'l'l- hf.:J Th'l>il'-'li fd.'l- lld.of>'t bawl lt~~ 11i't' hll+ll
flC fl~f.Pt. .l'.fl.l'.fl-'1- The child bawled because it could not find its
batter down ftQR~ mother. Pt."K. l'.o;-oJ>') M"' ll~~ 1111-
The firemen battered down the door. fl><'l'l- hll+ll
hf.:J Th'l>il'-'li ODlf1.J'ID-'t (lQfl~'l- bawl one's wares 7t.f'~1i 11 }t.")Jli\. mf+
The peddler bawled his wares in the street.
batter (n.) 11..'1' (1-~ 0 flf.(.-J;OJ- 0 flfOD')~JI. 0 l'.f~1i 0 ~1( 0
The cake is made from batter. 11lth-of> fT l>'t.llll mf+
;nt.ID- hll.'l' ~ID-
bawl out tDt..l'.(fl'l-)
battery Your father will bawl you out when he sees
1. Q'l-<1. My car has to have a new battery. this mess. f.ll't't 11ChCh ~~C II..(' f. h.
ouh..o;-\1. h.ll.ll q'f-.: .('ltol.Pt.;>;I-A q'f-u f.tDC~11VPt.
2. fou~"-"' q'f-.:. Four batteries began firing
on the enemy. h<l-'1- fou~"-"' Q'f-<ll":f m bay (n.) rq.nc Mm.
'1'1- 'If. Tltll hol.-1> Massawa is located on the shore of a wide bay.
a battery of ilfto 11"6'1' lld. flll'~ rq.nc Mm. .IIC!I' -r~
A battery of microphones surrounded the "'ll:f
mayor. flh'J1:qfD- 11-<l.t' 1111- f~l1"6 "'11' bay (adj.) .11"'1
.(' ~flC The farmer bought a bay horse. ~fl"-m- .11"'1
battle (v.) ol.t.lt ' ~If
1. ;1-~11. The little ship battled against the
bayonet <'l't)f
storm. '1-'t!( ouch11 h"'1611Pt. :>C ;1- The soldiers fixed their bayonets on their rilles.
~II:Y.. tD;f-f.l:'li 0 <'I'J)f'fm-') 0 ffiOD"J)f:fm- 0 '\f. 0 (Ill-
2 . .,.:>.1'.11. They battled for freedom for many
years. 11~11~'1- 111111- '""""'~- T:>.l'.ll- bay window [m.l'. ,..,_. .(';>.1'.11 ""lll>'l-]
battle (n.) bazaar -1.11c
1. IPC~'I-. The Egyptians were defeated in You could buy anything at the bazaar. hOD.1'.11
the battle of Gura in 1875. fl!$f(l:~ ,...,.,. ~ fLII"11im-1 .....,.,,.. '1-:Y..A ~flC
ll"mt.'l- n-,.,:. IPC~'I- "111P.:f ~A II').
2. ID-1....1'. He heard the sounds of battle from be, see is, was
a distance. ffD-1.J' ~11"6 h~~ ll"''
3. .,.:>~11-. The battle for freedom lasted several beach rq.nc JIC!I'
years. ftll~'l- T :>~i't' flCh'l- .('II- -too They built a fire on the beach. flQ.b~ .IIC!I'
:1"'1- ' mll.l'. 7.<'1'1-' M.I'.JI.
beacon
beacon fmf-11 ou11&--l-
The beacon showed the ship where the port
was. f<Df.fl- OD11&--l- mf.ll- ,1'110-l-'t II""
Cbfl- ' hOD/lb.,.
bead
I. P..?. Beads are used for making necklaces.
P..? .l"t1-l- "1'1' Y."'&-0;1-A
2. )m11"111. Beads of sweat showed on his
forehead. fll11 )m11"111 -rtQ~ 'If. f.
;f-f. )OC
beakM:
This bird has a yellow beak. Y.":f- m<;: 0.
"" h'i' hil-l-
beam (v.) .1.1> hO&-
She was beaming with joy. Of.il;f- 11~-l- .1.
;1: ,1'0&- )OC
beam (n.)
I. hm-;J-c. The beams of the bridge are rotten
through and through. fY:AY:f. hm-;1-r:":f-
Q;~.C{lm- O!l11o'l'I'A
The roof was supported by steel beams.
"l&,l'm- f_,.f.14.1D" 011<:-l- hm-;1-r:":f- )0C
2. C11&-11. The steel beams are riveted together.
f11<:-l- ' C11&-ll":f- O&li.-l- ' .,.,l'f.H'I'A
3. mC11. Drill a hole in the beam! mCII-'t
111\ID"
4. '""&-. The searchlight sent a beam of light
into. the sky. q,.~,. f11CV't '""&- mt.
o'l"''f. ' 4.)m4'
beam of plow 'l"LC
The beam of the plow broke. '1"4.~ .,.
o'l11~A
bean Q4:11
Beans are sown in the highlands. Of.;> Q4:
II Y.H&-A
[See also 'coffee bean']
bear (bore, borne), vt.
1. <DIIf.(.,.mllf.). She is too old to bear children.
M<:)(-f h-l-mAY:?"
Where were you born? f.,.<DIIY:bm- f-l-
)ID"!
2. .,.lfbOD. The donkey bore a very heavy load
hU,I'm- 0"1?" bQY: "l")T _,.lfbOD
3. !I'll. He has to bear the whole burden
himself. ifh"""'t u-tt- h&-11- ""ii'A h/10-l-
1 cannot bear to look at him. O'tY.~ llfm-
hA":f-A.,.
4. ;f-1"'. He cannot bear any more pain.
98 bear
bh't"l-'l.U ?"'t?" <hOD?" ll.;f-11" hf.":f-A?"
5. hHII. The letter bears good news. 1.11-'IO.m-
'I'~ <Do!. MI(I.A
The document bore the Emperor's signature.
(l)JI. f't'fo"' )11"-f>'t .1-C"'' MI(I.A
6. h!l11". The money bears 5 per cent interest.
1'tHII- h?"!l-l- OOD-1'- <D/IY: ,l'il1"1A
7. h4.&-. This tree bears fine apples. Y.U ~<;:
* ' i>of.l"":f- ' 1 4.&-A
8. hll(m-). The director bears a good name.
-'l.o!.b~ * M" hll'l'm-
bear (vi.)
*His claim to the land does not bear close
examination. O'I'"J:I"cf: {l.OD~ooc oo~~ s
f.1Q"lA "'1111> """'<:.}- film-?"
bear down <D"'(O-l-)
The car bore down on him. ooh..'i"m- s llm
"10-l- )OC
bear on
I. .,.,.lib.,.. What you say may be true, but
it does not bear on this problem. h't.,. f?"
-l-llm- .t.m-).}- ll.lf't Y.":f-IIA "l't Y.U't
'fo-'lf. ' hf.OD/IbT?"
2. -f-dli'. Her sorrow bears heavily on her.
.hH't 0"1?" -l""l"S::f'A
bear oneself t-(\o"J +"'&.IIJm~
The soldier bore himself well during the battle.
OfD"1..1'm- 1..11. m;f-f.-1- &-11-'t 0"'1.1Q
.,.'IL"'m<:
bear (one) out ?"!lhC ' lf)(ll-l-)
Call up my friend. He will bear me out in what
I say. ~.1'."111-'t '1'&-ID" t IIAIJ.-l- ?"!lbC f.
lf)"lA
bear to (the right) +'1 S'H
When you reach the top of the hill, bear to
the right! to<:11;f-m- ""<;: !1-l-f.Cil +'1
U't ' .1'11
bear up &-11-'t .,.'lr."'m<:
She bore up well during the crisis. o":fo"lo~
m:J-.r &-P,'t 0"'1.1Q .,.'IL"'m<:":f-
bear upon )l}
These are matters which bear upon the com-
munity. MII.U <h1111-'t f"''.)IJ. 'fo-'ll'"
":f.'""'"'"
bear with ;f-1"'
Please bear with me a little longer! hQbU't
T't"li ' ;f-1"''1
[See also 'arm, cross, fruit, grudge, mind,
pressure, relation, witness']
bear
bear (n.) .J:-11
In Europe, there are white bears. flh.m-l!";r
~"1" ' ~11 ' hll
(be) bearable il.;f-1.,..:,. f"''.i"A
His ache was bearable enough. atoo,.. fl.
:M.,..:,. f"''.i"A ~nc
beard m.?"
I am growing a beard. m."'"t h<'l~:>llv-
bearded at."'/?"
This bearded man is my uncle. f.U m."'/?"
(lfD"\1- ' h"l--1: ' ~ ....
bearing
I. t.>'l?". A soldier should have a military
bearing. ID;f-S'.C ffD"T~C<; t.>'l?" ll"t.tl.'l"
:..,. Y'ifA
2. ~1\. She has a queenly bearing. f"t"II"T
~~~ hilT
3. "l"t"f'~.r. His foolish questions have no
bearing on the problem. Y<I'<:Q'f'fD" f"'lf.
<:tl- 'I'Yirll'"'f h"'f"!~ :>C "ITt"'~:,.
fl\'l'fD"?"
bearings t.'JotiJ"'i
The ship lost her bearings in the fog. R"l":>
"I ' fD"iJ'I' ' ODCb!l ' h'JotiJ"'i'l'"t ' <'1-J-"'f
dignified bearing ""'CD? '1"1ll
His dignified bearing is admired by all. "IC"'I
1"1(1- ' 011-11- ' f-1-S'.~.,. ' ~ ....
have bearing on Toolth,.
This has no bearing on the subject. f.U 1-JI\<
"t t.f.ooflhT?"
bearish fQll1.
His bearish behavior made him many enemies.
fQll1. mQ\< 1111- mi\T t..u.n.r
beast hfD"<I. 1 h:""~
He hates that beast of a supervisor. ,.f't") h
"'""- (t.<:oo~) .,..,.tiJtiJ& hf.IDS'.fD"?"
wild beast hfD"<I.
The wild beast attacked the hunters. hfD"<I.
.... ' hJ!'l'<J;"t ' .,..,..,lt-1\'l'fD"
beasts ho!-'I!T
There are tracks of many kinds of beasts in
the mud. "1":1'..,. fD"il'l' f111t' 'lf.~:,. t.
o!-'1!:,. .Lll"l hll
[See also 'bnrden1
beastly fhfD"<~.~.r
The murder of the child was a beastly crime.
fihY). ""1S'.A ft...,..:.~:,. .,..,qc ~nc
99 beat
beat (vt.)
r I. S'.RS'.R. The robbers beat the man and
robbed him. <1'"'/'l'<J; (lfD"\1-fD""t S'.11.1':RID-
HM-r
2. oo;t-. He was beating a drum. hOC" f.
oo;t- ' ~nc
He was beating the dog with a stick. fD"'/f..,.
"t ""-" y.oo;t-,. ~nc
3. <;m. She beat the milk until it foamed.
h:4- llllh.mtiJ ~<:ll ID-1--I>"t <;m";f..,.
4. t.lhl.. We beat them in today's game.
"~"""'" ' .....,;~- ' t.lf)<;:<;'l'fD"
5. t.ll<;<l'. Nothing can beat horse riding as
a sport. RiiTCT :1~ "IAn,rt f"Y.Yll"t
.,. ' fll?"
6. h{l(l. The men beat the woods in search
of the lost child. f m4-fD""t A"/: 'I'll:> (l
'l'"'f ' ""lltfD""t ' h(l(l-
*1 saw the wallet first, but he beat me to it.
fh.il Pc<'l..,."t ou'f.oo&f hf.'l'.,. ~nc
~1c "l"t l\{1- <1'~1"'S M...,..,.
beat (vi.) oo;t-
His beart began to beat faster. Atl- R-lf.A
y.oo;t- , 'f.ooc
beat against
1. oo:J'. The rain was beating against the
windows. 1f<;"tl- oo{l!>-l>"t oo;t-ID-
2. t."'l;t-. The bird beat its wings against the
cage. m~ h"t.::m bm<;: 1.1>:..,. :>C
t."'/;t-";f
beat around the bush .&JC -'IC r h.ll
He did not answer my question, but beat
around the bush. 'I'Yir\1-"t t.Aoofl(l?" ~
1C I -n -'IC I .IC I h.ll
(be) beaten back
The attack was beaten back. <D:.!-fD""t {lao
-1-i"ll
00{1{1 '
(be) beaten down ( ~ tr.) ""1.""1.
+The wheat was beaten down by the rain.
11<;"11 ' ll"t.O..fD""t ' .....~..... .~.....
beat off hQ::
He tried to beat off the bees that were stinging
him. f-)~4--r nn~.r"t "tP"'f li"'IQ<:c 1"h<:
(be) beaten off oo{l(l-:,.
The enemy's attack was beaten off. fmi\T1
~11-1-'1' ' 'I':I'T ' OD{I(l.T
beat upS'.RS'.R
He beat him up because he insulted his mother.
ll<;-l>"t llliMnn-r Y-RS'.n..,.
[See also 'hot, path, pulp, retreat, time, wood']
beat
beat (n.) J':li:J'
The beat of the drum was heard from a
distance. fhOC"DJo J':li:J' h~'i' Y.il"Y toe
The policeman's beat is around Churchill
Avenue. ?"ll.il- f"'l.H'PtD<:DJo O'fe:fA.
.,..~~.. b.l)qo. )DJo
[See also 'heartbeat')
beating J':-IIJ'.q
Beating is forbidden in school. J':-{l.<'.q o+
ll"tle+ IL+ 1-hA.h!I.A.
suffer a boating .,.if),!.
The team suffered a beating last Sunday.
IJ-J';). q{I,I.DJo 1-m.J': .,.jf),l.
take a beating i"~O.t'.O
The thieves took a beating. Ml=J; .,..<'.0.<'.11-
Beatitude 111\.~
His Beatitude Abuna Kerellos died some years
ago. 111\.~ 1.11-t of:ell-il h'l'-t+ ~""
:t-+ ' O.L+ ' 1.<:4-
beautiful
I. _.., ;<!. She is a beautiful girl. _..,;<': Alii"~
<:J': t:f
2. aJoofl. The necklace is made of beautiful
pearls. :6tD- I haJo-fl I /r/A I f1"LJ.1'6- I ~d.J"
He expressed his ardor for knowledge in a
beautiful poem. l1~.,..,.,_ YllaJo'J f ;Jll !I
"'1.+ 0DJo11 "1'1'11" ~ilK
3. fl.oo+. The ceremony of the coronation
is very beautiful. fHIJNI. O~A. b.hqoe
OIIJII" f.<'.oP4' , tDJo
4. fllfJIJDC. The ceremonial costumes were
beautiful. fh11<: O~A. A.11f\:f f"'l.YII"~
to~
5. - What a beautiful day! l.'J.I'.+ Yll
~+"t~a.t-1
make beautiful h./loP
The priest's melodious voice makes the service
beautiful. filii- M YllaJo J':11"6 'I-.111\DJo
'J Yllll" &-A.
beautifully 1.1111"1!"
She plays the flute beautifully. 'P1i'J+ loll
II"&- '1-ltD;t-ll:f
beautify (beautified) b.!l1.tn
She beautified the room with flowers. h'i'II-'J
Ql..oq l..!l1.m:f.,.
beautify oneself h.rf! ;:f:-f
Women have always used cosmetics to beautify
100 become
themselves. 1\-l':f 1.11"1!" lloP:f"f+ 11-A.
1.rt. OoP\\\V' Y.m4'"" , toe
beauty (beauties)
I. '}~<;. Her beauty beguiled us. '}~<;'!'
"Y<:h'}
Beauty is only skin-deep. .,-,~., 11il' 1.
Y.O:J'II"
2. DJoO+. The necklace enhanced her beauty.
.h1111- ODJoO:t ~y. DJoO+ "'"""<:~+
We are always finding new beauties in his
poetry. o:,.~.,. rJoA.1.rt. l..JI.!l DJoO+ 1.<;~
~O;f"li'J
3. (~adj.) _..,;<':. She is really a beauty.
01.DJot+ OIIJII" _._,~ <;:,..
[See also 'personal']
beauty parlor f'}~<; 1111-'J
She goes to the beauty parlor once a week.
tD.<'. '}~<; 1111-'J OIIII"'J+ b.'JJ': 1.rt.
+~.llll:f
became, see become
because
I. illl + (perfect). He didn't come because
he was sick. lll\::f"ODOD h.Aoulflr
2. llll + (relative imperfect). Because my
brother is coming from the country, I will go
to see him. tD'JJ':"'/. lt~e IL+ illl"''.""
IIJ ~,.,. ~~.llliiJo
because of
I. llil- 1111-. I did it because of her. till 11
\1. b..<'.<:"lrJo+
2. !lllil- 1111-. I don't want you to do it
just because of me. !Ill~ 11lltl 1-'JJ':;t-.<'.e
~.,. ' b.A.LA."III"
3. h--- f.,.)"'.
Because of his age, he stays
at home. h~J':"'/.Y'I'DJo .....,'(.:,.. f.,.t"' lolL
,.. DJoli'I'A.
4. ( ~ conj.) !Ill. Because of the high price,
I did not buy it. 'I';JDJo DJoJ': !lliiJ't 1.
A.~~rJo+ll"
beckon m4'il
She beckoned to me to follow. 1-'JJ':h.,.~+
tn4'il~
become (became)
I. IJ't. A Iamb becomes a sheep. mfl+ 0"1
j!.IJ'<;A.
Flour becomes dough. .11-i:+ 11-IJ' J!.IJ'<;A.
2. flq(DJo). He uses language which does
not become a man of his education. Oil- +
becoming 101 bedspring

II"IIC'I- ' S'.t.)f ' Yll ' (taJo ' ll.'i'1C ' ,..,,. bedazzle
111avt ' Y.'i'16-l:t. I. ~f.)."t h'1'11t.l1t.aJo. The glare of the
3. h..,t.(11'1-). A white dress becomes her. searchlight bedazzled him. fll,_q,. iiC?
)"'}' A-fill ,I'II"CII;l-1:1. ") ' ~f.).") ' h'1'11t.l1t.ID"
*What became of him? f'l- S'.t.ll l 2. .., t.h. She bedazzled the audience with her
charm. +ovAIJ'1l>t I11D"I1;J: ..,t.hll'=f,.
becoming
*She has a becoming smile. fl.lt L1-1~ bedbug '1-"fl."t
M'l- Spray powder to kill the bedbugs! '1-"fl.)."t II
be becomins +ll"7D7 ..,'1'4-'1- ' oP!f.1t'l- ' hC'l>.IJJo
This dress is very becoming to you. f.U +ot bedding
.11 ' 11"19" ' Y.ll..,..,"if"' I. fh/:1.~ A-fill. You better air the bed-
bed (n.) ding today. q,:. fh/:1.~ 1:1.-fl(t-"t il;l-'i'~it
1. 1\A;.J. I want a room with two beds. m-~ ~m-
1111~11'1-hl:t.~h~i:t.h~/:t.~ll~ 2. ov~;J-. Straw is used as bedding for horses.
2. DP<JJot.)f. In the dry season the bed of the 11111 114-t.(':f ov~;J- Y111.,11A
river is completely dry. 1111~ w&-'1- fiD bedlam f.,C.,C 11;l-
"tfl< ovaJot.)f 11~1\.9" Y.!I.C:J'/:1. The streets were a bedlam during the riot.
3. ovJ'.-fl. He has a bed of flowers in front of 11-fl'l'11'1' ' 1.11. ' DP")1J'.:f ' ~flo ' f.,C.,C '
his house. hfl.-1> ~+ lld.'l- fhl111 "" 11;l- ' )11~
S'.il ' hllaJo
get to bed H' Bedouin 11t.1i"' 01.11
We did not get to bed until 2 A.M. hllh /1. The Bedouins live in the Sahara Desert.
11.1> IIM'I- 11~'1- Y:t.ll h/:1.1-..."tll" )11C 11t.1i'l''ll Ot.l1:f lldt&- ' 9"!1."(. fl.'l ' ID"Il
'I' ' Y.'f&-11-
go to bed-~'"'
I went to bed late. h9"11:ri -~'"'~ (be) bedraggled -~'"""'114'
The doctor thinks I had better go to bed. My dress was bedraggled when I carne in from
dth.OO< ' 111'... ' f"''."if/:1. oPif).") ' ,l'll"'i'/:1. the rain. 'll'i'll" ov.f~ 11111 1:1.111\ +""'
lie In bed-~'"' "'"'" )11C
Don't lie in bed all morning! fll.4:"} r tJD&f'r bedridden fA~ 416-"'
1'~1'11 h;l-C~Y: She takes care of her bedridden mother.
make the bed h/:1.~ Mm~ YA~ 416-... h'i';J:"t ;J-Il:f"ll"..,ll:f
The maid made my bed. 11.-'l;J: h/:t.~\1. be bedridden hh/:1.~ -~'""6-1
"t Mm~:f Because my mother is very old, she is bed-
put to bed hll-1-"' ridden. h'i'-1: 11"19" 111\t.r-f- hh~
The mother put the children to bed late in the +""6-~;l-ll:f
evening. h'i'-1:1: A,l'.::r;"t ovif '1- 11.1:1. h
111-...il'lfaJo
bedroom ov~;- n.+
Go to the bedroom and bring me my coat!
send to bed hll-1-"' ....~;- n.+ ' 'I.Y:'i' ' 1>-t:"t ' hll""'/:1.~
The mother sent the children to bed early.
h'i'-1:1: A,l'.:'ll"t 111.11. hll-t-...:r- bedside, by the ~ 11 --- h/:1.~ hm111

stay In bed +"'

The doctor recommended that she stay in bed.
The nurse sat by the sick woman's bedside.
hll:l-..,"'1.'1' 111111+"''1' 1\'1- h/:1.~ hm1
dth.oo- h"tY:'I-+"' hHH
11 +oJ>ovm:f
[See also 'change, double bed, flower, head, bedspread fh/:1.~ 1:1.1111
hustle, tuck, turn'] The bedspread is red. fh/:1.~ 1:1.11(1- 4'Y. )IJJo
bed (v.), ~ down h!l.t. bedspring fh/:1.~ 1111
We will bed down here in the woods. Mlll ""1 The bedsprings are not very good any more.
IJ aJoll'l' h'i'S'-"6-II"t fh~,. 1111 hh1.,'Lll hy.m:,.,..,.
bedtime
bedtime, at ~ 11.+':' II.A
I drink warm milk at bedtime. 1.\1-'i' Ill.\ '
fL'I ID1"'1- l'.tn"'/111-
bee 'Jil
There aren't many bees in my beehive. Olo
4':: ' fJJoil'l' ' il,. ' 'Jil ' fll'l"
queen bee f'l11 1 hm-&-
When the queen bee leaves, the bees disperse.
nil t.IJJo&. 11."'"' -,,.;r. J'.O.,.o;~~<
beef fO~ I" ;J
The doctor told me not to eat beef. "'h."""
fO~ I".? h'l-il'l hll'1
beehive +t::
I shall smoke out my beehive tonight. ~~ "7
:Jo ' 4'6:\1.') ' h'l'.. /111-
been, see be
beer
1. (native) mil. My sister brews good beer.
f~ kl'l- '1'-1- m'l '1-m'l":l'll:f
2. fl&.. I would like a glass of beer. h'J!:
ilC'l'"-1' !L&. hLA,;J/111-
beeswax ll'l"
We sometimes make candles from beeswax.
h'J'l'J!: "I.U hll9" '11.'1' l'.o;O)I"II'J
beetle 'I''JH.~
The beetles have eaten all the leaves. 'I''JH.~l"
:f "1-mii-'J 11-11- OA-IIJJo:J-1.\
befall (befell) h.?m""
Whatever befalls them, they are ready to meet it.
f"'LJ';J'I'"7:fiJJo'J 11-11- 11.<'1!1/.,..'1- ' 1-H.?~
1"'1'1.\
befell, see befall
befit 1"11"7"7
You must wear a dress to befit the occasion.
II"I.UIJJo 11-~:Jo f"'l.ll"7"7 Ail(l oPI.\011
hlliliJ
before (prep.)
1. h - - - O.C.'J-. I will be there before two.
hll9"'J'I- ll't'l- O.C.'J- 7.11..1' M'i'llo-
2. ( ~ conj.) II + (negative imperfect). The
telegram should be here before evening.
/IJ'.OD1i ' -1:1\."1&..,... l'.II.IJ 001:~11 hiiO'J-
3. ( ~ adv.) <L'I- II<L'I-. She stopped before
the -gate. h'l'o;IJJo OC <L'I- II<L'I- ol'oo:f
*The question before us is very complicated.
f4'~0A'J "l-JIJ'. 0"19" f1"fDIIIlO )IJJo
102 began
before (col\i.)
I. ( ~ prep.) h + verbal noun + O<L'I-
(or hll4'1:'1")
Clean the house before he comes! bOD'/""1
1 "" ' O.L'J- ' 0.-I>'J ' hK"i[
That happened before Ethiopia was chris-
tianized. t..'l-f"ti:Y fhCII'J-o;') YJ'-"7'1"'1- boo
4'0~ hll4'1:'1" fir) )1C )IJJo
2. II + (negative imperfect). Sweep the carpet
before the guests come! 71.'l..,P..=Ji ~~~oum-
ll;J)I"fDo') ' 'l'~"l.fDo
3. h + imperfect + J'.A:t. I would starve
before I surrender. l'.:('J h'l"ll'l' J'.A:t '
o.::>il A .... ,.
before (adv.) hii.IJ O<L'I- l hii.IJ ' 4'S'.9"
I have seen that film before. Y'J'J <LA'/" hH.
IJO<L'I-hJ'.'fi'I'IIII-
I have never been there before. hii.IJ 4'S'.'I" '
7.11..1' ' ~:( ' h'IIJJo-l-9"
before long O:tCil "I.U IJJoil'l' I O:tCIJ- l h
'1'4:'1- "I.U 0:\'1
Before long, he will be able to help you.
o:tc11 1.n IJJoll'l' 11.<:-'lu J'.:f'IA
Before long, we will have saved up a hundred
dollars. 0"1-Cil- ou+ ilC l'.o;m&.-l-"7/I'J
I will see you before long. h'l'-1:'1- "I.U 0
:\'1 7.'J1o;':'II'J
[See also 'ever, night, shortly, yesterday']
beforehand hll4'1:'1"
I knew it beforehand. t.ll+Y."''. hiJJo</1'1'1111-
befriend 'IS'."' lr)
He befriended the new student. IJ.'L{Io ' 1"
"7& ,;JC 'IS'.':' lr)
beg /IOO)
They begged me to help them. 7.')1:~-'l:fiJJo '
/100).'{
The children begged for coins. A}('li '1'&.
'Jh ' /100).
*I beg to differ with you; the situation is not
that way at all. J'."'-C:Jo h!:C"IA'1o; ' ...,
1" ;JC hl.\11"7"7'1" I 11-k:J'IJJo ' O'i'K-'1" '
l'.'JS'.H.J' ' hJ'.S'./1'1"
*I beg your pardon! J'.:tC:Jo
beg off ID~ I :\1\_ I Jl.fl
He was assigned to help us, but he had begged
off. 7.,..., 7.Vl.t:-'1 """"!:P ) oc 1 )1C "I
') IDS'. :\'1 ' h/1
[See also 'question']
began, see begin
beget
beget (begot)
I. <llS'. Abraham begot Isaac. .t.oflC'/!1" f.
h.h~'J tllll.
2. hhh-1"11. Idleness begets crime. I"&- II.
'1-H m"t)!A"t J'hh'I-'IA
beggar 11"7'S
There is a beggar at the door. 11"7'S l\OC <I'
?.A
begging Aoo<;
Their bankruptcy reduced them to begging.
ouh(l&o'faJo hAoo<; .t.ll.t:<\'faJo
begin (began, begun), vt.
I. )!not:. She began work on the project
right away. f:l'4'1l.aJo'J I"&- ""1"6-'1- m.o:.
J'aJo ' )!oot:"f.
2. .t.!l/!1/oo. Two friends began the club three
years ago. v-M 'lll..,.'l""f. hOIJo'J f'l
to v-11'1- '\00'1- ""**-'~-
begin (vi.)
I. of")!out:. Life began many million years ago.
ihf.m'l- fofo)!oot:aJo hill!' "7.11.\"'J '\
"""". 0.!.'1-. ~ ....
2. )!oo,: l -1"~"1. Where shall I begin? f'l- A
)!ll"c 1 (or hf'l- M"' 1)
3. ofo!l/!1/oo. The club began two years ago.
hOIJo f'lt. !Jo/l'fo '\OD'fo ofo!l/!1/oo
begin to A + imperfect + ~..,.
It's beginning to rain. fl..H'111 )oro-
to begin with
1. ooy_oot,y )1C. To begin with, we have not
enough money. OD"f.OD~f J )'lC 'i Ref: 1'1
Hofl fll'Jll"
2. hv-flo 011.'1-. To begin with, I want a
competent man to have the job. bll-h- J Od.-l-
"f.ll-:1' J'llaJo ......... 1"6-fDo"t li'J.O:.f.11 '
l\II.A;JII!Jo
beginner )!"76
He is still a beginner. 1'i Y..fl76 )m-
beginning
I. foo)!oo6J'. This is only the beginning;
the worst is yet to come. ,.e.u foo"f,.OD&fm-
~fDo f 1<; fQ(l J'.OD"'A
2. foo)!oo6J' h'i'A. I missed the beginning
of the race. ffDoll.'~'J foo)!oo6J' h'i'A
Mfv-'1-ll"
3, hY.."""ODC. Our team made an auspicious
beginning by winning the first game. IJoll.'<;"f."t
fOD)!OD6J'fDo"t ' "l'l'"'LJ' ' 0"711')<;: 0 ojoflof.. 0
f"''.l'l'l' }>)!"70DC .1><\f
!03 behave
begot, see beget
begrudge
I. 4'<;. I don't begrudge him the honor.
Ohil~ hA4'<;0'1-ll"
2. <1'..,(..,.). +I begrudged the money it cost me.
J't"'!Jo'l- 1"tHofl <I'""'S
beguile
I. h:l'llll. They beguiled the enemy into an
ambush. m'I'I-'J .t.:J'IIfDo ltll.ll.ffloO'I- 11:1'
.1>11111-'1-
2. "7lh. Her beauty beguiled us. 411~<;'1' "7
lh'J
3. hhll.l'l-1". He beguiled us with stories.
-l"l+"f. ' .t."'ifDo+ ' .t.hll.(lofo'J
begun, see begin
behalf, on ~ of hill 0 --- hll" ll''l'"
He worked for weeks on behalf of the organi-
zation. hll ll.'C~ llilli' <\!1"1'1- u>&o
I want to thank you on behalf of our organi-
zation. Oll.'C~:I'"f."t hll" ll'o 'l""l'l"l
<;"{ov- ' l\II.A;JII!Jo
on one's behalf llll
He intervened in the dispute on my behalf.
1111~ ohchc fDo/1'1' trJA:l' ,q
His friends intervened with the minister on his
behalf. 'lll.'l',; liM "'L~h~'J 1'."711
"'""
behave
I. ooAIJll" li"""QC 11.11"". Did you behave
today? 'ft. ooAIJll" li"""QC ll.~oo?A ?
2. mQf.'J 1 .t.<\oot:. On my honor, I will do
my best to behave. Oofo!l'll'S oom'J mQ\1.
., I 11"7<\DDC ' :l'A ' l\~Qilv-
3.... &... How does your car behave in heavy
traffic? OOh_<; I 00'f0'fo ' OD'J11l.' 0 '\J'. I 0D
h.<;tJ 0 l\'tll.,T I 'fou>&o/l"f. 1
He behaves like a fool. ll"tll.4:A f.u>&-A
*He doesn't know how to behave. oP~tar r
mQJ'. Wl-ll.'II'I'A
Behave yourself! .1>'1-QA"I
behave oneself badly OD'l'G: mll.e. a h.ltf
The little boy behaves himself badly in school.
'1-"tn:. A~ '1-ll"tJC'I- 0.'1- fDo/1'1' ""'I'
t:: mQJ'. J'<\J'A
behave well hi..O
She behaves well in company. (lfDo (l.'l'"C
:J'Il.'Qil"f.
behavior
[See also 'awfully, naturally, normally,
shamefully']
behavior
1. mq)'.. He was commended for his good
behavior. l'aA ooAttr mil~ = TODfi'Jio
2. h~&-1'1. Account to me for your beha-
vior! llh~&-Hu ?"h1-,l''l- lim'S
3. u-).;1-. His amorous behavior pleased her.
'i':f>ct f"''..U\ll' IH;l'ro- hll~(l;l-'1-
[See also 'indecent, presumptuous, rough')
(be) beheaded h1-11:1- .,..,..:m
In the England of former days, a pretender to
the throne was often beheaded. ~r: Ol'.1-"1
11.11 h1e ID-11'1' Odt(l'l- H-of.'i- f.1q'i'A.
f"''..A nro- t.1-11:1 f.4r.<':'l' ~oe
behest .,.,qq.r
At the behest of friends, he decided to take a
rest. O<DJI~ "7"1qq.r f.,.~.., 6<':'i'-l- II
"7~<':"1 <DM
behind
I. h - - - :\11 I h:\11 I h - - - O(l.,.:\11. The boy
was hiding behind the tree. A.1!: h~'i' :\11
.,.~11~ ~oe
The dog was running behind the car. w-2fw-
boo h.'i'ro- :\11 f.r:'l' ~oe
He sits behind me. h:\1111- "'"'"'"'lA
The bridesmaid walked behind the bride.
~11m-;,: h .....'li&-'1' oll.,.:\11 '1-Y:~ ~oe
2. Fe. He hid behind a bush. '1'!1/tn Fe
...~0.,.
be behind
I. "'~ :\11 .,.<':. Mary is behind the others
in her sewing. 16 OA.11(l 111..'1- h/1.11-'ll
"'~ :\11 .,.e:l'll"'f
My watch is ten minutes behind. fl'\1: ' OJP
e ~4!:J' til~ :\11 4'e:l'll";f
2. H1r. The mailman is behind his usual
time today. ?'ll.,.'i'ro- ~&. ,1'/I<D-l-r:ro-
H"I,I'.;J:A.
3. ~14.. The Congress was behind the Presi-
dent on the last bill. ooo .....:lfro- f.lt"l '
<':4!:f> 11,1'. ?"he IL-l: T&.II.JI11:1 ~1of.'fiD
behind the house O'ir: 011-A.
There is a garage behind the house. O=lt: I n
11-A. I fODh_'i' I "7~?",1' I h/1
from behind h:\llro-
Be was attacked from behind. h:\lltJJ- .,.oo:1'
[See also 'back, leave, time']
104 beleaguer
behold (beheld) hf
At last, they beheld the Promised Land.
Ooo .....:lf :f-~11-l- Me1 hi'
behold I .r.'liro-A.u
And, behold, three soldiers appeared! .r.'liro-A.
U I "'11-l- <D;l'~r;";f 11:f> hll-
(be) beholden to ro-11;1-ro- .,. ....,....
I am beholden to you for your advice. l'al\
(lm'Ji'S ?"he ro-11;1-U f.{l...,'i'A.
behoove, it behooves
I. .,.,0. ~ro-. It behooves a child to obey his
parents. A~ /I<DII}':'Il ou:J'H11 .,.10. ~""
2. 'l'<':(0-"1-). It behooves you to work if you
want to keep this job. ,I'.U')') P'&- ,I'.H
u /IOO~f-"1- ' h4.11"1U OOP'&-'1- f.'l'e117A.
being
1. tt:lftoC. Men, women, and children are human
beings. <D')J'.";f (1.-f-"'f'i' A.)>:";f (l11h'
'i'tn-C ' .,,....
2. UA.a>-'i'. God's being is beyond the compre-
hension of man. fl'."IH.h11dt.e UA.a>-'i' h
(lro- tro-.,.'1- 011,1'. ~""
3. u-).;1-. Her whole being thrilled to the
beauty of the music. oof\m- u-~:1"-P ~ Ocro-H.
:J"(I)o I dJo0..,.. I 1-0D{affi
come into being 1-W*oo
The Boy Scouts came into being in 1908.
l'.{lt,ro-'1- O!ilf "too.,. ?".lt<':-"1- .,.!11!1/oo
[See also 'human']
belabor
I. ooiiA.(> M"f. He kept belaboring the point
after we had agreed. h.,.ll"'1"'110-l-?" 0:\11
1-.111'1 I ODIIA.(> ..,,.,.,, hll!ll<':tn?"
2. h"1~4.. They belabored the candidate with
questions. .,.<DJIJI&tJJ-1 0'1',1'4: h"1~4-l-
bel a ted fH1f
The belated letter arrived at last. fH1ftJJ- ~
11.110. ' ooo .... .:lf ' ~<':()
belch
I. M"'. Every time he eats, he belches.
0011 '1'e .1'1"fA.
2. .,.of.. The volcano was belching smoke and
ashes. 11.111" ~ ,.,,:.m- 'T'lt~ 1 t.ooY: ~1"
of. ~oe
beleaguer bOO
The enemy beleaguered the city. mil-l- h.,.
"'IID-1 bOO
belie 105 belong

belie 2. :l'"l'"A. The cat has a bell on its collar.

I. lf.l.). His appearance belies his feelings.
oPAh- 11"1.-1>1 ,l'.if'i')'I'A.
2. J.m-H .t.I\ODIT\-1 hl\f. His cruelty belies
his statements. "l'"IJ~m- :Nr 1.m-H hi\
""ITI-1 YI\YA
belief 1.f"H
My belief in him was seriously shaken. Oft.
1\,1'. $11"1 1.f"H fl"'f" -l-<1'1itA belligerence mil """-fl"'
He never expresses his re1igious beliefs.
11'11\m- f'IW''I'l" '1- 1.f")'f- ~Alt t.ym-
't>r
[See also 'superstition']
believe
I. .t.oP). He believes in God. l11."1H.hildo.C
Yf"<;A
He believes in a lot of exercise. 011tf" f(tm-
)'J- 1.1't>ll:l'll. $'!'";A
2. oPill\(m-). Will they come tomorrow?
No, I do not believe so. )1 ~ooartt-- ? h.
,I'.ODIII\"1f"
3. ~""-!-. They believed him to be insane.
~-fl.e' I )aJ- I ofll\(1}- I 100-IJ
.':"""'); h1~:t 1\,1'. :l'"l'"A A'l'l-
ring a bell 'hi hll(m-)
His name rings a bell. 11.,.. '1-11 ,1'.1\'1A
bellicose fmfl'1)'J-
He has a bellicose disposition. fmO;o;),;'f- m
q,e. ' hl\m-
I cannot understand his belligerence about
such a trivial matter. 1.1'1.11 'Ill tl.,,l'.t:
q )~C mil .,..,_fl.,. h,e.~q"1r
state of belligerence mofl
A state of belligerence exists between the two
countries. fl!l-tl-1> h~r::f' oPIJhA mil t.fl
belligerent mil ro.IIJ:"
Some nations seem more belligerent than
others. h1.'11.1:" ' h~r::f h(l,ll-:f ,I'.A-l-
mil ' ID.'IJ:" o ,('.ODill\1\-
bellow (v.) h~&-
The ox bellowed when the farmer hit it.
10"-aJo I flOD:J'"(I)o I "l.fL I fl&,.tiJo I h,:},&.

make believe bellows (n.) ro<;'l!

I. hllou{ll\. The boys made believe they were Use the bellows to make the fire hotter.
fighting the enemy. A]l.:'ll m'l'l-1 f"7. '1'"1- 1.1\-1>1 fl.,"l.I'.J:" OtD<;'i! -1-m<l'f"
.t.(loP{li\-
2.0Dilll- :J'f. The girl liked to make believe belly (v.) -f-)'1-
she was a queen. AJI"~t:'l:t 1"1P''I- ""~~'~ The sails bellied in the wind. if&-m- fl)'i-ll-
oP:J'f'f-1 'folD.':" )flC -f-)'1-
believer h.,"1 belly (n.) IT.!:"
The faith of the believers was shaken by the He kicked him in the belly. IT'!. '1,1'. l~
capture of the holy city. f'f> .1:"11'1- h-1-., mm-
""Y'H ' y.,'l''ll1 ' oP").f.ll ' .t.<;;>m-
bellyache f'I<Cm'J- "'""'"
believing, convert into ~ .t.l\ou) His bellyache prevented him from going to
Can I convert you into believing that the earth school. fof<Cm'J- "'""'" '1-f"IIC'I- 0.'1-
is round? """'~- hil ""ITS:1 '11\f""t hoP~J:" ' hll<!'t:m-
u ' l.:f'll\11- 1
belong
belittle A1\o.M l h1!'1lflf
I. f +noun (or pronoun) + )m-. Does this
When I found out he was a Frenchman, I felt book belong to you? ,1'.11 ' n+ ' oPK"dt'i'
like a fool for belittling his country. .1.<:11\' )m-1
""ITI-1 ' IJtD-l-11- ' fl:\'1 ' .t.~-1-1 ' 0.,1\o,ll 2. "111'-)'J- )flt:m-. He never belonged to any
II. h.I.Cho political movement. hf"1f" 't,I'.)'J- f?"fl
He constantly belittles my efforts to write 1;1! 1.1-l-11.4'11. ' ;>C "111'-)'J- hA)flt:..,.,-
better. K"ih.l.-1:1 1\.,lflfA f.,.l'.~m-1 *He too belongs to our club. 1.1l-f" fllfl
Tt:'l- 11-A'I.II. Y1!'11ilf A q:f") hqA )m-
bell *You don't belong here. ~tl.tJ :r ootr1' J\,1
I. .<'.IDA. The bell doesn't work. .I'.ID/1- h,l'. q11r
w&-f" *This book belongs on the top sbelf. f.ll
bend
bend over .,..'lOll r hA
He bent over to pick up his wallet. IIC<'Ifl,...l
11.,'1"1'1- 1-'IO!l hi\
bend over backwards fot;r:'AaYJ I f}o/r I l\~l,1
She bent over backwards to make sure that
he was always pleased. S'.h >.'1'1.1\fDo f"''.
il'll'l-'1 l}o[\o hf.t'.1l-
be bent
I. ( ~ active) S'.-1-. +Her head was bent over
the books. ""ll.lt'i'-lt 'If. t-!l.'I S'.'i':l" )0C
2. nu.. He was bent on mastering Amharic.
h.,c>;' Of.ll"11 h"'C-fo 1\.,m'l> "'t'.
(one's) back is bent .,..Otn
The farmer's back was bent from years of toil.
h11rt- "OD:f"'l- A-1-'1- ' ,.,.).., 100:.fDo '
1-11tii.A
[See also 'effort']
bend (n.) m?"qq 11:1"
The bend in the road was straightened recently.
""'11.11- 'If. Yll"'" m?"qq 11:1" O'I>C
II- .,._,-;
*There is a sharp bend in the road here.
>.tlll 11:1" ou'11JI. OJ:-'11'1- ~'l''i' f.'IA
bended, on ~ knee .,.'lOCh!>
He begged for mercy on bended knee. .,.'lOCh
1> , ?".ltt'.'l- , 1\oP)
beneath (prep.) h - - - I"C I 0 - - - I"C
I put it beneath all the other papers. h/1.11-,;
mt'.-tofolo IJo[\o I"C ' 1\ll-I'OD'J'IJ.'I-
He was buried beneath the tree. M4- I"
c .,.4'0<'.
He walked beneath the canopy of flowery
trees. 01\0Q., qG:l- 'I'll I"C .,.t-...,S'.
beneath (adv.) h:l"l- l hO:I"l-
What you drop will fall upon the step beneath.
fll"'l-'1'1\fDo )1C h:l"l- 0"7.11""'" S'.t'.
!I" 'If. f.mJ:-:J>A
The fortress commands the plain beneath.
?"'1i1- hO:I"l- YllfDo'l O'LJI 1\oP'Il"'m
c Yhl--1\A
*The work was beneath him. JP/,:.t&
Yl\ )OC
l-11-:1" 0"111" 11'1>
[See also 'dignity']
benediction 11-t-h.
The benediction is part of the church services.
11-t-h. h'I>JI<l. h'IS'.?/fDo h'i'A )fDo
He received benediction. 11-t-h. .,.4'011
give benediction ll:l.h
Since the man is a good Christian, the priest
107 benefit
gave him benediction. {lm-tLm- ~ hcll-tf
'I !lillY) "'"" Qt'.IJ.'I-
benefactor f.?.!. I <'.'1'1-
He was the benefactor of many artists. f1U,. 1
hCthofol-o S'.;J.!. )0C
He is rightly called our benefactor. t'.'l:l"l-
"t +-flA- f.,.m~CD- r RO'f.1Q 1 iom-
beneficence l-t::l"
His beneficence relieved the poor. '::fi!:I"CD- 1
l-/t'.'l'l-'1 ' ?.JI'ffDo
beneficial m:f>"''.
Fresh air is beneficial to health. 'll\..lt hf
c 1\m.'1~'1- m:J>"''.. )fDo
be beneficial m+oo
I hope your holiday will be beneficial to you.
f~t'.'i''l- 1.11.11 >.'IS'."''.m'l>ll"ll _,.h-1- h!'.C?
1\IJo
beneficiary (beneficiaries) .,.m:f>"''.. ! .,.oj>q,e
My brother was the beneficiary of the insur~
ance policy. m'IJ:-"7. f.ltf.m+ 'l'll'l-<;..,.
.,.m:f>"''. (.,.4'Qf.) )0C
All the children are beneficiaries of the new
playground. A]>:,; u-11- h'l.h O.,.tvt-fDo
fou"'.mil' "'1.'1 .,.m:f>"''..l"l- <;'f..,.
benefit (vt.) m-too
Rest will benefit a sick person. clt'.'i''l- .,J:"
<'."1 1\0'Ii.,.?/ f.m'I>.,A
benefit (vi.) .,.m-too(O'I-)
He benefited from his past experiences. fl~
T ff.t'.liO'I- ' )1C '1-ll"llC'I- lli\IY)fDo
.,.m-touo+
benefit (n.)
I. 1''1>11". I do not expect to get any benefit
OUt of it. hrt.U I i'1C I f?""lll'lfl-ttD- ; 9""'19"' I
'1''1>11" fl\'111"
2. 11AK"'"Ili". Benefits accrue to society from
better education. h.,. 'I"II '1-?"llC'I- ~11<'..,.
{111 11.:\W"I<; Y1'1A
3. 1t1A..,A-+. Does your insurance policy
tu\lD"
include medical benefits? va..em+ 'l'h'fo<;
II f.lth?"<; h1A"III--l-'l ,ea..?"t-o:\ l
4. mt::l". My new friend showered many
benefits upon me. JrtJl{\o 1 m~:( .... ,.,. 1 me
:1" hf.t'.1A'1
5. 01 hJ:-t-1'1-. Tonight's show is a benefit
for crippled children. tJq.:...,. ll"''i'l- '1-cJ.
,.,.. f"'1..1"f.... 10. f"7.fDol\fDo ' hill\
ll'IIJ.A 1\IY). A")('f 01 hJ:-t-1'1- )fDo
 benevolence 108 beseem

be of benefit m+oo bequest

The trip was not of much benefit to us . ..,.,.m- I. fDoC11. Henry received a bequest of 500 dollars
M'l" J'UA hAtno!>OD't'/" from his aunt. ~'t6 1Jh11-1> J''/"11'1- .,...,.
for the benefit of ofiC fDoC11 h~1
I. 1\A. Speak louder for the benefit of those in 2. ).qH.. His philanthropic bequests have
the rear. :\'1 '111-'1- 11'1-A '""h 111\U T'i"~C created museums and libraries. Oft. 2 r".ft::J-
2. 7.01;1' llou(lofJ(tofl. She is holding a great ).qtl,l""{- O.T ""llhC'"{-'i" O.T "'"i..h
fete for the benefit of the hospital. ll.hh.'l" 'l'.f."{- TP'CT'I'A
(J.of> 0 A01;1' 0 IIOD{lofl(l1J. 0 ;1''\ol- 0 "lofl"tf" ' ;I' make a bequest 1"11~-l- I ftlD~(l
S'.C;>II"{- He made a munificent bequest to the uni-
Iive the benefit of the doubt versity. 111'-tliCI\tfDo ;1-'lol- 'tofl<:'l- h
*He gave him the benefit of the doubt, and so ID:(1
released him. ~~'1- t.m&-"16 111111'~ IJAT<:
berate~"'"
:>~mR'I- R"711'1- 11-1>-l>a>-
The mother berated her child for his rudeness.
benevolence ol-n'I- l.'i"'l-1'"'1' A)':'l''t 1111 ofiA"I'i"fDo ~,p."{-,.,.
His benevolence led him to work for the bereave (of) M"'
church. ol-'t~-1> O.T hc11tJ''t't 7.'tJI..P The accident bereaved him of his entire family.
~II"IA M'.<:~fDo hF.;Ji& I oPI\ I fl.+ I (tflo"} I h.{).IIJ(I)o
benevolent bereaved (adj.) noun + f'I"TR'I-
I. R1 h.l:"&-"1.. A benevolent person will always The bereaved mother showed little sign of
give money to the poor. 0') 11.:&-"1. lim- aftliction. A)':'l' f'I"TQ'I- l.'i"'l- h't-'1"{-'1" f
IJ-A"I.tl. 11.1:-"Ji J'.oP'I.fDo;I'A I" :l'J'. 'I"Ah'l- h'lllf"{-'1"
2. f~"l~'l-. His benevolent smile showed me be bereaved OIIJfU r h.H~
that he forgave me. f~"l~'l- tl.~"l;l'fDo't q He was bereaved by his mother's death.
fu- "1.11. J'.ol-C;I' l.'t'I~<:~A'f omol-u-
Rl.'i"-1> '1"'1- fT~"' R"''l" h1t'l' ~RC
benign bereavement fHooJ:- '1"'1-
I. T11"7"'1... The sick child was taken to Harar She was in a state of agitation due to her
because of its benign climate. t. f'l- T11"7"'1.. recent bereavement. Rol-Cit- R~<:iiQ'I- fH
111111'~ R'li_,.,.,.,. A"J': m~ .h<:C TaJ~ ODJ:" .,...,. ' 'l"h'tJ''I- Tifofl&- ' ~RC
2. f~"l~'l-. He has a benign smile. f~"l~'l-
tl.~"l;l' hllfDo berry 'i't.
bent, see bend
The shrub has small red berries. "''~'*"'"'" '1-
't't'li ' -1>J'J'. ' 'i't.l""{- ' J'.!f,A
bent (n.) Til'l'l" berserk, go ~ ou'l ol-m- h"'
He has a bent for painting. fi"~A Til'l' He went berserk at the terrible news. t.il:l'-1:
l" ' hllfDo CIJ'"1 I aJ~ I (1{1."7 I "J..IJ. I ODI\ ; :,Om- ; l\lf)
benumb M~llll berth (f)oo'{;t- h'i'A
The cold benumbed my fingers. ofiC-'1. "'.f. I found a stranger in my berth on the train.
'In ' M~Jiq'f,.,. Qf}o?. I dJoo{l..- I Ql\dJoo I OD:.S::f" I h'J!I\. I aJo{l..- I

be benumbed ~~HH l.'t"l-'1 (lfDo t.~iu-

My fingers were benumbed by cold. "1-Hi R beseech (besought) II""~
ofiC.I:" 'l"h't,f'l- ~'t11HfDo ~RC The prisoner besought the judge to be merciful.
7.11<:,.,.,. -'~"'"'" l.'t-'l,&-&-11'1- ' ~~-~
bequeath t.m<:(l
He bequeathed me his gold watch. fmcol- (l beseem J'.~IJ'I'A
't-l>'t t.m<:(l'f It hardly beseems you always to quarrel
The artist bequeathed his talent to his son. with- your sister. li-A1..H. h:J\..,-l-11 ;JC r
t.C-1:11-1> "{-11-;J-fDo't IIA)I: t.m<:il """1'1'1- h,MQII'I"
beset
beset
I. oq(O'l-). Danger beset his path. oo"J1'1.
t.Y.:J roqo'l- ~..,.
2. t.'l'bO. Many doubts beset him. -11,. 'J'C
"lt. t.'l'bOIIJo
be beset
I. -t-m<:<:. In the swamp, we were beset by
mosquitos. 0<:"1<:1- ll'i'o!- OmiJ '1-"J'{
-t-m<:c"J
2. -1-'l'm. This task is beset with difficulties.
,.IJ . JP&- I OtiJtiJ I f+'Ptn I )ID-
3. ( ~ act.) Am?. Sioce there was a drought
last year, we were beset by famine. Ql\4f..Q)o
'tOD'l- ' J':C:J> ' ill\~0<: ' <:~of! ' h'l':J>-I'<;A
beside (prep.)
I. b - - - .,..., l .,..., . Please put this trunk
beside the other one. Y.ti"J"J li"J.ti.:J> h/1.
l\_(l)o I .,...,. I 1\).l,aJ-
WhO is that standiog beside your father?
y t.IJ'l-tl .,..., fiJ.fiDIIJo ..,., ~ .... l
2. 0 - - - t.m1ofl. She would like to live beside
the sea. OIJ.lt-1- t.m1ofl 1\0D'l'C '1-/..A:>II'f
3. JIC. The cat lay stretched out beside the
fire in contentment. J':fiD-1:;1: <:b;J- l\11'1-
JIC -1-H<I-II'f
4. 0 - - - /..'1- 1\d.'l-. The teacher put a check
beside the correct answer. 0'1-bbll'i'IIJo fiDA
II d.'l- 1\d.'l- t.ll.,_..,6..,. II"Ah'l- h
1'.<:1
5. b - - - IIJo"'.". That's beside the poiot. Y.tJ b
)"J~ I fD"6f!' I )liJo
*Mary seems dull beside her sister. "'16"J h
7...,;1: ;>C lt.fmJIJ':~'l- M !Lll 'l-ou
Mll'f
beside oneself
*He was beside himself with rage. O"J.I'..'I-
.~- ....., n-r- ~oc
[See also 'mark, question']
besides (prep.)
I. b - - - 11.11. I have three other hats besides
this one. bH.tJ 11.11 1"11'1- IJC~nJ All'{
Besides his wages, he gets tips. bY.'I",. 11.11
1-Clf Y1'i'A
2. b--- 011-t-+c. We spoke of no one besides
you. IJ"J-t- 011-t-+c ill\ "'I"JII" t.llmo!-"JII"
besides (adv.)
I. hii.YII" 11.11. We will have games and
danciog and food besides. l'."J""lm;f-1\"J l'."J
S'."Jiti\"J I bii.YII" 11.11 l'."JOIIII"J
2. hii.YII" OilY. 1 bH.tJII" OilY.. It is too late to
109 best
go for a walk. Besides, it is starting to rain.
1ic'lic 1\00'/.J': H"'f.;I:A l hii.YII" 011,1'.
1\.H"J-11 ' ~..,.
He is a good worker, and besides, everybody
likes him. 7.(1. '1"1- wo~--t-'i' ~..,. I bH.tJII"
Ollf. l111Jo rNr ,l'.mY.'I'A
besiege bOO
The English besieged Emperor Theodore at
Magdala. 7."J"li\.I':Y. AI -1:9'J':C'li"J oo:,.
Y.ll llf. bO!I.:fiiJo
be besieged with
*During the flood, the Red Cross was be-
sieged with calls for help. 01-C'i' 1..11. f+Y.
ouli+A "'1-,0C .fl'.CJI;f- 'I'Y4l 1-<:/..11'1-
besmirch t.1-Y./..
The newspaper besmirched the director's good
name. ;>ll.nJIIJo f'Lt.b-1-<1-"J ODAIJII" 1111"
h1-S'./..
besought, see beseech
bespeak t.ltf
His good manners bespeak a good upbringing.
oPAIJII" mill' '1''1- t.li-1-JIY."l l'."J-'111
..,. YltYA
best (n.) II"C'I'
We want only the best. II"C'I' ftJ'~..,.., of!
i1' ' l'."Jd.A:>II"J
best (adj.)
I. II"C'I'. The boys acknowledged him to be
the best football player. b-t-""'1''11 flolt-
II"C'I' -1-i'l''f ,., ..... ODI}')."J AJ('f 0
m4!11'l-
2. f:J>C-11. He betrayed his best friend. f:J>C-11
IDJI)t"J ' bJIIIJo
3. fOI\m. This is the best beer I have ever
tasted. b+oollb-'1- Ito!- flolt- ,l'.tJ fO
Am )CDo
4. bflolt- f-1-lf II. The best student was appoint-
ed monitor of his class. bflolt- f-1-lf 1\IIJo -t-
"'16 fh'i'A All? tJ''l' -1-0D<:m
best (adv.)
I. f.OA'J' l fOI\m. I work best in the morning.
,I'.OA'J' fll"wo!-IIJo IJI-'1- ~IIJo
I can illustrate this best by an example.
,l'.tJ"J 011"1111. fOIIm 11-II~IIJo l'.'f-111\flo
2. bflolt- t.of!Atn. I like this book best.
f.tJ"J ""~~"""'~' bflolt- A-liA"" l'.mY.'I'I\flo
3. bo-11-11" f.OA'I' t.ltii"C'. Who reads best?
hflolt-11" Y.OA'I' t.ltii"C' f"'U'~-11 "'I~IIJo l
bestial
4. 0"111". I like it best this way. 0"1!1" f!l"tD
S'.IJJ< li'J.II,U (LII"t ~IJJ<
best of rc-r
I have had the best of teachers. !I"C'I' hh.,...,
611'l- )0-1-o'S
(the) best part of an hour J\"}.(- r {1'\T YtJA
Driving to work takes the best part of an hour.
tDY,. I JP&- I floP h.'I I oP'/..(- I 1;."}1:
YUA ,l'.m!IJIA
at best '"14. r fl.A
The book, at best, will sell 1,000 copies.
"!of. tl.f>. lt't.l:" lf.U OOll"m~ 011,1'.
h.!'. if'I'?"
for the best
*Let's hope for the best. f.,.lf II ,l'.oo"Jf>. 11
ll't .,_!Iof. M'.I:"C"'
*Don't cry; it is all for the best. h:f'A~Il 1 oo
""l:lftJJ< Y!l"&-t>.
get the best of someone
I. h:f-1111. We have to be careful that he does
not get the best of us. l\'t'IY:f'AII't oom
'tof>~ hll11't
2. Ohchc <::f-. I gotthe best of my teachers.
hh.,...,&9''li't ohchc ll<::f' ~oc
had best
you had best phone your father to tell him
where you are going. fol ll'tS'.!I"T~.I:" II'IT
u -o+F.m-A ooAI'J.r i'aJo
make the best of something fi"!J!i\fDo") Y
ut>. .,.mof>ooo:,.
We do not like our new house, but we will
have to make the best of it. h.ll.""'t ll.:f'l-'t
't h'ttS'.tJJ<!I" i fll') ll''l" f.,_!l'll't't YU
A ll'tmof>!I"O;I'II't
one's best f.,.;FI\liJo ! O..,.;.r:l\m- I DPffi1'
I'll try to do my best. f.,.!l'II'S't 11"'1.1:"<:"1
ll'l"ht:-1111-
0n my honor, I will do my best to behave.
0.,_!1'11'1 ""m't m'ltL't ll"''ft""C :J'f>.
l\1'11111-
to the best of
Answer to the best of your knowledge. f!l":f'
IJJ<of>tJJ<'t YUf>. OOf>.!l
[See also 'bet, do, far, knowledge, level, next,
none, second, seller, suit, very']
bestial fl'otJJ<&.)T
The fighting was carried out with bestial
cruelty. iD"'.J'tJJ< f.,.S'.l:11JJ< fhtJJ<&.~T "f!'
It~ o.,.,..11o:,. .,.~,. ) oc
110 betrayal
best man "'1.11.
After the woman quarreled with her husband
and went off, the best man brought her back.
<l.TI'"'I' h'l!l. :>C .,_"'A:f' ~'I "'1.11.
'l'""f>.(lhoo"J:,.
bestow
I. iflloo. The Emperor bestowed a medal on
I fl'lT I
him. )i''tll'.l'. "'1.'1.1'. if11-:,.
2. l'lm. The rich man bestowed thousands
of dollars on libraries. '1111\;>IJJ< 11,. if. 11
C 1111..,. oPl\lh~:,. {lm
bet (v.)
I. .,.m&-<:S'.. I bet five dollars on the black
horse. '1'41-1- .1.<:11 O"'t>.ti.Y Yif'tof.A
11\L 'III"IIT 11C l\m&-<:JIIIu-
2. l\C"'m"' )IJJ<. I will bet she is never going
to pay him. ll'tS'."''Th~lltJJ< l\C"'m"' )'S
bet (n.) tJJ<CC.I:"
When are you going to pay up that bet?
Y't't tJJ<CC.I:" f!I"Th~IIIJJ< ""'"' )IJJ< l
make a bet +m~~,g
Let's make a bet about who will finish first!
"'''t 4>.1:"'1" ll'tS'."''.""Cil l\'tm&-<:.1:"
your best bet f"''.Y'I'"'tl
Your best bet is to try for a scholarship here.
f"''.Y'I'"'U ' liH.U )I\ T!I"UCT ll"''"''f..,.
OO'f"hC )IJJ<
betray
I. h'l. He betrayed his best friend. f~C11
tDJI)I:'t hJIIJJ<
2. hmof.. She has betrayed my confidence.
O!l. 11.1'. f)O<:'S't l\!I")T hmof.lotJJ<
3. ( = pass.) :f'tof>(OT). The boy's face betrayed
the fact that he had been eating chocolate. 'I'
1>11:,. .1'.011 ll'tS'.)Ol ht>.)l: d.T :f'm+
o:,.
4. 1111\(0T). His mistakes betrayed his lack
of education. f .1.1\"'''l'tJJ< ll.h.,..folo l'olloo
"'1-1-'t 11111-0T
5. h;>llm(OT). His foreign accent betrayed
him. ftJJ<"f!' Me l'ltJJ< ooll').'t M:>1~
h:>llmOT
betrayal
I. h'IT. She reproached him for his betrayal
in bitter words. !Ill hJI., h!I"C&- .,..;-,;:lotJJ<
2. "'''I'S'.f>.. A broken promise is a betrayal of
trust. :J'A't "''m~ l\!I")T't "'''N!.A )IJJ<
betroth III between

betroth Me.., 'I" I f'J"'.I': I P'&. ' 11..1"1"'1U I (11..1';1-AAU) '

The father betrothed his daughter to his .l'o'l"h&.A
friend's son. All'l-\lofDo 1 4.'1- 1 A)I:'J 1 ll'i~'O' 3. -l'm<i'oo. I got the better of him in the
"'" I A"l": I All... swap. OAfDofDom- 1 '-~ 1 -l'm<i'!l"h-
be betrothed had better
I. "'""'""' Mary and John are now betrothed. *You had better return before dark or you
"'L&'i" I }!:'J I AfJo'J I -1'""1'?-I''J'A will get lost. ll.l'o..,A'I" 1 11'1-ooll(l .l'olfiiA l
2. ,...,, His daughter was betrothed to a doctor. 1\IIHJ 1 '1-mof.IIU
I!.'I- I A )I: I lido 11.1"' I ,...,..,. have the better of one h--- +ifit
He had the better of me in that argument.
betrothal "7"'-'1- 011..1' ' hChC I '-C(l. I ~ I f-l'lfll )0C
His betrothal was announced in the newspaper.
-1'11111
the better
.,..,., I O;JII."' I
*The better I know him, the more I like him.
'-J'ID:,.lJ-'1- I {1'/.f: I ,1'.0A'I' I "IJJ~IJJ- I ~ODC
better (adj.) f-l'lfll
Don't you have a better room? f-l'lfll 1 h'i' *The sooner the better. .P.II- lliY'J 1 .l'olfiiA
A I fiiUI"'? the better part of the day h"'ID11i +1' Ot\f.
better (adv.) f-l'lfll1 1\.I':Co) It takes the better part of the day to get there.
They did it better after a little practice. h'l'-1: '-lf..l' I IIODf:GiJ. I tJ"'"71i I .,.., t 011,1'. I ,I'.IJJ
"' I AI"''/".I': 0:\11 I f-l'lfll I I\.I':C1fDo I "'"'"'
MA
*You ought to know better than to play with [See also 'all, think']
matches. Oh11&'1- oo<i'lll: 1 '1"1- 1 1\IIODIY
').') I .,.,:,. I .MIIVA better (v.) Alflfll
The government is trying to better the farmers
better than h- -- r.,.ifit
conditions. oo")..,P"-1: f'lfl~,~") r u-J:.:f"
He is a better man than his brother. hm"t Y:,.. OOD'f"hC 11,1'. ' )IJJ-
11"7lflfA I I
f-l'lf II I ... . , . ' )fDo
be any better -l'lfll(fDo) betterment oulflfA
Is your father any better? AII'I-U 1 -l'lfll'l'tJJo l He labored for the betterment of mankind.
be better -l'lfll(fDo) illl (lfDo 1 A"f": 1 oolflfA 1 1111' 1 ~h?.A
The sick child is better today. .hooi"'-I''O'tJJo 1
A"l": I ~.~. I -l''liii-;1-A between 0 - - - ooiJtJA
The car was caught between two trees. ou!J.'i"
be better off -l'lfll(fDo) 'I' I Ov-11'1- I ~c:".f I ODIJhA ' .,..,..,.,..,..,.
Because of his asthma, he would be better off
in a different climate. llhl1"7tJJo 1 AfC 1 ll between ... and
lltJJo'l' I .l'olfllfDo I )OC I. 0 - - - 'i" 1 0 - - - ooiJhA. The relation
between teacher and pupil is friendly. llil-1'"7
be better off if 11 + imperfect + .l'olfiiA &'i" 0-1'"7& ' ODIJhA ftJJ'I"f":)'l- I ..,.,.,
This house is too small; we will be better off )'1- I All
if we move. ,I'.U 1 0.'1- 1 0"11"' 'I-'J'Ii 1 )fDo 1
We will meet between six and seven. OOP'
0.'1- 11'J<i',I'.C .l'olfiiA
&, ' lJ-11'1-'i" I 1\')f: I (1'1'1- I ooiJtJA I '-'J1
change for the better -t-?f'ifA 'i"'O'II'J
His work has changed for the better. P'M 1
2. fl - - - li n -. Between teaching and writing,
-l'lf'li!I.A my time is completely taken up. 'l.n\lo 1 0,...
feel better -l'lfll(fDo) flo I 0"7iJ.-1'"7C'i" I 001\'do'i: I 0001\'i: I J'A
Do you feel better? -1'1111-VA l of.A
get the better of someone 3. h - - - '-ilh. He earned between ten and
I. 1\lf).C.. Fright got the better of him. fifteen dollars. bOP'C 1 Ailh 1 OP'&. 1 All"il'l- 1
'i'CV'I- I Alf).C.fDo 11C I J'1'11 )OC
2. A'l"'f ! 1\;1-1111. He will try to get the better 4. ID,I'.'I". It is between five and six miles to
of you in every business deal you have with Betltlehem from here. hH.U 1 Ailh 0.-1' Am.
him. bC(l. 1 ;>C 1 09";1-~1"'" 1 0"7'J'O'fDo '/" I Al"'iJ.'I- I IJJ,I'.'/" I iJ.f:iJ.'I- I "7.('.A I )fDo
~eve rage
*This plane flies between Addis Ababa and
Dire Dawa. 1-11 hw-C'T~1 bl>-'1.11 hn
II ~1:. -'1'1' Y,IMA
be~een you and me
*This is just between you and me. ~tJ no-ll
;r:Y.1 oPIJbA y.:,.c
*Between you and me, it is his own fault.
O~<; 111-fo y.:,.c<; Tof.-1: f&-11- )w-
between us {you, them) q")J!"'Ft ! lt;J&.
They caught twelve fish between them. 111 ~)
:,. ' 01"&- ' v-11'1- ' 'l"' ' J'flo
They have only one dollar between them.
11:>&- h1~ -oc -nil' h~'fw-
We shall finish the job between us. 1"&-w-1
11:>&- h1..,CII'1'111
in between ).. - - - aJoil'l'
He found a letter in between the pages of his
book. ;r..ouK-.Jti- W<IIT h1~ S'.-fl-'10.
M"f
beverage oom-r
Beverages are sold in this store. "-tltJ oo~11
c tD-il1' I oPffiT I ~iflfJA
bewail hll.,.fl
He bewailed the loss of his son in battle.
A)l: ' OtnCH ' ~,. ' OOD'f"i> ' h/1.,. ...
bewareofom).,..,.
Beware of dogs! bw-ll.f ofom1.,.:,. I
bewilder "1&- h:>ll
The unfamiliar streets of the city bewildered
me. f.,~w-.+'fw- fbi'., ""111'-:Y. "1&-
h:>tt-'1
bewitch
I. ouojo'fo hS'-~10'1-. The old woman bewitched
the cows so they gave no milk. ltl:"L:t IVl";ri
Wofo'I- 1-.1-'IY.flm- ouojo'fo hS'.~1:Y.II'fW<
2. hd.HH. They used magic to bewitch their
enemies. m~.Y.if''fw-1 Ohfi.,'I- J'<Lflo
)0C
3. Mll'/111. Her beauty bewitched the au-
dience . .,.1~<;"'1' ofoouAIJ'1l1 Mll'llll
beyond (prep.)
I. b lllf1C. The house is right beyond the
hospital. 0.-1> Ah bll'll1:;.1'11- lllf1C )w-
2. b 011-fo.,.C. He has no income beyond
his pension. bm-~;.1- hOA 011-fo.,.C 10.
f/IID"r'
3. b O~Y,. I will pay nothing beyond the
112 bid
stated price. hofow(l)w- 'I':> 0~1- 9"1
" hAb'i'Ar'
She is living beyond her means. f"'1-'l" ~w- IJ
:,.".7.' O~Jl.' )ID"
God is beyond the bounds of human knowl
edge. 1-."IH.l>-fl.to.C bfl-flM! bw-.,.'1- K-1'1'
O~Y, ' )w-
4. hAG:. The road forks beyond the village.
OD11JI. OD1 S'.~1 o hAG: ' Y,hd.~A
*Your work is beyond praise. ltJP&.tl rit.
;><;" ' fi...I'1(1W< ' )ID"
*He is beyond help. 9"19" 1-.C-'1;.1- /Ul.~"l
11'1- l>Y.ii'Ar'
beyond (adv.) W-'l.J' .,,..
Beyond were the hills. :>&ol"'li W-'l.J' .,
p..' )0~
be beyond one 11.1111D" l>Ail'llr'
It's beyond me how he manages to keep
from being fired. bl"&o 1-.1-'-'I- h1S'..,Y.
W"' 11.111'1 hAiJ'IIr'
[See also 'description, dispute, doubt, measure,
number, question']
bias h~Al"
His judgements are always without bias.
fll- -'1'1)'1- 1JoA'1.11 J'll h~Al" )w-
(be) biased 1\S'.~
A mother is often biased where her children
are concerned. 1-.<;'l- 1JoA'1.11 IIA}I:lf! ;.1-
S'.~II:Y.
Bible ""K'.h'i' :,.JI.II
The Bible was originally written in Hebrew.
ODK'.h'i' o :,.)1.11 o fiOD)';OD6J' o fofol\LID" ' 0
b-fl&-Jl.iiT ' )ID"
bibliography [l\1~1 hehll'l- f"'l.oullb
1: ""K'.hG::f WY,r' K'd>G::f ' 11C11C]
biceps fh1~ m-1il'
His biceps show he is very strong. fh1JI. m-
1il' ' m11J&o)i>1 o J'OD{Ih;.I'A
bicycle (n.) O.fl.h/1.'1- 1 O.llb./1.'1-
My bicycle needs fixing. O.fl.h/1.1: T1<;" J'
lld.A;>;.I'A
bicycle (v.) OO.fl.h/1.'1- i-1lf&olf~
We went bicycling last Sunday. 11/ld.ID" hdo.
~ no.fl.h/1.'1- nlf&olfC1
bid (bade, or bid)
1. m&o. The king bade the nobles to a feast.
1'1-P" ' OD!>,11-1>1 ' "1-flC ' m~W"
bid 113 bill

2. ~.:-1-. I bid ten dollars for the bicycle. (L{L [See also 'great, hand, selection, shot, splash,
hl\.i>'J OOP'C 11C ~t:'l-h- this1
3. t.HH. The captain bade us halt. lf?"
011- ),.'J.<:-'J4'?" t.HH'J bigamy [11-11'1- "'1.11-1''1' Ot.'J.I:' 1.11. ..,.,
<I 'I-]
bid fair OD{It\
The winter bids fair to be a cold one. ht:?"i> bigot [f&-11- .1'1\lf) "'I'J.,.'I'w-'JII" 'tY.)'J-
f"''.OC.I:' 1-0D{IIIA ohll11 ' f"'IY..,.OI\]
bid farewell +ll'iR..,.
He bade his friends farewell. 'U'.'l''fi'J -t-11<; bilateral f:>&-
0;.1-'fw- Sweden and Ethiopia signed a bilateral agree-
ment 11'1!.1:-'J<; h..'l-f''k.l' f:>&- w-1\ -1-1.
bid (n.) f""'t:;.f- 'I':> &-.:oo-
Companies are invited to submit bids for
building an annex to Africa Hall. 1\t.'i:<:IJ to bile t-1"'1-
'1&-11' -1-......,6' ih'Jll' 1\0DP'&-'1-h-<l'JJ'l"'l' He mixed pepper with bile. OCO~w-'J Ot-1"
f..._t:;.f- 'I':>'l'w-'J ),.'J-'IJ'.,.CII- -!-mY..,.'!'I\ '1- Amnw-
bide, - one's time t-:>"1"'1. 1,11. mO.,. (be) bilingual u-11+ 1 lt'J!I/ .,...,.~.:
;.1-"IV' ' 4'f Many Ethiopians are bilingual. 1111" t..'lf'
He bided his time until his rival was absent. 'k.rw-n tJoll+ !1/'Jl\' 1 .r.~<~-11-
-t-m'I'I61D- f"'L.,.CO'I-'J t-:>"1"'1. 1.11.
mO.,. bill (v.) oh.ll11 llh
He bided his time until the minister went Please bill me without delay. 4'1-H~Y. 1 oh.411-
abroad. "'Ltll'l-'1- mS'. tD-11" t.~c ).lib. 'J ' 1\hi\'S
't.l:' ' .1:-t:ll ' ;.1-"IV' ' 4'f
bill (n.)
biennial OftJolli> 'tou'J- f"''.S'.t:"l 1. oh.411. The garage bill was high. f :>&-1f
The biennial meeting of our society was held oh.411 h'i' .I'll )OC
in Washington. Ofu-11-1 'tOD'J- f"'LS'.t:~w- 2. f oh./)11 S'.lii'S. I handed her a sheaf of bills.
f"'l'tO&-'f'J 111111<1 O'l'1i'J"l-t-'J -1-S'.t:~ h'J.I:' h?"C ' foh./)11 I S'.lii'S ' hlllhofl\\:t-
bier C11&-11 3. f oh.411 outJI..I'. His bill became delinquent.
The coffin was placed on a bier in front of the f oh./)1!- o ODtJI..I' 0 1,JI.ID- o -1-1\1\~
church. t.llh~). h0.-1- hCII-1;.1'). .1.'1- 4. 11Cl~'JH11. Thegovemmenthasputnewbills
11.1.'1- OC11&-11 11.1- hCt:: )0C into circulation. OD'J"/P''I- t-.11.11 11c (n
Hofl) hiD-'!';1:1\
bifurcate -1-ll.l'f Give me a ten dollar bill! h."J.t: qA OFC
The road bifurcates at Dire Dawa. oP'J1'1- 11c lim'S
.<:-~ ' '1'1' ' "'" ' 1-11.1'.1'1\ 5. fih"l l<l:~. Tbe senator submitted a bill
big authorizing the construction of a new business
I. 'I-A~ ('l-1\1\~, with plural). They live in a school. fih"l ODaJ(I"' ll"hc O.i> t.<tl\
big house. 'l-1\~ 0.'1- <D-11'1' 1-'l'&-11- to'J.<:- t-.11.11 n"l.<:- '1-ruc'l- o.+ ),.'J
Her children are big now. 1\}':;1! t.tJo'J 'I- .ll.w&- f"'/.1\<D-'J fih"l l<l:~ h.,.lO
I\A4''1' lf)'l'l\ 6. "'111;.1-m<J:.I'. Post no bills! "'111;.1-m<J:.I'IP~
2. ;.f-11~. The day he entered college was a t.+A'I"''
big day in his life. 1>1\.~ f~<IO'I- .,.'J Oih 7. M:. The bird has a large bill. mj, :t-1\~
Y.mi> ;.1-11.~ bl\'1- )OC t.'i' t-Il-l-
3. f;.f-m.,.. Her father is a big lawyer. t.<t;t foot the bill ID"'-ID"'J hl.l\
f;.f-m<l< mO:I' <;'!'w- Who is going to foot the bill for all this? 1\li.U
as big as f"'L..'UI\ flo/\- 0 ID""-ID-'J ' f"'/.h'i!l\ ' "'I)ID- l
The hungry boy ate a slab of cheese as big as small bills 11C11C s oflC
his hand. f &-Ow- 1\~ ),."lf.'J f"'L..'UI\ <I< Give me some small bills, please. 11C"HC 11
&-'? t::C"'I]I: Oil Cllm'S
billboard
billboard fi"l~ "7(1;rtD4!.1' 1\11.'1
The billboard advertised radios. fi"l~ "7il
;J-ID4!.ftJJo 1\11.'1 il..f. f.:O.Il.l'" "7ii;J-ID4!.f
_,.ll'l'll:O;J-11\
billion 'It "'1..1\.M
bill of fare fll""'il 11C'IIC
The bill of fare lists only Ethiopian food.
f9""1ii11C'IIC f"''...fODIIb.,.tJJo' fh.'l-f"k.f1 '
ll""'il '""' ttJJo
bimonthly (adj.) Ofv-11'1- "'~ f"''..:J-.,.9"
A bimonthly magazine comes out six times
a year. Ofv-11'1- "'~ f"''..:J-.,.9" ,.,......_,._
<IOD'I- il~il'l- '1..11. .f.ID"'/A
bimonthly (adv.) OIDC v-1\i:
The magazine appears bimonthly. oo&-m.-1:
OIDC 11-llof: .f.ID"'ol\
bind (bound)
1. hi\G. She bound her hair with a ribbon.
K-..;::'t O&O't hi\G';f
2. 1\il.,.ili\G. Deep friendship binds these
two peoples. '1'11\:j. ID-'1~)'1- MH.II't v-
11-l>'t ID~'l'';f ' .fil.,.ilil&-11\
3. IIIDI\ (.,.IIIDI\). Stones bound together with
asphalt make good roads. Ohilof.ol\'1- f.,.ll
CJJ{l I I'll.+ I 1\00')1~ I JP~ I If'~ I ~iD"
4. IDS/.G. He bound the cow's legs for milking.
,.,.,.. 11"711il f'I":L't 7."/C IDS/.G
5. ( = intr.) ll'i'. The contract binds him for
twelve years. tJJoll- II OFII- v-11'1- -tou
,.. .f.ll'i'ol\
6. l\41&-'f. What binds you to your job?
liP' &-II :>C .1'<1<&-'fll M ~)tJJo l
7. mGH. The bookbinder bound the maga-
zines. m~V oo&-th.-fJii") m~H
be bound ~S/.1'.
The witness is bound by oath to tell the truth.
9"ilh~ 7.tJJotof>'t 7.'t.C:.'i'~C 0"""'" .f.~S/.-'111\
[See also 'honor')
binder m&-'fr
The newspapers are at the binder's. ;>H.IP'Il
m&--u> H't~ 'i':ftJJo
bindery foumG'lf h<i!ol\
The newspapers are still in the bindery.
:>H.IP'Il ho-'t9" 7.oumG'lftJJo b'i!A .f.~'>lll-
binding (n.) '1'11-11
The book has lost its binding. fODX" .114- '1'11-
11. ~'t~ol\
114 birthmark
binding (adj.) X"l-
A binding contract cannot be abrogated by
only one signatory. X"l- tJJool\ ll't~ .1-&-
"'1.. il!l' h.f..I-Cil9"
be binding .,.hOG
This agreement is binding on both contracting
parties. .f.ll tJJool\ Oo-11-1>9" .,.'l''l'.f. "'~
<;>';(- .f.hO&-A
binoculars Jo.:jo&-IL OD)X"C
You cannot see through the binoculars unless
you adjust them. >til.il.,.>thol\btJJo Jo.:jo&-IL
OD)~ tJJoil'l' 11"7f'l- Jo.'l-';fA9"
biography fih.f.ID'I- ;t-&h
This book contains the biography of Abraham
1 Lincoln . .f.ll ODX".h'i! fhiiCV9" ll.'tl>A
't f ih.f.ID'I- ;J-&h .f.!!. /A
biology;llr-11-i(
bird ID'i!
There are many birds in this garden. OH.II
h'l-hA'I- tJJoil'l' illl- ID&:';f l\11-
[See also 'baby']
birth
1. """'II~. They announced the birth of their
child. f/AJI''f'tJJo') ' ODIDII~ ' Jo.fl;J-ID4<
2. '1-tJJo~. What is your place of birth?
f'l-tJJoA~ h~CII f'l- )tJJo l
Are you American by birth? 0'1-tJJoA~ h
"'tG>t'l! )Ill
3. ououp>G'I-. The birth of the new nation was
greeted with acclaim. .I'.C:.fl-'t MC ouoo
FG'I- Oll';J- .,.+011-'l-
llve birth to tDI\F..
She gave birth to a boy. ID't~ II\~ IDIIS/.l-
[See also 'humble, low, mean')
birthday fM'I- +'t
When is your birthday? fM'I- +'til ou
'll )tJJo l
[See also 'happy')
birthday party fM'I- O't/A ~il
His birthday party was attended by many
people. OM'I- O'tll- ~il 'l.f. illl-
1\!P';f fll'
birthmark, have a ~ "7C.I'9" l)ou';ftJJo
He has a birthmark on his arm. h't'l- il..f.
"7C.I'9" il'"l'l'll';f
birthplace 115 biting
~~==~--------------~--------------------
birthplace f-1-<11.1'.0'1- ll'i'&-
Write down your birthplace in the application !
0"7ooAh!f'tJJo ilf. f-1-IDII ....hO'l-"t ll'i'&-
It'I'
*Philadelphia is the birthplace of the Consti-
tution of the United States. 4-ii.Jl.A.C.Y f\W
,.,...... 111:'1-ll a.1 ""'"~~"'~- oo;(oo&
y f-1-ltd.'l'l- h-1-"7 .,,..
birth rate M<ll-'1-'l- 41'1'C
The birth rate increases while the death rate
decreases. f"'L<II-'1-_, 41'1'C II..:U.II"C f
"'1.'1"_,_, ~M WMIA
biscuit oflllh-'1-
This biscuit is too hard for me to eat. l\"t-'IAOII.
tJJo f.U oflllh-'1- 0"111" .I'.Gol> )ID"
bishop AAll
bit (v.), see bite
bit (n.) A'lofl
This bridle does not have a bit.
of) flltJJoll"
A~-
bit, a - 'l-"t11
She is feeling a bittired. '1-"t 11 .l'.hll" of! !~.;f-A
bit by bit +"t11 o+"t11
We learned the story bit by bit. )1~"t 'l-"t11
O'l-"t11 11"7)tJJo
bits of htU'II" hH.UII" I 'I':1'-l>"t
He is out picking up bits of information.
hliJ'II" hii.UII" ID&, 1\oPII:I'-l>ll" ID'I';l:A
They pieced together bits of information to
discover the cause of the explosion. fd."t7(tJJo
"t ll"h"t Y+ 11"7"11+ f-1-11''1-"t 'I':1'-l>"t
"7llG7fiP":fo l>m.,of>~
a bit more 'l-"t11
Can't you wait a bit more? 'l-"t11 A~f.
1>'1-":f-AII" l
a bit of 41&-11
There is not a bit of bread in the house.
l\11.'1- ID"ll'J' 41&-11 l\"t:(.tl-11" fll
a bit too..... 'l-"t11 I '1'4:'1-
The tea is a bit too strong. '1'1' 'l-"t11 <d.
C ofi!I.A
The bread is a bit too old to eat. 1\oPofiA -'1
""'" '1'4:'1- .,.f+ S'll )ID"
not a bit 'l-"t1111" + negative verb
He was not a bit angry. 'l-"t1111" l>A"'"".I'..I'.
II" )OC
not a bit of r'lr"' + negative verb
That does not make a bit of difference. f.U
ll""tll" Af.)'l- l>J'oP"'II"
not one bit 0~~"li + negative verb
Are you tired? Not one bit. .l'.h'I"?A l O"P&o11
l>A.P.boo'{jl"
quite a bit 0"19"
The uncertainty of my position worries me
quite a bit. f P' &-- )1C f"7 Yll-1""711""t
ooll'). 0"19" y.-,110 ...A
[See also 'blow, dash, every, old, smash']
bitch 11.'1- "'"'~'
bite (bit, bitten), vt.
I. )hll. Our dog will bite any thief who
enters our house. ..,.~ n.:t-":fo"t ID"ll'l'
f"'L11JID""t 1\.IJ Mh.-,A
The mosquitos bit me all last night. f<IJ '1-"t
'{ 1\.ll._,"t ODofl- ll.)hll'1 l>.I'.G
2. l>:l'mll 1 d.;(. Pepper bites the tongue.
oco&. ll"il.ll y :l''l'ii.A (f."-'TfA)
A'l
.,...,.
3. 1oom. She bit the apple. """-"'"' .1oom
4. Oil. The small boyJjbites his fingernails.
'1-"tif- A"J!: f"''l- 'M'C''Il"t f-OliA
5. 1Gd.. The cold wind bit our faces. ofiC-'1.,..
)'i-ll .t.;J-":fo"t"t 1Gd.ID"
bite (vi.) "'""hll (in the imperfect)
Does your dog bite? tJJo'I'U ,_.,h..,A!
bite Into 100m
He bit into the apple. """-"'"' 1""m"'"
bite off
I. 1oom. He bit off a piece of bread. 41&-11
-'lift I 10Dffl
2. -t.:m. The leopard bit off his arm. )ofiC
l\)l:"t -a..:mtJJo
[See also 'lip']
bite (n.)
1. "th'f. The dog bite became infected.
ftJJo'I'ID" "th'f oPC"If II')
2. "1-C'f. Carefully chew each bite! l\J'"t-'l"t
-'1-"t "1-C'I' .1'.~ .. l>....C1U J;'{h
a bite Mil" ll""lofl
We haven't a bite left. ll""tll" ll"""ofl l>A-1-
Gd."tll"
have a bite ~UA 1 +oo(t
Have a bite with me ! h~ ;JC l\UA ol>ODll
biting (adj.)
I. f"'L;JG'i'. He went outside into the cold,
bitter
biting wind. tD!f."'f.:>U.OJ< 11CJ!ay Hil
tD"'
2. l\'1'"1'1- f'UII. He made a biting remark.
l\'1'"1'1- f"'l.~ll ~1C T'i'U.
bitter
1. OD&-&-. Bitter grass is sometimes used as
medicine. ODt-t- I ..,C I 1\"J.-;")f... I {lOD..(:'-1~..,. I
f.m:JoayA
2. fOOl:l:. He surrendered himself to bitter
grief. Oool:l: .hU"I T'l'm
3. f"''...'"lU."''i'. He has had some bitter
experiences. O).(!'tD- l\"1'1"1.1:: f"'/J"I1L"'
4- ~1C':f. l\;J'J'oPtD-;1-A
4. Ml:l'-1:. They suffered bitter hardships
during the war. OI"CH 1.11. l\1'1:1'4:
ooh"- !f.l:(lq:ftD-
5. hf.. They exchanged bitter words. hf. :1'
A T~:>1<r
*She reproached him for his betrayal in bitter
words. ill\ h-'1-1> l\II"C"- T'i'1l::f.tD-
*They are bitter enemies. l.ll'l-'i' 'fl'J:: 'i':ftD-
bltter (adv.)
1. hf.l;'. It was bitter cold. hf.l;' f.OCJ:: ~oc
2. ( = adj.) f"'l.lf~.,...'l'. The night was bitter
cold. 1\.11..1: f"7..1f~.,...'l' 11CJ:: ~Ol:tD-
be bitter about ..,.ODl:l:
He was very bitter about losing the job.
P'"-"""' ' ""'"~"" ' 0"19" ' .,.,.,l:l:
taste bitter ODl:l:
This medicine tastes bitter. f.tl OOJ::"1\'I-
f.oo"-A
to the bitter end Alah ODQ;t~ ifw-
They fought to the bitter end. l.ilb ooou.l:lf
tJ)a I ...,..,.,..
bitterly .,..,1!' I l\II"CC'
He complained to me bitterly. T"YC' ~1l:'S
He cried bitterly. l\II"CC' l\114'1'1
bitterness """"l:C
His hateful remarks reveal his bitterness
loward his teacher. 'l''lil' fTOOI\0'1- hilTf
f-1> q(l.,..,&OJ< ""ool:<r"l fltfA
biweekly
This paper is a biweekly. f.ll :>11."1 Ollll"
"1'1- 11-11-1: f.tD"'A
bizarre "1"- fll'~
His behavior is bizarre. "1"- fll'~
l\1\tD-
116 blacksmith
black (v.), ~ out "-(1."1 liT
A person who is on a high mountain will
black out if he works hard. h'i'Tl;' .,."-"-
'If. ' f"'l.1'S ' (ltD- ' P'"- ' 0.10~ ' "' ...."' '
f. II?" A
black (n.) 'J'<i<C
The blacks in the United States are struggling
for a better life. fl\"'1.611 'l'<i<I!':Y. fTlfll 'i-
1!' , 7."1-'l.'l'"-:f"" ooo;J-1A 'If. 'i':ftD-
black (adj.)
1. 'l'<i<C. His hair is black. m1+ 'l'<i<C ~""
2. fm.,.l:. The black clouds forebode a
StOrm. fmtll,t:,fD- I J!..OD'J I ~,e..l\;;: I 1ffjfD I
009""1-1>"1 .fOOI\b;}-A
be black At.AoP
The room was black at night. 1\.11.'1- h'i'll
....A.,. ~oc
turn black mtfl.t:.
The bread turned black with age. 'liltD- b
1.11. 11~'1- m"'l:
[See also magic, mark']
blackboard 'l'<i<C {11\.JI
Write it on the blackboard! 'J'<kor {11\.J!
'If. liLtD-
blacken (vt.)
I. l\m~. Soot blackens kettles. 'l''llf '1- ;e
O'i'"l fm.,..."-A
2. l\1-f.L. This article blackened the direc-
tor's reputation. f.tl K'dt-'i' f'l.t.hT<r"l
11'i' l\1-U
blacken (vi.) m.,.l:
The sky blackened. (lay\!- m-t;l:
(be) blacklisted O:J-"1'1- 0011111 .,..,..010
This actor was blacklisted because of his
political ideas. f.tl T'l''i'f. ill\ ?'11-1:11
hiiTltilfl- O:J-"1'1- 0011111 TOOH10
blackmail (v.)
*He used pictures to blackmail his boss.
.fi\:J'tD-") ' OO'J'G: ' G:.,..,"-'1' ' 1\(ltD- 0 l\lt
filii- ' WI\ ' ""'ilL"-"-"' ' 1"1H11 ' .,..,.011
blackout fhT"Y oo<U.I\9"
The blackout lasted until the enemy airplanes
left. fhT"YtD- oo.,..l\9" fml\'1- l\tD-C'T'I
-r:r- '
l.ilh.~-'1- ' J::l:il ' ol'f
blacksmith 4''1':l''fl'
mqf. The blacksmith works with metal. 4"1':l''fl'
11l:?" 11G'I- f.u>"-A
bladder
bladder .:.>i'
Rattles are made of dried pig bladders and
peas. f"'l. '1-.:U.IIQ;l.A "'"'"I.OJ!I' hJ'.l+ f
t.it"'l .L>i'<; r hQ<tll f.rP<'--A
blade
I. 1111'1-. I need a knife with two blades.
Qll 11-11'1- 1111'1- llll'l' "ALA;JIIIJ-
2. 11"11"1'". These blades do not fit my razor.
MH.II r ll"ll""":f IIOO'Ifiil'- r t.f.IT'>-11"
3. '1-mA. The wind waved the blades of
grass. Hll f"l-1-1- '1-mA hOJo/IOIIOIIJo
[See also 'razor1
blame (v.)
1. m+ft ! ~+ 4.. Under those circumstances, I
could hardly blame her. 011.11 o-~;1- 11"1-11"
Am'l-11'1- (M'I'ol-'1-) t.A:fAII"
2. t.ootff. Bad workmen often blame their
tools for their mistakes. ODTG: .,..&-,"':'l-
1Jif"OJo't r "!." r j),"h.,.;J-'fdJo't I fiOO"f<lf'fdJo I f
ool)>i'll-
3. llhh. He tried to save face by blaming the
accident on me. hS!;JQV} fU. 1\.e. Oool\
hh .,.. ....,. 1\J'OJ"' 'l"hl:
*He blamed us for the accident. 1\f.;Jm- s oo~
l:il '1"4.,..,. t.f.l:11-
blame (n.) m+it
The letter was full of blame. 1.11-'!0.dJo m+
it fO~O'l- )ftC
put the blame on m+(l:
Don't put the blame on me! "1.~1- t.'l-..,.+ll"i
share the blame +m::t-i\'lc r;:fm-
We must all share the blame for this deplorable
condition. 1111.11 t.ilh.L o-~;J- o-ll"'f-1-11" .,.
m,..il':f n
take the blame +m+(l
He took the blame for their mistake. 0)(1- 'I"
ol-'1- "1.(1- .,.m+il
blameless "1.1-h't fi\.110'1-
The teacher praised him for his blameless con
duct. mQI' "1.1-h't 11111\.110'1- ""11"11-1- h
oP(l-r~~
bland
I. "'""'" f 1\.IIOJo. I do not like bland food.
'1-ooll" fl\.lldJo r ,-.,-o t.AmY:II"
2. liMit. His bland manner won him many
friends. liMit mQI' 1111" 'lf."'':f hL<'--
11'1-
117 blasphemy
3. L~~- He is a bland young man who does
not seem interested in anything. ,..,.,. )1C
f"'l.l'ilf.il.,_..,. r L~~ A'J!: )dJo
blandish MOll
They blandished the guard into letting them
through the gate. 0-1-1- "1.1-JI,J'itAof.'f..,. H
O>i'OJo't t.QOII-'1-
blank (n.)
I. I::CII". Would you help me to fill out this
blank? )!.111-1- r !::C9" ,.,..,11'1- r '1-l:-'!>i'llll I
2. qp.. P;J-. Fill in all the blanks. qp....,.-,.
{l;f'- I lJo(to I tiP-1\
3. fiJJolf'l- 'I"J!.'l-. The bullets that he fired
were blanks. f.,.h-it'fdJo f1JJolf'l- TU:f
)0-1-
*My mind is a complete blank. ,..,.,. )1C
Mil;l-IJJoi19"
blank (adj.) qp..
The envelope contained only a blank sheet of
paper. 11.1-li.l'l-1> qp.. ml:+'l- 11!1' Y.!I.A
*There was a blank look on his face. h.L-tr 9"
1-11" IIODl:-'1'1- t.Y.!I'A9" )OC
blanket
I. 11CY: A-nil. Take another blanket, and you
won't be cold. 1\.11 11CY: A11il 1J'J-Q;l,
II"C t.Y.OCY:II9"
2. h9"C. A blanket of snow covered the
ground. fOl:P.. hii"C oo.:.-tr't lfL)IJJo
blare (v.)
I. """h 1111- )1l:. He blared his instrnctions
at the workers. oo9"&.1'0Jo't llrP<'--.,."'''Ii """
h 1111- )1<'--'ftiJo
2. t.II"Ql:4>. The trumpet blared announcing
the king's arrival. n.,..,.,.
oPII""''l- 11"'1
11/IC ' '1"-1-II"QIJJo ' I\9"Ql:+
blare (n.) =1i'l-
The blare of the radio made conversation
impossible. ft.Jtf"m- a;b"fi:r- 1\0DQ;l.Cf'tD.'t-
Mill!'II II"
blaspheme 119" t.?-f.L! 119" Oh1-1r M"l
The drunken man blasphemed God. fllhl:IJJo
/ldJo\<o f"A"'Il.h11.h.C1- 119" . t.?-f.L (Oh
1--tr ' M"l)
blasphemy f"A"IH.t.11m.C1- 119" Oh1-1r ..,,.
"IT
Blasphemy is prohibited in some religions.
f"A"IIl.h-ll.h.C't 1111" r Oh1-1r "'11-"1'1-
Q't-'11-Y: ' 'IJ!."'I'f.f:f f.,.hllhll )liJo
blast
blast (vt.)
1. .1.")1( 1 0.,4."t-'1'1- hm"l. They blasted a
tunnel through the mountain. 4.").1( 1 0.,4.")
.11'1- 1 R-1-&-&-m- 1 m-Il'!' 1 oo-t-'11\.C..I' 1 hmm-
2. R~f.A 1 H . He blasted his horn irritably at
every car in his way. 011ll"'"T oo")'lJS. 1\
f. I q_:Jffi ....T I Ollh.'Ol":f I ljf. I rJ.{Io 0
foPh.'OtJJo") ' 'N-9"q I R~f.A I )of.
3. h""'014.(R'I-). Failure in the exam blasted
his hopes for college. 04.1-'0 1 .,....,.,..,. 1 ltll.)!'
l\0011q'l- I f)O<(t&") '1-llof.. I h""'014.R'I-
4 . .l:'l"''l'.,tn-"t 1 hmof... Heavy artillery blasted
the enemy off the hill. bq.l:' 1 on~ mil-to
") I b-J-&-<1-tJJo I ljf. I .i:'I"''J'"?tn-") I hmof..f&
5. 4..(\Jb{> 1 hil<D1f.. They blasted the fallen
rocks off the road with dynamite. f<Df.4t'l-"t 1
lt'J''l':f I R.!:'.,"''.'l- I 4..(\Jbllt& I boP")1.11. I
ljf. I hilfD1JI.
be blasting 0"19" 1 b'i'-t-'i' 1 )0.(
They turned down the microphone because his
voioe was blasting. .I:'I"'P. 1 0"19" 1 b'i'-t-'i' 1
il/1)0.( I f.i:'9"6 I .,'t--_1'1&") I .,.)fl-T
blast (n.)
1. f.l."t1( 1 ""1i'l- l f.l."t1(1 .1:'9"6.Youcould
hear the blast for miles. f.l."t1(~&1 ""'li'l- 1 b
~~ I f.(I.,A
He was deafened by the blast. R.I."t1(t& 1 .!:'
9"j I f.)41.<(
2. f 4."t1( 1 ~f.A. The blast pushed out the
window. f.l."t1(t& 1 ~f.A oo(llt-Jo"t 1 )~II-
hiD"! I&
one blast of the siren was enough to clear
the streets. {J,e.~). h'l ..\!"" "l.tL fl.~ll OD'J
1JI.") I qp.. I h(l.,.<(f&
a blast of(~ adj.) 0"19" 1 f"'L.:><('i'
When the window was opened, a blast of hot
air entered the room. oo(llt-to 1 (l.h.l.-1- 1 R
llJI"' I f"''.;><(Oj: I 'I":J>T I hfC I IDf. I b'i'l\o '
aJo{l"l" I 1Q
full blast ~~D-fr floD-h'o
The factory is going full blast. of..11&1Jm- 1 ..,.
/r I flfJOoj\- I ~IP&-A
blatant
I. 1\'i''I.C.. The blatant children were quieted
by the teacher. 1\'i''I.C.l"'ln 1 AJ('f 1 hil-t-.,
61& I l\'J' I hf.<(;J'ff&
2. 't-All. The student made a blatant error
in simple addition. "'""'""'" 1 R.,.'IA .1:'9"
C ' 't-All I fll') ' fl.loTT I hf.<(1
118 bleak
blaze (v.)
I. hR&-. Their faoes blazed with joy. .C.:l"l't& 1
Rf.ll;l' I hR&-
2. 1-"t.,./1.,.11. There was a fire blazing in the
hearth. h<'l-to 1 Rl"'.!:'ll'm- 1 ~&11'1' 1 f."t.,./1.,.
A I )OC
3. hlfR<(.,.. On Christmas eve, the big house
blazed with lights. IIM'I- 'I'll.., 'I-A4t
0.'1- noo-n..:-'1- I hlf11C.f. I )OC
blaze a trail fTfl1l 4...- 1tLI\+
Pasteur blazed a trail which other researchers
followed. ;r!l-J-C I _1'4.1\.,.tJJo") I f'1'01J I of.
'0 1 11.11-:f -t-oo&-.,&9':t' 1-b-1-11-'1-
*He blazed a trail through the forest. R
"'i\J I ....(1-J' I J'I\4.0T") I 00")1.1:' I (l.,ooAb
T I hAt:: I hAt:: I Of~4- 1").1:' I 'If. '1-'l'li
"l"<(T I hf.<(1
blaze up h<'l'l- 1 1\Rfl
He blazed up at the insult. 11111-flf.O 1 h<'l'l- 1
1\0(1
blaze (n.)
I. :J>mll-. It took the firemen two hours to
put out the blaze. :J>mll-~&") 1\.,'l'of..'l- 1 fh
{)T I hf.;JI& I 11'&--J-'l':f I rJ.I\T ' fi'IT I .l.'f..
q'f.,.
2. f"''.).i:' 1 h<'l-1-. We could seethe blaze across
the beaCh. bm<(4- I .,J'.. I f"''.).i:' I ).{)T I
f.;l'f") I )OC
3. I"'Ab-1-. The hunter made a blaze on the
tree with his knife. h-'11' 1 114> 'If. 0(1")
m,t& I 9"Ab'l- l'of.<(1
make a blaze of color .t:r++ ltm
The flowers made a blaze of color in our
garden. hR!l,; '1'1-hA'I- 1 !l;l':f"t 1 .1:'1"'.,.
T I (lm-
blazing m&-&-
We had to stand for half an hour in the blazing
SUD. tn&o,&.aJo I fJ.rh.e- I 1\.e- I .,,.,7( I {l~-l- I 0D
.f.l"' I 1.1:' I IJ'HJ")
blazon)~
Big posters blazoned the wonders of the
coming circus. '1-AA~ 1 P'b'l'f! 1 oo11\"'il"
:f I fOOl ....~&") (IChll hllf.'Oof:)T I Ht-1-
bleach [Bmf. 1 'If. 1 0.,.1:'<(1 1 m.el"' 1 AI' 1
h."'i.IJA I R""""""C I .,")"1'1-]
bleak
I. "'"""" I did not go out because of the bleak
bleary
weather. .,.). .,.4-.r. 1111)0~ hO.'l-9" t.Am
"'""
2. ~'IIIJ. The rocky peaks of high mountains
are bleak. Y:'l ;J1., fll').'l- fh'i'Tl;' T&-&-
9'"'1- ' "'iG:"'f ' ~'1"1 ' <;'('m-
3. 1111" f"'1.1Mll'l- l\A)0~9". Life was
bleak for unmarried women in those days.
Oll.,l'"t 'Lit. '1'1~11- 1'1.-f-";f )of!' 1111" f
"'1.1llS'.ll'l- l>.MO~I"'
(be) bleary .&.HH
His eyes were bleary from lack of sleep.
hl\"t:f>A'i' l\11''1- fT)"' 'tf.'l''tl .&.H'I'A
bleat q 1>.11
The sheep bleated piteously. 01'tl 0"'1.1<'111
"t ' 11-ll.:f' ' q ' 1>.11-
bled, see bleed
bleed (bled), vt. to~""
In earlier times, doctors bled people to make
them feel well. 0.,.S'.-'1" 'Lit. mh.'1""'1- 119'
";f l\"tJI.lf'l'fm- 0.,11'1- 1"/":J.'f'ID- )OC
bleed (vi.)
I. S'..,. If you cut your finger, it will bleed.
"1'1-ll"t 11'1-'IIC'I' f.S'..,A
2. S'-9" to.r.nn. They fought and bled for free-
dom. ll)lO'l- 0""'1';J'l- S'..,'fm-"t to.r.nn.
*My heart bleeds for him. hAll. l'o11"tll:f'llll-
(one's) nose Is bleeding )f'l~(m-)
Since my nose is bleeding, I don't want to sit
in the sun. ll/l"''.)ll~'t Bmf. 'If. ,..,.,.
'I' l>.A.&.A"'I"'
blemish (v.) MS'..&.
His association with the embezzler blemished
his reputation. hh.f.&. fll\.;1'- ;JC ou'f'&
11<;tJJo"t 1>.1-S'..I.tJJo
be blemished
*The book is blemished by those long descrip-
tions. """""4-"t fT"t~ll"'l- .,11&-619'"'1-
l'o0'11iTID-:f'A
blemish (n.)
I. 1-S'.-11 '1-. This manuscript has too many
blemishes to be worth anything. .eu fl\)!'
".h-'1' 1111- 1-S'.-11-f-"'f Mll-0'1- 'I';J f
1\ID-9"
2. l\"th"t. His reputation is without blemish.
11<;tJJo l\"th"t l>.Y.~'tO'l-9"
blend (vt.) .,.fm
The grocer blends Ethiopian coffee with
119 blessing
another kind of coffee. fll""'11 lf.,.'l' );JS'..
tJJo 0 fh..'l-f"kn 0 (lo<; I lJ/1.11 0 'tf.)'l- I (lo<; 0
;JC I ""'""'A
blend (vi.) "111C 1 llm
These colors don't blend. MH.U 1 .,.11'1""'1- 1
"111C I hf.hm-9"
blend to1ether
I. .,.'14'11. The painter blended two kinds
of color together. IP'tll.tJJo 1 11-11'1- 1 'tf.)
'1- I .,.1\'f""'f I .,.1\.,.11
2. h'l'ihl'- 1H. The rainbow blended two
kinds of color together. .,.n.,.
S'.""<; 1 11-/1'1-
.,.1\'l":f h'l'ihl'- Y.!f.A
blend (n.) :f>.e...
Harari music is a blend of Ethiopian and
Arab music. f.h~C H.&."t fh..'l-f"k1<; f
0~11 ' -n.."' ' :,.,.... ' )tJJo
bless
I. q~h. The priest blessed the people.
4:(1. ' .h1111-"t ' q~&
2. ,.~.,.. The father blessed his son before
he went to America. A)l: mY. h"'L6'I h
""11-'~- , o.r..r , ~;q.rtLm- .,..~.,.m-
3. l\ODf'l1). We bless Thy holy name. fT.,.S'.ll
ili"'U"t ' l\<;OD(I"'<;II"t
4. OS'.II. Fortune blessed him with a good
disposition. IJY:A horAl)9'" mil,. J ;JC
OS'.-ir':f'A
*May you always be blessed with good health!
'1''1- tiL"t)-l-"J f.il'I'U
blessed (adj.)
I. :f>-'1-ll (fern. :f>Y.-11-l-). Pray to the Blessed
Virgin for sucoess! l\"tJI..,.<;Il 1\:f>Y.-ll-l- .,Cf
9" KAY.
2. fTq~lJ. Mary is blessed among women.
.,Cfl"' hM";f fTq~lJ";f <;-}-
blessing
I. 11-&-h.. The priest's blessing was said in Geez.
4:(1. 11-&-h. fllm--l- 0"1~11 )0C
2. "":f'S'.A. It was really a blessing that she
came. f!l OD9"11J-l- Ol\tD-)-}- "";1-S'.A
)tJJo
you have my blessing. _eqchu
cast blessings Qlh
The priest cast blessings upon the sick persons.
4:(1. ' f;f'OD...--}-"J ' {t9':f ' q~h-
give blessing oot.+
The elders give their blessings to the children.
'11.,.,/l.l""'f ' A;t('f"t f.ODC.4'11-
blew 120 blizzard

say the blessing f"il;J~ h+t:.O go blind ;J-m<:

He said the blessing before he ate supper. I hope he is not going blind. 1.') 1'."7.e;J-me
1.&--J,') hou1J~-J, O.t.'l- 'l"fl;><; h4' 1"114- ' hii'S
<:0
blind alley"""'""" f/1.1\w- 4'"P'J OD'J11'.'
blew, see blow He was trapped by thieves in a blind alley.
OOQJo- I ~i\.i\aJ- I .,.~'} I OD'}'J.i!" I 1\f. I 1\.
blight"""'"''~'""
War is the bl'ght of mankind. tne~'l- f(lw- p'f' '"'""
A~' ou'l-'-"'1''1-' ~w- blindfold 't.e'J if4.~
The robbers blindfolded the storekeeper.
blind (vt.) H&-.t.!P'Ii q11 1'1--k'J 'l_e).') if4.).'1-
1. h'lm<:. The disease blinded him. 01i;J-w-
h'lm<:w- blindly 'l.e).'J ""''~''l'
2. h'!'O<:O<:. The sun is blinding me. 8.hl' The younger child follows his brother blindly.
h'!'O<:O<:'S '1-'Jlf. A~ 'l.e).'J ...'i''l' ;f-'1-k'J .eh1"
3. 'l.e).'J hl\1\w-. A bright light blinded him 1"~A
for a moment. il~U 11C'1-,. ''"1'4:+ 1..1 ;
'l.e).'J ' hl\1\fJJ- blindness ~w-e~'I-
4. &-1'1-'J h'l1"fJJo. Anger blinded him. 'JJ.'.'I- Do not make any reference to his blindness!
&-1'1-'J ' ,.. ....,."'" 1111 ~w-e~., 'l"'t'l" h;f-'t"l

blind (n.) ou;><:)f blink

Close the blinds because the sun's rays are too 1. hC1010. Blinking one's eyes when some-
hot. f8.h.e'l' ""'l:e 0"1'1" illl"'l.'l"'l- one threatens to hit you in the face is a reflex
OD;Jl;)fw-') o "tf;JfJJo action. h'Jf.' (lw- 1\."";f-11 fl.:l'"' q_e')
') "7e111111 fl\ q111L_, ' -k'l''l'e f"'l.f.<:
blind (adj.) .., 1 ~mo

1. 'l.e~ ilw-c l ~w-e. This man is blind; 2. 11A"P f.'C"I'I" 1'.1'.<:1. He blinked his
help him cross the street! {UD-'"ro- r '\f.~ r il flashlight to signal he was ready. ouu;>)';-J,'J
w-e (~w-e) illlll'~ ou')1'1.'J hlf"l<:w- 11"7'1<D'I- q'l-&w-') 11A"P f.'C"I'I" h
2. f"7.e;J-.e. A blind curve on a highway is 1'.<:1
dangerous. Oou'J1.1~; ~.e f"7.e;J-.e oum'J"
bliss 1"1'.'~<; f.ii;J-
".,. ' 1'.1'.1':' ' ~"'" After they got married, they lived in bliss.
3. (~ adv.) O"P'i"J. She has blind faith in his
h1":>It' 0:\'1 01" !'.'~<; Of.il;f- 'l'<l-
talent. f(l-') 'f-11-;f- O"P'i''J ;f-'1"<;1\":f
blind man -lf.~ C.m-c blissful Mf.'l'f
We helped the blind man across the street. He announced the blissful event of his child's
'l_e~ fl-') OD')1X: ' hlf1e~w- birth. fA)I:'J ouml\~ hilf.'l'f n<; hil
be blind 'l.e'J fl\fJJ-'1" ;f-<Doj>
Love is blind. <i:'l-e 't.e'J fllw-'1"
be blind in one eye h'l..t.!- q.,.er; r II"~
blister
*The blister on his foot hurt him. ~ 1 f!f:tn
He is blind in one eye, and cannot drive in
~Q)o I h""J~ I 1\oPoPQ)o
heavy traffic. h'JX: <t_e<; ill\11'~ '1-&-.t.h
0"7.0~0'1- OU'J1X: 'I.e 11.~-'! h.e'fA'I" have a blister
be blind to
He has a blister on his foot. h""l~; m-~ !f:m~
*Mothers are sometimes blind to their chil- blithe, - heart 'i'A'I-A'I-H
dren's faults. 1-.<;.f-";f h'JJ!'JJ.'. fA}!.il"fw- Everyone loved her for her blithe heart.
'1'4-'1- ' ,..,.,.. f'fw-'1"
fl'i'A'I-A'I-~:t (lw- 11-11- mf.-'!'1-
become blind ;JwOJ~
In his old age, he became blind. Oil1"e~<;w- blizzard [~4-il f1"4'~<1'110'1- fl"''l" h'i'
;J-m<: 1"':' '1-"H:I'U<; ..._el\0::~'1- fl\w- O<:P..]
bloat
bloat H.
Badly cooked food bloated his stomach.
OY.'Hl .t'A.O{II\<D- 11""1-11 11'-'1."t ~4-m-
block (v.)
I. H:>. When I tried to get by him, he blocked
my path. Qm1flo 11"71\'i' {l'l"hC oo")1
-'!."t ' H:>-ll'f
2. 11.1Y.(;J-1Y.). Their forward march was
blocked by a river. f)C(I. "lil:>ll. Q"t.l:"
m"t'lt :J-"IP. ~oc
3. Y..U(.,.Y.L~). The irrigation caoal was block-
ed with mud. foo{l'l"m- llJ!. 0"1",1> .,.Y.'i'
or ~oc
4. hllll. A large pillar blocked my view of
the stage. h"t.l:" '1-A.:,O w.<:- oo.<:-<:11-"t
h"tJIIIJ!. hllll't
block (n.)
1. ""I"J.(-. The butcher cut up his meat on a
large block of wood. 1":> lf= P':><D-"t
0'1-A.:,O "l"t.l:" 1\J!. 'll.t-<:mm-
2. "7hH"t. What do you plan to do with those
blocks of wood? f~"t..,'l- "''M'l"'li"t 'I"
"t ;J-Y.C"IQ'f'PIIll l
3. [ht-'1- ' OD")1Jl."f- ' f"t.t'IJAII-~ ' fh.,..,
h'i'A.]
*The block in the pipe was caused by someone
stuffing it with cotton. !l.'l"!l.<D- f.,.Y.L~<D-
h.").f: I {)(Do I T'f' I {lfl.tiJ-t~t& ~
block of stone TC1l = .(-"},;J~
The pyramids were made of blocks of stone.
'Ct-"7.1'-"f- f.,.IP-1-'f- h'I'C11 ' .!:""),;>)!. ' ~..,_
blockade ( ~ to block) DD'lf:>'I-
A complete blockade of this harbor would
require many ships. Y.ll"t"t IDS'-11 O'i'l\.'1"
1\oP'If:>'l- -1111- ' DPChll"f- ' .t'ilLA.:>II-
declare a blockade fOC"lo oPII,;JT hil~m+
The Egyptians declared a blockade of Israel.
"1111\<D-.t'"). fhilt-t.A"t. RC'"f-. DPH:>:J-'fm-"t
hll;J-m<lt (or "1-111\<D-.t'") fllllt-t.A. oPCh
ll"f- RIDY.Il;F'fm- ll"tJI.t'A4- hllhll-)
blond~"' .t'll
She has blond hair. ~"' .t'll l\1-C l\11'1-
blood
I. S'-'1". There was much blood shed in the
riot. R<:11lfm- 1.11. -1111- fY-'1" ooof.{l
1l ' ~n<:
2. HC. They are of the same blood. Ht-'fm-
l\").1:" ' ~ ....
121 bloodstream
Love of the sea runs in his blood. Qihct oo
tJJaFJ: I hll~ I )liJo
*Blood is thicker than water. hQ().(- uou
.1:" J!.lfiiA
blood pressure fY..'r '1Y.A
His blood pressure is low. fY..oo- r '1.eA
.,..,."t!l.A.
*My blood pressure is high. fY-'1" -flq'l- h
1111't
draw blood lr.F..,
He struck at me with a knife and drew blood.
RILII'P OJ"I.P. hY."'l'f
in cold blood R"l'i' I R"l"IJ~
They were murdered in cold blood. R"l'i' (n
"l"IJ~) ' .,.,Y-11-
give one's blood ,f.oP-"} }\.f.(t{t
The soldiers gave their blood for their country.
m;I-Y.C''Ii Y."'/'f<D-"t 111t-'fm- hL{I(I.
[See also 'bad blood, clot, cold, flesh, stream,
sweat']
blood bath fY-'1" ouof.(lll
The blood bath that followed the French
Revolution was terrible. hL<:"t<'IJ!. """'l::J-
'1! 1\<D-'1' 0:\11 f.,.Y.l:1<D- Y-'1" ouof.{l
11 hh,~>-t ~ nc
bloodless Y-'1" .t'AL{I(IR'I-
ioaJo This was a bloodless victory. y_,- .t'AL{I{I
n'l- .<:-A ~nc
bloodless cheeks fd-:,.0 oP1Clll-l-
To judge from her bloodless cheeks, she must
be sick. h.L;J: DD1C"''I- l\"tY-"7.;1-fm- <'1'1-
;J-oP'/" h'I-.,.C'I"
blood money fY.,. 'I':> l 1-"'1
He refused to accept the blood money. fY-'1"
'I':> (1-"'1) l\A.,.RA.'I" hi\
blood relative fF:> uou.<:-
Only blood relatives were invited to the
wedding. hC"I f.,.m-1-'1- fl":> UoPJI."f-
11il' .,.,...,.
bloodshed fY-'1" ouof.{lll
The riot resulted in bloodshed. -11'1'-llm- fY.
'I" oPof.{l{l") ' hllh.,.l\
bloodstream fY-'1" P'C
The doctor injected the medicine into the
bloodstream. dt h.oP- ' n~r t JP'r ' ODC4 I
OJ,;><D-
bloodthirsty
bloodthirsty 1.f" f+m"7
A bunch of bloodthirsty bandits captured them.
1.?" f+m"7 l'1i'i!.fl- ~1." J'~:fm-
blood vessel fl'.f" FC
He cut a blood vessel in his arm. fh't-'1..1' fl.
,.. I JPC I "'r.m(l)o
bloody
I. 1.?" f-t)ht:. He denied killing the man,
even though the bloody knife was still in his
hand. 1.f" f+)h.l: ""II. 117.)1': 11-~ !l
:1",.,. o'IID-11-ID-1' ' """11.11-1' ' 111.
2. 1.?" f"'U'41111. The shooting triggered
a bloody riot. +lt-(l- 1.f" f"'U''I-1111 11
'1'11'1' IIM"'
3. fll'.f" f+flh/1. The bloody corpses made
me shudder. fll'.f" f+flhll-+1' "-itl":f
"7f+ H1H'S
be bloody 111.?" +llh/1
His handkerchief was all bloody. ""m.l:!l- 111.
f" +llhll- )flC
bloom (v.)
I. 111111. The roses bloomed all summer.
IM.I:-'!9',.; fl;>ID-1' """II- 7.1'-'!1111- )fl~
2. 11"7.1:(11+). The children bloomed at camp
this sununer. A]!,.; 1111.11 11;> 11)11~11+ f
OD1f)';' ' (l:J" ' 11"7.1:fJ:fiD-
bloom (n.) hf"!I-T
The rose has a bloom that can easily be
damaged. IM.I:-'! fl4'itll- II.""-'~ f"'l.l-A
7.?"11-T ' 11/IID-
bloom of youth fll1111)+ 1.U
She was in the bloom of youth. 11111111)+ 1.
U'l' )flt::f
be in full bloom h-'!C 7.11h ' -'!C 111111
The apple trees are in full bloom. f.,'f.,. ~
.:::f. h-'!C 7.11h -'!C 111111'1'A
blossom (v.)
1. J\00. The trees in our garden are about
to blossom. fl+hA+ ll:J"l-1' .I'll-+ ~.::
:r- ' 11..1'1111- ' )ID-
2. .1.11. These yellow flowers blossom on the
slope of the mountain. Mll.ll !l'"II IIIIIJ
l":f h+~m- _,.A.,.II+ itf. 11-.I.IJII-
blossom (n.) llflfl
The blossoms are falling off the tree. 111111,.; h
~4- itf. M.1:14- t;:fm-
blot (v.)
I. lloomm. Blot the signature before you fold
122 blow
the letter. 1.11-'!11.,..,. h"7m'i!tl 11.1.+ .1.
C"?m-1' llf"Tmm-
2. +llf" Mml1. His pen slipped and blotted
the paper in two places. 11b~ llf"AIP+
mt:4'.,.,. o-11+ 11:1" itf. 4'/lf" lltml1
n+
blot out ;J~
Clouds blotted out the moonlight. fQ;~,.I::J''I'
1' ' 11C71' ' Jl.OOt; ' ;J.I:Jl.ID-
be blotted out mof.
Many words in this letter have been blotted
out. hll.ll 1.11-'!11. itf. 1111- ?it+ m'i!
+'I' A
blot up h.oomm
Take a blotter and blot up the ink! 4'11"""1'
114'/lf" "7f"m'"i llf"mm-
blot (n.) T'l-+
She has been haunted by a blot on her past.
fl'."t: ' T'f.;J: ' l\l\., ' J'u>:J'J':J"A
*The page is full of blots. 1l\. 1111- +llf"
+"tmfJT(lfl:J"A
blotter f+llf" "7f"m'"ll
Take a blotter, and blot up the ink! 4'11_.,. II
4'/I'F' "7f"m'"i llf"mm-
blotting paper "7f"m'"ll mt:4'+
Blotting paper takes up ink. "7f"m'"ll tD.I:
4'+ 4'/lf" f.OO"'A
blouse lf"7.11
Do you need any elastic for the blouse?
lllf"7.11'1i itM:h +.I.A1.J'II'Ii ?
blow (blew, blown), vt.
I. t'f.. The herald angel blew his hom three
times. llofllt&m- ooAIIh oo/lh.,.,. V'11+
1.U' t'f.
The police blew his whistle three times.
7"1\.{l- V'11+ 1.U .1.'liiJm-1' t'f.
2. llo'l"7. The driver blew his hom three
times. )'l(m- V'il+ 1.U ~f"IJID-1'
11(1"7
3. 11<1-1.1.. Blow the dust off the books! 11!1.<1-tJJo
.,. h""ll'm4- "" 11&-"''i!
blow (vi.)
I. t.l.o'l. A strong wind was blowing. 11C.,
t'l-11 f.)'i!11 tflC
2. '""1i. The siren blew just as we reached the
hospital. Ah lfii"I::J"A ii1'1.C11 itf.t:
.,. ' '""1i
3. IIU(II+). The dust blew into my face
blow
through the open window. Oh'l'-1: oolll>'l-
Oil-A h!lt- .C.-I: '1,.
OH11'1
4.1-:l'mll. A fuse blew as we sat down to dinner.
Ah 1\l.t-'1- "'""" ll"JA QAII'IfDo 1-
:l'ml\
5. 1Q. The dust blew into the house. h!J.t-fDo
<1'. IL-l- 1Q
blow away
*The paper blew away. m~+-t:"J )'i-ll m
{IJ'.tiJo
blow down 1)"1mll l 1M1'.1l
The storm blew the trees down. )'i-ll
., 1)"1m'l:ftiJo (1)'11'./l:ftiJo)
blow In )L(I
The house was half-buried by the dust that
had blown in from the desert. IL-l: hO~"Ii,.
O)L(IfDo h!lt- Oh.I.A -t-4>111!' )OC
blow off (vt.)
I. ht-11- '1,.
milS'.. The wind blew off my hat.
)'i-ll- QC~"'\I."J ht-fl. II,. rllS'.tiJo
2. 0;1"-J-). The hand grenade blew off his
head. 1?.~ 111'"11 "l'""J:r.'l-t:"J 0;1"-J-)tiJo
3. 1)"1mll. The gale blew off the roofs of
some of the huts. 'itiJoll- )'i-ll- .I'"J'I"J~
IL.Y.:f"J "16.1' 1)"1m'l
blow off (vi.) )'i-ll rll1'.0-l-
+My hat suddenly blew off. QC~"'\I."J )'i-ll
0~1'1- rll1'.11'1
blow on
I. -J-)Lil(O'I-). Blow on your hands to warm
them! 7.;l(:fu"J 11"7'1";r. 1-"J'!'M:ftiJo
2. 7.'1' 7.'1' hi\. The child blew on the hot soup.
A)l: '1-h-ll-"J !l"cq 7.'1' 7.'1' hl\tiJo
blow open (vt.)
I. OL"J'I; hL-1-. Thethiefblewopen the safe.
1\.QtiJo li11'i"tiJo"J OL"J'I; hL-1-tiJo
2. 0~11'.. The wind blew the door open.
R-1-"J )'i-ll 0~11'-tiJo
blow open (vi.) 1-0~11'.
The door blew open and scared me. 0"'- +fl
C"IP.. hll1'.)1m'1
blow out (vt.) hm'i-
The wind blew the candle out. )'i-(1- "if"7m-
., hm'i-tiJo
blow out (vi.)
I. m'i-. The light blew out. OOoflt--1: m'i-
2. L)'l. The old tire blew out. hl!'"l.tiJo 1"7
LM
3. 1-:l'mll. The fuse blew out. QAII'ItiJo 1-:l'mt\
123 blow
blow (Itself) out 7..1'1'-C 0~1'.
The storm has blown itself out. '),.t\'i'fDo )
'i-ll 7..1'.1'.C 0~1'.
blow over hilL
The storm will blow over soon. "''bOI\- t .Y.fto
.I'A 'I-A
blow to bits 11'1-"J-l-l'-"J hiD"l
A mine blew the ship to bits. ~"'L:,. oochfl-
., 11'1-"J-l-)."J hrD"'tiJo
blow up (vt.)
I. R1'."7"'L 'I- h.f.t-~{1 i RL"J'I; hLt-~(1 l
~,;::,; hL)'I. The enemy has blown up all bridges .
m'l'l- ~A~f":f"J tNr 01'."7"'L'I- hL
t-~ll:fm- (OL"Jl[ hLt-~ll:ftiJo, or hL)'I:ftiJo)
2. hm'i-. The charge is enough to blow us all
up. L"J'I;tiJo tJo'l:f"J"JII" t\"7'1'4-'1- 114: ')
,.A ht\m-
3. )'i-. Blow up my tires, please. 1"7lP'In
"J'i-A'1
blow up (vi.)
I. LM. The powder plant blew up. fQ-1-'1.
'i-1161) ' L)'l
2. O"J.I'..'I- tnL. When he heard he had not
been promoted, he blew up. f1'.~7f 1.~1'1-
ht\"7"1'f-I:"J 0(1"7 1..11. O"J.I'..'I- tnL
[See also 'horn, nose, wind']
blow (n.)
I. 11"'1-. The power of his blow split the
wooden door. fll"-1: '),.A fb"JQ;l.-J:"J
""111...1' (l)"'m+tiJo
2. flom.. The boxer was laid prostrate by the
blow. fl-m. 'i'tiJo Oflom. 1-H~~
3. 1-'1'1-. His losing his car was a hard blow.
DPh_'i"fDo"J "7"1-1: '1-A:r. 1-'1'1- )OC
at one blow ll"JJ!" "l.tL
The entire province fell to the enemy at one
blow. ""'~"'" m:r.'l,. .,~:,. q-,~ 1..11.
Om'l'l- 7.~ <1'.+
come to blows +~QF.O
The enemies came to blows. 'l't\'l':r; 1-S'.QS'.fl-
deal a (hard) blow
1. hrt\4>. He dealt me a hard blow on the
chin. h1..,.., h<ll+'1
2. h'i";J. The President's death dealt the
country's politics a blow. fT~II_'I"J-1: '1"'1-
f1J16-I:"J Tt\-I;IJ h'i":uo
exchange blows +~fli.O
They almost came to the point of exchanging
blows. II_.I'.QS'.flo II""JII" hA+t-lf'fDo?" )OC
blowout
(begin to) exchange blows Jl.'l ~""""
The two men argued and began to exchange
blows. 11-11-1> (lfP';fo ..,..,.,:J'.,..-1',. Jl.'l
~""""
get a blow of"OII ;1-
He got a blow on the head. 6-(1- 'If. """":1'
launch a blow 11-m. MH~(tiT)
He launched a blow at my chin. tiM..,. 'I
f. 11-m. (I)H~11'i
lay on heavy blows .f.flF-0
He laid on heavy blows with a short club.
tl-1'"'"1' ~tl~tiiJJo
lead to blows h>l-'1 11.~~(1
The altercation between the two drivers led
to blows. fii-IIT ouh...,. )l{fP:Y. 'tTCh
hJI.'I h~~""'"'"
strike a blow h.Y..;J 11)1\
Our army struck a swift blow at the enemy.
tp6-';fo't tlm'IT 'If. .l:''t11-'i' h~:> "'ll
(without) striking a blow fit h.,.Jil- ~ +:J-m-'1"
The fortress was taken without striking a blow.
11"'111 Yll h'tJI:Y. 1-:J'IJJo'l" TYH
suffer a blow d.~ll
The solidity of their friendship suffered a blow.
fmti<J> IDJI)(');J-:fiJJo L~(l
[See also 'vital']
blowout, have a - 1"7 L)JitiT
We had a blowout on the way home. "'~
T h't't.l:' 1"7 L)JI1J't
blowup f;JII .,..:,."'*
The blowup caused angry feelings among the
members of the committee. f ;JIIIJJo .,..:,..,..
:,0 ti~C'l- hfJII-';fo oul)hA :J>t~.:J-'t L
m~
blubber (v.) T)of..~-1'
Stop blubbering and tell me what's wrong!
OD)~.,') ' T1-IJ ' 9"') ' 7,')~1J"'th ' 't1~'f
blue
I. fi"7Y'. The cat has beautiful blue eyes.
.(oout;t li"7Y' fll"). ol''t} 'tf..'f';fo
h,_..,.
2. fThH. He was lonely and blue. 11:f'i'..,. f
ThH )RC
out of the blue
He arrived out of the blue. htLU ootrt II
f..IJA h:Y. hll
[See also 'moon']
124 blunt
blueprint 't~
The blueprint of the building was drawn up
by an engineer. f.n'tl\IJJo 't.l:'<;: fTV'6-IJJo
ROOIJ'tJI..h )RC
bluff (v.)
I. h;J-1111. He bluffed the guard into admitting
him. HR'i'IJJo't h:J-11- 1.'tJI..Yh1fJIJJo h~~1
2. h'1"1. The guerrillas bluffed the enemy
into thinking they were being attacked by a
huge army. 1\:>"''..F-fP'Ii m'I;J-:fiJJo't tiT
A:J> tpC fTm:J' t1"7hoo(IA h~T
bluff (n.) -1''1' Yll 1~A
Caves are seen in the face of the bluff.
-1''1' IJIIIJJo 1~A 'If. 'l'lffP';fo f..:l'YII-
bluff, is only a - 1.'tJI..YID- liM )OJ-
His threat to fire you is only a bluff. hP'6- II..
YhiD"'IJ f~1-11U 1.'tJI..YID- llh4- )IJJo
be all a bluff rLmt:e& m~ ' ~m-
Her story was all a bluff to get money from us.
ft1~:Y.'t :J-&h h'i' 1'tH11 II"'/"11T
hTA fLm~:Y.,. "'"- )IJJo
blunder (v.) ..,. ...... .,.
She blundered and failed to write down the
names of all the people. 1-llh:J- f(lfP'fi't
hll" tl ...... /1- ""'~~'"' +~:Y.
blunder into Oiaih++ 1 111
IL Without my glasses, I blundered into the wrong
room. OD)l\'tl.'t ll'I~C"' -tc'li tlh.n1-
..,. /1.'1 h<;:A IJJoh'l' 11111-
blunder (n.) h<;:T'i' h.n1-T l h.n1-T
The German attack on Russia is considered
a blunder. f~C""'t ooh1>1l't .,.,.;JT
1.'t~ h<;:-1-'i' h.n..,...,. Jl.4\m6-A
I made an awful blunder when I spoke to the
minister thinking that he was a secretary.
1\.l,L ODhll-'i h"''..~h"'"" ;JC ht;J1C
TA:J> h.n1-T h~~"'ll-
blunt
I. ~UI. This knife is blunt. f..U R..'I'P ~)
1f I )(Do
2. JI.AJI-11". The pencil is blunt; please sharpen
it! 1.Cll(l- JI.AJI-11" !IIIII") ;r.~I\IJJo
3. <;:C'I' Yll. He thinks blunt speech proves
he is honest. <;:C'I' fiiiJJo M:>1"" :J-"7'i
OUIJ").'t f"7..1Al\' ' ODh/1-;J-A
become (be) blunt
I. ~)H. The ax became blunt from cutting
 bluntly
too much wood. -1111- ~"t""''l- 111\T,..<:mO
'!- ' ""'l'l:OJ'ID- ' J'.)H
2. /'.11/'."". The spear is blunt because it
struck a stone. tn~ 1 ~1.?~ ' lU\aJ;J F-A
JI..,_A
bluntly 'i'C'I' h.I':C~
He told me the truth very bluntly. hm-)-l>"t
'i'C'I' h.I':C~ )1<:'5
blur (blurred)
I. hl\1\. Mist blurred the hill.'?;>"! l><:-11:1'
ID-"t hi\1\ID-
2. hJ'.OHH. He blurred the page in two places.
1K."t v-1\'l- (l;l- '1.1'- hJ'.OHHID-
blurred (adj.) J'.il~~
The print was blurred. 7.'1-.,.. J'.il~~ )OC
be blurred ( ~ tr.) h-1'<:<:
+Her eyes were blurred with tears. q.,r.s:
"tQ h~Ct!' )OC
blurt out HhHh
He rushed in and blurted out the news.
C"tfl ~11-f m~m-'l Hhllh
blush (v.) hoi.<: l .1.-1> '1'9" <fl'{ll\
She blushes easily when she is in company.
hllm- .:>C 11'1-11"1 ' 1'11- ' :1''1'<1-11:f
She blushed with shame. OM:<:'!- .1.;1: 'I'
IJD I OD{JI\
blush (n.), at first ~ oe'f.oo&y (1.;1-.('.
At first blush, the plan appeared very simple.
oo'f.oot.Y {1.;1-.('. h~JI. 4''1A .('.oollA
)0C
blusterJ'.H.
When the police arrested him, the motorist
began to bluster. ?'ll.fl:f (l..('.H-'1- oah,q
H(m- ' ""J'."t'i-'1- ' 1..""<:
boar, wild ~ hCht!'
They went hunting wild boar in the mountains.
hCht!' 1\.Y.r:-,. mJ',. 1'<1-<1- IDtJlo
board (vt.) 1'44..<:
We boarded the train in Washington. QII'C
fT4.1.C)ID- 'l''li"t"'T"t )ID-
board (vi.) 1''1-1111- <;'<:
She is boarding with us. h'i' ;>C T'l-11'1
'1-'f.l-1\:f
board up ~")""''!- hJ'.<:10'l-
Did you board up the window? ""111>-1> '1.1'-
~"t""''l- hl'.<:"!IIO'l- ?
125 boastful
board (n.)
1. l)"t :J'. The boards of the floor were cracked
with age. fiDI\11- 4"t:J'fP:f h'"/C'f.;l-'l'm-
f-1')"1 Tll)"''J'4"1'A
2. llii.JI. Please nail the board to the wall! M.
'lfDo"t "1.1':"/'lfDo '1.('. 09"11'"/C 9";1-fDo
3. 'I'.,C llii.JI. Write it on the board! 'I'.,C
{1/l.'lfDo '1.1'- ~~.~.....
4. llC.I':. He was elected to the Water and
Power Board. 1\fD?<;" oe-fl<~-'1- llC.I': }lq
A)'!- 1-oe<:m
be on board 1"114.
Is everybody on board? (lfDo v-11- 1'4'1'a:A ?
[See also 'cutting, room')
boarder h'lt.
Do you take boarders? h'lt.fP:f 'l-4'0'1'1 :fv-?
boarding
~ *In this town, many people make a living by
boarding students. 011.11 h-1''"1 -1111- (lfP
:f 1""/t.fP:f"t 1"tHil 7-.Yllh.l.ll- 0'"/'f
c .1'-1-'IJ'..l-11-
boarding house 11""1-11<;" oo'5:f' f"'U'50'l-
ll'i'<l-
Do you know of a nice boarding house?
-No 9""1-fl<;' oa'5;1- f"'/.1'50'1- ll'i'<l-
;1-ID-:l'l\11 ?
boarding pass foo4J.t.Y '1-K"
Have your boarding pass ready! fool)ol..t.Y
~l\:fo-"t ' JIH;>lf.
boarding school h'lt. '1-II"IIC'l- 11.'1-
He goes to a boarding school. h'lt. '1-I"'IIC
'I-' 11.'1-' .1'-'"1<1-A
boast (v.)
I. G:h<:. The enemy boasted that he would
never be defeated. m'l'l- 9""t'l.l19" hAlf)
..,,.. -1111- G:h<:
2 . .,..:. )~.He boasted thatheneverfaile d an
exam. 4..1'<; h-1' m.l':"' hl\~9" 0'"111'1-
.,.<1-.,."t )~
3. 11-t.-. Our town boasts many fine parks.
h1""/:f"t Q!l,'1- -1111- f"''.Y'""II"~ fouq 4..
lf ll'i'<l-fP:f '1-h-t.-11 :f
boast (n.) .,..:.
His boast bored everyone. ..,...~tD- v-1\-1'
Mil 'I'
(be) boastful .,.t.-ID-"t )~
Yohannes was boastful of his strength.
l'"dt"tll ill\ 'l'"tli.:.fDo .,.t.-m-"t .('.)'1 )ftC
boasting
boasting 4-ht-
In the past, victory in battle was followed by
boasting before the king. OT't'l- 'I.IL 0
tflet'l- Y:IA h-t-.1'.<:7 0::\~ "''lt<:'LJ'm- 0
't.,._ .,.,. 4-ht- O"''Y:<:"' toe
boat
I. ooeh11. This boat goes to Australia.
J.'.IJ ooeh11 mi. hm-11'1-t-iiJ J.'."IA
The boat trip will take five days. fooehll- .,.
~ h9"11'1- ' 4''t J.'.4.1f1A
2. )!IAQ. We went fishing in his boat. 011- )!
IAQ 't"' II"'''J'OOY; Y;'t
boating O)!IAQ ooY:
Boating is discontinued in winter. O~AQ OD%
Y: Oh<:9"'1- J.'.li/<:"1/A
bode 9"/Ah'l- tO<:
The frequent mishaps boded disaster. f-1-.1'..:>1
...,. h.l'.:>fP~ f""'t'l- rAh-1'~ to~
bodies, see body
bodily (adj.) fl"lm-H
Bodily pains are a sign of old age. fl"lm-t'l- .b
oor \?.e~'i' 9"/Ah'l- tm-
bodlly (adv.)
I. 0.,./AO'I-. He was dragged away bodily.
0.,./AO'I- -1-1--1--1-
2. Q'tY:t'l-. The audience rose bodily to cheer
the hero. hY:"''"" )!"l'i'ID"t II"''Y:t:J>
Q't Y:t'l- 11Y:"' hll
*The tornado picked him up bodily and threw
him against the wall. '1J.'.II'fm- H-11 h'tF
.,. h"'Y:"''IID' h~:>ID'
body (bodies)
I. l"lm-t'l-. He has a large body. "111-'i! l"lm-t
,. hiiiD'
2. <loll I hllh<l.'t. They took the body to the
cemetery. <l.ltfD''t (hllh<!.io't) mi. oo.4'1Je
...... .~~.,.
3. hlJIA. A lake is a body of water. dtJ.'.:J> h
'tY: fm-~ hlJIA tm-
The human body consists of many cells.
fi"IID' hlJIA f-1-u>t-m- hilll" I"I.IA tm-
Chemistry teaches us about solid and liquid
bodies. h."'l.ll'l-6 1111 TTe'i' .Llt'il hlJII-
~ Yll-t-9"<:'i'IA
4. '\Y:. A large body of singers sang at the
church. '1-A:J> fH"7&fP~ '\Y: 00.-1- he
11-I:Y.... ID'liT HOD<:
126 boil
5. 'l''i' h'i'IA. The body of the book contains
all the essential facts. f""X"dt4- 'l''i' h'i'
A 1L~1.fP,;'t 'i!<l. t7C'~ o-11- Mt
!I.IA
6. h'i'IA. The legislative body makes the laws
for the country. ih"'l J\QJoQil.(Do htt:A h
IJ76;1: .b1~'t J.'.!f.t"'.?/A
7. 9""111t'l-. Thick soup has more body than
thin soup. <D'i!t-9" Jl"eq h4'"i"'t Jl"eq
fOIIm ,...,1lt'l- hllm-
(the) body of the people h1Jq'fm- .b1111
The body of the people favor the President's
policy. h1Jq'fm- .b1111 M"<l.tVI't1>'t ;r
11.11. ' J.'.!f."l<f.IA
in a body Q'tY:t'I-
They left the hall in a body. Q'tY:t'l- lJ.IIt-
lf.mm-
keep body and soul together
*He hardly eats enough to keep body and soul
together. t'i!ll ll.'tY:'I-M11'1- 11!1' J.'.MIA
[See also 'exercise, foreign, legislative, lifelessj
bodyguard o)I'O.
The rich trader was told to take a bodyguard
with him when he went on a trip. llil,.....
t:>Y. O"'l.l\110'1- 1.1L h'tY: o:oro. ll.'t
JIJ'.11 i't7l:ID'
Imperial Bodyguard fhile HO'i'
The Imperial Bodyguard protects the Emperor.
fhile HO'f 't.,.u> t71"1>'t J.'.mii.4'1A
bog down
I. I"IODm, The car bogged down in the mud.
ODb,.'iaJ- I 'Alifl":J-(J)o I aJo{ltp I {IOOffi
2. -t-l\-1--t-. Negotiations bogged down due
to disagreement. lJIIOD"/QQ'I- f-1-t"' fll9"9"
t1> 't"l"'e Tl\-l--1-
bogus fdti"I'I-
They were condemned for making bogus
money. fdtl"l'l- 1'tHil Mrom- -1-.L<:!f.Q:fm-
boil (vt.)
I. h.L~. Please boil the water! ~ID''t h'i'~m-
2. 4'4'11. Please boil the eggs two minutes!
ll.'tMII-'t llrJoll'l- !1.4!.4' 4':J>IIm-
boll (vi.) .L~
The water is boiling. m-~m- ll.f.l.~ tm-
The kettle is boiling, so come and make coffee.
)!O'i'm- .L~ I tJ.'. 11-'i' <R.9"60'1-
He was boiling with rage. !'.... .LIA.f t
oe
boil 127 bombing

boll away LAofo 1111.,. to the general. ~~&.11-') Y.'i:r: 0""''i'1'1- .e

The water has boiled away. IJJ-;)IJJ- LAofo ~c;J- mf.,.
11M/A
boldness Y.4-C~-l-
boil down Boldness in women is not admired. ffLof~
It all boils down to this: He won't come. Y.4-C~-l- h.eY.~~,.
11~ ..... 11(1- '/;J'.0'"'19"
After I talked to the secretary, I knew that bolt (vt.) .,.<:.,.<:
it all boiled down to the fact that I was wrong. After the farmer put the cattle in the pen,
ll"'ol.'f'') ll~;>1Cl>.-l- fl:\'1 11"1."&.11 : ""<'1<'1 he bolted the gate. 1fl&.OJ- hoflofo'l?) hfl<:
-1:1 +1~Hoflh- .,. l'tll11J'I'OJ- fl:\'1 fl-1-') ' .,.<:_,.<:.,.
(be) boiled down bolt (vi.) Y.~O<:! lfoomm
*The water was boiled down to obtain salt. Suddenly, the horse bolted. L<:a. S'.'')1'Jo F.
,.;>,.
+'l' 11/IIJ...I'A~
"""'" 1\"''lii-IIJ-l- ~0<: (lf""mm)
+LI\ be bolted Ofl-fr'') +ffH
boil over 1tLI\ The plates were welded together, not bolted.
The milk boiled over. m+., 1~LI\ m'i:IIJt::'fi ofl<:ofo:f +O.eY.'I'A 11'):( 0
make (one) boil over(= boil over) fl').l',.o}o fl-fr'') I hA.,.fJ'II"?"
tnL bolt (n.) h'i'-l- l ,.,,..,.
Any mention of the incident makes her boil The nut came off the bolt. fl-fr'). hh'i'.,
over. .,.~,.,. n+~"' .,....c fl').l'.-l- -l-tn4- (h""'fVIJJ-) Oh-A OJI\_,.
11l-
put on to boil "I~
bomb (v.) OP?"ofl S'.OS'.O
Put the kettle on to boil. lR'i'OJ-1 IIJS'.IJJ- The planes bombed the factory again during
the night. t.m-r:TI\'l''fi 4-ofl&l'tm-') 11')S'.1'i'
boil (n.) ofi'Jo')~ 11.11.-l- fl(l9"ofl S'.OS'.fl-
He has a boil on his neck. 11')1., 'I.e ofi'Jo
')~ OJ'I'of-O;J-A bomb (n.) (l?"ofl
The whole district has been destroyed by
boiler f"''.l.f ;>') bombs. _,.OII.OJ- oou-tr O(l?"ofl mY.""
The intake of each boiler is 300 gallons an set off a bomb P.r-o. h.LtJS
hour. f"''.l.f :n flll~-l- V'll-l- ,...,. ;> They set off a bomb in the street. floP')1JI.
II-') IIJ.11 .el-1\A 1\_e (l?"ofl hL~JI.
boiling, be ~ hot 1.:<: bombard OP?"ofl Y.OY.O
The sun was boiling hot. Bm.e'l' hf1<:<::Y. The artillery bombarded the enemy all day.
-l-~S'.' ~nc ooS'.'L'if''fi mil-l-') .,.>., ,..tr OP?"ofl
boisterous o-tt;J- rn~n.r S'.OY.fl--l-
The boisterous party lasted until midnight. bombard with 1\0J<:S'..(O-l-)
o-tt:J- rn~n.r "'of!V 11/lh 1111-11 11.11.-l- The audience bombarded him with questions.
S'.'<:ll ~f hS'.""'""''fi 'I'14: t.m<:JI.O-l-
bold bombardment f(l?"ofl S'.'of!S'.IJ
I. Y.4-C. The bold explorer saw the whole He went mad during the bombardment.
country. Y.'l+ 11<'111 M&;J;') 11'1"11 111-l- O(l?"ofl S'.'of!S'.IJOJ- 1.K 'i'I\OJ- P<:
2. liS'.' hY."'. The bold little boy mocked us
bombast 'Jo&.
as we passed. liS'.' hS'.'l- -l-')11 A~ II His bombast impresses the boss, but not his
'i'A'i: h'11mofl')
colleagues. 'Jo&.OJ- 111\,J>OJ-') 11'):( f I"&.
3. .,. ... fll. Bold cliffs fronted the sea . .,.... 'iY.'if''fi') hfilS'.')~?"
ftr 1S'.fr':f hfJ.h-1- JIC .e:J-ftr
4. fS'.''i:<:-l-. That was a bold statement. fS'."i: bombing f(l?"ofl S'.'of!S'.IJ 1 (19"ofl ooiiJA
<:-l- M:nc ~nc Tbe bombing reduced Germany to chaos.
*He apologized for being so bold as to speak f(l?"fl- S'.'of!S'.IJ lC"""1 h+&-i"'ll

bond
Indiscrim inate bombing results in many civilian
casualties. h~ 1 h1'-'fioPIIJ {19'"11 oollJA. 1
1111" {l.ii./1-:f'! f.1!":1t.IA
bond
I. 1'1'!(111'1-. The prisoner broke his bonds
and escaped. hll<:'i'ID" l'l'!l'lll-1>'1 fl'J'{l hoo
lim
The treaty strengthened the
2. "ITf.)'J-.
bond between the two nations. m-tr fo-ll-J:
'! h1t::f "ITH'I- hm)h<:
3. DP'Jof.ll. There is a bond of loyalty between
the Emperor and the patriots. flli''!!Tf.'i'
fl/>Cfl'J''!i ODIJhfA f;J-"7'h'J - DP'jof.ll
hll
4. fl'!Y:. He bought government
foP'!"IP' 'I- ' (t'j!f: ' 1'1
bondag e fJC)'J-
The Jews were held in bondage in Egypt.
hf.IJol'o: f fl"I11K' ID-11'1' flfJC)'J- 1-f.HID-
)flC
bondm an 1fJC
A bondman could not own land in old England.
fl'l''!'l- 1.11. flh'!"ll\.11 MC 1fJC Cll
'1- ' hf.'l' l:ID-'1"
bone (v.), ~ up Mlll'l
I have to bone up on my history for the exam.
11;1-611 of.-1-'i' oohlt.llll 1>1111'1
bone (n.) h'I''I'I-
Give the dog a bone! 1\ID"lfiD" h'l''!'l- llmiD"
I feel chilled to the bone. 11CJI. 7.1111 h'l'
'!-1: ' 1-1'1"7'1
have a bone to pick with someone
I have a bone to pick with you. f'I"11AK'IAU
:t.:.;J- ' 1>11'1
make no bones about
He made no bones about his intentions.
.hllfl-'1 ' 11t.'lll:f ' :t.:.;J- ' 11111
bonfire
I. J'.oo&-. The children made a bonfire for
the Mesqel holiday. A].!'li I\DP11<1'1A S'.""
&- ' hll~
2. '1-A:t 7.11'1-. They built a bonfire on the
beach to attract the attention of passing ships.
hlt..L oocl11':f h'lll..l'l'1 ''fiD- flfJ.ltC
llCil' '1-IA:t hl\'1- MS'.JI.
bonus 1-Clf
The company gave every worker a bonus.
11-fi'!.I'ID- 1\.f'!ll'!JI. P'&-1-'i' 1-Clf (lm
128 booksh elf
bony h'l''!;f-'1"
The skull is a bony structure. f&-11 :tfA
h'l''! ;1-'1" hiJIA )OJ<
boo n=h'l- ' -J-:J>moo
The audience booed his lamentable violin
playing. f"7f.<:fJID"'! fii.l'll.'! '1"-1>'1 h
!":"7~ fl""1i'l- -1-:J>m.,...'l-
book (v.)
I. DPH1fl. The police booked him on a charge
of drunken driving. 7"1\.fto 1'1111: flOD'!/l'l-
'J'of..'J-' DPH1fl1D"
2. 1H. How many seats did you book for
the theater? 11-1:1'1-~ 11'1'1- DP<i'DP"'"1l":f
11111!
bonds.
book (n.) ooK"Jo'i'
There are many pictures in this book. htLU 1
DPK',h<j: ' ID-11'1' ' 1111" ' P'/)/1-:f ' />1\o
accordin g to the book
*The solution was not according to the book,
but it served the purpose. f:f"l~ DP'i''l-.h.
S'.'!fl-'1 IJf.h-l"fA'I" 111-lll' -1"11"7'/";I;IA
keep books 0011111 ,.fH
1
o
The accounta nt keeps my books. f .h.l\11
1'4:1D- DP1111L'I f.f.111A'i'IA
bookbi nder DPK'.h'i' m&-'fr
The bookbind er will repair your book cover.
DPK'.h'i' ' m&-11' ' foPK'.h'i'U'! ' 11-1-'1 ' f.
m"I'!IAYIA
bookca se fDPK'.h'i' "1'1''1
The bookcase is small, and I cannot place in it
all my books. fODK'.h4- "1'1''1 '1-'111 11
lilT) ""K'"'"-' ! n-11- lt.11<1''1"'1'fl'l- hfA
:fA'I"
bookish foPK'.h'i' <l'fl'i'
A bookish child does not like football. foPK'
.h'i' <l'fl'i' f!T)ID- fA]!: I?."IC '>.11
hf.aJY:'I"
bookke eper m.l\11 1'fr
The bookkeeper found a shortage when he
checked the accounts. .h.l\11 .f1CID" .h.ll
II-'! ' -~""""1'1'1: '1-Y:I\'1- M'ffl'l-
bookle t '1-'111 ""K'm'i'
The booklet you gave me has ~ paper cover.
fl'lm1i'1 '1-'111 ""K'm'i' fAIJ{to fm<:<l'
'1- ' )ID"
booksh elf fDPK'.h'i' DPS'.CS'-61
My bookshelf is wide. foPK'.h'i' DPS'.CS'.t.1
~\.co I ~(Do
... I
bookstore foP~.b'i! oPf.11C
You may be able to get it in a second-hand
bookstore. bh.C'1. oPK"dt'i! oP.l!.oflC r ~1
ltD- f.I]'<;{A
bookworm +fl'f l fon~.h'i! 4l&-'f
foP~.h'i!
Since he is a bookworm, he got the highest
grade in the exam. fOU~.h'i! +fl'f (4l6-'f)
flOUIJ'). ' flL-f-'0 ' h")f,.'f ' WIIJ
boom (v.)
1. IVl&-. At the announcement of victory,
cannons boomed. fY:A H."i 0+1llK '1.
1L onf:~"f- h'i-1-
2. -t-M-'1- l .,_..,_..,_.,.. After the war, business
boomed. htnC)-1> fl:\'1 "J"'f: -t-il'i-'1-
(-1-..,_ ..,_.,.)
boom out 1-'1 1111- -f-(1""1
The big man's voice boomed out above the rest.
f"'IH- (lm-IL 1:9"6 hi\.~ '1-'1 11
II- ' .,_ .....,
boom (n.)
I. f:"J'i-;1'. He could hear the boom of the
cannon. fouf:4-") f:"J'I-;1' lloail""l't- !I'll
2. .,....,_..,_:,.. The business boom lasted five
years. 0"1-'l- .,....,_..,_:,. hilh h9"il'l- 't""
,_.off
boon, be a ,...., OIIJ!r" m+oP
Those warm stockings were a boon to me
in the cold weather. MHJ' f"'L '1"4l fh"'C
if-6-P"f- flHJ' 1101""1 YfC mQf. m-il
.,. otiJr m+fiD"~
boor ilf: hf."'
The boor talked only about himself. ilf: h
,._.,. ' 1111 &-~ 11!1' ha>&-
boorish f111A"''O
His boorish manners angered the host.
f111A"''O 11-'0-l:tD- QIIIJ.-1>") hil.,."'tD-
boost (v.)
I. a>f. 'If. 1'1-. If you boost me, I can climb
that tree. QJ.J',. 'If. 11'1-1'1-'S y-,-, 'l'i!
ha>"'llrJ-
2. h'i! 7.1.~1(11'1-). The award boosted his con-
fidence. f-t-1.~111'1- 11A""I't- fl&-~ YIIOJ-")
hf")'f- h'i! 7.1.~111'1-
3. hila>U. The drought has boosted the
prices of grain. f:C4l fhU/A") 'I';J hil
mum-
boost (n.) "f!'""l&
The newspapers announced the tremendous
boost in food prices . .?rt.flll- ; 09'"1-fl r if oM'
'If. h'i!-t-'f f'l' ;J "f!'""l& .,..,._~.,.., 1111\-
give a boost m~ ~,.e. 14-
Give me a boost so I can climb over this wall.
flli.U "1")11 h'l'C 'If. onlfii/A h"Jf:"f-
IA ' a>f. ' 'If. ' "1'1-'S
boot, high - 11'1- _,_..,
When I go fishing, I wear high boots. 't"' II""I
'J'OUf: il'tf: (l'f- ""/.""/ hf.C;JIIrJ-
Iick someone's boots +Aaotoom
The private refused to lick the lieutenant's
boots to get a raise in rank. m;r~~ 1 11\n:oP
'I- 1.1:1'1- 1\IA on.fo hii:J-m-") ao11
""/OD'J' h"/fL~'S ' hll
booth
1. Jill. There were many booths at the fair.
h."'li.IL11). 1111- J!{l"f- )fl-1-'1-
2. 1;1':. There is no telephone booth in this city.
fliW h-t-""1 ID-il'l' fil/Ah 1;1': fll9"
booty 9"CI>
They shared the booty after the battle. htnC)
-1> fl:\'1 9"CI>m-"J -1-h'i-LII-
border (v.) -1-'i'M
His land borders mine. """-"' f~") Y,'f'(I<;A
border on f - - - fiJIA ~OC
His remark bordered on insult. f(lme& 1 h.il
-1-yr't- filf:11 YUIA ) flC
be bordered
I. -t-'f'(l). The garden is bordered by a stream.
Y't-11/A-1> 11:1' >t"Jf: 'I-"J11 m"Jll f.'!' (I<; A
Ethiopia is bordered on the south by Kenya.
k'l-f-t.Y flil-t-f..fl-11 hh."JY 'f-'I'(I'OII"f-
2. -1-hLL. The dress is bordered with lace.
<f>"'L~ 11'1'11'1- f-1-hLL )OJ-
border (n.)
I. m~'i!. When do we reach the border?
hm~4- OD'Ii h"Jf.C<'lii"J l
2. m(l") l f:")flC. He was chosen arbiter for
the border problem. 1111 a> (I). (1111 f:"Jfl-1-)
'1-J!f. hil;l'&-<1: ll''l' -f-OD~m
3. J!C. We camped on the border of a lake.
Q") f: mf.:t J!C (ILC")
4. mCll. The border of this rug is getting
frayed. fli.U '}"")IIJ'i! mCll hf-t-11~11~
)OJ-
borderline 130
*There is a border of flowers around the lawn.
Rh'I'C "l!lm- DPllh H-&f l\RfJ9':f All-
border post (f)mt:'i' "'!lf
He fell from grace and was exiled to a border
post hfJII".7.At-l> mCP. IIJS'. h'JJ': m
t:'i' ' "'!lf ' ... _,u
share a common border +tf'fli'
Ethiopia and Sudan share a common border.
h'l-f"kf<; ' 1\-JI'J ' f.'l'li<;II-
[See also 'zone']
borderline J':'JRC
The borderline is not marked on the map.
J':'tR<~- nttc:J-m- 111- hA... ""IIh... !l"
*He has a borderline case of mental illness.
tDS'. ' l\ilS'.'I- ' f ....4't:R ' fl\l\!l"t: ' ii.OD!I"
l\1\R'I-
bore, see bear
bore (v.)
I. l\llll'f. His speech bored me. 't"l"l-1- hll
II~
He bored me stiff. R"'!l" hllll~
2. llt:llt:. They bored through the rocks.
!1/'l'~'t llt:ll-1-
3. ok.C.t:. They plan to bore a tunnel through
the mountains. 0 ... &-&-m- ' m-ilT ' ool(ll hJ
lloo-t.c.c fllfJ/1-
be bored ( ~ bore) hllll'f
+r am terribly bored by his speech. fo\- 't"l"l
C 0"19" hl'tA:f-1'-...A
bore a hole through Olt
We will have to bore a hole through the wall.
"IJ':"I'Im-'t ' ooiJ'I'I- ' l\llil't
bore Into liCllt: 1'1 l llt:llt:
This kind of worm bores into the wood.
fiLII 'tf.)'l- '1-A c!'JQ;l.-I>'J liCllt: f.
1fJA
The drill bored into the ground. ouflcll
&fm- ' """-"''t ' llt:llt:dJo
bore one's way through (lClll!" 't"
A mole has bored its way through the earth.
'i'A.C.A """--l>'t liCilt: '1-S'.
[See also 'death']
bore (n.) l\liA'f
It is a bore to have to wash dishes three times
a day. R4''t '11'1- 1.n 'lih't "7mil hliA
'f' tdJo
boredom DPliA'f'I-
The little children wriggled in their seats
both
from boredom. '1-'t'tll",; A;(:f houfiA'f'l-
f ... ) "I """'""'!' h'l>;t'fm- ....,...tm)m-
born, see bear
born, adj. ( ~ adv.) a ....C.'l't:
Yohannes is a born poet. f"m'tll R....C.'I't:
tiJ- I .,trJ""l, I i'fD"
borrow
1. +Of.~. He borrowed a lot of 'money from
him. hi\- illl- 1'JHil ... RS'.t: .
2. ...'I'll. She borrowed the book from him.
oox-m4-'t hi\- .,.'l'll:f
3. m(lf.. Rome borrowed many ideas from
Greece. t:"7 h"l&h illl- c!11Jo4''1- mll
S'.:f
bosom
I. m-'1-. The dress barely covered her bosom.
4'"'1.1\- l\ODA m-;l:'t lf'i''l":J'A
2. S'.t:'l-. Rest your head on my bosom!
&-ll1i't ' S'.t:-1: ' 111- ' hllS'."Iof.IIJo
3. Ail. My bosom swells with joy. All. OS'.
11:1' .,..,.A;l:A
bosom fr1end fAil ms;~
Bosom friends share secrets. fAil m'l;(:f
ll"ilm.C f.tt.C.II/1-
in the bosom of 1\ - - - oouhA.
He did not mention it even in the bosom of
his family. l\0..,_ llll- DPUhA h't\>.1
l\Am4'lltJJo!l"
boss (v.) hUH
The captain bosses the crew. tt"Ci:l- ooch
n'l',;-, f~A
boss (n.) l\11.4'
Who is the boss in this house? RJLIJ 0.'1-
IIJoil'l' ' hii.4'11Jo ' "7)dJo l
botany .f11Cl\'l-<; 1'1-hA'I- T<;'l-
+ suffix pronouns
both 11-11-1>11" I 11-11'1-
Both brothers are in the army. 11-11-1>11" m1
J':"7"7:f ' IIJ:I'S'.t::f ' <;'fdJo
Do you like swimming or horseback riding?
I like to do both equally well. f!l"'l-mS'.m-
'!'<; tdJo m)!.ll "IA!lf l 11-11-1>111" "7
J':t:"' ' l\11-A ' l\m'lllu-
We both visited him. u-II:J':f't!l" mf'l>ttJJo
botha ... anda ... -r- .. -r
He is both a soldier and a poet. m:I'S'.C!I" 'Ill
'1>~11" ' tiiJo
 bother !31 bounce

both of o-11'1- + suffix pronouns
Both of us were going to the movie. o-11:1-":f-1
'r mY. ltt"7 l\1Y." ~fiC
bother (vt.)
1. hll'l'1t:. Does the smoke bother you?
m.o\- YII'I'-IC? A l
2. ~H~H. Don't bother him when he is in
bad humor. :,Oc Qllm- 1.11. h'I-~111Hm-
3. m+(l. His conscience bothered him. ..,t\!i"
(Do m+flm-
4. ~11. You look so sad. What is bothering
you? YH1h '1-ooMIIU I '1"1 ~11U l
bother (vi.) 1-'1'1<':
I cannot bother with her now; I am too busy.
ho-1 1"6- llllfllofl~ llll!l. A'I'1C hilt.
":fA'r
bother (n.)
I. .,..,C.
We had a lot of bother in getting
here because of the fog. fl"l":n 'rh1 Y'l-
J..lf.U I 1\oPJ.!"~il I -fl:fto : ~C I 1ffi0D~
2. hll'l':>&. He is just a bother. l\Co\- hll'l'
;J~ I }(Do
*It's no bother at all. 'r1'r hYilllofl'r
be a bother h11'1'1t:
Flies are a great bother. 1111l":f fl"''r Y
11'1'-l~"'A
go to any bother ..,.:f-11.. I +~)'+
Please don't go to any bother on my account!
1111~ ,..,,.. h'l-ou.~:,. (h'l-'1'1c)
bothersome hililll.
The bothersome problem did not let me sleep.
hililll.m- 1--'lf. l\1:,0/lt.'i' hlllla>IIY.-
hi\~
bottle mc-11
bottleneck, be a ~ "l""):j>"):j> Lmt:
This narrow street is a bottleneck during
rush hours. oo!J.'i" fl"''.fl~fl'l- 1.11. f.U":f
mQ11 oo11Y.- "1"1:,01:,0 '1-L'l'&-ll":f
bottom (n.)
I. l"t: ~1C. We have to get to the bottom
of this affair. fH.U1 1--'lf. l"t: ~1C out,
-'1'1- hll111
2. OD&+. The lake is so deep, a swimmer
cannot touch the bottom . .hf-41 '1'/lt.:,O floo
IJ'). o 'l''i"-1-"' OD&.-1>1 o 1\.~11 hf.":fl!t.'r
3. 4:'1'. She spanked the child on its bottom.
A11:1 -tm- "" OD;J-";fm-
4. oo~il". fd like to know what is at the bottom
of all this. fH.U1 o-11- OD~il' 11"7m:,O
l\LA;>IIIJ-
(the) bottoms of faJoll'l'
The bottoms of the feet are ticklish. fm-11'1'
l\"'C f-114''1'"1/lt.
at bottom floorPt..it
They knew at bottom that they were wrong.
f!OUU'(;-1> oo{)i);J-lf'm-1 Ym-41 ~fiC
at the bottom of P'C ! ~ - - - P'C
The road branches at the bottom of the hill.
001111- ;>6-ID- I"C ltY.CII f.h'ILIIA
He found it at the bottom of the trunk.
l\..,'1'). I"C h1Tm-
from top to bottom hltf. 7..llh ;t-";f I h
-'IC l\llh -'IC
The house was searched from top to bottom.
tl.-1> hllf. l\llh :1-":f (h-'IC l\llh -'IC)
-1-fl(;fl(;
on the bottom of b - - - JPC
The green book is on the bottom of the pile.
ht:1'1.<'.aJo ODK'.h'i' bODK'.h~ 41AA
fPC I ~m-
bottom (adj.)
I. foo.U.t:lf ,:,..,..,, What is your bottom
price? fOD.U.t;lf ' 11:,0-1-"' ' 'I';>U ' 111'1- ' ~
m-?
2. l"t:.,. Put the book on the bottom shelf!
ODK'.h~1 l"t:"'m- ooY.CY.&Y llf. hll4''r'l'
3. f;J-":f.,. Thebottomdraw erofthe bureau is
stuck. fmt:A.~m- f;J-":f.,,. oo{)II.Y ~h!l.A
[See also 'rock']
bough :,OC1"'i'i'
He sawed the broken bough off the tree.
f-1-(lQfi(;ID-1 0 :j>C"J"'i'i' ' bq~ 0 llf.' fiOD;J1f '
'ir.t:mm-
bought, see buy
boulder '1-A:,O *'~'~
The falling boulder pulverized all the stones
:>f'":f IJ-11- hY-4'...., , .
it fell on. '1-A41 *'~'~ fmY.4'Q'I'm-1 Y.-1
boulevard [fib.,.., m-11'1' Yll ill. ""1
1Y."]
bounce (vt.) Mmt:
The boy bounced the ball on the sidewalk.
A11: fll\"IC oo1111- llf. \>,1\-1 Mmt:
bounce
bounce (vi.)
I. )tno<:. This ball doesn't bounce.
hM'l'C9"
2. LH'.,.. His heart bounced with
All- R~!I;J- d.)~.,.
bounce Into Hit'" "lfl
The boy bounced into the room. A:( h'i'
& I 8Joll"1' I Hh- .,q
bounce out +L.-,.Aft mtrJ
She bounced out of the room. bh'i'll- m-il
'I' 1-L-l-Ait m"'"f-
bounce up and down HAA
The baby likes to bounce up and down on the
bed. .hfS: hA;>'I' ~~~ oP1111A -l-m-'1
ll"f-
bounce (n.), in one ~ L 1mC 1111-
In one bounce, he was at the door. L "tmC 11
II- hOC ~,:(1
bound, see bind
bound (vt.) h'f'l't)
A highway bounds the farm on the west.
7.Clfw- htD-tl- '1--'1<; R9"6tl-11 RIJ.A
,l''f'il)'f'A
bound (vi.)
I. 1-'I'M. Canada bounds on the United
States. It<;.<; bl!.<;~-l-.1:' !1-1:-l-!1 -l-'l'l't<;ll"f-
2. 11.:.,.. The deer bounds through the woods.
h;>H-,. ""lttD- tD-!1'1' ~IIC:I'A
be bounded -f''f'(l)
Ethiopia is bounded on the west by Sudan.
h.-l-f'k,l' R!l"6tl-11 h(lo-'11 -l-'I'MII"f-
bound (n.)
I. IM'i'. God is beyond the bounds of
human knowledge. 7."1H.h1l.b.C bl'l11M! 6
w-.,.-l- K'"t'i' RIIJ'. )ro-
2. oPm"l 1 m{l"J. His pride knows no bounds.
IJ.tl--1> -m1 fl\tD-!1"
His gratitude knew no bounds. 9"il;><;w- m
..., flltD-9"
3. hAA. He drives a car only within the
bounds of his estate. R"IA -t!.-1> hAA II
~ 11il' -bs ~)'lA
4. 1111~. He jumped over the fence with one
bound. q").<:- 111\J'. h'l''l-1 hilL
*Keep your hopes within bounds! 11-l'il'lll
A~!l" h11~11-l-
[See also 'leap']
132 bouquet
bound (adj.), be ~ for 't~
~II 1>.!1 That boat is bound for America. Y oPChofl
m~ h"'L&lt f"''.'t.l:' )ro-
joy. be all bound up
*He's all bound up in his work. OP'6-8Jo +m-
I!I.A
it was bound to happen ao;~(1-. s ftA+l.~
It was bound to happen sooner or later.
ID-11- h.<:'C: -.<:-.:(lo hA.,.o<:9"
[See also 'outward')
boundary .1:'1RC l ml't"t
A pile of stones marks the boundary between
the two fields. frJ-11-1> "711l""f- .1:'1RC f.l:'"t
;>~ h!I"C )ro-
The commission delineated the boundaries of
Somalia. l>"''.ilf'.,. f{l-"71\J'"t m(t"t hllll
have a boundary ..,.cp(t~
Ethiopia has a boundary with the Sudan in
the west. h.-l-f'k,l' R9"6tl-11 h(lo-'11' -l-'1'
Mll"f-
boundless ml't"t fl\.llm-
He is a man of boundless energy. toll'l fla.fl
""' I 7'AO!J- YfltD- I (lm- ~m-
be boundless tDI\"} ~ hA~Ol.tD-,..
The jubilance of the crowd was boundless.
f.h11R- L"ttn11.1' ml't"t hA)Ro<:m-9"
bounteous f-1'-l-o<:Lo<:L
Bounteous presents were distributed to the
poor. f-1'-l-o<:Lo<:L ilfH:J' 11.<:-'Jl"f- -I'M
Lll
bountiful 11.:>!1
My bountiful friend helped me greatly.
ll;>(lo m-'1:( 0"19" o<:-'I'S
a bountiful supply of ( ~ adv.) 01'1'
We have a bountiful supply of tomatoes.
-1:"'1-1:9" 01'1' hll"t
bounty
I. "f-t::J-. This hospital is supported by the
bounty of one man. ll'il"t;J-11- f"''.lt't~w-
q") .<:' ...,. "foe: ;J- )ID-
2. 'fC)T. Through God's bounty, we were
saved. R7."1H.h1ldo.C 'fC).}- -'11'1'
3. '1-Clf. They paid a bounty for each viper
killed. II-1'1Mm- 11,1'")-'11''1. oPCH>;' 7,q1J
'1-Clf l'tm-
bouquet 7.:t'i'
Where did you get that beautiful bouquet of
bout 133 boycott

roses? n. ~1; flM.l-'1 1\:,0o;: bfol h1 bowel l\1)!'1-

1"11 1 0nly a dog eats the bowels. l\1)!'1- f"''.O
1\ I tJJ>?f' I 11!J' 0 ~tJ)>
bout ""~~c l "IT"''J'
He watched a wrestling bout. fM&\ tD-~ ~ bowl '1-~'1.11 1 ".n1
c . -f-oPI\b-1' Put these oranges into a bowl! Mtr.ll1 1 11C

Those are the two boxers who will appear -I:IJ'f:f I l\'1-~'J.'; I ... .ft1 0 dJ{IT 0 J\114-ll"'r
in the main bout. O'l''i'tD- "IT"''J' 'If. f
bowstring f4'il'l- """R..I' 1 f-1'11'1- ODtDm6.1'
"'1.:1'1' 11-111: 11-m.'l':f MHJ' 'i''fiD-
The bowstring is made from the sinews of
a long bout of f ~Yr 1 "l,rL an ox. f-1'111: """R..I' 1 (oPtDm6.1') f-1-"'.!-
A long bout of illness left him weak and "" bO&. ' ~..,..,. I ~""
without money. ft'..'irfD ttl. ihoP.,.,.. = Y..II
"'''i' ~'Jj h~C'I hil4'l1D- box (v.)
I. 0"1T1 hii1Q. He boxed the books before
bow (v.) l\~ ~"I he shipped them. ""ll'mG:'Ii1 0oPCb11 1 b.,..
The singer bowed and left the stage. Hof."f' 'Ill- ' O.L'I- I 0"1T1 I iD'IIT. hii1Q'ftD-
,~ ~ ,...,. boP ~lh- ' 'If. '[,f.
2. 011-m. "":1'. Do you know how to box?
bow down 1'111. 011-m, I oP!I":J-'1- I :f'aJo:J'I\11 1
They bowed down to the idol. 1\"'J'-1: 1'11.1;..
box (n.)
bow (one's) head
I. 1'11.1;..:,0. Shall I put the shoes in a box?
I. .!-<FJ 11:,. h!.l1 . They bowed their
""i"''l"'li"J 1'11.1;..:,0 ID-IIT 'I~C:>'ftJJ> 1
heads in prayer. 111111-'1- .!-"'ftD-1 11:,.
2. ;rio. I have another box of cigars. /1.'1 1 ;rto
h!.l1-
1'1..:>.!- hi\~
2. l\~ ~"I. I bowed my head to her, and she
Give me a box of matches. h1~ ;rto 1 h11
bowed hers in return. l\~ M"''l- l\!).11"
6'1- lim~
001\of.ID- oPI\(l:f&\~
3. 011-m. 1 .,...,..,...,._ A box on the ear
3. l\111:1 I'IOl. The girl was shy and bowed
hurtS. '/f,(!' ' 1\f. 0 011-nl. I oPOD:J''I- I _1'... ,.
her head. &\~;1; M.l.l:f l\11;1;1 I'IOl:f
4. h'I-Om. Age has bowed his head. l\C~'i' "''A
h1'11tn;J-&\ (letter) box ?'11:1' 1 "''r"J
Would you drop the letter in the box for me?
bow to
f.U11 I /.11.110. I ?'II:J' ' "f'r1 ' ID-II'r ' '1-T
I. 4.11"". He bowed to his father's wishes.
AA,I\11 1
.I'Q-1:1 ' .I.:J' ~ 4,1\oP
2. -1-4'011. We must bow to necessity. hil.l.'l boxer 11-m."'
1. flf). ~1C':f1 oP4'0&\ hl\111 The boxer was badly hurt in the last fight.
0oPQ;l.l?f'ID- I "JT"''.J' I 1\f. I 11-m,... ID- 0 h
bow, n. (rhymes with 'row') 4-... -1-'1--'1
I. 4'11'1-. Boys like to play with bows and
arrows. &\'Jf,:f 1 04'11'1-'i' 1 Omil.l.1-rc """"i box office 1;11.'1- 1 oPlffii
"'"' f.tD-'111- I bought three tickets at the box office. htb.'l-
2. 1.:>1. His back was curved like a bow. oPlffii I !f'll'l- 0 1;11.'1- 0 1~11-
)!CQID- ' l\1 f. I f.:>1 I '1-111\l.ol\
boy
3. f0..!-0.1!' 1 :,Ocll'. She tied her ribbon in a
I. m1~. The school is for boys only. '1-V"UC
bow. 6Q).1 1 00..!-0.1!' 1 :,Ocll' hl'll:ftD- .... ' 0.1: 0 ftD1/'.:f 0 11iJ' I ~ID-
2. A~. How old is your boy? A~U 1 111'1- 1
bow, n. (rhymes with 'cow') f.L'I- 1\.L'I- 1 h
'1-oP-fJ I ~liJ" f
'i'A
[See also 'office boy, paper boy']
The ship's bow was damaged when it struck
a rock. foPCb!l. f .L'I- 1\.L'I- 1 h'i'A 1 0 boycott (v.)
m:>f. illl-~'"":1' 1 ....,..~~ 1. -t-IJ.f.f. b""lf1 1 1-'lr.mO. The Arabs boy-
make a bow A~ ~..., cotted the meetings. Olll:f fii111'1QtJJ> 1 1-IJ
He made a low bow. liT 1 1111- 1 l\~ 1 ~., 4-1'-:f boPif1 1 1-'lr.mll-
boycott 134 branch

2. 'l.l'-11f .,.(1"7"7. The town boycotted the braid (v.) t.lfoo 1 .,.t.,.t
store because of the unclean conditions. Oi\oP She braids her hair every evening. ~.,.2;:,. "''
.<'.il~ ' 'tK'ih'i" ' 1-.1:"11'1- ' fb_,..,..,. ' ih11 :J- ' "7:1- ' :J-71"7/I":f- ' ('1-.,.t"l''i"ll":f-)
il boo.<'.o(l~ 'I,I'.1Jf .,.(1"7"7
braid (n.)
boycott (n.) hY:"7 I. lk-IJ. She redoes her braids every month.
The boycott was lifted. hY:"7CJ>o hR:I' lf.~IJ'I''t RfiD~ 'l-u>&-'l'll":f-

m.o;~
2. 1-'t1-'t. The king's uniform was resplendent
boyfriend fh'tLC
in gold braid and medals. n.,.,.. fiD:J-.<'.
She has a nice boyfriend. 'I'~ fh'tLC ID'I
c Ailll nmc:,. 1-'t1-'t'i" ntlf'l''f h
~M'l-
'VII. A
boyhood A~H
I learned to swim in my boyhood. 'I'<; RA~ braided
t-1: .,..,ell- *She wears her hair braided. lk-IJ '1-u>&-/l":f-

boyish fA~ brain h't.,.A

He has a boyish face. fA~ ODAh h/ICDo The bullet had penetrated his brain. '1'.1'--1> h
't,_ll-'t thof-:1-A
brace (v.) He hasn't a brain in his head. h't,_A f/ICJ>o9"
I. M :1':1'. The cool, fresh air will brace you.
brains h7.9"C'
+11:1'JfCJ>o 'tll-ih hfC n-"':I'?A
Nature endowed her with both beauty and
2. Y::>'i' h.<'.<:1(R'l-). He braced the wall to brains . .,.,1./I'C' CJ>oR'l-<; h1.9"C' OY:!\.:1-A
withstand the wind. t'l.""'t l.VI."-'"-'9" "I [See also 'rack']
.1':"1-'lCJ>o't Y::>'i' h.<'.:1R'l-
brace oneself +II.:J'J: braise ooom'). I mO(l
Brace yourself for some bad news! hf. m She braised the chicken for the dinner. 117.&-'1-
t. At"ICIJ tCJ>o<; _,.H:>~ P.C'CJ>o't noom'l- mRI'l":f-..,.

brace (n.) OD.<'.1A-Y brake (v.) 'i't.'t YH

He put an extra brace under the shelf. boo.<'.c The driver braked suddenly, so I crashed into
.<'.&YCJ>o P'C '1-C'i' "".<'.1A-Y hll+oom him. t:<[CJ>o RY:'t1'1- 'i't. 't li/IYH 1"'-o-'1-
bracelet h9"1JC brake (n.) 'i't.'t
The bracelet is pure gold. h9"1J~. 'tll-ih The brake doesn't work. 'i't.'i- h,l'.u>&-9"
roc:,. t..,.
apply the brakes 'i!ll'..'l .rn
bracket He did not apply the brakes in time. 'i't.'i-'t
I. OD.<'.1A-Y. The bracket holds the shelf against R1.11.CJ>o hAYH9"
the wall. OD.<'.1.1.YCJ>o OO.<'.C.<'.&YCJ>o't h"IY:"l put on the brake fi:t."} Ill
-'l :>C ,I'.,I'.H'I'A He put on the brake, and the car slowed down
2. .:,O'l'f:. Brackets are not used in Amharic. tO a StOp. tj:&,.).'} I fl.fH I 'l.fL I ODh..'itJJo I 11""1 I
h"7C'i' n:,.'t'i' h,l'.m+9"9" i)f\'> I 1/>00
brackish "'-tD- Q;LtJJo f"'l..A
branch (v.) .,.b'i.L/1
There is a brackish spring in the desert. The road branches at the bottom of the hill.
a,..J!"l. , OJle& "'"m- Q.l.m- rotA r7
OO't1'1. ' ;J&-CJ>o ' P'C ' l'l..<'.Cll ' .1'-b'i.L'IA
..... 'h/1
branch off .,.IIYf I .,.1tmll
brag (bragged) 1-&- tlf The road branches off here. OO'l"f-4. 1 J..H.IJ 1
Does he always brag that way? v-A"t.tL "-'1 .1'-/IYYA
.<'.ll.J' 1-&-CJ>o't ,l'.tJfA l This road branches off to Harar. f.IJ 1 OD'}"f
braggart 1-<:'i' ,.,..,. Y: ro.<'. m<:C f"'1..1tmA tCJ>o
The braggart told of his brave deeds in the war. branch out
1-<:'i'CJ>o (ICJ>o Rfi'Ct-1> '1,1'. liiiLI\"7:fCJ>o 1. .,..(1&-ta. A successful business will soon
fl"l'tt'l- .,...Yl"":f- hro&- branch out over the country. f.,.i\11 1 f'l"'IJ!" 1
branch
P'&- o:Joco- q1-~o ,.,. IJ-11- 1/-h&-""lA
2. f"t"'.<:" P'&- 1\llof.of.. My uncle is thinking
of branching out by opening another hotel
in the city. 1\'lvof: 11.11. lfof:A b.,.., ,..
11'1' Oooh.f.'t- f"t"'.<:" P'&-tD-'t fi..J'Il
of.of. .J'MA
branch (n.)
I. :J-C't""l'i'. The wind broke off several
branches. ~of-11- 11H- :J-C't""lG::Y.'t 1~"1mll
Our firm has a branch in Harar. lJ-q't.r:f't
m.!.C ' :J-C't""l'i' ' 1\/IID-
His education encompasses many branches of
knowledge. fll- 't-!I"IIC't- 11rt- fbtD-4'-l-
TC't""lG::Y. .J'm:l"Aii.A
2. h'i!A. Chemistry is a branch of science.
ll.'''l.ll't-6 f{)f.'tll 't-!I"IIC't- 1\'tJI.. h
'i'A' ~,..
[See also 'collateral']
brand (v.)
I. II!I"Ah't- .,.h-(1 (.,..,.h-(1). Have the new
horses been branded yet? 1\-'l.,..'ll 4..!-,..:Y.
1'0 /I!I"Ah't- l\A.,._,.h-11-!1" 1
2. of&m.!. (.,.of&m.!.). He was branded as a traitor.
"1\'tJ'. hm-'1. .,..,.m.!.
brand (n.)
I. 'lf.~'t-. What brand do you smoke?
!l"'t 'lf.~'t- lL!I"&- ,.. .......11111
2. ooo.,.h-!1 f"'l.J'..!-"1 !I"Ah't-. Brands are put
on cattle to show who owns them. hofl-f':f'l
ooo.,.h-!1 f"'l.J'..!.-,.'t- !I"Ah-I':Y. q/IIL-1>
"7't "1\'tJ'.If~ 11"7()m:Jo ~,..
brandish t.of&ooHooH
The soldier brandished the sword at his enemy.
m:f"J'.-1- 1&-.J'.tD-'t Omil.'t- II.J'. t.of&ooHoo
HID-
brand-new '1'~!1" l\-'1.11
My car is brand-new. f). ooh..t; Et:.&..~
-'1.11 .......
brash f11A"''O
The student was punished for his brash be-
havior. .,..,6,..
011A"''O mqf.
*The student gave a brash answer without
.,..,."!
thinking . .,..,6,..
l\4- "l\'t-'IOO"J/1-l- 00/1{1
brass ~mil
Brass is used for bells. ~mil /IJ'.mA .1'1/l"'ii.A
brat of>O'I'
His younger brother is a brat. :"''Iii m1' ~
oo- I +fl'l' I ~(Do
135 bray
brave (v.)
I. .,.!11:1/oo. He braved the king's anger. f't1-IP"
') "'"' .,.:1/!1/00
2. 04&&-'1'~-l- .,.;J.f.m. He braved death on the
battlefield many times. fltnC 0'/Am- 1\Y..
'1"-l-'t 11H- "1..11. filA 041.&-'1'~-l- _,.;J
.f.m
brave (adj.)
I. ~..,'i. His father was a brave warrior.
}\qoJ> ' "f."''O ' "'.!."' ' ~0-1-
2 f"f."''t~'t-. The braggart told of his brave
deeds in the war . .,..!.,.,.. ' (ltD- o ...c~-1>
,.,. ll/l.f.ll"7il'ID- f"f."''t~'t- -.r9':Y. l\
m&-
3. F-4-C. He is a brave boy; hyenas do not
frighten him. J'.of.C A."f": ~,.. 1 "f":ll:Y. h
f!IJ'.~"'m--1-!1"
4. ;I":77i. She was brave in her affliction. floP
h&-'1' "1..11. :'";.11 ~0.!-:Y.
*It was brave of him to enter the burning
building. h"'l.~S'.ID- .ft'tll tD-!1'1' oo"!qoJ> 1.."1
't~'t- ~oc
brave act "f.11JI..
His brave act redeemed his faults. "f.11JI..tD-
'l'of.-l>'t ' (l.!.H/1-l-
bravely b'i' q11 1-1111<;
Our troops held their ground bravely. m:t-J'.
~!li':Y.'t ' b'i' q/1 1-1111'0 ll:f"'fiD-'t ....,
~~~~~- ol'f.
bravery "f."''t~'t-
The general decorated four soldiers for
bravery. ~~&-11- h&-'t- m:t-J'.t!:Y.'t !Ill
"f."''t):f"'ftD- lfii"J.'ftD-
bravo 1111
Bravo! You did a good job, Kathy. l}oJ: 1
11! '1'-1- P'&- oP&-11 I
Jr..
brawl (v.) .,.&-Olf
The youngsters brawled in the street at mid-
night. 0"1\b-11 ll.fl.'t- aJ"'-I':Y. 000't1.<:" II.
,. f.&-Olf. ~oc
brawl (n.) .!.1111" 1 '!'A
They were arrested because of a brawl. 0.!.11
If !l"h'tf't- .,.,It-
Several men were wounded in the brawl.
0'1'11- ' "1..11. ' l\.J'/1. ' (19':f ' '11.(111-
bray h'Oof.
The donkey brayed all night. 1\li.J'tD- /1.11.-1>
,. I ,..fto ~ J\lj"tf...
brazen
brazen
1. Mdtil f-1-w.:-. The brazen door handles
need to he polished. h~dtil f-1-w.:.m- foo
11'1J'a>- ~)!:f' oom<:"' J'il~IA1'1'/A
2 . ..,'1'<:1- llil. The brazen girl told lie after lie.
..,..,<:1- ll!l. lA~ fl.;J"/"7 ' 'l'lf:f
brazier [fhii/A "7'1.''.)1" 11<:'1-]
breach (v.) "'ll
The enemy's fierce attack finally breached our
lines. f ,;Jl\ID- fm~+ .,... "'"' noo ....<:
'lfm- "''tq.:.:f't't ' "'ll
breach (n.)
1. .,.,.e-q, There is a breach in the hedge.
cf!:T:IftnlD- I lD-/lT I .,._e-1]
2. :,./..~. There was never a breach between
the two friends. OrJ-ili> 'l.l'.'l':f oooh/A :,0
.l,:f' ' -~-~'I'C: hJ'a>-:,0'/"
breach of duty ..,~.!.)'1-'t OOH't:>'I-
For me, to leave work today would be a breach
of duty. ~.~. hP"<I- oo:,O<:'I- ..,~.!.)'1-'t
OOH't:>'l- ' lf'l" ' f.ii"7"11A
breach of rules ih""l 1 OU"fil
His smoking was considered a breach of the
rules. OIJft. ih""l 1 h'l~: OD"'il .,..,_TC" 1 HlC
make a breach In 'JODfl
The cannon made a breach in the wall. uo..e-4-
""J~.';DJo'l I ')OD{tDJo
bread
I. ~'t)!<l-. Ethiopian bread looks nothing like
American bread. fh.'l-t"kJ' ~'t)!<l- hh"'/.
&tl't ' .<Ill ' ,;JC ' 0'/"'t'/" ' hf.ooia(lfA'/"
2. 'Ill. Please slice the bread . .<lllm-'t .,..:.
Cila>-
bread crumbs t;:C4-6
He left bread crumbs all over the table.
nm<:A.~m- ~f. n.-11- 'i'C<I-& hil-l><:
earn one's bread
*How does he earn his bread? ,..,. rPC.P.
J'.O~/A ! I. 1-iiO<:. Glass breaks easily. oo!l;t-m'l- n
loaf of bread .';(t
We need two loaves of bread. o-1\-l-
J' ll~IA1 <;lA
[See also 'cut']
breadth il<I-'1-
The breadth of this room is ten feet. fllll h
tj:A, I {lof._-l- I 0,C I -AOIJ
A tolerant person usually has breadth of
136 break
mind. ;t'f. flf) ila>- h11~"1m-'t 1.1 h
h9"'C" I (l.f. I )olD-
break (broke, broken), vt.
I. liD<:. The boys have broken the window.
A)>:'ll oo!l!oi>'t 110'1-
Bombing broke the enemy's resistance. f(t9"'fl
.1'.-flf.q fm~'l-'t fooMh/A ..,f.IA il
n<:m-
The runner broke the old record. ~Q;b f+
.l:''l"a>-'t hi!<: <Dil't liD<:
2. (part of body) 1-110<:. I broke my leg.
~"1.1. 't 1-iiOCil-
3. Omil. He broke the string. (Lq1a>-'t Om
(1m-
The prisoner broke his bonds and escaped.
I 11.1\ ~!l<:'i'm- il'tilil.,'t 0'1'11 hooilm
4. The thick hedge breaks the force of
oJ>)(I,
the wind. '1':,.'1':,. .fila>- f41'1'lllfll h'I'C
f)<l-11-'t .-,f./A f.-l>'tii'I'IA
5. 1-<D 1 hil<D1.1'.. He broke the habit of
smoking. (l.;J&-. 1 f""""'-ll 1 A~~'l s +m
(MID1.1'.)
6. h~<:il. The company refused to break the
contract. &q't,rm- a>-11-'t h~~Cil'l" hil
Why do you always break your appointments
with me? 1\~'l 1 li-A".t.H. 1 h~ 1 ;JC 1 f/\U
't -l>mr: ;hf.CiliiU !
7. "'ll. He has broken the law. ih'l-'t '1'!)./A
8. amL. He won't break his word. ..4"tr'l
hJ''I''i''l"
9. h"16-. The police needed only a week to
break that case. J''t't '1-.<lf. 11"7"16-'1- ;r
il.l':f ' h't.l:' ' il'l"'t'l- ' 11;t' ' <D(If.q'J'm-
10. 11111. They will break the story tomorrow.
1-'ll''t )1 f.11All.:t'IA
11. '16-. You have to break a horse before you
can ride it. L<:il't ' hOO,;Jl\ilU 0.!.'1- 00"/
6-.'1- ' hili!U
12. hmh. The braying of the donkey broke
the silence. fhUJ' "7<;4-'l- ll'f':t'a>-'t hmh
1 break (vi.)
-1>~11- J'.ii06-/A
1 .';(t 1
2. 1-0mil. He pulled too hard, and the string
broke. 0"1'1" illlilOa>- 100.11. 1-0mil
3. '11\tn. The clouds broke, and the sun shone
through. f.oo<;m- 111m<; Ddtf.'l' '1-:f'f.
)!ooc
4. ( ~ tr.) h~<:m. The blister broke when he
I )otiJo pricked it. tiJo;) I f,t:tnaJo") I h)l:'l I flODCA_ I
m..,.,. ltLmaJo
break 137 break

5. hil.:. When the bank broke, most people 2. TA.cl- hll. He broke into the conversation
lost their money. q11J. o'l.hllc h11~'l',.; at a crucial momerit. fl'T"tD-IIH: h~t\ 1\,.e..
M':f. ?1Hq'ftJ>o1 hm- 'I'A:,Oh/1
6 . .,.-t&-O:m. I broke with my old friend when
break (the) news H.'i )1l.
he failed to keep his word. :1'11-1 /ll\1\hOO: We will have to break the news to him gently.
h4'f 'l~"'IL :>C _,..,.&-0:'1'11- rt.'i'tJ>o1 Ol'.C:>;I- A1)"10:tJ>o ~1qA
*The woman's heart broke when her husband
died. 11..}-f''l' q!l. il/1'1".,. !Jq.~:- mH1 ~ break (the) news of ones death la~J;
O:M.}o Since he is ill, let us not break the news of his
wife's death to him soon. htt;t"oooo r f~P~.il
break away +L+ith
-l>"i .,..-,. -foil- h'i'OitJ>o
The runners broke away before the signal gun
was fired.I"'A!J-1> ..,~.,.h-11 ;J:""1l .,.L.,./111- break (oneself) of the habit of +m
break down (vt.) 1100:
I am trying to break myself of the habit of
The vehemence of his attack broke down the smoking. o'l.)f&- II"""""'" l'.;I-11\IIY.
door. fl"'-1> ~~/1,.).}- ""11'1.ftJ>o1 1'100: break off (vt.)
break down (vi.) 1. h~~m. They have broken off relations.
I. .,.01\lf. The machine broke down this "ITH;I-:fm-1 M/Cm'I'A
morning. ""h,'i'tJ>o ~.-.. t!l.T .,.01\lf 2. 1~mll. The storm broke off the top of
2 . .,.~0:""1'1. The bridge broke down during our big tree. 'lm-11- )<f..(l. NA4l1 ' ~<f..:f.
'} f "Atj:; 1~mt\m-
the flood. 0'1-C'i' 'Lit. .1:-A.I:'f. .,.~,:ou(l
3. .,.1'100:. The loaded truck broke down. 3. 1'100:. He broke off the handle. l'.~;f'ID-1
"l")T fO~O.}o ouh,'i' _,.1'100: ilOO:tJ>o
4. !JtJ>o l'./1. He broke down when he heard break off (vi.)
the news. m~m-1- fl.llOIJ tuu- s hll 1. .,.1)m/l. The branch broke off in the
*The thief denied stealing it, but broke down storm. :,OC1"'if. O'ltJ>oll- )<f..il .,.1)m/l
under questioning and admitted it. 1\.llm- oo 2. 1"1"1~1 hol'ou. He broke off in the middle
il0:4l"i ' lt~ j "11 ' 0'1'11:,0 ' {LODO:ODC ' .,.{1 of a sentence. O~'f:+ )1.;.,'} ll.ea;a.cfl ; '}
<f. ' ...c ... ' l\tJ>o)-1>1 ' hOJ"' .,.,~1 ' "'"'""
3. (a piece) .,.lfO:L. +A piece broke off my cup.
break even
I. """ /l..,of. .,./Iff.. They played cards all o'l.t!L ' _,.lf O:L
evening and broke even. ltc;l- {L "'iOJ-1> hi"' break off a piece (of bread) tiL~ (I
'li.,.tJ>o ' """ ' /l ...of. .,./Iff. He broke off a piece of bread and ate it.
2. TC'i'?" h...,&-?" fiiO.r. He is just breaking h'lflm- ~~~ -tc(o 011
even and can now start a new business. break open (vi.) 1'1111!' hL.,.
.rc'i'l"' h...,&-?" il/1/l.llo.r hY.1 h.'l.il The thief broke open the cashbox ../l.qtJ>o f1
1"1.1:' II,)!I"'C ~:f-1\A 1Hfl-1 lt11'i' 1'1111!' hL_,.,_
break In (vt.) hoP/1m) break open (vi.) Oou(IO~ .,.hL.,.
I will have to break in another beginner. When the box fell, it broke open. Uf"J''). (Lw
h.'l.il ~"76 .,,.Am"i h/111'1 .~:-:,. ' OOD(IO~ ' .,.hL.,.
break In (vi.)
break out
1. tiJA:I- 1ll. Don't break in on the conver- 1. .,.)"1. The fire broke out toward midnight.
sation when elders talk. 'li"7"1/1.9':f. {L"'im l'..-,-1> Ol'.IJ./1 11.11..r 1~"7 _,.)"1
-1> "'A:I' hMq The war broke out last year. "'C)-I> 'll"''i' .,.).,
2. fl.iz") llfl~. Someone broke in and made 2. 1Q. Measles broke out in Harar. dtt:.C b-
off with all our money. h1.1:' (lm- 0.;1-:f.
'i''1 111:1:A
"i1 1'1111!' 1110:;1-:f-11 HO:L1 3. l;ou/lm. He broke out of prison. hl'.iiC
break into o..r l;uo/lm
I. 1'1111!' ?q. Last night thieves broke into our 4. 0.(-").,.-,.. +1\mm. The discussion broke out
neighbor's house. .r111.r'i' /1.11.T /l.(l:f. into a fight. ,.~~-!> 0.1:-11.-,. m~ .1:'11
f'l-0:0.;1-:f-11 ' o..r ' il110:1D- ' ?II- ~, +t\mm
break
5. ThTII. After the death of the king, anarchy
broke out. b.,..,..,. '1"'1- 11:\11 '1C"'C .,.
hTII
break through
I. "'" m"'.
The cattle have broken through
the fence. boft.f:f 1.'1'>1-'t 'l'(lfD mm-
2. "'" 'ts'.. The hunters broke through the
underbrush. lVI'I'~ 41'1'!1/tnm-'t 'J'{lm- ~.~~.
break up (vt.)
I. (lQfl<:. He broke up the boxes for firewood.
"''l''l'~ 11"711'- (lQOt-:fm-
2. flT~. The opposition tried to break up
the meeting. fT .4''1"''/.m- mn ll11(1Qm-
.,. /IODflT't ' 'l"b<:
3. b(lb(l. The farmer broke up the clods of
earth with a pickaxe. 1flt.m- 1 'ill-') OP..
"'/ ' b(lb(lm-
break up (vi.)
1. +0+)'. The meeting broke up in confusion.
il11(1Qm- 1111'1'11'1' TflT~
2. l.(1. Their marriage broke up last year.
:>11;F:fm- ' 'l?"<; ' of.<:{l
3. T'iLc!-<:m. After this, the two friends broke
up. bH.IJ O:Vo o-11., 'i~':''l":f .,. ...
t-<:m-
the day broke 1-tlt +J!.Y..
Day was beginning to break when we left.
il')~.(- I '1-.ft I OD:,. ~.(- I ,;?"(!' 0 ~ flC
[See also engagement, ground, heart, laughter,
loose, peace, piece, resistance, wind']
break (n.)
I. b<:'i''l- ! <(.;1-. He spoke all day without a
break. oJ>).'t 11.,...11- 111 1 b<:'i''l- .,..,,.,:
This morning I have been doing this work
without a break. 1ft. fll.,T 1-IJ"J.,. ~t- '
11\'t.ll:f <(.:f' ""'t- ~oc
2. .,.,..,.~,. ""*<:'!'. A break between the
two countries can no longer be avoided.
1111-11., ' h11!':f ' OD'JjA film- .,.,..,.~,. '
""W<:'I' bh't'1JI.IJ mJI,IJ 11.m1.(- hf.
:fA?"
3. ( ~ verb.). There was a break in the window.
""ill>., .,. ....,."'"' ~oc
give a break IJ~A ilm
He did not do too well on his examination, but
let's give him a break and let him pass. flof.T<;
~ I "J'?- I 1\A_fP/:-r I .,.,
...... I f./l'i'
138 breast
take a break b<:'i''l- 1 h~<:1
Let's take a five-minute break at three! OHm
'f 0 (lq't- 0 1\J!. 0 f?"il'l- I ~4:.4' 0 b<:'i''l- 0
1.<;.(-C"'
breakable Tl'lQt:
This glass is breakable. f.IJ 11C"l"<l' Tl'lQ
,& I )'aJo
breakage fTI'lfl>l- 1..4'lP:f
The insurance company had to pay a lot
of money for the breakage. fh. 'tlf.c!-'tll b-
Q')fm- ' IIT(lflol-'1- I 1..4'lP:f I 1111- ' ODbof.A '
~11<:11'1-
Shipping crates have to be carefully made to
prevent breakage. 1..4'lP:f 1.'tJIJ!.(lfl>l- 1 f"''.
1\b-Q:fm- "''l''l':f ' fl'l''t .4'-t ' """'c!-'1- ' h
IIQ:fm-
breakdown
1. 11A11'1-. A breakdown of the machinery stop.
ped production. fODb.<;m- 11Afi'l- fP't-m-
.,. I DJom.+ 1 1\.foOOt&
The attack aborted because of a breakdown in
communication. hoo1c;~ 11A7i+ f+~...,
fT.R<:1m- '1'.4''1- bifof.
2. fhh?"l!' o-b'l-. He had a breakdown due
to strain. b"l"'toJ>'I- fT~"' fhh?"l!' o-b'l-
.R<:{lfl'l-
make a breakdown
*The boss asked me to make a breakdown of
the time I spent on the job. h/1.4'\1. flP' c!- II
f. ' fol'fiJofl'l-'t ' 1.11. ' flfP't-m- 'l!-~'1- '
h't.(-H0::11C mf4''1
breakfast 4lcll
I eat breakfast at 8 o'clock. 41Cll Oo-11'1-
(lq't- ' 1.111\/IIJo
breakup OD/Iff'I-
The breakup between the two friends was due
to an argument. fo-11., 'i.R':''I":f ""111
f'l- ' fOD"'m- ' flhChol- ' ?"h'tf'l- 0 ~IIJo
breast
I. ~.:'1-. When her son died, she wept and
beat her breast. A~ I\'1"'1- ~<::t't hf
OD:f':f ' h/loJ>(l:f
2. m-'1-. Her dress slipped, revealing gently
rounded breasts. +OOZ.!t 1\,mc..t!" ao-Aoo-A
111-'1-m-.f-!1!:1'1'-
breast stroke f~<:'l- oJ>H<(.
I /J~b\ I 1l,'}i\ffi He uses the breast stroke in swimming. O~l.-l-
oJ>Ho!- WI'':' A
breath 139 breeding

breath 'i''Jof.1i not breathe a word

His breath came in gasps. 'i''Jof.lf. C'I' Don t breathe a word of this to anyone!
C'l' l\11 J!.li'J'J 11"7'}?" ' 1\'i'.,.'J'I'il
Hold your breath! 'i''J4-1iU'J '1''1' l\Y:C1U
.I'HtD-1
breathing .,..,.'Jof.il
Breathing is more difficult at very high alti-
catch one's breath
tudes. h'i'.,.'i' h'i't. ~f. lf'l' /IOD.,.'Jof.il .I'll
I have to catch my breath first. ootoo&.r 'i' 'l'"lt.ol\
'}of.j'( J!.ODIIil
draw a breath (be) breathless 'i''Jof.1i llm.:(ar)
Draw a deep breath! 0"1J!.ol\ m1. tD-il'l' The spectators were breathless with excitement.
'i''Jof.1i i\ofl .,..,..Alt'1i hf.h:l' f.,.t., 'i''Jof.1i lim
t.'l'aJo
hold one's breath ~'j:(l- +a;a.~+~
We held our breath while we watched the man leave one breathless T14-if.1' 1 "'-~miD-
climbing the tall building. llm-\l.m- .::{?" ;, The climb left him breathless. JI1.,'J ooar"l
n. ~f. ll.m"l to'Joollh'i' t'i'il:f"l .,...,t ~ 'i''Jof.lf.'J .,..:mar
+":f (be) breathtaking ol\ofl llmof.
in a breath hoo~ltO'i' The view from the mountain top is breath-
It all happened in a breath. J!.U IJofto flft taking. hfot.t.ar "'i'i' ~f. f"''.:l'far
tD- hoo~ltO'i' tiD" 'i'~J!.'J'i' ol\ofl .l'mof.ol\
in the same breath ,.('~m-).
bred, see breed
She lost her temper and apologized in the same
breath . .,..,_'1':1' .r~ar). J!.~C:l' IIODt";f breeches m'lofl (to&
(be) out of breath 'i''Jof.1i hm.:ar l 'i''Jof. His breeches were torn in the seat. tnfl1l r (l.

if. C'I' ' C'I' l\11 6tlJ4 I ou+OD-J.(Do I t\f. I .,...,.-'!..A

I am out of breath from running. hoPC"m. f+ breed (bred), vt.

t"l 'i''Jof.1i l\'I'C"'i'ol\ 1. 1t~ll. My uncle breeds horses. 1\"Jui: L
The portly gentlemen was out of breath from .:to .r.:<Jol\
climbing the steps. mtt:~oo- (tm-,. r ,g)fm- 2. 1\0D"J. Dirt breeds disease . .f.lflf ' fl1i:l'
'J (l.m"l 'i''Jof.lf. C'I' C'I' 1111 J'OD"Jol\
take a breath .-,..,4-
'li m~ m-ilT ll(l 3. 1\ilh.,.ll. War breeds misery and ruin.
The nurse said to the patient "take a deep fi'Ct'i' ":f"lc;<; 'l'of.'i''J .l'ilh'i'~ol\
breath"! tC!l. fl1i.,.'i'ar'J fl"1J!.ol\ 'i''Jof.1i breed (vi.)
U7 ' (IJ~ I m-ilT I (J-fl I h.A":f-.m- I . .,..LIIof.ll. Birds breed in the spring. m,;:";f
under one's breath oar~ fll\J'.J!. mt.'i' J!.of.llof.~ll-
He muttered a curse under his breath. fllf~ 2. .:<1. Cattle breed in the spring. fof>'JY:
.,. .... ,.fl hofl+ f"''..:<Jar flllf.J!. tar
3. .,.t-'1. Rabbits breed rapidly. 'I''J'fll-":f fl
breathe 'i''l't'i' ' J!.t-'111-
I. .,.tof.ll. He is breathing regularly. flf.'Jofl *He was born and bred a gentleman. Tw-A.';.
,..,.t'i'ilol\
?" llil.,.-'11.1-?" f""'P tar
2. .,.'Jof.il 1111. I can breathe easier now that the
work is done. ~&om- r lll\lt+ +1'Lll AlA breed (n.) HC
ll":f~IIIJo Fertile cattle are needed to improve the breed.
breathe again "-l:f.. r h.tl H-1-'J 11"7lflfol\ m~Y: f+'JY: hofl'i'
Now that he is gone, we can breathe again. .l'ilof.oi\,;Jol\
IIIJo'J illl~f. 1\r::J'. 11"711'i' II'J":f~II'J *She comes from a fine breed of people.
breathe hard -l!'i" ._'i +~L(t
hODol\lt?" HC 'i'miiJIII":f
She was breathing hard from the long climb breeding
up the hill. .:'li".,..'J Jl1'i' noom-nJ:t 4! 1. hil..,..-'1~1. His manners show good breeding.
<; <; 'i'.,.t'i'il tflC m'll' '1'-1- llii.,.-'11."1-'J .l'il.l'ol\
brethr~en~________________________I_40
___________________________b_r_i_d~g~e
2. '1''1- h!l-1-.'lf."l. You can teD when a girl has
breeding. '1''1- hil-1-.'lf."l .1'11-1-~ A"/!: II
"''fD:r- -1-:fl\lltl
3. "''CQ-1-. Careful breeding of livestock will
improve the meat. hil-l':f~ fl'l'~ :1>4: "''C
q-1- f-1-lfll F :> .I'M'1A
breeding ground DDC{tf
This marshland is a breeding ground for
mosquitos. ,..u ; t:..,t:1 hli=~ t'mQ -l-'l~ '
oPCRJ I \om-
man of breeding f""'P A-,:
His uncle is a man of breeding. 1t.,..1: f"'-
'1' ' A"/!: ' ~"'"
brethren, see brother
breeze nof.!l 11m-:t- l 11!11\11 ~of.!l
The breeze ruffled her hair. nof."" 11m-;J-
(11!11\lltJJo ~of.!l) ' l\'J-<::'1 fi:J--1-~tJJo
[See also 'fly, whip']
brevity "''me
Thanks to the brevity of his speech, the meeting
was soon over. h"t""l""l<;. ..,me f+~Vf il
ii!IQm- fl-1'11- hM
brew
1. moo+. We brew our own beer. f&-ltl-1'1
mil 7.~m9".4'11~
2. mM!I. Children are good at brewing
mischief. A~'ll ~1C oom~(l!l f.IY'lll'f'I'A
be brewing TtnHtll
There is trouble brewing between them.
flootlhll'fm- :f"lc -1-m~!l!l.A
brewery fll&- of.il&lt
He has an interest in the brewery. Ofl,t.. of..
il&lt ' tJJoil'l' 'l':r-9" ' hllm-
bribe (v.) fl'f-(l .1'.1111 I 'I-ll ilm J flnH
il hQflll
You cannot bribe him. fl'l-11 A-1-f.AIIm-
h-1-:fA9"
He bribed the guard by giving him a gold
watch. 11Hfl'1m- hmc:r- f1""'&- !I'l-l-
"t-fl (lmm-
It is difficult to bribe an incorruptible witness.
fi.:J-IIA f"''f.:fA~ 9"!1hC flnHil "''
QfiA hf.ii'A9"
bribe (n.) '1-ll
He was caught accepting a bribe. 'I-ll !l..,.fl
A' 1".1'H
take bribes .,.p Ot\
Taking bribes is punishable by law. 'I-ll oo
ill\-1- fl.ft"l .l'ii.,."'A
bribery 'I-ll ooiii\-1-
Bribery has corrupted many a judge. 1-P oP
illl-1- ill!- .'l'l':f~ flh!l'f'PA
brick m-il
Their house is built of red bricks. 11.;1-:fm-
f-1-"'il-"'" fl.,.,. m-il ' ~"'"
bricklayer m-il 1~1L
A bricklayer gets a good salary. m-il 1'lll
'1''1- .1'.'1"11 .1'1'1A
bricklaying "l~il h"'&-e
That is a skillful piece of bricklaying. .I'-ll
'l'fl11 ' .1'110-1- "1'111 h"'&-C ~"'"
bridal foo-11&-
Her bridal gown was red. foo-11&- Ail!l.
.,.,_ ~fiC
bride oo-11&-
The bride wore white, and the bridegroom wore
a dark suit. oo-"li&."P ' ~.,_. oo-"li,t.m- '1"4:
C Ail!l llil!lm- ~fiC
bridegroom oo-11&-
The bridegroom wore a dark suit. on-"li,t.m-
'1'-kC ' oo.tr Ail!l llil!l.A
bride price [oo-11&-m- m.l'-9" fi..J-!111- 11
oo-11&-f.-1: 11.1"(1(\:f f"''..l'fl~h:t-'fm-
f1~Hil 1Df.9" f7..4' ilfll:J-]
bridesmaid f.~1m-C
The bridesmaid walked behind the bride.
f.~1m-<:: hoo-11&-'1' fl!l-fo:\1\ -1-.<:-- ~fiC
bridge (v.)
I. .<:-"A.<:-".1'- "'&-. The engineers bridged the
river. ootJ~'Lt\'ll nm~n- 1\f. ' .<:-"A.<:-".1'- "''~--
2. 1";>f.oo. A log bridged the brook. "1~-'l.
n=. "" 1":>f.oo
3. hilfD1f.. Politeness will bridge many
difficulties. -1-.:h-1-'i" ill!- :f"lt::f~ .film
"I.'lA
bridge (n.) .<:-"AY:f.
There is a bridge a mile from here. hH.ll h~
.<:-" "''f.A Col' .<:-"A.<:-".1'- f.1'1A
burn his bridges
*He burned his bridges behind him. IDS'. :\1\
fi.OOII!I' f"''.:fAfiT~ 00~1.<:-" hflllif
bridgehead
bridgehead [b'l''i'ID- H"7:Y. 4'1.'1"
S: : ~..(:'
I fltnl\+ ~ ffl'j! I 1\.e. I f'"7..1Pt- I
ftnC hl'I'I"J
bridle (v.)
1. 111-oo. He bridled the mule. R:f-11-'l''t II
'l-00
2. 1:1'. You must bridle your anger. 't.<'.'I-U
') ' OO"':J'T ' hii111J
bridle (n.) oM?"
The Ethiopian bridle hurts the mule. fh.'l-1'"
kJ' A'i'l" R:f-11- f.'I-JIA
brief (v.) foo'I"&J' OO"JII"'i (lm
The captain briefed the soldiers. lf'I"RII- II
W;l'f.C:'fi o fOO'I"&J' o OO"JII"'i o (liO)'ffD-
brief (n.) h"'l"C OO"JII"'i
His brief was printed in the newspaper.
f(lmfD- h"'l"C OO"'II"'i R:>U."' :J'Too
brief (adj.) h"'l"C
His speech was brief but to the point. 't"'"'<-
h"'l"C'i' .,.'1" )1C J'IIID- )fiC
be brief ~..,...,~,. ll.ittnl.
Please be brief; we have to leave in a few
minutes. 't"'"'CIJ't hlt'l'~,. i b'l'-1!'1- 1.4!:1"
l":Y. ' n:v oo~f: t.ll11't
in brief Q1l".;..
In brief, our plan is this. q"fl"<- t.:f>JI:Y.'t f.
II I ~ID"
briefcase Pelt
There were important papers in my briefcase.
PClt\1- ID-(1'1' b'i'T'1 1-JII'""f f J'H- W~
-t.Y.:Y. ' )flO:.
brigade 11C1.f:
The brigade is stationed on the border.
11C1.JI. wn't "" .,.oof.n
[See also 'fire brigade']
brigand 4'"7'1
The brigand eluded the police and escaped.
.,..,.,.,. Tll.(l-'t h:l'll- t.oollm
bright
1. 1."7:f>. She likes to wear bright colors.
1."7:f> 4'11'1" J'IIID- A111l 0011\fill '1-WJIII"f
2. 11<-U. Sunshine is bright. fB.hf. 11C?'t
11<-U )ID-
His bright face was alight with happiness. 11<-
IJ ' """" ' Rf.ll;l' ' .C.It
3. P"' J'll. I like a bright fire. P"' J'll
hltT ' hWJIIIIJo
141 brilliant
0"7.~ 4. 'tl\...lt. The bright water trickled through
his fingers. bh)l: ll.f. 'tl\...lt ,.~ f.'tmq
m11 )fiC
5. '1'0:.. He has a bright future. wf..C.-'1- '1'0:.
bf:A hllfD-
6. hllf.lt:Y.. She always has a bright smile.
1JoA1..U. hllf.lt:Y. .1.1"1:1' hll.'l-
7. 11AIJ. That was a bright idea. 11AU f
If) ' .hlt11 ' )fi~
He is a bright boy. 11AIJ AJ': )ID-
*Rub the silver cup to a bright polish! f11C
'l''t"'i<D-'t hllb.J''tRqc:f> WAID-IIID-
brighten (vt.)
1. hF.,.oo+. Flowers brighten a room. hfl(l~
b'i'A't J'f.'I":J-11-
2. f.llT'1 h1.~1. Her smile has brightened my
day. d.1"1:l''l' -tl<-'t fi""'ll- f.llT'1
h1.~1'S
brighten (vi.)
I. mtl-. The sky brightened. (1"71' m<l-
2 . .C.It. Her face brightened. ~ d.lt
brightness 1:'1"-t-l-
The flowers lend brightness to the room.
t.nP:Y. llh'i'll- 1:'1"-t'l- f.{IIOJII-
brilliance
1. "7'tRq~:t>. The brilliance of a diamond
makes it desirable. fb't.,. "7'tRq~:f> Td.lf.
1.. J'f.C1'1'A
2. :f>A'I''i''i'. Her brilliance as a pianist was
known all over the world. fi"CJ''l" T"'i'l'"f)
'1- J'II.T :f>A'I''i''i' fioolf.ID- 'M'I" f;l'W
.,. I ~DJ-
3. 1111\IJ)T. His brilliance put his teacher in the
shade. R11AIJ)-f, oo?"IJ<-'t hll'i'-t
brilliant
I. 1."7:f>. You can teD his paintings by the
brilliant colors. fC(l-'t l"bii-:Y. R1."7:f> -t
II'I":Y. lloollf'l- '1-:Y.II.IIU
2. f"'l.J"tRqc:f>. The briUiant jewels were
admired by aU. f"'l.nRqc.,.'l- 1."1 1.'1'
fiiJoll-'1" Tf.'t-t'I'A
3. f:'t:f>. He is a brilliant speaker. f:'t:f> T'i'
,;J&, I ')aJo
4. 11AIJ. He is the most brilliant man I know.
b"71D-:l"'I'ID- (ll""f IJoll- 0"1'1" 11AU
)ID-
5. '1-011. He is a brilliant scholar. 'I-fill
f"' rJoC I )o fJ)o
6. hllf.'i'4:. The musician gave a brilliant per-
brim
formance last night. oo-n.-t'i'm- 'l-'01'1- 'I"
7i+ , hli~'04! +cll.e+ h,..f
7. 1'.'/".f f;f-f. Their wedding was the most
brilliant affair of the season. Om:J>., h-1-1'.<:
7-'l- )~C':f ' INr ' J'.'l".f ' f;f-ftJJo ' f)(l- '
{IC"I )0C
brim
I. 1\'i'. The glass is filled to the brim. 11C"'.".f
"'" llllh l\4- '1"/A:f:/A
2. hLtt:. The brim of his hat is worn out.
rqc~"'"'" h.t.'i' hiA!IIIA
bring (brought)
1. li.oPtlJ. Bring me a glass of water, please.
h1Y: 11C"'.".f tD-:' h'I""'IA'S
What brings you to this town? l\11.11 h-1-"7 '
'1"1 1-."IC 1\DP"'IJ !
2. .P-11 """1. May I bring a friend with
me? 'il'.'i'll-1 .e-n: IA'I""' 1
3. l\llh-1-11. Spring brings birds and flowers.
YoJ'.F- mc::f1'0 l\Oil:f1 .l'llh'I-'1/A
4. hmar. These cars will bring a good price.
1-.)11.11 oPh.'Ol":f 'I'~ 1':> .fdJ"'ft-
5. 1\M'f. Loyalty and hard work are what
usually bring an advancement in pay. fl.fP
11 "1.""76 f"'l..l'il~"f. :J-"7'S~:r-... tn1h
f! I OD JP 6-T I 'i':fm-
6. h.,.t!L. Edison's inventions brought him
glory. fll.-'lil1 'i'/Ail<l.l":f h11C l\-i-<:4-11'1-
Wbat will the future bring? IDF..d..T M r
.eoo"' .P-11"1 !
bring about
1. ftoPtlJ. Thewar brought about a change
in living standards. tDC~., 0)-C' Ulf 'I
~ I ACD4' I il.ODilJ
2. l\llh-1-11. The disappearance of the airplane
brought about a search of the area. fl\tD-C'T
,..,. """'"'"~- o-to11.m- 'I'll:> hllh-1-11
3. .l..m<:. Equality between men and women is
hard to bring about. 0dJ1 P.:f<; 01'1.-f:f
ooiJh/A l\11-/A~'I- lloP'i'tnC hll'l':>6
~"'"
bring along .f.fl ODtlJ
He brought along his entire staff. P'.l--1-'l''ll
,.I fl--1\- I .f.fl I 0011)
bring (someone) around to h."'Q1l.P. h.IJoo~
He brought me around to his point of view.
l\"lq11-f'S Ooh ... ll- 1\ ... oo~'S
bring back oPII{I
Please bring the book back! oPJ\'.J.4-1 oo(All
142 bring
bring down
I. 1\m<:l'.. I also brought down the big box.
'I-IA4<1'1" "1'1'1 hm<:Y:h-'1-
2. hi"/A"'1 1\ml:!'.. The strike brought down
the new government. 1\Y:B'IfD" s h..'l,lto1' 1 oo
1"11"'1- hi"IA"11 l\m<:!'.m-
3. -t~il. I won't buy that lamp unless you
bring down the price. 1':>tD-1 IJ/A-l'~llh
oo11.J._,1 h/A~~II!I"
4. -f-IN "'ll. The hunter brought down
a mountain goat. 11.~~ 1 f'"L~ lf:f&1'
-f-IN "'lltD-
brlng face to face
He brought the enemies face to face. mO'I''Il1
.t.+ 11.1.'1- h:>tn"7'1'1D-
bring forth h-1-<:.1..(11'1-)
His idea brought forth a storm of applause.
.1'-l'l:OfDo oh ...11 f-l'lltn "1."11""q h-1-U.II'I-
bring in
I. hll~1. The dance brought in a hundred
dollars. -'111'l- .,..,. 11C hll~1
2. Mq. Take off the bark before you bring
in that log! .1'11 "11Y: h"?"lq'l-11 n.t.+
"'""'"
3. 1\0DIIJ. A camel caravan brings salt in from
the desert. f"loP/A "1'1-IA'I-IA h!l".r:<: 0-'ltD-
Q;a.IJ)a I YODIIJ/A
4. l\-1'<:0. She brought his supper in on a tray.
1-..1-.,1 011C"I .-.a.1 h-t<:o:f-11+
5. lJO. The school's prominence in science
brings in many students. f'I-!I"IIC'I- 0.., 0
.-..e1ll oo;rm:J> 1111- -l-"76l":f1 .ell
q(A
bring on
1. l\llh-1-11. This incident will surely bring on
a disturbance. .r-11 7--'IF- 01-.C"I'I' 11'1'11
'I' .l'llh'I-'1/A
2. l\,..1'-<:(0+). His smoking cigarettes brought
on an attack of coughing. {l.jf.l- .,...,,...
r.-."' ' o7i;r h.-.1'-.:o'l-
bring out
I. 1\dJ"'. They are bringing out a new edition
of his work. foPI\'.J.4-1 h.ll.ll '-'1-'1" .fdJ"'ft-
2. 1\ID-T.f h"""'.Can't you bring the ball out?
\>,(1-1 l\tD-'1'-I-11 "7'1""1'1- 1\'l-:f/A!I" 1
The holiday brought out large crowds.
110'tft" ' 1111- ' ih1111 I -f-{10{10
bring to ~'I'll 1\H.l-m-
Cold water brought her to. 4'11:1'~ "'"='
~'I'll l\H.l-'1-
brink
(not) bring (himself) to II:J'TtJ>o
They could not bring themselves to believe
the news. m&m-'1 Afl7oP") l\:J-7:flD"
(bring under), be brought under +l.O
The various points were brought under three
different chapters. A I< A 1< flf'l--1- "l-'II'":Y.
01"11-l- fTII.I'I< 'l"b&o~:Y. .,.COtJ>o )0C
bring up
I. II<V.~. Her aunt brought her up. 1\hil:l: II
liJ'.~il'-r
2. M"'. I will bring it up at the next meeting.
O"''..,.'l'lltJ>o 11-tll'lfl ilf. M"''I'II!Jo
bring with it hilh.,.ll
Old age brings many diseases with it. l\C~'i"
.fill- <hOD'/" ,l'llh-1-IIA
[See also 'accusation, attention, control, dis-
credit, head, home, house, life, line, mind,
naught, order, pressure']
brink
I. mC11. He went to the brink of the well.
IDF.,I tJJ-;)lD" I "J-J.!"~J.!" I ffiC"If I 'tF.,.
2. 114-'i'. The country is on the brink of war.
11~&1: OtnC)or 114-'i! 'If. -1-~ ...II:Y.
brisk
I . .t..m"t ,I'll. A brisk walk brings him home
from school in ten minutes. Lm'l ilfl 7t.C
'l")f OOFC 1.-I::J' hor'I"IJCor IL-l-
l\IL-1: f.J'.CliA
2. f"''.,,'):J':J'. A brisk wind was blowing.
f"''.,,'):J':J' )4-11 f.)'i!ll )OC
*He took a brisk walk. t:-ooY: ~oo1: ~ ofl
II- T"tlf&olf t:
bristle
I. T1m1m. +"The line of soldiers bristled with
bayonets. Om;I'J'.C',; I'IA'i! ilf. ll"t)f .,.
~'l'"ltn )OC
2. lfoo. The eat's hair bristled when the dog
barked. tJ>olftJ>o 1'1.1.""11 f!!:ao;J: 11"1-C lfoo
3. J'.ao- .t..il. He bristled at the insult. 1111
TMOJ'.ao-.t..il
brittle""'"II- f"''.I'IOC
Beware, the glass is brittle. Ttll"t.,."'> 1 ODII;I'
ID-1: 0.,.1111- f"''.I'IOC )tJ>o
broach (v.)
I. M"'. How do you broach an unpleasant
subject? 1111"'1,1'111.11-l- )~C l\"tf..-1- ;I')
"'IIII l
143 broaden
2. ) !!:II- h.t..T. He broached a barrel of wine.
fm)!:"t OC"'1A )J'.-11- h.t..TtJ>o
broad
I. I'IA.. He has broad shoulders. I'IA. -1-h
lf lllltJ>o (or, J'.t:T I'IA. )tJ>o)
His broad education prepared him well for
the job. I'IA. flf)tJ>o or'I"IJC-1: IIF&otJ>o
O"''.~fl IIH:>)>;tJ>o
He has a broad view of the situation. lll\
11-~;l'tJ>o I'IA. IIIIT,I'f-1- 1\lltJ>o
2. 11'1' ,I'll. The broad expanse of the plain
was dotted with trees. 1\'1' fl\t& OIJ.Jo; h
A~ IIAG: ~~:y. TThlltJ>oO;I'A
broad outline m:t>l\1\ 1 "711&-61
Give the broad outlines of today's lesson.
1111 >l<l.tJ>o or'I"IJC-1- m"'>ilil "'/.fl&-&,1'
11'1'
in broad daylight .,."t O.,."t
It happened in broad daylight. .,."t O.,."t
flf~ I ~1C I )ot&
to broad daylight lt~L~ 1 fl!\1\
He awoke to broad daylight. ltt:.t..J'. 0:\11
T)"'
[See also 'jump']
broadcast (v.)
1. 0&--'1.1'" IIIITIIII.t... They will broadcast
directly from London. 0&--'1.1'" ""'"':1'
h
ll"tJ'."t ,I'IITIIA4-II-
2. 111'1"7. The radio broadcast a speech filled
with menace. ~iF fT'I"ii0-1- "t"I"IC &-
-'1.\'"'l- 111'1"'1
3. 111'16-"". Don't broadcast the secret! 'l"lltn."-
"t 11;1'1'1&-"fl"
broadcast (n.)
I. f&--'1.1'" TC'"I&-9". The broadcast was call-
ed off for technical reasons. 01:hth "1-1.-11-l-
'l"h"t,l'or f&--'1.1'" TC'"I&-'1" .,.<:
2. 0&--'1.1'" fT)~t:. Did you listen to the
broadcast? 0&--'1.1'" fT)1t:tJ>o"t 1'1"'111 l
broaden (vt.)
I. 111'14-. The municipality is broadening the
new street. "'IH:>)f IL-l: 1\JI.(l."t oo"t~J'."
0"'1114--l- "" )tJ>o
2. 1101111~. Reading broadens our understand
ing. "'l"tO.fl btJ>o.,.;I':Y."t"t ,I'OIIl\'1'1'A
broaden (vi.) 1'14-
The river broadens at its mouth. m'ln- 1 floP
"IIU'tJ>o ilf. ' f.I'IM
broad-minded
(be) broad-minded h111-J'fof> (I.C. ~.,.
He is a broad-minded person, and people
ask him for advice. h111-.l'f-l> (I.C. 11111f
~ (19':f l"'hC '-m'-4l:t"A
broadside 0'1-'t
The ship drifted broadside toward the shore.
ouCh!]. 0'1-'t IDS'. "'CiJ' 1-'t<'t.C..C.:f
brocade ft:.,., '1-1'1-1
The royal regalia is made of velvet and gold
brocade. f't'J-w ~11"-1> fh11C ' A1111 llh
'I''IM' llt:.,., fmc:,. .,.,.,., f-f"w&- ~.,.
brochure """111'"'1 ~~'"'""'
They published a brochure for the exhibition.
ll/1."1110.1i). ' oP"III'"'l ' ~~'"'""' ' hft-f"OU.
broil (vt.) mO(I
He broiled the meat. P';JIJJo't ' mOI'I
broil (vi.) -~""'mil
You will broil if you stay in the sun. 8dt'- 'I
'- 11'1-4''- '1-,..m'IIIU
broke, see break
(be) broke 'II'- 11.11-'t ~.,.
I am broke again, and it is only the day after
payday. AS'.;t- IJII.C.:f h'tY: .,, 11il'
rr<r ' 'II'- ' h.ll.' ' ~'S
be dead broke Q~ 7t)t1' ~aJo
It is the end of the month, and I am dead broke.
ftD'I- ' "7114!.1' ' 11111f~ ' 'II'- ' 7.:(1 ' ~'S
go broke bll~
He went broke gambling. 04l"7C ll(lt:
leave broke QP.. lt)f."} 1 hll+l.m-
A siege of illness left him broke, ft:~l"' 1.IJ,
"'""~"' ' 'II'- ' 7.1!:1 ' h11.,t:m-
[See also 'stone-broke']
broken, see break
broken (adj.)
I. f-i"I'I'IOt: I 1'1'1&-. The broken glass ruined my
tires. f-f"(lfJOt:m- oP11;J-m'l- 1"7\L't hO'I
il"11'S
The broken glass gashed his arm. 1'1'1&- me
.,...11 b'tJI..1 'l<t:mfD-
2. f-l"ll.l'f ! f.C.t:l'l. A united family is health-
ier than a broken one. 111-ll.l'f (ll.C.t:l'l)
0.1- 1'111 O'i':,.C f4'fm- '-'lf'IA
3. .I'A-1""1&-. The foreigner speaks broken
Amharic. fiD-"P M<l- (IIIJ- )'AT"!&- h'"IC
If W;'I&-A
144 broth
*A broken promise is a betrayal of trust.
,..A't "Ym'i' 1.11"~'1-1 "''.,..S'.A ~.,.
*His broken health was due to age. m:n.J: r
1-,.tD(IIIJ- 07.C~'i' l"'h't.1''1- ~IIJ-
be broken +1\Rl:.
His backbone was broken when he fell.
OmS'.., 1.IJ, hllCIJ<IID- 1-(IOt:
His spirit was broken by his wife's death.
"7.11-1> 1111'1"1-:f :,.11.,... 1"(111~A
be broken down Ll,(l.
This detour is necessary because the bridge is
broken down. Y:AY:f- 1111.C.t:(l tl-f~ ao'f.Y:
h11.1.'11.' ~ ....
(be) broken-hearted dtH't 1-'"'l~ID-
She was broken-hearted over her son's death.
OA:{ ou'f"'l- l"'h't,l''l- mH't 1-"P).;t-A
bronze ~dt11
The cross is made of bronze. outt+tr 1 h)dt
(t I f-f-IP& I )aJa
brood (vt.)
I. ,..., .C.. The hen is still brooding her eggs,
but they will hatch soon. P..r:'l' hll-111"
7.1S'.:t-.,.c.:f ~:f 1 .,, o:,.co- '1-.C.II'i''lll:f
2. Ohl.?"r:ID- m-11'1' ~oc. +For years he
brooded vengeance. 111111- 'toP:J-'1- f4!1"'
o.,A m<'l11 Oh7.?"r:m- fD-11'1' ~oc
brood (vi.) OdtH't 1-hH
He brooded all day long over his misfortune.
""'"1'1.': ' ~Y:fl- ' .,).') ' -(1- ' " " ' " ' ' ll.
1-h11 ' 'I'll
brood (n.) '"'l""'of:f
The mother hen walked about followed by her
brood. l.'i'of:-1> 1'-r: '"'1....,_!1! 1-b'l-11'1''1-
mf!.l' m,11.u +A ~oc
brook ~t:+
The brook dries up in the sununer. ~t:'k 0
O,;J ,I'.S'.C,..A
broom oo'l't:1..1'
The woman got angry and hit the child with
the broom. ll.'I-1'-'P 1-'i'"' A~'P't OOD'J't:
1..1' ' oo;t-:fiD"
broth lfc'l 1 oPt;:,.
A hot cup of broth on a cold day tastes fine.
011C"-' n +11-11 lfc'l 1-11'"1"7.. ~.,.
Meaty broth is given to sick people. F ;J f
o~o+ ""t::,. IIO'li-l"'l':f Y.I'I"'A
brother
brother (pl. brothers, brethren) m'tX:9"
My younger brother is in the tenth grade.
:1'"71 m'tX:"''. '+P'~>;' h'i'A )m-
brotherhood
I. m'tX:"'/"7:f)'i'. The YMCA tries to pro-
mote the brotherhood of man. m. m. h. "7.
f(ll":f't ID'tX:"'/"7:Y.H 11"7114-4-'i' f.'I'&-A
2. J"tX:)'i' "7~0C. The railroad workers be-
long to a brotherhood. rqfK. u>&--1-"'':Y. ,
'tX:)'i' .,~nc .Mlfm-
brother-in-law 'I'CII (wife's brother); A"7:Y. 1
h."7'i' (husband's hrother)
brotherly fm'tx.-"7"7:f)'i'
There was a brotherly feeling among the boys
in the class. Oh'i'll- m-11'1' qll-'i' /A}!.:Y.
ouiJhA fm'tX:"7"7:f)'i' DD'td-11 )0~
brought, see bring
brow nqc
He wiped the sweat off his brow. '111-'t h"'
'tq~ 'If. m~1
browbeat
Don't try to browbeat me! ODDJ'.'t'l-'i'., 1.
'i'll't 0"7'1'"'C A:l'lld.&-&-'S A'i''l"hC
brown n-.,., n-.,
1 '\f.)'i'
His hair and eyes are brown. fii"K-., f'+
Y.'l"lfi .,.119" n-..., )tJJo
The brown cloth is flecked with green. II-., '+
J!.)'i' /A11!l. h.~'t'lf. .,.119" "'A "'A 11
11-0:I'A
[See also 'dark')
browse
I. :>m. The cattle browse in the field. h11+
lfi O"'LJJ 'If. f."'"'ll-
2. -f-DDIII)h-1-. He likes to browse among the
books. ""1\"dtG::Y. ououlll)h'i' f.mJIA
bruin X:1l
bruise (v.)
I. l'l'tOC t.m"'. The boy bruised his knee.
A)!: .,.AOi> 'If. l'l'tOC h.ID"'
2. h.OIIII. The gun's recoil bruised his shoulder.
fmDD'tlftJJo l\C"'"'i 'i'hlfm-'t h.OIIIItJJo
3. 1-JI. His harsh words bruised her feelings.
f-1-.,.1&-'i' ~f.ll>;' ?A ll"''.:l:'t 1-Jim-
Tbe stirrup bruised the horse's flank. fd-~(1-
't 7l't'l' l\CI)11 1-X:-r-:J'A
145 brutal
bruise (n.) l'l'tOC
He had a bruise on his left foot . ...,&- A-x.
"" moe )O~m-
brunt h'i'-1->;' ~Y.A
The island town bore the brunt of the storm.
fJ'.Il.:f: h-1-"7 f"76011- h'i'-f->;' "lf.A J'.
~M'i'
brush (v.)
I. ll~if. I brush my hair every morning.
tl>-T tl>-T 11.,.1.'t l\Pclf1111-
Piease brush my coat! 1>-l:'t IIC71A'S
2. A&-1d.. Brush the dust off my coat! h.!J.&-m-
't hl>-1: ' "" ' h.&-"'.l.tJJo
3. 4-4'. I have to brush my teeth. 'I'Cil.'t ou'l-
:,0 AII11'S
4. h.OI'l. The leaves of the tree brushed my
face as I walked through the forest. O"'il)m-
m-11'1' ll'tX: rq4- :,Omt~-:Y. 1.-l:'t An
(1-'i'
5. m~1. The child brushed the tears from his
eyes. A)!: l\'tqm-'t l)f.'l"lfi 'If. m~1
brush aside h,-")gu AAtfLm~r"
He brushed my excuses aside. f{lm~Jo'i''t 9"
h'tf'i' h9"'t9" h.A._m~9"
brush lightly against Jo;(l(l
The leaves brushed lightly against his face.
:,Omll-lfi ' l.i>'t ' Jl(l{I-T
brush up on hi\A(I
I am brushing up on my Amharic. h."7C>;'IIo
't ' ODDh'lllll ' "" ' )'S
brush (n.)
I. 11~71. You can use this brush for your
shoes. 011.11 11'1-if "'i"711't A'i'Pc7in+
'i':f-'11111
2. 'l'lf. Much of this land is covered with
brush. fll.ll ' DDI.T ' A11q>;'m- ' h'i'A ' n
'l'lf -1-if'i'S:A
3. Mil fll "'"P'i'. The troops had a brush
with the enemy. tn'l- hm'l'i' :>C Atil
fll "'"P'i' AJ'.~1
brusque 4lC'I' fll
His answer to our request was a brusque ..no".
11'1' fi:f:f't fl'lm't ouA{I h.Y.If't9" f"'L
A .,C'I' fll ?A )0C
brutal
I. ""I)'S. He is a brutal ruler who has his
own people bombed. Mq <h1111-'t Dllf"11
f"'LfllJ'.OX:-Il ""I)'S ""6 )m-
10
brutality
2. f"l"l)~. He acted in a brutal way. f"l"l)~
1\oPtl-C h<'lf
brutality "1"1)~
The brutality of the punishment shocked the
onlookers. :,.,..,.,. f\{1'1" ftR~CD- "1"1)~ 1"
ODAI)~ 'hM:t''fCD-
Some tribes wage war with brutality. h'M't
Y: .,..<'ll!'l- R"l"l)~ WI':>fl-
brutalize 1\CD-tl. hJ'.~'I
War tends to brutalize men. tDCH (tCD-'t
1\CD-tl. YJ'.C'I'I'A
brute
I. 1\CD-tl.. He is a brute. l\C{l- hCD-tl. ~..,.
2. hJI:>l-. Man has struggled long against the
brute forces of nature. (l.m- J\~1'9"" "l.H.
M:>l- fof-.1..'1"1: "l,l'.i!\ :JC :1-"'!I..A
bubble (v.) 1"<;:114'114'
The water is beginning to bubble. m-:-m-
<;:11:,011:,0 )'..'oo~
bubble over L')o~+
The last time I saw her she was bubbling over
with enthusiasm. hH..U R.I.'!- <'IY'I- R:JII
ll"'L'I- '1-.t.~Y::,. ~nc
bubble with
*His mind bubbles with plans and ideas.
-art- m<'lll:foi' l\:,OP..l- hhl\9"1:"'" CD-ll
'I"' ,('.OD~"'ifl-
bubble (n.) h<:-1-
You could see the bubbles rise to the surface.
h~-1- tDJ'. 11,1'. 1\tD"' .1'.:1-YA
buck (v.) 1-:J'moo
The mayor bucked at the school director's
suggestion. h't>J:QCD- f'I-II"UC'I- IL.,.'t Jl.
tl.hof"C ' m<'l-11 o 1-:J'IDOU
make buck ~4'~4'
The turbulent air made the plane buck. fof"o;m
lieD- hfC 1\CD-t!'TII~'t ~4'~4'CD-
buck, n. [ID'tY: h:JH't l tD,I'.II" m'tY: 'l"'t
'fA I ID,I'.II" ' tD'tY: ' f"'JI ' <;:fA]
bucking l\'t"''l" f"'LA
The bucking horse unseated him. l\'t"''l' f
"'LIICD- .l..~ll hi>Cii'CD- 11,1'. "'IICD-
bucket QAJI.
He carried the water in a bucket to put. out
the fire. l\<'l.,.'t 11"7'1'4-+ RQAJI. CD-;) h
....,..,
146 budge
buckle (vt.) 4&11.1..
I cannot buckle the strap. fmt;:'l-'t HIIR+
A'I&A<;: hAl-All"
I cannot buckle my belt. 4'R.f\lo't A'I&A'i!
hA:f-AII"
buckle (vi.) of-(1~.,..,._
The bridge buckled under the weight of the
heavy truck. hODhSCD- h-111'.'1- fof-~"1 Y:
AY:\< ' of-(1~.,..,._
buckle down hl\ll"f!'CD-'t liP'&- (tR(tR
He was by nature a daydreamer and found
it hard to buckle down. R-1-.l..'!"f!'CD- m<'IR-
f"'LQh't 0 iiiiiJ'~ 0 1\l\jl"f!'CJJo't 0 IIJ"tl- 0 0D
(1-fl(t-fl ' h:t-1-CD-
*It's about time we buckled down to work.
:14'4"t fll"'toP&-R'I- "1..11. ~..,.
buckle to 1-YYH
She buckled to the housework. fiL-I>'t P'
&- 1-YYH:f-CD-
oP
buckle under ltn: hA
He refused to take the medicine, but buckled
under when the doctor told him to. ooY:"lt.,.
't hACD-'1"11" -1111- ~nc "''t P..hT'I-
l\'tJI.CD-'1" IU"'~CD- l'.lf.. hll
buckle (n.) HIIR'I-
The buckle came off my belt. HIIR.,. h4'R.f
\!o 11,1'. tDII4'
bud (budded), v. l\ll"tl-'1' YH
The rose bush has budded. IM.~JICD- l\11"
tl-'1' ' ,l'.!f..A
bud (n.) l\II"R-'1'
The frost killed all the buds. CD-C"" l\II"R-
tl',.;'t 11-11 hm-1-'fCD-
buddy r:,>c-o 'IJ'.'f
He was my buddy all through my school years.
'1-II"UC'I- IL'I- R~Rch-R'I- "1..11. 11-fl- f:,O
c-o 'IJ'.'f\!o ~nc
budge (vt.) M:t-~4'
The stone was so heavy that the child could
not budge it. Y:'t:J\< R"'ll" hQY: 1111~
n~ A'JI'.. 1\Y~n.,...,. hAil'llll"
budse (vi.)
I. 1"'t4'{)4'(t. The mule would not budge.
n:,Ot~-'1' hA't4'<'14'll hll:f-
2. m<'ltl-'t lltDm. Once her father had said
"no", he wouldn't budge. hfl:t A~l. hf..
ll"tll" 1)11 m<'ltl-'t h.e.IICD-'1'9"
budget 147 bulge

budget (v.) build up

You will have to learn to budget your salary. I. hJIR<!. He built up the business. "t"IJI.1' h
J'.'l"1fl)") ' 1,")1..'1- o 1,")J'.f";J-ID"l ' ODODJ'.ofl ' JIR<:
Od{AODJ/; ' hl\ofll) 2. hJ'.tl-)1;. This country is building up its
army to counter the threat of invasion. .eo
budget (n.) Q)';'l- l ID"l'i' ,n. lo h,C ID<!tl-1' 1\0dl\'1\'9" lf'a:"t 7.Y
The ministry's new budget exceeded the funds S'.&-)';l- ' ~l-
allowed it last year. f"''.th1* hJI.h Q)';'l- 3. h.,.i!l.. The firm has built up a wide
'l9"'i' h_,.L4'J'.II'I- Rlltn reputation for fair dealing. Y:C;e'.., .,.,n.
Balancing my budget is hopeless. W"l'i' , llll"t ,RYID' h'i'_,.'i' 11.,.., hTC,i-IA
0.\1.1' "7:J''i''l- hf.IMII'S9"
(be) built up .,.h.,.oo
buff The area near the airport is being built up.
I. [IIMI( fll"t M11 -I'JI ,_,.,..&- tn"tiJ RhiD'I!"l''\1' "'R.YID' htn,ofl YIIID' 11
tl- ' -I'JI] <;:&- Rooh.,.9" 'If. ~ID'
2. (J'.ofl~~ ' R."'i] [See also 'slightly']

buffalo 111 builder

The buffalo and the ox look alike.111'i' """ I. foP&-. The builder of these churches is well
J'.OD/({111/Io known. Mll.ll"t IL_,. hCM:Y'l"l- fD'tl-ID'
0"1!1" ' f;I-ID4' ' ~ID'
buffer f"l"l''l- ooh'\11)' 2. ,-,n.. The builders were pinched by
The buffer in front of the car prevented any a shortage of good lumber. R'l'-1- n..,:,. 1.
damage from happening. nooh.'i'ID' ' .,_,. ' '1'<!'1- 9"h1'Y'I- ,"fiU"'Il ' _,.,,"~-
YIIID' M"l''l- ooh'\11)' 'l'JI'I- 1.1'JIJ'.J'.
Ch _,.h'lhll building .h"t~
buffet (v.) ~;-,,,.,_,.
Both offices are in one building. o-11..,9" 0.1!"
l"l- ' Q")J!; ' .ft")~ ' IIJoll'l' ' .,.,.
The waves buffeted him. "7~0/lo h"t,'\;1-ID'
buffet (n.) ooJ'.CUY build-up "7S'.C)';+
The dishes are in the buffet. l(.ft'l"'ll Roo The build-up of the nation's heavy industry
J'.CJ'.6Y ID'h'l' 'i''I'ID' is vital. fll,6.., hQJ!: h.1'JI.ll'l-69':f"t "7
S'.C)';'I- 1.;e'"l hhL'\'1. ' ~.,_
bug (n.)
I. 'I-A. The leaves were covered with bugs. built, see build.
:,Omll-'ll n+A .,.mt:tJJo tnc
2. '1-""a1'. The mattress was full of bugs. bulb
'i'tl-if. ' '1-""a1' ' '1"/A-fR;I-/A I. hf"7:1A. This bulb is burnt out. J'.ll h
f"7:1A ' .,.:1''1'!1,/A
buggy [h"tY: {liD' oflil' f"'LJ'.11 ;M] 2. &-11. He planted some onion bulbs yesterday.
bugle [Mdtll ,.,.,..&- '1'111''1- f"'',oo(lfA f1i"JIH:'I- ' tl-11 ' ,...,..,,...,. ' .,.hll
, ...11.:1' ' 00"16,1']
bulge (vt.) MRm
build (built) The apples bulged his pockets. ..,4-l"'ll h.
I. D'tl-. Our neighbor is building a new house. {lo"t hi(Rm-'Jo
'1-t:IL;I-:f"t hJI.h IL-l- 1.fD'tl- tiD' bulge (vi.) .,.mm.:
2. hlt!too. They built a factory for canning His schoolbag bulged with books. f'I-II"IIC'I-
meat. P';J R-I'C-1'1!" f"'l,Y"li"l of.ofl61J IL-l- (lC/(ID- Roo~.no;:-'1- . _,.m'l'a:A
hl\'1\'-
3. ou,..,:.,., Don't build yourfutureondreams! bulge (n.)
fiDU'I- ~J!:IAII"t Rh"t... 9"'l''l- 'If. What is that bulge in your pocket? Y h..
h'I-DDP'CT hll't YI(RmiiJo t1C MY:~.,.. 1
bulk 148 bumpy

bulk bull headed hltO 1 "1'1-C

l. ,MJJf':'. The bulk of my salary goes for He is so bullheaded, he never gives in. 0"19"
rent and food. 11.1'.'1"11. h11Jf':'ID" f"''..ID"II htto 1 "1'1-c 1 lllllf) 1 Yll"'"'t 1 O'i'~,. 1
.,. IIIL'I- 11.<1-J'.'i" 1111""111 )ID" hf.ll'l-9"
2. h111f'>' h'i'A. The ocean covers the bulk of
bully (bullied) M"'OC:
the earth's surface. m-+Y'l"ll foP<l.'l-'t He is always bullying his employees. IPt-.,.'l':r;
h11Jf':'ID"'t h'i'~ J'.lf'i')'f'~ 't I o-A'I..H. I $1"111.1-'I''I'A
3. ""tn't. The carton was hard to carry because
of its bulk. IJC-f-). h""m). f.,.)"' II"" bulwark
lfhf" hJI;:>:f- )0C l. "1.1:"'11. A bulwark of sand and stone keeps
4. "111-'i')'l-. The bulk of the elephant does not the water out. fhlf'P'i" 1 f.l:""t:>J'. 1 "1.1:"'11 1
prevent him from walking fast. 111r't't "111-'i' ID";). 7.'tJif.1q ' J'.hllhll~
H O'i''l')'l- hoP!t.l:"' h$"1!'.1D"9" 2. :>lf. Freedom of speech is one of the bul-
warks of democracy. M"'"'C 1 )11)'1- 1 f!l.'l"
bulky ht-/1_ I ;Jlf I )ID"
l. ""m). '1-~'1- flY). It is hard to carry this
bulky package. f.ll't ""m). '1-~'1- flY) bump (vt.)
'l''i>A 0 oPlfh9" I h-'l:>:f I )ID" l. 1t;R.'1-1 h!'.C:1. The bus bumped the car ahead
2. 0"19" 1 "111-'i'. Since the man is bulky, the of it. h.,..,.n-n- h.L-1> 1 noc::fiD"'t 1 ""11.
mule can't carry him. {liD"\LID" 1 0"19" 1 "111- 'i" I , ........ I hJ'.(.;J."I-
'i' I llllll") I 0'1-11-'1' I oPlfhf" I h.!l':J-'1- 2. "'ll. The cat bumped the vase off the sbelf.
.1:-0D;f:. I yoq I "7ll.,.... "'iiD"') I hoPJ'.CJ'.
bull (n.) I>C., t.YID" 'If. I "'ll:fiD"
The bull is more expensive than the ox. 3. 1\fDC:J'.. The voters bumped the senator and
!>C., I h0<l. I ,('.0~'1' I ID".I:"' I )ID"
elected his rival. oPt-,;o>:r; 1 h.,IJt.ID"'t 1 h,.
bull (adj.) m't.l:"' CJ'.fDo I .,..,.,.!l''f.'t I ooc:........
A bull elephant rampaged through the jungle. bump (vi.) .,.:>""
h't.l:"' I fD't.l:"' 111f't I O"'ilJID" ID"ll'l' I J'.t-
He bumped into the chair in the dark. Ot;R.II
fD'I' I )0C ., IhfD'tO'I- I :>C I .,._, ....
bulldozer 11-MHC bump along ..,.1111,;u.
bullet 'I'J'.'I- The bus bumped along the unpaved road.
J\-IJ-{1- I q~.,.)ti\I.ID" I 00')1.1:"' 0 '\,('. I
The bullet lodged in his shoulder. 'I'J'.-1> 1 '1-
hlf ID" I ID"{I'f' I 111-f- I .,(. .,.'t1"'i1t;R.
[See also 'shoot, stray') bump (into) h;:>moo(,.).
+Guess whom I bumped into yesterday? '1-'i"
bulletin 't'l-'i" I "7')') I 7,')-'!;JtnOD~ I ;J-ID".!J'IIIJI
1. ou..,;\Mi)., During the President's illness, a
medical bulletin was issued daily. T<l.H.JI't-1> 1 bump (n.)
O:J-...,... 1 1..11. fm.'t):J-'1'.,. """'ll"'i 1 or., l. -Ml:J-. The car went over a bump. ""h.'i"
). I ,('.fDd) I )0C .... I 01-11:1- 'If. I hill.

2 . .,li:J-mof;.l'. The bulletin lists departures and 2. 7.11tn'l-. There is a palpable bump on his
arrivals of all buses . .,li:J-fDof;.I'ID" 1 fh.,..,.n- head. 0.1-(l- I II,('. I 1\.JI{l{l I f"''..:f~ I 7.11tn
Mi't I IJ-1\- I oP)lf'i" I oP.I:"'(.lf I ,('.0(.11.1-~ .... I hll

3. -~m.'l-. Our club publishes a bulletin each

bumper I.C:of.'t-t
month. hoq:f-'t 1 OffD'I- ""~m.'l- 1 YH:>lf~
The bumpers of the two cars were locked
bulletin board .,{1;!-mof;.l' 1 {lii.JI together. fiJ-111> 1 ""h.'i"l":f- 1 I.C:of.'t't 1 .,.-a;
Put the notice on the bulletin board! "7li:J-mo!: 1111.1.
$1D"') I "7{1;!-fDof;.l' 0 {li\,JIID" I IIJ'. I II'J'I.ID"
bumpy
bulletproof 'I'J'.'I- 1 f.,J'.HA.,.,. l. J\q"' 1 1-Cq"'. We drove for an hour over
The car had bulletproof windows. ""h.'i"ID" 1 a bumpy road. OJ\qd) I 1-Cqd) I 00')1.1:"' I
'1',1'.-l- I MJ'.HA.,.,. ""lll>'l- I hiiiD" 11').1:"' I fl't'l- 0 0""11.'i" I 't.l:"'')
bunch
2. +11'1''1''?. Bumpy air made the passengers
uncomfortable. +11'1''1''? l'ofC fl'of.C'T'I
'j.') I -1-<'IUl"":f I )',ljolllflllflffll<
bunch
1. "l'-11'1". Let me have a bunch of radishes,
please! /'o')f: I "l'-ff'l" I .,.,. I P'C I lltn'S
2. Hll'l. The woman sold me a bunch of
bananas. ll.'l-1'"'1' l'o't1: Hll'l """11 lfm":f
A'S
a whole bunch of -Rit'
A whole bunch of us is going on the picnic.
ofltl- I IJ')') I fiJS'. I 1iC1iC I l'o')~JIII')
bundle (v.)
1. A..,_.,. 1 l'o"l-<!. We bundled all our clothes
into one suitcase. Aofl<'l":f't't 11-11- Q't1: lf't
IIJ A ....hiD- I (l'o"I-C)fll<)
2. Al'l<!. Bundle the newspapers for the trash
man! .f.lflf I II"YJ)"'fll< I flfll<jl. I ;Jfl.t1Jfll<') I l'o
II ell:,.
bundle (one) off
1. l'oiiJI:C: milS'.. They bundled me off to
the hospital against my will. l'oiiJI:.I.fll< 1 Yll.l.
:J'Jl. I fiJS'. I 11'{11:;1-A I fiJ(IJI.'S
2. h.ll'tNI 'lh. They bundled her off to
the country. Ail'ttllm- mS'. Q'I1C '111.'1-
bundle up m+AA
The mother bundled up the child in a towel.
ll.'i"'l-1'"'1' I .OY'i-'t I OC:IIJ
bundle (n.) T:J.A
Is that bundle too heavy for you? Y T:J.A
0"19" I f.hofii:YA l
make up in bundles }t"}J!' ~f.. "AY~l-1
AM
Make these books up in bundles for shipping!
OODChofl I l'o'tJI.'Ih- I MILU't I ODl\.ft'i''l- I
}',')f: I 'If. I l'oYS'.<!1U I l'o{lc!-lffll<
[See also 'compact']
bungalow Mll+"' IL'I-
The bungalow does not hold more than twenty
people. Mll+.,.m- IL'I- hYY {lm- O'lf.
l'of.119"
bunk .f.T O.m.
The soldiers sleep in bunks. m;I-S'.C''Il .f.T
0.aJ. I 'If. I f.-f-...fl-
bunker ODhiiY 9"111
The soldiers built two bunkers yesterday. m
;1-S'.C''Il I 'J-'i"'t'J-'i" I 11-II'J- I ODhiiY I 9"1ii
":f I oP<I-
149 burdensome
buoy [OQ.ftC m-llT AS'.:>'t f"''.Y""IIh'l- )1C)
buoyancy
1. fDD't<'l.l.'i' ,...,,.A. Wood has more buoyancy
than iron. c)'t"'"'l- hofl.::,. fOIItn fOD't
<'l.l.'i' I ....f.A I /'ollfll<
2. fS'.ll-1-.,.)'J- OD't.l.ll. She lost her buoyancy
due to the death of her son. OA).!''I' """"'~-
ll"h't.l''J- I fS'.{I-f-...)..,. I ""'tLjl. I tn'f.
buoyant ( ~ n.) +'t<'l<f.ol. )1C
Wood and cork are buoyant. c)'t"'"'l-'i" 11-11
-f-')<'l'f.ol. I )1C'":f I 'i"lffll<
be buoyant f"ll:J- ; oo"}Lll hAtiJ<o
Children are usually more buoyant than old
people. .OY'i"'l- h1i.,1/l.l"":f fOIIm fS'.
(I;J- I ,..'),1.{1 I h.'llffll<
burden (v.)
1. "U 1 "i)(O'J-). They burdened the mule with
many pots. O:J-11-m-'t ofltt- .,Ill!' ""l'i-
0'1-
He burdened me with the responsibility of
cleaning up this mess. f.U't lloflcljoc:J. )
1C I l'o'tJI(I-f-l)hA I .... 'loi,)'J- I ""l)ofi'S
2. l'olllf1<!. I do not want to burden you
with that. OILU l'o'tJilllf1cu AA.I.A19"
burden (n.)
I tn4'1111":ffll< 1. lfh9". The porter carried the burden on
his shoulders. 11-ll.m- lfh ...'t 0'1-hlfm-
'If. I -J-lfbOD
I would like to accept your invitation to stay,
but I don't want to be a burden to you. IJ't+
:>C I l'o'tl:.f.f. I YS'.<!1UA'S't I 1ofl"lf" I . . .
4'0A I S'.ll I f.II ...A ! 1't I lfh9" I All''tofl
u I AALA19"
2. 4''t0C. To support my family became a
great burden for me. IL+ {l(l~ o .,ll-1-JIS'.
c I :,.A:,. I .,.'tOC I ll')ofi'S
3. 'l''i" 'i't. )1C. The value of peace was
the burden of the President's speech. lrrt.ILJI't
11 I "}..,'"JC I fJ"jtD- I -lj:;"" I )"'C I f(ll\,.. I
...:,.,.. I )OC
beast of burden f"P):,. ' hofi'I-
Donkeys, camels, and packhorses are beasts of
burden. l'oUI'"":f 1 1""11-":f'i" l'o:>llf>':f f"P
)'J- I hofl-!'":f I 'i"lffll<
burdensome hQ1:
The President's duties are burdensome. t"r&.H.
JI')'J- I -f-1QC'':f I hQf: I 'i"lffll<
bureau 150 burn

bureau 3. h,l',I'H. He burned coal to heat the room.

I. 0.1!". The travel bureau is closed today.
f"'-flaJo I fl.(!" I tf~ I lf""l I io8Jo
2. m~A.If. The bottom drawer of the bureau
is stuck. fm~A.IffDo f:J-l-'1..,. oo{)O.,I'
)hti.A
burglar {IC{)& /1.'1 1 vo.:,. {tel)&
He surprised the burglar in the act of entering
his house. {IC{)& /1.'1 (fO.T {IC{)6)
0.-l: ' fDoii'J' 11.1'1 ' .<'.~{10..,.
burglary o.:,. {till!" fou"'fiT m"!lA
Several cases of burglary were reported last
week. fJIILfDo {)?""}:,. ill!- o.:,. {till!"
fOD"'fJT ' OJ'tlA ' ODLl\.... ' 1")"1.,:11\
burial
I. 4>iiC. Burial of the body will take place next
Thursday. 4>il-l- f"''."""'"'" "1 ...11 ,I'.Ll\"'IA
2. ou.]>oc. The Egyptians embalmed their dead
before burial. "'ill\'l!,l''t """:l"'t't hou-1>0.:.
"'"'" ' o.c.:,. ' ~'tJI,I'.LC(l. ' OD.<'.""1tT ' h
.<'.~1-fJ:ffDo
burial grounds fou:J>oflC (1;1-
Burial grounds are within the church com-
pound. fOD:J>iiC P;l- 00.1" hCM:,I"t '
-l>'I'C fDoll'l' .1'-1'1A
h'i'/1-'t 11"'1'1"-1> h{tA h,l',I'H
*This train burns coal instead of oil. f,IJ I)
IJ<C OHf.T ol-'t;l- Oh{tA ,l'.'t.'IA
burn (vi.)
I. ).<'..<'.. The wood bums well. b't....., 0
.<'.'til ,I'.)JIA
2. Oil-. All the lights in the room were burning.
Oh'i'/1- ' tD-11'1' ' ,1'11-T ' ODil<l-1''1' ' 11-11- f.
0-1- )OC
3. 1":J>mll. The house is still burning. 0.-l:
hu-'tl"' M1":J>mll )fDo
4. ;Jit. The pavement bums in the noon sun.
04>TC 1.11. f~"'C ""'t1JI- ,1'."1'\A
5. .,.~..,... If you had stirred the soup, it wouldn't
have burned. l>"CflfDo"! il;l-"lllllm- 'l'C"
flol\1-~..,.. )OC
6. 1"4-l. His forehead burns with fever. "''tfl
-1- o:,.h-{):,. l"'h't.I'T .1'-4-!fA
7. 1"'Pm. He is burning with enthusiasm.
R;>ll II"'LT 1"fDol\l-A
*I'm burning with curiosity. ltOOim:J> ~~..,
'l"l'iJ'II!Jo
be burned ,;u.(t
...... ,........,.
The incense is burned in a censer. 6t1J~ r 0"1"

burn down (vt.) h:J>mll

buried f1".<'.04> They extorted money from him by threatening
The sailor's story conjured up scenes of buried to burn down his house. 0.-l:'t ll"l:J>mA R
treasures. fODChO'?..,. ;J-&h f1".<'.04> llil "'IIILt-6-T 1"1Hil hllhLII-T
.:r- 1 oo"f.;..~ fldtfa11 lD-l'IT Len burn down (vi.)
be half-burled Oh.C.A 1"4>0~ I. 1":1''1'11- OJ.<'."". The building was burned
The .house was half-buried by the dust which down . .b'tl\fDo 1":1''1'11- w.<'.oo
had blown in from the desert. 0.-l: ho~"li 2. R~. The fire has burned down. ~{)of: RC
..,. O)L{tfDo h!).<l- Oh.C.A 1"4>ill!" )OC .I!._ A
burly mii.<'.A burn (one's) fin1ers +tala+
Truck drivers are often burly men. 1ltf-aJo"t '1.. I've burned my fingers once already. bll.ll +
rt. hfl.<'." oolJ...,.. )l[l":f mil.<'.ll-:f ..,..:f..,. .<'.?" h'tJ': 1.11. 1"()11iJ'II!Jo
burn oneself +:J>nu\
burn (burned, or burnt), vt. Look out, you will bum yourself. 1"m't4>-l> l
I. h:J>mll l oi-l. They burned their old papers. T:l'm'\1111
hl!""l- m~4>;J-:fw-'t h:J>m/1- burn out mof..
Pepper burnt his throat. OCOt. 1-C"C"m-'t h The fire burned out for lack of wood. b't.U.
:J>mllm- (Llm-) :,. 1111/1.11 ~{)of: mof.
The coffee is very hot, so don't let it burn
your mouth. !K'm- 0"11"' Th-11 OODII' {be) burned out + :J>mt\
). ' ~'tJI,I'.L)('IJ This bulb is burned out. ,I'.U hi"'7'A 1":J>'I'~A
2 .. hO<l-. People used to burn candles for burn up +:J>mt\
light. l'tl":f iiCV't ll"l"11"T lf"l ,1'0-1- His books burned up in the fire. OOI\"mfl:'li
)OC 0~{):,. 1":J>mll
burn
taste burnt "Jo~'i
The rice tastes burnt. '~-~'" 1-C't;I:A
[See also 'ash, bridge, sulphur']
burn (n.) :l'mll- 1 f.,.:l'mll l'lro-F!
This is a serious burn. f.U hll.l:" :l'mll-
)IJJo
Put some salve on your burn! f+:J"m/UD
l'lro-F!U 11.1'. :,Oq'J- h.I:"C"'O'I-
There is a burn on my hand where the fire
touched me. hll-1> .l':l'mii'S ll;f' .,.ll!I.A
burned .l't.t.
A sickening odor of burned flesh pervaded the
room. f"'LJ':,OIIifA'Ii .l't.t. P':> 'li;f' h
'1!11-'J .,.... .,.
burning f"''.).l:"
It was brave of him to enter the burning
building. h"''.)~ro- .ft'JK ' IJJoll'l' ' OD"'Q'J- '
)!"''J)'J- )OC
be burning hot h..+mll
The sun is burning hot today. If~ fJthf.
.1':1''1'1\A
burnt, see burn
burpM"'
After drinking the milk, the baby burped.
.nn. m.,.'l- hm"' 0:\11 h~"'
burrow (v.) 'ild.t.
The mole burrowed a hole in the garden.
'i!Ad.!l. h'l-hA... ro-ll'!' .,.~.~:" 41d.t.:f
burrow (In)
I. Ot.Ot.. He was burrowing in an old trunk.
ht!'"l.ro-'J "''l''t f.Ot.i!C )0C
2. hJ!C hllh J!C .&.111. She burrowed in the
library for a book about Indian life. 111\U'JP..
:f 1-1!' f"''.~AK' ODK'do'i! 11"7"1'f'J-
II..,. ODI\.ft'i!... ' IJJoll'l' hJ!C ll.llh J!C '
d.ll1:f
burrow (into) ~G" "IQ
The obscure sound is made by termites which
have burrowed into the wall. "'AK' .I'AIT)
.,. ' .1:"'/"6 "'.I:""'J!IJJo'J .....'i!(.IJJo ' h~ll-'1- '/"
lltfl:f 0 f"''.ODdJ ' )IJJo
burrow out of sight DD~-1:1' 'rfa 1 "IQ
The mole quickly burrowed out of sight. 'i!Ad.
!1. ' lJ'J.<'.. ' OD<l....'J ' '/"II ' ~lJ:f
burrow (n.) .,..~:"'\.~:" l 1-il.
The rabbit hid in his burrow. 'l''t'fll- .,..~:"
'\.~:" (1-il.) IJJoll'l' .,.~04'
151 bury
burst (vt.)
1. Om(t I I'IOt.. The prisoner burst his chains.
hllt.';'ro- li."'C ilt....'J Oml'lro- (I'IOt.ro-)
2. h.&.M. He burst the balloon with a pin.
d.';'ro-'J Omt.<l''l- ouc1. h.&.Mro-
burst (vi.) d.M
The water pipe burst. fro-;)ro- !J.'/"!1. d. M
The water tank burst when the bullet hit it. f
ro-;)ro- OC"'LA 0'1'f. 'I- l'l,ou;f' d. M
burst forth 1).1.1\
With the latest insult, his pent-up rage burst
forth. n:,.co- O~t.I'IO'I- II~ ;f''i!'l" f)
Ot.ro- ' 4<"1ro- ' ~)d.l\
burst (into) HA- 1Q
He burst into the room. mY.. 'hfi;l\- Hit- "JQ
*She burst into tears. !1:,0 ill\ hll<l'l'l:f
burst into flames 11"1 illl- .,..I'.I'H
The paper burst into~flames. m~+1: p.-, -o
II- ' _,..I'.I'H
burst open {to()(!" bL+
We had to burst open the door. O~'t l'lil
(.'J oo>h.&.'l- ' "1.1:" ' lf')ofl'J
burst out
She burst out crying. .,.'ti'I:,Oll:l' hll<l'l'l:f
burst (through) .,..&.'1-Al> fD"'
He burst through the doorway. 00~ .,..&.'1-
Al>fD"'
burst (with)
I. d.)J!. The granaries were bursting with
grain. .,__,.,:..,. OhUA il~'l- ll.d.)J! )0C
2. .1.)~4'. The people were bursting with joy.
I'IS":f O~ll;f' .1'..1.).1:"4< )0C
burst (n.) ltlt;f'
We heard from afar a burst of laughter.
h~:,O ' f"':,. l}l};f' ' 1'1"7'J
bursting, be - with
I. ll."l'"+ hll. +The house was bursting with
people. II."" ro-ll'!' .ft11il h"i"'l' illl-
)0C
2. A..'I"+ 1 ~m-. She is bursting with curiosity .
0"71D:,O .,..,.'!- A'l-'1"'1- )ro-
to the bursting point ll.llh.d.M .l:"t.ll
The balloon was distended to the bursting
point. d.';'ro- hllh.d.)J! .l:"t.ll .,.)'i!-1'- )0C
bury (buried) <I'Ot. (.,.<I'Ot.)
They buried the corpse in the church com-
pound. il.IIIJJo't II..,. hCM:n :,O'l'C "'
0.' 4'0~
bus !52 busy

My passport was buried under the other papers. 1et down to business mf,. 1 -P'i ,.._.;;,_ +
f1-ll'i' mt:4'-l: h/1.11-l' mt:4'.P.:f Fe ODI\{1
.,._,.-IIZ:A They finally got down to business and signed
bury oneself (in) .,.ouflm the contract. floP~if 1 m1.. 1 -P'i ..,.....;,r.
He buried himself in a book. ""ll'oh'i' O..,"t +ouA(tm- 1 m-tt--1' 1 .,.L~~oo-
O-Il .,....,flm 10 Into business 1'""JJ': 1 lt~~oo
She has gone into business for herself. f ~!f..1'
bus hOJo.P.!I-ll
"t"'~ ' hll/1'-11\l-
It is better for you to go by bus. RloOJo+R-ll
[See also 'export, mean, talk, venture']
-11'1-'t~ 1-"ifAYA
businesslike 4'A"'of.
bush
I. "''l'!l:tn. He hid behind a bush.
e' .,..1'.04'
"'"'*"' ' P'
He is businesslike in all his dealings.
., ' 11-11- ' 4'A"'of. ' ~,.
Oh~.l-1

2. J'."t. The hunting party was lost in the bush. businessman ~:>J'.
fi\J'.'). I ~..(; I ,_). I dJo/t"l" I ffi4. He is a good businessman. T<- ~ ;J .. ~ m-
beat around the bush -'lie ..';C hi\
Stop beating around the bush; get down to
bus stop hOJo+R-ll ...,_."'1..1'
the subject! .<:e .<:e h'l-OA l llll "I--'ll' .,. A shelter was built at the bus stop. hOJo.P.!I-
<;1e
il I OD.f.Ot/J I 1\~ I ODtnl\Y I TWC.f I ~flC

bushel (hUA 1 'I'll- 'i't.<;' h;t-hA+ f"'/.11 bust (v.) flOt:

11-0'l- ' OD{IL6.1']
bushy
I. b~ .I'll. He has bushy eyebrows. b'f:
-II .I'll 'liof.A hi\OJo
2. J'."t fl\011. The bushy land shelters small
animals. J'."t ' fi\O{IOJo """-"'~- ' 'l-<;"t'li h"t
lll'o+"t .l'llm:>A
business
1. 'l""l..e-. Business is good. 'l"'l-4- Tot- ~m
They sold their business for a million dollars.
"t"'.C::fOJo"t q"t~ ' "'1.11.1'-"t -fie ' lfm-
2. f"t"'~Ft-.Abilitytogetalongwith people
is an asset in business. hfiJP~ ;JC foP"'IIJll .
+ l-t.>;t- 1\"t"'~ Ft. m.+"''. ~,.
3. "f-J:f.. Let's settle this business right away!
1-U"t"t ' M.e hll-'f.'f. h"t.l.ll'?"
Don't meddle in other people's business!
0/1.1\0Jo {llJ>o M.e h'l-"'q
Mind your own business! A&-ilU .,..qf. 1iil11
.... ,
4. JP,&.. What business is he in? JP,&.m- 9"''1
~~
He knows his business. p,&.m-'l YID-~A
5. r P ,e. "l-Jif.. I have to see him on business.
1\P't- ' -,..c;.e ' hfl-"t ' ..,..,'f+ ' hll-fi'S
6 . .,...,qe, It isn't my business to tell him that.
.eu"t"t 1111- """e n .,...,qe h1-l.l\?"
7. oooflT. You have no business coming into
this house. :1\ttU fVt hoP9'"tlJT 1 ouoflT 1
fi\U?"
*That's none of your business! hY.,QtJ9'"
He busted the chair. m"t0-1-"t flOt:OJo
bust up h.l.t:fl
They tried to bust up the meeting. (1-fl{lq,.
"t ' l\"7'i't:ll ' .,.hoi-
bust (n.)
1. f..t:T. The seamstress measured her bust.
A-fill 114.'1' J'.t::t"t 1\lt:f-OJo
2. hOJ1-fl M.e ,.,.,...~- ohOJoA'l-. A bust of
Ras Makonnen is in the hallway. OoP.,.I\1\.f.
fiD" I dJ-ilT I haJ1ofl I fllt.r. I f+W~ I f~ill
oPh-"t"t .hlJ>oAr 1-1'1A
bustle
I. 'lie-,.~ ' hi\. He bustled about the room.
h'i'll- OJoll'l' 'lie-,.~ ' hi\
2 . .,.~ .,.~ hi\. She bustled about the kitch-
en preparing food for her guests. ltlt1'""1F-!f 1
?""'-ll ' 1\..,H;>)!'l- ' ..,~ ' 0.'1- ' OJoll'l' ' .,_
.1':' ...~'hill'
3. 1..6-. In the afternoon, the market is
bustling. hfl't'l- 0:\1\ 10.1' J'.e:tA
bustle with 0~0+
The office bustled withactivity.oP~~y 1 0.-111
"'C"le m1+n+ ~oe
[See also 'hustle and bustle']
busy
1. ~~ f'"LOifOT. A busy man does not waste
his time. JP~ fOif..OifOT 1 (tm- 1 ~t&.m-1'
h.l'qh"t?"
His secretary left him in the lurch at the
busybody
peak of the busy season. 1\.1,.1.'1' F&- fl"'Lfl
~fl'l- 'l.U '1-;f-fDo Y.S'."f
2. f-1-""'i'~.,. I -1-H'I''I'tl f"'Lfl~fl'l- I '1-&-.1.
h f"'Lfl~fl'l-1 -i-""'1'111 f"'Lfl~fl'l-. He took
a devious route to avoid busy streets. f+t;g,'i")+
tiJ-") I 0D"J1.(;' I floPi'f1i I flft(;.,f I 00')1.('- I
Y.S'.
They live on a busy street. -1-H'I''I'tl f"'Lfl~fl
'1- ('1-&-.l.h f"'Lfl~fl'l-, or -f-00'1'111 f"'L
n~n'l-) oo"t1S'." "" wr &-tr
be busy
I. F&- fl~(fl'l-). He couldn't see any visitors
because he was busy. F&- illlfl~fl'l- 'Ill
1--'11'-"f'l ll.f~,;J"IC ' ~1\if'/19"
2. 1"&-,I'H. Don'tdisturb me! I am busy right
now. ~;f-ii'I'"I<:'S i ~!Jo'l F&- f."ll:fii!Jo
3. flF&- of-mooS'.. The doctors were busy
in the promotion of a health campaign.
.hh.'l""f ' ftn.'i'. '1'11:1''1 ' nouif' ' 11"7114-of..'l- '
flF&- -1-tn9"S'.fDo ~flC
4. JP&- 1P&o. The students are busy at their
desks. -t-"7tll"'ll flf-t-.,.oum-fl-1- F&- floP
F &-'I- 'If. 'i':ffDo
5. -1-"'S'.L. She was busy decorating the room
before the party. hS'.""""" .,.'! 11.1.'1- h'i'
11-'1 11"71.'1' F&- '1-"'S'.'i' ~flC
6. -1-.I'H. The line is busy.""~"""'~--' -1-f.!l.l\
7. 1111" 111.1' ~/1,., The shops are always
busy just before the holiday. hfl'\11- 11.1.'1-
OOS'.11C''Jl !Jol\'l.U 1111" 111,1' ' ~'l:ffDo
busy oneselftfLDJo'l s 11-k ~6- 1\,r. hlti\L
He busied himself with compiling a dictionary.
OD111fl ' :1''1'1- ' fl"7H;J~'I- ' 'J.UfDo'! ' !Joll- '
F&- ' 'If. ~<'1/IL
be too busy .Ft. fltfO:r
I am even too busy to read the paper. JP &- i\fl
"'Lfl~11'S ;JU"' '-'11>. 11"7'11111 'l.U f
II'S9"
be very busy/"&- fl~(fl'l-)
We are very busy at the office. MI.C' 1"6-
f.fl~11'i'l\
busybody !Jol\111
He is a real busybody. !Jol\111 ~,.
but (conj.)
l. )1C ""l'l. We can go with you, but we
will have to come back early. lt'l+ ,;JC
1\0D'/.S'." '-'l"f-'111'1 I )1C "1'1 .,.,._?" 1111
'l I ODODia.{t I h,{tofl,.
2. '-'l'l[. I did not mean you, but your friend.
'\S'.I;'U'! '-'l'l[ ~'1-1-'1 "7111: ~f.S'./19"
153 butt
3. flf~ U"l". We don't like our new house,
but we will have to make the best of it. ~-'!.""
'I o O.;f-"f-'1'1 ~'!IDS'.fDo?" I fll') ll''l' '
f-1-if'll'l'l ,I'UI\ '-'ltn.,.?"fl;f-11'1
*I don't doubt but that he will do it. '-'IS'."'Lu>&.
m-: .h.Amt-mcr
but (prep.) h - - - flll-1-.,.C
Nobody was there but me. hk flll-1-.,.C
"7'19" MU' ~1\)fl<:?"
All but one were saved. lJ'!-'1. flll-1-.,.C !Joll-
9" -'!).
but (adv.)
I. 1'i'. He is but a child. 1'i' .nn )fDo
2. ofl;t'=. He has written us but once since he
left. hY.S'. ~'l.r: 'l.U 11il' 11:~1\'i'l\
There is but one God. ~'IS'." ~'J"'Ih 11il'
~,.
but then :f"-'1..1'
But then I won't have any money. r1'9'" 1 .,,.
H11 ~f..,.<:"'i9" :f"-'1..1'
*The suit is expensive, but then it fits you well.
'I' ,;JOJo fDo.J:" 11.11''19" ' 1\11"" 11"19" ' -t-11"7
9"-'l-?1\
[See also 'all, not, nothing']
butcher (v.)
1. n.a. He butchered an ox and ten chickens
for his daughter's wedding. 111\:lt (IC"I ~'!
S'." flC:.'i' OFC f'.C' ' ~<:S'.
2. q. The army butchered the helpless civil-
ians. tnC (1&-'1!-lo ODh'lhf f/l.'l:ffDo'!
ll.ii.ll-"f ' L~
butcher (n.)
I. 11-lJ'!-'1 );JJ'.. His father is a butcher. ~'I
.,. 11-lJ'I-'1 ' ~,;JI'. ' )fDo
2. F ,;J 7"1.". The butcher sliced off a piece
of meat. F;J 7f= 'l-'111 F:> 'lr.<:tn
butcher shop trlJ'!-'1
,.,.
Try that butcher shop! hH.J''i'fDo 11-lJ'!-'1 tn
butler ['l''i' fO.'I- ~11hc]
butt (v.) ~;J""
The goat kept butting its head against the fence.
'i'fll- &-""'! lJ'I'-1- :>C '-fS'.:>1"" ~
:J""
butt (n.)
I. 4>&-"1.". He threw the cigarette butt away.
f(l.;J&-fDo'! ' <f<&-"1." ' tlll:IDl:
butter !54 buzzard

2. (l~t;:. The rille butt is held in the hand. children. 7...-+r-'1' AA}(~ 1 lf"tltC 1 l\1-'1 1

fmou"t)l" (l~t;: 07-:e' J'.Y'IA 1'1~'1'....

the butt of (one's) jokes f(t. OD/tlt-l:f Ten dollars will buy a lot of meat and beer.
The fat boy was the butt of their jokes. mt;:? oFc 1 -nc 1 ' " " ' 1 ~":>" a..~o S'-1'1A
- A:e' f~(l. oul)M:.I' ~OC 2. lf ou.,.. He bought grain in the market.
h10Y I 7-IIA lf.... .,.
butter (v.) 3. 1-tl flm(Tflm). It was charged that the judge
I. ~0. +q. Please butter my bread! -'IP\l."t had been bought. A-'! 'I'm- 1-tl Tfl'I':I;A 1 .,.
~0. ' +qA'S q(l
'
2. a~a. l'o(l(l. The cook buttered the pan. buy off OnH-11 1 ~AA
ID'I' o 0.:1; o OD'J'O?fm-"t 0~0. }\(l(l:f
The official bought off those who might expose
butter (n.) ~0. him. qAP'A"'l- f"''.Y:>Am-+-t 1 fl!Pl- an
Stew made with butter tastes good. 0~0. fT H11 I ~M'fm-
IP6- I dJ'I' I ~tl)fi:lfJA buy up O,...l\o .,.,
[See also 'sweet'] He bought up all the books from the bookstore.
7.0D~1J'Io 0 f"'/.11'+-t I ODl\.lot;:+ I Q.... /1- 0 10f
butterfly 0.&-0.C' [See also 'spree']
There are many butterflies in the rainy season.
Oh<:!l"+ m&o+ 0.&-0.C'l- J'-0'111- buy (n.) "111;
You paid only 300 dollars for your car. That
buttermilk l'otl.&o was a good buy. floPh.'i"U V'll+ oo..f 11
Buttermilk is made from milk. 1\&.6- hm..,.:,.: C 0 -II!J' I /'oiD"JIJ l 'J"'- I "111; I ~QC
M'I'A
buyer 111;
buttock <1:'1' This advertisement is calculated to attract the
There was a scar on his buttocks. cf!m- ltY, : buyers' attention. S'-11 1 f"t"IJ:' 1 "'lfl:J'<D<I:Y
mql) ~0<:0+
f111;lP:f"t I ll"'L+ ' 1-"t-'l."'ICh ' ll'<r I fTH
button (v.) <lr.At. ;>)! I ~(Do

He buttoned his coat. lt-J>"t <lr.AL buzz (v.)

button (n.) I. '1'11 1 1\A. The bee buzzes. "t!l. 1 'I'll 1 +~
I. 1>11&-C I 4<A'i'. She sewed the shirt button A:f.
on for me. lf"''.U ~f. 1>11&-C (4<A'i') 2. "f!"m- 1 l'oA(R+). My ears buzz because of
ThAl-IA'S the altitude. hht;:;J-m- 1 ,.,.~.., 1 }(C'\l. Of!"
2. ou~mY. When he pressed the button, the .... I l'oA-11'1
doorbell rang. ou~mym-"t ""l"t q(l 1.U f 3. ,;n"Ji. Buzzing flies are a great irritation
tO me. f"'',t;>O"Ji. I 11't(l:f I 0"19" I y..-J:-~'1'/A
0'1- ~IDA t;li
4. .,.~.,. The town buzzed with the news.
3. OD'J'&Y. Please press lightly on the button!
OD'J'&Ym-"t ' 4>(1 ' -RAil ' .,.""'~"'"
h.,...,..,. 1 om.:. 1 .,.~.,

buttonhole f4<A'i' 4>-'1-'1 buzz (n.) J:-9"6

Please sew up this torn buttonhole! fT4>Um- The buzz of a mosquito kept me awake.
"t f4<A'i' 4>-'1-'1 H9"119" fa>q I +-tl' I J:-9"6 0 7-'t~/At;: ' ~..,'1
The buzz of whispers stopped when the teacher
buttress -~1.LY entered the room. f~hif.h;J-m- J:-9"6 1 l'o
The buttress keeps the wall from falling down. llT"'I&m- ht;:A I m-IlT I 7."t~1q I , . _
00 ~1d.Ym- "IJ:-1-'lm- 7-"t-'IJ'.<DJ:'~ J'.m-R:JoA
give a buzz ~mA(A+)
buxom -'lti.Y!I" When I find out, I'll give you a buzz. ~1'1-"t 1 {)

Only women are called buxom. -'lti.Y!I" f!l"+ m-~ Um-AAYArr

q{Aoll.+-11!1'..-+
buzzard 'l'"t-11 1 1\"t..,
buy (bought) We counted four buzzards in the air. (lfP/~ t 1\
1. "Jtf. The mother bought sugar cane for her f. htl'l- T"t11 1\"t.., 1 <lr.me"t
by 155 bystander

by by and by Wf..C (Wr..~\

I. fl. I will send it to you by rail. OQ!I-C 7.&\
h&\YIIII-
We came by car. floPll.'i' OO"''t
That is done by machine. l..fl. ~ f+tP&-lD- 0
""ll.'i' ~ ....
We like to travel by night. 011.11.'1- ""'111
7.'tfD'III't
By my watch, it is five o'clock. 0~ ll~'l-
01"&. h'tY: .... ~,. )f&
He ought to be here by this time. 011.11 "I.H.
7.11.11 OD1'f'l- hllll'I-
The apples sell by the kilo. -to'f. 011.11- f.
if"'&\
The room was 10 feet by 12 feet. h'i'll- 01"
c I OOP"&- I lN\+ I MiJ,"7 I ~lD"
They came into the room two by two. tN\:,..
011-11'1- fDf,. h'i'&\ 1!1-
Closed by order of the police. fl?"ll.il '1-7.
q1J f.,.H;J
I just know him by name. f"7m-+m- Oll,..
>(IJI'. ~ ....
This book was written by a Frenchman.
f.ll ' ODK"di'i' ' f.,.f..~{lf& ' Q') Y: ' d.~') /I' 0
)f&
He is paid by the hour. f"''.hd.llf& llll~'l-
~ ....
2. 0 - - - 'IC. Artifacts made of flint were
found by the river. hQ&>='I- v......~ .........
w&.'II )1C':f' flfD')H- 'IC .,.1'f.
3. ll - - - """'~'!-. By act of parliament, de-
monstrations require a permit O.TCl\07 ~1
;J'I. ouw~'l- M_,' llA'i' d.:J'Y: fil
d.A1'1'A
4. ll --- H'tY:. He is beloved by all. 011-11-1"'
H'tY: f.,.fDf..f.. )f&
5. ll - - - 7.~. The collaborator was shot by
the patriots. "lofl~ hll~ llhCil'l''ll 7.~
ll'l'f.'l- 1-11.11
6. hm1ofl. The garden is by the house. f'l-hA
1t I {liJ!t-hnrl-fl I ~fDo
I {1.-J: I .,.4r."'"'&f& 7.~ )~ ! "l't h'i'.,.'f .,.'If.
7. 7.llh. Can you finish the work by to-
morrow? 7.llh )1 J"&.f&'t A'f-Q;~.Cil '1-
:f-~1111 ?
8. h - - - 0,!.'1-. Be back by ten o'clock! hh&.
...~,. lld.'l- .,..... 1111
,.
9. ll - - - llh-&\. I go by the post office on my
way to school. fDf.. '1-I"'IIC'I- IL'I- ll~Y: ll
?"il;J- IL-Io Oil-A hA'I-1111-
10. 7.1-'t. Come and sit by me! 'i'
OD'J'
You will get used to it by and by. Wf..C '1-
lll"'f..'l'l\11
You will see that it is not true by and by.
7,f&)'f- ' fiiODIJ''I-') ' 7.ff..~ ' 'f-~'11111
by and large WI"~ '1-f..A I Om~~~~.,.
By and large, the results were satisfactory.
h'l"~ '1-f..A (llm~'l~f&) ~&m.-to h'l';J
ll ' )flC
by oneself 1lEJ!lD-1'
He did that by himself. f't't ofiJI'f&'t "'
6-f&
by that
*What do you understand by that? .e.u : 9'"1'
.,11'1- f.OOilAYA 1
*What do you mean by that? 7.'t.ll.ll ll'I-A
l"''t .,11'1-11 ' )f& ?
[See also 'heart, now, then, way']
bygone f<I'Y:'I"
The ancient Romans lived in bygone days.
f'l''t'l- !!'.,....,., ' f'f~'l- ll<I'Y:'I" -r.rt.
)flC
bygones IIlLi&
Let bygones be bygones, and begin again!
filL"'" 7.'t'IIIL f.~C'i' 7.'tf..1'i' 7.'t;erc
bygone era 1/t.l-:r ; HoPti+
Throwing rice at the bride is a carry-over
from a bygone era . .;.11 ao--1i&-f.i2 e\f. 1
ODfll''t 1)114-'1- """""" ' f-l'f QIIA ~ ....
bylaw ~&llm f..'tofl
The chairman read the bylaws before the
meeting. ll.+ 1 oo")O.;.o fOIJ~fl~") 1 t&hm 1
f..'tofl hllofiM~& 0.1.'1- MOD-
bypass (v.)
I. 0 - - - 1-'t hilL. The cars bypass the city.
ODll.'i'l"'ll ' llh.,..,.... .,..., fA'I-11-
2. Hfto> 1 fDF..I fle\f. 1 'Lf... I am his supervisor, but
he bypasses me in matters of importance.
(Lf ;J'J'UDI& ' 7.~') ' HI\" tDf,. ' 01\J'. ' f.~'IA
by-product
Hf.
*This is a by-product of refining oil. f.U 1
'I- 0"7."1&-ll'l- "Lit. llf..IJA)'f- f"'/.1~
)f&
bystander .,.,..AIJ:J'
The bystanders gatbered around the injured
7.1-~ .,..,. man . .,.ODAIJ'f.'ll 0.,..,_'1.,. (If& H-&f .,.
(lfl(l(l-
 cab !56 cagey

c
cab :l'hlt cache fTJ!.O.,.O't- fl:l'
The doorman hailed a passing cab. O~'f<D- They discovered a cache of food. ?""Iii 1.
hi\.!.<D-"1 :l'h!t m&. TS!-0.,.0'1- 11:1' h11'
cabal hY.:-7 cackle hii'I'I
The students who had formed a cabal were The hen laid an egg and cackled. P.C''I' h"t
expelled from school. hY.:-7 YJ!.~'l-'1- .,. 4ti\A "11\";f<; hii'I'I:f
...,&IP":f ' b'I-?"IIC'I- ' ILT ' TID1'1.
cactus rq.nc 4tAotA
cabbage .,..,._,
Buy some cabbage for me at the market! cadaver t.lt
h10Y .,_,._, "11CA~ The cadaver was buried by the police. ~i'lm-
OTII.II":f .,_.,.0~
cabin '1; 1 h'i!A
They lived in a log cabin. 06't""''t- '1]1: cadaverous f"'~'l"'t-
<D-11'1' ' 'f~ The old woman's cadaverous face frightened
I had a cabin by myself. 0""Chtt 1\,P. f"l the children. fhC'"I.;l: f"'~'l"'t- ODAh A
A h'i!A )0~~ ;'1l"t hilS!. )1"1'fm-

cabinet cadence P"'t-

I. 4t?" "!'l'"t. We keep our good dishes in the
small cabinet. 'I'~IP'Il"t lt.b'fil'":f"t"t 't-"t
~ ' 4t?" ' "f'l'"t ' <D-11'1' ' l.<;'f&.ll"t
2. uu. The cabinet met with the President
yesterday. 'IO.~m- '1-1\"J'Jo<; b'l'MVI"t-1>
:>C ' T1<;"f'
cabinet meeting f"'l.tll't-C'":f -,.qll.
The prime minister presides over most
cabinet meetings. m:r-1\,e "7.111'1-~ hit~
'f<D-"1 ' f"'l.tii'J-C':f ' "1-qll. ' 011..,. OD'JO
C)'t- ,eoo&.A
cable (v .) -1:1\."1&.?" hS!-~1
Cable immediately when you arrive! mum- I There is a good cafe at the airport. Ohf.C'TI\
h"JJ!.J!.~IIh -1:1\."1&.?" h.I:"C"I
cable (n.)
I. O"'P" ID'i!&.?" fll') 11 fl. The bridge is
supported by cables. .1:-A.I:-. 0"1?" m'i!&.
?" 011') fifl Tf.!lA
2. fifl. The cable is covered with copper
plating. fifl<D- foP-'IiJ fiof."t hi\<D-
3. -1:1\."I&.P". I want to send a cable to Addis
The cadence of waves breaking on the shore
is pleasant to the ears. '1"'1~ c fQih~"J =
-'ICil' ' It1C'i! ' f"'l.(l...,.... ' ?"'I- ' YIIJ!.II;I'A
cadence of speech h~;J1C
The cadence of her speech shows she is from
Sweden. 1});>1l!: fll'l!.l:""t TIDI\~ oo
II'S: ' f.;l't:l'A
cadet 1...., ""h-'t"t
The air force cadets are in Debre Zeit. fhfC
"lf.A ' 1.""' ' ODIJ."J'f":f ' J!.il~ ' """' ' ""'"'"
cafe ft<; IL't-
"t "'~"-Y ~ tt<; IL't- hll
cage
1. ri'iP a.+. The lion was in a strong cage.
h"JOlt<D- Om"t'I&. filii IL'I- <D-11'1'
)0C
2. fm'i! 'I;. He keeps a songbird in a cage.
""'& m'i!"t Om'i! '1]1: <D-11'1' Y'f&.A

Ababa. tJ!. h'LII hoq -1:1\."1&.?" , 11ou cagey IIJ'.'f

1\h 7.-'.A;>IIu- The cagey politician would not answer the
questions directly. IIJ'.'fm- fTM:'I (lm-
cacao 'I'IIP 'l'Y4:11''1l"t 0.,.'1';1' h,P.ooA(I?" )0C
cajole
cajole !l.IIA
She cajoled the child with candy. A)l:"t
Oh~"'/A !l.lt.l\'fotD<
He cajoled me into signing the note. F-Air> =
tD~.,.-f>"t h11.t.~oo'{
cake h.h 1 <(11111-T
I like cake after lunch. hl'"ll 0:\11 h.h
(<(11111-:,.) l'.ro'll\o-
[See also 'soap']
calamitous hli:J'<J:
The calamitous journey ended in the death
of the entire family. hlt:J'<I:tJJo .,.,. fO..,.
1\11-"1 o-tr l'.A<I:T h11h_,.l\
calamity
I. t.Y.;J. The bus accident was the worst
calamity in years. fhtJJo.l'-11-1\- hY.;J 1\<(lfl<
~oo;t-:,. h!l.~l\-:,. h!l.?l"'f- o-tr fhof. ~oc
2. oo:J-,..'1':,., War is always a calamity for
a country. IPC~:,. l\h16;1: v-11. oo:J-,..'1'
,. ' ~tiJ<
3. il;JT. Dire calamity threatened the town
when the water was cut off. m-:5ow- R+*l:m
"1.11. h1"'7'1' h!l.1'i' 11;1:,. 11/1. ro!l..,.'f-
calculate
I. toM. It is difficult to calculate the costs.
iD"'.tD<"t 1\"11111:,. h11'f'?6 ~..,.
We calculated the day of the week on which
Christmas will fall. 1<; hlll'""t-1> OfT'i'tJJo
.,."t l'."t!l."'!.tD<A hM"t
2. hl\0. Pilots have to calculate the drift
of the wind when they fly. hiJJo(!'TII"t ~ltl"
'f- O"'!.Oo~-0:,. "1.11. f~of.l\-"t h:t"'"'l
.,{1<(1 ' hl\ll'f'tD<
be calculated to
I. ;J-1111 .,.1\~H~. His remarks were calcu-
lated to inspire confidence. h11.,.1f-f> 7.1'"~:,.
"t l'."t'U'lt!l.-c ;t-1111 f.,.MH~ ~oc
2. ll''l' i-H;J)';. This advertisement is
calculated to attract the buyers' attention.
f.U O"l!l.' "111;1-tD<J:.I' f11Cl"'f-"t 11
"'LT l'."tJ1."1Ch ll''l' fi-H?)'; ~tD<
cal cui ation .J../1<(1
Keep quiet or you will throw me off in my
calculation. 111'" OA 11\II.J' .J../111-"1
;f-1111i-'i'I\U
calendar
I. f.,."t ooof>'om61. I have noted it on my
calendar. O.,."t ooof>'om61tD< 'If. "111;1-
rolf h!l.'CI.fl\o-
157 call
2. f+"t h'IL"'mC. The Muslim calendar
differs from the Christian one. fl'.lll\1'" f
.,."t h<IL"'mc hhc11tn fi-111' ~tD<
3. h)';"t'l. The judge proceeded to hear the
next case on the calendar. 'l'i'tD< hh]l;"t'ltD<
11/1. f"'!..,.'l'lt.tD<"t "!-'If. oo11"1:,. ]/;00-1-
calf (calves)
I. 'I'll'. Cows and calves were grazing in the
field. 1\'l"'f-<; '1':/('f oo1111- 11,1'. ,l'.o"lm-
~oc
2. q:,., The bullet hit him in the calf. 'l',l'.o-1>
q .... 1\,l'.o oo>;J-tD<
caliber
I. fhL-11 114-T. The caliber of tbe gun is 50
millimeters. fmOD"tli'tD< h.t.-11 114-T h
1'"11 "7..1\."'LTC ~tD<
2. 'f-1\";J-. My uncle is a man of higb caliber.
h'l-1: '""' 'f-ii";J- 11t.tJJo {ltD< ~tiJ<
calico [Cl!7i .,.1\"1'1! 1."11.'1' 111-:,. h'l''l'
fi-P'<I- ' "'-C:J>)
calk O:J-'1'11-"t -~1 (i-""~1)
Boats are calked to make them watertight.
)';Aql"'f- tD<;> l'."t'l,l'.o1q'f'tD< O:J-'1'11-"t ,e.
""~?II-
call (vt.)
I. milo (.,.milo). I called him, but he did not
hear me. mC'IitD< ~oc "l"t hAfl"1'tl'"
Call a doctor! dth.l'" '1'11-
Has my name been called yet? 11"'!. 1<; hAi-
m<l-1'"!
2. hi\, What do you call this in Amharic?
,I'.U"t"t q"1c'i' M Tlt.'l'/\11 l
3. !l.tD/1(11:,.), Call me when you arrive!
11T!l.C11 !l.tD<AA't
4. .,.m.: (i-.,.m~). The conference was called
for Monday. 11<(11\q..,. ; 1\1\'/f .,..,....a:A
5. (lfoo. They called the baby John . .ihf)."t
m <(11\tD< fir-:,.
call (vi.)
I. milo. The child called, but no one beard him.
A)!: R.m<l- "1"tl'" hAf1"1tD<I'"
2. 1\"J-<(1'{:,. <(l:J> hi\. The minister called, but
did not stay long. "'!.tilT'~- lt."J-<(1'{:,. <(I
:t <(11\tD< ~nc "l"t '""" hA.fol'l'"
(be) called away .,.me+ 't!l.
The doctor is not in. He was called away on
an emergency. dth.- f/11'" I 0!l.'"t1.,.'i'
l'"h"t1T i-mC.fo 't.C..A
call
call back oP/:\(t m&-
The President called him back from Asia.
T&ll.-'l"t1> hMIJ' ool:..( m&-m-
call for
I. mf4>. The conference called for solidarity
between the two nations. "t-llh.m- Ov-Aofl
OD"J"IP';J-'1- ' ODIJhA ' h"t.i:")T ' 0\"t-'l.OD ...
<:'1- mf4>
2. a>l'l-"-. I have to call for my laundry.
h"lll IL'I- J'flm-"t A111l."t oom-1'1.1:" h
fl11~
3. 11-1> 1111- hf. Will you call for me at the
hotel? w-"- ll'-I:A 11-1> 11flll t.;J-f~9" 1
*The riot called for an explanation. rrt.u t:
11lf 9"h"t.l''l- oo;J-m-1> t.fiR'I-
call for help 0\tl 1111- ""'1i
I called for help when I was robbed. RTH<:<;:
II- 1.11. 0\tl ' 111L ' '""1ih-
call forth (lin
The circumstances of her childhood called
forth her courage and resolve. fA~)T .,.
~:"'1' 'l-fl11'i'"t'l 4<&-'l')'f-"t 1'1"1'1-
call in
I. m&-. We had to call in a specialist. AI'
0'1'<1: OD'J'&-T "1.1:" ' lf)11"t
2. t.ll11J. Call him in! t.1111Jm-
(be) called in 0\"t'lODflil .,._,_<:1
All old bank notes are being called in. hl!"l.
11C 11-tr 0\"t'lODfl/'1 ROD-"-<:"1 ' '1,1'. )m-
call (one) names (1~0
He got mad and called me names . .,..,...... 1'1-"-
R~
call off I'I<:H
They called off the program because of rain.
R11'lll- 9"h"t.1''1- Tl!""'&-"7'fm-"t 1'1<:11-'1-
*Piease call your dog off; he is bothering me.
m-lfll hil'f1<:~ i 0\ili: W-"- h"tT '1'&-m-
(be) called off 4><:
The broadcast was called off for technical
reasons. R-J:hth '1-.1:-fl'l- 9"h"t.l''l- f&-'l
\'" I Tl!""'&-9" I 4><:
call on
1. mf4>. Why doesn't the teacher call on me?
t.il.,..,&m- tiM 1 0\~"t t.J'.m,1'.4>~9" 1
Call on my friend when you visit Addis Ababa.
t.'lil t.RIJ ll'l-~.1:- "-"-"'\lo"t 1 m,1'.4>m-
2. O\"t-'l.m4>9"R'I- tl-"-<:1m-. The danger called
on his energy. h-"-:>"'" n-tr 1 ~,l'.tr 0\"t
'lm4>9"R'I- 1 Mc:1m-
!58 call
call (something) one's own
*We have nothing that we can call our own.
f .... )m- I fM(Im- 9""t9" ffl"t9"
call out
I. hHH. The President called out the army
to restore order. T&ll.-'l"t-fl ,..C 1'1&-'1!-fl
ll'l';l' O\"t'l.l'llh11C hHH
2. '""h 1111- MRR. The secretary called out
theanswers.lldt.C.'I' ooA/'1-"t 1'""h 11'1MRR:f
call together {10(10
The leader called his men together. oo&m-
l'll",;"t ' I'IRI'IIJ'fm-
call up
I. -"-a>fl(fl'l-). I will call you up tomorrow.
)1 "'-"-m-AA?flll-
2. hHODT, If war breaks out, the Ministry
of Defense will call up many civilians. ,..C)-'1-
(l)"' ' fODh'lhJ' ' UI'Ii:C I 1111- ' l'l.ii.ll-:f
"t J'H9":J'A
[See also 'attention, bad, colors, dirty, mind,
name, order, question']
call (n.) '1'<1
Did you get your telephone call from New
York? htm-\'"Ch f.,.-"-mfiAII fiiAh '1'<1 1
-"-C:I'Ill 1
*The students gathered at the call of the
teacher. hilT"7&m- 1 l'l.m&-'fm- .,..,&9',;
_,.I'IRI'IR-
*Were there any calls for me? ilAh 1 f-"-a>fiA
~ )RC 1
*He answered the call of his country. h1tl-il
fi.M:fR'I-"t .,.~~~ I l.l\OD
A busy man has many calls on his time.
F&- f"'Lnqn'f- nm- 1.H.m-"t f"tmil
.1:-R'I- '1--'1,1'. 1111- )m-
call for
I. m.l'<l:. There is no call for raincoats in the
dry season. OR;> m&--'1- f11<;11 A11ll 1
m.l'<l: 1 fflm-9"
2. 9"h"t.1''1-. There was no call for you to
laugh at us. f9"'1-P'-1>1l"t 1 Mil" 1 9"h"t.1''1- 1
t.AtR<:9"
call for help l't-l't-;l'
He heard a call for help. h-h-:J' 1 1'1"7
answer the call 01l~ ++flA
The manhood of the nation answered the call
to defend the country. M&-il"t 1 hm&-& 1 fiDD
h'lhA I fTU1m-"t ' 0'1'~ tJJ"tP..':f 11-tr
MRtr'l-
calligraphe r 159 camouflage

be on call ofol.~ 1 )lD- 2. <:;J hi\. Little by little he calmed down.

The doctor was on call all night. mh.... l\Y!f.C <:;J hi\
11.11..,., o-11- -l"<:'f )OC calm oneself l.;J hA
pay a call mf'+ Calm yourself; the dentist won't hurt you.
I have to pay a call on the governor. h1l. <:;J IIA t f'I'CI'I- mh.,- hf."l-'IU,-
~1CID"") ' oomr:,. ' hllofl"i calm (n.) l\'1';1"
within call Calm prevails in the country. q~&:f: ~f. l\
*Remain within call while I am ill. Oih.oP"' 'I';1" ' l'l'i!S:A
"1.11. A't-mt- b,-'1-:fAO't- hiJqll ~f.
[See also 'close call, duty, roll call, telephone'] calm (adj.) f<:;J
They rowed a boat on the calm sea. Ol..?aJo
calligraphe r .,,. lldtd. q,"hc ~f. )';Aq +HI-
A calligrapher is not paid much nowadays. Although she was frightened, she answered
.,,. ' l\dtd. ' qu-") ' "1.11. ' '""" ' hf.b.I.I\ID",. with a calm voice. ,..,,. l\")\>,") ofl'fo!f.)"'
calligraphy ,.,,. l\"ih.l.'t- 'I' ' II<:;J 0 J:.-,.6 ' ODI\(I:f
Not many people know calligraphy. f<ll,. be calm
ll"ih.l.'t- ' f"''..:f-11- ' '""" ' hf.!f.ll-,. 1. KT hit The sea is calm again. llih"'- J..
")!f.~<;
' l\'1' ' 11'-A
calling
I. 1f")ql\.. He has a calling for a military
2. oP"t&.i'l c.,.. ~m-. He is calm in the
career. f<D;t-!f.C)'fo 1f")ql\. hi\ID" presence of danger. hF..;J Q;JmoPOJ- "UL
oP'}.(.(l I C"J- I )OJ-
2. ...y. It is important to find the right calling.
-l"ll"7"7..1D"") ...y "7"11'1- Yll.I.A"'?A keep calm R'l' 1\A
Keep calm! The doctor is coming. RT 1 OA. !
callous C'rcl-..., fi\.1\ID" mh.... ' l\foDtiJ ' )ID"
Only a callous person can see suffering without
trying to relieve it. (liD" oobt- ll.!f.CIIO't- calmly 0'1''1"'0
hf..Y. 1\0DC.<I't- ltf.'l"hC f"''..YA'i! C'rcl- She took the news calmly. H.'OID"") 11'1''1"'0
.... ' fi\.1\ID" ' 11.!1' ' )ID" -l"+llll:f
be callous oP~ hO+A calumniate h"7
My hands are callous from work. l\:( OP'cl- He calumniates his friend behind his back.
,-h-,y't- """1": hofi:,.,_A ID-'1)1:") ' 111\.1\0'fo ' f"7'1'A
callus """1": calumny m"'l.'t-
Toil left his hands covered with calluses. His charges are nothing but baseless calumny.
ofiC_, P'cl- l\)1:") OD"I": 11.!1' hJ::C'I;t-A
fC{Io ' "'"'"'"" ' """'l+ ' 0.11 I fll') ' ,..,,. '
calm (vt.) )ID"
I. h<:;J;J. We tried to calm the frightened calve <DI\!1.
animals. f!f.)O~M l\")lllt't- "7V;J't- The cow is pregnant and will calve soon.
'l"bC") ~".7. l\C.,.11 '0'1- II:,.Cofl 't-IDA-'11\:f
2. hO.:!f.. The cashier tried to calm the furious
woman. ~")H11 -l"+ql' f.,.,.!f.!f.:y.,.,.., 1\'l- calves, see calf
1\.YOCJ:." 'l"h.: came, see come
calm (vi.) l\'1' hi\ camel "JODA
After the heavy storm, the sea calmed. h"1f.ll The camel is an animal of the desert. .,,.A. 1
';' "7MA o:'VI q,"h~ l\'1' hi\ ,,.J::l ' 11.<1 ' l\")lllt ' .,,.
calm down (vt.) h<:;J;J
Try to calm him down! l\(1-") 11"7<:;J;J't- 'I" camera IJ"'l.t-
he 1 bought a camera in Japan. llJI";r't lt"'l.cl-
~~~~-
calm down (vi.)
I. l\'1' hi\. The wind has calmed down. )of. camouflage (v.)
(lo ' l\'1' ' '"'-A
*They camouflage their guns with greep paint.
camouflage
moP't)l':fa>o .,.llf..fo l\'t'lf.;J-m'l> 1\~
't'\.1'. +M" MII-;1-A
camouflage (n.)
[1\llQO.tJ>o't ' f"''.oP/IA ' +M" ' YlltJ>o ' )~C
ODPA0/1 l\'t'lf.;J-m'l> "7~~"1]
camp (v.) 114.~
We camped in the woods. 1\~A~.I)m- s aJoll'f'
ii.I.C't
camp (n.)
I. fjllC ii.I.C. At what camp did you get your
training? flr."l-~m- VlflC (14.C IP'Atn'lb l
2. ""11"'i' ii.I.C. He shipped his children
off to camp. A}('li"t mF. ""11"'i' ii.I.C
'lll:ffDo
3. dJ1'l. The students were split into two
camps with regard to their school's rules .
.,..,M''Ii /Ill '1-ll"uc+ O.:J-'1'.,. a,.,
11-~;1- ' 011-ll'l- ' ID1't ' .,.h'i!li'I'A
live in a camp ..(-1-J.\"} ~ Tht\- ':"~
Many people live in a camp near a lake in
the summer. OO;J iiH- ill":f ~'t\\'t .,.
hlla>o .hf.'l> 1\m~il f.'f &-~
campaign (v.) HoP;J' 1\J'.~~
The students campaigned for their candidate's
election. .,..,&l"'li ll.,.""&-""l.:ffDo HoP;J'
1\J'.~"J-ll'l-
campaign (n.)
I. HoP;J'. He took part in the African cam-
paign. 01\<;:&11 HoP;J' .,.ll'i!!\.A
2. tD-~Y:C. American presidential campaigns
last several months. fh"i&ll fT<!.H.Jl't'l-)
+ .,.~~c iiH- w&-+ f.wil'lA
3 ..,.:JY:tr-. Ethiopia issued stamps commem-
orating the U.N. campaign against hunger.
f.,.Q0-1-'1- ' oP't"II":J-'1- ' ~...ofl't 0 {1"7/IID~
~ li"''.YJ'.C~.,. _,._,~11- h.'l-f"ti:Y
foP;J-/ID.Y 1:9"iiC hiD"':f
4. +"lA. The police are making an aggressive
campaign against crime. ?"ll.fo'li ID't~A't
.,.,.,.
ll""h'lhA '1'11'1> +"lA 0"7~~"1 'If.
5. '1'~'1-. The campaign to raise money for
the college brought in a thousand dollars. lll>ll.
)1: ~'tHofl floP/Ioflilofl f_,.J'.~~.,. '1'~'1-
1f. ofiC h/111
[See also 'literacy, wage']
campai-gner .,.".l;J:f
He is a strenuous compaigner for literacy.
li1-A"7fo:f '1-II"IIC'I- iiC... _,.".l;J:f )fDo
160 cancel
campfire [11c"lic il.h.~ f"''.ii.I.CO'I- fl;J-
llll""lil ""I"&YII" II') H-<IJ'fDo't _,.II
ofl/lfl {loP""I.ID'I-' f"''.)~ 1'.4'1-]
' campus !/"~~ "10.
The campus of the Haile Sellassie University
is large. f+Jl"7' ..,,_ll 1"'11\ l'tlicll.
1: I fP.(:"t. I ""Jil I {ll. I ')oaJo
can (canned) OC1!' hif1
They built a factory for canning meat. I" ;J
0C1!' f"''.Y"Ii"l 4-ofl&ll hl'.'!l/...
can (could) ;I'll
Anyone can cross the street here. lltUJ ~ ;J
"7't9" ' /ltJ>o ' OD')~JI.'t ' {1"7!1/~'1' ' f.:f'IA
Once she could sing beautifully. ~I!' '1'-1-
h~C;J DPHODC '1-:fA )0C
can (n.) "14
Give me a can of peas! Jt"JY: tJJ/e h..,..C
ilm'1
canal flf.
The irrigation canal was blocked with mud.
foP/I'l"a>o flf. 0"1.":1' _,.J'.'i!'l" )0C
The Suez Canal is blocked at present. qu-'t
1.11. fil'll11 flf. _,.H"I:tA
[See also 'drainage']
canalize
I. Oflf. M..-1. They canalized the two creeks
and the small lake. 11-ll-l't ~~.fo:f..- '1-'t~
't .hf.'l> Oflf. 1\1.,_
2. ,,.. ' h't~ ' h'l-"1""1. ' ll'tJI.oP&- ' l\1'.~~.
The war canalized their efforts. jllC).., 'I'
~;J-:ffDo II-~ IDJ'. ' h't~ ' j<,lj>"J""I. ' l'.'tJI.
oP6- I 11,~(;.~
cancel
I. 1\4.~11. I had to cancel my doctor's appoint-
ment. h.hll.... ;JC f)0~'1't +mC'
"7<;:~/1 ' .,~ ' ll')il'1
2. ii~H. The post office icancels the stamp
on a letter that is mailed. 7"11;1- 11.-lo 0.,.'1
h J'.ofiJlO. 'If. f"'1.~1fDo't -1:!/"ofiC f.il
C'IA
He canceled his order for the books. oPl\".hll:
'II l'.'t'l.'lh-ll'l- Y+~OfDo't 'l'Y4r ii~H
3. .,.,. I would like to cancel my room
reservation. l'.'t'U'11A'1 fmf'l>u-'1-'t h<;:A
1\0D.,..,. ' l'..I.A;JllrJ-
4. "7~. He canceled the rest of my debt.
f+~il'1't M "7~'1
cancer 161 can opener

be canceled +l. canine fh&-"1!1'

Today's meeting is canceled. f'lft.dJo lt1lilll 1 Wolves and foxes are canine animals .. +tJ..I\9'l-
4'C:J;A <; 4'l1C'l":f fh&-"1!1' 7."1/l<'l..,. .,,.,.

cancer n4'c<'l fl'li:f' canine tooth h&-"1!1'

Cancer is a strong argument against smoking. The child lost his canine tooth . .hY). h&-"1!1'
"'1"'-ll"l 11"'/ll1't- f)4'C<'I fl'li;f' 'I'<; ,.., ~4'11

9"11"1.1'..,. ~OJ-
canker [fh'i! 41/lA]
candid -l-"1
Give me your candid opinion! :,..,. dlll110 canned (adj.) f.f.C.f.C' I f:f'ih
We have already used up our canned food.
"I ' "I'I~'S
f-'C.f.C' 9""1Q:f"l"l Y:C' "'-~MID-
be candid ~m-~1:1' 1 ..,.'i"'(.
The company was fined for adulterating canned
I like a man none the worse for being candid. meat. 11-Q"I.I'OJo 7.;f'lf~m- F:> OJo/l'l' f
7.t-~1>"1
~t-9"
ill\1'<;~~ h"IY:"I (It- hAtn .,,.~q . P' :> floP4'~4'11- .,..,."'

cannibal f(lm- F:> f"''..fl~ (ltD-

candidacy 7."" 1'ID'I'I6 outr"l Cannibals eat people whom they capture in
John announced his candidacy for the senate. wars. f(IOJo F :> f"''..fl/1- l'll":f fltnc~:,.
]>:"! fl.h"l oum(ll;'m- !l"hC n.:,. 7.q f"'/~l>.'ft-"1 l'll":f f.fl!l. 'f'I'A
A~..,. 7. ..... 1'W.II.II6 ODif)."l ~Ill\
canning fl"'<'l "''lf"l
candidate Canning makes tbe preservation of food
I. 1'W.II.II6. We have three candidates for the possible. fl"'<'l "''lf"l 11""111"1 <'lf.fl~'li
position. /l(l;f't- V'll:,. 1'W.II.II6l'':f 11"'/'l'C .l'll:f~A
hll-"1
2. ..,.oPt.,...
How many ballots were cast for cannon ODS;tj:
their candidates? /11'oP6-""!I''ft- ll"l.-,. The Ethiopians captured many cannons from
Y:!l"6 1'1'1tn 1 the Italians. h..-,.f"k.l'tD-.1'"1 hh."'IA.I'"I 11H-
oPJ:'C::f "'/~It-
candle lf"''
When the electricity went off, we bought cannonade foPY:'i! M9":f'
candles. !>~"It l'l.tn'i- lf"'' ~W) The cannonade kept us awake all night.
fooY:f. M9":1- /1.11.1>"1 n-11- 7."1-l-A
candlelight lf"'' 'I' ~...,.,
We dined by caodlelight. fllf"'/ 1,,:.:,. fl~"l
canny 11A'I'
candlestick flf"'' oo-'"'1...1' He is canny where money is concerned.
The candlestick is made of brass. f'~"7m- 1 f~"IH11 ~~C l'l.tr"l 11A'I' f.tr<;A
OD-'"'1...1' < h~.h/l < f1'1P6- ' ~OJ-
canoe ;J-"11>.
candy h~"'L~ The canoe sank in the river. ;1'1'\l.m- 1 m1'1t' 1

Children like chocolate candy more tban other a-lt'l' 1 (lmoo

kinds of candy. a,y<;:,. h/1.~ h~"'L~ f.
Aol- f'fh-11;1- h~"'L~ f.W.II/1- canon
I. .h"l. The church canon regarding marriage
cane (v.) nn:,.c oo;J- is often violated. :>11!1'"1 f"''..OD/Ih1'0Jo f
He caned the dog, but the dog did not budge. 0.1' hCll-1:.1'"1 .h"l 11H- "1..11. f."'<'IA
Q.)o~Q.)o1' I oo+c I OD;ril)o I ..,,. I (1)-~(1)- I 2. S'-"111. His remarks violated all canons
hA1'"14'114'(19" of good taste. hil1'.1'f1> f~IU.-,."1 S'-"111
!Jo/1- "11'1
cane (n.) hH&.
The old man was leaning on a black cane. can opener f-'C.f.C' ouiJ.t.!J'
'11"'1"1/l.t- '1'41C hH&. 1'S'."I.t.tD- ~flC I need a can opener to open the can. lUlU "'
[See also 'sugar cane'] C.f.C' f.f.C.f.C' ODh.t.!J' 7..1../I;>A!Jo

11
canopy
canopy
I. 1\1-0C. The newly married couple sat under
the canopy. ,...'lit!',; 1\1-0C <D-/1'1' .,..,.
P"m'I'A
2. 'I'll. He walked beneath a canopy of
flowery trees. 01\0'1"7 ~G::Y. 'I'll P'C
T&-ODJl.
cant f&-"" ou~:n61
The thieves have their own cant. 1\.P,; f&-
l)'f'm- oo~;n6f 1\ll'l'tJJo
canteen
I. M. I could tell by the gurgle that there
was some water in the canteen. nfl.qm- ~ll
'I' <D-;) h't'IA 0"7'tll""i"'l' II<D-:,0 !l'Ab-
2. DP11'i""' IL'I-. The officers have their own
canteen. ouho't'l',; f&-l)'f'm- OD11'i""' IL
,. ' 1\II'I'<D-
canter
*He cantered across the field. 011"1.,..,. "lA
11,.1' "'L-''tD-'t hl'l<:m
canticle OD1f"""C
The most famous canticle is the Song of
Solomon. hu-11-P" f:I"OJ4' oo11,...C f(l
d-'fP") r ODdaAf I ODdaAA I )(I)-
canton.,~,.
The Swiss cantons confederated to forin a
union. f/1'1!11 "1~-I':Y. 1\'t.f: f1il<:'l- oo-,
"IP''I- ' ""'**'" ' -1-'10<1-
canvas (n.) If&-
Tents of canvas were given to the refugees.
llll.T'I',.; fif&- .f:'tl>.'t Tll'l';t'l'm- ~
oc
canvass (vt.)
I. oo,:oo.:. John canvassed the papers hunting
for 'help wanted' ads. ]!:'t f P'&- ol.ll"l..l":Y.
., ' "7/1;1-0J<I!f ' OOD.I.r\"1 ' :>ll."'l":Y.'t '
-~-l.
2. 1\llll. Salesmen canvassed the whole city
for subscriptions. Jl.'tO"' r\"7"11'1- 1\lflf
~:y. ' h.,..,...., '
1\{l""""
canvass (vi.) 0fOD't1JI. -1-H'I'OJ<:
The students canvassed for their political
candidate. A~"" )\... -!-OJ-'1'16 .f:P"6
r\"7"11'1- -1-"761",; OfOD't1JI. TH'I'OJ<I-
canyon 1Jl.ll"7 ifA4'
There are many canyons in Godjam. 01-)i"!l"
<D-/1'1' iiH- 1Jl.ll"7 ifA4'l":f 1\11-
162 capacity
cap (capped), v.
I. If.I.). Snow capped the hills. O<:P.. :>&-l"
:y.-, ' lfol.~
2. OJT.I.. The storekeeper capped the bottle.
Qhoo,g_11.;. r mC,.,.fr'l r aJTL
3. II.Jl.C/10'1- !J'A. The other runners could
not cap John's winning time. /l.tr-l- a:.""'"
:f ]!:'t fif~oi.O'I-'t "1..11. 1\J.C""O'I-
1\A!J'II-1"'
cap (n.)
I. 4'il. He is wearing a cap. 4'il 1\.1:-C'JA
2. h'l't. I have lost the cap of my fountain
pen. fi16t. h'l't m<f.ii'S
[See also 'feather']
capability :Y.II-:1"
The boy shows much capability for learning.
AJI: r\OD"7C h<;: ' fr\ ' :ftt-;1- ' hr\<D-
capable :Y.tt-:1" YAm-
Many capable doctors work in this hospital.
:Y.tt-:1" ' !II'I'm- ' illf- ' "'h.'I":Y. ' 011.11 ' "'
h.l"' IL'I- f.w&-11-
*He is quite capable of telling a lie. Aoo'l'if
,. ' "1.1:- ' fr\<D-!1"
be capable of -1-!l'A
This novel is capable of many interpretations.
f-11 Ail OJr\.1:- .1:-Cll'l- Oi!H- OD't1
.<:- fl.ol.:l" Y.!l'IIA
capacity
I. P'A"''t. What is his capacity in that office?
OIU' ' OD/"61 ' IL'I- ' <D-il'l' ' P'A"'\oo ' M
.1:-~<D-l
I am here in the capacity of guardian. AH..U
f!l"11aJo 0'1""111.'1-~'1- P'A"'t ~IJJo
2. :Y.tt-;1-. He has a great capacity for learning.
)\"" '1-A:,O fOD"7C :ffto:J- hr\IJJo
This book is beyond the capacity of third
graders. Y.ll ODI\'do'i' hl"ll.,..,. h<t:A A
]!::f ' :Y.tt-:1" ' OilY. ' ~ ....
be crowded to capacity 111.9" hi\.
The hall was crowded to capacity. 1\'1&-if. m.
,. iltt- ~oc
be filled to capacity m.P" hr\
The theater was filled to capacity. f-1:1'1-C
IL-io /\-'!&-'11 m.r iltt- ~oc
have a capacity of YH
The tank has a capacity of one hundred gallons.
OC"7.11- ouof :>fto't Y.Y.~A
[See also 'crowded']
cape
cape
I. t,q. All the dignitaries wear capes. lf..,P"'l
1> 0.,..11- t,q .f.Millll-
2. Cl\11 P"!!:C. The ship reached the cape
safely. ooch!l Of.~<; Cl\11 P"!!:C f.t:
ll"'f
caper lit:+
The dog capered about its master. ro-?['(JJo 0
'I.;J-tJJo rn.J.' lit:+
capital (n.)
I. 1'<; h-1-., I oo<;11f h-1-.,. Mogadishu
is the capital of Somalia . .,.,.,-'1.11" fll-.,fi.J.'
1'<; h-1-., ' ~IJ)o
Addis Ababa is the capital of Ethiopia.
t.-'1.11 t.oq fh.'l-f"<&J.' oo<;11f h-J-.,
(1'<;. h~). ~IJ)o
2. 1'<; 1'lH11. He doubled his capital in two
years. 1'<; 1'lHII-'l 011-11'1- -tou'f- 6T'i'
t..l'.t:1tJJo
3. '1-A:t- t.f.A. Begin every line with a capital!
l\J."l'l'l-'1-'l ' ODJ"ODC. 0'1-A:t- t.f.A. )!P"C
make capital .,..m+oo
He made capital of his father's fame to get the
job. P'tl-tJJo'l 11.,"11''1- qq-t> 11<; -1-
m+oo
capital (adj.) 'tll.J.'.
These are the capital points in our discussion.
MH.U ftJJo.f..f.;J-"'f'l 'tll..f. 1'-'lf""'f <;'l'tJJo
capital crime 0'1"'1- f"'U'il+"' JD'l)!A
Murder is a capital crime in most countries.
~'I'll "1'11- Ot.11~'1l"'li h11!"7f 0'1"'1- f
"'LJ.'il+"l JD'l)!A ~tJJo
capitalism ll"I::J-11.119"
Communists are against capitalism. l>"''.tii.P.
.,. t,"!;;J-1\,11P"'l ,.,.,., /\-
capitalize (vt.)
I. ouf.o. They capitalized the firm at $100,000.
11'!"1!!: .,iiUJ.' f"''.rM $100,000 oof.o-
2. O'I-A41 liL. Capitalize the first letter of the
sentence! fOt:'i'-1- ~1"-'l fou)!oot.J.' t.f.A
O'I-A41 ll'i'
capitalize (vi.) -1-m+ou
He capitalized on his adversary's mistake.
oqll;>tl-tJJo ilih-1-'1- ' -J-m+""
capital letter '1-A:t- l.f.A
Begin every line with a capital letter! t.n'l'l-'1.
'l ODJ"ODC 0'1-A:t- 1.1-A )!P"C
163 caption
capital punishment JD'l)!ll'i''l 0'1"'1- ""
:t-"1'1- l f.e-'1- 0, 'i'C!!:
Capital punishment is no longer in existence
in England. Ol\'1"111.11 Me JD'l)!ll'i''l o
.,.:,. , ou:,...,:,. ' +c:tA
Capital punishment was approved. fJ'.oo-+ fl
, 'i'C!!: l\<;0'1-
capitol 0.-1- OD'l"'P''I-
The cupola of the capitol was sheathed with
COpper, f{L,. I oP'l..,P-f: I 4f-fl;f" I flOD~-fl I
-I-ll''I'$:A
capitulate l\~ lim
The Italians capitulated to the Ethiopians in
1941. "11\,J.''f"'f ' Oiiil\9!: 'tOD-J- 9";,.,.::,.
hlf'l'tJJo'l II h.'1-Nr J.'tJJoJ.''l lim-
capitulation l\~ ou(lm'f-
The capitulation of the enemy was announced
this morning. fml\:t- 1 J,.;E- DPilm:t- 1 If~ 1
1\l.'l- -1-~1.:
caprice
*Her refusal to go is a mere caprice. 1tA'tr:
9". J.'ll"'ftJJo' .I'll ' P"h'lJ.''I-. ~IJ)o
(be) capricious .hllll-'l Of1.1f.tJJo 111'JDm
A spoiled child is often capricious. 'I"A,.,,.,
A~ 0.1'.'111 ill\'1.1'.1 .hllll-'l OM.H.tJJo
.f.ll1'tJJo"'A
capsize -l-1110m
The boat capsized because of the strong wind.
0"11-11'1 Hil P"h'lJ.''I- )!AqtJJo -l-1110m
capsule hP"II-C
The powder is contained in a capsule. q..;..r:
OhP"II-C tJJoil"l" f.4'0D"'A
captain
I. lfP"OA. The captain was taken prisoner
with his soldiers. lfP"OII- hJD;J-f.C"'Ii :>C
-1-.,t:h
2. t.P"OA. Who is captain of the team?
fit-!!;). t.P"OA .,'l ~tJJo 1
3. ll1:1:'l. The captain managed to land the
plane despite its broken wing. fl\tJJof!"T'I).
h'l'i' II.IIOCP" ll1:1:). l\tJJof!"T'I).'l
ll.,llt:'i' 11'11
The captain of the ship is very brave. fODChll-
ll1:1:'l 0"111" f.<f..C ~tJJo
caption OD"'II..,_ <&.r..'i'
Pictures in newspapers have captions explain-
captivate 164 care

ing them. 0:>11."1 11.1'. f"'l.CDm- JP~IP~ carcass '1'1il l 'l'll"il

h"IC"I.,I':ftJ>o Od"JI\""& K'.Jo.'i' hll:ftJ>o The vulture devoured the carcass. T111 = h'l
"' '1'1tl-1 ('l'll"tl-1) 011
captivate "7t:h
He captivated the audience with his wonderful card (v.) ).<'.4.
voice. "1-1-11" 011') f:ll"lt- h1:"7<Wt "7 The woman carded cotton for spinning.
t:h ll.'l-1'"1' 'l'm-1 1\""'i'TA ).<'.t.':ftJ>o
captive II"Cto>;' card (n.)
He was a captive of the Italians. fh."'A,I''l'~ 1. IIC;f-. They played cards all evening.
II"Cto>;' )OC IIC;f- {L""&CD-1: hoo~
be captive +"7~h 2. IICf:. I will send her a card when I go to
He was captive to her beauty. nm-n:t T Ethiopia. h.'1-l"t...1' 11~1: lief: hAhll
"7t:h ;1-1\IJ-
3. ,1'1:1;."/f m.-;<1>:,.. Here is my card. Call
captivity II"C!o>;'H 1 II"Cto
me when you need me! ,1'1:&-'if'l- m.-:<1>:,.
The prisoners lived in captivity many years. .1'.1itJ>o'i' l (L,I'Ilt.A"III .<'.ID-AA'S
hll<:'l':r; Milt- 'l"";f-'1- Oll"cto>;')'J- 'l'-1- 4. Od;f"CD4:,1' m.-;<J>:,., I don't have my member
He redeemed his friend from captivity. ship card on me. fhqA):,. Od;f"CD4:,1' mt:<J>
1'tHil h'i'IP '!.<'..>;'tD-1 hii"Cio )R hm
-1:1 hA,1'11h-11"
"'tD- [See also 'identification, playing card']
capture (v.) cardboard IIC.f-1
1. "7 <:h. They captured a general and his Use thick cardboard for the package! 1\oom'l-11
entire staff. h11: :(~&-A hhq~ :>C ,I'ID- OCD'i'&-11" IIC.f-1 Tm<l>ll"
"7<:11-
The advertisement will capture the attention cardiac fAil
of the buyers. "7/l;f-CD4:,1'tJ>o f~"!Cl":r;1 'i' He died of a cardiac disease. hAil 011;1-
111'1- .1'."7CIIA fT)"' 'I"T
2. ,I'H. We captured butterflies with a net
O.MLC'l"~1 O""i:il .1'111 cardinal 'lll..l'.
[See also 'defy'] Honesty is his cardinal quality. .&<J>'St:,. 'lO.
~ mQ(t ~m-
capture (n.) "".1'11 cardinal number +&- = -I!:*J'C
The capture of the spy is certain. fl'lll f. ""
'Five' is a cardinal number, but 'fifth' is an
,1'11 hC"Im>;' )tJ>o
ordinal number. hll"/1:,. T&- '1'C I hii"IIT
car ""ll.'i' ~ I "J"} I oP~0~ I cf:*J'C I ~lD-
My elder brother bought a new car. ;J-11'1- cardinal point 'P~~ h:'I-"1-L
CD11:"'/. hJI.II Od!J.'i' ~~
The cardinal poin~s are east, west, north and
caramel h<:"''.ll south. 'l't'l':r; h'l-"'""&l"':f 9"1"&-'1- l II"
The child likes caramels. A)l: ht:"''.ll .em ~&oil l l'l"'1.1'i' .<'.tl-11 'i':ftJ>o
.II A care (v.) 4.111
caravan Do you care to come along? l\oP9"1fJ:'f- :'f-L
l . ..,...,., The traders' caravan was robbed while A:>l\11 ?
traveling through the desert. f);>J'..l":r; .,.~ *What do I care? 9""1 ""t<J>'S? (II"") :f~t:
00<:7 h*Ctn (L,I'A'i' 0CD10J'..l"~ THU. 'S ?)
2. "1'1-A'l-A. A camel caravan brings salt in *I do not care for him very much. 1\{l- A)!'"!
from the desert. f"I""A "1'1-A'l-A h!l"f:t: II" t'S
fi~iD- I "'"(Do I fODifi{A care about mu
carbon paper fi)C(l1 mt:<J>'l- He cares about music. ooon.:J> ,..m~A
Use good carbon paper for the copy! 1\"IAq care for
..., 0-N- fi)C(l1 CDt:<l>'l- Tm<l>ll" 1. mO<J> (TmO<J>). My sister is caring for the
care
children today. h'l.J: rr&. 11\,l('li't 'l-m11
:J'll."fo
This garden is well cared for . .I'.U ,1''1-hol\'1-
11;1- n.l':t11 r-r-mn.,. )cu-
2. Lll1. Do you care for sugar in your coffee?
11-<;U CD-11'1' 11\>.C h"t'l.""""Coi\U '1-
&.11\;>ii.U 1
(be) cared for 'l'"t:J''Il -r-.1'.<:1(11.'1-)
Feeble-minded children are cared for in a
special home. h1.,0r: .I'.IJ"7 .:.}("{- 011\1'
"7li.I'.1.J' IL'I- 'l'"t:J''Il .l'..l'.<:"'l'f'l'ol\
for all I care 1-"t:t" fll~r"
You can go alone to the dance for all I care.
a>.l'. J!"t(l- ll'i'o',. 11JI'U"t 11'1-~..... .l'."t;l- '
fii.'S!I"
not care -,r; 1 fllr"
I don't care what he thinks. 1.(1- 1111."'1..1'110
.... ' .,..... ' fii.'S!I"
He doesn't care for television. ll..J:A.ii.h 1
., ..... 'fii.CD-11"
I don't care to go to the movies.lll\.t"7 -,r; ~
fii.'S!I"
care (n.)
I. 'l'"t:J''Il. The work is done with care.
P'o',.CD- ' ll'l'"t:J''Il ' .,.,...,.
I put a lot of care into that. iltLU 11ft
'l'"t :J''Il h.._..C"I.Il;l-11.11-
2. 'l'"t:J''Il .,.._..<:"!. Regular care of the teeth
is important. ii.'I'CII fHm'l-c 'l'"t:J''Il .,.._..
:"1 ' hii&.'I'L )CD-
3. .,.bqb11. The care of a baby claims much
of a mother's time. .ftY).") 1 oohQh-fl f11.'1-J:") 1
1111- 'LH. .l'.a>IIJ!ol\
4. -r-"'qc. The keeping of the records is in the
care of the secretary of the club. ""11111
"".1'11 fbllll- lldt&. -r-"'qc )m-
5. 11:>'1-. He is rich and free from cares of
every kind. 1111;1-!1" )m-<; b"7"t'i'm-!l" 't
.1'.)'1- 11:>'1- )II fll') )m-
6. m'l11. Care has made him look ten years
older. m'l11 M ....."'Lm- IIOP'C -too'!- ,1'<:
)'; 0 hiiODII/I";f-11\
7. 1.1"'l+:,.. Music was his refuge from his
many cares. b111Jo "~.""}.,.., f"''.'l.,_.,...,.
fllfii-IJ..:f" I ) .
commend to one's care 1t.1.&- : (lm
She commended the child to her aunt's care.
11\"ft..."t 'lhll;t h.l'.o',. llm"f-
*I commend you to God's care. 1."1H.h11m.C '
.l'.m11-l>u
165 care
commit oneself to one's care T""im)
He committed himself to the doctor's care.
mh..-"t -r-"7m)
have care (for) lt.flfi
A mother has care for her baby's health.
1.<;'1- il..ftYS: m:a:r- ;1-llqil."f-
ln care of fl--- fib-A
Send me the letter in care of the university!
.1'.11-'!IL lll'tiiCll.:tcu- llb-11\ 'lhoi\'S
in one's care i\ - - - h.S!&-
May I leave my valuables in your care?
......... ' fll''l-'1-"t 1.:J'l"'ln. 'l"t-r-' h....-.. .:.-r-cu-1
*The baby was left in her sister's care. A.1':t
.nt:;:"t 1."t.....'l-m11-'l> -r-.1'.<:1
take care Tm)++
I took care not to mention anything. 9"'lf'"
1."tJ!oi\<;1C -r-m).,..'J>o-
take care of
I. mll.,.(il.'l-) l mil.,.. Don't worry; I will take
care of your children. h;l-1111 i 11\,l';"f.U"t 1.1-.
1.m11-l>oi\Yil.o-
Take care of my money for me! 1'l HR.1 1
m11-l>oi\'S
Mother charged her with taking care of the
baby. 1.<;;1-"{-"t .ft!S:"t 1."t.....'l-m11-'l> hH
HJI''I-
2. hm""'"' Before I can leave for Ethiopia,
I still have a few things to take care of. a>.l'.
h_'l-f"k,l' boP~.<'. 114.'1- f"7m<;-l>:J''fcu-
)1r:"f- ' hii-'S
3. -r-m).,..,.. He takes care of his clothes.
11.11\11(1- .l'.m).,.:J-11\
4. hb<;m). The office boy takes care of minor
things. -r-'1'1 h.CD- 'I':J'-l>"t P'.-..l""f-"t ,l'h
""'"""'
5. hll;f-oooo. Who will take care of me when
I get sick? 11;1-oo!l" "7"t ,1'11;1-'l"ao'i'.:. 1
*We'll take care of everything. il..,"t':'CD-!1"
)1C 1.'i' hil."t
take care of oneself &-lt-'1 1 mfl-t
Y ou have to take better care of yourself.
o',.IIU"t .1'.1111\'1' aomll-'1> hi1.11U
(be) under the care of
1. II - - - P'C -r--'!.1'.<:. This library is under the
care of the Ministry of Education. .I'.U IL-r-
DPI\.ft'i!'l- f"''.-r-J!.I'.<:m- 11'1-II"UC'I- "''.tll
-I:C I FC I ~m-
2. II - - - <II'I''I'C P'C )cu-. He is still
under the doctor's care. ho-"t!l" llf-h-r-c 41
TTC FC r )&
careen 166 carnival

[See also 'confide, consign, maternal, recom-
mend, trust']
careen h;Jf.fl
The ship careened in the strong wind. R..,.l'-fl
"'"'" )<1-11 !l"h't.l'-l- onch!l. h;Jf.fl":f
career
1. JP to. Her career is more important to her
2. l\'tf-)1~. The student ran carelessly through
his homework. of-"''&m- l\'tf-)1~ R'I'F.-.1..1'
fiL-l- I" &-tD-'t ....<:II
carelessness
I. "If." ffl"li)'f-. This is another instance of his
carelessness. fill- "11." ffl"li)'f- .1'-1! 1\.11
(Do ' "''ll<:)f ' )tJJo

than her marriage. fiC!l. h-l-J!~ .1'-A:,.
1"&-'1' .1'-RA'I'IJ:I"A
2. !t"'t 1 ,.,to. John found a career in adver-
tising as an illustrator. t'"..h'lil r 0"71l;J-m4:
.1' 1"&- RIPOI\.)'f- ' !1/"'1. 1"&- M"f
3. fihf.m-l- ;l"&h. We can learn much by
reading about the careers of great men.
f:l"llll:,. IIJP":f't fihf.m'f- :l"&h R"'''tR
11 1111- A't"''C l\'t":fllfl't
carefree f"l.<'..fl"li
He leads a carefree life. f"'l.<'..fl"li ).1!' f.
'l'&-A
careful
I. 'l''t>l!:,.. She is a careful secretary. 'J''t>l!:,.
Rdt.C. <;:,.
2. R'J''t.4'4: f-!IP&-. This is a careful piece of
work .1'-IJ 1"&- R'l''t.4'4: fof-IP&- )tJJo
be careful .,.m~++
Be careful not to break this dish . .1'-IJ't't >'I
2. 'I'A-t-'f)'f-. Carelessness is the real cause of
the accident. .l'f.;JtJJo l\C"Im'i' on) If 'fA
-t-'f)'f-' )fDo
3. m1' :J> :J> h.i\oPtr1'. His carelessness neutral-
ized his efforts. m'l:J>:J- h.i\oPtr). 1 -rtl..JJ1' 1
'i'.:O !lll hf.:10Jo
caress f.IJRII
She caressed her baby. Al_'t f.IJRII!l'-l-
caretaker (n.) IL-l- miJ<I:
He left a caretaker in his house when he went
abroad. mY. m-6J.I" Jr..1C tt~Y: r o.+ r
miJ<I:' +-r-' ~1.
caretaker (adj.) "Lti..J"
A caretaker government took over until the
elections. !I"C"'l l\llhJ'.:"1 F.-<:11 "1.11..1'
'I! ""'t"ll"-l- I"A"''t .I'H
carfare "">'1.1..&.1'
Do you have your carfare ready? OO/iL61 1

ih't l\'tJ!'I-1111<:tJJo of-m'tof>:,. hill!!

carefully cargo "l")'f-

I. R'l''t .4'4:. They lifted the stretcher carefully. Since the cargo is heavy, the boat cannot move
.4't:.~tJJo't R'J''t.4'4: h).,..:,. fast. "l"H hiJF.- llfiiJ') onchR- R'i''l')
2. 1...,.,. hf."C~. Chew each bite carefully! -l- 11.~1." hf.":fA!I"
l\.l''tJ!'tJ!.'t "1-C!f ,_..,.,- hf."C"IIJ h'fh
caricature hl"<l:'f 1"6A
careless A caricature of the enemy was published in
I. "l.<'..fl"li i "'11.-ffl"li. A careless driver is a the newspaper. fmll-l- hl"<l:'f 1"6A R;JII.
danger to the public. "l.<'..fl"li H( flih11R- IIJaJo I aJT:J;A
h1.1'i' )tJJo
She has become careless lately. h:,.c11 "1.11. caries onniiRII
IDJ!.IJ "lf."ffl"li ' l}'<;(l";f Tooth cavities are caused by caries. -rctal- r
f"''.l':11~'1- honRIIRII fof-)"1 )tJJo
2. f'I'A:I". The police charged the accident to
careless driving. ?"11.(',; J'f.;JtD- on)lf R carnage l\A<I:-l-
'I'A:I" on'tJ!'I- )tJJo hl\o The carnage continued until dawn. l\A<I:-1> l\
be careless "1Y: 1 fi\lD-9" llh 't;J-1> -l'f
He is careless with his money. i\1'lH11 1 -J.t:
f(lfDo!l" carnal fJP:J
Gluttony and drunkenness have been called
carelessly carnal vices. tr~r~+c; m~~+ 1 f JP ;J c oo
I. R"'/1.". ffl"li)'f-. Don't throw your things '1'1': !I"""IJC'":f .1'-IJIII\o
down so carelessly! l\.4'1J't R"lf." ffl"li)'f-
h:l"11<:hchm- carnival l!Ct'iA
carnivore 167 carry

carnivore JP ;J 1 OA carry (carried), vt.

The lion is a carnivore. h10lt 1 JP;J OA 1 I. 1-lfhoo. He will carry your bag for you.
1.{1- 'lf")IIJtJ") Y.lfhii"AVA
~"'"
He carried the gun on his shoulders. mou")YftJJo
carnivorous JP ;J 1 OA ") ' O'f-b'lftJJo ' 1\J'. ' -J-lfbOD
Lions are carnivorous animals. h10f\l- 1 ~ 2. YH. Do you always carry an umbrella?
:> OA htJJoo!-1!'"1- 'i''l'tJJo 11-A"I.H. 'Of")TI\ '1-Y.~iltl 1
The elevator cannot carry more than 10 per-
carol fAJ'.'I- oo11-c sons. hll"t(l~ hOP'C (ltJJo fOiltn hY.
We sing carols at Christmas time. il1'i' fAJ'.
119"
'I- oP11.,..C 1\")HII"t.il"t
3. hl\l\H. Freighters carry our products to
carouse <:O lf foreign countries. f'l."~'l- ODCbll"f- M"IS'.'
They caroused all night long. 1\.11.-l>"t -11- 1.:1'"1-"t"t ms>. tJJo'l." h1C Yl\'1'~11-
11.<:111. M'.~ 4. lfm. He carries the best line of shoes in town.
Oh-1-.,tJJo f"7.11''1-"t II"C'I' 'tY.~'I- ""1.,
carpenter h'i'm. 1!'"1- Y.lfiiJA
The carpenter is fixing the broken stairs. 5. hHII. The letter carried a threat. S'-11-'IO.tJJo
h'i'm.tJJo f-J-{10~'1-"t S'.<:Y{I!'"f- Mtn1~ ~"'" .,11<1.t.&Y YHII ~"'"
6. h-'1<:(1. He carried the news to everyone
carpentry fh'i'm.~'l- -Y in the village. l\oP1 F.~ (lm- 1 11-lr rot.
The artist has a sideline in carpentry. oP'tll. tJJo") ' h-'1<:(1
"'" bP't.tJJo 1\.1\ fh'i'm.~'l- -Y Yh 7. hllil~' nm. The treacherous soldier carried
'i'tJJo'i'A reports to the enemy. h-'1-t-';'tJJo m;J-S'.C II
tnl\'1- &TC'I- hilA~ (lm
carpet v. (~pass.) 11:>7{ 1-~tn<I.O'I-
8. h11-t-l\il<l.. Air carries sound. hfC S'.'ll"
They carpeted the stairs for the Emperor's
6 Y111-IIA4-A
arrival. 1.,.w ~1JP-IJ 1 hltotoom- 1 U)f
9. hlf~<~. l <:;J-. Our side carried the election
tJJo 11-11- 11:>7{ 1-~tn<I.O'I-
for club president. f'1 mn fhOII-"t fT
carpet (n.) 11:>11' o!.IL'I"t'l-~'1- II"C"'i hlf~<l.
Sweep the carpet before the guests come! John easily carried the argnment. ]F:."t hch~
") Oof>l\11- hlf~<l. (<:;J-)
1\")"IJ'..'fi ' """"""" ' 11:>7ftJJo") ' 'l't:1tJJo
10. O:J'(tJJo). This money will carry us for about
carriage a week. Y.tJ 1"tH11 llllll"")'f- YtJA Y.O
I. (1<:111. His Majesty rode in a carriage during :l''i'A
the coronation. "Jf1trY. 1 OHm-IS. O'lA r "L *That crime carries the death penalty. Y m")~
H. 0(1<:11\ ' 1-l\H- A 0'1"'1- Y11of>IIJA
2. ~1\. She has a queenly carriage. M"IP''I- ~
carry (vi.) -J-{1.,
1\ 'hl\'1- Her voice carried to the back of the room.
S'.-11"!1.. 1.11h h'i'tr ~C'I o -J-{1.,
carrier f"YJoont
A carrier of bad news is never welcome. be carried 1-of>'IY.~'I- h1'f
oo-rc.:: 1 mt-1 flP/Joont s 9"1 "LtL9'" OF. The motion was carried. do<'lll- 1-of>'IY.~'I-
11;J- f"tof>OiltJJo fM" h1'f
be a carrier hl11-"ltd. carry away m~
Flies are carriers of several diseases. 11"tll"f- The rushing water carried away the bridge.
1111- 01i:J-I!'"f-"t Y11-t-I\A4-Ir 1-Cf. S'.'AS'.'f.") tiJ(IS'.tJJo
{be) carried away ..,.~UfUf
carrion '1'11"11 I 'l'"t11 The crowd was carried away by the speech.
Vultures eat only carrion. '1'11"11 h"t"f 'I'll" f-J-{IO(IOtJJo ih1111 0")"1"1~ 1-~"1"1 .
11 ('l'"t11) 11!1' Y.OI\A
carry off
carrot tu!''l- I. mns>.. The police caught the spy and
carry-over 168 case

carried him off to prison. ?"A.i'=li 1 ill\'-'1 cartography flte;J- P'<I-

f.HIJJo mS'. Mte ILT mll.ll.T Cartography helps to delineate the borders
2. A.:J'... The disease carried off thousands. of territories. flte;J- P'<l- f"I~T'J S'.''JO
01i;J-fDo 11rt- lf. llfDo L)>; e /loP/If f.m:t"7&\
carry on +ma\ carton flte-lo'J "''I''J
His son carries on the business. r(l. A~ s Please bring me ten cartons from the station-
'J"I.Il.'} f-4>'1'11&\ ery! hK"ihL-r oPJJt61 ~ oPf..-flC OP'C r
carry on the back hila\ lte-lo'J "''I''J h9""1&\'f
She was carrying the baby on her back.
cartoon [O~Utn'l' llf. f"7.1't 1111 ;J-m
ihY't-'J Mill ~oe
4! I (t~iftj I rtll. I I.JJ,(D< I flo).;:f' I O.h.il I
carry oneself noAh f"7S1e P'6&\]
*She carries herself beautifully, like a queen.
~11'1' 1.'JS'. 'J"IP'T f"U. ~fDo cartridge 'l'f.T
If",.
carry out
I. Ll\oP 1 hh..,.m~. They carried outthe orders.
.He,. 'put a cartridge in his gun.
h.,.~,.,
moP'}jf(Do")

:,.1.~n-'J Ll\..,. (hh..,.m't-) cartridge belt 'lfljC

2. h"IR- hS'.~Il. We will try to carry out your Soldiers used to wear cartridge belts. m;f-S'.C:'I'
plan. 7.:tJ:-u'J h"IR- ll"YJ:-~11 :l.'J'I"h<l- ,,..,.e f.;J-m<l! ~oe

ll'J empty cartridge +AtJ

(be) carried out +ll~.r. The battlefield was full of empty cartridges.
The war in Vietnam is carried out by guerillas. otne~., "'1.'1 111- 4>llll '1"&\.Y. ~oe
fli.fT ....9" tne~:,. f"Y.ItY.S'.fDo OS'.L"' carve
i-'1'1.jP'f- ~ .... 1. +t:l\. He carved his initials in the bark
(be) carried over -t-1\a\L of the tree. fii..,.'J foo)>;oo6f A.S'.w'l' 1.~
The last item on the agenda was carried over +- :teA.:,. 111- .,.~ll
to the next meeting. Oh)>;'J'Im- llf. no~ 2. <f.-4>. Is the knife fine enough to carve well?
..... foP<U.~!fm- ' .hll11 ' ll"7.4>'1'llfDo 1111(1 0.11'1'111- {\oo<f.-4!1 0"19" IIA ~fDo?
Q i'llllL 3. oP-t-i:. The cook carved the meat at the
carry the day t-S:S:"t-'1 ltif~L table. IDT I f1.:t I JP ,;JtD-'} I tlli:J\.IflD" I 1\Y., I
oPi-~'1'
The new party carried the day. h-'1.(1- :ret
fDoS'.'S'.'-1-'J hlf~L 4. m4>~ (i-m4>~). For the grain to be ground
thoroughly, the upper and nether millstones
carry weight have to be carved. "-tJA 1 0~'111 oo~Q;l.+ 1
1. 4!9'" ~1C ha\t-. His opllllon carries :l.'J'I.iFA ' m<;:'""" ' oo)l: oom4>e hiiOT
great weight. hlli-Yf-lo T&\:t 419" ~1e
fa\f- I ~(Do carve out O,&..(t- = "**oP
2 . .,.;J hi\.(&. That argument does not carry He carved out a career in business. Ot-tt- r
'J"IS'.' P'<l- M:ll:oo
much weight. heh-1- 1.9"11~9" 'I'~ flla>-9"
[See also 'art, ball, conversation, piggyback'] cascade T'J1i j,j,-1:
There is a cascade near the road. 0oP'}"J~ 1
carry-over follf Qll&\ htn111 T'J1i j,j,-1: hll
Throwing rice at the bride is a carry-over from
a bygone era . .._.'H ,...'lit-.e.-t: "'"' 1 oP0+'1 1 case
ltll+-.-,. uno.,.:,. follf Qll&\ ~,. 1. Pflf''}. Leave the bottles in the case!
me....{I,;'J "''I''J m-11'1' i-'l''l'm-
cart ~6 l i-110. 2. "l..,f.C. I need a case for my glasses.
He put his baggage in a cart. !f'J"Jji',;'J ~6 1\oP~l\"~ "7"tS'.e :l.LA~/111-
(Do I 1\,. I 1~ 3. MY.. I read about the case in the news-
He trundles his cart behind him wherever he papers. 1111 7-'11' h.?U"' llf. M011h-
goes. OY.S'.OT tHr i-110.111-'J 1.1'1-i-i- When will the case come before the court?
f.Y-'111\ 7-'11' <;:eJ:- o.:,. oo'f f.4>eQA ?
casement 169 cast

4. hChC. The lawyer stated the case briefly. He cashed a bond at the bank. fl'tJI. 't q')h
mo.+w- hch~'t q"JK. .t.4><:0 'tP. > OU)H<:
5. 9"h't.N. He presented a strong case cash (n.)
against the proposed law. f4><:0w-'t ilt"l 1. *l"t. 1 1'lH11. I have no cash with me. 0:( 1
f"t.:J>ID9" ' l>T.;>Il ' 9"h't.f..,. ' )>4><:0 '1'.:0 1'tH11 fii'S9"
*This is not the case. l'.'tJI.Il l>.f.S'.fl9" 2. h)!- 0)!-. I will pay cash. !'.)!- 0)!- h
*There were five new cases of malaria. aut 1 0
h'i!l\1111-
:,.co- f.l'~'l'w- .t.9"11..,. o'li+'l':f )0~
cash payment "-~ 0~ 1 ootJ,c.A
if that is the case "-,Jl.u ~ hlf~ Redemption of articles is done through cash
If that is the case, you '11 have to work much payment. h.+ll':f f"t.OUflll-:,. h)!- 0)!-,
harder. ""J-'lU htr~ OllJ9"' m-,h~U 1 ao oaohA.A I )'f&
Ft.:,. .f.'l'C11?&\
for cash h)!- O)!- 1\"t.h.LA
in any case We sell only for cash. f9"'tlf mllJo h)!- 0
I. fl"'l't':'a>-9". I will call in any case. fl"'l't>;'
;Eo ' ll"t.h.L&\ ' oflil' ' )IIJo
a>-9" ' 11&\h ' l'.S'.a>-1\flll-
hard cash *l"t. : 1'lH11
2. f9"' 1 If~ ~ .e.u. In any case, there won't
If~ ~
He sold his house for hard cash. O.'i:") 0*1"~ :
be any necessity for you to come. f9"' 1
1'tH11 lf mllJo
.f.ll ' ""9""'"' ' l>.I'II.L&\"11)9"
[See also 'petty cash']
in case 9"'1J'Ail+ 1 11. + imperfect.
Wait for me in case I am late. fOIJ'Ail+ 1 11H1 cashbox f1'tH11 lt11'i'
.f. mofi4>'S The thief broke open the cashbox. 1\.fltJJo 1 f1
in case of 'tHII-'t lt11'i' (1111!' h.L+w-
I. f + perfect + !'.'t S'.tn. In case of illness, cashier 1'tHofl +4>q.f.
please notify my family! f;J-ou9"h- l'.'tS'.IT) Women are often cashiers. 1")H11 ++ll.e. :
1\HouP..:f 't1C oflll'w-'t ' 1.11. ()..,... ' ""'""
2. 11 + (imperfect). In case of fire, call the fire
department! .+mil- ll)"f 1\l'.il:,. l>S'..? casing 'liol-'t
h'i!&\ ' S'.Wo&\ The casing protects the wires from the rain.
'liol-~ 'liflw-'t hll'i'9" .f.hl\hfl'I'A
in no case 09"'-,9"' 9"'h-,f+
metal casing oflt:.+ : Q..")Q,.
He should in no case be a11owed to get up The electric wires are enclosed in a metal
until he has completely recovered from his
casing. fl><:'tt 'liflll':f 11.::,. !1.'t!l. ' w-11
illness . .LX''!" l'.llh.S'.''t S'.'<:ll 09"'t9"
'I' 1-4>ofi<:'I'A
9"h't.l':,. lt&\,;JIIJo l'.'tJ!.f.)"f ouh&>h&\
)IIJo cask [M'tQ;~,'J- f1-1P&. ' OC"'&A]
in this case ll.-,,g,H.U hlf~ casket
I can't do anything in this case. l'.'tS'.Il.ll h I. ..,..,'II
"f'l''t. He kept his jewels in a casket.
IT) ' 9"'t9" ' "'IS'.'<:"I ' .t.&>:f&\9" 'l."''l.m-'t o:,.'t'li ' ., ..., IIJoll'l' ' .t.'l'<:
lose the case +t:.;Jw 2. r ~It : "'lfi. The body was put in a wooden
He lost the case he brought against his uncle. casket . .t.llh.:.~ O't..,..,. f.:Oil "f'l''t IIJoll
q,.., 1\.f. q4>,:ow- hll +.:;J- 'I' ' +S'-<:1
this was not the case "-m-~+ s hA~0~9"' casserole J'.ll:,.
He said he had done the work, but this was He put the casserole on the table. ..('{1-h") m
not the case. F&.IIJo't IPCil'llu- 1111- ) <:A.~ ~.f. .t.ll4>oum
OC )1C "l't l'.a>-):,. l'.&\)0<:9"
[See also 'emergency, test1 cast (cast), v.
I. "'ll. They cast lots to see who would go
casement [foullto:,. mC'If] first. ooo;eou,:.f ' ..,, ' l'.'tS'."t.'tS'.' /\"'ltD
cash (v.) ou)H<: :,. ' b"l ' "'ll-
Can you cash a check for me? :r:h.-, 1 A+ao The fisherman cast his net into the sea. '\vt r
)1fC&>'S :,.:fl\flll ? Jrt*J"D'f':(. I oPt':.,fP) I liJ~ I {)ifl~ I 11)1\
cast
2. hS'.I\.1'.11. The director will cast the new
play next week. JP&- oot;.m- flOIIJ.oPilJ8J"
1111"'1:,. h'l.""'t ""'1':1" ff.~S':~IA
3. 4'<:11. He cast a statue of the Emperor
in bronze. n-,.tp I )'1F~'} I thtD-A+ I h
""'111 ' 4'<:11
cast about (for)
I. 11"7.,-r:,. 'l"h<:. He cast about for a new job.
h'l.ll ' P'&o 11"7.,"f..,. ' 'l"h<:
2. 11"7.,"f:,. tDJI.f ID'I.Il hll. We cast
about for something to do during the
approaching vacation. ilOWJ..oPIIJ(I)o rift:.'f:+ r 1..
II. ' f!l"'tW&o<D-'t ' 11"7.,"f..,. ' tDJI.f ' IDJI.IJ '
h/A't
cast aside ll)i\
He cast aside his tom clothes. f-1"4''!.1'..1'. A
11/IIJ;') I "JII
cast away
1. .,..m,
He cast away his humble habits when
he became an officer. oPlJ..'l'} Otr)' ~ "LIL +
t:- mll\t'l r +m
2. fl+)'. He will cast away this money just
as he has done in the past. hH.Il 01.:,.
h'tJ!.I'.<:1<D- o-11- 1'tHfl-'t .1'.0.-,.<;A
(be) cast down
I. of"f.<:oo(l. The columns of the building were
cast down by an earthquake. f .ft'tl\<D- !l"(l
MP":f- ' Ooot.:,. OD't4''1'4''1' ' of"f.<:OD""
2. :,.1!11. hf.<:(o:,.). I was cast down when I
failed the test. Lofo<;<D-'t llmS'::,O :,.1!11.
hf.<:11'S
cast in 1\'}1: r h.Y..t.'l
He cast in his lot with the gangsters. bl:tt-'1
h1D't01.9'":f- ;JC h'tf: h.1'.<:1
cast off IIJil I tDJIJ "'ll
The snake cast off its skin. l\Qfl- :,Oc.t.-l>'t "'ll
He cast off his shoes. "'i"7<D-'t tDJI.f "'ll
[See also 'aspersion, blessing, chill, eye, glance,
spell, vote']
cast (n.)
I. :(11. How long must you keep your broken
arm in a cast? fof"{lO<:<D-'t h'tf:ll't llll
't..,. ' '1.11. ' 01:,11 ' h'tf.;f-(l<: ' .,.,f..,. ' ....
'l'C11YA l
2. -l""'i'l'"'1'. A party is to be given for the cast.
11-i""'i'l''6 .,11"11" II.J'.<:., ~,.,.
pi aster. cast :((l
All his members were covered by a plaster cast.
h)!'<; h.,-1- lt.1'.4'C 01:,11 of"lf'i!$:/A
170 casualty
castaway oocho- fof"{lO<:o:,. (ltD-
The castaway was rescued years later. ouch
fl- I fof-(}0<:0..,. I (ltJJo\1. I h'lOD:f"..,. I 0:\
~ ' .1'.<:""11..,.
caste "t11<:of" (}11M! h'i!A
In India, there are many castes. OtJ'l..t!'" s h1C
1111- ~11<:1" (}11M! h'i!ll-":f- hll-
castigate h4-'l' ~4'L (of"HL)
He was castigated by the newspaper. O."Jtt.lfJm-
h4-'l' 1"~4'L
cast iron 11<:-l-
Cast iron is used for making stoves. 11~+
!I"S':"Ji ' lloPJ"(.f ' 1111.,~/A
castle .,'til
Have you seen the castles in Gondar? 1-'ll.
C ' 111-:,.'t ' .,'t(l":f- h.l'.of"?'f'I'A?
castor bean f"l-11- 'i!t.
This company will extract oil from castor
beaos . .I'. II h-Q't f n.e:,. h"l-11- ' 'i!t.
'"'"'"'
castrate
I. hl1-~ If. He castrated the goat and the ox.
'i!fll-'t<; Ot.<D-'t l'lb-~lf'f<D-
2. {1110. Slavers used to castrate boys so
that they could serve as harem guards. Qt.f
L't;J'f"":f- ID'tP.":f- Ql!'":f- f64!Q:,. mQ
4:9'":f- .t.'t'l.ll'l>- .l'.{lA!J.'f<D- ~oc
casual
I. f.,S'.II"Ih:,.. He has a casual attitude toward
study. llll :,.rue:,. MS'.II"li~.-,. mQ.I'.
hii<D-
2. ( ~ adv.) S':'t1:,.. A casual meeting on the
street began our long frieodship. 00D't1S': ~
.... ' S':'t1..,. ' fofo1<;"f~<D- ' ll<:'fr!l" ' '1.11. '
IDJ!)!'~;f-":f-'t ' !l"h'tf..,. ' II'~
*It was just a casual remark. htt: ll"tJioP
"' f-1"~1<: .t.llof"ff..,. ~oc
*He is only a casual acquaintance. hC(lo ."JC
fii'S ODojo'l'tD:,O ' fm04' h.l'.f.ll!l"
[See also 'glance']
casually h4- h'tJ!OD"JII.-,.
He said it to me quite casually. h4- h'tJ!
OD"'II:,. ~1<:'S
*I know him casually. ODof"'I'IDft'":f-'t h!1"11q
fD I)'~
casualty (casualties)
1. 111-."l~ r+?-.11. The casualties ran into
cat
the thousands. qJ>.;>m- f.,.1-'l-'t- 11 n:
f.~m~ )11C
2. fJ'.<:(l11't- .....C't-. Our casualties in Africa
were small. 111\'i'<llt dJo/1'1' fJ'.<:MI"t .,.
'l't- Mllofo'f )11C
cat J'."ou't-
The cat hunts mice. J'."OD;f: hf.tn":f-"1 :l'
J'."t;(l";f
*He let the cat out of the bag. 9"/lm.C h
qh)
cataclysm ,..:,.,..-;::,..
He prophesied a cataclysm for the evil city.
"1m.h.,.'fm- h.,.., 'If, ,..:,.,..-;::,.. f,w
C'IA .fill- _,.)11f
catacomb [f""-"'oflC 'l'lij
catafalque [11+.flc P'C~'t- 1.U &.II f
"'U'C'i'l1't- ' h<;: ' Yfl ' )1C]
catalog (v.) ""H111
He cataloged all the books in the library.
110Dl\<h'i''t- ' 11.-1> ' Yll-'t-"1 ' ODl\<h'i''t- ' ll-11- '
ODH1q'fm-
catalog (n.) 11C"IIC
He received the catalog of books yesterday.
't-<;"l't- fODl\<h'i''t- 11C11C h1T
He received the catalog showing the latest
kinds of gnns. 11'1>CI1- fwm-'t-"1 mou"l!f
P'":f- f"''.Yilf. 11C11C MT
cataract ~~.,
The cataract falling down the mountainside is
quite attractive. h1"t-~m- 1'\.e. ~ rD?..mc~
m- ~~1: 11"19" Yll!.ll:l'A
catarrh "1-"l<f."l
He suffers from a violent catarrh. hf. .,...,.
<f."l ' f.I':J'A
catastrophe ou:,.,.-;::,..
The earthquake which took place in Japan
was a great catastrophe. 111f;r"l fJ'.<:{lm- f
ou,:.'t- ou"l+'l'+'l' :1''1'1> ,..:,.,..-;::,.. )11C
catch (caught)
I. YH. We caught many birds . .fill- wc:":f-
Y11"1
The police caught the thief. ?"fl.(l. 1\.qm-
"1 YHm-
1 did not catch his name. Would you please
repeat it? 11""""1 h<I\Y11h-9"! l\111: J'."1oum-
2. YH(m-). +Put a warm coat on; you will
171 catch
catch cold. f"'/.'1"'1> to't- <1\1111 l "1-"l<f."l
f,f,11YA
3. YH(11't-). +He caught his jacket on a nail.
lfh.-1>"1 ' 9"/I.,C YH11't-
4. +t111. He caught the ball which was
thrown to him. f.,.w<:w<:m-"1 '>.II +t111
5. J'.<:{l(11't-). I caught the boy stealing fruit
from my garden. All: lt't-hA't- fl;l'l'- 'i'
&. 'i'tl. (l.(IC'i> J'.<:llh-11't-
l caught him just as he was leaving the house.
Ah ' hfl.-1> ' {l.W"l ' J'.<:lllt-11't-
6. .,.:>q(11't-). +J caught the measles from him.
h-'i''t ' h(l. ' .,.;>qo(J'{
7. .,<:h. The neckties in the window caught
my eye. l\oullto-1> 'If. Yll-'t- h&o"li.f":f-
~,.~, ' .,<:h-'t-
8. h<:.,..l... +J caught my finger in the door.
11~ ' "11:"1 ' h<:.,..l..'{
9. mfi.C.. +My sleeve caught on the doorknob.
fDD111.YdJo ll)!;l' l\~"11'-"1 ' mtlol..dJo
10. hmouJ'.. The fish that I caught were flopping
around in the bottom of the boat. YmouJ'."'>.'I'
w- ~"'P'":f- )!Aqw- WtiA 'If, f,"lol..&-.1..
.,_ )11C
II. 1q(m-). I didn't quite catch your meaning.
9""1 .,fl't-11 li"I.J:IT) 11J'."I.fl hA1q'f9"
12. h"'J'..I... The teacher caught the student
off gnard with a question. 1\11.,..,<1.,. .,..,
.:m-"1 i1Yil11to- 11'1'4< h"'S:I.w-
13 . .,.11.1..<: l 'tJ'.. I will catch the plane for
Addis Ababa at nine. 111"/l't- (l~'t- WJ'.
h-'1.11 hl1q 11"7.'/.J'.m- 1\dJoC'T'l"l llil.l..&.flll-
1 have to catch the five o'clock train. flO,..,
&. ' 1\")J'." ' (l~-J> ' qfl-C ' OD'/.J'." ' 1\fl.fl'f
14. J'.<:{l. Is there any chance of catching
the train? qn-.,. ilf.'t!." {IDDJ'."l:ll .,.ll<f.
htl?
be caught .,.+<:4'<:
The car was caught between two trees. oob..t;'P J
I11Jotl't- ' qc:":f- ODithA .,..,<:.,<:":f-
catch at mUm-"1- r ,..,.01\
He caught at the chance to get free tickets.
)l\ -th.'t- f.,"l"f't-"1 bJ'."A W-'I.Ym-). '
.,..,.11{1
catch hold of 1H
Catch hold of the other end! 1\.'IID-"1 ""'.'i'
Ynm-
catch on
1. 1q(w-). +He catches on quickly. 1'11- f,1q
'I' A
catch
2. M-t-mf..f.. '/.f... That new song is beginning
to catch on. h-'l<l- HL't 7-f-t-mf..f.. '/.f..
catch oneself &-{l-'l '1:1'"
He caught himself before he said the wrong
thing. f-f"ltlt-f" ' ~'IC ' hoo<;1~ ' 0.1.'1- ' &-
<l-'t .,,.
catch up with .1'.<:1'1(0'1-)
He made a sustained effort to catch up with me.
I\J'.Cil11'5 f"Y.f!I/CT ' Tl:'l- hf..l:'l
*Try to catch up in your work by working
weekends. 7.m..l':'> +-'l"'L Oool"&-+ IDS'.
:\1\ foJ><:UO'I-'t 1\"Y";l.l\'l- 'l"hC
*Leaves were caught up in the wind. :t-mtr-:ri
,. ~of.ll ' fD(lJl:ftJ>o
[See also 'breath, cold, fire, glimpse, short, sight']
catch (n.) -l"'tb-A
There is a catch in it somewhere. Jt.,J!' +
'tb-A hi\0'1-
*The fisherman brought home a large catch.
'\"f ' hT"Y)I: ' 1111' ' '\"f J'.Jf 'lq
catchall1111' .hltll:f"l .I'HII :l'A
The word 'freedom' is often used as a catchall.
~10'1- f"7.11tJ>o :l'A 1111' .hltll:f't .I'HII
~"'"
catching -1"1\1\.1. 011;J-
Measles is catching h-'i''5 -1"1\1\.1. 011;J-
~"'"
*Her laughter is catching. f!l. "f+ /l.t>o:f
't ' .I'P':l'A
catchword oui\A{' f"7..1'1l"YtJ>o :l'A
'Graft' was the catchword of the demonstra-
tors. '1-11 M"Y'I! llAL>f':f ODI\IC\IltJ>o f
"7..1'1'1....+ :l'A ~oc
catchy f"7..1'11f..ll+
He sang a catchy tune. f"7..1'11f..ll+ H."Y
hiJ.OO
catechism [0'1".1'4: DDAII ou.c>h f-I"H:>l':
fV.I'-"Y'l''l- "YII-I""Y6.1' oPl\'.h'i']
categorical .,c.,.
.I'll
His reply was categorical. oPAft. of=C~J> r
11 ~oc
category (categories) h'i'A
He divided the subject into categories. hCJ..ll
1>'t Ofh'i'il' oof..OtJJo
cater 9'"'111'> h'IA"It>o'l- llm
He caters large parties and weddings. II 'I-A A+
.1':"111'> llC"I ,.."111'> h'IA"Ii>''l- .1'-II"'A
172 cause
cater to
1. 1\oP/til r liJl.. This store caters to young
people . .1'-U ' oPf..11C ID"'.,.:f't I\DD/t11
.1'-T&-A
2. A"7Mfl+ 1 llJl.. The new magazine caters
to boys by printing stories about airplanes.
hJl.l)- ' ODl\'m.'l- ' Ill\ ' htJJot!'TI\'f:f ' ;J-6
h OODI\'j: A]t::f't 1\"YIIf..(l'l- .1'-T&-A
caterpillar .t,q <WI~
cathedral IJ-J;f.."&-A
This cathedral commemorates the Emperor's
ViCtOry. f.tJ ~ }]1:-&-A I f")..,..IP I ~"lP"-J: r S;
A I OD:f'(Ul...' I ~m-
Catholic .,.,.ll.h
There are not many Catholics in Ethiopia.
Oh.'I-1'-A'.I' tJ>oiiT 1111' IJ.f.ll.ll:f fll-9"
cattle
I. h11+. They raise fine cattle in this country.
MI.U h1C tJJoll'l' 'I'~ h11_,.:f .l'<:ql\o
2. foJ>'t .1': h11:,.. All cattle eat grass. foJ>'t
.1': h11'1- IJo/1- ' "fC )'.01\A
[See also 'range']
cattleman h11+ hCfl
The occupancy of the land by farmers was
opposed by the cattlemen. ,..~., q&-j\':f
"".I'll'"! h11+ hCtll":f, -t-:1'"'""""'" ~oc
caught, see catch
cause (v.)
I. h.-stem, hit-stem. He causes her a lot of
grief. 1111- .1'1111'>;1-A
2. t.ou"J. What caused the accident? hf..:>tJ>o
,. ' .foP"'tJJo ' ,..,..l':~tJ>o l
3. hllh-1"1\. It is my contention that poverty
causes crime . .l':li~+ m'tl':A't .l'llh'I-1\A
111'- h,..'>IIIJo
4. Lml:. The news caused a furor. m~m-
1i11C Lm<:
*What causes malaria? rau] 1 oo~ itm- 1 EJD
't.l':~tJ>o l
f
cause (n.)
I. ,..h"l.l'+. What is the cause of the dday?
f-I"H1f0'1- ,..h't.l''l- ,..'t.l':~tJJo l
2. T:JY:Il-. World peace is a cause she works
for. -1":>f.." I>' f,..;J-f..C'ItJ>o f'\11,..,. M,..
1\"Y"I'f'l- ~""
3. '\1\"Y. He died for a good cause. f'l"-fotJJo
fl"1"?- I 1ol\"7 I ~to-
caustic 173 celebrate

4. oP~'if. We cannot stop war until we get cavern 'l''f

rid of the causes of war. ftnCH't oo~'fl":Y.. Ancient man used to live in caverns. f"l"'l+ (1:

IJ~ii1D1J:"'t tnC~'I-'t A'OiiiD"IJ:" ll.'t:Y..A9" ,. O'l''f w-!1'1' .e'l'c ~oc

5. -r-'1.1'.. He declared his adherence to the
cause of freedom. ~~~~~~+ 1-'1.1'. f.;>.f.H't
11\ll
be the cause of hllb.,.ll
Parents' lack of firmness is the cause of much
trouble today. q.:. ffD~,i:Y.. '1'11:,0 l\.1\oo>
ll''t 1111- m't:,O .l'llh'I-~A
[See also immediate"]
caustic f"'i.h~h't
He made caustic remarks about my proposal.
ill\ ' l\.<1'~1111-'1- ' .h411 ' f"'i.h~h't ' ll.il-t-.1'
f'l- (lm
cauterize -t-lt-(1
He cauterized the wound with a hot iron.
4lilll-'t ' 0;>11 ' 11~'1- ' -t-lt-(IID-
caution (v.) ll.ilm~<l'<l'
I cautioned him against being late. "ll.'t'I.I'.H1.1'.
ll.llm~<i':,Ot~-'1-
caution (n.) ...,.,...,
The path is slippery; you had better proceed
with caution. oP't1'1- iiii"'L.I''IA'I' O'!''t
_,..., 11'1-~ooJ:- .l'.'f~A
caution sign f6'/llm'l+cf:f 1 ~Ah-1-
The traffic signal showing a palm facing the
road is a caution sign. OOD'l1.f: = 1\.e rott.
f.~11D- ' oP'I'i!'t ' f"'/..1'4.1'. ' f'l-~h ' ,..
Ah'l- f_,ilm't<l'<l:.l' ?"Ah'l- ~,_
cavernous 'l''f foqo:,.
The cavernous mountain is a good hiding
place for the outlaws. 'l''f fOqO'I- .,.~~
1\'li'i!-I':Y.. ' '1''1- ' oPf.O<I:.I' ' (I;J- ' ~,.
cavity f-t-(1~(1~ 'I'Cil
The dentist filled the cavity. f'I'Cil .hh.-
f-t-(I~(I~ID-'t 'l'Cil 'I"~
*The abdominal cavity contains the stomach
and the intestines. Olf.t: 1 7l.4'0Jo 1 ID"ll"l" ~~
~<; ' ll.'t)';'l- .1'.1::'11-
cease (vt) ll.ol'oo>
The factory ceased making bicycles. 4-11&1J
ID- ' 0,1\.h/1.'1- < oP/"~'1- < l\.oi\OD
cease (vi.)
I. l\.0,... The Aksumite empire ceased to exist
in the lOth century. fll.h(l-9" _,.,,..,._
O'lF~'i'w- h'i!ll Hoo>'t l\.0,..
2. -t-oll ~m. The music ceased suddenly. -"-"'
,. OJ:-'t1'1- -t-oll~m
cease fire f-t-li'll "'"'~"' !19"9"~'1-
The cease fire was violated by both sides.
f-t-li'il ' "'"'""' ' !19"9"~'1- ' 0<1-1\-J,?" ' ID1
'l':Y.. ' -t-"1(1
ceaseless f"'.l'oliC'I'
A brook's ceaseless murmur is enjoyable.
f"'.l'oi:Cmw- f~~;l: 1-'1-9"'1-9"?' 1\llf.'a
:y..' ~,.

cautious 'l''t:,0
He is a cautious driver......,.,.:,. 1 ~:( ~OJo
cedar 'I'J:-
The room is paneled in cedar.
'I'J:- -t-1111J!,.A
..,~~m- 0
cautiously O'l''t,...,
They approached cautiously. O'!''t,..., <1'~!1- cede 11<1'<1'
They refused to cede their land. oo.:.;t-:fw-'t
cavalry t.~(l';'
t.~(l';'w- O~J:-"'1.
1\')1\:,09" ' 1\11-
The cavalry attacked first.
.l'll.m,.. ceiling
I. O.~!::'t. The ceiling is low. O.~!::'t- 11:,.
cavalryman t.~(l:;'
.I'll ' ~ ....
His equestrian training helped him become the
2. lfltJ.I. The government imposed a ceiling on
best cavalryman. Ot.~(l:;'~'l- """'Am't- prices .,..,..,,..,_ f'l' :> "1&.1' wM
9"C'I' t.~(l';' 1\oPII''t , ~'liD-

in -t-f.~OD(I
celebrate
cave (v.), ~
I. 1\hO~. We are celebrating his birthday
Look out! The wall is caving in. -t-m't<i':,O l tomorrow. f(l-'t fAA+ <l''t ~1 li.'Oh11~
"IJ:-"1-'IID- < 1\.f.~ODil < ~ID-
1\'t
CaVe (n.) 'l''f 2. 1\'1"1(1, We celebrate the names of great
He hid in a cave. 'l''f w-!1'1' -t-1.0<1' men. f:J''II\:,0 (ll":Y..'t !19" ll.'i'l""l'all't
 celebrated
3. .,.f..l'l.,.. The salesman clinched the sale and
went out to celebrate. h lflf.., n.,JI."I .,.
'Ill- LX"'!" /U'.I'I'I- 'ti'.
*The newspaper celebrated the end of the war
in red headlines. ;JtLilJaJo r ftnC'io-ll'l 'i!"-"1
O.,.Jl. .,.119" li.LID-
[See also 'Mass']
celebrated (adj.) 11)1;'
Longfellow was a celebrated author. ,.....,.,~..,
/r> 11)':' f..&-1'1. )0C
celebration
I. fO'A hhqoc i hilt: O,A. The cele
bration took place yesterday. fO'II- hhqoc
'1-'l"t'l-'i' .,.h'i'm)
The streets were illuminated for the celebration.
llhil.: 0'11- """11/'.,; hlf11C.,.m- )OC
2. P') .-c,'l-. They commemorated the
victory with a special celebration. f.l:'ll-"t 0'
A OA\!. P') P'C''I- hhO<-
celebrity 11)>;' (1m- l 1'1"" 'I'C
Mark Twain was a celebrity. .,ch '1-'ll"t
11H' {lm- (1'1"" 'I'C) ) OC
celestial
I. f{l.,Jl.. The stars are celestial bodies.
h'l'hil-l':f ' f(I.,Jl. ' h!Jir>:f ' 'i''I'ID-
2. _,.,,...,. 1'1.,.1''1!. The couple enjoyed ce-
lestial happiness. qA'i' "'l.ll-1> .,..,.,,...,.
1'1"'..1''1! ' f..l'l:f' ' M'f.
celibacy -n.n'l-m-'i'
The monks live in celibacy. ou)lt-<\'1- 0-11
.n'l-m-'i' wr &-A-
celibate .I:'"I.,A (pl. f..'i'"IA)
The celibates live in a monastery. 1..Mir '
f"'l. 'l'<-'1- ' 01'111" ' ID-/1'1' )a>-
cell
I. h'i!A. Take the prisoner to his cell! 7./lt:l;'
fDo'} I tJJ1.. I b'f:l\- I d)o(t1.,(Do
2. I'I.A. The human body consists of many
cells. fl'la>- h!JA f.,..,.&-,. hillf' I'I.A
)ID-
3. fl'o~'l. The underground movement is di
vided into cells. 0..1:'-11'1- f"'l..l'.t:1a>- 7."t'l<ll
:1'1'1. Oll'.l:'"t f_,.b<f.LII )a>-
cellar 'I".I:'C IL'I-
They shut the boy up in the cellar. A"lt"t 9"
.I:'C ILT fD-11'1' H.,.O'I-
174 centennial
cello ['1-A'I- ou(l"t<l' ooltJl., """#&.I']
cement (v.)
I. Ooo"''A h.I'.I'H. The housewife cemented
the broken plate. ffLT """IL:I: f.,.I'IO.:m-
"t lt.n"t R""'"'i t...r..rn:fm-
2. 1'1. "'l."t-1' hiiOI'I. They cemented the floor
of their house. ffL;f-'l'a>-"t tDIIA 1'1."'l."t-1'
MOI'I-'1-
3. hm)bt:. Time cements friendship. 'l.li 'I
.I'..'H'I-"1 .l'm)b&-A
cement (n.) l'l."'l."t-1'
The cement hardened. 1\"'l."l-l'a>- .!'...:.,.
cemetery oo!J) ou:J'-Rc
The cemetery is near the church. ooiJ.'io ou:t-
-11<- IL_,. bCII-1;.1').. hm111 )a>-
censer T"i
The incense is burned in a censer. biiJ). OIJ'
'i' ll-""ltA
censor (v.) "".:"".: (.,."".:"".:)
The article was censored before it was printed.
Yod.l- ' b .... ,..,..... ' OLT ' .,.OOC'/"1!' ' )OC
censor (n.) flt"ti'I-C IF'/"
The censor banned the book. flt"tl'l-<- IF?"
""X'"'*'"~ h1.1'.m-
censure (v.) 11Pll.
The man he worked for censured him for
being late. IIIIH1f h1P&a>- 11PI\ID-
censure (n.) .,..,..,Yo
Censure is sometimes harder to bear than
punishment. h"t'l"t.l:' 'l.li h'l-"1'1- Jl.A'I<
_,..,..,Yo J~,b-II'IA
census f.ft11-R 'l&m&-
The last census was made five years ago.
fiiLa>- f.ft11-ll 'l&m&- IJ9"11'1- ,.,..-,.
0.1.'1- _,..1'..<:1
cent lt"t1:'1"
An Ethiopian dollar has a hundred cents.
h"t.l:' fh..'l-f'k.l' -oc .,...,.. lt"t1:'1" )m-
centenary ou-1'':' ,.,...,. O'A
The university celebrates its centenary this
year. \!.UiCI\1:"" .,._,..;;: ,.,...-,. 0'11-"1
H"I.I:'C' .l'bii&-A
centennial .,..,..;;: ,.,...,.
Our nation celebrated its centennial in 1880.
center
l\1&-l-"1 oo-l'>;'fDo"/ 'tOD.'I- R!;iif~l ' 't.9".
1\hn.:l-
center (v.)
I. OD"IjA M'll. Try to center the design
on the page! 'tm-1' 1 tDl.+-12 1 oo"liA 1 AO'J
'I'A 'l"hC
2. l\1\U... We centered all our attention on
the baby. dli\Ql-"1"1 o-11- R.lo!'i- 1\J'.
l\1\t:'i!"l
center on OTAf.. TODAbT
+He centered his novel on the war. OD1ifh4-
01-IIJ', ' I"C~-1>"1 f"''.ODIIh'l- ~ID-
be centered (on) 1\U..
All his thoughts were centered on her. dll\fl-
IJ-1\- Oft 1\J', 1\C~A
center(n.)
I. OD"JiA. The center of the city is occupied
by shops. noo"liA h.,..., 1111- (1-.,.lo
l\11-
2. l\9"ofiC'I-. New York City is a center of
trade. fttJJo I'"Ch h-1'"7 f"/"1.1:" l\9"11
c+' ..-:r-
3. h'i!A. The university has a center for
African Studies. l'tliCot1:tJJo fl\'NIIJ 'l''i"
'I- h'i!A 1\lla>-
center of attention
"'She is the center of attention. f(UD< rri't"
'tJ',"I ' "7.:4.1 ' ~l-
in the center 'A-- - oo"liA. j oolthA
The table is standing in the center of the room.
m.:A.~a>- llh'i!tr """liA "'".7.A
The house that is in the center of the village
is very big. """'f.~ ""IJhA 111,.,. n.:r- n
"19"' '1-A:r.' ~,.
centigrade II."11:"14..1:"
centigram 11."11:"1&.9"
centimeter 11."11:"7.'1-C
central
1. "7llhl\'f!. We chose a central meeting place.
f9""11MR'I-"1 ' "7llhl\'l! ' /1'1!&. ' ODt:'J'"I
2. 'l''i". The father is the central character
in the novel. R;f-&h- tJJo/1'1' 1\Q'I-\'"a>- 'I'
....... ' Qll;f-<lh ' ~ ....
central idea 'f:c'- ~'IC
The central idea of the book is not very clear.
ftn>~dlf. 'i!t. ~1C 0"19" "lA~ 1\
J'.f..ll9"
175 ceremony
central part of oP"IjA.
The central part of the city is occupied by
shops. Rtn>"JiA h1'"71D- 1111- ,....,.l- l\11-
centralize Q"/.1:" l\111-.>lf..C I"C 1\m?llll
The mayor centralized the school system.
h"11:QtJJo 'I-9"11C'I- Ml-"1 Q"/.1:" l\11
1-'lf..C I"C 1\m?llll
century h'i!ll H"""l 1 .,...,. <too+
Airplanes were invented during this century.
l\ID-1!..1"1\'l'l- ' f-l'd.ll/14-'l- ' 011..11 ' h'i!ll '
HOD'l I ~(Do
America was discovered five centuries ago.
1\"Y.&IJ IJ9"11'1- oo-r- <too-l- Rd.'l- 1'
1"fl-
for centuries A1lft' 1 gootjT
The Roman ascendancy in England lasted for
centuries. C:"7a>-1"1 Rl\"1"11\.Pl- 1\J', f~n
&.'ftJJo "1~'1- lloflrt- uooo;.'l- .,.f
cereal
I. llllA. Wheat is a cereal; so are barley
and millet. 11"11'. llllA ~,. I 111/l'i" m.'i!
9" ' li"I.>I.IJ-
2. hT& '1'&. 1 fi'IP& 1 ,-,-o.. He eats cereal
every day. frfA I .,.,. I hT& I ']',&. I f.,..IP&- I
9""1ofl J',RI\A
cerebralfl\" liA
1
Cerebral nerves are located in the neck.
fl\"liA ~-l'l- f"7.1"F'I- l\"11.'1- tJJo/1'1'
~ ....
ceremonial
1. fh1ll. OtlA. The ceremonial costumes were
beautiful. fhofl.: R'tll- A111'l- f"'i.19"
~' ~n~
2. I"~ FC't~ 111a>-. The inauguration
of the airport was a ceremonial occasion. fh
a>-C:TI\"1 "'IU'ID- 9".:.4' I") FC't'l-
111"'" R'tA ~nc
ceremoniou s ( ~ adv.) Rl\h11C:'I-
He made a ceremonious bow to the Emperor.
.,.,...,. )11"-1>"1 Rl\h11C:'I- ll~ ~"'
*He greeted his rival with a ceremonious
display of friendship. T ?'l'"''.a>-"1 IIJ'.Il-
1\ ' h'i! ' Qll l\\\:\"1 ' l\);J1t:tJJo
ceremony
I. I"~ FC't'l-. The ceremony of the opening
of the parliament was celebrated properly. f9"
he 11.-t> t.h-1-L'I- F~ FC't'l- Rl'."l
'" 1-hn.:
certain 176 chagrin

There is no need for ceremony between friends. was amusing for we could see that he was
n'IS'.'I''f ootth<l\ J") I"C~'I-'J ooh wrong. f.,.'l'l.,. oPIJ''I-'J 1111'/"o;tJJo:,O f{l
.,.<!\' hf7f'l" tJJoftJJo hC"'m"' )~ "711'1- h1"4!~ ){IC
2. hbflOC. The ceremony of the coronation with any certainty fl1..CC"JT
is very beautiful. fH<D-Jl. n~A hhflnc n I cannot say with any certainty where I will
IIJ9'" I fJ'.oP+ I 'iodJo be next week. fl"'tODIIJtJJo 1\9'"1'+ r f+ 1
h'JS'.'I"ll''J {lhC"''l' 11ooo;~c hA'fA'I"
certain
I. h'J"''J.I':. Certain people, whom I'd rather certificate f'l"llhc m:4''1-
not name, ... h'J"''J.I': ll"Y'f<D-'J /loP'J'4'll He needs a doctor's certificate. bdth.9'" r
f"Y<I\4.<1\~<D- ll!P'f - - -
'l"llhC ID:4''1- ' "7"11'1- hlln'I-
2. J\"}Y:. A certain person whom I met yester- (See also 'gift certificate']
day told me so. '1-~'J'I- .... n"fu.'l- ' h'J.I': '
""'""" h'J'Lll ' 1111- )~:~ certify (certified)
There is a certa1n shyness in her manner. I. h<::>~m. I certified that this is his book.
h'J.I': IJW<i-C)'I- mflf. hllfl'l- .r.u rn- oox-.~><t: h'JS'-11') h<::>~'l'll-
3. hC"'m .... One thing is certain ... h'J.I': ) 2. OD{lb~. This diploma certifies that you have
~c hC"'m"' )til" completed high school. f.ll 'I."1'11-"7 1 fll-11
He is certain to come. t\oP9'"1IJ+ 1..CC"Im'1 1 .,.,.. I S'.:)1' ' '1-'l"llC'I- oP4.1\P"ll'J f.oP{I
)til" h<l-<1\
4. 1.,oo-"}. His eventual success is certain.
{loP ...:7f h'JS'-"'1.4'.....,. h-'J )til" certitude <t:~'/")'1-
5. f.,.IDM. At a certain hour, all the stores 0ur belief in God lacks the certitude of our
Will close. 01"atfl'io ~ "UL I ODJ'.11:C"~ r l}o~ I fathers' belief. h"'
Rh"'llh11m.c fii'J
h'/")'1- hfl-l'il''f'J nn.:.'ftJJo'J <t:~P")
f.H:>/1-
you will face certain death if you drink that 'I- f-1-.I':II'I'A
impure Water. n I fti\.1"11J~ I iD"~ I 11::,0tn11J I

oo'f"'l-ll hfmt:.'l'C'I" cessation

*During the summer, there is a cessation of
for certain 01-.CC"JT
work. {1{1;> ' ID<l-'1-' l"tl- o f.oJ/:"1<1\
I know for certain that he will pass the exam.
4..,......,.'} h'JJ!."''.f<!\'i". RhC"''I' htJJo:I'IIU.
chafe
make certain h.~;J1tn 1. hf4.~4.~ hiloPoP. A stiff collar may chafe
I think there is a plane at eight, but you ought your neck. S'-<::,0 1>1\.:J- h'J~'I-ll'J hftl.
to make certain. flv-A+ 1 (lq.:,O hm-~1\"} r ~4.~ IW''IP"'I"ll f.~A
Ill f.oPllii ...A "''J "'1::>~'1' f.~IJYA 2. h"-"" She chafed her cold hands. h~'J
[See also 'dead, degree, extent'] lllln<:"''l- M . ..,:y.

certainly chaff (v.) 4'11S'.(n'l-)

I. <t:~'l" I n<t:~?". She is certainly right. 'i".~ The boys chaffed him about his mistakes in
'/". <1\h. )'f speaking English. h'J"'/1.11"' ns~c {l"''.f
Now I certainly won't do it. R<t:~'l" h<!\u>tl- S'.c~..,. 11a..,.'l- A}(<J; 1 4'11.1l-n'l-
"'"'~"
2. htll")'!-?". Your boy has certainly grown chaff (n.) ~IIIJ
a lot. htJJo)'l-'1" <1\~ll n"'?" h.I':'IA The wind blew the chaff from the grain.
3. h'JY.:J-. Will you pass me the sugar, please. )<f.{l- hll/1-'J h~IIIJ<D- llftll"
Certainly! ll\\'1-'J :J-4'1111~ l h'JY.;J- I His opinions are mere chaff. dtiJ:flo 1Afl
[See also 'most'] )til"

certainty (certainties) chagrin (v.) :,Oc h{ll'

I. Mf.4'C. Death and taxes are certainties. The rejection of his proposal chagrined him
'1"'1-o; "111C oontl.A f"Y f-4''1- o;'ftJJo deeply. /4'<:n<D- .!.'111 .,..,.flf.)'l- "7"1-1>
2. hC"'m"' )~ "711'1-. The man's certainty :,.c hn"f..,.
chagrin
--~------------------------------------------------
be chagrined :toe +fll
He was chagrined when he did not get the prize.
1ill\"7-l>"l ' qtoJ ' 1.11. ' '1-c ' .,.l'l"f
chagrin (n.) '1-&.:J-
He didn't win the prize, and his chagrin was
apparent. 1ill\"7-l>"l M~1"f '1-.:.;J-w- "111\K"
)0C
chain (v.) 01'1"11'11\T hl'l~
Have you chained the dog? fD-iftD-'l Oll'l
I'IIIT hll~li'l'll\ !
be chained (to) .,..._6-"f
My brother is chained to his job. III"I~"'L b
F&-w- ' :>C ' _,..,.&-'1:1:11\
chain (n.)
1. 1'1"11'1/IT. They put a chain around his
hands. J>.;.p 01'1"11'1/IT hl'l-1-T
2. )..-JC -R~T. The prisoner burst his chains.
l'.ll~':'w- l'."'C 11~-1>"1 Oml'lw-
3. do1lll\. She wore a golden chain around
her neck. biiiC'I> f.,.,.,&- do1lll\ h-rll\:J>
)OC
4. "711&Y. He was unable to detach the
watch from the chain. l'l'i-1>"1 b"71'l&Yw-
/IOD/IYfT hll\il'/19" )OC
chains ~ilt-+
He lived all his life in chains. ihf.lll-1>"1 0
oo-fl- 07.11&-T 'l' ~
chain of events .,..h;t-;t-f-l- J!'C''l..-fl-
The chain of events started with the Emperor's
arrival. .,.b;J-;11'-'Il ~C'l.-l':f ,..,.,., )1
1"-f> 0 h"lf.j'.~(l- 0 .,.J':OD-1-
[See also 'mountain chain']
chair (v.) 011.4' oo"IOC)T oo&-
The teacher chaired the meeting. hll.,."7&w-
1111(lq0Jo"l ' 011.4' ' OD"IOC)T ' OD&-
chair (n.) 1119"0C ! III"IOC
The chair has four legs. 111"10'1- h&-T 1."1
c' hllaJo
They created a chair for Ethiopian history.
fh.TI'"k.l'"l ;J-&h 11"711_,..,C h'l.ll Ill
"IOC M/1/oo-
take the chair {ltj:t-aJo") .frl
When the chairman took the chair, everybody
was quiet. 11.4' oo"I0-1- ll'i'&-'l'w-"1 (lJ.
Jto 1 tJ-/t-f"' I ~'I' I l\A
[See also 'back, easy chair']
chairman 11.4' oo"IOC
He is the chairman of the Trusteeship Com-
177 chamber
mittee. f'I""'H.T hll.,.-'1!'.'1- "'"l.'l: 11.4'
OD"IOC ' )OJ-
chairmanship 11.4' oo"!OC)T
He acceded to the chairmanship after the
incumbent died. f+.t:'l"tiJo h.+ DP"tOC 1\.
.,...,. )',(!- II.+ ' OD"IOC)-1>"1 YH
chaise longue t:'fr'l" G:-1:
He sat on a chaise longue. fl~Yr 1 t:;.-1: 1 ~
f.; I 1"4'0Uffi
chalice K"'f'
They found a golden chalice in this church.
flllc'l> K"'l' 1.n.u o..,.
bcM:n w-11-r
h1"f.
chalk moo~
The teacher writes with chalk. hll.,."7&w-
Omoo~ f.K"of..&\
challenge (v.)
I. h&\.,.4'0119". South Africa has challenged
the U.N. decision. !'.ll-11 h'i'&IJ f.,.q0-1-
'l"l ' OD"I"il":l"T ' .......~ hll\.,..,.0/l:f'l"
I challenge your way of thinking. doll1111"1 h
ll\4'0&\9"
2. <;:~1.-,. 4'1'14'1'1. Science challenges today's
young people. llf."lll fH"")."I 111"1-l':f
'i'~1T f.4'1'l'I>IIA
3. .,.m&-m~. I challenge the wisdom of his
decision. f(lmdJo'") aJo/Jk 1 TA~i'-l- 1 )..m&-
m&-/lv-
4. .,.G:IJbt:. He challenged him to come out
and fight. Ill!'. OJ-"1!" III'I'.,.OJ- 1."1'1.'1'"1~'1'
w- .,.G:IJb~w-
*1 challenge anyone to race me. 0""- "71"
9" ' f.'J"toJA'S
challenge (n.) f"''I'"'/J 'I'&
Our team accepted their challenge. It.(-';:f"l
f"''l'"''.f 'l'&f'l'w-"1 .,..,.011
*This job offers many challenges to an intelli-
gent man. f.tJ 1"1:- fhll.,.'f'f.)T..,.. fhl\9"
f!"I:J>T"If.mf.:J>A
chamber
1. h'i'll\. The Congress of the United States
has two chambers- the Senate and the House
of Representatives. fh"'L&IJ"I f'J"hc 0.
..,. IJ-1\T 11'1'11-:f hil-T l fih"' ODtD(l:;' ..... '
f ih"' oo'}"&Y
2. fh"I"'JI ou4'0Y h-'1&1i. The Emperor meets
with important guests in a large chamber.
11
chameleon
't"I-IP ' ~1P'-f> ' 'l-1!\:,0 ' fh't"IJI ' oP+flJ' ' h
Jl&-'li DJoll'l' f;ND-1< ' '1\'t"IP.":f-'t ' J'.+llll/1-
3. (f)"ll!\ h'i'l!\. She retired to her chambers.
tD!f. ' "II!\ ' h'i'!l. ' 1fl"'f-
4. :n. The bullet is stuck in the chamber of
the gun. 'f"f..ofJ I ffiOD1':q'OJ- I ;J"J I iD"il"J" I
.,..,.t.+t.
chameleon '1\1111'1-
chamois ('i'fl!\ f'l";f-IJI!\ !f."h-11)
champion (v.) .,.:>!f.ll
He championed freedom of speech. 1\'t"I"IC
~IU'I- _,.:>!1.1\
champion (n.)
I. lf9""CM l fo-Il- t.'f fll'~. The tennis
champion won all the games. f1:~11 '1"'1"1:
1'"1- "IT"'l.J'DJo't ' 11-11- ' 1\lf~L
The champion won by a knockout in the tenth
round. fo-Il- t.'f fll'~,. IIOP't.'?DJo 11-C
IIJ'. floPHt.C 1\if~L
2. .,.;JJIJ'.. He is a great champion of peace.
;f-11:,0 fM9" _,.:>JIJ'. ~,.
champion (adj.) ID!f.C fii.I\DJo I .,.IDJIJI6 f
11.1\IJJo
He is a champion football player. ID!f.C fll.ll
DJo (_,.wJIJI6 fii.IIDJo) fh"IC \\II _,."'i
'l'":f- ' ~,.
championship 1\'t!f.'h'l- l 1\lf<;.c.~:r-
Our school won the championship in football.
'1-'I"IJC'I- 11.;1-":f-'t ll'h"IC \\II 1\'t!f.'h'l-'t
(1\if<;.r.H't) 1\11"
chance (v.)
we chanced to meet. '1:>"1"7. .,.,.,,.'t
chance on
I. fl!f."'t1'1- 1\;>mou(DJo). He chanced on
the book he wanted. fLI\"IDJo't ""K'm'i'
fl.l:"'t1'1- ' h;JtnODIJJo
2. fl.l:"'t1'1- It f. She chanced on a rare kind of
mushroom on her walk through the woods.
ll"'i..,. ' DJoll'l' ' 11'1-'t!f." ' fl!f."'t1'1- ' 1!\I' '
'lM'I- 'h't"I-JIJ'. hf":f-
chance (n.)
I. IJ!f."l!\. This was the chance he had heen
waiting for. 1\.tnfiii+DJo ' nnt.DJo ' {1.1:"1!\ ' ....
IJ ~IIC
2. .,.114-. Is there any chance of catching the
train? fi(K.' iiJ'.'t!f." '1\0D.I:"t.ll' .,.114- ' hi\ l
3. IJ"l. Do you want to buy a chance for
178 change
the Literacy Campaign? 11.,.9"1!' "'111.,."'/C
TC:"I&-9" IJ"l 1\0D"I~'I- '1-LI!\;JI\IJ l
*The chances are that the train hasn't left yet.
'/"<;"1!\fJ'I- ' q(K. ' ... ' 1\1!\.,.~"1 ' ,1'.1!'<;"1!\
by chance 'h'tJI;J"'"'l. l 'h'tJioP"'I\'1-
I met him by chance. 'h'tJI;J"'"'l. M"fo-'1-
He works by a system, not by chance.
f"7.1P&-IJJo ' IIP'C'l'l- ' 'h'tl( ' 'h'tJIOD"'I\'1- '
1\J'.!f.l\9"
have a chance /JS:A 1moo(m-)
I had a chance to go to California. ID!f.
G:CV 1\0D't!f." ' IJ.I:-1!\ 1T'I"'S ~IIC
"II.
take a chance
I. IJ!f."l!\ 'l"ht.. The movie may be closed but
should we take a chance and go? I\.~"'',. .,.
H"l+ J'.IJ'<;"I!\ "l't IJ.I:"II":f-'t't 'h't'l"hC 1
2. fJID"' J'ID'"'fll' 1\11. He took a chance
when he swam the river. m'1H"} 'P~.P. /too
i'f1C I f1fllD- I t}(IJIIJ I ftJJ41fJtD- I 1lir" I tOJo
[See also 'happy, sheer, stand']
change (vt.)
1. l\mm. We may have to change our plans.
'1\:,0JI":f-'t't ' ODI\tD'I' ' J'.'l'C11't ' ,1'.1!'<;"1!\
He changed his money before going to Addis
Ababa. w!f. 1\JI.II 1\llfl tJOD9""li> IlL
'1- 1'tHI1-'t 1\IDtn
2. +ft. (.,.+ft.). The linen is changed every
week. J'l!\;> 1!\1111 flfi19"'ti> J'.+f&-1!\
3. ou~Ht.. Can you change a ten-dollar bill
for me? OP'C ' 11C 1!\'I-OD~liCI!\'S ' '1-":f-
111\IJ 1
change (vi.)
1. Tltmm. The weather is going to change.
.l'f'!- mfJJ'. 11.1\IDT ~,.
You will be surprised how he has changed.
9"'t .1'1!1!\ 'h't!f..,.I\IDtn 11;1-J'. J'.1C9"
Yl!\
2. 1!\1111 +ft.. It will take her five minutes
to change. 1!\11!1.'t 1\oP+fc 1\'1"11'1- !1.4:,..
J'.L;E-fl;f-1!\
3. 11.11 flll-C .,.iiLt.. We have to change
at the next station. 'h"'l.+TIIDJo "111..1' 1\.
II ' flll-C ' OD{)LC ' l\1111't
change (the) bed 1\'tl'll +ft.
Mother changes the bed every Monday.
'1\<;";f-";f-'t ' (l>f' ' (l?f ' 1\'tl'l\ ' '1-+J'.&-1\":f-
change (the) baby f .ltY't 1!\1111 1\IDtn
The nurse changes the baby several times a day.
~C!t ll+'t 1111- 1.11. f.lt7S:'t 1!\1111
'1-IIDJo"'ll":f-
change
change to
The rainy season changed to autumn. ht;9"-l- r
t'l.m"' 'I'll J'.-1-IJ~
[See also 'better, hard']
change (n.)
I. ACIJU1". I am for a change in the administra-
tion. Qll-1-'l.<'.o:- m-11'1' lldJ-'1' ~"1-'l..<'.l:
.., '~"'of-1111-
2. f-t-llmm )1C. Have there been any changes
in my absence? lt.~ Ol\.1\v-O+ f1"Amm )
1C ')..,:~ l
3. oPA.{t I have no money now; I will give
you your change tomorrow. hv-1 11H-fl f
11'1?" i ou~IIU"I )1 ~11'1'?1111-
4. Can you give me cbange for five
?""!~&.
dollars? f?"ll'l- -ac ?""!~& ~'f-(lm'1
'1-":kiiU!
5. 11C11C 1"1H11. She took some change out
of her bag. bPCII'I' m-11'1' 11C11C 1"1H-fl
haJ"''f
for a change 1\1\(l)o<T 1tJIA
For a change, I would like to go to the movies
I "7:J" I tiJ~ I 1\,
tonight. 1\1\dJoT I fU/A. I If&,
~"7 outy: ~L~;JIIII-
undergo changes +tuum
American society has undergone many changes.
fh"'l.&ti"l ' -.-n<:-t- ' (lofl ' 1111- ' 1-IIIIJotjl.~
[See also 'heart']
channel (v.)
I. t.II-1-~IIL. The secretary charmeled the
information to the director. KdttL"P r ool,:q"(l)oo
"I 11-'I..:Ob-t-o:- hii-1-~IIL'f
2. hH)OII. +The student charmeled his inter-
est into studying law. f1'"7&11Jo '1''1~'1-
aJ.<'. ih"' hH)OII
channel one's way fll.{ll,
The river had charmeled its way through the
rocks. m"!H- Os:-"!;JI''fi ouub~ P<:P<:
channel (n.)
I. MtiL l fQihC m'liou'l'. The two lakes
are joined by a narrow charmel. 11-11-1> .hJ'..f>
";f OmQ-fl MtiL (OQihC m'iiou'l') ,e.
1<;'111-
2. t.:,O"'~. He hoped to direct the conversa-
tion to a new channel. ?Q)oiD"-1:1 m1. 1\.1\
t.:,O"'~ ' 1\.0D&-m- ' Ll\1
channels
I. h'i!~. Your application will have to go
through the proper channels before it is
179 chaplain
approved. "70D~bil'U 1-'i'QJ'.)'f- b.,.,,.,
0.1-'f- 0 0T1(ljJ',.; ' h'i!/1-'f 0 011-~.' OD?""J'f- 0
MO't-
2. DD"!1Y:. The information carne through
secret channels. oo~)faJo foPliJOJ- a,.-r-.n.
c ' OD"J1P.'f ' Oil-~ ' )IIJo
chant (v.) HOD<:
The crowd chanted softly. ih11o- O'i'II;J-
uou<:
chant (n.) IL"7
I recorded the priests' chant. f'l:(lo"l IL"7
'i'<:K"b
chaos
I. 'i!CIICII. The chaos left by the bombing has
only recently been cleared up. OP?"o- """-
"1'1'1- ?"h"IY'I- f.<'.<:(lm- 'i!CIICII f-1'
m1.<'.m- o:,.c-o )m-
2. '1-C?"II?"II. The city was in chaos after the
hurricane. b'tm-11- )of.(lo 0:\~ b-t-"7
m- 't-C?"II?"II m-11'1' )OC
reduce to chaos hifnt:.
The bombings reduced Germany to chaos.
f(l?"(J- ' Y:-fl.<'.Q ' )';COD")") o hifOt:
chaotic, ~ condition ?"11:,0~:,.~
The room was in a chaotic condition. hij:.fl-
?"11:,0~:,01\- aJ'I'.fo )OC
chaotic mass 1fQ11'lh.
There was a chaotic mass of books and papers
on his desk. fODl\ih'i!'l-<; fm<:'i''t- 11lJ11"1b.
m<:A.~m- ~,e. )OC
chap (chapped), vt.
1. M"lm'i'. The surmner heat chapped the
.,..,.
ground. fO;Jm- ..,..,.'!-
ou.:.-1>"! M"'m
2. h"'l:L.<'.. Cold chaps the skin. -RCY: .f>
'1"1 ' ,...<:'1!'1~
chap (vi.)"'<:.!..<'.
My skin chaps in cold weather. OofiCY: 1..1L
.f>-'1(1. ' J'.'lr.t:'i!-'1~
chapel fllll-'1- 11.'1-
The minister has his own chapel. "'UII'I-o:-
f&-ll'fm- ' llll-'1- ' 11.'1- ' h'l'l'm-
chaplain '1:11
The chaplain, who went on a mission with
the soldiers, gave the blessing. bm;J-.<'.C''Ii ;J
C o fHOD-I>'f- o <J:II o (1-,6-b,. ' (lm-
chaplet
chaplet OD'I"m<l.l'
This chaplet is made of beads of various colors.
.1'-11 OD'I"m<l.l' &\I' AI' <J>I\"7'1- IJII-
'f':ftJJo P.:J>ll'"'f f-1-0P<Io ' )tJJo
chapped (adj.) f-1-M"'m<J>
He smeared butter on his chapped hand.
f-J-II)"'m<J>tJJo l\)l:"t :to. <J>QtJJo
chapter
I. '1"/>6-'i'. Did you read the last chapter of
this book? fH.II"t ODl\'.h'i' fOD=<:'l'tJJo"t
'1"1>6-'i' l\"t-llll?A l
That is a closed chapter in my life. .1' Oihf.<D
..J: I DJ-{llf' I f.,..,Lg_OD I 'r/J~EJ:. I ~ll)o
2. :tC'I""i'i'. The Los Angeles chapter of the
American Red Cross celebrated its tenth
anniversary. 11-11 l\"tJ!'IIII f"'l.1itJJo f<J>f.
ODll<J>A :tC"t""i'i' Ol"t.>;' ~OD-J>") l\bllt.
chapter and verse h~.f: Q1".f:
The deacon knows the New Testament chapter
and verse. 'lf.f>). 1\-'l.ll IVI"t"t l\"tl:
Q"tl: ' .l'tJJo:I>A
char (charred) 1\'lt.t.
The woman charred the meat by cooking it
too close to the flames. ll.'l-1'"'1' l\'1'1- l\1111
;To P';JOJo"t 1\il(.(.";ftJJo
character
I. mQf.. I have misjudged his character.
mQI'"t 0-t-'1'1+ l\ll-1-.l'f'l- 1""'1-il-
2. Qll ;T-&h. How many characters are there
in the play? 01:.1'-'K- tJJoll'l' ll"t'l- Qll ;To
&l>"'f l\11- l
3. 4.1'-A (pl. 4..1'.11'1-). Ethiopian characters
are difficult to read. fl\..'1-l'"kn 4.1'.'1'1- "7"t
n-o l\ll:f:>& )tJJo
4. ~f.)'l-. What is the character of the plan
you suggest? f'I":T"<J>ClltJJo 1\:tl: 'l""t ~
f.)'l- )tJJo l
5. -1-.I.'I'C". The trees of those islands are of a
particular character. 011..1' F.ll.'l- .1'11-'1- q
t:.,";f f-1-llf -1-.I.'I'C" l\1\:ftJJo
6. OD"t.LII m"tiJ<I-)'1-. It takes character to
endure calumny . .h"'L'I-"t II""**'" OD"t.l.
II m"tiJ<I-)'1-"t .1'-mf.:I>A
7. lim-. He is a strange character. m'ltt fiPJ
.e1Q I (laJ- I ~fD-
*My uncle is quite a character. h.').J: mQ\t
blltJJo ' f-1-llf )tJJo
In character with
*Such behavior does not seem to be in char-
180 charge
acter with what I know of him. fH.II ~f.)'l-
mQf. l\~ b"7tJJo<J>tJJo IJo~;l-tJJo f-1-llf
)tJJo
[See also 'virtuous']
characteri stic (n.)
I. ODI\.1'. He has all the characteristics of a
scholar. "7"t>;'tJJo"t'/" f'/"11-C'I ""11.1' f.!f.A
2. QihCf.. Arrogance is a characteristic of a
rude person. '1-i>IL'I- fQI\1. QihCf. )tJJo
characterist ic (adj.)
I. f.,.II.,.F.. She received me with her char-
acteristic kindness. OTltOD!..tD- ~ 1....,t:t .,...,.
Oll"'f'S
2. ~f.).,.>;' mQf.. That attitude is characteristic
of her. .1' l\ODA fC!I.. ~f.)-1->;' mQf.'P
)tJJo
3. ~f.).,.>;'. Yellow and green are characteristic
colors of September. -ll""i'i' 1\t."t'\f.. f""
llht.'l" ~f.)-J->;' <J>II'I""'f 'i':ftJJo
4. f"'l.ll.l'-0'1-. Nationalism is one of the char-
acteristic features of our age. 1lm.&-'1! ll""
'1- ' 'I.H..I'"'f"t b"'l.llf.Q:ftJJo .,.'1\'""'f ' l\"t-'1.
)tJJo
5. fh\f. Bananas have their own character
istic smell. """11 f.,.llf f<l-11- 1i;J- l\1\tJJo
character ize
1. 1oPT. I would characterize our teacher as
a very kindly person. l\ll-l-"7<1.1'"'f"t 0"1'1"
f-., ' lltJJo ' )tJJo 11\L l\1'1":1'1111-
2. 11-~:l'tJJo"t 1Al< 1\llt.'l. He characterized
her in a few words. u-~;l-'l'"t Q"l"~ 1A.
l< l\llt.'l
3. ( = pass.) ;J-m<J>. Short lines characterize
his poetry. fll- .,..,,. Q"l"C .ht..,. f.
;J-m:J>A
be characterize d hA.ll-l-- +llf
The camel is characterized by the hump on
its back . .,.,.A bl\.11-"'f f'l"'l-1\ftJJo n
'l'>;''P )tJJo
charcoal hilA
It is customary to buru charcoal in the city.
b.,."7 tJJoll'l' hilA "711'.1: f-f-1\0DJ'.
)tJJo
charge (vt.)
I. mf<J> l 1\llb.LII. We charge only fair prices
here. l\11.11 ODm)>;' 'I';J 11!1' l\"tmf.:l>ll"t
He charged me a triple price for the book.
I\ODll'.h4- ?'ll'l- i>'l''i' 'I';J 1\llb.I.II'S
2. l\HH (:l'HH). Mother charged her with taking
charge
care of the baby. ).<;;f-:f't .ltYS:"t h"tf:
'1-m-fl:,O 1\HHiJ''I-
The minister was charged with carrying a
personal message to the Emperor. "7..tll'l--1- f
"lA ' ODAhh'l- 1\"t.,..., )~,...., h"t.fi.J'S'.
Cll ;f-HH
3. 1\/1.1'..1'.. The bull charged him, but he
climbed a tree and escaped. tD!/.4.). 1\/1.1'..1'.
tD- I ~1C I "''"} I Iff. I 1\,.e I (DIIJfj I J\OD(\ffi
4. 1\m:J>. The soldiers charged the enemy.
tD;f-S'.C''Ii m'l'l-"t 1\m.,.
5. '1"'1. Please charge my battery! q'l-6\lo"t
..,.1\A"t
6. hM. They charged him with theft.
01\.-fl)'J- ' hfl{l-'1-
The police charged the accident to careless
driving. ?'ll.l'"f YS'.:>t- oo)il" O:fA;f-
OD"tJ!'J- ' )ID- ' 1\1\-
*lf you have no cash, this store will charge
your purchase. -rt. 1'JH1l hlbAIJ f.tJ oo
S'.-flC ' JI.(LtD-"t OD11"1fl Mf-rAYA
charge (vi.) -1'4-.,.llh
The boy charged through the door. A"/f. 0
no~- -J-4.-J-IIh
be charged .,.h(l(l
The driver was charged with speeding. ))(m-
hoom"t ' 0'11/. noo"tJ!'I- -1-hl'll'l
*His mind was charged with important matters.
01\M"C'tD- -1111" '1-AA:,O .,.J!\""1- 1/.!f.A
charge for hit
What do you charge for these shoes? MH.II
"t '"i"'ll""f ' ll"t'l- ' '1-111111 ?
charge with f - - - '11\4-~:,.. ll)i\
The law charges policemen with keeping law
and order. .n.,. .lt"l"t<; 1\T;f-"t f"'lllhO
C ~1\k)'l-"t 07'11.l'"f 1\j/. 1/.T'IA
(be) charged with
I. ( = active) 1\HII. He spoke to her in words
charged with longing and love. <;'1'4''1-'i ..,:,.
c qu11 1\l>.:\"t M:>~tl-'1-
2. '1"11(0'1-). The air was charged with excite-
ment. rH;f-tD- f :>II ll"'L'I- f'l"l\0'1- )OC
charge (n.)
I. 4."t)(. The charge is enough to blow us
all up. 4-"t)(tD- ' v-11"1-"t"t?" ' 11"'1'1"1-'1- n
-1! ' ~1/.A ' 1\1\ID-
2. 'l-h~11. The officer's charge to the men to
keep watch was disregarded. oob-"t). 1\tD;f-
S'.C''Ii fl'lm-'1- f-rO:J> 'l-h~11 "f'' .,.qll
181 charge
3. hll. What were the charges against him?
O{l- 1\1/. f4'~11-'l- hl'"f M )0-1- l
4. "'lll"''l-. His charges are nothing but cal-
umny. f{l- "'11\"1'1- do"'L'I- -1111' )tD-
5. "'7'1':1'+. After a fierce charge, our soldiers
drove the enemy from the hilltop. h~!/.11'0' "'I
-r:J>'I- 0:\1\ tD;f-S'.C'iJ'"f"t mll'l-"t hi>
~-fl;f-t- '"i'i' ' t,q~-~-
6. lfh?". I hope you will never be a charge
on your parents. ?""t?" 1.11. 1\tDI\,'l>:"'-11 If
h?" h"tS'."'I'I-II'"t -I'll<!- 1\11'1
7. 'F;J. I won't pay these excessive charges .
1/.ll"t"t hoom"t 01\1/. fll') 'I':> 1\Ah'i'
A?"
8. ~1\k)'l-. He took complete charge of the
library. fiL-l' ODI\.lt'i'-l>"t , ..,.11- ~1\k)'l- ,
tDI'IS'.
9. h.lt6-. The improvements were made at
the tenant's own charge. 0.-1: f;t-~(lm- fl
-1-htl-\l.tD- ' h.l\6- ' )tD-
*There is no charge for alteration. l\D?C.-t'lth!
l\i/.h4.A?"
be in charge ..,,.A. ~m-
Who is in charge of this section? fH.U hfi:
A I ""A. I ...,,. I ~OJ- ?
be in one's charge M&- +flm
The baby was in Mary's charge. .ltY). 11"'1.6
1\S'.tl- -1-I'IT.f- )0C
free of charge
1. 0)11. We will mail it to you free of charge.
07'11.+ 0)1\ h"tAhAYA"t
2. Yl\:,0-ry 'I':>. This store delivers free of
charge. 1/.11 ODS'.-flC Yl\:,0-ry 'I':> h:J>
hiL'I- f:~ll Y"""'A
on a charge of fl - - - Th(t
The tramp was arraigned on a charge of
stealing. O~"t'! hJ!6tD- 01\.-11)'1- .,.h(o
'i'Cf: IL'I- 4'~0
prefer charges h{l(l
He preferred charges against the driver of the
car that hit him. f~""ID-"t ""h.<; ))(
hMtD-
take charge of
1. ~Ilk II'). He is taking charge of the new
branch. 11!..{1- :,OC"t'"i'i' ~Ilk ll.ll'"t )m-
2. ~1\k)'l- mi'IS'.. When father died, she took
the charge of caring for the family. 1\q;f-';f"t
0'1"-J- ' 1.11. ' f(L.,. ' (liJ-"t ' fODJ'.~<j: ' ~
1\k)'J- ' h!t tD(IS'."f
chariot
3. Rll~ IIS'.t:1. The military took charge of
the village. {lt-'f-1: ou"tS'.tl-l:"t Rl\)1: liS'.
t:1
chariot (lt:111 l :>&
The Romans used chariots for fighting and
racing. C:"lm-f"t 1\tncH<; llll"li:f>S'.-S'.-ll" '
0(1t:111 Y.m4'oo- )0C
The invention of chariots was a forerunner of
the automobile. f ;Jtl oo.t.A(I'i! bllm-.Y.'I"
ItA 4'S'.li"'I-H ) Rt:m-
charitable
I. fR' 1\S'.-t-''~- Homes for old people are
often charitable institutions. Y~Y{. 1 (lSJJ':f 1
ou<rtlffl'"'f 1111~'i'm-"t 1.11. fM liS'."" <I-'
'1- S'.-C~.Y."'f ' <;'fm-
2. M IIS'.-t-1.. He is charitable to all the needy
persons. A+:f1t;.. = v-~ 1 01 ' 1t.f:&-"l. 1 )w--
*lt was charitable of you to overlook my
mistakes. ilih.,.i:"t fll'i!b'1 OR' 11"71''1-
11 I )(Do-
be charitable ':ft!":l" 1 1tY..~1
He wished he had the means to be more
charitable. fRIIm "'fc:;f- 11"1S'.-t:'1 f"''."'f
AR'I-"t HJ'. llf1'1 .,._,.
charity (charities)
I. ll"ll"'l''l- l "'fc:;J- l l\C'I;f-. Even though she
is very poor, she is too proud to accept charity.
0"111" S'.-"li 11'1-ll'"tll" ll"ll"'l''l- ("'fc:;J- ll\C
Jl;f-) ' I\OD4'0A ' 0"111"' b-0:. <;'l-
2. A"'il<;. Charity begins at home. A"'il<;
hO.'I- Y.'l".ll"t-A
3. fM 1\S'.-t-''1- S'.-C~'I-. He left his es
tate to one of the charities. ~11~-1:1' 1\1'
S'.- fR' 1\S'.-t-''1- S'.-C~'I- '1-.f- .,..,.
4. 01 IIS'.-t-''~- They contributed unlike sums
to charity. liM 1\S'.-t-''1- f.,.llff 1"tH11
(1m-
give to charity :f~
He is too stonehearted to give any money to
charity. 1\{lm- f"1.1'11"t ill\11') 1"tH11
IIY.:fCll"
out of charity hll'ill+
She looked so poor that we fed her out of
charity. 0"111" f.,.:f1t:"'f ooM Mf<;
'1- 111f)"tll'l- 11"'111 (lm<;'l-
charm (v.) "lt:b
His friendliness charmed the audience. f(la
fiDJI~)'I- 114't-t:11 IIS'.-"lll"'"'fl"t "lt:b
182 chase
be charmed fllfJ9" ..,.Y..c'l+
We were charmed by the play. Rtf+"- fl"'
II" .,.S'.il.,."t )fiC
charm (n.)
1. w-n:,.. He fell victim to her charms.
(JtD-fl;l: ' .,..,t:h
2. Y..,.,1r')+. The reason so many men are
seen talking to her is because she has a lot
of charm . .l'.ll"t filA f"''.f""'.m-;f-'1- (I
m- fMm- S'."lll")'l- Mil-l- )m-
3. All. Our grandmother did not lose her
chaim for us as she grew old. 1\f;f-"'f"t fl6S'.-
"'& llf1f. ll'tJI.ll" M:fm-"t llllm-il"tll"
4. h;:t-11. He wore a charm around his neck
to ward off the evil eye. bfi-JI 1\oPbllbA
ll"t1-l: 11_1'. b;f-11 ' llilt::A
charms 1111"1'1-
He had charms recited against his opponent.
nqll:>t-m- 11.e 11(1"1'1- llilS'.1""fl'l-
have charm fY..il Y..il hl\tiJ4
She has a lot of charm, and everyone likes her.
fS'.il S'.il Mil-l- 11-11-ll" .1'-IDJI;f-A
have great charm for ,.,~b
Paris has great charm for tourists. :rt:.il 11.1
C 1-111:fl'"'f"t '1-"lC,I\"'f
[See also 'lucky']
charming S'.il f"''.A l fS'.il J.'.il film-
She has a charming smile. Y../t 1 f""l.A L 1""1
;f-' M'I-
His sister is a very charming person. 1..'11: fY..
il ' S'.il ' fliT (ltD- ' .,,..
chart "C;f- l (111.'1
He marked the enemy positions on a chart.
mll'l- fllfl'l-"t {I'J!t- fl"C;f- (0{1/I.JI)
11.1'- 1\oPI\b.,.
charter (v.) .,.11-.,.,.t:
We chartered a bus to Harar. mY.. dt~C fot.
y;s:- ' 1\m-.Y.R-il ' .,.11-.,.,.C"t
charter (n.) ih1 ouwt:'I-
We must respect the charter of the United
Nations. f.,.Qfl"-'1-"t oP"t"'P';f-'1- ' ih1 ou
wt:'l- "lbflC 111111"t
charwoman f+1' 1 11'&-+<j=
The charwoman comes twice a week. f4'"} 1 "'
t-.,.':''1' flflll""t'l- o-11'1- 1.11. '1-ou"'ll"'f
chase (vt.)
1 I. llflS'.S'.. Dogs like to chase rabbits. m-J>""'f
'l'"t:fll-"'f"t ' "1f1S'.S'.- ' f.IDJII\-
chase 183 cheapen

2. hill:<:. I chased him out of the house.
hR.-1> hii<:Cb--1-
3. S'H. The two children dropped behind the
group to chase butterflies. 0.&-0.C'l":f'l 1100
111 11-11-1> a,yo;.r hiJ-~). .,.11,..,.,.
:\'1 "'"~-
4. .,.h:J-.,.11. He chased her for three years
before she consented to marry him. A~ lim-
boo'i'.,.J;.. O.t.-1- Y'llT <too-l- .,_h;J-.,.'1-1-
chase (vi.) .,..,:.,:111
I have chased all over town looking for you.
h'tT't 'I'll;> 0bT"71D- 0..,.11- _,..,:.,:'1'11-
chase away tDJ}J I J\l)l,l,
Chase the dog away! ID-lfiD-'t <D>I.f hiiCGID-
chase (n.) "7flJ'.~
After a long chase, they caught the thief.
h11H- "7flJ'.~ 0:\'1 1\.IIOJo't S'H--1-
glve chase 0"/Ql.C ~ +mh
The hunt began, and the dog gave chase.
h.!'.). T)':I"'C' ID-lfiD- "7/ll:C .,.11111
chasm
1. '1S'..A. The chasm was too wide to jump
across. 1S'.Il- il.t. liMO<: 0111\J'. 11.:1'
11'1' hJ'.ii'AI"'
2. oo:J':J'c. The chasm between England and
the American colonies resulted in the Revo-
lutionary War. Oh't"111.11o; Oh"'L&I)'t :,O'S
"'qf-:Y. oouht>. no<:,. ou:J':J'C hl1lCt
-1- hS'.<:II'ftJJo
chaste 'tK'.h-1-
Saint Mary is chaste. :,0~(1-1- "7Cfl"' 'tK'
a.-r ' o;.r
.-emaln chaste fi.e-l"'IAIJ _,.fifo
Custom prescribes that a woman remain
chaste until marriage. ll.-1- AY: hlli)111:Y.
~Gil O~'t"'Ao; h't~-1--I'J'. 1111'1' "'J'.
;J- )IJJo
chasten
I. .,."1. The teacher chastened the disobedient
child. hllT"7&1D- f"7J'.:J'HHIJJo't ' AY: .,."1..,.
2. .,.til. Age has chastened his violent temper.
hcY:o; "'A'i'T'1t-l>'t .,.'t{l;J-A
chastise .,."1
The father chastised his son. hllorfOJo A)l:
't .,."1
chastity ~"'Ao;
Monks must make a vow of chastity and
poverty. outtt-ll.l":Y. O~'t"'Ao;o; 0~1i
tor h't'l"&.ll't 1lll1D- """'"' hllll'f,.
chat (chatted) , v. T""l<DT ! .t.ro;> 1 h<D&.
We chatted all evening. ll't""l<DT (llo;ro;> 1
{lo;ro&.) .t.ouif't
chat (n.) '?OJoOJoor
We had a nioe chat. '1'<1- '?OJotJJoor hS'.
G"''t
chatter (v.)
I. IILIIL. They chattered inoessantly. 111"7?1
l:'l' IILilf.
2. T't1""11Q;l.. My teeth are chattering. 'I'Cil.
J'.'t1""11""1A
chatter (n.) A'i'I\4-
His chatter bored me. A'i'll'l-a>- hilll'f'S
chatterbox 1\'i''l.t.
She is a dreadful chatterbox. hf. 1\'1'1\L
t:Y.
chatty 11'1'1\.t.
I get all the gossip from my chatty neighbor.
<D~a>-'t 11-11- bll'i''lol.a>- 1-<:R.i: hil
"71111-
chauffeur ll"I..C
The chauffeur did not bring the car on time.
ll"l..-1- ODhSa>-'t 01.11. hl\00"11"'
cheap (adj.)
I. Cl)1i. Fruit is very cheap here. 7.11.11 'I'
&.<w:. 0"11"' cl)1i tiD-
2. """'*"~ He is too cheap to buy her a new
dress. <t.'I'W"' lllllft h>l.ll Aoflll 1 hf.1q
'1~1"'
3. hA/11\.. She looks cheap in those clothes.
f't't A11ll il-1'1111/l hA/11\. -1-ouMII:Y.
4. Ocl)1i f"''.if'l'. Shealwaysbuy sherclothes
in a cheap store. r1-A1.tL 1 A.1lll 1 rr:r-11JtD-
OCI)1i ' h"''.if'l' ODS'.11C ' )a>-
5. oP~~. The radio is made of cheap parts
that will wear out. &.>1.1'-). ,.,..,&.,. 0.,.'1
II- ' h"''.fl>."' ouo;l;' 1 h:l'l":Y. )a>-
cheap (adv.) OCI)1i 'I';>
He is selling his car cheap. ouh.o;m-'t Ocl)
1i ' '1':> J'.if"'A
cheapen
I. hOI\ if. She cheapened her dress by adding
a fringe to it. 1>.11!}. 1\J'. 'l'IIT "'"'" '
M'lif:Y.m-
~c~h~ea~t~------------------------~1~84~----------------------~check
2. 11~1-'i' "I?"T Mtm. Constant swearing The vaccine checked the spread of the disease.
cheapened him. 11.1:-11 IJ4- 1111"7.1'-mof. 11 h+q ... ' 01i;Jom- ' 7.1.11.1'-ltil-"1" ' h1.1'.
~1-'i' "I?"T Mtmm- 7. 1:1'. I advise you to check your anger.
1.l'.,TIJ1 1 7.1.1:'T1:J' 7,.ouhC?II11-
cheat (vt.) 11:1'1111
He cheated me in the agreement I made with check (vi.) 1-11"7"7
him. hi\- :>C Q.I'.<:"III-T It?"?"~+ II:J' Our figures check with his. f'i' .1..1111 h
tro'i'A 1\- ' ;>C .1'-lt"7"7A
cheat (vi.) 11"1."0<:0<: l <\<:4' check in 1ll
He is always cheating in exams. li-A1..tL r 4.+ When did he check in at the hotel? hlfi:/1-
f11JlD- J oo:r; 1 ~m- ?
<; 11.1'- J'"'."O<:ilil-A (.1'-<lC,.A)
check off r"AhT h.S'-.~1
cheat someone out of h6L'"OC-RC" r mil~O+ J

He cheated him out of all his money. "J"}Hflo'l r He checked off the items as they were called
11-lr ll"l"OC111!' m<l.I'.OT out. fh.ol>l"'fl 1 It?" (Lmt'~ ?"Ah+ 11.1'.<':1
check {on)
cheat (n.) 1. h.flJ&... We have to check on his statement.
I. II;Jolt.f.. They all know he is a cheat and ,..tt-1 "?"'il-T 1111111
a liar. II:J'It.f.<; 1 m-jf:J'?" 1 oPlf).1 1 11-lr?" , 2. +tk"'m~. Don't forget to check on his
J'ID-,./r work! f"''..IPil-ID-1 1 oP<Jt"'mC 1 :fit. 7.1.11TA
2. ( ~ adj.) "7 ;JollA
1 fO~o+. The game was
check out lt.f. J roll)
a cheat and cost him $50. "7 :JollA fO~O+
4!"7C ltlllf~ 11?"11 11C llmof. You have to check out by 10 A.M. 7.1th tJl.
-~> lit'~+ <l<i+ 114"tl oom-"1+ 11111ltJ
cheater II;Jolt.f. 1 1\h
check through 0.,.'1':1"
Cheaters will be punished. II:J'it.\'":f 1 .&4'"1/r I will check my bags through to Chicago.
1f1"1l"'Ii1 ' 04''1':1' <.1'. 'f1J1 7.AIJII11-
cheating "7"1"0COC ! ~'l'd.T l "?;JollA
The student compromised his good name by
check (n.)
cheating. +lPI&tD- OOif"f.l"OCOC T.;.. {lou-
"} ' h.m4-m-
1. :r:h. I will send you a check tomorrow.
~7 'Iih l.AhA?IIv-
Cheating got him into a mess. -l-TL-"t ll)ll)
2 . .1..1111. When we finished eating, I asked
fD-it'J' I h1-1-aJ-
the waiter for the check. OA1-1 11'>11,.
What is your attitude toward cheating?
""il-1-'i'm- .hAil 7.1.11.J'4"C11 mf~II-T
lt11"7:J'IIA' J'IIIJ I 11111-J'fT I ?"1.1:-~ID-1
3. ?"Ah+. The teacher put a check beside
check (vt.) the correct answer. 0-l-hhlt::;:m- ooA{l ~
I. oo<;oo<:. Will you please check the bill once ,.. I lld.T I lllt1-"761D- ' ?"Ah+ ' 11.1'.<:7
more? dt..t\flo"} ~""JODtJ s oocr~m- 4. -1:11.+. Show your trunk check when you
2. ?"Ah+ 11.1'.<:1(0+). The teacher checked
1
want your trunk. "1'1'1tJ1 lloom-<\.1:- IITL
the correct answers. OD9"'U<- +hhA rrr A"l f"''1'11J1 -1:11.+ 1111.1'-
).T1 I oPA(I:f I ?"AhT I 11.1'.<:1Q'fm- 5. oo41.11Jm~l'. The increase of duty is an
3. 11"1.:.. Check the figures carefully! .1..1111'1 effective check on imports. f+~'l" 1 oo,;g.ooc 1
0'J'1,.<f: I II"Jil- aJS'. ; 1\1C lD-fl'f' : f'"7.1fl" I ~1C"l-1' I /tOP
I
4r.IIJtn~f I'f'.;,. I H~ I ~QJo
The Bible concordance is very useful in
checking words. foPJI'oh'i! ~>!.It f ,..,.,.. 6. 11.:.+ 1 "77.H1 1 ~ex-. The checks in this
11C11C I ,.,.,..1 I 11"7"1il-T ' '""'"'1..
I ~ .....
dress are big. OH.tJ 4'"'1..11 II.& J' tr+
11
4. llf(ll+). Please check the oil! MhtJ H.& il-T "77.H1 ~Clt:f TAA~ '>'fm-
-1>1 I 7..1'-A'S *High tariffs act as a check to trade. b~+;;:
5. lllt4'oom. Check your hat and coat here! 4'<:'1' I 1"1.1:-1 ' J'.llh"7A
QC~"'IJ1'> I I>TIJ1 ' 7.H.tJ ' 11114'?"'1' make a quick check 0~'1"~-l- : L,.if
6. 111.1'.. We have checked the enemy's We made a quick check, but found nothing
advance. ml\:r- r mY.~ footff.C.,m-1 r oo""J missing. O'i''I'~T .t.+if1 ?"1?" 1 f"l-.1'.11 1
4-+ II"I.I'.~'I'A ~7C 1111171?"
eheekbook
put a check to J't_,oP
We must put a check to so much tardiness.
.eu't H"l.e.Y. ou9"nJ'l- "79" 1\MI't
eheekbook f'lih .1'.11.,.c
As it happens, I have my checkbook with me.
1\'t-'1;>"1"'1. f'lih .1'.11_,.C F-"11"/111
eheekered
I. AI' AI'. Winston Churchill enjoyed a check-
ered career. 'f'tll.,.'t 'fC:fA fiAI' AI'
fP'&. HC'i' _,.l)'f'II'I'A
2. 1\&.~ "71\H't "'>Cll' J'llfl'l-. This check-
ered fabric is attractive. 1-tJ }',&-.:,. "71tH1'
ol>Cll' ,l'llfl'l- Q;l.Co}> ,1'9"&-A
eheekers '1"7
Do you play checkers? ~"7 ...,.M>Am;f-IHI ?
eheekup 9"coo&.
I went to the doctor for a checkup.ltlJOCoP&- 1
m.l'. 1'-h-K- Y..l'.-11-
eheek "1-'t"'."
My cheek is all swollen. "1-'t= ' fl"'9" 1\11
Ill. A
[See also 'bloodless']
eheer (vt.)
1. fii\AA;J-<; fl"l"11""'q .,..,.fill. The exuber-
ant crowd cheered the Emperor. flf.l'a:J- f
+'f"l\aJo I ,l.1f1) J "t'l'IV I )1,..,1:'}
.. ' fl"l"11""'q .,..,.fl!l,.,.
2. fl.l'.ll;f-' 1\Q;l,fiQ;l,fl(ll'l-). The crowd cheered
the speaker. fllP'Il .,.-;;>&m-'t fl.l'.ll.r
1\Q;l,fiQ;l.ft-1\'1-
3. };,~~+. The audience rose bodily to cheer
the hero. hf.'"7<DJ )!"l<;tD-'1 11"7.1'.'~-l> q
't.l'.'~+ 11.1'.'"1 1\11
4. ( ~ intr.) .,.,_fl.,.. It cheered the old woman
to have us visit her. ht!"'l.;l: M' 111\mf-l><;
'I'm- fl"'9" .,.,_M,
cheer (vi.)
I. fl.l'.ll.r <-1i. The crowd cheered. f.,.(lfl
(lfltD- ' ih1111 fl.l'.ll;f- ' <-1i
2. .1'.11;1-tD-'t 11111. The students cheered with
abandon waving their arms. 'h){:fm-'} flo>J
mqm11 .,...,&lP'Il fl:>ll 11"1+ .1'.11;1-'f
aJ-1' I 11\Jt.
cheer on 1\1~4-Ll.
She cheered him on when he was about to
give up . .,.114- ll.ofi.C'I' fi.I'.&M+ '1.11
h.1'.4-A.&:fm-
185 eheery
cheer up (vt.) All'<;<; l hfl&;f-;1-
We visit her often to cheer her up. ll"71t''i'1
'I- 11H- 'I.IL 1\'tm,e.... ;f-ll't
His periodic visits cheered up the ill. hAC:. =
1\AG: ll.m.e,..'fm- ooY.-'1. .noo9".,.'l''ll
't ' hfl&;l-.+
cheer up (vi.) .,.ll'<;<; ! .1'.11 1\ll(m-)
He cheered up at once when I promised to
help him. 1\'1.1'.9"&-'lm- .,.114- ll(lmm- m
l!.,l'lD- ' .,.ll'<;<; ' (.1'.11 1\1\tD-)
cheer up! h.eflu
Cheer up, he will be back soon! 1\.eflll I -I'll-
,eoollilA I
cheer (n.) .1'.11;1-
The song brings cheer to my heart. 0011~
All.'t fl.l'.ll;f- .e'I''II'I'A
cheers
I. f.I'.II;J- a;u'Ji+. We could hear the cheers
from quite a distance. r~h;J'm-'} ; Q;b"fi-1- =
M"'> l\'tfl"7 ~fiC
2. 1\AA;f-<; "1."11a>.q. The crowd greeted
the President with cheers. r... ranranm-; ,'h1Jfl1
TMl'l'l-1>'1 fii\AA;f-<; fi"1."11Q;l.q .,.-l>fllltD-
3. "7fi&;J-;J-'l-. The cheers of the crowd reani-
mated the losing team. f.,.ooAI)'1l "7fll:;f-
;t-+ 1\.,.ii<;A.m- 11-.l'.''t 1\1!.11 "1.eA
iltnlD-
be of good cheer ! OC:J'
I fl}t.A&\;f" Be of good cheer! Things could be much worse.
fiC;f- I fq(l ~1C /1.00"19" ,e:fiiA
cheerful
1. hilf..lt'l-. This sunny room is cheerful.
.eu:f B<h.e r"'1.1q+ h'i'A AIIY.il:f -;+
2. 'i'A-l>A-l>! .l'.il.,.'i'. She is a smiling, cheerful
girl. A-1"1 f9"-l-A 'i'A-l>Aol> A~ <;')-
After all her suffering, she is still cheerful.
J' rNr ou1-il4'A fl.l'.cllq'l-9" 1\u-'!9"
.l'.ll.,.'i' '1-oullllll:f
be cheerful .1'.11 1\ll(m-)
He heard good news today and is very cheerful.
hll.l'.il:f m.:. llllfl"7 q,:. fl"'9" .1'.11
1111-;f-A
[See also 'disposition']
cheerless -1>4-A.
It was a cheerless day, dark and rainy. "1!>/t.IP/
<; f"'/.11'19" 4'4-A. 4''1 ~fie
cheery hll.l'.il:f
Sunshine and the singing of birds are cheery.
cheese 186 chief

fBdt,l'. 11CV1'i' fOJG:"f 11"'/t. l>M.<'I chew cud Jtoo)1f1i

A donkey does not chew the cud. t.Uf h
';f' ""'"'" foP)'fr"Ji!l"
cheese t.U 1 G:C"''}>:
chew a hole in fl'I'Ctl- Ott
The farm sells a Jot of cheese. fClf<& "'lL
The puppy chewed a hole in my slipper.
f ' 1111- t.U (G:C"''}>:) .1'-lf"'A
o-"fll'l' )mil """'11'-") O'I'C!l oto"f,.
chemical fh."7.11A ~oo!l" chew over in one's mind haJo'l'.f l'tm-CP..
The two chemicals interact. &l\11 fh.I17.11A : MO(O'l-)
~,...,.';f ' 1;").11. ' Q").lj. ' 11.1'- ' -l-106<:' ' ht\OJ- He chewed the problem over in his mind.
"1--'lf.") hOJ-'1'-f- hOJ-CP. l;(IOO'l-
chemistry h."''.ll'l-6
chewing gum onll-1;11
cherish Don't stick your chewing gum on my seat!
I. ll'i'H' 'I':> hm. Our grandmother cher- ODll-1;11U") lJoP.,.oP""1'- ' 11.1'- ' hTII'l''i'
ishes her childhood memories. hf:J'"f") fA
~)+ 1.11. '1-11:1''1'") 11'1'1-'1 'I':> ~ chick ""'""'~-
hm'I'A"f The hawk carried away the chick. "I!"A"-+
2. h")lJQlJO. A mother cherishes her baby. """"+ OJ(I.l'.
1-'i'+ A:g,") :J'")lJQhQA'f chicken P.r:
cherish the hope O+llof. ; mO+ They eat a lot of chickens at Easter. f'i-(1.11
The old woman cherished the hope of her t\'1- 1111- P.r: .1'-01111-
son's return. 11.~1..:1: fA:(..,. oooot\_{1 chicken pox h-'i''S
0-1-M- mo+"f The child has chicken pox. .nt"l- h-'i''S
cherry [f'i't. ~.1'-)T] M:l'A
chickpea 11!1"11&-
cherub h.~O.A
A cherub is one of the holy angels. h.~O. chide~"'"
A ' 11~-'l.<'l") ' ODII7oh+ ' 1;").11. ' )OJ- The teacher chided him for being late. llt\H1f
hll-1-"''&OJ- ' ~"'""'"
chess (l")m~'fr
I like to play chess. (l")m~'fr OD""lOJT hOJ chief (n.)
-'lAo- I. t.t\:J-. The village chiefs assembled to
listen to a lecture. "}'"l""JC floPil""lT foo
game of chess li"Jm~'fr
").l'.~ l>A-I'"f 1-(IO(lfl-
Would you like to play a game of chess?
2. if.?'". The various chiefs in the department
(I") m~'fr 1>")"'iOJT !
will discuss the plan. fAf. Af. h'i'll-!l'"f
chest ") ~.,.';f. lit\ h~-'1. .('.OJffll-
I. -"-~+. He was hit in the chest by a bullet . 3. oot.. You have to get permission from the
.l'.~-1> ' 0'J'.('.T 0 .j-OD:J' chief of the tribe to pass through this land.
2. (1").11.~. Put the tools in the chest! OD"f6f9' OII.U oot.+ II.('. h!IICmU t\"''t\'1' f
,.;") 0(1").11.~ OJ-ll'l' hll.,.!l"'l' ,_...,.") oo,& "''lloi..,.J:- ht\11U
chestnut [ft\OJ-11 ~.eH] chief (adj.)
I. 'l''i'. What are the chief exports of Ethiopia?
chest of drawers Qt\oP<'I!Lf 419" "f'J'") h.'l-1'-itf OJ.l'. OJ-"f!" MC f9"'l-AI1'1'
He placed the chest of drawers in the hall. ,. ' 'l''i' ' 'l''i' ' )~r:';f ' !I"") ' M ' 'i''I'OJ- !
Qt\OD<'I!Lf o 419" ' "f'J'"io") ' OD-1-IIt\o(.fOJ- ' 2. fOilS'-. They constituted him chief advisor.
oo?A h.l'.~~,. fOilS'- h"'/116 hJ:-C~OJ- if..,.+
chew 3. :J-11~. He is the chief poet of our time.
01.1J.f';f") :l-1141 Qt\~~ loll- )OJ-
I. hill. Chew your food well! 9""111U") ..._..,
'i' hJ:-C~U t.'Sh in chief 'Pt;'
2. hl\oom. Girls like to chew chewing gum. The editor-in-chief writes the leading article.
A7f1~p.';f ODll-1;11 "'/IIOD'J' .('.OJ-'111- 'l''i'a>- l>H;>~ ~(Lf.") 10dto'i' ,1'.104-A
chiefly 187 chimerical

chiefly children, see child

I. t.il~.,...,.. Candy is made chiefly of sugar.
hl:'"/.11 f"'/.JPt-m- ' hit~ ....... ' hil'>.C ' ~..,_
2. 11-1-i\,.. We visited Washington chiefly to
see the White House. '1'1i'l"li"'l'l f"l-ll"f~w-
11-1-il,_ .,.,_:,. Ym-11'1 il"7f't ~..,.
child (children) lAY;
They took the child along on the trip. IA)I:'I
"""'" -1-'lrt-
have been used to it ever since I was a child.
hiAY;H: "f..'l"t. filoo~h-'t ~..,.
be with child hl:1H'f-
The woman is obviously with child. ll.+f""P
lll\C"I'I' ' hC"I~il'f-
[See also 'conceive, heavy, illegitimate, only,
problem']
childbearing /AY; oow-A)f
Her childbearing period is over. A~ oPtJJofl.
)f'l' HOD'! t.IA~IA
childbed t.t-11 O.'t
She will be in childbed for several days.
ililrt- .,..,:,. t.t-1'1 O.'t 't.ffil'f-
childbirth
I. lAY; oom-A!l:. Childbirth is painful for
child welfare f<hY'O't 111 t.!l:t-1't
I am interested in child welfare. il<hY'O't
111 t.!l:t-1't ii"'L't toil'S
.
chill (vt.)
I. t..,.H.,.H. Please chill the fruit! 'i't-'i't.IJJo'l
t..,.'ll:tHm-
The wind chilled her. H.(l- t..,.H.,.~'t
2. t.il'fl.<:m. The news chilled his hopes.
rt.'Om- -1-ilof..m-'1 t.l'l'fl.<:mm-
chlll (vi.) "'""'"
The earth chills when the sun sets. fJdtY.. {l
'tm~A:t oPt.'t :,..,.u:t~A'f-
chill (n.) iiC!l:
He suffers from recurrent chills and fever.
iiC!l:'O 'th-11-T l\f1<:1f fl'l'f"I<:'I'/A
The chill of the evening is not good for your
health. f'1"1i't iiC!l: Am. 'l~'t ~ t.,_
S'.i\9"
cast a chill
*His entrance cast a chill over everyone in
the room. Ol\- 1 DD9""flJT Oh~j:l\ lD"'il'l" = f
/rT ' (ljl''f- 0 OO'!I.il 0 "'""'"

women. lAY; oom-i\Jl: , M.-l''f- , r :J-,.. , ~..,. get a chill

2. '1"'1'. His wife had a difficult childbirth. I got a chill. iiC!l: iiC!l: t.ii'S
qi\0.-1> '1"'1' 11'1-l'q't ~IIC
chilly .,.'II:J-1
in childbirth lAY; f"''.<Dilil:fl't '1.11. .,.11:1'~ h'i'/A l\ml\
I dislike chilly rooms .
In childbirth, women pray for Mary's help.
fill-
lAY; f"''.<Dilil:fl't '1.11. (1.-l''f- "7Cf'l"'l i\
We were given a chilly reception. +llr+lf =
l\C-'1:1" ,_ii'I"'Oir
.,.q11"' t.S'.<:'I'IA'I
childhood fAY;H 'l.llo ! IAY;H be eMily lll:S'.
I spent my childhood in the country. fAY;~'t f..OC~A
It is chiily outside. m-"l
'1.11.\lo'l q1c ll.'t t.IIM:h-'t
I have a dreary recollection of my childhood. chime (v.) '""li
f/AY;~'t 't'II:J-11. f"7filS'.il't ~..,. The hells chimed at noon. ll.,.'tc II,. S'.<D
childish a.n ! l\'IS'. a.n A '""li
He is an adult with a childish manner. chime In -1-11"7"7
rt-m- ' o-tr ' a.n ' ~..,. The new building will not chime in with the
Don't be so childish! l\'IS'. a.n t.'to-'1 surrounding architecture. hJtft. = ,'h"}~ 11:1111:
be childish ih.!'l 1 oPif") ~m- fl.w- totr't ;JC t.,_il"7"7'1"
Crying for things you cannot get is childish. *As the other men were talking, Mr. Jones kept
"7"11't i1"7't'f-i111Jo ~1C "7/A.,.il <h7'1
chiming in with his comments. 1\.t\<"=ti {l,-';.f
OOIJ''j ' ~ ....
0"'1.~;J1-1-II't '1.11. "''.ii-1-C }<'Ill "1/A:J'
l\f1q hil-1-ff't ,_(l'l' ~IIC
childlike l\'IS'. a.n
His childlike frankness wins the heart of chimerical
everybody. l\'IS'. a.n f'I'U ""11'.,. f"7'1.,. *He has chimerical schemes for getting rich.
:fm-'19" (lm- /Ail ,_"7Cto/A vii:J-'1" ;~oorr'l f"7,.S'.<:illl~ l\:t~ toil"'"
chimney 188 choice

chimney f"'.ll "'/aJo"i have a chip on one's shoulder ~"ll"IJ~ U"i'

This house has a chimney. J'.tJ 1 n.:r- 1 ftJJ. She always has a chip on her shoulder, so
{l I ,.,(J)oftl, f }\/\(114 nobody wants to be with her. i'..,.'iMi ill\
tn:Y.. "''"t'l" II.+CQ'l- hJ'.I.A"I'I"
chimpanzee [1'1l"t)!l!" ~J'.H]
when the chips are down of:Cm~m- "l..tl. 1 fl.
chin 1'.1"1." OD"'
He has a beard on his chin. hMm ~J'. When the chips are down, he proves to be a
ffi.~ I }\(laJo loyal friend. 4!Cm"i'lJJ< 1.11. .too"! ;1'"'/'S
chin up I h.Y.flll '!f.'S)., h.l'm&-'l'C'I"
Chin up! Things will get better. hJ'.~U 1 rHt-
chirp "l'lJJ<"l'lJJ< h/1
'1" )1C ' llf-1-lflfII ' J'.I'.JIA The birds chirp toward evening. mY~ 1 01 ;1- 1

China !J'J'.<; 1.11. IDG::f "l'aJo"l'aJo ' f.~/1-

China has a great many people. !I' J'.<; ' l\~"1
chisel (v.) .,.<:l\
1111- ' ih1111 ' h'l'l- He chiseled a statue from the stone. h.'!"'t.?tt r
china fifh~ ltih"t mlJJ<A'l- .,.<:ll
China is made from white clay. fifh'l ltih"t chisel (n.) ooc-
f"''.u&-m- h)"!' ifh~ )m-
He made a hole in the board with a chisel.
Chinese (n.) it"J :J'aJo"J 0 (JOD(!" ' (JitaJo
I. !J'J'.'>'I!. There are few Chinese in Ethiopia. chit-chat -!-&- m&.
llh.'l-I"A-.1' aJoll'l' '1'4!'1- !J'j'.<;lJJ<,r't hll-
The discussion was nothing important, just
2. fl'f."t"i'. Chinese is a difficult language. !I' f. chit-chat. "t"l"l?- M'l" 'i'&. )1C 1\A)
.,,... ' hQ~ 1/"t!l/ )dJo
lll:aJo'l" I -!-&- ' ID&. )IJC
Chinese (adj.) f!J'J'.<;
Chinese civilization differs from ours. f!Ff.rJ chock-full
QUA ' h"i' ' J'.II.I'A *He had a briefcase chock-full of papers.
mt:+'l- f;l-...,.,.11'1- ttclt )fll:lJJ<
chink h'i''l- P;J-
They sealed the chinks between the logs. chocolate '1'1>~;1-
h"l"tf..'ll ooiJhA .1'/lm-"t h'i''l- (1;1- II.,_. Is this chocolate sweet or bitter? .e.u 1 =t-111\.:1' s
:J' f.l.).'l- tiJ4-,.,.. I ~llJo I tn.e.i'J I OD&.&. ?

chip (chipped), vt. if <:1. choice

The maid chipped the edge of the bottle. 1. rc1. There is a wide choice of colors.
1<:.<:.., fmC..,.t\-"t h'i' if <:1.:-fm- 11ft' f.,./1'1" ~f.)')- ' 'I"C"i h/1
He chipped a piece of stone off the statue. You made a good choice in picking that new
hmlJJ<A., ~f. ~"t:Jf. if<:1. man. rt'l hlli'l-1 ' (laJo\t. r ooor~..-u 1 ..-
chip (vi.) -!-if&-<:1. .;.. 'I"C"'t h~C1YA

The cups chip if they are not handled carefully. 2. roy_oo~..-. These flowers are the choice of
ll'l'"t:J'<I: IJA-1-.1'11- lttl"'ll f.if&-<:4-11- my garden. MH.U hiiQl":Y.. IJ'l-hA'l-
chlp in h'l'"' ll'i'&-\1. ' m-(l'(' IIII-'1- f"'/.ODlm- ""'"'"
3. ~too&."..-. Her mother takes a dim view
We all chipped in to buy her a present. lltn;J-
of her choice of clothes. l\<;t., ll/1 A~
A"J1q~')- 11-~:Y.."t'l" h'l'"'"t
:t A11ll J<.oo&-<:'1' :,Oc '1-l'l"i'II:Y..
chip (n.) 4. (~to choose) oo'J"<:'I'. I will leave the choice
1. ll11CQ6. The chips of the cup fell to the of a movie to you. ft..tOIJavt oor~trt-1 1
floor. flttm- ll11CQ6 ID/111- ~f. mf..,. ~.,-~- h-1-'1'/111-
2. '1':,04--t. The ground is covered with wood fine choice of 9'"C'1' I rrr~
chips. oo&,., ll~"t""'l- 'i':,O<f.-1! -1-if'i'S:A This restaurant has a fine choice of wines.
have a chip +j'(' (.L ,.e..u 1 9"-"Jfl ~ a..:r- rc..-
1 1 fil'~ ro,.e..1 m
This glass has a chip. J'.U 11C"l'-l' -1-ifC~A ~ 1\/llJJ<
choicest 189 chorus

have no choice about chop (chopped)

*The child has no choice about going to school.
A)l: ' T"''~ ' 0.-l- ' t1P't1: ' "lf.:t'ID" ' ~,.
make a choice DDl.tn
You made a good choice. -r<- oocmVA
choicest 9"C'I'
The choicest food had the highest price.
9"Cm- 9""111 h<i!-1-'i' 'I':> ~O~ID"
Choir fOOlfOOOC I :}.(-
He sings in the choir. Ooolfa-;.. : =l..t!' s m-
11'1' f.H9" <l-A
in a choir o.-.-nt:.+
The priests sing in a choir. lJ:tJ'i"-1: O'l1ll.T-
fH."''il-
choke (vt.)
1. h~+. My shirt is choking me because its
collar is tight. lf"'l.H. l\'t1-1> mq11 11/111'
~ ' f't<i''i'A
2. 1\-'lt.~. Too much wood will choke a fire.
b't""-1- (LO~ 1\<'l-l>'t f-'l'i!~'I'A
3. 1\t.~. The thick smoke choked the firemen.
'1':,.'1':,. fil"'" m.il fl\<'l-1- 1\S'.:> -1-M
l}f"'f't ' """""'"'"
choke (vi.)
I. :t-~4'. The boy choked with laughter.
A)l: 0"1:,. :t-~4'
2. ( ~ tr.) M<i'. +I choked on a piece of meat.
fl" :> 4!.!-'i" M<i'~
be choked '1"1\
The storeroom was choked with furniture,
luggage and boxes. fl\:J' 0.-l>'t f0.-1- 1\
:J' l lf't"'<;' "f'l''t 'I"A.f:t-A
choke back 'Pm
She choked back the tears. 1\'tq'l''t 'l'm'f,.
choke to death )\"}.f. s "'IF..ll
He choked the dog to death. ID"lfm-'t 1\'t.f>
11'./IID"
cholera [fm~c11~ 01i:t- 'iM-1-)
choose (chose, chosen)
I. 11P~m. I chose the books carefully. ""~"'
G:'ln ' O'!"t:J-4! OD~'J'h-
They chose him for their leader. ""~f'I'ID" 1\
'tJI.If't f OD~<Jlo-1-
2 t./11. She did not choose to go with us.
h'i' :>C {loo'/.1: l\At.il1'f9"
3. 1\lf(m-). +Do asyouchoose!>.'t-'llfll 1\f:C"l
choosy OD.l-'i"
Don't be so choosy! ~., OD.J.'i" l\-1-u-'t
1. tl..Am ! tJ:.t:.m. Did you chop some wood?
'1'-t-1- ' b't .... +'
.1.11'1'11! ('11.~'1'111)
2. hi-t., The cook chopped some meat for
the stew. m-r 0.-1: Am..- r ;J hTL
chop down 4r.l.m
fS'.~<i'ID"'t
They chopped the dead tree down.
~<;: +
.,.~....
chop off "'Ll.m
Be careful you don't chop your finger off.
"1-1-ll't >.'t-'1-1-1/.C'I' -1-m't<i':,.
chop up hi-t. (-1-h-1-d.)
Meat is often chopped up before it is cooked.
=
I":> ' hOD<i'<i'il- ' Od.-1- ' l\11~.,.,.') ' '1,11. '
f.h#A
chopped meat h-1-G:
Chopped meat is the dish I like best. 0"19"
f9"1DS',m- ' 9""111 ' h-1-G: ' ~ ....
choppy Til'l''l''i"
A choppy wind is not good for small boats.
-1-il'l''l''i" ~4-11 ll'l-<;'t1i ~Aql"'f 1\
f.OD'f'J"
make choppy h'itDm
A strong wind made the lake choppy. '1f.ll'i'
~4-11 ' mf.4!'t ' 1\<;'mmm-
choral ( ~ adv.) O'r11~-1-
Choral singing is characteristic of worship
in some churches. fl'"t1l~:r oouooc f")~
'tf: 0.-1- hcil-tf'l''f A"'11: ~..,.
chord
*His story struck a chord of pity in the listeners.
:P~h- ff:"''ll"''li't A11 ~lJ
chore
I. f"'l.fllil'f l"<l-. Scrubbing frying pans is
a chore for her. OD'J'Olfl"'f't """-T"' /1
!). f"'l.filil'f Ft. ~m-
2. fHm-1-c l"<l-. All the children had to do
their chores. A]l:'li 11-11- fHm-1-C I" .J.'I'm-
't ""F<l-'1- ~o~q'f'm-
3. I".!-. Let's make a bargain to help each with
our chores! 01".!-:f't 1\0D~-'1-'1-1- 1\'til"''"''
chorus
I. fOD11.,..C '\1:. They formed a chorus in
the school. 0-l-!I"IIC-1- 0.-1> ID"/1'1' fOD'JI.,...C
'}1: ' "**-
2. q')f:~-1- ooll"''fi. The speaker was
answered by a chorus of approving shouts.
chose
..blltl- WH':H ooo"""li fi-t-<; :u.m-
fOD(I"'/"'/'f- ' OD&\(1 0 flmtD-
chose, see choose
chosen, see choose
chrestomathy [hP') ll"dt-'i' f-t-m-"'m- '
ll"dt-G:':f]
christen
1. hmoo+. The priest christened four children
last Sunday. q{lo~.m- hdt-.1:: '11(1- l>t-'1-
A}t.':f l>.mooof>
2. fhCh'l-<; M" 1>11. We christened our
baby, Y ohannes. f A)f':f-11 fhC!I'I-<; !I?"
l'".h1h />A)IJJo
3. hfoo. They christened the farm "Stony
Brook". hC?f:fiJJo1 M't 11-1-h 1llltD-
hfoo-'f-
christening hCh'l-<;
The baby's christening will be next Sunday.
f..l.Yl- hch'l-<; O"tof>'l'liiJJo hd..l:" )tD-
Christian hch-1:.1'1
Christians used to be known for their charity.
hCM:.I''f':f OA"'h<;:fm- f;J-m<l< )0-1-
Christianity hCh'l-<;
Christianity was introduced to Ethiopia in the
fourth century. qfl.-t-'i'm- oo.Y. h'i'll """
1 hch'l-<; m.r. h.'l-1'-k.l' 1q
(be) Christianized fhch'l-<; ?.1'-"'''f'l- i-
of>Oll
That happened before Ethiopia was Christian-
ized. h.'l-1'-k.l' fhCh'l-<;-, 7.1'-"'''f'l- h
ODof>O!I. ' Ool.'l- ' l>hof> .1:"'1" fll') ' )1C )m-
Christmas 1<;
Christmas is celebrated in Ethiopia in January.
Oh.'l-1'-k.l' 1<; f"thO<:m- 0;1-'I"'P' )IJJo
[See also 'merry']
chronic
1. At7~~. She is a chronic complainer.
A"''f.'i' )11<;..,- )':f
2. P'C fhf.f.. He has a chronic cough.
P'C f(lf.f. 1\A 1>110'1-
chronicle tL<; oo'f'iJA
A chronicle is a kind of history. IL'O oo'f'iJA
f;J-.:h ' 'tf.)'f- ' )IJJo
chronology
The teacher explained to the students the
190 church
chronology of events leading to the French
Revolution. oogoo.;.. r m~ Lt:.")lt,r.. OOlP~
:J-'1! ' lltD-'1' ' .I'OD-1-'f-1 ' i-h:J-:J-.1'- ' .,.~,.
,:y. o:,>.r.!l" -t-h-t-A ll-t-"'1.:"'"' ~>.r.
<:'1
(be) chubby <1-<f.
The baby was chubby. .bY\- f<f.<f. )0C
chuckle .,:,. l>ll
He chuckled over the joke. Oof>AJI. .,:,. />{I
chug .1:"!1"6
You could hear the chug of an engine. f'l"i--1-
1 ' .1:"!1"6 ' {IODfl"'''f- ' .1'-!J'~A
chunk
I. <l<ll-"1/'. The dog found a chunk of meat.
IJJo?ftD- fP':> <l<ll-"1/' ' 1>17
2. r.q.:. I found a chunk of stone stuck in
my tire. f.l:"1:>.1'- (lq.: 1"'1\1. ~f. 1-flh
.Y. M"fv-
church
I. 11.1- hCh'l-.1'1. We went to church on Sun-
day. hd..l:" 11.1- hCh-1:.1'1 lt.1:"1
2. f.11C (pl. l>..l:"qc). This priest is new to our
church. .1'-tJ '1111 llf.1lt-':f1 7.1"1'1 )m-
3. ?.1'-"'''f't-. Most people adhere to the church
of their parents. 1>1l~'i'jP'Jl fljP':f rm~}t.
!F:fm-1 ' 7.1'-"'''f'l- ' .1'-hi-~11-
4. f?.l'-"'''f'l- .I:"C)!-'1-. A missionary goes
wherever the church sends him. ~1P (II) b.
f7.1'-"'''f-l> .I:"C)!-'1- h~hm- P;J- IJ-11-
.1'-MA
5. f?.l'-"'''f'l- mn. The two churches have
been incorporated into one.v-ll-1> f7.1'-"'''f'l-
OJ1'f':f 1-'l'..bf.'I'A
6. :,OJ! a.. What time does church begin?
:,OJ!(&. Oh1'1- .l'-1qA !
church (adj.) fll.i- htJ)'f-
The conservatives and the clergy were allied
on the question of church schools. liiJJo'l' f
"'1.1'-oi.A"t-'t-<; +1\m-h-to hll 11.-t- htJ)'f-
'1-!l"tJC'I- ll..Y.':f 7-'1.1'- 1-h"''!l"i-IJJo )OC
go to church 11.1- hCil-1:.1'1 l)oo
They go to church every Sunday. hd..l:" hd.
.1:" 11.1- hCh-1:.1'1 .1'-h"''11-
marry in church OThA.A I n-,q
Were you married in church? .1'1q1i,. Ri-
hii.A )IJJo!
[See also 'rite, service']
churchman 191 circular

churchman fll.-1- hC!l1:.1'1 tun circle (vi.)

The apostate from Islam later became a famous
churchman. fhil'\9" Y.l'>.,'l''l-1 fh'ltD- II
I. 11:. The plane circled a half hour before
landing. htD-C"TI\'1- h.,:4- a.t.'l- .,.,ii
"'" a:\1\ f:t-m+ fll.-1- hcll1:.1'1 It il'i'l- .I'UA 11:
U1 II") 2. a.,1ll'a-a 11:. The airplane is circling
churchyard fll.-1- hCII1:.1'1 .,IL
over the town. 1\aJo-f!""f'lt). Oh.,.,.,aJo lt.e.
a.,1ll'a-t1 .1'>11<1-A
There is a cemetery in the churchyard. OiL+
hCII1:.1''l- .,IL IIJoll'l' ' oult) ou:J'-fiC circle (n.) ha-a
hi\ He drew a circle in the sand. ahif'l',. 'If.
churn (v.) 'i"m ha-ft "'I\
*He has a wide circle of friends. mJl,'(=Ji t:l
Chum the milk to make butter! ~II. h1-'l.m
If" ' 'if.)'J- ' 'i"'l'tD-
ll)ro- m+~"t 'imaJ<o
circles
churn (n.) oo'i"-t *Diplomatic circles agree that war with China
Butter is beginning to form in the churn. must he avoided. hil'.l'>'i" ' ;>C II'C)'J- h1
floPij-a:Jo I aJoi\'J" I ~fl. I ODaJollJ-l- I floP}! 'lf.)"f oum1+~ h1!'."'1.~q f?"l\1:'1
ODCIt~~m- {ljP:f ' !'>II.,.,11-
cider f.,<f. "1'"'7-1: around in a circle lt't:..ftiJo")
cigar (L;JC We drove around in a circle. tfct:..t'aYt 1 )Jl1
[See also 'commercial circle, inner, narrow,
cigarette (l.)f,:. vicious1
cigarette holder -c;r circuit
She uses a cigarette holder when she smokes. I. 11"&.1'. The circuit of the city walls is three
hC!l. 11:1-..,.11 a-c:r '1-m+.,ll:f miles. fh-1-.,tD- .,9"-fl 11"&.1' 1"11'1- .,,.
cinder Jo.ou.l': &\_ I )(Do
The wood was burned to a cinder. b1'lJ.l.i: 2. o-!'.'1-. Every year, the earth completes its
}",ODf: hllh.11"1 H'J'. circuit Of the Sun. oP~T I fi8th.e I ff-61 I
f9":J-!'.C~IIJo1 ' o-!'.'1- ' 1\0D .... :11 ' h1.1': ' 'i
cinema 1\t., OUT .I'>L~q:J-A
rn go to the cinema. dJ!'. 1\t., ' h~-'11\IJo
3. oupouc. The telephone circuit was broken
cinnamon +<:4- during the storm. fiiAh- aop>ODC a.,cl
Cinnarnon is used to flavor food. +t:.4- ll'r a11- m~'l- -t-am{l
.,-fl .,"1.1.""1 Y.m~.,A
circular
circa 1Y.,fP1 1. h11. Ancient coins were not circular in
Mohammed was born circa 570 A.D. oPdtoP shape. f'!'1'1- 11Hil:f ~CR'i'IIJo h-fl h
.1': f-t-mi\!'.IIJo !if!: hhCII-1'11 A!'.'l- A)a:9"
a:\1\ ~!'.., ' )IIJo 2. f"''.m""~H11. A circular stairway leads up
circle (vt.) to the balcony. f"''.m""~"""'" !'.<:11' m!'.
~~~)_, '.l'aJ"'A
I. a - - - ,,.,,., ' ODp>ODC ' }","'00:. Circle the
3. tt-61 "1'9""1'fD. Circular arguments are
correct answer on the exam paper! OL.,.'i"OJ-
ineffective. 11"&.1' '1'9"'1'9" hChf!":f IIJom,
m<:+'l- 'If. a'l-hhl\'i'tD- DDAII INl.l'
'1- hf.{lm-9"
au JPODC ; h.Ff"'C
2. ( = intr.) 11<:. The moon circles the earth. circular letter (I:Ch--1\C
Q;t::1' aoo&.'J- n-&.1' '1-llt.ll:f All departments received a circular letter today.
3. haa. The enemy circles the hill. milT I> !Joll-9" h'l'll-:f If&. ' iiCh-1\C !'.<:it'f'IIJo
<:-tl:l-11Jo1 hfl:t-A circular motion oupc
4. a - - - 11"&.1' hl\.1.. He circled Chicago to The circular motion of the earth is still not
save an hour's driving time. n : I llllT I completely understood. fou&.'J- oo11c ~
001~.1': 11.,'11 a'flt1 11"&.1' hi\L 'i" -1-"'C-1' hA;I-mo/>9"
 circulate
circulate (vt.)
I. t.(I&-Q;J., He circulated the news of the
holiday. f'loo'f- O'lll-"t m&. h(I&-Q;J.
2. hil-t-1\ilol. He circulated the letter among
the students. .1'.1VIIl.a>-"t fl-t-"7&9'':f hil-t-11
{I~
He circulated counterfeit money and got caught.
fm(l'f- nu-n t.il-t-1\AG: t-J'H
circulate (vi.)
1. -rncrmt:. This causes the blood to circulate
faster. ~u ' ~r 1 .f.~ ' .f~ ' )t.'l.ILH'Pmc '
J'f.C;JA
2. +(l,t.&Q., Bad news circulates quickly. OO"J'f:! r
m&. 0'1''1')'1- J'-(1&-""'.A
3. ~L(l. There is a strange rumor circulating.
h"t"IJI ftJ') "f!''l""f!''l":" J'.)'i'ltA
*She circulated among her guests. h"t"ll'-!f"t
hf-t-H'Pm~"f hil-t-'01.1'."f
circulation
1. ooncrmc. Open windows increase the cir-
culation of air. fooilt>.f-':f h'i''l- ODIJ'"t fh
fC ' ODH'PaJC"t ' J'.Q;l,'J"&-A
A tight armband interferes with circulation
of the blood. fmO+ fh"t.l:' 1\J'. hilC
f.l'.'l""t ODH'PmC J'a>-IJA
2. t,")q(llJ'':f. Our paper has a circulation of
a hundred thousand. ;JH."'"f"t oo.f- lf.ll
h"tqn.l""f ' hii-'1-
*He suffers from poor circulation. ~liP"
"t11 ' ilfi"7J'.H'PalC J'oo'PA
put Into circulation hmnt
The government has put new bills into cir-
culation. oo'}"'IP"T 1 hJLh 1 1'lH11 1\(DoT
;!:A
(be) withdrawn from circulation
This book has been withdrawn from circula-
tion. oo10m4- fl.h1111 h"tJIY..I'.Cil -t-bA
h!I.A
circumcise 1~H (-t-1~H)
The man circumcised the boy. (l(Do~aJ- 1
)."t UH
Girls are also circumcised in Ethiopia. h.-l-f')\'
J' a>-il'l' A'fiU..I'-':f-'1" J'-1~'111-
circumcision "ICH'l- l "111~'1-
Circumcision has been practiced in Ethiopia
since ancient times . .,cnT :r tlh.TV")\'1 1 hT
"tT ' 'J!,'/"C: ' f-t-{IOD.I'. )ID-
Circumference 11-&J'
The circumference of our swimming pool is
192 circumstance
70 feet. foo'P'i' fl;t-"f"t lt-&J'a>- (lq ""i
,., I ~(Do
circumlocution It'~/ ' T9'"T9'" 1 "J"'I""IC
He used circumlocution to avoid using some
words. q")JI"t.J:- :J'I\'1- h"tJIY.m+'l" 0"7
fl'l- lt-&J' '1''1"'1''1" "t"I"IC J'-'01C )OC
circumnavigate 0--- 11-&J' -t-'iH
This ship circumnavigates the earth . ..e.u 1 oo
Cb11 O'lfl'l" 11-&J' J'.'i'IA
circumscribe
I. mM (-t-mM). The father circumscribed the
activities of his daughter. t,q'f-11-m- A)':;t
"7!!:~"1 f"'1.1q'f-"t mM
A prisoner's activities are circumscribed. f7lll
~ ....... ' .,..,qc:"f ' f-t-aJ(I). ' <;'fm-
2. ~~L. The teacher circumscribed the city
on the map. oo'J"IJ~ b-t-"7J'..,"t IJC:" 1\J'.
).I'.~
circumspect 'l'"t<fl'l>
A judge must be circumspect when he makes
a judgment. Jl'i' 'i'C.I:' (l..(IT T"t<fl'l> outl'
"t' hfln'l-
circumstance
1. ~1C. There is one important circumstance
you haven't mentioned. J'Am+ilbm- h"t!l:
1 0~
'1-A'I- )1C hi\
Weather and other circumstances permitting,
we sail on Monday. Jrtf~'i 1 i\.1\m-~ 1 ~.,C
b-t-il"7"7"t ' (l'r ' 00DCb11 ' h"t)"'fl"t
2. v-).;r.-, Under those circumstances, I could
hardly blame her. 011.11 u-~;t- 'l""t'l" Am
'1-lt'l- hA':fA'/"
3. h\\:\'1. The rich man is in good circum-
stances. 111l:t-- ' ....... ' 0~ ' h'>.:\"t ' "'
'l"&-A
4. h.!J"lD?.. His arrival is a fortunate circum-
stance. f(t. I ODJ!'t:,{l I ODAlJ.r I h.;JIIJD7. I ~lD"
tl.7 5. 'I':J''I>"t 1-Jif"':f. The author dwells on circum-
stances rather than essentials. ~fl.aJo 1 ODIP
~:J-'1! btl').'!- Y.A'I> O'I':J'M 1-Jif-
':f 1\J'. m-t-;J- J'O'IA
under no circumstances 09""'lr" I rh"J..f'T J
O'l""t'l" 'lM'l-
Under no circumstances should you go to see
him. O'l""t'l" 'l"h"tJ''l- (O'I""t'l" 'lM'l-)
~.1'.11 ' h(l-") ' OD1<;'fT ' fl\1111'/"
under the circumstances h.flo"} 1 QAOJo 1 o--).~
Under the circumstances, there is little hope
circumstantial 193 civil

for an early settlement. 1>11-'1 1 QllfD- 1 11-~;f- 1
o'l>cfl" 1 ~c'l> 1 royY:t"."l 1 .,.hof. 1 7.)!'"111" 1 ~,..
circumstantial
1. lt;JilJfPI... Minor details are circumstantial
compared with the main facts. h'P'IdJo a ,..q
Y. :>C h.oo~Hl- 11C111!"~ ~11!"lf ' I>
:>"1"7.9'lf ' ""'"'"
2. fl.~. The policeman gave a circumstantial
report of the accident. ?'h.i\- hll~<:{lm-
dJo I t1C I ,."JC I ffPI..oP/J(ll\. I t\.1\ I .,_.JS,. I
mof>h
be cited (for)
1. 'i'C.I:- 0.'1- 7.'1JI.of>C11 :f"HH. He was cited
for bad brakes. f.,.fllllf 1 '1'.:.'I l>lltD- floP
QA. 'i'C.I:- fl. 'I- 1.'IJI.of>C11 ;1-!f.A.
2. {loo- fih11C .,.mt-. The soldier was
cited for bravery. m;f-~-1- hll ~"1'1~'1- h
000 I fih1JC I .,.tnt-
1

I>~ 11-~;f- {14,. <l?'C'f- 1>4'<:11 citizen

circumstantiate h.l.;J1tn
He produced documents to circumstantiate his
statement. ,J'II-'1 11"7<::>1'1' {1~.1:-
circumvent
1. flH.<'. /;on lim. Some people try to circum-
vent the law. 1>'1.11'1.1:- h9'lf h.b"l flH.<'.
11"'/11"11'1' ' Y.'l"h.:-11-
2. flH.<'. l>hlf.r.. The colonel circumvented the
plan of the enemy to blow up the bridge.
mll'l- .1:-A.I:-Y. 114.'1:1( 11"7'i'<:h nfl<:<D-'1
7.'1>.1:- 1>11-~11- flH.<'. l>hlf.r.m-
3. flH.<'. 1>114.. The speaker carefully circum-
vented the real issue. ..,.'I;J~tD- fill~
'I'<;"<D-'1 ~1C l>llt.<D-
circus hChh
cistern ftD-;) "7m.:.of>"''J'
The cisterns of the city were dry. fh.,."7tD-
ftD-;) "7m.:-4'"7J'9'lf ~of>'I'A
l. r&.;J. I am an American citizen. ~~ flt'"L
<li-t ' 11.:> ' ~'t
2. f1J1<l-l> ~'I'&. The observance of the law
1>4'<:0
is required by all citizens. f1J1<l-lo ' ~'l'<l9':f
11-11- ' .b"l'l ' 7.'1JI.fh11-l- ' F-1~.1111-
citizenship 11."1~'1-
0ne must fulfill the obligations of citizenship.
"7'111" I {ltD- I flf."l~'f-'j I "l.<',.:f" I IIP,I.I\11" I
1>1111'1-
citron [fll-"7. 'iM'I-]
city h.,...,
The municipality is in charge of the city's
H~ 1
attractiveness. i\hTIP/tD- tD-O:r- 1 '11\A. 1 "''H
;>7{ ' 0.'1- ' ~"'"
city hall "7H:>JI" n.'I-
City hall has given bids for construction of
a hospital. "''H;>7{ 0.-lo ' rrh"I;;f-A. 11"'/oP
.:-'1- ' .... .:;~- ' I><D-'I';J:A.

citadelll""li"l civet 11Q.I:"

The enemy conquered the citadel. mll'l- II" Civet is very expensive. 11QJ!" 1 OIIJr 1 OJ-~ 1

111-'1 ' '" ~"'"

citation
1. '1''1-h. Citations from Scriptures are used
in sermons. h'l-.11.11'1 oPI\.b'i''l- f.,.m{l-'1.
'1''1-illf flhilh'l- IIY. M1.:-ll-
2. f?"h;><; m-:4''1-. He received a citation
from the President forbraveryin war. flfllC~-1>
IIY. ll'lf<D- ~"1'1~'1- hTcl.ll.-'1'1-lo f?"h:>
<; m-:4''1- .,..,1111
3. oP'J'<lf. A traffic ticket for speeding is a
citation. h11Pm'l OilY. floP'I-'1'1- ?"h'lf'l-
h'l-~h f"thmm- 1-tQ ""'l'<lf ~"'"
cite mof>{l
He cited the Bible to prove his statement.
flltD-'1 11"'1<::>1'1' ""K'm'i' '1-.ll.h'l mof>h
The lawyer cited another case similar to the
one being tried. mfl,J'tD- 1>11-'1 h"t:f"f
civet cat 'I'C't
It is forbidden to kill civet cats. 'I'C't oP"I~
A. ' .,.hA.h~A.
civic
1. .b11Q'I! l fH."I~'I-. Obeying the law and
paying taxes are civic duties. ih...,'J 1 ""lhfiC
<; "111C 11Pht.A. .b11Q'I! "l.<'.:f"9'lf <;'fm-
They understood their civic duties. fH."'~'I-
.,...,q.:-:ffD-'1 ' .,.1~Hfl"
2. fh.,..,. The mayor is making great efforts
for civic beauty. h'11:QfD- llh_,...,,.. fD-11'1-
11"111" ' fhQA.
civil
I .b11Q'I!. Civil liberties are guaranteed by
the constitution. .b11Q'I! oo1]-flf fl.b1
""'1"11"-lo f.,.mfl.,. <;:ffD-

13
civil"code
2. 1\.li.A. Post offices are part of the civil
service of the government. f?""il:l" l>il.,.-'1
.I'.C fl\.li.A l>ii.,.'I.I'.C h'i'A ~tJJo
3. ..,..,....-,., He is always civil to everyone he
meets. 1\"''J~'l'ftJJo ill":f rHr '1-d>'l- ~tJJo
civil rl1hts f(l.tJJo A}({- s tnt-a:,.
He is in the forefront of the civil rights move
ment. ill\ iltJJo A]t.:f ooi]'f- 0"7..1'..:~
tJJo "t'l>'i"il ),{1- "I!I"QC .,.,_?" ~tJJo
[See also 'marriage, service']
civil code f'i''l-olt ilolt.C <h"l
The present civil code was adopted several
years ago. 111-'1- f'i''l-olt ilolt.C <h"l
h'l'<l:'l- 'tOD;f"'f- Od.'l- OP'<lo llf. 'I'll
civilian (n.) 1\.li.A
There were civiliaus and soldiers in the crowd.
0.,.110/IOtJJo ' <h11il ' ODIJhA ' 1\.li.ll-:f-'i" ' ID
:f".l'.t::f- ' ~0-1-
civilian (adj.) fl\.li.A
Was he wearing civilian clothes? fA{l(tm-
1\.li.A Ailil ~oc 1
civility '1-<h'l-'i"
He treats his customers with civility. .I'."JO'l''Jl
"J 0'1-<h'l-'i" 1il.,.'i""I'IA
civilization
I. FA"'~. The civilization ofmankindhastaken
thousands of years to reach its present level.
filtJJo A~ P'A"'~ 1>11-"t IJIIO'I- .I'.C/f
1\tiOJ';,:il ill!- lf. 'tOD;f"'f- ' a>il.-;._A
2. QUA. Chinese civilization differs from ours.
fJI'f.'i" QIIA h'l f.II1A
3. 11"'1- 1110'1- '1-t:. Mter a week in the woods,
the scouts looked forward to civilization again.
).iiiJtJJo.f:f l>"JS': 119""J'I- "'ill tJJoil'l' '
h ... l' ' 0:\11 I !1"'f- ' ID-'11\0'f- ' '1-t: ' 1\0DOD
1\il ' OJ.,.
civilize 1\JPI\m~
School helps to civilize people. '1-?"IIC'I- IL
'1- <h11il"t I\"7JPe\m"t f..:'IA
civilized (adj.)
I. fJPI\m~. The civilized world must fight
ignorance. fwAm)m- ~llr ..e-1'-kC'it
"7'1'"f.'l- 1>110'1-
2. ooAIJ?". Civilized behavior is found in all
countries. ODe\IJ!I" mQf. OfM-1- f.~'lA
civil law f'i''l-olt ilolt.C <h"l
Loans are decided by civil law. f1"JHil il
S':C O'i''l-olt ilolt.C <h"l f.a>il'i"A
!94 claim
civil servant fOD"t"IP'T JP<l--f"'l
Civil servants retire at sixty-five. f'OD1""JP"T s
JP&-.,.'l':f OiiS':II l>?"il'f- "too;l"'ftJJo
m-.::1" ' ,.. q /\-
civil war fCil OCil tnC~'I-
The country was tom by civil war. Mtl-1: 0
Cil OCil tnC~'I- _,.1~"1'1'11 ~OC
clack (v.)
1. l>:>"". He clacked the cup against the
saucer. 1\.ttJJo"J h"7ii.,.OD"'itJJo :>C 1>:>
Q;l.tJJo
2. * * l\11. Her heels clacked on
pavement . .,..:hll. l>MA-1> llf. ** the
l\11
(be) clad 11011
He was clad in red . .,.,. Ailil llii(J.A
claim (v.)
I. ot.M. I claim my share. S':C!f\loo"t ).of.A:>IIIJ-
2. m f.,.. Where do I claim my baggage?
'lf"t"'\loo"t f'l- Amf.'l> 1
I r 3. f~ ~tJJo 1>11. Does anyone claim the pen-
cil? ).CII/1- f~ ~tJJo f~A l\11 1
4. 1>11. She claims to know the man. iltJJo\lootJJo"t
1\tJJo.,.'I'IIIJ-. 'I-IIII:f.
5. a>(l.l'.. The care of the baby claims much of
mother's time . .,.,.,.., oobQhiJ f).'i"-l>"t il
II- "1..11. f.a>il'IA
*This matter claims our attention. _e.u-,.'J .,..
'If. A'i"iliiO'I- f.1Q'i"A
claim (n.)
1. f.1Q'lA f.,.QII. He refuted the claim.
f.1Q'lA f_,.QIItJJo"t l>ii.,.QOII
2. f.1Q'lA "711'1-. He relinquished his claim
to the throne. 11-4-'1- f.1Q'lA "711'1-"t .,...,
3. f~lltJJo ~1C. Can you make good your
claim ? f!l"'l-ll'ftJJo"J ~1t::f A;l".::>"l'l' '1-
:f-111111 1
4. ooiJ'f-. He forbore his claim. ooiJ-J>"t l>
IIAt:: (lm
5. 'I'1i:. The International Court of Justice
allowed the Ethiopian claim. f'tll!l" 'i'CS':
IL'I- fl\..'1-f"A-n '1'1i: _,..,.RII
file a claim
I. hil 1>.,..:0. He filed a claim in order to
recover damages to his car. Oooh!'im- tt,e.
11.1'..:/ltJJo "1--'1'1- IJII 11"7"11"'1- hil l>
.,..:o
2. f.1Q'lA 1\.A 1\0DI\h.,.. The farmer filed
a claim for a piece of land. "10"-CD- DPt.of:z
f.1Q'lA ' 1\.A ' 1\0DI\h.,.
claimant
have a claim on
*She has a claim on us because she is my
mother's sister. hh!l:l":f"t !lllll"t:Y. M' A
,.,~ f"'L1<1-r ~elf hll
lay claim
1. .f.1'1.,.A hll I f~ ttD- hll. A distant
relative laid claim to the estate. fo;.ol- HoP
~ ell-!> .f.1'l ...A hll
I lay no claim to that. Y f~ ttD- hilA
h-9"
2. hll. I have never laid claim to being an
expert in geography. n[l'o"'.:-1. 0'1'4: t~
il\1. ' hl\tD-~9"
make a claim to ft.. ~ID- h.A
She makes a claim to the pencil. he<'l{l- n
ttD- Tllll:f
make no claim to
*He made no claim to being an expert in
history. f;f"&h 0'1'4: t~ f"''IIT il"''.T
hll<'lf9"
[See also 'satisfy, stake')
claimant .f.11J.,.A IJ.f.
He is a claimant in the affair. o ......~~~ I ,.,q;,;:
A IJ.f, ttD-
clamber up Oh'l~ ..,..,A <DtiJ
The boys clambered up the cliff. A}(,; 1Y..II-
"t Oh'l~ .-,..,A mm-
clamor (v.) O...'li..,. Ml"''
They clamored their demands at the meeting.
~lli;f":ftD-"t ' Oll-fl(ll}tD- ' 1\.f, ' O...'li..,.
h(lao-
clamor for
1. -1111- ""''li. The foolish people clamored
furw~.~~:Y.h~:Y.~eh9""1-lllltD-
""''&
2. -1111- 1-t""lt<Q., The child clamored for
his breakfast. A"/f. 4leil il~ -1111-
1-t""lt<Q.
clamor (n.)
1. 11-hT. There was a clamor in the m~ket
place. 10Y,. tD-il'l' o-h-r toe
2....'li-r. The clamor of the dissenting mem-
bers broke up the meeting. f1- :J''P"'L~,; "'"
'li-r !1-llil'ltD-"t 01-ttD-
3. f-I-111K il"''.T. The senators could not
ignore the clamor against higher taxation.
f;l"h!l"t oPOQ.ooe 0oP:J'fD9" o f1-111KtD-"t
il"''.T h"''lt&~,; :Y.II 11.11-T hAi#'tt.-9"
195 clarity
set up a clamor +'lGt.-A
The eager children set up a clamor to get
into the movie house. A"''f+ ' f:J...,..T A
}l::f mY. ILt"'' ILT lloP"''IT .f."tOO""
toe
clamp f11&T "''tiJ04:Y
He held the two pieces of wood together
with a clamp. 11-ll.,."t b"t.....,_:Y. 0-ll&T
"''t1J04:Y hYY~:f,.
clan mn
This clan descends from a common ancestor.
.f,IJ ID1"t lt"t~ ~~YT .f,fDIIJIA
clandestine f9"!lm.e
They held a clandestine meeting. f9"ilm.e
ll-fl(ll} ' hY..&...
clank 1-:J'OQ.II
His fetters clanked when he moved. ILt:J't~
fh"'e -11&1> 1-:J'OQ.II
clap (clapped), vt.
1. h<Q.OOQ.O. He clapped his hands to smnmon
the servant. h"iih~"t llou'l'.:.T h<Q.OOQ.O
2. .,.,. .,.,. hY-&1. He clapped his friend
on the back. mJI"/f."t ;p;eq,. ll.f. .,.,.
oP,. ' hY..&1tD-
clap (vi.)
1. h<Q.OOQ.O. The audience clapped for five
minutes after the play was over. "1::.1~ hT
LK"" 0:\11 1-""Att,; llh9"ilT Y-4:
:J' ' h<Q.OOQ.O
2. 1-"tl>lfl>lf. The shutters clapped in the wind.
f<'l"t:J' ""hiiY otof.il 1-"tl>lfl>lf
clarify (clarified), vt.
1. h-11.:-.:-. He tried to clarify his statement.
"t"'"'<-"t ' 11"'1-11.:..:.-r ' ~h.:
2. h"'.:.. She washed her hands in prep~ation
for clarifying the hydromel. -newt 11"'1"1.:.
-r h:!_"t :l"mO:Y.
clarify (vi.) "'AR" IJ't
He was certain that the political situation
would eventually clarify. f 711-l:lttD- 11-~:l"
WY-e "'AR" h"tY.."'LII""t hC"'m"' toe
clarinet ['P"ii"t-r -om. """1<1.1']
clarity (=adj.) "'AK"
His clarity of speech makes him a good teacher.
"'AK" ' M;J1<- ' '~'<- ' OD9"1Je ' YY..e1'PA
with clarity "'AK" II"<;'
The problem was presented with clarity, and
clash
~=-------------------~--------------------
everyone understood it. .,...c;,. """AJt'
!11\.,.~0 ' !Joll-'1" ' {lfDo ' -~-~'! ....
clash (vt.)
I. 11..?""'. In her haste, she clashed the pan
against the stove. 'I'II-II oP'J'07ffD-"J h'l"~
"jffDo .."JC 11..?""'".1-"'"
2. 11"-""' They clashed their swords. 1-tl-Jl.l"!J'
:ffDo"J ' 114-<Llo
clash (vi.)
I. -1-.."J""'. The armies clashed on the plain.
lltl-'1!-r-:J; ' "'L'!fDo ' llf. ' -1-..?""
The employee clashed with his boss over salary.
... tl--1-';'fDo ' 0~'1"11 ' 'l"tl"J.I'.... ' lti\:l'fDo '
.."JC' -1-.."J""'
2. T:J>,l~. Their stories of the accident com-
pletely clashed. Ill\ 11~.."1..,. f.,.~o-:,. DP"'i\
"'il"".fo ' 'i'l\.'1" ' f"'L:J>~)o ~0-1-
clash with 11A-1'!1"7"7'1"
The color of the curtains clashes with the
carpet. foP.."J~7f .... ' .,.1\'1" ' hll.."J"JffDo ' .,.
1\'1" .."JC 11)'.11"'1"'1'1"
clash (n.)
I. "'"l":r-. The clash between the workers and
the factory owner led to a strike. O"'tl--1-'l''li'i'
O<f..O&ItfDo 111\11.:,. oolthA f-1-~"'fDo "1"1"
:,. Ftl- tD~ "'1'1" 11~~{1
There was a border clash yesterday. l-1\"J:r-
<; ' ftD{I") ' "1"1".... ' )0~
2. ~'1"6. The automobiles collided with a
terrible clash. ooh.<;l"'j; ll.:>"" h<;:
.1'1\ ' ~'1"6 ' -J-{1"'1
clasp (v.)
I. .I'H. He clasped a knife in his hand.
""II. 01.)1: f.!I.A
2. 11.,.1.. She clasped the child to her bosom.
ihY\>o"J ~~;/:; II)'. 11.,.1.-.y...,.
clasp hands 1.)(' 1\)(' ' -~"""110m-
They clasped hands as a sign of friendship.
1\tD'!)(');I-:ffDo ' '1"/1\h .... ' 1.)(' ' 1\)(' ' "'"""'
110m-
clasp (n.) oo.f-.r
He rummaged through his drawers looking
for a tie clasp. fht~-li:r- oof">!"fDo"J 1\00I.i\
.., ' OOIIIU'l"".fo"J ' 0~0~
glve a clasp
*He gave my hand a warm clasp . .,..:,. .1'1\
11""'110'1' ""Om'S
196 classical
1 ll"'f' class (v.) oo~o
He classed Churchill among the world's
greatest men. :fc".foA"J h'li\'1" ;1-1111:,. {I
jP".fo I 1.")~ I 11"JJ!. I OO~I1:ffDo
class (n.)
1. :r-'l"llc:r-. Classes begin in September.
..,..,..tiC.... ' f"'L)>;OO~fDo ' OoP!Ih~'l" ' )tD-
2. fh'i'A '1.11.. My first class starts at eight-
thirty. foo"f_oo&f ' fh<;:A '1.11.\L 01Joi\:,.
{1'1:,. ' -J-11-A ' f."f_'l"tl-/1\
3. f:r-'l"tJC:r- 'IJ'.):r-. How many classes did
you have the first semester? floo)!oo~ym- 1
f:r-'l"uc:r- noo"J 11..?"711 !I"J:r- f:r-'l"uc
:,. 'lf.H".fo )0-1-11 l
4. -1-"'161"".1-. The class had arrived on time
for the lecture. -J-"''&l"'j; "J"'"'-1-"J 1\"'''!oo
'I' O'l.tl.fDo ~~(1.
5. "'16~"1. We went second class. OrJoi\-t-1;'
"'16~"1 -1-III.C"J -
6. f'rofl~ {lofl h'i'A. In America there is
a strong middle class. Oh"'~lt 1 aJoll'l' oo
lthi\1;' 1IL fi\"'" 'rf.i\1;' f'rofl~ ll
oflh<;:A111\
7. 'i'l\.'1"~:,.. She is a good performer, but she
lacks class. '1'-1- -J-'1'<;)'. <;:,. lf'f'l"
<;:11-'1"):,. )'.1-~11;1-A
*Ras Imru has a high standing among the
educated class of Ethiopians. tl-11 1.'1"-1-
0-J-"7~:,. 1\.:r-f"k.l'tD-.I'"J H"J~ :r-A:,. "1'1"
.... ' 111\:ffDo
hold class hll-J-"7~
It is to no purpose to hold class the day before
Christmas. 1\A~'l- '1'11."'1 i\"'111-1-"''C ""'I"
he h"J'U'..,. )..,.
take a class (In) h'i'A 111
I am taking a class in English. 1."J"'II.11';' h<;:
A 1.1111\rJo
classic 'IM-t-1;'
The building is a classic example of modem
architecture. ih"J~tD- 1\nou<;'J! fih"J~ h
"'tl-C 'IJ'.)-J-1;' '1"111\. ~..,.
classical f'i'"J.-,. C:'l"<; "'&h
This is a map of the classical world. )'.II f'l'
-,:,. C:'l"<; "16h ltC;I- ~..,.
classical language fot~ti=O:'f- 1 :frt,Jt
The speech was written in the vernacular and
not the classical form of the langnage. "J"'"'~
f-t-111."'" , rJoA'I.H. ' O"'L)1cn:r- :rnw
1."Jlt
o"'LR'i'o:r- :rnw hA~o~,.
classics 197 clean

classics [f'l'"!'l- c:.,m-n<; "lt<l>':f P') t1o r-il'l' 11 s: me M'i''l- f"''.l.~ s:

ll".....'i']
classification S:IS:A
The classification now in use requires revision.
.h~Jo') f"''.wt-n'l- S:AS:A ool'fl'f A 1
il.l.A1'1'A
classify (classified)
I. llff. He classified the objects according
to size, weight, and color. 7t:J>PJ:ti"t r 7l.1Y.foo
m<;'l'm- l\"!.<'.fh11.<'.:J''I'r- l\"!.<'.f+ll"'''l'
"'" ' 1111'l'r-
2. ooF.o. He classified the students according
to their ability. 1-"''&l"'ll"! l\"!.<'.f':f-11-:J''I'r- claw (n.) 'l"i'C
OD.<'.Q'f'r-
3. fill"!lm.c 1H. The government classified
the report on the new plane. ou')COJP"+ ill\
.h'l,a- ' .hr-C:T~"! ' 111r-"! ' 00"111""1 ' fill"
!lm.C ' 1H
classmate fh'i'A '\.<'.;;<
He surpasses his classmates in strength and
skill. fi'I'"!IJ&.<; fi':f-11-:J' fh'i'A 'l.<'.'l''ll
"! Y.A:f>A
classroom h'i'A
The teacher is still in the classroom . .h!l-1""76
r- l\!liJ~Jo') l\h'i'A )r-
clatter (vt.) .h"!'>.'>.
The cook is in the kitchen clattering the pots
and pans. aJT ~ 0.;1: "7.e-o.:r- ~ aJo-lt'T' r ay
(lC:l"'Jl')<; OD'J'fil'fl"'Jl') :J'')I;>,I;>,ll.':f
clatter (vi.)
1. 1"11""i1at. The bus clattered down the
bumpy road . .hr-1'!1-a- fi.hQ"' 7-CQ"'
OD"!1S: ~f. f."!1""11""1A
2. 111.111.. She clattered on and on about her
children. M A}(!f! 111"'/!IU.'l' 1\l.lll.':f
3. ( ~ tr.) l\C1fi1fi. +The shutters clattered in
the wind. f<'l') :1' ODhl\1l"':f') H-a- l\C1
fi1Q'f'r-
4. 1"~""11""11.. When I run, the coins clatter
in my pocket. ilC:'I' l\h.il. r-il'l' 111
r- 'i't-"!h f.~""II""~A
clatter (n.) r-IJ:J'
The clatter of the mob in the streets alarmed us.
fi"""!1S: ~f. f.hll!l- r-IJ:J' .h!l.<'.)1m"!
clause
1. h"t+~. There is a clause in my contract
which allows me a month's vacation. Om-1\;.t-
A'S ' l\"!+ll" ' l\11.
2. dt~..,. The main clause has the verb at
the end. '}fi.f. mG"I "Ia- h""""Gl'f ~f.
)(I)-
clavicle 11.1-'>.
The clavicle joins the shoulder to the backbone.
11.1-1;>, ~hl'f')<; l\hCIJ&'I-1 111-tfA
claw (v.) fi'l''i'C 1H
The cat clawed the mouse. S;OD:f:. ltf..m-"J
fi'l"i'C '1H':f
The hawk had a mouse in its claws. "f!"AI.:J: l\
J!.tp. ') fi'l''i'~ f.tf;J'A':f
clay ifM 1 "f!":f>
The pot is made of clay. l\"!!lt-r- hifh~
fTw&- 1 ~m-
He worked the clay into a vase. #if1'..+m-1' 1 fn
fiQ ' "'/!l+OD""l ' l\')Jl,!l"') o OP,!.fDo
clean (vt.)
I. mG1. Has the maid cleaned the room yet?
1G'l,:J: 1<; h'i'll-1 l\AmG1':f9" l
I have got to clean my shoes. ""1"'/tlo') """'
G"l l\11.11'1
2. mAmA. We still have to clean the windows.
1<; ' OD!li>+'Jl') ODIDAIDA ' l\11.11')
3. l\!Vl. Clean the house before he comes!
hOD9""J-J, 0 fil.'l- ' IJ.-J,') 0 l\JI"l(
4. 4-+. I have to clean my teeth. '!'Cil.') ""4-
~ ' l\11.11'1
clean (vi.) TIVl
This kind of fabric cleans easily. f.IJ 'tf.)
'1- ""C~ n+~ll- f.IVIA
clean out
1. fiGfiG. He cleaned out his pockets, but
could not find the ticket stub. h.ll'll1 nt:nG
"11 f!JC~r-') 1-t-;E- /IJ"I'S .hAif'AII"
2. ""GI'I. He had cleaned out his savings.
fmt-+OD(D-') ' 11H11 ' ""G(l
(be) cleaned out T :>Q
This drawer has to be cleaned out. f.IJ oP<\fi.
1 ' OD;>Q'f- ' hll.fiT
clean up (vt.)
I. l\lVI. The maid cleaned up the house.
1G'l.1< 11.1<1 l\IVI':f
2. l\!l-i"!Jhll.. He burdened me with the respon-
sibility of cleaning up this mess. f.IJ') 11
clean
ofiC~C~ ~1C 7\t>lll1-lthil\ ~~~.1.~'1-
"'i~ofl't
clean up (vi.) 1-IVI-'1
I would like to clean up before dinner. h&-'1-
0.1.'1- 001.-'!J!'l- 1ul..ii\;JI\1Jo
[See also 'house')
clean (adj.)
I. "tlt.ih l 1."-'1.. This plate is not clean. f.IJ
<'lih"t ' "tlt.ih ' (1."-'1.) ' hr.J'.. (t'J"
Give me a clean sheet of paper! 1~.n mt:.+
"" ' iltn't
The saint has a clean heart. KX""<I! "t lt..h
11\ofl ' hftiD""
2. f1-il1-lthft. Her face has clean features.
ol.:f: f1-il1-lthft ~C1." hftiD""
3. ( ~ adv.) OS'..'J"ofl. A sharp knife makes a
clean cut. ill!\ lll\'1' IIS'..'J"ofl f..,.C"'il\
The younger people often make a clean
break with tradition. ID"'-f:f ofllt"ID"""t 1..
H. ' hiJIJII\ o 4..1M" ' f.ID"'fl-
jump clean ltf..~lt HAll.
The horse jumped'clean over the fence. Lt:.(to ;
h'l'~"t <'lf.~l} Hftft
slice clean n+"\A- ...Ctfl I Hll+
The sharp knife sliced clean through the meat.
llft;J-.... ' lll\'1' ' .1":>ID-7 '
Hft.,.,..
""'"II- ' ... '
~
wash clean :J"'l'fl m&o
This shirt will never wash clean. f.IJ if"''..
"H ' 'l""t"I..H.'I" ' :J-'1'11 ' hf.tntl-'1"
[See also 'lick, slate']
clean-cut (111\ltlt
Her clean-cut features make her an aitist's
model. ooil\\>, (111\ltlt llftiJ'~ oP'III..l":f
'I"Y.il\ ' hX""C1'1';J-11\
cleaner
I. fil\oflll "t1."ih'O OOII"'i. Do you know a
good cleaner around here? 011..11 hltiJil 'I'
~ ' fil\oflll ' "t1."ih'O ' OOII"" ' ;J-ID"",.,(tiJ 1
2. 11\oflil h"'ll. The cleaner said he couldn't
get the spot off my coat. 11\oflll h"'lliD""
1>-1: 1\f. YftiD-"t tnofl:f"" ft.,llft.,.~ he\
il'il\11-'1" ' hft
cleaning oo1."J!'l-
The house needs a good cleaning. 11.-1> OS'.."t
of! oo1."J!'l- Y(l4..11\1'1'11\
cleanliness "t1."ih'O
Cleanliness is good for health. "t1."ih'O ftmS
'1'.;.. I )m-
198 clear
cleanly ooKJ!-'1'1- f"''..IDX""
A cat is a cleanly animal. !:oPT oox_.q;.q:,.
f?"'J-ID.(- ' 7.1'11<'1 ' 'O'J-
cleanness 1K-th ODrr)
Th cleanness of the boy's room pleased his
m ""' fil\)1: h'i!il\ "tltoih ool}'). 1.'0
_,._ MS'..(l:J-'1-
cleans~ ;t-mn
Oeansc your hands before dinner ! h7tt-+ fl
.1.'1- h~:fll"t :J-mofl
cleanser .,,.."If
They used to use sand as a cleanser. A"7X")f
nt.if'l' "'""'...... ~nc
clear (vt.)
1. mt:..'l. His son cleared the snow from the
sidewalk. A)l: ' hh"l~lfiD"" ' OO'J1X"" ' 1\f. ' n.:
~m-'l 1 ml-1
2. hii1D1S'... The fan cleared the smoke from
the room . .,&-11lYID"" hh'i!il- ID-11'1' tll..(l-
"t ' hii1D1S'..
3. t.lloot:oot:. Did you clear customs? 1."'11
"t 111-'J"~h oP&-1-'I':f h(louC?"t:?A 1
4. IJP.. h(l"'~- One blast of the siren was
enough to clear the streets. ,..~l.). 1 lt'lY: 1
1..11. ll""'1i oo"t1-'l."t IJP.. hiiMID-
5. hft4... Her serve is so weak that the batt
hardly clears the net. hft:>'l 11"1'1" S'..lt.,
hoPir). f+~..., l;).(t. oPl.fl-'l 1'\oPA FA
of..A
6. <'IJ!.~I},.. hft4... The plane barely cleared
the trees. h.ID-1!"1""1\). oU"f ~c:!li"t ft'l'-t-1-
<'I.Mit'fiD- hft4..
7. h(IID"'. They cleared the courtroom of
photog.raphers. 6:.,...,&-'i! h"tif.l":f"t 11-11-
h'i!CX"" 11.'1- h(lmm-
8. h:>IJ. The child cleared his plate. A)l: <'l.n
).") ' h:>fJID""
9. oP~tn~. The settlers made a stubborn effort
to clear the forest. M&l"'li "'iltiJJ<"t (toooo")
me hiJX"" '1'~'1- hS'..t:"l-
10. ~~~ ft.,..,._ The verdict cleared the accused
men. 'i!C-'1. 1-h<'llf'li"t ~~~ ft.,.,.,,,.
II. h."'&-. She clears the water by means of a
filter. O.,'l'ftY ID"";)ID-1 ;f-"1&-ft:f
12. -t-"lf1t:. He cleared the ditch with one leap.
111'-"t ' IJ"t.(- ' "HI\Y. ' 1-"lf1~1D""
13. h1-t:4... He cleared $5,000 on the sale.
h1iY"" h?"ll-1- if. ofiC h1-t:4..
14. ( ~ intr.) liS'..,.. +The bill cleared the Senate.
clear 199 clear

f .R'l- I M::,O I R.R"I I DDm(t ... I 9"hC I n.-r I 3 . .11~(11-r). His wound finally cleared up.
1\f..,. (tODQ;I,Gif I 411111- I .11~1\T
*You must clear your plan with the chairman. (be) cleared up
h"t.ll':f-9" I ~1C I b.,~G"IU I Rof.T I 1111 I 7,:,0~
1. .,.IIJ&-. Several matters remain to be cleared
u I hll..,. I OD"tR~ I .1.:1'~ I .,..,.RA Up. ofllfo I DDnJ;l.T I .f'I\Q'ffDo I ~1f!'':f I hl\-
clear (vi.) hQ<l- 2. .,.m1S'.. The chaos left by the bombing has
It rained, and then it cleared. HHI'i" I hQ;l. only recently been cleared up. RI19"R- 1 ""
clear away (vt.) .l."t.IIT I 9"h"t.I'T I fS'.GIIfDo I 'i'CIICII I f.,.m
1. M"f. Ask her to clear away the dishes. 1S'.m- 1 n:Jocn- 1 ~..,.
fl.h)."t I 7."t~;N"f I "t1.!-T
clear (adj.)
2. -~mG (.,.""~mG). Most of Ethiopia's for-
1. ~- The water is deep and clear. m-;)a>-
ests have heen cleared away. hofl~.,...,. 1 "'- 'I'A:Jo'i"l ~I~ ....
Tf-k.l' I S'."t I .,.. . ."t'l'/;:1.\
2. rm&-. His voice is very clear over the radio.
clear away (vi.) 1.1..1. ~'1"11- 1 RMM 11.11., 1 fm.!- 1 ~..,.
When the smoke cleared away, we saw that It is a clear day; let us go on a picnic! 1ft. 1
the house was in ruins. ~ft. r (l.1tj:; r R.-JJ fm.:. 1 .,."t 1 ~..,. 1ic1ic 1 7."t'i.~
DDJ'.9"(t(t.") I hfi 3. "IAK". He made a clear statement on the
clear of trees oPiotn~ accident. 111\J'.G(tfDo I hJ'.;J I "11.\K" I fll'~ I
The farmer will clear the land of trees. 1R<I. .....,1\"'i 1 lim
fDo I OD<I,of:") I f.DD~'J';l.lo\ He has a clear voice, and everyone understands
clear out (vt.) h;>Q him. ~9"1Jo 0 "11.\K" I 111\11'~ I .,")'/" I (tfDo I
f.I'I.,'I'A
Please clear out this closet! f.U"t"t 1 419" 1 "f'l'
") I h;JQfDo *Is the road clear up ahead? b.L;I-':f"t film-
OD"t1~ .1'<'11.\of.A?
clear out (vi.) lflf
The police are after you; you'd better clear out. clear (adv.) RThhA
?"ll.fo':f I Y.h;I-.,.1\-?A i i1Tlf1i f.?fAYA The bullet passed clear through the target.
'~''-"' I RThhA I R'\.11.,.... I fDoll'l' I hilL
clear (the) table
Did you clear the table? m&A.qm- 1 111- clear weather -fl&o
fl\m-"t 1 7.? M"f"f'lim- ? (or 1R;Im-"t 1 We have had clear weather all week. <'l9""tof:"t 1
flOOol\o I ofl&o I ~flC
M"'U ?)
clear (the) throat ..,..(!'(!"(Do'} ltm&- be clear
He cleared his throat several times before he I. ;I'm.,.. It is clear that it is going to rain.
could speak. hOD'i"1~ R.LT 1 ofllfo 1 .,_1:1. 1 .,. 7."tS'."'-H"tofl f;l-m.,. ~..,.
C'C'm-"t 1 hm<l- 2. R"'AK" ;1-m.,.. The cause of the last war
may never be clear. YALm- 1 fllC~-l- 1 oP~'if
clear up (vt.)
I. hllm1S'.. They are trying to clear up the mis-
'l"h"t,.,.;y; 9""t.,_l:l.9" I R"'AK" I hf.;f-m419"
understanding between Poland and Czechoslo- 3. .,.111111. I wish I were clear of that
vakia. R?"ll"t~'i" 1 R'fll1111-"lih..l' 1 ODlthA 1 encumbrance. hH..I' ':f"'c 1 ofi1111A 1 7.m~ 1
f.,..l.mGm-"t 1 hl\.....,qq:,. 1 11.,11m1~ 1 ROD ~nc
*It is clear from the letter that he is not
"'C I 111- ""'"'" satisfied. hl\oPS'.I't.,"t 1 S'.ofi.IIR.m- 1 R"'AK" 1
2. R"'AK" h.,.GR. He changed the report in
.I'IIG.IIA
order to clear up the essential points. 'P'i 'P'i9'
'6"t '1-.llf-':f I R"'AK" I 1\.,:J-Gofl &?"Cof:"t I be clear about ltCC'Im~ 1 ~QJo
ttmmm- I am not quite clear about what you expect
clear up (vi.) me to do. 9"'t 1 h~C"' 1 7."tS'.'I"TII~ 1 7.C
1. m<l-. The weather has cleared up. 11.,1' 1 "'m"' 1 hf.S'.I\v-9"
mC:tA be clear on 1Q(m-)
2. hQ<l-. We can go out when it clears up. I am not clear on the speaker's proposal.
1\.fQ;l. I lo\")mnJ I 7."t':flll\") .,.....,.: ..... .I'.,.GRm- I oh<'l-11 I hA1Q~'I"
clearance 200 clench

go clear through flC..P. a 1ll Please speak clearly! "/All" h.V:C~II -1-'i"
The bullet went clear through the door. 1C ,. -"<",.._:..~
'l'J'.., 0 ODlf"I.J'ID-'} 0 011-f ' ~lJ 2. L?t'P. It is clearlY"'out of question to drop
(be) In the clear the case. hii-'J 1\0D-!-IJJ- l..ll"'l" f"''f.;.l-
*He is now in the clear with the police. llrJo'l 1 11-n ~ID-
IJTII.{>:f 'I'C'"IJ"- hii"At!l.A [See also 'question']
keep clear cleat A..t:
n is hard to keep the desert roads clear of Some shoes have cleats to keep people from
sand. fO~?ID-'J ou'}~J'.:f Ohlf'l' houlf 1.. slipping. h'J-'I'JY: ""i."''lP'f /liD- l..'J-'1
'J 1\0Dhi\hA hil'l':>6 ~..,. .t''Jlf&.-1-_, II. 'lA A.t: h'l'l'm-
make clear 1tl~
Make it clear to him that we will not submit cleavage hi\OD"/lJ'I-1-
to his demands. f"''.mf.+ID-'J f"'''JI..l\"9" There is a cleavage between the two countries
ODIJ''i"'f'J'} "11\li"I\T concerning duties. flrJotl"= 1 ll1t:T oovh
[See also 'apprehension, perception, see, sky, A Ill\ +~'I' h'JY: hl\oP"/fJ'I-1- hi\
steer']
cleave (cleft, or cleaved)
clearance 1. Ltlm. This knife is sharp enough to cleave
I. l..:l' ~. The plane received clearance from a man's head. ,1'.11 0.'1'1' film- ~:tl\-1-
the control tower. Jt(D<t:'TI\). 1 hootJt.IIJtn~.f 1\0D'i'l\'1' ' 04: ' 1111-1- ' hi\ID-
"'O..t' l..:l'~ h~"f 2. Mm+. His blow cleft the log in two.
2. qp.. fl;t-. There is not much c1earance fll- 9"-l- "l'J-'1.'J 1..11-11-l- Mm+w-
between the top of the car and the bridge. The lightning cleft the tree. ouofl~<ll ~4-'J
Oouh.<;ID- h'i"T'i" O~A~I< onvhA Mm+w-
o(llt" 'IJ'. ll;.l- fl\9" cleave a path through OD")~J>f: ~ OD"}"J.f: = h.OJ:
3. 11\IIJ fl;t-. The house stands in a clearance The boy scouts cleaved a path through the
among the trees. IL., O~t.::'f ou"hA wilderness. hillJ.(D<.P.:,i a '"'il'J.(D<'l = OD"}~J>t.:m-'
O"'i.~"fiD- ' ~i\"1 ' (l;.l- ' ~ID- OD'}~Y.' ' h0)1:
clearance sale f"''"16.t' 1i.t'.,. cleave (to) ~tj

They announced a clearance sale this month. He cleaves to his belief, and nothing can
011.11 tDC f"''"16.t' 1i.t'.,. OD'f~'} h change his mind. 07..9"~., 111\"''.K'i" 9"'J
il;J-<D<Il 9" ~~c .m..,o-'J ll..t'illlm-mw- hf.'fAI"'

clear-cut cleaver [1111-1- .t'I\ID- 'Ill h.,.C 1..l;.l-

I. f-1-~:>~m. He has clear-<:ut ideas about OD"16f]
his work. C.fl0'7..LP6-(D< 1 P6- 1 f+t.:;nm 1 dt
cleft, see cleave
"'" hi\ID-
2. not. His sale of secrets was a clear-cut clemency C~&..-..
example of treachery. l"'llm.&.'E II~J'.'f'J oo The judge showed clemency toward the young
lf m- llh-'1-1-'h+ 04: ~~""II. ~oc prisoner. ,t:;;;=-(1)< 1 AmnJ-1: 1 Ailt'.:~ ~ C'16-'\. =
3. IIA"" His face has clear-cut features. h ... \<
IIA.... 1..-l- hi\ID-
clement
clearing f-1-ou~m~ """-"" l 9"'J'I'C 1. c~o;.~. I have never seen a person as
The clearing is now overgrown with bushes. clement as my teacher. l..'J.e. hil-1-"'161'- C
f-1-ou~m~ID- ou"-'1 (9"'J'1'~) hii-'J ~~~ ' (lw- 1\1\fll-9"
<ll'l'!iltn 1\o(I!).A 2. ooAlJ9". The weather in Harar is clement.
f..h~C ' hfC ' ODA..9" ' ~..,.
clearly
I. 0"/All" l "/All" h~C"). The student enun- clench
ciates his words clearly. I-"'161D- :1'1\.,'J I. ""lim. He clenched his fist and shook it
R-iAll" f.~&.A in my face. l..)I:'J Q;l,ofltfl hftDHIDH ~Tofl'{
clergy
2. tbll. He clenched his teeth in
ll.ftou..,. f-1-t"f TC(I-'t tbll
clergy 11.-1- htJH 1 lttJ'i'l-
The clergy makes laws for the faith. 11.1- hut
'1- ' f?f."7'l''l-'t ' .n1:Y. ' '1-f.t"':>/\:Y.
The laity and the clergy agreed to hold a
counsel. l"?.""'il'-'i' lttJ'i-1> llilllfl 11"7
F:-~"1 -1-11"7000
clergyman lttJ't (pl. ltu<;'l-)
Only clergymen are allowed to enter the
sanctuary. ""Tf.ll m-11'1" 7.'t-'1.11Jo f"''.ol.
_,.F:II'I'm- ltll'i'l- il!l' <;'l'm-
clerical fii.J,oi.9':Y.
Filing is a clerical task. ODlf'J11 r hf.f1f s
fli.J,.f.9':Y. F~ tm-
clerlcal robes A1l(l ThtJ'i
The priest wears clerical robes in the church.
., .... 11.-1- hCM:.I"t tD-11'1" Ailll 1-
hll'l' f.llii4A
clerk
I. lid, .f.. He is a clerk in a big office. Y't F:
'1-A:J- ' ODF&Y ' 11.'1- ' lld,.f. ' tm-
2. lfT". The clerks in this store are very friendly.
fll.tJ ouf.iiC lf(;&>:Y. lim- aJIIY.:Y. <;'I'm-
clever
I. iiA'I". He is a clever speaker. iiA'I" 1-'i
,:16 I ~(1)-
2. ~it.. He is a clever businessman. (;'ib/b
t:>.<'. ' tm-
3. 1lAIJ. He is a clever man. "-(1. oflAtJ
iD" I )tiJo
4 . .,...011. This student is clever in arithmetic.
f.tJ 1-"7& ll<ll'I"C '1-011 tm-
5. flH1.. fTLml:. These pearls are clever
imitations. MH.II b't4:9':Y. ' llH.<'. f1-ol.
m~ 11m- w~li":Y. <;'l'm-
*1 wish I were clever enough to make my own
clothes. f1~ Ail II.'t foull4-'l- :Y.w;t- ll
'l'l:'S
cleverly llFC't'l-
The plan is cleverly conceived. Tit> s flP'C
't'l- ' f:J-.,.f.' tm-
click (vi.) h:J"OQ./1
He clicked the metal pieces. fil~-l>'t 4:~
""':y. ' h:J"OQ./1
click (vi.)
I. .,..,.~l:R. They get along in public, but their
201 climax
pain. personalities don't really click. flf.flflf. f.
11"7"711- I 7."tf. ;>.m-t-1> "''t fJ.ftCY'I'm-
hf.... ~l:il!l"
2. -til -til hi\. I heard her heels clicking
on the sidewalk. R"'l:'i' ""'t1F:" llf. 11'1-
~ouF;- f"l."7'1' -J-l:b11 -til -l:il II.A
II"71Jo
click ones heel
He clicked his heels and saluted. ""l."79''1i"t
h:>T"-f- 11119":J- lim
click (n.) "":J"OQ.A
I could hear the click of the key in the lock. f<ll
Al--'t I OD.4'"'-A flODtJ&.l\,&..fiD" I ;J"} I lD-ll6J' I
7.11"7 toe
client
I. f"''.':'L 1'1-11'1- lim-. The lawyer presented
coherent arguments in favor of his client. mfl
?m- f"''.':'L1'1-II'l-'t lim- f"''.f."''i' f1-
"'~ hChC h_,.l:ll
2. f.'tll'i'. The clients of this shop are mostly
town people. fll.ll (1-:j. f.'tll'I':Y. hil~'i'
9''Ji ' fh1-"7 ' 119':Y. ' 'i'l'm-
This lawyer has many clients. ,.e.u c mO..+
il,. ' f."!ll'I':Y. ' hll-'l-
cliff1f.A
There is a high cliff on the mountainside.
h1-~~m- '1-'t h'tF: ~1C!I" 1f.A hi\
climate hfC
The climate here is colder than I expected.
7.11.11 ' hf~ ' ltllii!J.'l- ' llllf. ' ...11 .... ~ ' tiD-
(l
climate of opinion DD"tLil
There is a favorable climate of opinion among
the students. ll1-"7&9''Ji ODI}bA ill"'!l"t
;t-'l'm-"t ' f"'1.1AK' ' OD'tol.il ' hi\
[See also 'temperate')
climatic ffC
Climatic conditions prevent settlement in this
region. Orttl ' ht;:A t V1C {loofic ~r
~ rJo~:f" hf.LT F:-9"
climax (v.)
*His election climaxed a brilliant career.
""""l:tn- f'-F:-11> b<i:1-'i' f.l:7f tllC
climax (n.)
1. DIJhTotf. The victory was a climax to a
week of fighting. F:-11- Y't F: 4!1"'t'l-
m-1.1 "7h1-"''.Y tllC
2. b<i:1-'i' h'i'A. The climax of the play
 climb
was the prisoner's escape. f'ICllf.., h'i'H'
h'i'A fllll<:'i'tJ>o .,11"11'1' )flC
climb (vt.) "'"'
The boys climbed the tree. A)>:,; ~~- ~f.
IDIJlo
I do not like to climb stairs. Y.<:'Jf """""'
T ' hAID;!1"
climb (vi.)
I. IDS'. ~f. oom+. The plane began to
climb rapidly. htJ>ol!"l'~'l- fl'i''J'H wf. ~
f. , f.oo'l':r> ;s:ooc
2. 1''111. We had been climbing for hours,
but we had not reached the top of the moun-
tain. ~1im- A-flfto 't.tL = {tl'~ll 1'1' .,..
&-&-lJ>o --<;: hAS'.<:II'J!I"
3. Y-<:11. From a lowly beginning he climbed to
occupy the highest position in the country.
hll:r>of'':' ' J'.<:'jf ' of')P'-f- ' '11&., lJ>oll'l' '
hh'i'of'':'tJ>o ' Y.<:'Jf ' S'.<:o'l
4. 1-WJ'.S'.. After the war, the prices climbed.
h"'C)., fl:\~ fl\:1" 'I':> of'ID!.S'.
climb (down) w<:J'.
The boy climbed down the ladder. Aij: hoo(l
~II- ' IDl:J'.
climb (over) 111111
The thief climbed over the wall and escaped.
(I.QDJ- I fl..,?'"(}o ~ "~ I Hflo I }\DDl\tn
climb (up) ID"'
Can you climb up a ladder? oPflt\A
tJ>o"''l- '1-:Y.~IIII ?
climb (n.) h+fl'I-'J OOlJ>o"''I-
Our climb took two hours. h+fl.,'J """""'
'1- ' o-11'1- (1'\'1- tJJ(IJ'.-fl'J
clinch
I. hmn+. He clinched the barrel with a band
of metal. flC"''.II-'J flll'J-'1 hmfl+tJ>o
2. <1.11"". The salesman clinched the deal and
went out to celebrate. h '1''1'..., f'J"IJI. 'J .,.
-'If. "-"'I" 1\J.(I'I- 'tf.
cling (clung), - to
I. h'l'-11-1' of'h-1'11. We cling to the belief
of our fathers. .1''1-f-il':f'J'J l\11")'1- h'l'
-ll+'J li'Jh-t-IIII'J
2. h'l'-11-1' .I'll. Despite the unfavorable returns,
the candidate clung to the belief that he would
be elected. !I"'J!I" li'J\\ f11JtJ>o f!I"C"'ilJ>o
tJ>otn.T ' f.,f.f."l<l.tJ>o ' fl.ll"t!l" of'IDJIJI&tJ>o '
l\OOl:"'llll- f"7.A l\!1").,') h'l'-11-1' ,I'll
202 cloak
3. -t-moomoo. The child clung to its mother.
ibY). l\'i"-1: t\f, +moomoo
4. of'"'fl+. The wet paper clung to the glass.
l\C'I'fl- w<:+'l- ooii;I-ID., 'If. -t-"'fl+
cling to each other +?+f.
The children clung to each other in the dark.
fl.,_.ll.,lJ>o m-11'1' A)>:,; -t-:1"+4-
clinic hll.th
The government opened a new clinic in the city.
OO'J"IP'., ' flhof'.,m- lJ>oll'l' h-'1.11 hll.t
hh<l-1'
clink h-"'"'-11
He clinked the key against the penknife in
his pocket. flh.ll- lJ>oll'l' A4-'J'i" (I'J
m,lJ>o'J. h-"'"'-"
clip (clipped), v.
1. tfr.tl.m. Don't dip my hair too short!
1\'J-&.'J fl"'ll" hlJ'I'<:II h-'1-.,..<:mlJ>o
2. +P. hiD"!. I clipped this article out of
a magazine. ,.e.tn K'"dtotJ": hoolt'm..:t- 1 llJ4
11'1' + Y:l':, hiD"'II-'1-
3. hlJm<:. We clipped a week off our visit to
return home earlier. +F..r -flit") = to!.. : a.+
IIODOOIIII ' hllfl'J ' 111'5;1-:f-'J'J ' IJ'J; ' lJ
!I"'J'I- hlJmC)m-
clip together h,I'.I'H
Oip these papers together! MH.II'J w.:+-r-
:y. ' h.l'f.~'fm-
r ,..,._ oo
clip (n.) h"l&-'i'
He fastened the sheets of paper together with
a clip. w.:+-r-,;'J IJ"I&-'i' h.l'.l'~'fm-
clippers oo+ll
The farmer used clippers for trimming hedges.
1fl&.lJ>o ' "'"'*"'(J)o'J ' noo+ll hll-t-lihll
barber's clippers fii'J-C .,111-lih,l'
The barber's clippers are dull. fii'J-C .,111'
l!h,l'm- ' f.'J!I.A
clipping&-.,_..
I enclosed the newspaper clipping you wanted.
f<l.ll"l1ilJ>o'J ' f:>JI."' &-.,_.. ' h.l'f.'lf: '
Ah.AYIIo-
cloak (v.) if<I.)
Fog cloaks the city buildings . .,_..:>"1 fh-1'.,
lJ>o'J ih'Jlll":Y. J!.if'i''i"A
cloak (n.) l!IJ
He wore a blue cloak. ,-,.,.1''1! l!IJ 1111!1-A
cloaked
drop a cloak_ over 1\"L)
The fog dropped a cloak over the city . .,...,.
h-1-.,tJJo't lf'i!'f;h~\
(be) cloaked (in)
I. F.<:R. She arrived at the theater cloaked
in black velvet. '1'41C h'l'~il S'.CQ mF. '
-t:.I''I-C (J._, "'"'l":f-
2. TJ.'H. The mission was cloaked in mystery.
ODAhh., Rf"iltn.C -1-.I'H
clock il't'I-
We set our clock by the radio. il'l.,'t R.!-'1.
M hil-J-lthA't
around the clock i\,:,.0 r ++'l ! "I1 s 11&.+ 1
il't'I-
The factory works around the clock. 4-116lttJJo
A.-l -1-+'t (Y.I' h.!-'1- il't'l-) .f.oP.!-A
[See also 'alarm, pendulum, set, work']
clockwise h"'.!- mF. +'t
Turn the screw clockwise! :,.C1'4-"'-"} h'"l&o
aJS'. ' +'t ' hll'l:tJJo
clod 'lA
The farmer broke up the clods of earth with
a pickaxe. 1Rt.tJJo 'lll-'t RJ'.., hilhiltJJo
clog (clogged)
I. S'-4. ~. Leaves clogged the waterpipe. :J- m~
:J-mA ftJJo~tJJo't !1.9"!1. F-4-~tJJo
2. '1"~. Cars clogged the highway. htJJo.!-tJJo't
0'0'}11: I oPlL'i I "'~dJ-
clOiSter 1.119"
There are beautiful cloisters in Italy. Rh.!'IA.I'
tJJoil'l' f"''..l'f"~ 1'1'1"":f- ' nil-
close (vt.)
I. H;>. Please close the door! hQhll R~'t
11;>tJJo
2. Q;~.l.). dose your eyes, and the smoke won't
bother you. 't.f.'tll't 11'1-..,'i!'t "11'11- h
.l'il:f"'Cllf"
3. s-.ous-.ou. They closed the debate in the
morning. hch~'t '11.'1- s-.ous-...,.+
4. hm:>:>. The captain closed the ranks of
the troops. 'lff"RII- ilA4.'l',;'t hm:>:>'l'tJJo
close (vi.)
I. -1-H;J. The box wouldn't close properly.
"1'1'). RS'.'t11 h.f.H:>f"
2. hR:l'. The meeting closed after the Ern
peror's speech. h't1-oP ' ~11"., 't"'"'C R:.\
~ il11ilQtJJo hR:l'
203 close
close down +H..?
The factory closed down because of a lack of
workers. 4-116lttJJo oP.!--1-'l'":f- M"' -1-H;J
close In M+<:R """' I -1-:l'<:R
The fog closed in from the sea . ..,..tJPo hroF.
q.nc hf+<:n """'
His pursuers closed in rapidly. hQ.!-69',; R
'1''1'~'1- -1-:l'<:R-'1-
close in on hflfl
Police closed in on the rebels from all sides.
?'11.1',; 11'1!-r-,;'t h.I':J-"'""itJJo hR!I. :ftJJo
close out h:l'tJJo't nctt11 h"'.!-
He had to leave town, and therefore closed out.
h-1-.,tJJo't ' ouA+:J- ilii~R<:R'I- ' h:l'tJJo't '
nctt11 h"'<~-
(be) closed up TH;>
When I carne to the shop, it was closed up.
ms-. 11-:J- ... .,.,,.. ' .,."..,.,.. ~nc
close (n.), at the - of II..I'A:J-
1 will see you at the close of the meeting.
il11MtJJo II..I'A:J- h't1'i''fll't
from close up +~11 1 11ft- 1 {t.ftl+
From close up, it looks entirely different.
+<:11 1111- 11..1'1'-'1- R'i'K-9" Af. '.f.oo{l
~A '
close (adj., adv.)
1. f:,.Oc-o. He is a close friend of mine.
f:J-C11 'lS'.'f\1. ~..,.
2. R"'f" -1-+.!-<~-IL. It was a close race; the
two horses were only inches apart. 0"19" 1
T+<~-<1-IL h1i:J-F.-9"S'.'f" ilii~R<: 11-11_,
4-<:l'":f- Q't'l.'l- ' ll.l'tS'.' ' 1-+.IIS'......
3. 1'11:,., The matter requires close investiga-
tion. 1-.llf. '1'11:J- f"COD.!- .l'ilLA1'1'A
4. ( ~ adv.) s-.-,'i' hS'.'C~. Pay close attention!
s-.-.'i' hS'.'C111 hil-1-tJJoA
5. ( ~ adv.) n:J-cn-. He was a close observer
of the war sitnation. f<"C~.,'t u-~;1- R
:Joe a- f"''.h:J-TA hll- ~ nc
6. (~ adv.) Q"'/'~. Recruits receive a close
haircut. f"Af"A m;J-F.e":f- 111-<1-'l'a>-'t '
q~ .l'il-i'ttMII-
close behind tn,."J 1 1lir"
Follow close behind! m:> 111111 1-h-1-A
close by
I. Ml.ll hltQIL. Is there a restaurant close by?
Mt.ll hltQIL 9""111 R.'l- .f.1'fA 1
2. hm111. The house stands close by the river.
(Lofl I OJ"}tf- I h.1n1ofl I ~(IJ-
 close call
close (to) .t.m~ofl
The hotel is close to the station. IF1:fto CJ
ftC IIJRJ 1un'1-fl )m-
(be) close with one's money
She is close with her money. 'H"' <;'!-
be close +11>~0
The fire is alarmingly close. h<\-1> fl"''.,l'll:>
rH;J- _,.:J'C!).A
be close to A.tr't )lD'
It is close to five o'clock. OF&. l;')J:.- ll
't'l- ' ll.li"J ' ) ....
be very close
I. fl"'ll" -l>cofl )m-. The restaurant is very
close. 9""/11 IL-l> fl"'ll" -l>cofl ' ).,.
2. ;rA.1. The air is very close in this room. 7lH.
II h'i'A ""liT l>f~ ;l-'i''iA
put close together hm;J-'1-f ltil+oum
He put the chairs close together. tD1flC''Il1
t.m:>"l-f- );{loj>muq'fm-
stand close tn,.? 1lftoo s .,oo
Stand close to the wall! tDJ!. "IJ:.-"1-'l.,. m
:> ' 111111 ' 419"
[See also 'drive, proximity, pull up, range,
vicinity']
close call, be a ~ IIT-1!'1- t.oul\m
It was a close call; the heavy rock fell and
grazed my elbow. .J:.-1:>1'- h').._') 11!1' ""
Cll:~ ' fl"'/114- IIT-1!'1- l;oPI\Th-
(be) closed
1. 11.., ll"i'. The museum is closed Sundays.
hm.J:.- hm.J:.- IL_,. ounh~ '11"1 )II>'
2. .,.l.llou. The deal was closed this morning.
1&/l" tft:. IP-T .,..,~.,.,oo
closefisted =-1>
The closefisted old man gave no money for
his son to go to school. """' 11"'1"11\. IIA
)1: uP"'/6,1' 9"19" ~')Hofl l>AiltniD'II"
closely
I. fl!l.ll"ofl. Listen to me closely! fl.l'.ll"ofl t.
'lll"tn~
2. nm-A. Look at it closely! nm-A .,..,.A
h.,.ID'
3. n.:r.cn-. The doctor followed the child's
development closely. mh...,.. fA)I:1 h
~'1- n-l>cn- .,.h:J-.,.11
4. o....n:Jt. His movements were closely watched.
uP"IIU' ' .,._....., ' flTofl.P ' ,l'.h;J-.,.11- '
)flC
204 clothes hanger
5. fl"'ll". Cousins are closely related. f.t.hll'l-
<; f.t.'l-'1- A}>;':f- fl"'ll" f_,.-1'&.~11- <;'!'.,.
close quarters, at ~ -l>Cofl 11-l>Cofl IY)ID'
They fought at close quarters. ol>Cofl 11-l>Cofl
lf~BJ- I T'f"t-
in close quarters +"'-'i14-aJo
The prisoners live in close quarters because
the prison is small. hllC IL-l> '1-111 (Ill
IY) h1l~'l''fl _,..,.,.,.,4'1D' ' ,l'.'l'&oil-
closer, on ,.... examination O.P..9"11 {L
ODt!,ODC
On closer examination, the wound turned out
to be superficial. 0.<'.9"11 (t.oo~ouc <1!1lll-
4'1\A rr-: .,.~,
closet <1!11" "1'1'1'
The closet is full of clothes. "'~~" "'T). Aofl
(I 'I"A.f-fl;J-A
(be) closeted with
*He was closeted with his lawyers for over an
hour. hmfl4''1l :>&. fl"IA ll"""""hc IJ
.,. .... ' ll'l'l- ' fll\,1'. ' .C.)':fl'l-
clot (v.) ~:>
His blood takes a long time to clot. f(l. .<'.
II" 1\oPC;J'I- 11ft' '1.11. ,l'.tDll'lA
clot (n.), blood ~ f.l'.ll" ouc:>'I-
.,.).., ' .,..,.
He died of a blood clot. h.l'.ll" oPC:>'I- f
cloth
1. ""Col>. Use a clean cloth for dusting! fl')l\.
ih ""Col> tDAID'A
2. if&.. Leather shoes usually outlast those
made of cloth. .t.ofl~>;'.,.') '1.11. f-1'-'l "'i
.., hlf&. ""1"7 .r.n~h:J-A
[See also 'spread, stitch']
clothe .t.llflll
St. Takla Haymanot clothed the naked and
fed the poor. l>fl-) .,.hll ?,1'."'/'l''l- f;J-
~HID'') l>llfl(l. f_,.&.fliD'') .t.fl/1-
The sun clothes the earth with light. D.h,l'. 9"
J:."C') 11C?1 :J-1111<\II':f-
clothes Aoflll
I want these clothes cleaned and pressed.
Mll.ll Aoflr\':f- h1-'l.tn~?-<; h1-'l..,.h-(l.
h.C.A:>IIrJo
[See also 'ragged, tattered']
clothes hanger fA111l oo(l-1',1'
A clothes hanger made of wire breaks easily.
cloud 205 clung

h'lill f-t-w,:. f<l\1111 ooll+.l' 0+'111- Ethiopia. f.J-II~m+ 1111->; 1 .l''l'fm- h'tllta
f.IIO<l<A T I 011..'1-f-A-.1' I ID-11'1' I f.O'III-
cloud (vt) clover [f"'C 'if.~'l-]
I. if"-~. The smoke from the fire clouded the
sun from view. bhil-11 V"t.tDIIJaJo 1.1"il clown hF4:'S -t-'l'>;f. 1 -t-<l-0.
Odtf.'l'') I if"-"'~- This circus has many clowns. ~u ltchil
2. hm.,.G. Grief clouded his face. dtH't """' 1111- ' t.F4:'S -t-'l'"tn 1 (+.:.o.l""'f) 1 t.11--r
't h'l'.,_.C';t-A club (clubbed), v. oo;t-
3. M':OIIOII. Don't cloud the issue with un- The robber clubbed his victim and ran off.
necessary details! 0"7.1'114.<1\1 1 'IICIIC '1--'1 .,.,.,~(Do I {taJo\LaJo1' I OO.f- I C"ffi
n 1 t.:t--":'0111111
club together h'fllfJ
cloud (vi.) m'I&G
The children clubbed together to buy their
Her face clouded with worry. 4-:J: 1 Odtlt11 1 mother a present. IIM';J-'fa>- 1 lltn:J- II""
m"'G 1~'1- I A;t>:'ll I h'l'm-
be clouded over nJ?.oofj" I +if L ~
When I woke up, I found the sky was clouded club (n.)
over. II~ :I' 1 11"71' 1 OF.oo>; +if'i''l' 1 ~oc I. -'1.'1. The policeman had to use his club.
?"11.11- I 0.11.'1 oP9":J'T 1-":' ~OGOT
doud up
Just after we started, the sky clouded up. 2. h011. Are you a member of the club?
h')J'.~oPC') I .... , . . , II'~
fhoo- 1 hilA ~u 1

cloud (n.) F.oo>; clubfooted h1G 1 ~<1\"7"7

The sun has disappeared behind the clouds. The child was born clubfooted. A:( 1 h1G
Odtf,'l'') I ....,.., I ;>G-'1'1- ~"'"'"' ll''l' -i"OJIIJ'.
cloud of locusts f'lRtiJ DD'l;J cluck (v.) hllltlt
A cloud of locusts covered the sky . .l''tO"' 1 The hens clucked as they searched for food.
OO');J > 11"7\<') I if.f.~ID- J'.(!'jP'fl I h,l'lll)h- I 9"111 I 'i'II;J I "'i~
be up in the clouds b111 ~tD-
cluck (n.) "711ltlt'I-
Her schemes are usually up in the clouds. The cluck of the hen woke me up. f J'.C''I' 1 "7
Om:J>'I'IID- h:J>J;.. 1 h't-1> ~.,_
llltlt'l- +Mil'S
[See also 'threatening']
cloudburst J'.'i' clue 'i''t"i"
I rarely witnessed a cloudburst in the dry The footprints were a clue. fh1~ 1 -'l-It 'i''t
season. J'.'i' 00;> M"11~9" 1 h'lfll-9" ""'1 ~nc
cloudy clump (of)~~~ .I'II-
I. J'.o>;"7. Since it is cloudy today we can't A clump of trees conceals the house from view.
go for a walk. ~~~. 1 J',.oo>;"7 1 111111'~ 1 11 ~~~ I J'/1-T I ~C:"'f I (J..,.') I f,h<I\/1-;J-<1\
oo')if.:.ifc 1 h't"'fA9" clump along M-t-'1--t--t- 1 '/.J'.
2. fJ'..f.GII. He could not see through the The lame man clumped along. 'liiJID- lim-
cloudy liqnid. OUGIIm- 4./t'li ID-11'1' 1 9" f. I M.J-'1--t-+'/.J'.
')9" I 1\Jf, I J<.<l\iJ'II9"
clove (n.) :J>C't#--":' clumsy ~All'lf
The clumsy boy bumped into all the furniture.
clove, see cleave ~~..... "'"" hO.T I ltlla>- I h:l' 11-11- I
cloven f-t-Mm+ -~'-"""'
The cow has a cloven hoof. '19" f-t-Mm+ 1 be clumsy :J>A'I''i'>; '1-J'.IIID-
(Ill->; I 1\'IT He is well-intentioned but clumsy. :fo'l )m-
1't :J>A'I''i'>; f,'l--":'11'1'<1\
cloven-hoofed f+Mm+ 1111->; .I'IIID-
Cloven-hoofed animals may be eaten in clung, see cling
cluster
cluster (of}
I. :f.tl:fit Ytr. A cluster of houses was
seen from far. h-1-:f- :f.tl:f.tl nr O..fo:f
;I-I'
2. f+(I:Oftll-. There was a cluster of tourists
at the gate. (JOD"'IJ..I'm- o\f. f.,.IIRIIII- A
1C 1-II"U':f ~R-1-
In clusters ~~~ oflfr>
This flower usually grows in clusters. ~tJ
q f"''.YY:1m- ~~ illl- ~..,.
cluster around hRR
Many people clustered around the accident
victim. illf< M'?f M'.:'Jm- f.!'.l:IIR'I-'t
lim- hRII-'1-
clutch (v.) """m
The child clutched my hand. A;.j: '-:('t
""Rm'1
clutch (at) /IOD.I"'f 'l"hl:
He clutched at the rope, but missed it. 100~1'
/IODYll 'l"hr::' ~(JC "''t ... .,.
clutch (n.) 'i'.:OII.M
Let out the clutch slowly, or the car will stop.
'i'.:Ofl.l'-).'t 4'il it/Ill A4':f> t AIIRIIHJ'
"""-""'" ' f.I#"'IA
*Quick shooting saved the hunter from the
bear's clutches. d..'l''l" oo.,.ho(lo A-'l't''t
hY:il A-'1~ ....
Into the clutches of - - - 7l.~
They fell into the clutches of the moneylenders.
1'tllil AR-'I&l":f '-:t!' m.!'.41
clutter (v.) :f-'1' A<'l"'
Heaps of books cluttered her room. fODl\.b'i'
'1- 41AA h'i'!l.'t :f-'1' A<'l"'m-
be cluttered +llilh~h
His desk was cluttered with old papers. ml:A.~
m- illf< Ac-1 mt:4''1- _,.lll:hCitR;I-A
clutter (n.) ll"il:f>A:f>A
Please tidy up the clutter in your room!
fh'i'Ail't !l"il:f>A:f>A Aii.,.IJhA
coach
I. ill:1o'l.
When Queen Elizabeth visited
Ethiopia, His Imperial M,Yesty came to meet
her in a coach. 't"'P''I- .li.A<'IO.'I' 11..'1-1'-A-
n II.7-R't' "'C"'I'I! 1f't1Tf. Rill:1
o'l ' _,._,R!I.'fm-
2. AwA"1'1. The coach of this team is very
good. fu.u 11-Y:'t AwA"''1 R"'!l" 'I'
~ I ~(Do
206 coast
coagulate l::>
The milk coagulated in the bottle. m.,.-1> (J
tnC,.,..(a- m--ll'l' s ~;J
coal
I. hilA. Put some coal on the fire! '-<'1-!>'t
hilA ""II"CR'I-
2. fY:'t:>f. hilA. Coal and salt are minerals.
fY:'t:>f. hilA" ..._..,. "'I~Y:'l"?f .,,...,.
h.O
live coals fhftA tj:.9'"
There are still live coals in the fire. '-<'1-1>
aJoil'l' fhiiA 'i'!l" 1.. All
coalesce .,.qn,:
The thirteen colonies coalesced to form a
nation. OP'&- !Pil-l> f:f-'1 "'~+:f A'tY:
A1C /IODODP'l:'l- o .,.Q(J-1-
COalition ~ii.:'I-
The clergy and the nobility formed a coalition.
IJIJ"of>" ' OD\>,'t'tof> > ~ofll:'l-'t o ODWl;of>
coarse
I. hC-'1.11. He used some coarse cloth to make
a bag. Rhc-'1.11 ""C:f> ht:m.'l- 114-
2. >IIJ&-. This cloth is too coarse for me.
f.ll ""C:f> R"'!l" >IIJ&- f.IT'tii'1A
The table is coarse and is not suitable for
writing. ml:A.~m- >IIJ&- II/IlT~ llll".bd..'l-
A.eoo:fr
3. .!'.ft':f> YAIT~. The beach is covered with
coarse sand. fQ.b-1- -'IC!I' .!'.ft':f> QAIT~
Mf'l' f.,.lf .t.~ ~..,.
4. YA;f-t:oo. His coarse language angered the
teacher. YA;I-t:oo M:>1'1- OD!I"IJ~'t A
ML"'m-
*His manners are coarse. QA'l )m-
coarsely, grind - 1.:.!'..t.
She ground the barley coarsely. 1il(lo't 1.:.1'.
.t.:fm-
coast (n.) ml:'i' I fQ.bC ml:'i' I fQ.bC -'IC!I'
We approached the coast at night. hmM II.
11.'1- .!'.l:il't
On the map, the coast has a jagged outline.
RIJC;I- 11.;1-f. fQ.b~ ml:'i' (fQ.b-1- -'IC!J')
dJIJfl -"Jf} I )liJo
coast (v.)
*The old car coasted down the hill. Anm-
"""-" '1"-1-'1- m'i'+ 41A4111-I>'t mt:.!'.
coast alona ml.tj: ml.4-"t ~H
We coasted along South America on our trip
coastal
last year. IJI\.I..<D- 'lOOT .,.!l:f't I.IHI
h"''.<llt't m<:'i! mG4-'t .,.'i11't
coastal RffJihC "1<1- f"'l.1'1
The conversion of the coastal tribes to Islam
occurred in the 19th century. RffJihC "1<1-
f"'l.11'T 1-itlP:f tiJI. 7./IA!I"'i' Yf."'l
'l'T f_,.l\tiJm-T flOP'&. HmH'<D- h<;:
I UoP7 I ~(Do
"
coastline m<:'i!
The Red Sea coastline is barren. foi' f. IJihC
m<:'i! ' f.,.&.oe;.,. ' )<D-
coat (v.) 4''1
He coated the wall with paint. "I.I!"'I"'<D-'t 4'
1111" oi'IJ<D-
coat (n.)
I. l>T. What is the difference between a coat
and overcoat? l>T'i' lt?'CT Af.);J-'f<D-
!l"'t.I':)<D- !
2. 1\.,.C. The leopard has a sleek coat.
)11C liMit 1\.,.C hi\<D-
*Our house has three coats of paint. O.:J-:f't
V'liT 1.11. .,....,.,.,. .,.4'11:1:A
coating TIJT
We must put a protective coating over the
drawing. RP'bll- llf. ooMh,l' TIJT "'I
.1':<:"1 hl\11't
coat of arms :>lf<D- llf. ,1'1\<D- hC"'I
His coat of arms shows he is descended from
a king. :>lf<D- llf. ,1'1\<D- hC"'I f't.,.P'
HC ODif\-'t ,l'llt:"'A
coat of mail f11<:T A11ll
A coat of mail protects one against sword cuts.
f11<:T A11ll h"l-&-1.. lii\T J'.m11:1'A
coax
I. hfJRII. He tried to coax the child to come
with him. All: hili!'T l\'t'LOD"' 11.,1''1
111\<D- 'l"h<:
2. .,.1\"'loom. She coaxed her father to let her
go to the dance. tiJI. "''tll- ll'ti."T~.I': h
IJ;I: ll't'Loi..T.I':IIT .,.1\"'IODm:f<D-
3. hl.'i-.L<:. He tried to coax me to take the
medicine. ool.";lok-l>'t l\'t.l':m"' 11.,1'1.4-'i!<:
'1 'l"h<:
cobbler ""1"'1 1'14.
Let's take the shoes to the cobbler's! ""l"'llP=J;
't ' ""1"'1 ' (I.L ' H't.l': ' l\'t<D-1'1.1':
207 codify
cobra [Rh'i!<llt rof.!l" Rl\11,1' f"'1.1'1 ""
C~!l" l\'111]
cobweb flf<:<IT .I':C
The flies were caught in a cobweb. 119""fl=ri
mr.:.:T .r:c .,..r""
cock (v.) hoi'IJRII
He cocked the gun and threatened to shoot.
moo't)f.,..'t h4''11111- 1\oo.,.b-ll .4'"1
cock (n.) h<D-&. P..l!'
The cock crowed at dawn. h.,.&. 1'-1!'.,.. 1-
ih (1..4'.1':. t;a1i
cockroach ll<:l!'
(be) cocksure
*He would not be so cocksure were his father
not the boss. h'l-1> hl\.4' IJJ'.If't 'l'l!'
Rh4- """~'~- hf.'i'1CII" ) nc
(be) cocky T!l"hih-1> h'i! hi\
Jim was very cocky about his chance of
winning first prize. 7{'1" ,l"tl.'f)."f-'t 'iiA
"'IT 1\"'l"l"fT T'l"hih-1> h'i! ,I'll
)ftC
coconut [fH'tfJIJ 1(1J<1f]
coddle h'l"114'4'
If you coddle your child he will not grow up to
be manly. A)l;ll't lt'1"114':J>1i<D- 1-011 If
'f I h,l'.(-'!'/"
code
I. l.'t11. You must observe the code of the
school. fT'I"IlCT n.-r.'t l.'t11 "'lhnc
MilII
A traffic code contains rules for driving.
fT&.ol.h l.'t11 .l')"'.l':'t P'C'lT f.f.~A
2. f'l"llm.C 1\'.ft.'i!. He found a message
written in code. nrllm.C 1\'.ft.'i! f.,.ll
.C. ooAllhT. h1"f
3. AI' "'lli:J-rolf. The code on the label
shows the date of manufacture. R't"ll." l\:1'
.,.. llf. ,I'll.,. AI' "'lli;J-rolf l\:1'.,.. f
.,.,.,.:.n+'t 1.11. .roollh:J-A
codex (codices) f'l"'tT II'dt-'i!
The monastery owns many codices. ~JSBD- oft
II- f'l''tT II'm..:::f hil-T
codify (codified) Rll'dt-'i! hflol..l
Justinian codified Roman law in the sixth
century. )1:11-l:'t,l"t fi!'"'I(IJ<') ih"l fill
.l':ll_,.'f.,.. h'i!ll IIOD't Rll'dt-'i! .1\c\.C..l
co-ed 208 coil

co-ed A1!'1t:.l': cognate f"'l.~"".l':

There are more boys than co-eds at the college. Amharic and Arabic are cognate languages.
01>/1.~ <D-ilT hA1!'1t:P.:Y. .f.A:t- m'}P.
:y. .f.O~I\-
,..,.
h"YC'i''i' Ot:11'i' f"'l.~""JI. :11'}-r:l":Y. 'i'

coerce hil1S'J. cognizance bro-+-r

He coerced the prisoner into confessing. He has a wide cognizance of the habits of
7.ilt:'i'ro-'} 7.VU'9"'J hil1J'.S'.<D- animals. ill\ 7.'}il'IT mq_e (1.1. b<D-
.,...,. hii<D-
coexist 7.111!' OM9" <;~
Nations must learn to coexist. oo"J..,.P";t-+ h take cognizance of +~J;

111!' OM9" OD'fC'} ODo!\00.1': hllq'f'ro- Take cognizance of what happened and act
accordingly! fTS'.t:1m-'} ~1C D"'l.1q hT
coffee fl-'i' t:JIU 0:\~ Olf..I'<D- oooPt:T P'&-
I drink coffee every morning. IJI.+ cp.:,.. lt-
'i'7.tn"'llll- (be) cognizant of om+
The general was cognizant of the movements
coffee bean fl-'i' of the enemy. :(~&-1\- ftn~T'} 7.'J:t-il.4'(1.
Coffee beans are dried before they are shipped. .fro-:t- ~nc
fl-'i' 1110.1' OooCh11 hoo~h- oo~.-r 7.
'}'LJ'.t::t> ' .f.J'.t:;JA coherence :t>'J11C
His composition lacks coherence. J!-C(tof: .:to
coffee grounds ffl-'i' hT~ 'J11C WI-.1':1\'I'A
Empty the coffee grounds in the garbage pail!
ol'lflf "Ytn&-+"'l.J'ro- qAJI. <D-ilT ffl- coherent
'i'<D-'} hT~ h'i!(l<D- I. fT'Ili. A sentence that is not coherent
is hard to understand . .I'AT'IIJ Ot:'i!T ~1
coffeehouse fl-'i' a.-r C'J 1\oot:JIT hil'l':J<I ~..,.
There are no coffeehouses in this village. 2. fT"'&-. The lawyer presented coherent
OH.U oP'}J'.C 9"'}9" fl-'i' R..f:f fl\-9" arguments in favor of his client. mn?ro- f"'l.
coffee pot ~O'i'
?.1TIIT'J (lro- f"'l.J'."I'i! fT"l&- hch
Coffee pots are sold at the market. ~O'i' c t.+.:n
7.10.1' <D-ilT Mf"'A coherently hilTIJhii-
She cannot talk coherently any more. h7.'}"Ill.
coffer "'T'J
U hilTlJh~ oP'i'1C hT:fA9"
She put the coffer under the bed. "'TS:'} lJ
A;J'I' P'C hlt+oom:Y. cohesion foP"JO:t- ~.f.A
Wet sand has more cohesion than dry sand.
coffin f t.tl "'T'J 1 t.lt
Kennedy's body was put in a bronze coffin. 7.C'J'11 hlf'l' hJ'.t::t> hlf'l' .f.A:t- foP
"'O:t- 'r.f.A hii<D-
fh.l!.ll. hilht.'J h~.hil 0ToP&- ft.'l
"'T'J 1 <D-ilT ht:L cohesive f"'l."'D:t-
Sorrowful relatives followed the coffin. J'H).T Clay is cohesive, but gravel is not. irhl\
ll.T uoop.:f t.lt<D-'} TbTI\-T f"'l."'O:t- (I.IJ''} tntnC "I'} h.f.J'.I\9"
*When the coffin was lowered into the grave,
cohort 'i.l':
his sister cried . ..,oflhT -~+ ~.., 'A The enemy's cohorts were struck by a plague.
'rof> hll+(l:f
fm~-1- 'iP.:Y. nm.:c"li't .,..,_.!':.,...,. ~nc
cogent hT;Jtl
He found no cogent reason to change his mind. coil (vt.) '"""'"""
The sailor coiled the rope on the deck of the
.hltfi-'J lloollmT hT:Jtl ll"h'J.I'T h
ship. oochO'i'ro- 1"".!1.'} OoPChfl- mil
~1"fll"
A I ""' I h~") I ffiODffiODliJo
cogitate O'J'11:t> Ton&-oot: coli (vi.)
The senators cogitated about the problem. I. Ttn"YHH. The river coils through the valley.
h"YIJ<Il"'ll ill\ .,_.;f. O'J'11:t- I &-....~
.,.... OJ'}fl- Dlflloi'<D- <D-ilT .f.tn"YH~A
coin
2. -t'PoPI\oPI\. The snake coiled, ready to
strike. 1\DP"lhil 1-H:>~-1' >.QR- 1-'f'oPI\oPI\
coli up tnoPffiOD
He coiled up the wire. 7iflm-'l 1 tnoPtnoPlD"
coin (v.)
1. h.-too. The mint is coining pennies. 11 H1l
onf"t.Yw- lfH:'I":f 0"'11-9" II}.'. ~w-
2. A.cnl:. He coined a word for his invention.
1\I..MII..Jo ~1C :'>A l..mt:l\'1-
coin (n.) 'i't-"lh ! 1"1011
He gave me a handful of Ethiopian coins.
h"lY: >,.-,;~ fh.'l-f"kY 'l't-"lh lim~
Ancient coins were not circular in shape.
fT"l'l- 1"1HII:f ;r.c..'l'w- h11 hA~Ot:9"
[See also 'toss']
coincide
I. h"lY: II"~. Jesus' birth coincided with the
appearance of a bright star in the sky. h.fil-II
il.a>I\Y:'O h"l-'1.'1- 11~11 l>h11 01\"'1,1'. II
..... (l'J-,:f-,1'. h"lY: .,.~
2. 1'11"'1"'1. The two stories did not coincide.
u-1\_, ;1-t.l:f hA1'1\"'1..,.9"
3. +;~moo. Our vacations coincided. fc')t:~:r-
1.11-Y:f"l 1-:>moo
coincidence h..?IIJ"7..
What a strange coincidence! 9"1-~ 1 ~.,:,.
h:>"'"''. ' ~w-!
[See also 'lucky']
(be) coincident Q"IY: 1.11. 1Q
Winter in the United States is coincident with
sunnner in Australia. fh"''.t.li"l h.:9"'l-<;
fhw-11'1-t-AY 0:> Q"IY: 1.11. J.'.1QII-
coincidental, purely - >."1.1!:>"1"'1.
It was purely coincidental that we met this
morning. ~&. f\1.'1- f1'1<;'f~w- >."!'!:>
ar"''. , ~o.:
cold (n.)
I. 11CY:. I cannot stand this cold. J.'.ll"t"l 11
CY: hA:fi\J-9"
2. ;r.11:'>11.. Heat is the converse of cold.
.... .,."" f;r.,,..,.. 1-:'>t-'i. ~w-
3. "l-"1<1."1. You have given me a bad cold.
hi- "l-"1<1."1 h:>111'tJ11';'A
catch a cold "l-"1<1."1 YH(w-)
We all caught colds during the winter.
Oht:9"'1- mt-'1- !Joll:f"t9" "l-"1<1."1 YH"l
209 cold
common cold 1"'14-'l
The scientist isolated the virus of the common
cold. ltJ.'."l1:il., f"l-"1<1.)."1 'iiJ.'.t:il hl\.11-'!i
1\fJo
get a cold "l-"1<1."1 YH(w-)
I have got a bad cold and cannot go to school.
hi- "l-"1<1.'t 1\1\YH~ 'l-9"tJC'I- IL'I- A
'tY: hA:fA9"
have a cold "l-"1<1.'t ' YH(ID-)
He has a bad cold and cannot go to school.
'1}.'.1\';' "l-"1<1."1 111\YHJo 'l-9"tJC'I- IL'I-
fl.'tY: hJ.'.:fA9"
cold (adj.)
I. Ot-Y:. I like to drink cold coffee in the
afternoon. +'l 1 0&-~ 1 fl-'i" 1 oomiiJ+ l\
m.l!l\11-
2. oj>11:f>~. Give me a glass of cold water!
h"lY: 11C"'.".f> .,.,,..~ w-;> lim~
3. 11C.I!9". The cold wind bit our faces.
11C.I!..,. ~<1.11 .1-:f":f"l"l on,:f-")
4. f11CY:. A hot cup of broth on a cold day
tastes fine. 011CY: oj>") '1-h-11 lfcq +
11"'1"'1. ~w-
5. 11C.I!"''. November is a cold month. '"J.I!C
ofl.CJIOIJ : tDC I )lD"
6. 11CY: foP:f"Jo. He massaged his cold
fingers. 11CY: fon;f-'fJo"l ar.,.,;"l hlf
1
7. ( = adv.) >."1~~1~. They gave us a cold
greeting. >."1~~1~ 11119":1" ilm-'t
be cold
I. "'""'" The water is not cold enough.
w-;>w- f"''.I..II1Jo"t YIIA hAoj>Hoj>H9"
2. o.:~. The coffee was cold, so I drank it
at once. R-<;w- 11110.:~ Q'tf... m"'u-'1-
3. O~(w-). I am cold. Give me a blanket!
IIIlO~~ 11CY: A11il lim~
feel cold oj>Hoj>H
The air feels cold. hf~ }.'.oj>H;r.rA
get cold feet ,(.,&.
He promised to speak to my boss about my
promotion, but he got cold feet and backed out.
ill\ 1\'onof: hl\:'>'1-"l fi.Y~:>"ICA~ :'>A
1111' ~oc "1"1 .t.c-1' m~ :\11 hi\
in cold blood fi'T"tt1. ! n..,.r;:
They shot him down in cold blood. O"l"li~
(01'1') ' 1~11-'1-
out in the cold
*When the new manager came, John found
himself out in the cold. h-'1.11- hii.,.J!J!t. II.
oP"J ;f:'"l hi"tow- _,.l..<;oj>l\
"
cold-blooded
turn cold hf~ +11+11 r hi\
It turned cold at night. "'1:1" hf-1- 4'114'11
1111- )flC
[See also 'shoulder, throw']
1 t.~oo~
cold-blooded ..,lt't
The cold-blooded criminal killed an unarmed
man . ..,ltl' (t.~oo~w-) m'Jll\"' OO"'&Y
Y/AYH (Ia>- 11'.1\
colder 111:'1"'1
The dogs acclimated quickly to the colder
country. w-lf~ 11cJI-'} Me fl-1'11- II
ooJI.'I-
get colder fU.Y..
The nights are getting colder. 1\.11.-1> llffl~S'.
WtJ': l""C
colic Y'Jl'l- m""'l"
The baby had an attack of colic. <ht). Y'Jl
T mOD'/" f.~T )flC
collaborate
1. Ant:.. During the war, a small number of
people collaborated with the enemy. fltnC)-1>
1.11. '1'4:'1- l'li":Y. hmlt'l- ;JC h11~w-
)flC
2. h11C''I- 1\L. I collaborated with him on
a book. h'JJ': OOI\"dt'i' h11t.a>- 1\'i'h-
collaborator "111~ hflC
The collaborator was shot by the patriots.
"111~ hfl-1- QCfl'l'~ ll~ flTf.'l- -t-11'.11
collapse (v.)
I. -t-<;S'.l L~il. If the foundation is not sound,
the house will collapse. ,..,~., m'Jlt&- lt
All') 11.-1> f,<;JIA (f.LC<\A)
2. L&-~il. The earth shook and many build-
ings collapsed. oot,-f> floo'J4'T4'm- 1111
<h'Jl\I":Y. L&-Mt-
3. -t-S'.~DPI'l. The bridge suddenly collapsed.
J';AJ';f. flJ';'}1T +S'..~OO(l
4. mS'.4'. If you cut the tent ropes, the tent
will collapse. fJ';'}\>,).'} ha>-:J-Ci 11'1-flTll
J';'} \>.). .emJ'::1' A
5. -1-111\'i'AG: mS'-4'. Hecollapsedinthemiddle
of the street. l\DPVA oo'}1J': 'If, -1-1111'1'
AS:' mS'.4'
6. .,......,.L. Our plans will collapse if we
don't get some help. l\CJI;J- lt1t1TI dt<\Q
:f'J ' f,..,<;1<f.A
210 collect
7. ;1-mL. This table :collapses. f,IJ m~A.
~ f.;J-m<f.A
collapse (n.) a>-J':4''1-
Let us presume that economic collapse is
imminent. fl\.l>'l''"l.. w-J':4''1- f"'l f.4'C
)a>- li'JflA
Corruption will bring about the collapse of
justice. l\9")'1-'J "'11'1'-A f'i''l-<h'J a>-J':4'
'1- Yllh'I-'IA
collar
I. 1>1\.;J-. He sewed a button to the collar of
the shirt. flif'"l..rt- 1>1\.;J- 'If, h11&-C .,.
hi\
2. Hllfl'l-. The dog's collar broke. fa>-!fw- H
1\fl'l- -t-flml'l
3. h'J1'1-. The cat has a bell on its collar.
J';OD:J:. h'J1:;/:. ltf, :#'"f."A hltT
[See also 'seize, white']
collateral (n.) ""'"~"
The bank requires collateral on loans. Q'Jh-
11J':C 1\oollm'l- ouy'tf f,mf,:I'A
collateral (adj.)
I. h - - - 1-'} f'"1..1't. The collateral wing
of the library collapsed. hfl.-t- ODI\<h'i'-1>
1-'J f'"1..1"fa>- :tTY h<;:A L~il
2. ( = n.) :tC'J"''.'i'. These accomplishments
are merely collateral to his primary goal.
Mll.tl fl"&- w-m..fo:Y. f'P<;w- <tlt"'la>-
:tC'J"''.G::Y. <;'fw-
collateral branch
*He is not a direct descendant; he is from a
collateral branch. f'P<;w- "I'JJ': -t-mlt~
hM'.I\'1" i :,01:'}"'1.<;: -t-mlt~ )a>-
colleague fl"&- 'IS'."'
My colleagues refused to work with me.
fl"&- 'lS'.'l''f h~ ;JC h'JP'&-'/" t-Il-
collect (vt.)
I. l'lfll'lfl. Did you collect all the notebooks?
S'..11+C'~ 11-11- {lfl(l11h 1
2. (1'JH11) hllhLI\. The company is trying to
collect the money for the furniture he bought.
fll.'l- l\:1' f1~fl'l-') 1'JH11 1\"'lllhLA
11-Q'JYa>- flOD"'C 'If, )a>-
3. h'JJ': 11:1" hS'.-~1. Hecollectedhisthoughts
in order to think up a solution. illl oo~.'f-db
ll"'lil11 dt<\11-'} h'}J': (l:J" hl'-~1
4. milS'.. I went to the office to collect my mail.
S'.11JIIJ. 1\00a>-hJ': liii.C' ~~ )flC
collected
collect (vi.)
I. 1"lliiM. A crowd collected in the square.
1111- ' (ltJJo ' qf.qq(!. 1"llllllll
2. 1"m.:...,.-. Lint collects in the pockets of the
suit. 11.11 tJJoll'l' fhCt; fQ;I.C'Jo 11t;'1 .em
.:.."'"'"'
collected, remain calm and~ IIC:>;f-ol'f
Despite all the furor around him, John re-
mained calm and collected. 111!- u-h+ IL
hlltJJo!l" }('t IIC:>;f- ol'f
collection
I. flllllllltJJo. This volume makes my collec-
tion complete. .eu -~tm'i' fllllll11h-M
,.,_,lilt. A
'I'
2. 11111111. He has a collection of curious old
coins. AI' ~,e)+ f!(:f: ~'tHII:f 11111111
Al\tJJo
3. t,(lq(l11. The government is trying to remedy
the deficiencies in the collection of taxes. 11"1
11C t,(lq(l11 llh-llt. fl\tJJo't -J-1(:11+ '
_,.,,....-,. 1\.,lflflit. 11-'l"hC 'If. )tJJo
*The library's collection of books is kept in a
large room. -ll.n'i'+ fl,-1> f m.:...,..,'ftJJo
.,._m-
-ll.n'i'+ A't!(: +A'I- h'i'llt. tJJo/1'1'
*The library has a famous collection of books
on America. -ll.n'i'+ fJ.-1> Ill\ A"'L&II
f1"114- f:f"ID<It -~tmc::f All-+
take up a collection 1'lHofl {lfl(lfl
They took up a collection after the concert.
hlt'tllC-1> 11:\'1 ~'tH11 llllllfl-
collective
I. f:>il-. Collective security is important for
Ethiopia. f:>il- 11'1':1" llh.+f-kf m:I'"'L
)tJJo
2. ( ~ adv.) f :>Cf-'11. The state is promoting
collective ownership of coffee-cleaning facil-
ities. _.,.,,...-!>
ffl-t; "'"MJ' 7-.:l'l":f
f:>Cf-'ii 7-.'t"LoPil-q'flll- J'll~;t-;1-llt.
[See also 'security']
collectively 11~!1"'1
Consider these points, first severally and then
collectively. Mtr_U't Mf-:f -JI..-&f II
11C"IIC J 11:\'1 f."l'l" 11~!1"'1 1"-llt.h;t-
'ftJJo
collective noun f'l''l-llt. 11!1"
"Army" and "crowd" are coJiective nouns.
tnC llil-'+t; .b1111 f'l''l-llt. ll'l":f t;'ftJJo
211 colonization
college ltl\.~
Many students have graduated from this college.
htr_U ltl\.~ 1111- .,._,&l":f 1"-~
collide
I. .,._,..... The car collided with a bus. -IJ.t;tJJo
hAa>--1'-fl-ll :>C 1"_,..._
The cars collided with a terrible crash. -ll.t;l"
'li it?"" ' h'i' ' fl\ 1(:!1"6 .,.(1.,
2. 1"1\J'f. Our ideas collide on this matter.
IIH_U "1-llf. Allq:f't f.I\J'J'IIt.
collision (f-IJ.t;) "1"11'+
There was a collision on Churchill St. last night.
+'i't+ 11.11_+ ll'fc'fA 1-llt; r-ll.t;
"1"11'+ )IIC
colloquial expression r-'tf.C M:>~C
There are many colloquial expressions in
Afework's books. fALIDC'I- -ll.b'i'+ 11
It- f-'tf.C M:>~C ,e~'{q'f'l'llt.
collusion, work in ~ "111~ Aile II')
The cashier has worked in collusion with the
thief. ~'tH11 .,_.,.q(!. hl\.qtJJo :>C "111~
AIIC li'S:IIt.
1"
act in collusion Al\~(11+)
Some of his employees were acting in collusion
to rob him. A'tll't!(: "'il-1"'1''1i 11_llC4t+
fl\<1-11+ )IIC
colon
I. J(:C11 ll~ll. The colon is used for punctua-
tion . .e-Cofl I (1~1f I P'CO.,.. I ~T-fl I )oaJo
2. +A'I- A"tJf..+. The surgeon will operate on
his colon. mil.,_ +A'I- A'tJf..-l>'t .,.I'- 'I'
~t; ff.C:>IIt.
colonel ltll-~llt.
He is a colonel in the army. fltnC fl&-1!+ s aJo
11'1' ltll~ )tJJo
colonial f'l-'1 ~1Cl":f
The colonial government oppressed the natives.
f'l-'1 ~1Cl":f _,.,,....-,. A~&.tJJo't ..._<t,)tJJo
colonialism '1-'1 MqlJ
The subject matter of this book is colonialism.
.eu -~tm'i' f1"K4..tJJo 1111 '1-'1 t,~qlJ )tJJo
colonization f'l-'1 A~qll
Colonization was widespread in Africa in the
19th century. IIOP'il- Hm)'l'tJJo h'i'l\ rr-
't f'l-'1 A~qlJ IIA'i'&h 1"114-'i'of )IIC
colonize 212 column

colonize call (v.) to the colors ll.Hoo;J! ' m&-ID<

1. h(ILG. They hope to colonize the
fl-11~'1- His country called him to the colors. h~~
area with farmers . .,.0/l.a>- ~f. ~06-l":f-'t 1\HoP~ m,t...m-
fl-11~'1- 11"7iiLC 1-ilof. f!f.C;Jir good color ff..JD "'Ill.-,.
2. '1>'1 "1~'1- h!f.G~. Italy colonized Somalia Her good color indicates robust health.
in the 19th century. "1/.\f'l flOP'.:. Hm~ f!f.!l" ' "IIJ;J: uo.tr ' m.'t);l;'t ' '"'"'
'O'm- h'i'il nou't to"7/l.'t '1>'1 "1~'1- h [See also 'blaze, flying colors, salute']
!f.G~il'-1-
colored (adj.)
colonizer '1>'1 ~1C 1. IJA "'"~~" Have you any colored shirts?
Evangelists accompanied the Spanish colonizers I don't like to wear white ones. IJ/1 .,.1111"
in South America. <D't1Aa>-f't l'hil:r'1 'I> lf"'1..11 h/111 ! ~"1" lf"7.11 """-Oil hAm
'1 ~1CI":f-'t 1-h'l-lla>- to!f. ,!f.IMI h 1:11"
~1} I ODffio 2. f-1-~IJ. His account of the battle was colored.
il/1 tnC)-1> f.,.Gfla>- :l-6h ' f-1-~IJ ' )flC
colonnade [01-toM c.,.-1- f-1-!f.G!f.~ 'l
colored people~? 1ArF'I-
!I"P..:f-]
There is still discrimination against colored
colony (colonies) people. hu-'t!l" ~<; )11' IJAIJ'). ~f. f
1. '1>'1 "1~'1-. Mauritius is a British colony. .,./Ill" Al'-~'1- f,!f.G:JA
'l"&lfil l'h't"ll\.11 '1>'1 "1~'1- ~:f- [See also 'print']
2. oo~Y.C. There is an artist colony near our
colorful
house. h'O' 0.'1- hm~-11 fh.~ 'l'fl-11 ill"
I. f"''..f'l"C. Thisroomhasacolorful wallpaper.
:f- OU't!f.C ' h/1
*There is a considerable American colony in
.r.u 1 h'i'A f"''..f'J"C Mt:"IJI mt:.,.-1-

h/la>-
Paris. nch-1- fir h"'L&IJ'l':f- ;r.:il m-
2. '1.'1' ffl~fl-1-. The dress of the 18th century
il'!' .r.or.:.tr was colorful. fOP'.:. il!l"'t-1-'0'a>- H""'t
color (v.) A-oil 1 '1.'1' rn~n-r 1 ~nc
1. h/IC "''~ The child colored the picture 3. f"''..fil!f.'t'J>. He told us a colorful story of
with crayons. A7f. P'bir't h/IC .,. life in the jungle. il/1 "'iiJ ).C' f"''..fil!f.
f)a>- 't'J> ' ;J-&h ' h"'i<D-1-'t
He colored the illustrations in the book.
(JOUK".h4- a>-il'l' fir'l-'t P'btr-:f- ' h/IC ' coloring "'"~~"
The picture's coloring looks fine. fP'bll- "'"
"''~"'"'"
2. hhil/1. The fever colored her cheeks.
9" !f.~<; f.ooMA
'1-h-lt-1> ' ~-'),;oo!J!'t ' hhll/la>- colorless t:c'J> 1 111
3. h~IJ. The dishonest general colored his The journalist gave a colorless description of
report of the battle. h;l-~1' '(k.:.A il/1 the parade. ;JH.m'O'm- il/1 IIA4- t:C'J> 1
tnCH filma>-'t _.,ll"'i h~IJa>- fA """1/l"'l lim
be colorless +llf'" 1 fll,.f'"
color (n.) Pure water is colorless. 1"&-ih 1 tD? +A
1. "'M". I do not like any of these colors. II" ' f/la>-11"
htH.U ' .,.11"7'1- ' h'tJI.'til" I hA<Dt:!l"
2. f-1-/lf m-n-1-. His gift for description adds colossal 0"111" 1 '1-A'l>
color to his stories. Aoo..,I'Ur Yttm- +{1-r Tokyo is a colossal city. .f-h.l'- 0"111" 'I-
I" I /1"'1.)"1-:.'fa>- I ;J-&f>:f- I f-f-/lf I a>-flT I A'!> I h-1-"7 I """
f.ii"''I''I'A colt fLGil a>-C't"ll'~ l fLGil "IA~A
she has a lovely color. !1."7!1" 1 <;'1-
The colt runs around in the field. fLG!l. 1 . , .
call (n.) to the colors fh-1-'1- 1 11.:.''1- 0'1'~ C't"l"~ ' ("IA~A) ' "'LJJ I a>-il'J' ' TL)"'i/l:f-
The call to the colors was answered by Ethio-
pians of all ages. fh-1-'1- 11.:.'-l>'t 1 0'1'~ 1 column
T't1i ' 'f-A41 0 h_'f-f-kf' I T.,.fl/IIJ)o I. 'l!l"t:. You can recognize the house by its
coma
white columns. IL1:'t Ot""'"l'" 0,!1"1'-'ll
A'l-1\flD- '1-:f'IIIIJ
The article is in the third column on the first
page. ll"d>4- oou)';ou&J'lD- 111" 0,.111"
'i'lD- 0,!1".1:" 'IJ'. tlD-
2. ~<;:. He summed up a long column of
figures. 0<:.1:"<;: f1"1'.t:l'.<r 1111" .......C':f't
j'.ODt:
coma, be in a ~ O.ftOD!I" t-11-'t J.J'lD-:,.!1"
He has been in a coma for the last two days.
Ql\4-'l- 11-11'1- <l>'l':f lD-ilT O.ftoP!I"
t-11-'t 1\J',..,.!I" toe
comb (v.)
I. 1\0m.:. Did your mother comb your hair?
M"'l-IJ 111-CIJ't 1\0mt::fAu !
2. Ml(l. The police combed the whole city.
7"11.(\'fl ' h1""'1lD-'t 0'1"'1 ' )\(1(1-'l-
comb (n.)
I. "''OmJ'. Where can I buy a comb?
"''Om<IJ' f-1- A1l l\:f'll\11-!
2. "'1.1'-. He bought a beautiful Ethiopian comb.
* ' fh.'l-1'-AcJ' "'1.1'- ' 1q
combat (v.)
I. 1-Mhll. Vaccines help to combat disease.
h'l-Q'l- 07i;l''t 1\0Dh'lhA J'.t:I!A
2. 1\mof.. The whole village turned out to com-
bat the fire. DP'tl'.<r 11-11- l\lt1:'t 1\"'1
Tof.'l- ID"'
3. ""**""The U.N. tries to combat militarism.
f1"QO<;.'l- ""'t"ll";l''l- Otnc ~J'.A oom
<l>!l"'t ' 1\0D**~~" ' OOD'I"hC 'IJ'. ' tlD-
combat (n.) lD-'l.J'
He was wounded in combat. Ot&tfm- r ~.e.
"'(Ill
be in combat +'P;J
Our soldiers have never been in combat.
ID;I'I'.C'!J':f't ' 1"'1'"11-lD-!1" ' 1\J'OJ-.,
combative fmO>;'t+
He displayed a combative attitude. fmO>;'t-1-
11"'1.+' 1\ltf
combination ~-oc
How do you like the combination of red and
gray? f<I>J'.'i f"lt-""' 1-IIC f.ll J'.AYA !
*The college is supported by a combination
of private money and government money.
1>1\.)1: f"''.lt~l'..... ' O"IA'i OOD't"'l"~ 1
1'H11 I oPlppto I )t&
213 come
combine
I. 1\"JODt:. Can't you combine the two sen-
tences? 1Joll1:'t Ot:'i'1" t1C'":f A;l'"'!l"t-
'I'OJ- ' 1\;"f-:fA!I"!
2. +'1+11. He never combines pleasure with
business. ]\(to I b.,. I p-' ,&.~ I ~fl:f" I ,;JC I
1\f.<I>'I:,.A!I"
3. l\<1>'1+11. She combined the ingredients to
make the stew. tJJT 1\0DI"t-+ f"''.J'll4.A
.,.;r.'t ' t1C'":f 1\<l>'l+ll":f
4. h1'..\!"' 1 ;J Mt!.1. If we combine all our
money, we will be able to buy a car. 1'tHQ:f't
1' I ~]eft" I J\1'1: I ,;J I ofl'i.r.C1iD" I oPh,fj I
A't1q l\'t:f'lll't
5. l\{11-QO.:. They combined their efforts to
pull the car out of the ditch. oo!J.'ilD-'t h"I-
.1:-'JJI. OJ-IlT I\OD.,..1"'l- 1-AO.;I''flD-'t
l\111-QO<r
combine against fl -- -~.e. 1\~oo(o:r-)
The employees combined against the new boss.
'-"<l-1-'l''ll ' QJ!.ll- ' l\11:1' ' 'IJ'. ' l\1'..... 0'1-
combined 1-l'.!l"t:lD-
This country produces more coffee than all
other countries combined . .e.u 1 h1C 1 ll.fto
'Jl l\1C'":f 11-11 ' 1-l'.!l"t:lD- ' h"''.J'ODC1:;"f-'
fOIIm 11-'i J'ODC;f'A
with combined efforts floo+llflC
With combined efforts, we will be able to do it.
0oP1"QOC A't'-"6-lD- l\'t:f'lll't
combustible M~
Wood is combustible. b't..,'l- tl!~ tlD-
combustion DP<I>"'mA
Once the combustion of gasoline begins, the
process is irreversible. R.~H.1' h~F.. oo+
"'mA h)';ou.: 1\.oPI\{l 1\J'.:fA!I"
come (came)
1. oPIIJ. When does he come to town? m~ 1
h1""'1 o OD'fi o J'.OD"'t\ !
Let there come what may! foP"' f.!l""'
2. 1'.<:(1. When your turn comes, speak up!
1"6-IJ ' I\.I'.Cll 01'.'t-Il 1"'i1C
3. 'I'll. That holiday comes on a Monday.
J' OO,A (l"lf' 'IJ'. J'.lD-'IA
*He comes from a poor family. ;"f-lD-AJI. h.!:"
"li IL1"{11J tlD-
*This cloth comes only in two colors. ~tJ 1
....c~ +11 .... u-11+ o,y.t+ 11!1' t.,.
*That's what comes of being careless. f"'f.117it
..,. I liJ"ffl..f: I f.tJ I )'aJo
come
*When it comes to making a decision, he has
to ask his wife for help. <D-<'1~ "7Y:~"' ll,l'll
I../A1<D- ' "7.11-Jo"t ' l\C'I:J' ' ODmf:,O ' "'Y: '
J'.ll'"tO;J'A
come about t\.IM 1 !f!il
How did all this come about? ,.u 1 IJ-Ir 1 '1l.,_
Y.'l- ' ll.ll'"t ' !I'll !
come across
1. }l,t:Ctf\1 ouiiJ. We came across the mountains
by car . .,.~~m-"t OODh.<; A*Cm"t "'"'"
2. h11. I came across my friend's name in
this book. 1"\S'..'l'\l."t M" Mf.ll ""ll".h'i'
<D-11'1' ' l\1'fflo
3. h:Jmou(m-). +we came across hard words
in this book. 'hH.U oux-mct: 1 m-ilT ~ bll
Y: ' :1"'1'1- ' 1\;Jm.,.."t
*His speech came across effectively.
""<l-'1- m11 1\J'.A'I"
come along
I. l\111!''1- """' I ho\- ;JC """' Do you
want to come along? h11l.1i1' A.:'f-ooiiJ
'l-1../A;Jilll !
We tried to prevail on him to come along.
h'l' ' ;JC ' l\"t'I.OD"J ' {A.,....,qqm- ' 'f"he"t
2. .,.tt~.r.. How is your work coming along?
P'&-11 ' l\"tY.'l- ' J'.IJ%.11/A !
come apart
I. .,.ll,l'f. The chair is coming apart already.
ID"t0-1- ' IJflo)o ' OD/t,l'f'l- ' .l9";,:/A
2. <D'\114>. The bus came apart. 1\m--l'tJ-o\-
<D'\114'
come around
1. m.r.flU 1 hl'Jllfi. oPIIJ. He comes around
about 2:00 o'clock. Oll9""t'l- o'l't'l- 1S'."7
IDS'.If.ll ' )\IJqll ' J'.OD"J{A
2. 11:,0 l\11 1 1&. l\11. Why don't you come
around some evening? h.,_..e- ~ +'l m.r. 1 oy
:J" ll'l""t 11:,0 h'l-A9" !
Please come around at six! OOP'&- v-c\.:'f- r
o'l't'l- ' 1&. ' 0/A
3. .,.11"7"7. After our argument, she finally
came around. h.,.~;J1C"t0'1- 0:\'1 +11"7"7':f.
come around to
I. 0 - - - .,.11"7"7. He finally came around to
my view. f:\'1 :\'1 0~ .h<'l11 +11"7"7
2. 'hit he\. He came around to our demands.
fmf:,O)m-"t ll.lf. l\ll"t (or ll.lf. 1\(l'f)m-)
come at .,.;JOH(O+)
He came at me with a knife. O~R.
H11'S
214 come
come back .,.00/\{l
He came back to Ethiopia a changed man.
/AI' (ltD- ll''l' IDS'. l\.'1-f"k,l' .,.oufl(l
come before
I. 4'Y."". Ladies come before gentlemen.
<D.('.~11C'l-
' hOD\\"t"t'l- ' J'.4> Y:"7 flo
2. 4>~0. The complaint will come before the
U.N. Assembly next week. l\0.-!>:J"m- fl.,.qo
-1-T ' OD"t"'P':J''!- ' 0"7.0D"J<D- ' <'1'/""t'l- ' J'.
4>Cq/A
come between }\11)-\
Love of money came between the two brothers.
flo/t1>"t ' ID"tY:"7"7R ' 1"tH11 ' l\"1'\'f<D-
*Don't let a quarrel come between us! 'h.,_.c;.,_
"'"
come by
.,_..,..,?- 1
1. OtlU : oPIIJ. Did you see anyone come by?
(ltD- 0 011.11 ' (l.OD"J 0 )\J'..,.?/A !
2. l\1'f. He came by his wealth honestly.
IJ111>"t ' ,l'1'f<D- ' O"tl\..ft ' OD"t1Y: ' ~ ....
1 come down
1. ml..r... Can you come down for a moment?
'l"tY: 1\'i':J" IA'!-<DCY: '1-':f.'lllll !
2. +'Hl. We cannot come down a penny on
this price. hrt.IJ '1':> <'l"tt9" l\"t4>"tll'l"
3. .,.J'.~""Il. He was present when the building
came down . .ft"tli<D- ..._.._~.,.(1 l\rt.,l'm- )0~
come down with ,I'H(m-)
He came down with a bad cold. DP'f'G: -,..
"tof."t ' ,I'H<D-
come forward +l.O
Will anyone come forward as a candidate?
ill\"")'}- f"7. 4'C11 l\11 !
come in
1. 1Q. He carne in at nine o'clock. nvrll.:'f- r fl
't'l- ' 1q
The money owed us is slowly coming in.
,I'OS'.C~<D- 1"tH11 4>11 04>11 l\Mq ' ~<D-
2. oPIIJ. One day he carne in to see me.
h"tY: ' 4>"t ll.mf.4>'S """'
come inside 1Q
Why don't you come inside? 11'/""t l\'l-1qll"!
come into m~f)
He came into a large fortune at the age of
twenty. 0?,1' 'tOD1> 1111- 011'1- m<:ll
come into one's own
I. P'A"'l-"t ,I'H. After the king's death,
.,...?0 the prince came into his own. h.,_-,..tP- : 'l".:'f-
0:\'1 Ao-11- P'A"'"t ,I'H
come
2. t.(l-1 !I'll. He came into his own after his
father died . .t.IJ1> h'l"-1- R:\'1 t.(l-1 !I'll
come now I +m- 7-.QhtJ ! ID<I. O-J-(1"7 ' '1.11. ' IJoll-11" ' -1-1.~4'
Come now, you don't really mean that!
"""'" l\f!llu t,1;t>:+u .t.f.f./1'1"
come of ( = tr.) m-m.+ M1"
Nothing came of his attempt to simplify
English spelling. fl\1"111.11:;:1 f:l''l+ .t.llll'i'
"f"IC ll"7:l'llA f-J-f.(.11D" .,..h.:. m-m.
+ .t.'l11"11"
come off
I. -1-Rmt'l. The button has come off. h11t..,_
-1-R'I'Il.A
2. 1Dil4'. One leg of the table has come off.
.t.11.:;:m- fm(.A.qm- l\"IC IDA!I/1\
The handle came off. l\)';;J-m- 1Dil4'
3. -1-'l'"'(ll+). His speech came off satisfacto-
rily. 1"1"1.,_ RDPAt,!l" IJo~;J- -J-'I'"'Il'l-
4. +Ltttn~. The contest came off on the day
fixed. ID-Y:J':{. R-f<ID(I)ID" ' 4'1 -f<.l,&oP
come on )!oo~
The film will be coming on in a few minutes.
.&.A- 0'1'<1:'1 f.<l::l'l":f ID"il'l' f.)';ll"t.A
come on!
I. .f-ir' OA. Come on! It's getting late. .f-ir'
OA I OO!I"lf1> ~ID'
2. t; l\ll-1:. Come on; let's race to the end of
the road! t; l\ll-1:' DP11-'l- """"<'.lf Y:<'.il
" come over one )l}m-
l\1114'-'11.11"
come on something h1"f
He came on a cabin while wandering through
the woods. "1.""'"
ID'il'l' II.H'I'IDC l\1.11.+
1:0: M1"
come on with .I'H(m-)
+How are you coming on with your new job?
l\.11,(1- P'tl-11 l\1.<'.+ f.fiYA ?
come out
1. 11.:,.01 hi\. Can you come out for a moment?
.t.1-'l'i':J' ofl:t> A-l-A '1-"f'lllll !
2. ID"' .t.ll. Why don't you come out to the
country with us? IDf. IJ'11C .t.i1<'.1i1 II
11"1 ' ID"' ' .t.'I-AII" !
3. mtiJ. He came out of the1house. hlL-1: 1 m-
ilT I aJIIJ
A bimonthly magazine comes out six times
a year. OftJoll'l- ,.,.,_ f"t:J'-J-11" ""~~' .,,..
IJoP'I- ilY:il+ '1,11. f,.ID"'A
4. :J-+'1" ID"'. My book has just come out.
fll'i'lJ.'I- ODJI'.J.'i' All h1Jo1 :J-'1-'1". "'"'
5. A++. The stain won't come out. 'A~f. 1 h
f.ll:t-11"
215 come
6. TliD7. When the news came out, everyone
was surprised to hear of his demotion. fOD'If"" 1
7. ;1-t'. His arrogance comes out in every
speech he makes. 0"7..1'f.C11D" 1"1"1C tJoll-
l\ilt<1> f,.:J' f.O:J'A
(it) comes out :J'ID4'
Now it comes out that I was right. All
ODIJ'~ ' hl/"1 I :J'ID4'
come out against .,.!~-moo
The President has come out against changing
the constitution. 1'6-IL-'111> f.b1 ""1"1P'
~1' I oPi\aJT I .,.!J-aJOD
come out with haJIIJ
The publisher is coming out with a revised
edition of the textbook. oPl\'.h'i' l\:J'"7.1D-
fOD"76fiD"1 I ODl\'.h'i' I .t.-'l,{l I l\-l-11" I ll.f
aJIIJ I i'dJo.
come over
1. oPIIJ. Some friends are coming over to see
us this evening. q<~o "7:J' '1'<1:'1- ID-'I:O:i""f
1' ll.mf.-1<1 f,.OD"ll\<
2. -fl.)o 1 hi\. Come over and see me sometime!
.t.1.1': 4'1 il:t> ill\11 tnf.4''1
He will never come over to our side. h.f. h
... I ID11 I 1\f,.t'll\'i'!l"
1 can't imagine what has come over her.
11"1' l\1f.~t,+ 'lm-:t> l'lA"fA?"
come (through)
I. .t.lld... Does the bus come through here?
.t.ID".f-11-(1- OILII OlJ.A .1'A4-A !
2. l'tf. He has come through two world wars.
tJoll'l- f'll\11" ,nC~.fo"f1 hf.;I:A
come (to)
\. ~'i'il Htlo l ~'i'(l-1 OID4' I ~'i'(l- ' -1-
oPi\ll. Mter a few minutes she came to. hT
-t+ Y.<l::l'l""f 0:\'1 ~'i'll n.:."f (~'i'll
-J-oPI\t'l)
When he came to, he found himself in the
hospital. ~'i'(l-1' IJID4' '1.11. t.(l-1 ll'il"C
:J'A ID'il'l' ll''l" h1"fiD-
2. f.<'.t'l. The dress comes to her knees.
4'"'1.(1- h'i'AO;I: f,.f.CIIA
3. ~"'" The bill comes to two dollars. dt.'llt"
tJoll'l- iiC ~"'"
4. ( = tr.) l\11". +They promised no harm
would come to us. '1--'1+ l\11."7.1'11"1' h<'.
;n....A1
comedy
come to pass
*It came to pass that she married a prince.
AD-A ~'tJ:-:Mq rn
come true hi.K-(11-l-)
His fondest wish came true. OIIJ?'"
-l- ?"'l'_, .,..l.l\_11-l-
corne (under) n - - - ~c f .,..,,.
What regulation does this come under?
r-11 f"'l.11"m- nr-l-'l'm- ~1"'11 P'C
~ .... ?
*The company came under the control of a
new management. b-ll"}.f'm--'1 hllll ; lli\"J-fl~
-l- TGhnm-
*We came under heavy fire from the enemy.
hm~-l- fTtNI M?":l" tD~11't
come up
1. oPIIJ. Won't you come up for a cup of coffee?
-TTI1 fl-.,. h'l-m"'l"' I
2. lDIIJ. The water came up to my waist during
that heavy rain. fllf..l' ' nhq.o:. ' ,..,..11 ' 1.1L '
tlJo~iD" ; fD1(). I J.!'l,{ll dJITJ
When the sun comes up, the dew disappears.
D.hf. !1-l-tD"' m.~ f.G"'I<I-A
3. ~MI. She only comes up to my shoulder.
n4l-.r -l-hlf\1.. :> -l-~C<'lii:Y..
4. n+ll. The wheat is beginning to come up.
il't.<',.m- -11+A ~l"'t::A
5. T~"'. Did the matter come up at the
meeting??-'!\< flil11ilqm- 1\f. T~P'.Y. ~
nc 1
6. +Lmt!. This problem comes up every day.
f-11 :Y....,c nf+> f.Lm&-A
7. h:>m-(m-). I can't go with you. Something
has come up. li'tT :>C A't.J:' hA:Y..A?" l
h'tJ:- ~1C h:>T'I"'l'A
come up to TiiTlihll l :1-hll
He does not come up to her in skill. O(JD<..f 1
hf.iiTlihll-l-11" (hf.:l-hll-l-11")
*It doesn't come up to my expectations.
,l'il11h--l-'t ' ,1'11A ' hf.~lll"'
come up with h+~O
He came up with a new idea. 11.-'l.il r thi\11
+Gn
come upon ~Gil(n-l-)
I came upon the solution by accident. OD'J::,.Om.
m-'t ~'t-'1:>"1"'1. ~Gil&n-r
The police came upon the thieves while they
were stealing the money. 11.11,; 1'tH11 il.
ilC4l ?'fl.il ~Gilq'f'm-
216 comfortable
how come l
*How come she is still here? 7llltu,..1 1 7l1' ~
~ ~11..11 .f.f':f I
[See also many nouns combined with 'come']
~ f~~A comedy !>"VV.
The comedy attracted a large audience.
l>"'t'l.m- 1111' .,..,.Ali:Y.. <'In
comely
I. f~il ~!I ,1''1-l-. She is a comely woman.
f.!:il ~!I .1'~-l- fl.'t- .....r
2. oPA.I"J9". Her comely behavior won his
love. -Ali?" rH:l"'' ~'t.O:.tD-'IT h.I:G
11D'
comestible 11""'111
He imported French comestibles. fd.~1'il.e-1' 1
l"'"''(l':f' hil-"1
(be) comestible f"'l.n~ ~.,.
Some mushrooms are comestible. 11.1'.';1'~ 1 h
't1--'II":Y.. ' f"'l.flll- ' ....."'....
comet 'Jf:&-:1"1"' l>h11
A bright comet crossed the sky. 11?-tJ
'Jf:&-:1"1"' l>h11 il"7\<'t MIGm
comfort (v.) Mr.,..,.
He stroked her arm to comfort her. 11"71'0'..,....,..-l-
h'tJ;..'t .<~n<'l-r
This news will comfort you. ,.('.tJ at~ ~,.
. . . ,A
comfort (n.)
I. ?"r. They lacked many comforts. 1111'
11"-l- ' hl\11"11"
2. oP.K"-'1;;:. My sister is a great comfort to me.
~-.-1: ' ~~~ ' -l-A'I> ' _l'O'..,..'l'\1. ' .....r
3. ~!1:1". Good health is a source of comfort.
-Ali?" m.'t~-l- f.!:il:l" l""t"'." ~.,.
give comfort h,.c;c;
Your kind words give me comfort in a difficult
time. ooAta9" 1 ,...,..,CtJ floPh&.tt. r 'l.H. hK"'
..,..'t.Y.'l'A
1 11. see to the comfort of ThQhfl
The hostess personally saw to the comfort of
her guests. ~-ll.t., &-lt'l'm- ~'t"IJ'.,;'t
TMhfl-
comfortable !"',;
This chair is not very comfortable. ,.e.u r at'1
nc R"'?" !"',; hf..l:lll"'
*Make yourself comfortable! 1-'t"l-'1 h~v-'t
comfortably
be comfortable .,.,.,'l'(w-)
The baby is not comfortable. Let him down
from your shoulder! .ihU h&\.,.,.,'l'w-,- I h
'1-hlfll llf. haJoCJ'.m-
feel comfortable -Mf'i'i
I don't feel comfortable in the same room
with her. h~ :>C h"!~ h'i'&\ a>-11'1'
1111'"1 ' h&\'~~"""'
comfortably
*We are comfortably established in our new
home. t.-'1.1\o IL:l''h .,.11"'1,-.f<;A
comic t.F4!"t
A clown is a comic actor. T&.Q ' hF4!~ ; T
.,.,,. ' )IJJo
comical t.F4!"t
The most comical things always happen to
him. 11-&\"1.11. 0"1,- hl"4!"t )1C':f f.J'.
Ch-0;1'&\
comma "lh-11 flt:'ll
When nouns follow one another they are
separated by a comma. 11'1":f .,.h:l''l-llw-
11.1R- O"lh-11 flt:11 1'-llfll-
command (v.)
1. hHH. He commanded the soldiers to
advance. m;l'J'.C''Il"l mJ'.d.'t- h"l-'1.14- t.HH
The captain conunands his ship. ll"C'io). ' oP
Chtl-"1 ' f~&\
2. IIOD<fl."'mC t.11ll'll. This advantageous
position commands three roads . .e.o r=ii ll
'I'&-' ?'il'l- ' OD")1f..:f"! ' IIOD'II."'tnC ' f11:fll&\
3. hila>- (for subordinate *f,'fC-). He cannot
command so large a sum of money. ,.e.o1' 1
IIA hfft. ' 1"1H11 II.':' t:w- t.J'-:f&\,-
4 .,.flm(m-). +He commands much respect for
his attitude. llo-~;l'm- 1111" h11C f-{lm
'!'&\
5. t.11.,.JIJ'.t:. The Pharaoh commanded 10,000
slaves . .f.Cf) OI"C lf.ll Q&\'":f f11.,.JI
~C )OC
[See also 'respect']
command (n.) '1-M'II
Why was my command not carried out?
'1-h~tl. ' 11,.."1 ' h&\.,..1.1\0D,.. 1
*I am at your command. :l'~'frl" t"t
be in command }1.111" s )ID-
Who is in command here? Mttl JVI'lf
"'1"1 ' )IJJo 1
217 commemoration
be placed In command Jtti:W T~l.1
He was placed in command of the army.
ftnC 11&.'1!'1- t.~'fr .,.J'.t:1
have a command of ;J!I\
Does he have a good command of English?
1."1"111.'ll'f J'.'W h~C1 Y.:fll&\ 1
take command of
I. t.~'fr)'l- mfiJ'.. When the major was killed,
the captain took command of the regiment.
lfii:J'OJ- ' 0.,.11.11 ' "1.11. ' ,..,.till- ' ftp~") '
h~'fr)'l- ' OJ(tJ'.
2. '111.1.)'1- m(tJ'.. He took command of the
task of feeding refugees. 11J'..,.'l''ll"1 fODDD1
11 '111.1.)'1- m{IJ'.
[See also 'bark, second']
commander t.~'fr
He is a commander of the First Regiment.
f"IJ'.'f ' t:7{"'1 ' h~'fr ' )aJo
commander in chief'!'<; t,q'fr
The commander in chief will visit the battalion.
'!'<;OJ- ' h'l'lf' ' lfll:l>aJo") ' f-'1-0'fll-
commanding officer t.~'fr ouh-"1"1
The commanding officer set an eight o'clock
curfew. h'l'lf' ouh-n ho-11'1- fl'i'l- ;i!
,..(!' '
ffl'i.,. hlld. ' OJ{I)
commandment
I. '1-M'II. He violated the commandments of
the church. fiL.,. hC11tf)."l '1-h~'ll h.l.
t:{l
2. .+1\.,.. ; }'.&T. Moses received the Ten Com-
mandments from God oo-(1. OrPC-1: = .+1\
~ h6'l-"! hh"'H.h11.h.C j!j.,.<j>OII
commemorate
1. hll~m{t. Christmas commemorates Christ's
birth. 1 .. ' fhCM'11"1 ' ODOJIIf: ' f11;l'w-ltA
2. Jl.hfl~. They commemorated the victory
with a special celebration. r.f.!"h-") ; 01'\-A = n
Af. F) FC'i't- hhtl~
3. OD:J'{Ifl.f )OJo. This cathedral commem-
orates the Emperor's victory. .eo = lJ.,.J.!t.
A f"!"J-w )11"_, ~A ou:J'(IO..I' )ID-
commemoration oo~{tflJ
The commemoration of the former king is
next Sunday. f<j>~a>- "I'l-l" ou:J'{IO..f
fl"'l.<j>'l'llaJo ' hd>~ ' )IJJo
in commemoration of 1\- -- oo~{tflJ
A hospital is being built in commemoration of
commemorative
the princess. 1\AbAt-1> ou;Nlll.l' mh.9"
n.:r- ' OODoP&-:r- ' ~,. ' ~ ....
commemorative
A commemorative monument will be erected
for the king. 1\'t"l-,.. ' OD:f"l\fl.('' miD-A 'I-- 0 f.
oP&-A
commence )!oPt.
We will commence work tomorrow.
h"t)';ll"&-1\'t
commencement
I. f"'l.)';ouco:r- 4''t. The commencement for
construction was postponed for another time.
f.ft'ti\ID- P'&- f"'l.)';DDCO:r- 4''t Ill\.~ '
"I." _,.~A~A
2. f9"<'.:1' O'}A. The commencement will he
celebrated at the end of the school year.
o:r-9"uc:r- '"""" """""-"If fll"<'-:1',.,. o'
A f.hO&-A
commend
I. lv"'il1~.
The general commended the
troops for their bravery. :(~&-II- m;f"f.r:'ll
't o {II\ o )';"l't~:f"'fiD- ' I\OD()1~
2. M9":f" 1\4'<'.0 (ll:r-). Please commend me
to your aunt! 7,qhu"t ~hn:r-u M9":f"
IL't 1\-l-C.f!A'5
[See also 'care"]
commensurate i"OOifJifJ'S" ! f.,.OOIIJm~
Was the pay you received commensurate with
the work you did? :f"~'f f~O<'.ID- f.'l"11
hoP&-1i,. .:>c .,..,."1"1'5 ~oc 1
His punishment is commensurate with the
crime. !JolfJ~ 1 hm1J!h" ;JC 1 f.,.ooiiJm')o 1
~ ....
comment (v.)
l. .,.:f. He commented on the situation of
Ethiopia at length. {II\ h. 'I--I'" A:.t' rH:f"
O(ld.ID- ' _,.'f
2. hll.,.ff+ 1 flm. Everyone commented on
her new hat. (liD- rrll- Oil 1\JI.(l. q
C~"'1' 1\(1.,.yy:,. (lm
comment (n.)
I. 1\{l.,..t'f:r-. Did he make any comments?
1\{l_,..t'f:,. (l'l';I:A 1
2. +:f+. The teacher's comments on the essay
helped us to understand it. l\{l.,."7&1D- f(l
miD- :,.:y.:,. f."C(I-f>"t 1\0D<'.II:r- hM'
1\'t
218 commission
3. f..,_)11. The play is a comment on modern
society. t.t':r-~ uou<;'f! ~11<'..,. (111"t f
"'1.~1) ' ~ ....
commentary
I. dt"f";J-. His commentary on Ethiopia was
well received. Oil 1\.:r-I'"A:.t' f(lmiD- ,..,.
_,. ' .,..,.q,.~+ ' "~'
~1 1 r-6-:
The teacher told the students to read the
commentary on the Gospel of St. John.
+"7&9''1l 011 "1-.0:.Il l'"m'tll m'I"I.A
f.,.(lmiD-'t ,..,._,. 7."tll.no- 1\0.,..,&,.,.
~~&-'fiD-
2. :r-c'i"'L. Some Bibles have commentaries
that give much information. J\1".q1.(" oPX"dt
.;: "1-.o:.r':Y. 1111- b,..,...,. f"'l.(l.,. :r-rn"'L
M'frv-
commentator,..,._,. (lm
The commentator on this radio station is my
friend. fiLU &-11.1'" "'!l.t' ,..,._,. (lm
mil:( ~,.,.
commerce 1""J~
Ethiopia's commerce has doubled in recent
years. O"'>C11 ,.,.._,..-,. fi\.'1--I'"A:.t' 't"lf." b
.,..;: rrs:A
commercial
I. f't"lf.". Commercial laws are regularly
issued by the government. f't"lf." f.'t!l:Y. 0
f"l..""'" ' ODD't"IP'..,. ' f.OJ"'I\-
2. ~'t1111't 1111' f"'l.oo>llh:r-. His attitude
toward theater is very commercial. Oil t.t':r-
C .t'IIID- 1\{l.,..t'f'l-- 1'tll11't 1111' f"'l.oo>l\
h:r-' ~ ....
In commercial circles 0')o;JY-..9'l- : H"JY:
He is well known in commercial circles.
O~.:>f.fi':Y. ll'tf." 0"19" f:f"m4' ~,.,.
commiserate .hll't ~111\(ll:r-)
He commiserated with his friend on his mis-
fortunes. mll)l: 1\f.<'.(IO:r- ""h&- mil
).') ' ~~~~~~~.-..
commission (v.)
I. mhl\. He commissioned him to buy books
in Ethiopia. hh.:r-1'-A:.t' ""K'm'i' 1.'tii.~Ofll
+ mhl\ID-
2. .,.'P'PA. The owners commissioned a
painting for the building's lobby. q11n..f'fl
O.ft'ti\ID- oo_,.~lld..t' ~f. P'bA 11"7"1
A hoP'}/\. .:>C -1'1'1'11-
commission 219 common

commission (n.) committee ~C"' 1 1>"'1..-1:

1. .,...,tl.C. Mr. John's COmmiSSIOD was to
send the students home. f"''..IHc ;(1 .,...,
QC T"''&l"'li1 ID~fiL;NftD- ""1\h )OC
2. l>"''..{l.M. The President appointed a com-
mission to find out why food costs so much.
Tci.IV11-I> 11""111 fof-IDUO'I-1 l"'h1,1''1-
f"''..,,'tn<; 1>"'1..{1.1'"1 t>**""
He receives 10 percent commission on all
orders he gets. h"''...l'll"""'"'" t.:J> hou-f-
OP'C l>"''..fl.\'"1 ,1'1'"/A
3. '"liJt:..,. He received his commission as an
officer from the Emperor. f""h-11)-1>1 "'I
6t:"' ' h11-W ' )11"-i> ' -f-.,.011
4. oPA.IttJP. People are punished for the com~
mission of crimes. c'\SD?f. 1 m1'l'A 1 (]ooL~OI/
if'tD-. ,..,."'ll-
be out of commission h.~w&-'1"
My car is out of commission. ooh.'lfL.
1
The committee studied the matter. S'.C1- (I>
"'1..-l:tD-) 1-'11'1 htn'O
commodity (commodities)
1. f-rO.. s 'r1"-1". Coffee is an important com~
modity for Ethiopia. 11-'0 llh.'l-1'-k,l' m:J>
..,_ f10. 1"'1'1.'" ' )tD-
2. t.:J>. The price of coffee and other com-
modities is regulated by the government.
fll-<;<; f/1.11-:f t.:J>l""'f 'I':> 0""1"11"'1-
~~C ~ PC r ~m-
common
1. f-J-Iloo~. Is that a common practice?
; 'iaJo f
~0 I f-J-1\oP~ I ~-.C
2. 1-6-. This is the age of the common man.
~0 I f-J-6- I (I~ I ftoP'} ~ 'jQ)o
3. f;J&-. These two countries have common
h~
interests. o-ll.-J: h-re';f 1 f;J&- 1 ~:,.'r ' h.l\

w&-9"
In commission 0~&- 1\,t.. r fit
The navy has six battleships in commission.
"'"'"
4. t.1J': q,l'.)'l-. The two
common language. IJ-11-1>
nations have a
h11!':f t.1~
fQ.'hC 'l,I'.A liP'&- 1\,1'. ,I'll- 11~11'1- q,l'.)'l- ' <t1<t t.l\'l'tD-
fi"C oochfl:f t.ll-'1- 5. h.'lX'. This clan descends from a common
put in commission )\'}JlLP&- 1 h.~t:.1 ancestor. ,I'.IJ fD11 ht."l'~ '1-~"7,1''1- f.
A great deal of work will be necessary to put IDC'IA
this radio in commission again. ~u ~.tr- 6. fT(I&-Q;~.. Gonorrhea is a common venereal
t.1'1.w&- ll"'l~t:"' 1111- !"&- ,I'II.LA1'1'A disease. Q;l.o{ltfl f-J-ll&-Q.l. 1 fltf1A 1 nc = 0
1i;t- )tD-
commit (committed) 7. ~to. She is very common. OtiJ'r ~~ 'i":,..
1. L'laoP. Who committed the crime? m'll'h-1 8. fiA:J'"t:.oP. She has common manners.
"'11 ' .ti."I.OD 1 ,I'A;t-t:ou IJ-k;t- ,l'.;t-,I'.Q;t-A
2. t.II1Q. The judge committed the thief to *He has the common good at heart. IUJ-.fr 1

prison. 'I '"ltD- /I.QtD-1 t.IIC IL'r- t.II1QtD- h'IO. ' )tD-
3. 1\h. The commander has committed all his common knowledge f;J-m+ : 'i-re
troops to the front lines. t.WH' w;t- S'.l!''li1 It is common know1edge that he lies. oorpif1: 1
o-11- IDS'. 11''1- ' "11QC IIIJ'f'tD- f;t-ID.,. )1C )tD-
commit oneself ?A 1tl
be common
He has committed himself to supporting his
1.1-17. Bananas are common in many parts
mother's children. f'0-1>1 A;(:f IIODC'I'I-
of the world. ..,.11 01111- fqlll"' h'i'll-
:J>A 11I;I;A
:f M'"IA
[See also 'care, excess, murder, suicide']
2. Otf. Where there is no law, banditry is
commitment t./10.)'1- tD-111~<; f.O~A
common . .'h"' h/1.11
His commitment to his job prevents him from have in common h.'}J!' ' 'im- 1 O;J&- h.llm-
taking a leave. 111"&-tD- ,l'lltD- hll0.)'1- She has much in common with her friend.
f6t:'i''l- 1.11. h1'1.1DII~ t.,I'..L:J-~11'1-1"' 01111- )1C h'l~'"/'1' :>C t.1~ <;'I-
make a commitment :J>A = -rq The affiliation of the two languages is shown
We made a commitment to work at the by the many words they have in common.
hospital on Saturdays. 'l-'1"'/. 'l-'1"'/. II'II"I: fll-11-1> ' <t1<t9':f ' 111"'~<; ' f"''..;f-ID.,.ID- ' 0.:>
;J-IA : m-il~ : ltoPF&-~r : :I'IA s 1111' &- ' Q!l."'"'" 1111- :I'll 'I- ' )tD-
 commoner
we've nothing in common. f0f.Y1n"J
~c fll?"
In common with
In common with educated people, he likes
poetry. h"IJ'..,."''o;. nl":f rHr :,On t.m'lA
[See also 'border, consent, ground']
commoner "71vP 1 lim-
There are precedents for a commoner be-
coming a king. "7"),.- 1 {lm- .,..,..r
ODIJ'"I h"IJ'."''.:fA f"''.J'il\!. 9"illl.l":f hll-
common gender fCDA 1 2t~
Some names of animals are nouns of common
gender. h"l''l"l.t:- fh"lilil i19" fmA :<:1"
M'fm-
commonly
1. h.-tlr~w-1' 1 "L.fL. Arithmetic is commonly
taught in elementary schools. h.-tllf~m-'} 1 1...
II. ' mAil ' q"IJ'.'i' ' J'.<'.'fl: '1-?"UC't- '
.Y.:f ' ID-il'l' f.II"'A
2. -tl,.,.lD-1' 1 "l.fL. Boys commonly enjoy sports.
illf-ID-"1 '1.11. m"IJ'.:f A]f.:f ' hiiTC't- '
f.aJ'l/1-
common noun rwA {l,.-
A common noun has a singular and a plural.
fmA il9" nm'lo; ill!- <I<'I'C t.llm-
commonplace f.,.II.,.J'. )~C
Today television is a commonplace.
-1;/I.Ji.'l"1 ' f.,./IODJ'. ' )~C ' )ID-
common sense f.,..I.'I'C' bm-+'1-
Why don't you use your common sense in
handling your child? ill\ A~U hJ'J"H 119"
"I f_,..I.'I'C' bm-+'1-U"I t.'t-<P&.O't-9" 1
commonwealth
I. [)l\)'f- J''l'fm- ' h~C':f ' 0~~ ' .I.:J>'l'f
"'"" ' 'i''l1:1"'fiD- ' 11"1"1.1:"... 11/1.'19". f:>&.'
-,.)lf. 'ril<'.'t-1' f.l.m.;. MC':f]
2. &."l'illl.h. After the king of Greece was
deposed, the country became a commonwealth.
f"l&h ,.,.,.... hll-4-"1 h.,.m~JI. 0:\'1 t.
~,._.,.
<lo'l'illl.h IJ')':f
commotion
l. 7i-nc. The news caused a commotion.
w.:.m- 11ilc t.ilh.,.ll
2. rJoh-l-. There was a terrific commotion in
the street. OD"I~JI. 'If. h'i' J'll 11-h't- )
oc
220 communication
1 communal
I. m:,O-\~. Communal punishment was used
against the village so that it would turn over the
criminal. m"l)':ll'i'm-"1 hVI.J'mm- nou"IJ'.
.;.. 'If. m:,O'I'I :,."1:,. .,.mM
2. f;J&-. Communal ownership of land is
practiced in northern Ethiopia. Oil"'fl 1>.'1-
Y.t:J' ' roo.:,:,. ' f.fl:l" f:>&. )ID-
i\
Iead a communal life O{l-fl{l-fl If t!
Members of the Mormon community still lead
a communal life. f'I"C'I""I "'''rOC t.qll-
':1' hll-"19" Oilililil f.'l" &oil-
communal labor ~'1.
Communal labor is widely practiced in
Ethiopia. ~'1. 01>.'1-Y.t:J' Oc'I.Lm- f.,.llou
F. I ~lJ)o
commune (v.) "!Tf.)'i' ' t.r\m-
It was thought that witches communed with
tl.
the devil. m"loi/Y.:f hc'lf."'"l .?C "!Tf.
)'i' t.'l'fm- hf_,.Qr\ f.;I-OD"I )OC
communicable .,.'1'14.
Measles is a communicable disease. b-tl!~ '
.,.'1'14. ' 011:1" ' )ID-
communicate (vt.)
1. il.ll+-\dL. Flies communicate many dis-
eases. 119"il ill!- 011:1" :l"il.,.'IA'i-1\:f
The messenger communicated the general's
If~ 1
instructions to the men. T-\lth..w- f:(:k&-i\-
"1 't-1.~11 ' 1\aJ:I"J'.C''Il t.il.,.'lr\.1.
2. h+~fl. I asked my sister to communicate
my greetings to you. h'r-1: M?":l"l'-"1 1."1.1:"
:1-+CilA'f mf.of!J''I- )OC
communicate (vi.)
1. T"''il. You can communicate with most
parts of the world by telephone. hhil~'i'm-
f'lr\9" h'i'll-:f ' OilAh 1\ou~o;;:,. f.!J'
'lA.
2. f"''.J'1<;'1 OC t.r\m-. The living room
communicates with the' dining room. /\t\->'1-
h?""l-11 0..,_ :>C f"''.J'~o;'f OC hllm-
3. ..,...,IJQ. They communicate easily. fl+-\&
,..,qq/1-
communicate with each other +1'if.
They communicate with each other every day.
Of+l- .e~o;'i'll-
communication
I. "11-"f.)'f-. All communication with Asmara
has been stopped by the rains. 011o;o- f.,.)
communion
"' hiV"""~ :>C ' Yilt- "''t"f.)-}- v-11-
-l'oi/ClJl.A
We're not in communication with them.
hHI :>C "''t"f.)-l- fil't'l"
2. ou-t-lll\~1. There is no communication
between the two rooms. RIJ-il-1> IJ<;:w:f
""lihA ""-i'ill\4-Y fil'l"
3. ( ~ to communicate) "711~...,-l-. The com-
munication of news by radio has only been
possible in the last century. rt.'i"l":f't R.!.-'l.
I'" "'"~""'+
HoP'} I aJ,ilO I
. f1-!l'iltJJo ltl\4-tJJo ?'?.1-
)-aJo-
4. ou1t;?/. Radio is a medium of communica-
tion. .1.-'l.l'" fOD1'i"._, HJ'. )ID-
S. 'l"'"'C. I gather from your communication
that .... h't"'"'CII l\'t.1'.1-t:'lv--l- --
6. ouAJthT. This communication is confi-
dential. Y.ll ooMb-l- 'l"ilm.C )OJ-
7. oPi"ill\f"l:. Do not spit in public, since it
leads to the communication of disease.
fR1i;t- ""1-illl<;:'t llii"'LYilh-l-A IJ.I'.
qqy. ' 'I"~Tii't , t..r.r.;..
*Among the deaf and dumb, communication
is carried on by means of the finger alphabet.
.l'.'t.$~<; .('JI ftr). nl":f milofl f"'Lil
'l'mm--l- R"';t-'fro- R"'LIIm--l- II"Ab-l-
)IJJo
Ministry of Communication and Public Works
f I"~<; fOD1'i"._, "'LtlloJ:C
The Ministry of Communication and Public
Works has charge of the telephone service.
fl"~'i" foo1<; ... ' "'Ltll-I:C filAb h1
A"'ll--l- ~il.!.)T 1-'1'11-R:t-A
communion
1. DPi"/t(lC. The close communion between
friends helps in overcoming difficulties. fm-'1
;v.:f oo1-1tllc :f"'~:f't i1"71lm1.(' Y.t:'IA
2. oi=CQ'l. Communion is given only on
Sunday. 41CIJ't f"'L{lmtD- l\m..(' ofl!l' )tJJo
receive communion ~fl
He received communion last Sunday. fltLfD-
l\,&..(' ' .,..:n
communique DP"'/\65J.
The two leaders signed a joint communique.
IJ-1\of, ' OD6l"":f ' f;J~ ' OD"'l\~ o 1-4-~t:oo-
Communist I>"'Ltll-l-
The Communists took over the government.
I>"'Ltll-Hl OD')"'I"-I>'t 11\Rm--l-
221 companion
community
1. oo').I'.C. How many families are. living in
this community? RH.II oo').f.C ll"!-l- !1.1-
(l(l":f Wl'~ll-7
2. .lt1Hl. These are matters which bear upon
the community. MH.II ihllll-'t f"'L)h- 1-
JII'":f .,.,..,.
3. I>"'Lt-1:. The European community in Addis
Ababa organized a Christmas party. IJ-'l.ll
t.ntJ f"'L17,. rt.,.~;r,.n I>"'Ltt
h't.(' fA.I'.-l- R~A "'ofl'lf hH:>~A
4. ( ~ adj.) 1-0D/1/IY.. Community of interests
causes people to work together. 1-DD/1/IY.
'l'T'I" lll":f't flOD1-t)flC l\'t-'l. ....-1- Y.I'.C
:>A
commute (vt.) h7f7fil(il-l-) 1 T)il(il-l-)
The Emperor commuted his death sentence
to life imprisonment. '}'}-orP 1 )'1F.J: f"JDT 1
<;:C-'1-'t m.l'. b.(-"'1. y.<;:;t-11 t.7f7fll-il-l-
(T)il-11-l-)
commute (vi.) i"OD-\1\(l
He commutes between Debre Zeit and Addis
Ababa. hh-'l.ll hRIJ .l'.oflt: HY.-l- Y.DDill\
ItA
compact
1. f1-mTmT. It is a very compact bag.
R"''l" f1-mTmT ht:m.-l- )t-
2. .,..,..:,. ~I\. A compact package requires less
paper for wrapping. 'l'oflT Yil 'l'TA l\oo
mTiiA nn mt:T-l- Y.l.]fA
3. fmmt:. This soil is too compact for growing
anything. Y.ll hLC fi"''l" f mm.: Ill\
II") 'l"'t'l" )1C il"7oflTA hY.!I'AII"
4. l\'l'C '/"'l''t Yil. The report the president
gave of his trip was compact. ill\ 1-ofl'S.Jo
T~ff.JI'l.J: 1 f(lmm- oo..,A-1 h-rc 1 9"'-r'l 1
Yil )fiC
in a compact bundle h"P.,. 1 1lir'
His books were tied in a compact bund1e.
oux-mt::'li l\"'.'"T oflilm- 1-m'i't:'I'A
companion
1. '\.1'.._.. He was my close companion all
through school. -l-9"11CT n.+ fi)flC'tR-l-
-..n. v-11- fTCofl '\.1'.._,11- ) nc
Where is the companion to this glove? fH.O
f'\'t-1: '\.1'.._, f-l- hill
2. f'}-ofl =J.e..?/. We were companions on the
journey to America. m~ fte1J.6lt ll'l%-'!"
f.,.fl 0\.l'.'l':f )flC't
companio nship
companio nship h(l- :>C ""11"1
He enjoys the companionship of his dog.
ftJ>olftJ>o h(l- :>C ODfi'"J .l'llJ'.Il1-'I'A
company (companies)
1. 'IF.-. She guided a company of tourists.
~>"1.<:- nc 1-11'5l":f '1.<:- hll?-ll'f:f
2. 'IJ'.'l':f. We are known by the company
we keep. 1>11<:"1 ll?""ltJ>olltJ>o 'IJ'.'l'!J':f"l 1.
"11"":1-11"1
3. 1."1"1/'.:f. Are you expecting company this
evening? q.:, "'':t- 1."1"1/'.:f hii-IIU I
4. f(to 1 hl. ~ ,;JC ODIJ"'l. His company has
been a great consolation to me. f~ h~ ;J
c ODif"l +A+ """"" ll''l'"/A
5. h11<:tJ>o!J. ftll-1- lll":f. His exposure of
his anger shocked the company. 4l"'tJ>o"l h
I\ODJ'.fl4l ' />11(;tJ>o!J. ' ftfl-1-!J."J ' (ljP:f ' };.{)
J'.~1"l'l'tJ>o
6. lf?"IIA. I served in his company. lllf?"ll
II- tJ>o{lT h1A"I.I'I\1Jo
7. 11-Q"I.I'. What company do you represent?
ff'l-"/tJ>o 11-Q"I.I' mh.A ~u 1
in company (U& l"t!'fC
She behaves well in company. (ltJ>o (L'l'C
;1-J'.-QI\:f
(be) In company h(lm- .."JC = tr)
She blushes easily when she is in company.
hlltJ>o :>C ll'l-11'"1 .,.11-
;I-<;:&. II:f
keep company 'IJ'."/ hll~
Don't keep bad company! ""Tt:: 'IJ'.'i' h
:t-11~
keep someone company
1. h""'.m.,., Keep me company for a while!
1\Tof:'l- '1.11. h'"'laJ1-'J
2. 1>111!"+ .f.f. My wife kept Mrs. Belaynesh
company while her husband was out of town.
fiDf.HI!" ll'lf.~'li QA hh1-"'1 1D"'1'
lltll<:ll'l- '1.11. fk "''.ll+ 1>11&.'1- .,.
f:f
part company 1-1\f
l 1-1\.l'f
I was sorry to part company with such a
pleasant fellow. h"IJ'.II.U J'.ll h"''.A ll
(J)o llllf. 11"1?" 1>11~ toe
They disagreed violently and parted company.
1-"'A.,.fDo .,.1\.l'f.
part company with lldt<'l11 .,.1\f
On this question, I must part company with you.
llii.U '1-'lf. 'If. lldt<'l11 IJ"I1- <'IAI\f.
hA.,.C?"
222 compariso n
comparab le
1. 1-tllll&. A fire is comparable with the sun:
both give light and heat. 7.<'1+ Mdtf. :>C
1-tllll& ~"'" l 11-1\-f,?" 11CV"I<; _.,.,..
f.ll"'ll-
2. f"'/.ODqH"J. The present world situation is
in no way comparable to the situation in 1930.
-""".,. f'll\?" o-~;t- hiiiflfltJ>o 'l. ?". ""~
;t- :>C II?""!?" 'lf.t+ f"'/.ODqH"J hf.J'.
II?"
comparat ive (n.) f"''tllliC J'.Cif
Amharic has no special form of the adjective
to express the comparative. h"''C"l f:ti'CA
"I f"''tllliC J'.<:'lf 1\DD"I/II'C f1-llf H
S!. ' f/lfDo?"
comparative (adj.)
I. ( = adv.) OoPm~. Screens give us compara~
tive freedom from flies. ou:><:'!fl":f 11"1fl:f
"I floum.,. f.MMII-
2. ( ~ adv.) fl"''aJ'IJ'.C. I am making a com-
parative study of the weights of boys and girls.
fm"IP.:f<; fll..,.:f"l h11J'.'I- fl"''a>'IJ'.C '
T<;'l- hJ'.C;>/111-
comparat ively
I. hll.'\fDo :>C {L:J'f.. It was comparatively
easy. hll.'ltJ>o ;>C (L;f-f. .,.'lA tllC
2. hl\.'la>- {l<;ooq1J"J. Cotton goods are com-
paratively inexpensive. hll.ll-:f if.,..., if.,.
'I" ll<;ooq1JttJ>o hTT ' f1-"''l- h:J'l":f ' C
IJ'li <;'l'fDo
compare (vt.)
1. A )~A~. Compare the two translations,
and tell me which is better! o-1\-f,"l '1-C'I-'1"
:f lttlii'Ct:U f'l-"/fDo h"IJ'."''.lfA "11<:'5
2. h""<'illll. Poets compare sleep with death.
Qll+~l":f h"I:,OA<;:"I h'I"!J. :>C J'OD<'I
Ill\-;I-A
compare (vi.) 1-ID'IJ'.<:
Artificial light cannot compare with daylight
for general use. 1\m:t'l'l h1A"III-+ (lfDo
P'tl-'li oflCV"I hB..hf. 11CV"I :>C hf.
ID'IJ'.C?"
[See also 'note']
comparin g "''tliKC
Comparing France with the United States
is not a good comparison. d.t:"l<'lf."l hh"?.
&IJ :>C "''tliKC '!"'~- "''tllliC hf.J'./1?"
compariso n "''~liKC 1 "''ID'IJ'.C
The teacher's comparison of the heart to a
compartme nt
pump helped the students to understand its
function. 11.11of-"7&1D- All-"1 b7f"T .:>C
"7~1\l\'1- ' ("7<D-'1.<'.<1-) ' of-"7&l"'li ' 1\.P'tl-'1-"1 ' 1\
"1.11.7~HII-'I- m4'"7'fm-
ln comparison (l.~UC 1 f\.oPIJH")
The tallest buildings in London are small in
comparison with the buildings in New York.
011"1.<'."1 f"'l.71''l- G"l{'l" f"'l.qll-'1- ih"l
lll"'f- ~m- \'"Ch h"'l.11''1- .ih"llll"'f- .:>
c ' n. ~Ill\'I- ' 1\."''."'l'C:'fo ' ""'"'"
This parish is small in comparison with
others. f.ll .<'.i!C h/1.11-'f- .:>C /LODqU")
M11of-... ~m-
compartme nt
I. h'i'A. All compartments in this car are
crowded. l\11.11 k:-t llf. fll-'1- h'i!ll-'f-
rJoll- of-"101'A
2. 11'i'&o. The document was hidden in a secret
compartment. 11).11. 0'1"11m.&o'l! 11'i!&o -1-
.<'.il.f ~nc
compass (v.)
1. ( = pass.) -1-hllll. +An old stone wall com-
passes his property. "liiG-1< Ooff fKJ.:>f.
ltil -1-hA!)..A
2. 7""-1-. His mind couldn't compass the
extent of the disaster. f.<'..:>OJ-"1 h'i!of-.,.~'1-
11.1\'/"C:m- II.7'1"'1- II.AiJ'II'I"
compass (n.)
1. lt'l";r11. You need a compass to draw
circles with. hOi! IIODJ"tl-'1- lt'l";r11
f1II.A1VA
If you are traveling in the forest, you should
take a compass. O"''.lt OJ-11'1' f'l"'l-'111 h
II'~ lt'/";r11 ODf11 11.11-RII
2. hAA. A prisoner must remain within the
compass of the prison walls. l\11G"' Omll~
0.1: hAA m-h'J oP<;C 11.110'1-
stay within the compass h - - hAmiiJr
Her actions stayed within the compass of
propriety. rr~:l'1' rJoll- h-1-10.~'1- fAW"'
~nc
compassion h'i! fll c-'1&-..,_
He was filled with compassion for the refugees.
1111.<'.-1-'l''li ht;: fll C~&-"1. of-(l"7m-
arouse compassion h.I\H~
The meager face of the beggar aroused his
compassion. fof-1-1\'lr.llm- fll"71' 4-'1-
11.1\H~ID-
223 competent
compassion ate C"r<l-"r
He is compassionate toward the needy. {l(J)of
m- llof-'!'7G rJoll- C"r<l-"r ~m- .
compatible
1. f"'l.11"7oo-. They are the most compatible
couple I know. l\"1.<'.11.11 f"'l.11"7oo- qA<;
"'1.11'1-' 11.1\frJo'l"
2. of-11"7"'1.. This lamp is compatible with the
style of the room. f.ll 'i-0:11 hll.ll h'i!A
1\.oP&-C .:>C of-11"7"'1. ~"'"
compatriot f1C A"f.:
I try to help him because he is my compatriot.
f1t. A"f.: 111111'~ AG-'IID- Mh&ollrJo
compel (compelled) 11.117.<'..<'.
You compel me to take this step. f-11"1"1
1\CII'?f l\"I.<'."OJ11.<'." :1'117.<'.".<'....1111
[See also obedience']
compensate
1. ltl'l. Italy compensated Ethiopia for war
time damage. OII'C~-1< II.<'.UIID- '1--'1'1-
II.."'Af 11..'1-l'"kf"l ttn'f-
2. .,...,.,& .h.l\il hl.ll. This company
compensates its employees for overtime. ~IJ 1
!l-q")f ' 0'\'1- ' l\114. ' ll"'f.P'<I-'1-' .,...,.,& '
.h.l\il f.h'i'IIA
3.11.11-1-hltll. Glasses compensate for weak eyes.
""~1\"C .<'.lt"7 '\f.O::f-"1 f11of-lth11A
compensati on
1. ttl\. He received compensation for his
injuries. II.<'.GOO'I- '1--'1'1- ttl\ of-4'011
2. 'P;J. He receives adequate compensation
for the work he does. ll"'l.P'ti-ID- ' I" jl. ' n
4: 1'.:> f.h1.111'A
compete
1. of-OJ-'I.<'.G. Of course I can't compete with
you. 1\C"I'I' ~"'" It'l-l- .:>C Am-'I.<'.C II.
A'f-A'I"
2. of-ltof.f. ~"'". Are you competing in the
contest? OJ-.<'.".<'."'I- m-11'1' -1-ltof.f. ~~~ I
competence ilofi~'I-
He is without competence for that job. 1111.11
l"il- ilofl~'l- fii.IIID- ~m-
competent
1. 'f-11-:1' film-. It isnecessaryto haveacom-
petent leader. 'f-11-:1' film- oPtl 1111-A.:>A
2. 1-011. He is a very competent businessman.
, .... ' 0"1'1" ' 1-011 ~.:> .... ' ~ ....
 competition 224 complete

competition always complaining. 9"'t9" ~1C hf.'l""/'l-

1. m-Y.:Y.:C. Competition is a necessary part 9" j 11-&\"1,11. ' 'l-~""1~'"11\:f
of trade. 11JoY:Y:C 1\'t"IY: h"'U'lloi.A"Jo'l- ~
1r::f h"M.. ~IIJo complaint
The swimming competition will be held on I. hll. The court dismissed the complaint
Saturday. f'I'<;IIJo 11JoY:Y:C ~JI"''. Y.Y.t::>A after a hearing. tt:CJ.!" lL-1: -,.J;'-'1 ltJ;ou
2. ODaJJ;~C. They are in competition with m 0:\1\ hll-'t llt:H
each other. ~C(I OC<'l'fiiJo OoutoJIY.C 1\ 2. ~&.;f- I ll'l";f-. Do you have any com
f. ' <;'fiiJo plaints? ~&.;f- hl\11 1
Your complaint is unjustified. il'I";I-U DDtPl.T
competitive fl\fD-9"
I. IIJoY:Y:C J'l\0'1-. Football is a competitive 3. hiL.,;f-. His boss rejected his complaint.
sport. f~"IC \>,{1 11JoY:Y:C J'IIO'l- ..,.,.,... '~IIJo hl\:l"IIJo hiL.,;f-IIJo't h&\.,..4'01\IIJoll"
2. f-7tDS'r1..t,Y. A competitive examination for 4. 't11't11. I am tired of your everlasting com-
the job will be held on January IOth.IIP'&-IIJo plaints. "71\oi:J' fi\.1\IIJo 't11't1111 hiiA:f.P.
f"''tDJIY.&J' .!..,_<; 'I'C OP'C 4''t Y.ll 'l'A
"'A Backache is his chief complaint. 0"19" f"''..
J'"''Ct"..IIJo f)\"CIJ moP9" ~IIJo
competitor f't"IY: .,..tDJIJI& The doctor asked her the nature of the
My competitor sells at lower prices than me. complaint.dth...,..., ll"!>:'t ~'tJioooy'l- mf:l"'l-
f't"IY: .,..tDJIJI&I'- ~~ hll"ifmiiJo '1':>
tU(l Y.if"'A complement (v.) h"J..I\
They complement each other well. h'tJI.. 1\.
compile 1\IIJo't Y.W hY:C1 J'"J..I\'1'&\
I. hH:>)';. He compiled an Amharic diction-
ary. h'tY: h"''C'l' ""1110 .4'1\'l- hH;>)'; complement (n.) "''"J..J'
2. DPH10. He compiled all the figures asked In a race horse, endurance is the complement
for by the tax inspector. f;f-hll .,...,."1"1& of speed. O.!.t:ll "/AilJ' Y:IJ9" OD!J'&\ f
IIJo fmf4'11Jo't .b..<'l11 rJolr ""H10 'i''l')'l- ' "''"J..J' ' ~(Do
*The ship now has its full complement of men.
complacent 0&-11- ooy_(l.,'t f"''..J'""IIh'l- oocb!).. f.,_DPY-01\'l-'t .I'll&\ (liiJo h"/
The winner's complacent smile annoyed some 't;J-1\:f
people. hif<;.l.IIJo 0&-11- ooy_(l.,'t f"''..J'""
llh'l- ' .!.1"/;f-IIJo' h'tJI'tY:' lll":f't' hO{)'"'l'fiiJo (be) complementary to h"J..I\
be complacent l.il These two books are complementary to each
He is quite complacent about his work. other. MH.II 11-1\'l- DPl\"dtG::f h'tJI..
OP'&-IIJo h.!.l\l\9" t:1Y: 0"19" t:h:tA 1\.1\IIJo't ' J'"J..'IA
complete (v.)
complain
I. oi.K"" 1 ""<"..11. Did you complete your
I. h"'/t:t:. Why don't you do something work? P'&-ll't ol.l\ll"h 1 (""t:llh 7)
instead of complaining all the time? HtDTC
2. h"J..I\. I need several stamps to complete
h"''"''t"..C 1\ll"'t h'tY: ~1C h;f-Y..C?-9" 1
my collection. fll01111h-'l-'t 1\"'/"J..'I'l- 11
2 . .,.."''t:&. She complains of severe pains.
II- 1:9"11C':f J'llo!.A?-'l'A
1111.+4: , a.oo9" , '1-"''t.&-ll:f
3. h""llh.,... We complained to the manager complete (adj.)
about the noise. lll\ ..,1i., liP'&- hll I. 'i'l\.9". It was a complete surprise to me.
h.J')I: ' l,oPI\h'l't 11~ ~1-r 'i'l\.9" J'l\1111h-'l- ~oc
4. ML.,;f- h4't:O l ML'l- hll. It won't do 2. -~r. They acted in complete accord with
you much good to complain. hiL.,;f- "''~& him in releasing the prisoners. ~llt:'l'IIJo't II.
11 1111- hY.m~9"119" "-"" hll- :>C o-~r DD"/flfl'l- ~oc
Sir! I carne to complain. "l;f-1'- hiL-l- AA 3. ( ~ adv.) o-tr &\11. She has complete
oP'J'!J'I\11- confidence in the doctor. dth..~ o-tr
5 .,..~'"'~"" Nothing satisfies her; she is A !I.. ' ;f-9"~'1'11 ";f
completely
4. (= adv.) Omol>~~tJJo. The complete trip will
take two months. Om:t--l.~m- r .,..,.(Do = .v-AT
we f.d.7iA
*This is a complete edition of Shakespeare's
plays. f.tJ fltllil"CC1 K-6-"'ll"'f- 0.,..11-
f.I'H )tJJo
be complete +.t.Koo
When will the project be complete? ~-1>.11.
'li ' S'-4.?."'1/A 1
make complete h".tl\
This volume makes my collection complete.
f.tJ oPJI".h'i' filOililll-:,.1 .I"':JAIA'11A
[See also 'oblivion']
completely
!. 4.11"'1". I admit I was completely wrong
about him. ilMr .l'il"i hil1-ltil11 4.11"
'f" ' f1-/t/t1- ' OOIJ').") ' h'J"'O{I!Jo
2. 0.,..11-. My time is completely engaged.
"LUlL fioull- 1-f.!llA
3.... C('. He is completely out of his mind.
...C(o h~'I"C:tD-1 ii;I:IA
completion
!. 'i'l\"7.. His last book represented
completion of his literary achievement. fODQ;t.
l:lf OOJI".h4- fll"m.'i' ':f-11-;f-tJJo") 'i'R"'I.
f"t.l'ltf. )tJJo
2. ( = to complete) oo ...t:il. The completion
of the job will require another month. JP&-m-
1 {lou ...t:!l 1<0 h1J:- we .l'ii4.1A1'1'1A
After the completion of the job, the workmen
went home. JP~m-1- ht;~;~.t:ft. 0:\1\ IP&-
1-'l''ll ' WJ'. ffl.;f-'f'tJJo ' 't.ll.
complex (adj.)
1. f+ffliti'IO. Democracy is a complex form of
government. '1.'1"116-il. f1-Wltiln Mqll )tJJo
2. f1-H06-l:of>. The directions for reaching the
house were so complex that we couldn't un-
derstand them. M1.1: Aoo.e-t:.il ooh+A
.1'11111 .I''J>IIJ'"'I, oP'J"t.! f1-H06-l:of>
!Iiiii') IA1l:JitD- ' h1Aii'IA1'1"
3. t:<I:'J>. An X-ray machine is complex. f6-
l( """'"' l:<l:-1' )tJJo
complexion
1. ooAh I fJ.:'f- ~-". Her complexion was a
lovely, dark brown. ooA\\ ~h 1 fOI/.A 1 m
f.?" )OC
His complexion is spotty. fk'i: .,...; = m:J'
m4' hiltD-
225 complicity
2. h\\:\~. The complexion of our lives is
changed by modem machines. f)<.ll:';f") M>,:\
1 OHoo'O'f! tiP"16,1'l"':f '1"111.1':,. 1-iiWm
[See also 'fresh']
complexity tJJoilililil):,.
He was puzzled by the complexity of the
problem. RTC:il/1...,. tJJoilililm:,. "16-
ou
1111':,. )OC
compliance (with)
!. "'1":1.~:,.. Compliance with his father's de-
mands is distasteful to him. YQ'ft") ~i\')
:,. "'1":1.~:,. f.m~IA
2. "'lhRC. Compliance with the law is necess-
ary for peace. ih"l1 "'IIIOC liM?" h
114.'1"1. )tJJo
in compliance with 0 - - - oow~:,.
I am writing to the director in compliance with
your orders. n:,.7.q1Jt) ' """'<!:..,. ' il'l..!.h1-
ot- I 00~1.,. ; ~tJ)o
(be) compliant :f-HH
Japanese women are compliant toward their
husbands. f)f;r") (1.-l'':f iiiJII-il''l'tJJo f.;f-H
the q/1-
complicate
I. h.-7?-. Don't complicate matters any more
than they are! )1-1-1 Rf.RIAT h;t-"'l;t-
2. hflil(n:,.). The bad weather complicated
his illness. oPT!.':tJJo !fC 11-~;t- 071
;t-tD-1 hiJiln:,.
complicated (adj.) tJJoilililil l f1-WltilR
The procedures to follow in applying for a
visa are complicated. ii.lf i\"7D"IIJ:,. r fM
111-ilt& F) FC'i:,. tJJoilililil ' )tJJo
I don't know how to operate this complicated
machine. f.tJ1 f1-Wltiln """16.1' "'114>
ltof>il' h~tD--1>'1"
be complicated Cl(l
His headaches were complicated by eye trouble.
6-il ?";t--1> R'if.") .boo?" '1"111.1':,.
ffJ(O ' II')
complication
*The complication of little rules makes this
game hard to learn. f1-Wltilflo T:I"'J>1 f.")
(l';f ' ...'f';f-tJJo") ' {IOO"'IC ' hil'f':>6 ' ff.C
"I-;f-A
complicity hilt. ouiJ'") l "lilt: hOC):,.
Complicity in a crime will be punished the
15
compliment 226 composure

same way as commission of the crime itself. 0
tD"l')';~ ' F&-' hQ6 ' ODIY"l' ' ~h ' h"l'f. ' 'I'
<;tD- ' tD"l')';~ ' .l'h4'"1~
He was charged with complicity in the theft.
O~fl)T ~fl~ hOC)T Thilil
compliment (v.) houhn
He complimented me on my cooking. lid
ll"~fl ' hoP&-<1. o hOD{l1)'S
compliment (n.) ll"il;><;
Thanks for the compliment! ill\ ll"il;>'OtJ h
~H.C ' .J'.il'l'~ OS
compliments llt\?"":1"'
Take this with my compliments to your mother!
.J'.tJ"l' hMII";J-\1. ;>C 1\h'OTtl tD-itf.~'S
pay a compliment h#fi'"Jil
Pay a compliment to your boss if you want
him to like you. hll:l'tJ h"l'-'l.tD.I:"tl h.C.II
~t} ' h'l"~iltJJ<
complimentary
I. f"'L..''I"~il. She made complimentary re
marks on the new house. llA h-'l.i'r a.:,.
f"'L..''I"~il hilT.I'fT ilm'f
2. )l\. I received two complimentary tickets
for the theater. 11-l:.I'T~ floi\T )ll -I:IM'
'f ' h17tJo
comply (complied) hit hi\
They asked him to leave, and he complied.
h1'-'l.'t.l:" h11HlD<T hit hi\
comply with LY.OD
We regret that we cannot comply with your
request fmf~1itD-1' 1\0D.c.l\9" Qll""il'll
,..,. ' 0"111" ' h'011'0111'
component, ~ part hl}~ (pl. hl}IIT)
The blade and handle are the component parts
of a knife. iliiT'O h)';;J- fiLII'I' hiJI\T
<;'ftJJ<
comport (with) TDD"'m)
His remarks did not comport with the serious-
ness of the matter. hilT.I'N:<; f1-JII' hll
/IIL)T h.J'.ouiOJm'l-9"
comport oneself
*He comported himself properly. f"''..1Q mQ
,. ' hllf
compose
1. F..~ll. He has composed much poetry in
Geez. flll' ~'I'll" 0~~11 f.C!l.~
He composed that symphony during the war.
il.ll"t.:ttD-1' ff.~iltJJ< 011lC)1: 1.11. )tJJ<
2. hm<;4'~. He composed his speech from
many research notes. 1'~~~1' hflll' fii"C
ou&- "''il;l-tDlfl"'f hm<;4'~
3. h~:>;>. He composed his thoughts. m/111'1'
h~;>;JtJJ<
oneself~ ItA
compose
Stop crying and compose yourself! "'111:1'4'il-1'
TT1i ~ O.J'.
(be) composed
I. T4')Q0~. The figures in the painting are
well composed. 01"~11- 1\.J'. .1'11-T ll"il
11-'f 0"'1..1Q fT4')Q0~ <;'ftJJ<
2. ..,......~. This fabric is composed of wool and
silk . .J'.tJ at.C~ fTP'&-tD- hh-'1'<; h
me )tJJ<
be composed of il.IUD
This book is composed of three main parts .
.r.u ""ll'm'i'
?'itT "'" "'" h'i'll-'f
hil-T
remain composed t.:J 1 ill\
He remained composed during the whole trial.
t1~ O'i'C.I:" ILT 0"'1..;1-.J'.O'I- 1.11. ~:>
flll- )OC
com poser f..,.IU' f.&- h.
Beethoven was a famous composer. 0.-fii''J
11)'1' f..,.IU' 1.&-il. )0C
composite fTtD-"1"1
The photographer made a composite picture
by putting together parts of several others.
1.:.,...,&-'i' ' h"l'ittJJ< ' hflll- ' ~~~-,. ' 1.:1'
~&-t.:'f fTlD-"1"1 h"l'.1:" G:.,_..,&-'1' htD"'
composition
I. .1:-CilT. Have you done your English
composition? f1.1'~11.11'1' .1:-Cil'l-tJ"l' li'LY~ l
2. f~~{lm- oo-fl:J'. The orchestra is going
to play his compositions tonight. .t.Ch.ilT&-
tJJ< ' q.:. ' "'1;1- hit- ff.~iltD-1' .....11.:1'
.J'.""tD;I-~
3. .1:-fl~~. The metal is a composition of
copper and lead. fl~-1: fODJifl<; fhCIIil
.1:-fl~~ M'SO;J-~
*Scientists are studying the composition of
the soil. fii.J'."l'il ll.lf>'f hL~ hM hll"
1' h"l'f.TP'&- O"'''l''OT II.J'. <;'ftJJ<
composure 7.C;>;J-
The insult failed to rufile his composure.
il.!:-11- ' hC;>;I-tD-1' ' hi\'OIDl\tD-9"
compound
keep (one's) composure l.;J h.l\
He kept his composure in the crisis. 01l~J>11m-
1.11. ' <'.;> ' oflll- )OC
compound (v.) +fm
He compounded a beverage from several fruit
juices. boflrt- 'i!<l-'i!t.l":f "11""'14! 1\11:
ODtn'J" I +ftn
The pharmacist compounds medicine. OD J!";)~
T ' +"'1"'1.111< ' OOf:?~T ' .J'.+.J'.Ifl&\
be compounded 04f'lm- a 1'lHo() It~ -t-1..
00<'.
Your bank deposit"s interest will be com-
pounded quarterly. bq1b 0.-l- .,..,."'1"11"
11HofiU f"'l.1"ftD- -l-eo;: Of?'ll-l- "*
0'1'..,..,. 11Hofl llf, f,Y..oo,:.p,
*The misery of loneliness was now compound-
ed by his poverty. f:1h-l- fofl'l''"h-l- F:J"
1'1 1\q(IO."l-
compound (n.)
1. 9"1:<'. "'ll. The school compound was
crowded with students. f-l-'I"UC-l- 0..., 9"
f:<'. "'ll o.,."''.:l":f T:J"r~ oflll- ~oc
2. t&Jt..f:. Split up a compound into its ele-
ments! 1\11:1 w-m.f: Of'P1.,. 1'1'-1-
hllfflll<
3. f:ofiA~. The soil is a compound of clay and
sand. h.t.-1- flrbll..,.. fhif'l' f:ofiA~ )w-
comprehend
1. 1q(111<). +He does not comprehend the mean-
ing of the play. f-l- f-l--1- -l-C'I-9" h.J'.1qw-9"
2. fH. Science comprehends the study of
physics, chemistry and biology. II.J'.1ll f.I.H.
bll I fh."'l.ll-l-&..,.. fqf-11-1[1 '1'..,..-l- f,f,~&\
(be) comprehensib le f"'l.1q )w-
Yesterday~s lecture on electricity was com-
prehensible. ;r...,..,;r. llll 1\.lloh-l-&h f.,.
ilmlll< 1"/"IC f"'i.1q )0C
comprehensio n fOD<'.4-l- :fll-:1' 1 bw-+'1-
Arithmetic is beyond the comprehension of
a child. .h.llofl bA:q: foo"-4."1- :fll-;1-
OII.J'. ' ~(Do
God is beyond the comprehension of man.
fl'>"'H.hofl.h.C UAw-..,.. hil111< biD<+."~-
OII.J'. ' )(Do
comprehensiv e
1. hm:J"II.J'.. The term's work ended with a
comprehensive review. f+C,.,. ~&- Qm
:J"II.J'. ' hllll ' .,.l.l\00
227 compromise
2. ll.t.. A comprehensive mind can grasp
everything. ii.C. 1\1.9"1!" "'11':'w-19" )1
c ' f,f,~&\
compress (v.)
1. J\OD+. They compressed the cotton into
bales. Tm-1 h'l"+w- 'P~A hY-<'.'1-'1-
2. Ofl14 hilt'.. They compressed the cotton
before shipping. ~J>m-1 1 mi. ID"6f!- boot\\]
'ffDo I 0.1-T ' 0fl1"1 ' l\(1-1-T
3. Q;Loo+. He compressed the beans to obtain
the oil. H.J','I- tl"''w-"1'1- f'l-11-tD-1 H.J'.
:,. 1 g;a.oo+
4. hm:J"llll. He compresses a great deal of
meaning into a few words. 0'1'4!'1- :J-11'1-
oflrt- dtllofl Ym:J"&\11&\
compress (n.) .,.,c~
He put a cold compress on his head. 1.C'Pofl
Q;I,C~ 6-il- llf, 1\Y-<'.1
comprise
1. J'H. The Soviet Union comprises several
republics. fl>li.\1.'1- 1ofl<'.'l- oflrt- t."l'oflll.ll:f
1 ' f,.J',~f;\
2. 1"11"(0'1-). +The committee comprises men
of widely different views. Y-C'I- f.,.llff.
hll.,.ff-l'o:f ' fl).'l'w- ' (ljP:f ' .J'.11'0;1-&\
compromise (vt.) hmof.
The student compromised his good name by
cheating. _,."'1&111< 0"'1"1.1"0COC 'Pol- II
_ , hmof.ID<
compromise (vi.)
I. "'A"'A 1\Y-<'.1. The two parties could not
accept each other's views but compromised.
v-ll-t: awr:r- f 11414'1'111<1 dtllofl q.J'.
+011-9" "'A"I&\ 1\Y-<'.'1-
2. bll'/"9"~'1- Y-<'.il. They compromised on
the amount of salary to be paid. lltl"'l.b.t.tlw-
Y-'1"11 ' bll'/"9"~'1- ' Y-<'.(1-
3. ")o}o"}o}o 1ti\A9"". He never compromises
with his principles. b"'i.f'/"10'1- ~1C 1
~1~ h.J'.A'I"
compromise (n.)
1. h1.k f,~C h1.k f.~ f-tt>. 119"9"~
."1-. A compromise is never fully satisfactory
to both parties. b1.k .J'.~C h1.), f,~C f
"7..&\ ' 119"9"~-l-' (lo-(1... 9" ' dl11 ' hfllY-11-l-9"
2. 1\11;1-6-4! dtllofl. The strike was settled by
a compromise. hf:"''ID< qll;l-6-4! dtllofl
"'""
compulsion
we had to accept a compromise between
cheaper and more expensive material. bcttif.
<; ' fl"'!l" ' IIJoY: ' IIIJ'~IIJo ' ~:J' 0 DDI)IIII'i''
fii'~IIJo"t oo_,.flA ~fl<:ofl"t
compulsion "1'1~
A defeated country usually signs a treaty of
peace under compulsion. hofl~'i'IIJo"t 1.11.
f-1-lHL MC flli\11" llii"!I"H f'"I.LC
oPIIJo ' 11"1'1~ ' ~IIJo
compulsory "lfl.:l"
Attendance in school is compulsory. 0-T?""tJC
:,. _,."t TII"IICT n..r oo11+ "lfl.
:1" ' ~IIJo
compulsory education foPOIJC -J~;Jw
Compulsory education has not yet been intro-
duced into Ethiopia. h.'1-f"kf 11Joll'l' foP
..,C "lfl.:t- 1<; hA-f"}!oo<:!l"
compunctions, have - -i"lll\-1"
He had no compunctions about being late.
floPH"If_, hf.llll'l-11"
compute hllll J'.<:ll(fl'l-)
He computed his losses at $50. 11.'16-IIJo hll"
'I -ac ooiJ')."t hllll J'.<:lln+
comrade 'iJ'.'i'
They were faithful comrades to the last.
~1111 ' _..,<:lf f;J-oP). 'iJ'."'I''f- ~~~-~-
con hll-:1"
The two debating teams argued the questions
pro and con. o-11., -1"116-lt& t1'l''f-
n1<~o"t hlP"t:J-<; hll-:1" -1-116-ll<~on.r
concave 1-Y:'I-Y: fll
The palm of the hand is slightly concave.
oo>;<;: 'l-"t1i 1-Y:'I-Y: ' fll ' ~IIJo
conceal
I. J'.fl.,. l 1f1f1. She could not conceal her
curiosity. 1-?-:l:"t ATJ'.ofl.,.IIJo (A+1f1i111Jo)
hA;FII'f-11"
2. lfL~ (-1-lfL~). Thetreeswereconcealedbya
very heavy mist. tfG::ti '1'-l>'l'ol- Qfl ,.,..
-1-lf<;:~IIJo ~IIC
conceal oneself +ifif1 i +1.0+
She concealed herself behind a tree. M#-
flll-1-:\11 ' -1"1f1f1'1- ' (-1-J'.fl.,.,.)
conceal from view bt\t\.
A clump of trees concealed the house from
view. ~~ 111- ~t::'f- fl..,"t 111111-'1-
228 conceive
concealment
I. auJ'.fl-l-. The concealment of facts by a
witness is a criminal offense. r,..lthC 1 l1.m-~
-1-'i'"t ~1c oPJ'.fl-l- f'"l.fll.,."' m"t]!
A ' ~m-
2. f-1-J'.fl.,.(IIT). He came out of concealment
for brief periods of time. 11-1-J'.O.,.fl'l- ll'l'<f!T
1.11..1'+ -n;F m"l
concede
I. hoo~. You must concede that I have tried
hard. II "'ll" oo'J"II~"t "1oP"t hllof!IJ
2. llm. He conceded us the right to walk
through his land. floP~., 1\f. foP-f"i\11<;:
oo-n:,. llm"t
3. oolf~#-"t hoo~. The candidate conceded
early in the evening. +mJV;6m- 1 ooif~f.~ 1
..,:1" ' .,.J'.!I" ' oflll- ' hoP~
conceit ~-n.:.r
The film star was puffed up with conceit.
f.I.A.,.. l>llofl fl~ofl&'l- -i"aJ'1'6-II'f-
conceited '1-Ml-1-'i'
He is a conceited fool. f~A +MI.-1-'i' ~IIJo
conceivable
I. f'"I.;I'A. We take every conceivable pre-
caution against fire. ~'1'1-"t lloPIIi\IIA f'"l.
;I'II")"t 'l'"t:l'-1: 11-11- ~<;J'.C;>II"t
2. f'"I.:J-llofl. But that isn't conceivable. "l"t f
f..,f.;J-llofl ' ~IIJo
conceive
1. h.ftO. I cannot conceive of her doing such
a thing. ~!l. ~"tJ'.Illl 111 ~1C ;1-J'.C:>
11'1- ' of!~ ' hlllloflll"
2. Tl..'C. It is difficult to conceive how this
motor works. f.ll '1"-1-C ~"tfl.T ~"tJ'.'"I.
w6- oo,:.o;:,. hll'l':>& )IIJo
be conceived
1. T~1l.. The warning was conceived in the
plainest language. "1llm"t.,.<f!f11Jo f-1"~1l:I1Jo
fl"IAll' M;>1C ~II<:
2. :1".,.J'.. The plan is cleverly conceived.
~-l->1. IIP'C'\T f:J-_,.J'. ~IIJo
conceive a child 8Hll-
She conceived a child twelve months after she
married. q1q'f- IIOP'6- 11-11-1-'i' m;,:
DM'f-
conceive the idea h(IO
Who first conceived the idea of using steam
to drive vehicles? ooll.<;lP'f-"t fl~"t4-11"'1-
concentrate
..,,I'.A o OD't.ll'f-'t OD"J!.OD6f ' f{IO .,'t
~(Do?
concentrate (vt.)
I. (IO(IR. The general concentrated his troops
to attack the enemy. ~~.:.11- mll'l-'t 11"'1'1'
,..:,. OJ;I"f.C''Ii't (IO(IO
2. 1\fDA..~. You can concentrate orange juice
by removing water. m-~m-1 1 ooo+~r. f1l
C-1>11-,.'t "11'"'14! A;I"OJ'i!60Jo :,.:fiii\U
3. 1tmHt~. The soldiers concentrated their
fire on a single enemy position. tD~f..C:=ti r
-1-lt-il:fOJo't q't f." f mil'I- ll'i!O:. 11
!I' hm~h-1-
4. O.,.,.tt- 1 1\'Fi\. The student concentrated his
attention on the problem. -f"tl'lt;m- ' m"lo-1' '
ooo-11- o.,..o:l' II.J'. M'll
concentrate (vi.)
I. -1-(IO(IO. The crowd concentrated near
the gate. ihllll- OD.,fl..l'.,. hm111 -1-(IO
(10
2. h'1'1l.f. -!-ODI\h-1-. We will have to con-
centrate on the ffrst part. fODJ!,OD6fOJo't h<;:
A ' h'1'1l+'t ' ODODAh't- ' hl\1l't
be concentrated -t-h,.,=f
The most important industries are concen-
trated in the north. 'I'<; 'f'<;9''1l h.'tJI.Il't-
69':Y. f-1-h.,'li't- 0(1"'/.'t ' ~ ...
concentrati on
1. ooh"''=f:r-. _,The concentration of enemy
troops along the border worried the popula-
tion. fmll't- tnC Of."'t0-1- 11,1'. ouh.,
"'"" ihllll-'t ' hii(IOOJo
2. 07C...,..-PA. Chess is a game that requires
concentration. (l'tm6'fr .,11-!-'I'A't f"''.m
,1'.:,0 t:Q.'f';l" ~ ...
concept mil-11
He has no concept of hard work. !Ill hqf." P'
.:. ?"'t?" mil-o fi\OJo?"
conception
1. 1' ~t;:. The architect presented a fine concep-
tion of the building. ouY't-'1.(1- 1\ih'tl\OJo
f"''.ll''t ' 64!:,0 ' 'tf."<;: h+60
2 . .,OD'tt:Q.'f-. He will get credit for the con-
ception of the plan. milll-'t O"'IOD'tt:Q.-f>
9"!l;J<; ,l'.(lm'f'A
*The conception of the United Nations was
in 1945. f-!-q0-1-'f- ' OD't.,F;I"'f- ' f-1-D~(lOJo
ox;;r~:;; ~.?". ~oc
229 concern
have no conception of L~ 1 hfm-:,Or
He has no con~ption of what we .are doing.
?"'t , l'>'tf.?"'t"'o:. tt.~'l" hfH?"
concern (v.)
1. ..,..OOi\h..,... This concerns you. ~tJ 1 h1'..,..
't f"''.oPI\h'l- ~ ...
2. 11/t(lfl. His poor health concerns me.
m.<; ' "'1"1-1> ' fii!IO':'A
concern oneself
1. J!hoo. He concerns himself with ob-
taining jobs for the refugees. 1\llf.-!-'l''li P'
,:. 11.,.,-y:,. ,l'.f.h.,A
2. milll-'t h'l'l\. He concerns himself with
such trivialities. 0"7,.~{}- ~1C:l-- 1 1\~ ' m.
1111-'t fOJoiiA
be concerned ( = concern) -f"ODAb..,..
+where the children are concerned, the mother
is always ready to do whatever is necessary.
A}!'li't O"''.ODI\h'f- ~1C l'.<;'t-I'"OJo f"''.
flltJ.A10Jo't 1\"'11."6., ' 11-A1.11. 11.,)1: <;:fOJo
be concerned (about, with)
I. h(IO. We are concerned about their safety.
Ill\ 1..-,'t~;l":fOJo l\<;MII't
2. -1-'1'16. I am not concerned with the details.
Ill\ 11C11'1- 11-~;1" hA'f1C?"
as far as he is concerned fl --- flh-A
As far as he is concerned, it is all right. fl(l 1
011-A .,f." fll?"
concern (n.)
1. 't-1\"7. Our primary concern is the transport
~ll"'l:f't OJ;I"f.C':f't .,
of troops . .,..,.,.
'i'ill ' ~ ...
2. , ~- Revision of the new bill is the chief
concern of Congress this week. flH.tJ 1 ./tM
'1- f?"hc o.-r .,.., FO:. h-'1.(1-'t ih.,
.,lflfA ~.,.
3. 'i"1'+:r-. The mother's concern for her
child kept her awake all night. l\<;-J:-1> Ill\
oil:(. ff.6q'l- ' "11'1+'1- 1\.11.-l>'t -~~-
1\'t:,OA<;: ' ~"1'1-
4. f"''.filll-11 I mil-11. There is no reason for
concern. f"''.filll-11 ?"'t9" ~1C fll
Her family was her paramount concern.
.,.., mii!J. 1\0.-!-{lP!f! ~oc
5. .(-C~'t-. How long have you been with this
concern? OILU f."C~'t- OJoil'l' ?"'t fUA
1.11. .f.fU 1
*She said it was no concern of mine. hf11ltJ
9" ' hii:Y.'f
 concerning
have concern h(lO
The mayor has great concern for civic beauty.
h'H:'ICD- Ah1""/CD- CD-0'1- -1111- .1'11'1&1.
show concern +Q;l.io+
The phlegmatic fellow showed no concern
about the coming hurricane. "11..flif. (lll)o 1 ll
1\"''."""'CD- ' '\CD-11- ~-1-11 M'l" h&\._,.""-
~.,.'1"
concerning Ill\
Nothing was said concerning vacation. ilfl
~O:'i!'l- M'l" f_,.~1.: ~1C fl\'1"
concert foo-fl.:l> '1-0.J'.'I-
How did you like the concert? ftJDoH.:f"tD-1
'1-0.J'.'I- ID.<'.~hCD- 1
in concert 0..,1U.T
They acted in concert. 0..,11~+ rPo;..
concerted f.,.'IR.:
Their concerted efforts resulted in victory.
f_,.'IOO:CD- '1'0:;1-'I'CD- ~A"t 1'.1117
concession
I. 4.:1"~. The Ethiopian government gave the
Sinclair Oil Company a concession to explore
for oil. fh.'l-f"t;.l' ""'t"IF'I- All."thi\.C
h-'l"t.l' ~'I~ HJ'.'I- f"'1.1'tO'I-"t ll'i!&-
>."t-'1.4.&1."1 4.:1" ~ lim
2. 'l".h<:'l-. He consolidated his position with
the nobility by granting them tax concessions.
1\oPI>.TI-1: f"I-IIC 'l".h<:'l- h.l'.l'.0:11\'I'CD-
h~ll- :>C .1'1\CD-"t "l"tl'~'l- hm~h.:
3. ,.,oo'}. His concession that he had made a
hasty decision was all we wanted to hear.
>."t~'i"CD-'1> f4-A"I~m- f'fh-11 m-il~ ""
llm-l:"t "'/oP)."t -ail' , ~..,.
4. h>.~ J'.'I>C h>.~ J'.'I>C "''ll'I-. The quarrel
was settled by concessions. mflo 1 hM~
c h).~ J'.'J>C 0"'11\'l- _,.ID1.<'.
as a concession to fliiiJCtt+
As a concession to popular feeling, the govern-
ment reduced the tax. f.h11R-"t ll"'L'I- A
"''Cit'l- oP"t"IF-1: "1-fl~"t .,.HI
make concessions ll++ ! fl+.:J- 1 hF.~1 I
\ I had to make some concessions to get them
\ to agree to my plan. 0~ ),'J>~ >."t-'1.11"'1
'. - h"t'l"t~ 1-'lf"'f"t ""'"' "'1~0:"1
-(....
&~..,.., 1 .,..,...,.) ~o.:-a>t
make reciprocal concessions h.'}-'Ji'}J.!"
'f"t """.,...,. .,.11"'/0D<
230 conclude
Both sides made reciprocal concessions in
order to settle the border problem. f<DI'l"t 'f
"1&-'I'CD-"t A"''ll<D1~ 11-1\-1:'1" ID1<:''f
h"t'l"t~ ~11!''f"t 1\0D.,...,. .,.11"'1...
conciliate
I. hll;f-0:.,.. He tried to conciliate the two
parties in the dispute. 11-A-l:"t <D1<:''f A
"''ll;J-.:'1> 'Ph.:
2. h'IOA. She conciliated her cook with a
present. IIIR:f" OoPilm'l- <D'I' O.;l:"t h
'101\".f
3. 1'.00:.<'.. The boy's apology conciliated his
angry father. fA)!: J'.'I>C:f" oumf'l> .1'
1 '1-l:"t "t.<'.'l- hO<:.l'.m-
conciliation
1. ll"9"'9"'~T. Conciliation between the workers
and the company proved hard to obtain.
Oh-ll"t.l'"'"" o....:..,.'l''ll ""lthA 11'1"'1"
~ ..... "'1"11'1- ' hll'l':>6 II'~
2. be:,.. Conciliation involved payment of
damages to the worker by the company.
MC ou.,.,:'l- 11-'l"t.l'm- ll'-'&-.,.>;'m-
1)11 ouh4.A ~0<:0'1-
conciliator hll:f"&-<1!
A conciliator must be able to understand the
opposing viewpoints. hll;;t.~ct 1 fo--fl~'} ~ ro
1<r".f .mil-11 """.:'1'1- """'&\. hAO'I-
conciliatory hll;f-&-<1!
His conciliatory remarks were very welcome
after so much disagreement. h1lff" 1 h.floo{l
"'1"'1'1- 0:\11 hll:f"&-<1! milll-"t OouAI)
.,. .,..,.011-'1-
concise l\'l'C r'T'} ~ ffl
He made a concise remark. l\TC 1 fDT'} 1
.I'll hll.,..l'f'l- nm
1 f,:t-
conclave f.f.Y.:f" 11111'111
A political conclave was held to select a new
prime minister. h.Jlil 1 m:,OI\Y., ottll+c 1
1\0D'/"0:'1' f.f.J'.;f- f?"A-I:It llill'lll .,....
0:1
.,.aJ conclude (vt)
1. F.oaF.oo. He concluded his speech with a
prayer. "t"l"l~"t 01~11-'1- J'.oPJ'.oo
They concluded the deal with a handshake.
tJJoll-"t h~ A>.~ 0oPIJ>.II0'1' J'.ODJ'....
1 ~1C" 2. ol.li""(.,.Lll""). The coronation is concluded
when the patriarch anoints the Emperor. fH
conclusion 231 concurrenc e

a>-f: I OD...l") I P') I P'C't'f- I ;r'f-&J'Ch- I concomitan t l'oilr: f"'L'/.1:

") ...IP I )1P'i:"l I l\.4'1}a>- I f.4.'1."71lt. Happiness is not always a concomitant of
3. -1'1)00. From the tracks we saw, we wealth. S'.!l:J-<; ii&I.K""''O HOJ't-C l'oil<:a>-
concluded that the animal must be a deer. f"''_'[.,ll. I 1\f.S'.I\-'/"
}\t&~t& I 1\,."Jff~ I OIJif).") I f}f~tJ)o I 4f.'i" I ..,..,
concord !19"9")'1-
)Hofl"l 'A~H.U
These two nations live in concord. 1
4. OJS'."''II'l- S'.<:ll. After study, I concluded that IJ-11'1- I Mr:l- I Ril9"'/")'t- I f.'f&oil-
Amharic is a difficult language. b9"C9"C 0:\
1\1 h"''C'i' I bllf: I * " ' " " I )a>- I fDS'."''II'f- I S'.:!111- concordanc e f:J''I'l- 11CHC
5. 11111. At the end of his speech, he concluded The Bible concordance is very useful in check-
that all problems were solved. 0"1"1"1~ ou ing WOrds. fODK".h'i' I ~,11.!1 I f:J'I\'f- I 1fC
....:lf I ":f"'r:l- I IJ-1\- I OD<j:'J-d., I "''"'"f:J' 1fC I :J'I\'f-") I 1\"7"1&-'f- I m:J'"''_ I )tl)o

:fa>-") I 11\11 In concordance with 0 - - - ODav~+

conclude (vi.) ..,.I.OOY..oo I must act in concordance with the rules.
The book concluded with a warning to alco- Oih... I ODIP:'f- I OD P' &.'f- I l\1\ofi'"S
holics. ODK".hf- I f-1-S'.ODS'.ODtJ>- 0 1\/'o&\.l>llt. I with the concordance of h..,.lt"''oo-
(l.{l>f'lo "7ilm")4'.J:J' 00D!lm'f- )tJ>-
I I I
With the concordance of the membership.
*What do you conclude from his remark? we will adjourn. l\1111-l- b-!-!1"7..,. !Iii
1));>1~ I 9""1 I /'o{)ofl I J'l\tJ>- I f.OD!l&\.Y&\. 1 lllla>- I J'O:J'Ilt.
[See also 'agreement']
concourse fih11il OD-!-1\11.1..1'
conclusion A concourse is being built beneath the bus
1. tJJolt~. They failed to reach a conclusion Station. b/'o..,..Y.IJ-(1. I "Jfl..l' I P'C I fih1fofl I
on building a new bridge. l'o"l f: l'oJI..!l f:llt. OD-!-1\1\,I.J' ' hfTIP&. I )a>-
f:f. ill\ I ODJ"&.'f-
I I .,.,~~,. I btJ>-{)~ I 0D
f::!1 ' l'o:J':J-:fm- COncrete (n.) II."'L"I+
The conclusion of the treaty was announced The bridge is built of concrete. f:llt.f:fl. f-1-
in the newspapers. flt9'"9'"')o~ 1 tJJolt~ 1 O.."J IP&.a>- I bl\."7_").,. I )tJ>-
lf.'f) I T11\ll
COncrete (adj.)
2. oPQ;t.t:,if. At the conclusion of his speech, 1. r..,.,;u.om. Give me a concrete example.
he suggested that support be given to the f-1-<Ll.Om I 9"{)1\, I !lm'"S
government. 0~-J..,?o oot;U.t:,'i'f 1 AoP'}COJP" 2. f4r.IJ:v-lt. "Sugar" and "salt" are concrete
i: I f: _?<j: 0 OD!lffi'f- I J'il4_&\.;>&\. I f"''_llt. I
nouns. !1\o,C<; ""m- f4&{).,....!1 il'l"l-
.h{)ofl I l\4':0 <;:fm-
draw a conclusion ..,.1')oH0
What conclusion am I to draw from his speech? concubine Mll'l-
b(l. I ")"'"'C I 9""1 I &\.1)Hofl I 1.~1\IJ- 1 His wife and his concubine quarreled. "'Lili:
<; I c)411i: I T"JI\o
In conclusion Ooot;Q.t:,'i'f
In conclusion, I should like to state that .... concur (concurred)
00D .... :lf I llt.'01C I f9"4.1lt.1tJ>- - - -
1. -1-11"'1"'1. All the judges concurred in the
jump to conclusions decision. "''l''li 0'1"'1 Oa>-lt~m- -1-!1.,..,.
Don't jump to conclusions I 'R:..(- 1 /tODltm-T ~ 2. -1-;>moo. Careful planning and good luck
l'o't-:fltllt. concurred to bring about victory. R'I'"I:J'4:
f-!-S'.:1 I /'o~f:'O I - I 6f:llt. I !IIIT_?ffi.... I
conclusive f"''.l'm&.-rc f:&\ I T'J"f
The evidence against the burglar is conclu-
sive. 0fl.T I (ICIJ.t.t& I ...., . I f+~fl(Do I 0D
)a>-
concurrenc e
:)f I f.,J'<n&.'J'C I
1. oP~<;"f'f-. The concurrence of three large
COnCOCt 1\H;>)! highways causes traffic jams. fV'!li: :J-1\1\~
htJ>-;1. I 0D")11'-l- 0D1<;"f'f- f'J-&.,I.b OD<Q.
The cook concocted a new recipe. m-r 1 O.:t = I I I

1\JI..!l I f9""1ofl I 0D9"6J' I 1\H;>~ <;):,0 I f.4.'J'&.Ilt.

concurrent 232 condition

2. llrr)+. The concurrence of the com-
mittee was unanimous. fF..C.,.. 1 llrf'")-l- a
11..,.11- Q't.J:- .1:"'1"6 fTJ'.1d. )flC
concurrent
I. h't.I:")T fTJ'.~1. The concurrent attacks
by land and sea defeated the enemy. flfilll.,.
flQihC h't.I:")T fTJ'.~1m- "7'1'_.,..-,. m
......., IU'if't'i' !I'll
2. ( = noun) oooolt:flA. The concurrent views
condemned the slum dwellings. "7H;J1{' 0.1: ~
J'.ilil ' i}(l"'f-' flOD'f<'.f 0 hJ1.1fl-'l" I hfl
be condemned
1. ll't'l.d.CII 1 ;1-!f.A. This building has been
condemned. f.ll ih'tY. ll't'l.d.Cil :f"!l.A
2. hJ1.11"7"7'1" TQil. The meat was con-
demned as unfit for consumption because
it was full of worms. P" ;Jt& +A s 11T llA
II") /lODiiA hf.il"7"7'1" ' TQil

of different observers show that the minister be condemned to hell Tho))

was in the wrong. fAt!- 1 Af. ~ +ooAtt.Y:~ The sinner was condemned to hell. ;)m.h+~
hilT.l'fT ououiiiiA "''.~IIT-1- fTiliiT ou m- Tho))
11"'1-'t fouflh;f-A condensation rm-~ oom.11
be concurrent with TJ'.&-~fl(flT) Condensation causes windows to become
His illness was concurrent with his financial clOUdy. f(l)o~ I O'Pffl.1J I 0D{lfl-Hi1' ; .,..,.. I 1
troubles. iftooOfJ<o~ 1 f'l1'H11 IP/lf).f: 1 +F..&. llilil'f'I'A
~n-n.r make a condensation of h.fJ.m~

concurrently Q't.J:- uL Would you make a condensation of the report?

OD"I/l"'iiD-'} ' :f"ii'J'~'J'fllJI
His novel appeared concurrently with the
play. fAil Wll.l:" ODl\'.hf. h-1:.1'# ;J condense h.lJm~
C I f'I1'J!: I 1.,f1 I tiJlf) The newspaper condensed the long speech to
a paragraph. ;Jitlf)DJo ~i(on-1' 1 1'"1"1C 1 q
concussion
't.l:" h't4'l\' 1 hilm~w-
1. .,..-'::,... Because of the car accident, he
suffered a concussion of the brain. OoPh.S 1 condense to water hm.H
hJ'.;J 'l"h't.I'T .l''t1A 1-'IT J'.MlflT Steam condenses to water when it touches a
2. OD'i ;~+. The concussion caused by the cold surface. ll't'l-11-.r 4'11_...~ hlJA (L)
explosion broke many windows. OL1''j{.m- 1 lJ ' .l'm.~A
'l"h't.I'T ' fJ'.~IIm-. """?..,.'
illfo' ODIItoof'f-. be condensed ~;J
Mfl~ Milk is condensed by evaporation. m++ 1 f
"t.~;JdJ- ; t&;)t& I fioPTU I )(Do
condemn
I. d.~J'.(fl-r). The judge condemned him to condescend t-(1-'t 11:J> hJ'.~1
life imprisonment. ~~m- 1 f/J~ort Ah ltll The king condescended to eat with the people.
.:..r d.~fl.r '}"l-IP- hih1111- ;JC flODii'IT t-(1-'t
2. )+L. The newspapers condemned foreign 11:,. hJ'.~1
agents for the lateSt distUrbanceS. 0:,0C(}o I 0 condiment :,.oor
Td.Y.oom- il'l'il'l' fiD-"f!" Me M"'ll" Pepper is a useful condiment. nco&. m.+
,,.
,'f- ' TlJ'i-}1. flODIJ"..-'I'm- ' ;Jit.iP'Ii )oj>~ "7. I :,0.0DIJD ; )DJo

3. t.m"JH. The church condemns corrupt
morals. IJ.T hCil-l:.l''t m-s:-:,. 1 "Iii~ 1il
)T't ;f-W"I~Il'f-
4. lllJAG: flm. Poverty condemned him to
a life of toil. .J:-1h.r flooh&- '1-1!" 1 hilA
t:: ftmm-
5. hih11il WIIJ'.. The government has had to
condemn much land for new highway con-
struction. oo1'"JP"1: 1 11ft' tm&.+1' 1 At.m-&. 1
1-'1... I /"&- I hih11il 0 ODIJ)<{l.J:" I )fl~flT
6. {loo'f&.l' h.MQ'I" hll. The municipality
condition (v.) f --- oorP~T 1 )OJo
Ability and effort condition success. 'f-11-.+..-
'l'~T fooillJT oow~:,. .,.,,_
condition to ( = be conditioned to) ADPF..
+His boyhood conditioned him to hardship.
RA~)-1: 'f-"IC't ll'I"J?..,A
be conditioned +oorP~+
The gift to the boy is conditioned on his
good behavior. llA)I: f"''.llmm- iliP.+ 1 A
)1: fl"''..l'ilfm- ooAlJ'I" mQf. '1}1. fT
ODIPl,T I )I&
condition 233 conduct

condition (n.) telegram. "}"}-U" I )o1P"rf: I fdtff"} I oP.,l\1

1. Y.l.;t-. The rug is in good condition.
ll.:>ll"fDo ' 0'1'~ ' ~~-~:1" ' flY. ' ~ ....
Social conditions have changed tremendously
in recent years. f-1'10&-~ 1 ).C" r Y.l.;t-$Pl- 1
n"'-c11 -tou:f"'f- fDoll'l' 1111- 1'1\fDom'I'A
I'm in no condition to go mountain climbing.
1'&-&- 1\0DfDo"J'I- O"'L.I'II:fA v-~:1" flY.
hf.J'.I\11-?"
2. h '>.:\'t. He keeps his things in good condition.
7.:1'fDo't 0'1'~ h'>.:\'t Y.Y.~A
3. hiJ't~. He tries to reform the working
conditions in the factory. flof.ofl&ltm- m-il'l" 1
fP'&-fDo't hiJ't~ 1\.,lflfA f.'l"h&-A
4. h11Lfl1. ~~c. Ability is one of the condi-
tions for success in life. l-1\-;t- r l\)..1!" ; oP/t
IJ'I- h11Lfl1. hll').'f- ~~<!':f h'tll-
~ ....
5. .,~;t-. This contract has seven conditions.
Y.ll fDoA (lfJ'f- "IY.:f"l":f hll-'1-
1 have one condition to make before I will
accept. houof>OI\. no~.+ flof>COfDo f'I"L
A~.,. h't~ "IY.:I" hi\
keep in good condition 0~1'11 ~ fH
He keeps his things in good condition. 7.:1'1"'11
't R~'t11 Y.Y.~A
on any condition ,.-,.,.- r {ttl""}
I won't go on any condition. "1~ tl.IT1
hA't~9"
on condition that
*I will go on condition that you will too.
7.~ f'l"'t~fDo h't1'9" f'l"'l-'t~ ' fll'~ '
7.'t~ll''t ' ~ ....
on one condition t11'J!" r iD"A r oowl:+
1111'
I will accept the offer on one condition.
fof><:RA'h f'l"of>OI\fDo IJ't~ fDoA ""
w<:'l- ' 1111' ' ~.,.
[See also 'humble, insanitary, living, unsettled']
(be) conditional 1'ouw<:1'
My promise to help you is conditional upon
your good behavior. A<:.llll f(lmv-11 1'11
<!- 0'/":f"<lffDo ouAIJ9" IJ.hCY. flY.
f+oPwl;1" ~iD"
condole hi'Ot;<;
He condoled him on his loss. 0~<:(10'1- :f
"IC hi'Ot;t;fDo
condolence fdtH1 r oP.,l\1
The Emperor expressed his condolences in a
lffDo't ' 01:1\.&-9" ' ~Ill\.
condone
1. ~" 1 11/\- hl\L. I cannot condone your
rudeness. 11A"It;ll't :ffl 111'- hfiALfDo'/"
2. .t.+~. Church dogma does not condone
divorce. ftl.1' hCII1:.1''t .h"l ou<f,.:J"'f-'t
hf.L"'-~9"
conduce R)!
Exercise conduces health. ;e'9"<;111:h 1\m.
'tH Y.Oli"A
(be) conducive <:.ll
Good food and exercise are conducive to a long
life. 'I'~ 9""111<; ;e'?"t;llth <:'fr'l"
6~"'L ' 11.,.,,.,. ' Y.<:.llll-
conduct (v.)
J. ltii%1.. He conducts his business affairs
very badly. 't"IJI.'t OOD'J'G: 11-~;1" .I'IJ't"lA
2. ltil.,..fll. He conducted the visitors around
the museum . .,..11"5sP=ii1 r 0.+ r oPffb?-1' :
hil-l!' ' hll'l-01
3. h-1\.h'l-&h hll1'fii\L. Copper conducts
better than any other material. h{l./\-lo r ofll:;t-
11t:.f-:f Y.A"'- oo..;11 01'lfll h'>.:\'t
h-1\.h'l-&h .1'111'fiA<!-A
4. oo&-. Who is conducting the symphony
tonight? 1&. .,:1" 1\.'I"G:lfDo't f"'Loo&-
.,'t ' ~ .... !
The usher conducted the people to their seats.
hll1't;IJ& (ll"'IJ't ' aJ~fooof>OD"'ilffDo o OD
&-lffDo
conduct oneself &-(1-1' r +4l.trJml:
~ He conducted himself well during the cross-
examination. flooil+l\~iD" 1 "''f-k 1 "'..tL 1 &-(to
't O~'t11 .,..,_"'m<:
She conducts herself like a lady. v-~:1"'1' 7.
't~ 4'1- aJf.H<!' ~.,.
conduct (n.)
I. h""A. Your conduct is disgraceful. hoPAII
.l'<l'i!&-A
2. mtl,J',. The teacher praised him for his
blameless conduct. mfJI< 7.'th't 11111\.11
0+ I oortJ?- I 11.00(11)-iD"
3. 1'"11JC. The Medical Association dis-
courages unprofessional conduct among its
members. f.hh9"<; .,-,oc h'lil-'ll II""".I'
1'~0. fAll'~ 1'"11JC 7.'t"lf.LZ'Oao- Y.hllh
fiA
[See also 'safe conduct']
conductor
conductor
I. th..r 41.&-"i'". Did the conductor punch
your ticket? th.T 41.&-"" th.TII'J n
... l
2. oo~. Who is the conductor of the orchestra?
f,.,.fl:J" I :}..("' I 00~ I "7~8Jo f
3. hii-1-Vtt.. Copper is a good conductor
of electricity. ""-'~11 'No fl\.1\.hT&h h
il-1-'1'1.1. )ID-
cone [h;l-:f 11'1- 1111- >."Jf. "'&f lfIIA
1111- f"'I.W"']
Confederacy [1\J.Cil neil ""~-'1-'IT f""
"J"'P'T ' "r11~T]
confederate (v.) -Joqn~
The Swiss cantons confederated to form a
union. fil'11 "'~.f-:f h"JY: f"r11~T oP"J
"1FT 11"7!11!11?" -Joqn~
confederate (n.) "111~ hOC
The thief was arrested, but his confederate
escaped. 1\.qm- -1-S'H "111~ hn~ "'"J
hoPI\tn
confer (conferred), vt. lim
The university conferred the degree of Ph.D.
on him. l'tliCII.tm- f'i!Ail'i!" P..h-1-C)T
'l (tmdJo
confer (vi.) -f'oPlJh~
The criminal conferred with his lawyer.
m"J)';I\>;'m- htnO:I'ID- .:>C -f'oPlJh~
conference 111111q
He had a conference with the mayor. hh"J-I:q
m- ;>C 111111q )O~m-
hold a conference ilofl(IQ h1.t!1
He held a conference on housing at city hall.
"7H.:>lf II.T ID-il'l' ill\ ""'l'&S' II.T
.,..~~,. il11ilq hf.~~
confess (vt.)
I. 111m hMQ. The priest confessed my
sister. <1111- >."1-t:"J "Jil.t. hil~!l.:,.
2. hoP). I have to confess that I have not
read the book yet. oPK".t.i-"J ~., hii"7"JO
II."} "7""'J hl\11~
3. ~~~~~. She confessed her secrets to her friend.
ll"ilm.;,:"J 11~1-'1'!1! ' ~1\ll:f
The soldiers confessed allegiance to their
country. m;l-1.1:'11 '11&-:fm- ;l-"7'1':f ""II'"
:fm-"J ~Ill\.
234 confidence
confess (vi.)
l. '1m.Jt:r-- +'i"HH. My sister confesses every
month. J."r-1: Ofm~ "1m.h:t"J ,..,H~II:f
2. hoP). The defendant confessed. -1-h<"llf.
hoP)
confession
I. "Jil.t.. The priest is ready to hear confes-
sion in English. <1111- "Jll.t.m-"J O>."J"'IL11'i'
ll""ii"7T -1-H.:>;i!'-I-'I'A
2. f).II")T :I'A. In his confession, the
thief incriminated two others. Oftmm- t?..9"~
:,. :I'A 1\,qm- v-11-r lll":f hm"'
go to confession 'lildt 1tl.
She goes to confession regularly. S'II"7W~'I'
"Jil.t. T1qll:f
make a confession h_oo)o ! T'i'HH
The criminal made a full confession. m1~i\~
m- '1''1--t."J Ooo-11- hoP) (-1-.,HH)
[See also 'extort, extract, wring']
confessor Oil.t. hq:,. 1 n-;:n hQT
This priest is my confessor. "-'ttl 1 rf:il 1 f'}il:
.t. (n-;:n) hq-t: .,,.,.
confidant (n.) ll"llm.~>;'
He tells all his secrets to his confidant. II" lim.~
"J o-tt- 1\ll"ilm.~>;'m- f-"1&-A
confide
I. hlJ.I-11. She regularly confides her troubles
to her friend. :f"J;,:"J Of'LI1D- 11~1.':''1'
;1-lJ'i!'lll::r-
2. lim. She confides her baby to the nursery
while she is at work. I"&- iiT~Y: A~"J
ll.h'""" "7<"11-'LS' Tll"'ll:f
confide in ,..,oo~
He confides in his father. qq-J, f.-i'"7"""A
confide to the care hi.&- 1 {lm
They confided the children to the care of their
aunt. A.l!:rl"J 'lhil;l-:fm- hf.&- 11'11-
:fm-
confidence
I. J.II")T I 0&-11- S'IIID- J.II")T. Nothing can
shake his confidence. >.9")-t."J II""J?" /LS')
:I'"J4'm- hf.li'A?"
The award boosted his confidence. f-1-1.~11\T
1iA"7T 0&-11- fl\m-"J J.?")T h'i! h
1.~111-r
I have confidence in him. 11ft. 1 t\.f. 1 "-9"~:,. 1
hii'S
2. (IDofr A-fl. He described the situation with
confident
such confidence that the audience believed
him completely. rJ-~:f"tJJo'l 0.,..11- Aofl ill\
~Ill\ t.'l"7t.'"''fi rJ-1\- t.on'l-'fo
3. 9"llm.C. I listened to her confidences for
half an hour. f~~<::f'h 9"llm.C 11"1"711
(l<J'fo ' t..'lon'l'lt-
He told me that in confidence. 09"llm.C
<:~
gain one's confidence ( = have confidence
in) -t-"7on~(o+)
+He has gained my confidence because he has
always been so honest. IJ-A'I.n :J-"7~ II'
'l' M~1"1J-'fo ~-t-"7on'IO;f-l\rJ-
[See also 'strict']
confident (adj.) ~C"Im"'
We are confident of victory. ~'1.<'.9"'ilf'l'i'
~C"Im'l':f ' )'I
be confident +"''oP)'
I am confident that everything will turn out all
right. rJ-11-9" ~~c ~'1.<'."7.:1''i ~-t-.,on<;
1\IJ-
confldent manner AO CJP-fto)o:,. 1 0&-ll foP
-t-"7on'l ' mq,e
His confident manner gained him popularity.
AO .,..11-H: -1-ID.'I~~'t-'1 h-1-.l:tl.l\'fo
His confident manner dispelled our fears.
Rt-ll fon-f-"7on'l mql' <;:C?:f":f'l'l
t.lliD~.<'.A'I
confidential
1. AI'. A confidential secretary should be
discreet. AI' l\.1,.1. ,...,.,:,. on!l''l t.IIO+
2. 9"(lm.t-'f. The confidential report was
distributed only to the ministers. 9"llm.t-'ftJJo
&TC'I- 11"7.tll't-C''fi oflil' :J-.<'.11
become confidential rnm.c I }lftlaJ..,.
Don't become too confidential with strangers!
ofll!- 'I'IID:,O?:ftJJo 9"llm.Cil'l h;f-"''.tJJo'fo
confine (v.)
1. w(l~. Please confine your talk to five
minutes! 'I"I"ICIJ'I q9"ll'l- .<'.<1::1' ID!l'l
2. t.~.<'.. The banks conld not confine the
swollen river. fiD'IIf- 'ICil',.:f f'l"'ltJJo'l
tJJo;) ' 1\J"I/l. ' t.Ail'll-9"
3. t.'l'll. Illness confines him to his room.
ifoon9" Ml.'t- ftJJol\'1' A
confine oneself Tm(l)o
I wish the speaker would confine himself to
the subject. -1-'i:>&tJJo 0'1"1"1<1- t.~ll+
(lw{l'l "'"' ~oc
235 confirmatio n
be confined to prison ;1-(l.l
He was confined to prison for two years.
IJ-1\'t- ' <Jon+ ' :J-(1<:
be confined to the house hR.+ J\AlDIIJ9"'
She is confined to the house by her duties.
l"t- ' ll11"7.0~q:,. ' b!l.'t- ' t.'t-1D"'9"
~~
confinemen t
1. ;J-<;:'l' on'I'A. Confinement in a small
room is bad for one's health. R't-'l'li h<;:A
6Jolt"l" I ;J-"f:i!f ; OD'{J/A. I 1\tn..'U:t- I oPTii: I
~IJ)o
two years.
2. ~llt-+. His confinement lasted
~ilt-., ' IJ-1\'fo ' 'JOD'fo o ol'f
confinement in prison hiM-+
He was sentenced to three years' confinement
in prison. f!Pll't- <Jon'fo ~llt-+ -1-tl..l:
.<'.O'fo
solitary confinement 11\A+~ flf~ h~A
The rebel was put in solitary confinement.
ID'I01..tJJo ~1\A-t->;' 011'~ b<;:A :f"llC::A
confines bAA
These people have never been beyond the
confines of their valley. Mllll (l,.:f blf II
-l''l':ftJJo ' hAA ID'I'TIJJo hftJJo4l9"
*God is beyond the confines of human knowl-
edge. ~"IH.t.1l.r..c f(ltJJo ~tJJo<Jo't- b"7..<'.
CllO't- 0'1,1'. ~tJJo
confirm
I. t.m~b<:. That only confirms my faith in
him. f fi(l- 'If. fl\~'1 ~9")'fo fm~h
<:'I' A
2. ~tJJo)'fo on(l''l-'1 t.<::>~m. He confirmed
the news we heard over the radio. O~.ttr- 1 r
fl"''~m-"t ' m~ 1 Am-~T 1 oPlf)."t 1 h.t:;nm
3. t.l\.<'.4'. The Senate confirmed the treaty.
f ih"l onw(l"'tJJo 119"9").,'1 t.l\.<'.4'tJJo
be confirmed fiPo/r f'/f,"'''fT 1 Jr..qA. ~m
She was baptized when she was a month old
and confirmed when she was 13. owe:: he
ll't-'i -1-~l":f" R!f <Jou;J: .,..II- f?f.
"7'l''fo ' t.qA ' ll'):f
confirmatio n
1. 1\C...m~~:,... We are waiting for confirma-
tion of the news. fiD&.tJJo'l ~C"Im.,.~+ 0
onmqo:,.' 'If.. n
2. "7..?11. This is a confirmation of your
discovery. f.ll t.'l-1- 'I~TiitJJo "7<::>~"'i
)tJJo
confirmed
3. fhCII't-'> ou4'0A O'llo\. Confirmation
was celebrated in St. Mary's Church. fhCII't-
., ou4'oA O'lA o:,.J:-Il't-
.,_ ' hCil-f:f") .,_hO<:
.,c,.,.
confirmed (adj.) f'll.<:m
He is a confirmed bachelor. rc::m m"} J?.. ;
"IJ). I ~(J)o
confiscate
I. IDll'l. The government confiscated the
smuggled goods. OD")"IFr 4'<:'1' flo\.,.
hd..IIQ'fw-") "h:J>I"":f- m<:l'l
2. CDoClt 1\f.l."l. They confiscated everything,
even personal property. f""IA "}oflt::+ : "-'l
l>. il.l'4'C .,")>;'<JJo")'l" t1C OJ-Cil l'of.<:'l-
conflagration f"h'l't- :J>mii-
A conflagration destroyed most of the city.
f"h'l't- :J>mll- fh.,..,w--, l'o11~'i'w-")
hlf:.A I 1\tiJY.,ODt&
conflict (v.)
I. l'olo\.,.11.,.,'1". Their account of the accident
conflicts with ours. ill\ h!..;JtD- f()m-+ ; OO""I
11""1 "h'i' hl'lmt<JJo ;JC l'o.f.il.,.,'l"
2. 1-;JQa.. According to my schedule, the French
class conflicts with my Amharic class. 01 ; f
'l.lf, 1'1/1.-'1 ouw<;'t- fd..l:")il.f.'i'<; f"'
eli' h'i'll-l- f.;J""LII-
conflict (n.)
I. MI.\. It is the eternal conflict between
good and evil. Oh4-<; 00~ oolJhA 111
Hll'lll.,'l! 't-"IA tw-
2. A.r.~+. There is a conflict of opinion
between students and professors. o.,..,&l"":f-
., ' Ol'tiiCil.-1: OD'I"IJ6-") ' oulJhA ' fil
11 1.\l't't- l'oll
3. l'ollooll.,.,'t-. The workers adopted a policy
of obstruction due to their conflict with the boss.
IJw&f'f<JJo ' ;JC ' Q/IOD{I.,.,:J"'f<JJo ' f.,.).., '
w.:-.,.'1''6 O.,(I<;IJf HI. .,.m.,..,...
4. m11. This incident can create a global
conflict. f.ll o-k:J" 'lll'l" l'o4''i' m11
1\.d..'I'C' f.":f-~1.\
5. OJo'l.f l "l"'l''t-. The army is stockpiling fuel
for any future conflict. ftnC c'l&-t1J mY..~
:,. 1\"'l.ounJw- w-'l.f ("l"'l''t-) t-'1~ fm
,:.:,..,A
conflict-of opinion hi\.DP"'IQQ:,.O
The conflict of opinion between students and
professors led the students to strike. o.,..,&l"":f-
236 confounded
. , 0 Q{l.,..,&jP":f- ' }',/IOO"IQQT 0 'l"h")fT 0
.,_.,&1"'6 h'i'A l'o")1Q'I" toll-
IL
conflicting .,.:J><~-t
I have heard two conflicting reports. v--1\-T
.,.:J><~-t &;rc-r-":f- (l'l"iJ'IIv-
confluence oo1<;'i'
The town was built at the confluence of two
rivers. h+"7m- ~ f+rP&olD- Ov--1\-1: a.J'11'
l- I 0D1'i"~ I Jtat1ofl I ~QJo
confluent ~,::,.
This confluent is completely full in the rainy
months. ~<:-!: Oh<:'l"'t- m,:.:,. m.'l"
1111- ' 1-'1"~1.\
conform (vt.) l'oil.,"''
The stranger conformed his ways to ours.
1.")"!'Ia>- (Ia>- l'oS:S:~") h'i' ;JC toll.,.,
conform (vi.)
1. +ll"7"7. Her dress conforms to the times.
lo\11!). h'l.lf,OJo ;JC 1-ll.,"''IA
2. ThTI\. You must conform to the rules.
f.")(l'j;") ooh.,.lo\ 1'.111111
conformity
1. oolt..,..,T. Conformity of opinion is some-
times necessary in deciding important matters.
}',")-'!")J:" ' l'oild..~'l. 0 1--'lf"":f-") 0 /IODfD{I") o
fm'l11 ""ll"''"'''t- t.IAG: 't.IAG:' filLio\;Jio\
2. Q")J:" l'oll.,.'lfl11 oooo.:.'t-. Strict confor-
mity often prevents original thought. Jt'). 1
flft Q")J:" l'oll.,.'l(l11 ouoo,:.:,. 1111- .....
If, lVlll mil11 h.,'i'/1:,. 1"1-'llo\
in conformity with 0 - - - oPIP-T
In conformity with your request. I am sending
you the necessary forms. O~J>.r-tu ODrP-T =
.,_d..~'l.l"'6") G:C'I"":f- IAh.lo\?1111-
*He lives in conformity with the law. ift'"1'1
l'oh11C" f.'l' 6-IA
confound
I. l'o.,:l". Their demands confounded the
situation even more. 1+floT ~ ..-f4l r v-~;.1-
w-") fQ{I l'o.,:J"w-
2. l'ollf'l" ! l'o'l'l.,.. He confounds dreams
with reality. iftlo\'1"")'> "hw-t't-") l'of.llf-'1"
(Nil:l"A)
3. 1til10D. The news of his appointment as
governor confounded me. 1t1 11( lf'f'
ooj'foo- l'olluoo'f
(be) confounded .,.,_t.,.
I was confounded to hear that he had become
confront 237 congratula te

a professor. "f'(!"d..{tC l oPif).") I flODi\...,,.. I confute, ~ the claim hiiTQRil

Tf.:t<l: ~nc The student confuted the claim that he cheated
in the examination . ..,.DIJ~m- OL..,.'l "7~
confront ncno~-'t t.IITQOil
1. 1moo. The difficulties that confronted us
have been overcome. f1m0001'1' l-..,e";f congeal ~;J
hlf"t.C.';'A The blood around the wound congealed.
2. 1";JtnOD. Our army confronted the enemy 04<1111- t,l)qn. fiiiD- ,._,. ~;>

with great bravery. I'M'E:I':f't 0;1'11~ l

"l'tH mll'l-'t T ;>moom-
*The lawyer confronted the prisoner with the
forged check. mO-"'m- l\II~'O'm-'t h"i."OC11
~VA nooqA fTbllliO'I-'t 'lih hltfm-
confront each other +4-mm
Egypt and Israel confront each other across
the Suez Caual. "111K'';' l\116-1\.A bll'll
11 Pf. q>f1c Tof.m'PA
confront with the need hll1~
This situation confronts me with the need to
make a QUiCk deciSiOD. Y.,U I (lo~;f" I f,.tf.tn
t .,.,..,. llf. l\'t.l:-f.CII fll1.1:-f.'O'A
be confronted ,c.:,. 1\,l.:,. +,.?mOD
The prisoner was confronted by his ac-
cusers. l\II~'O'm- bblti"'li ;>C <~.+ ill!.
:,. = +:JmoP
confuse
L hf.';'1~. His talk confused me. 't"l"l-1- t.
f.';'1~"i
2. ll.oofl+A. Don't confuse the papers on
his desk! m~*-~.,. llf. fiiiD-'t m~+'l- t. congestion """""~~
,.... ,..~An+
3. J\171:1". The radio announcer confused the
dates of the two events. t.Jlf" +IJ';J6tiJw
fll-ili>'t ' .,.,.,.,.,;r. .
+<;'!- h"7;1'
*He must have confused me with someone else.
/l.lt I {IQ)o I OD{\{LQ)o ; 'i'OC
confusion
1. OD1..'i1C. There was confusion in the room
when the fire broke out :J>mll-m- RT~"I
'l.tL I h'f:A- I dJ"l\T I OD"-'11C I )0C
2. '1-Cf"llf"ll. There was au inordinate amount
of confusion on registration day. fl9'"111Q 1 +
't bAb filL '1-Cf"llf"ll ~OC conglomera tion 'I'C-"'"'1.
3. "IC"IC. He escaped in the confusion.
O""lc-'1?- I uP"//A I hDDI\tn
4. 7ioflc. The army retreated in confusion.
m;l'f.<~o n'li11c t..c.~.c.
5. 11-MIT. The meeting broke up in confusion.
111111qm- 011'1'11'1' TOT~
6. "7.C.C. I couldn't hide my confusion.
"7.C.t.'t r iiODf.fi~ ' hAiJ'A!J.f"
congenial
1. uPltA. He has a congenial roommate.
oo{IA fb'i!A '\!.>;' t.ilm-
2. TID'!~. People like to visit his house
because he is a congenial host. TCD~;E- h(l
T';';>~ llllll"~ {ljP'f l\IL-Jo ooy...:- f.
IDJ!/1-
3. f"''.ll"7"7. He has found a congenial job.
f"'1.11"7"7m-'t F.!- h1'f
congest h1f.
Parades congest traffic. {IAij: r fOOh.IJ oo
H'PIDC't ' f"IJ!A
T"""~'i"
(be) congested
The streets of Addis Ababa are congested
with traffic. fh-'1.11 t.nq ""'t11'-:f Ol\
"I~"P'f<; RT'lihClJ&jP:f T""';"t-I''PA
cause to become congested "-L.,
A cold causes the nose to become congested.
1-'tof.'t h'i!'t""".'t f.f.'J!';'A
Traffic congestion is caused by the narrow
roads. RmQP'f oP't11'-:f f"b'tf+ foP
bSjP:f """""~~ f.f.CfiA
congestion of the lungs ffl.,.q s oo:J-L"t
He died from a congestion of the lungs.
Olt'tQm- """'"-'t f"b'tf'l- 'I"T
conglomera te Tm~:J'+oP
Pebbles have conglomerated into rocks in the
course of millions of years. mmf!'~ 1 n
"''.II.M '\oP;f'-}- m-11'1' Tm~_,~,.,_
Ail+ Y.ll't;/1-
This is a conglomeration of useless facts.
f.ll 'i!t. 0.11 fll'~ ~1C 'I'C-"'"'1. ~.,_
congratula te l\'t'>.'t !.II filii hil
We congratulated him on his success. ilh+ll
lJil'l- l\'t'>.'t !.II filii t.A~m-
*May I congratulate you on your birthday?
llil M'l- 0'\AII l\'t'>.'t !.II filii
congratulation
congratulation fS'.Il;l- OD"'I\"'i
Let's send congratulations to the winner!
1\lf'i,!.tJJo ' fJ'.Il:f" ' OD"jl\"'i ' l\"JI\hi\'1-
COngratulations I ltt,"}l)."} ~il YlttJ
Congratulations on your appointment! ill\
Tifll"h l\"t'>."t S'.ll 11111 I
*Our heartiest congratulations! hAofl ftr
) S'.ll:f"':f"t"t l\"t1Allll"t
congregate T(IO(IO
Don;t congregate in the hall! fioP-f-1\lt-'-.fm-
llf. h'l-MIM
congregation
1. "1-IJii.. The Protestant congregation meets
in the American Embassy. fTI!"i:ll;l-"t'l- -..
flh. Oh'"/.&IJ"t h.ll"fl(l. tJJoll'l' f.(l0(lf1A
2. hii":Y.'l-. There was a congregation of bees
around the beehive. 04'&:tJJo hiJ'IIl f"t11
hll":f'l- )OC
Congress ll"hC n.'l-
The Congress discusses the matter of land
taxes. f'"hC I 0.-Jl I ill\ I oPc'c...,.. I "'111C I Y,.~;.J1
&.A
congress l'l1l{l1J
The congress of Ethiopian Studies was held in
Addis Ababa. fh..'l-f"t;f 'l''i'l- ll11(lfl
Oh'l.ll hO'I TS'.<'.1
(be) congruent Til"?"?
The plan to expand the school system is
congruent with our aims. 'l-11"11C'l- n.-r-:Y.
"t ll"?ll-1-4-'l- flltJJo l\:,0~ IJII"t 'til
"? :>C f"'l.ll"?"? )a>-
congruous Tll"?"'l.
The plan is congruous to the needs ofthe school.
l\:,0'1-. ll'l-11"11C:'l-. 0.1>. '1'111'1-. Tll"?"'l.. )tJJo
conical if"'"'
Fujiyama has a conical shape. 4-"/if"? fT'III
..... mn . T&.&. lf"'"' .:tcK" hl\tJJo
conifer [:tmll 4'"'i"""t q'i']
conjecture (v.) 0"111"'1- T'i1<'.
Columbus conjectured that the earth was
round. 1>11-II"Oil """'~- h11 ODIJ'!<;"t 0
"111"'1- T'i1<'.
conjecture (n.) f.ll''iA
This bqok is based on conjecture rather than
research. ODX"d\4- f+oorPt:..+m- flf.lf'iA. r
l\"t7( OII"CII"C llf. hf.S'.I\11"
238 connect
conjugal f:>11il'
The husband failed to perform his conjugal
..,.., ..,,_
duties. 'IA\I.a>- f:>11il' T"''l<-"t ol)'h'i
*Their conjugal happiness is exemplary.
0'1-.0:&-'ftJJo tJJoll'l' fl\tJJo S'.ll;l- hCh
n'l- 111m- )tJJo
conjugate h<'.fl
Please conjugate this verb in the past! .eu'J'J
"'ll. Rhll.l.. '1.11. I hC'I
conjugation hG'111
The conjugation of the Amharic verb is
different from that of the Arabic verb. f"?C
>;' "'ll h<'.q11 h0<'.1l'i' "'ll l\<'.'111 fT
1\f )tJJo
conjunction
1. ounJoac. The conjunction of fog and rain
made driving impossible. f"":>"''i f11'i11
OD"JODC OD!J.'i 1\0D"J,Il')- l\llllil'l\11"
2. ou{l..,.tf"C. The word 'but' is a conjunction.
~1C ..,., 1 fO?..AiD" :J>A. 1 oa{l+tf"C ~""'
in conjunction with h - - ,;JC 1 +m9"(!"
High winds, in conjunction with rain, made
travel difficult. ..,f.ll'i' )'i-ll b11'i11 :>C
T"'"ll"l!" -..JitJJo"t hll'f:>& hS'.G1tJJo
conjunctivitis f'tf."t "?1f'l- a.oull"
The children suffer from conjunctivitis. A]t.
'fi ' f'tf."J ' "?1f'l- ' ihODII" ' 1\1\fl'fa>-
conjure
1. noo+T li.ID"'. The magician conjured a
rabbit out of a hat. hll"?T'i'a>- OouToJ>
'l'"t'fA b'IC~"'a>- a>-ll'l' hiD"!
2. 1\DD). I conjure you not to betray your
country. h1C11"t l\"t.O:'l-h.O: l\1\II""JVI\o-
conjure up
1. ..,....,...,., The sorcerer conjured up an evil
spirit. m"t*~'- (lf."'"t 'I-TT
2. O..h/111 tJJoll'l' .l.m<'.. The sailor's story
conjured up scenes of buried treasures. rouch
o'i'"'" :l-&h 1 fTS'.04' 1111'1- ou<r<."t om
lt-R I BJoilT I Ltn~
connect (vt.)
I. h1IT. Operator, please connect me with
the main office! "?JI&f I b'l''itJJo Ill!" :>
c h1<;1'S
A bus line connects the two towns. tN\'111
hT"?l":f h<JJo-1'-R-Il 11'i'i''f'I'A
connectio n
2. -tmll. The telephone company connected
my telephone today. f-1:/I.G:"t 11-<l"t,I'<JJo q
~ llA.h -tm/1111.'{
3. "l"t"J')'l- ,1'/I<JJo ou(l/I<JJo. Do you connect
Bill's silence with Mary's arrival? flLA 1 1t
9" "711~ h"'L& oP9""1'1- :>C "l"t"f')'l-
,1'/I<JJo ,l'.oP(lll\.?11\. l
connect (vi.) of"1<;"f
The two rooms connect. 11-11-1> h'i'll-l- ,1'.1
<;"/{lo
be connected
*The two towns are connected by train.
O!Jollof> h-Jo'l"l- oultbll\ QII-C ,1'.00~/lltll\.
be connected (with) "l"t"J')T I>II<JJo
He is connected with several firms. h1111"
f"t"l~ ~c~'l- :>C "l"t"J')'l- I>II<JJo
*Mr. Parker bas been connected with this
firm since 1918. "''..(lof"C ;rcbc h!iif! '\.
9". "f.9"e 011.11 f"t"l~ "7')0C ..........
oPC;tll\
connectio n
I. ou1<;"/. The connections wilh !hat town
are very poor. btUJ 1 b1""7 1 ;JC 1 fAt- 1 oP
1<;"/ ' '1'<1- ' I>,I'.S'./19"
2. "l"t"J')'l-. The two governments sundered
diplomatic connections. 11-A-IJ oP"J..,P';tw
'1- f-'1. Tll-"7-l:h "l"t"J');l"'f<JJo"t 1>!1/<:m-
3. ( ~ to connect) "7ll-tmlll.. The connection
of our telephone took two days. (lAltl-"t"t
11"7(1-tmA o-11'1- -t"t 4.1.
4. "7oPI\il~. I missed my connection in Dire
Dawa. h~~ S'.'l' <D-'1.,1' f"''..<DllS'.'{ "'""
~lllf l>""llm'{
He bas some important connections. lD11
fflt- I (lQJo. I )(I)-
be a connection of 1-lfoP"
She is a connection of ours by marriage.
0:>1111' :,.qaoS'.<;IIl-
get a connection ,.-,'if
Because of bad wealher, it is difficult to get a
connection on the telephone. .l'f-1- IJo~:l"
(111-1"01\lf OllAh 11ao1<;"f'l- l>ll'f:>&
)(Do
In connection with b-- ,;JC I f1".1fH
I have an idea in connection with your last
remark. Oao..,<:lf ltll\h<JJo ;>C fof".I'.I'H
l>"t~ ' mlt11 ' 1>11'{
in this connection btt.ll ;JC fl"''f,11f
In this connection he told him !hat it would
239 conscienc e
not do. hll.ll :>C 0"7,1',1'11 'lo"tS'."7,1''1'"1
)1l:<JJo
in what connection 1 OM DD)i'f
In what connection did he mention it? OM
ao)lf m-t(l<JJol
make connections OD=\"If AlDtn
You make connections at the next station.
0"'1..-t'I'II<JJo "'tl.l' ou'\"tf" '1-II<JJo"'/111
connivanc e ao(l"7"7'1-
The robbery was done with the connivance
of !he police. ilC-1'-1> f-1"4-K"""'" h?"ll.
ll :>C Oao(l"7"7'l- )OC
connive .,.oP/tm,l
The general connived with the enemies of his
country. l':,t.&-11- h111<1- mi\.Y.l- ;>C
of"OD/tm<:
connive at if4-L)
Some policemen connive at gambling. h1~1
~ ?"ll.fol- f-1!"7C"t ' ID"t"f.A ' f,lf'f.'i'<;{lo
connote l>lt(IO
The word 'equator" often connotes heat.
f9"~C OD-t)'l- f"''..II<JJo :l'A 1>11q"/
dJo"t "l..rt. .,..-t'l-"t ,1'/tllQA
conquer
I. 1q. He wanted to conquer the whole world.
'\119""t 0.,..11- IIOD"Iq'l- 4.111
2. ,I'H. The Italians wanted to conquer
Ethiopia. h."'A.I"l"l- 1>.'1-f"t.",l'"t IIOD,I'11
4./l"fo
3. l>lf)L. He conquered the habit of smoking.
fll.:>&o ' "7m.(l ' (lo/l"t 1>1f)4.
The soldiers sequestered food from the people
1 they conquered. <D;l"S'.e'll ltlf)~'f..,. {19'
l- 9""111 H<:4-
conquero r ~A 1>~<1-"1..
The conqueror was given a warm reception.
~A 1>~<1-"I..<JJo f ;>II 1>-tQOA of"S'-<:111'1-
conquest
I. ~A "7.1':<:"1. The enemy's conquest split
!he country in two. fm~'l- ~A "7~<:"1 I>
1<1-l>"t ' 1111-11'1- ' ht-1\'1-
2. "",1'11. The conquest of Mexico by !he
Spanish is described in this book. fM;r'l'l-
"'Lhll.to"t ' OD,I'11 ' 011.11 ' ODK"do'i' ' <JJoil
'I' ' -1"111\.!I.A
conscienc e 'llt.'i
I have a clear conscience. 1&..ih ..,tL'i h.
II'{
conscientious
appeal to someone's conscience
*He appealed to his conscience in the hope of
getting the money back. 1'1HII-'I f.oPIAilil
'I- H'l.(- il"ril.'i"aJo h'l-'l.il"7ro- h.(-C1
~.~ ....
have something on one's conscience
*She behaves as if she had something on her
conscience. ..-4..-,.. ),'l-'lm-4- J (tm- J .-,..lf'ill";f
[See also 'guilty']
conscientious
1. o..-'l.?k I r+w~. Conscientious work gives
good results. OT'l.?k 1 r+w~ J JP~ : m-
m.-1: 1'1"&-lA
2. .-,...,..t.J. The conscientious student received
the teacher's praise. :,..,..,_ 1 +171/t:. 1 I"Jli+UIJ
i!liJo '/"il;J<; h1"f
conscious ( ~ adv.) 11''1 1111-
He made a conscious effort to be kind. 1.."'1
floPII''I ' 11''1 1111- ' '1'~'1- 1'1!'..~1
be conscious ~fto'l 1 om+
Doctor, is he conscious? .hh.9"' : II"~ ~(to
'11aJo:l'IA!
be conscious of om+
She wasn't conscious of his presence in the
room. lt.fto hlf:l\o 1 m-liT ontf-;...'1 1 hi\
m+";f'l" ~nc
consciousness
I. tblJ1l. The memory of the event was gone
from his consciousness. )-1.;.. J h.h/Jfi'o J m,.::tA
2. hh'I"C:. Gradually, the sound of the bell
penetrated the sleeping man's consciousness.
f!'..mtr .(-'/"6 4>il ft4>il f-1-.,..,.'1 (I
ro- hh'I"C: Hil4>
A consciousness of impending danger kept
him awake. h!'..;J 1\.!'..Cilft't- f"''..";ffA oull'
).'! Mm4> h'I'I>IA'i' h"'
lose consciousness ~tj:fto"} 1 ,...,. ! ;,~m~"}
"IT
She lost consciousness due to the extreme heat.
h ...f.{l"'aJo ' .....,T ' f-1-~"1 ' ~'i'!).'I ' (.hf.ID
:1:'1) ' H";f
recover consciousness ~,.:11 = H~ ! )olf:fto'1
om+
She just now recovered consciousness. hv-'l 1
1<; ~'i'il H&-";f (~'i'!t'I om+";f)
regain consciousness ~fto'1 om+ I ~,.:(1 H~
After two hours, he regained consciousness.
hu-il't- (lq't- ft:\'1 &-(1-'1 om+ (~'i'il
H&-)
240 consent
(not) regain consciousness ,'h~m-1:"} 1 IJ+
The injured man did not regain conscious-
ness for two hours. r.,.1-s;m- 1 (tm- 1 llo-llT =
(lq't- 1UIA .nf.m-1:'1 il-l' ~nc
conscript 'I"IA'I"IA
Conscripts are trained in marching before they
are sent to their various units. IJDA'r/'r>":f m
!'..f-1-0D!'..IJ-q'fro- ' hoP'Il!'fro- ' ftol.'t- ' (lfA'j:
f-"7&-11-
conscription O"'l..l'o;t- 1 ononfAODA
Conscription is necessary in time of war.
ftiPC~'t- 1.11. 0"11.;1- oooufAoofA hilol.
'11. ' ~ ....
consecrate
1. l't"Pil. He consecrated his life to the service
of the church . .hf.m-1:'1 illl.-1- hCil-1:1'1
1
h11A"111-'t- h'l'il
2. ilil't- (lm. She consecrated her child
to the service of the church. lA:{'I 11.-1- he
il-1:1'1'1 h'l-'1.11ii"'IA ilil't- (lm";f
be consecrated
*A church is consecrated to worship. O.T
hCil-1:1'1 iiKII-'1- f-1-mM '1>'1-il !1;1-
~ ....
consecration f'l"~:l' P'~ P'Cq't-
The consecration of the church took p1ace
last Sunday. fll.-1- hCil-1:1). f'l"~:l' P'
~ P'Cq't- f-1-!'..~1..,. q{l,l.ro- hm..(-
~nc
consecutive
1. -1-h:l';l-f.. Monday, Tuesday, and Wednes-
day are consecutive days. (17! "7h(l7!<; ~
11-b -1-h:I':J-f.. 4>'l'";f' .,,..,.
2. ( ~ adv.) ""f.-'lro-'1. He came on three
consecutive days. ?'liT 1 +'l onY.,,t;;m-"} ODIIJ
1
consensus llrr)oT
The consensus was against the war. h9"'9"')o~
IPC~-1:'1 f"''..:l'm'l" ~nc
consent (v.)
1. -l'il"7"7. He consented to stay. fiOd.fof't-
-l'il"7"7
2. L-1'1... Ann's father would not consent to
her marrying a foreigner. fh'l hq't- fro-
"1!" h1C (lro- h'!.(-;J-1q hf.L'I>.(-'1"
3. hit hil. When I asked her whether she
would marry me, she consented. 1\1-m.?q 1
11mf.:l''t- hit hfl";f
 241
consent
consent (n.)
1. U 1:. This was done without my consent.
,_II f-t-1.~~,. fll~ 4.? 1: )ID-
2. ""11.,'"1'1-. Silence often implies consent. h-11
""'ID-"t "1.11. 119":1' ""11.,.,'1-'t foollh:I'A
by common consent fl ~ - - rJ.-Ir h,..'!l"'io+
By common consent of the class, he was
chosen president. R-t-.,&J"'j; rHr 11'1"'1"
)'1- 'l"t.Jf)l't'l- ll''l" -t-ou~m
by general consent Q11: Y;gn[J
He was chosen chairman by general consent.
IJ'tf: 1:9"~ 1111.4 ou'tRC)'I- T""~m
[See also 'yield1
consequen ce f"''.fllh'l-11 ,. , .... ,..
I am afraid of the consequences. fol.ll-11-'1- f
"''.fllh'I-IIID- 't ID-m.'l- )ID-
*You must take the consequences of your
action. OP"t-tJ lUll foPIIJm-1 ')o"IC oo
oJ>RA t.MIII
*The consequence of his fall was a broken leg.
OOID-f._, f ... A'I',..'t oor'IRC t.llh-1"11
In consequence of 0 --- 9'"h'l1+
An investigation was initiated in consequence
of the disaster. IJf.;>ID- 9"h'tf'l- '/"Coo
t- t.'t.OU:ouc -t-1.~~
it Is of no consequence tfl;J fi\m-r
That he still has the title of president is of no
consequence. f'l"t.tVI't-lo't .,,.,~., ""'""
'I';> ' fiiiD-9"
of no consequence lt.H.U "'JQ f"''.r.qA
He is a person of no consequence. lt.H.tJ ""IQ
f.,,_IJA r'laJo )aJo
consequen t fllh-1"11
The storm and consequent flood caused great
danger. '"li>RIK" fllhof"IIID- 1-C'i' 'l-A
... ' t.f.:> ' t.Ur'l
*His long illness and consequent absence puts
him far behind in his work. 1111- "1.11. ;r
,.. llP"t- ooo}-~ofl Pt-11t a mY.. :\1\ '1-
-t-.,.R'I-
consequen tly
*He failed to come on time; consequently,
the meeting broke up without settling anything.
Rr'l't-lo ,..,__tlf lllloJ>~ "1-IJ.t..ID- M'l"
)~C o\,_aJII't of"Rof")
conservat ion TO:J"
The conservation of forests is important to
our country. ff.'t '1'0.4' IIIJ~t-"1 m.4'"'1.
)ID-
consider
conservat ive aJf. 'l-hhll"'w- f"7..4'~11
He gave me a conservative estimate of costs.
dlf. ' 'l-hhll.,,. ' f"7..4'~11 ' f'l';> ' "19"'l- '
r'lm~
be conservative f.f.f A."''Y:~ "7bRC IDU
Old people are usually more conservative than
young people. h11~.,,.'t "1.11. haJtlf.P.:f
,_A.,. 11.,"11\.l":f fol'f A"lf:'t .,hn
c' ,.dl~(lo
conserve (v.)
1. ll.'l.t.;f.mi!f. mfl+. Scientific farming con-
serves the soil. HoP<;'f! t.Clf hoi.C t.'t
~,.mof. ,.m11.4'A
2. <t.mR. He tried to conserve his strength for
the big test the following day. "1-AR-Io't OR);>
IIJo ' II"'Lf.~~ID- ' 'l-A... ' ol.of-'0 ' IIDD4'm11 '
'I"M
conserve (n.) Roi'Coi'C" f:l'lf~
Since we have no fresh fruit we use a lot of
conserves. 'l-h-11 'I'll- 'i't. 11111\.ll't n
oi'Coi'C" f:l'if~ID-'t R11'1'l- t.'tmoJ>9"R:l 'll't
consider
1. hcf:fD ~1C "'&.mt::. He never considers
the feelings of others. fl\.11-:f't ll"'L'l- h.,
'I" )~C h,_<t.'l'C'I"
2. <t.m~. I consider him an able chemist.
:fll-:1' fiiiD- h."''.ll'l- t.f:C"I. t.<t.'l'~'i'llll-
3. ToutthT. We have to consider his age.
i>f:"'LID-'t """"Ah'l- h1111"t
4. h.ilO. You should consider the traffic and
start early. foolJ.<;ID-"t 11'1'l- hllRII Rt!l.
:,. ' oP)"f'l- ' 1;111111
Will you accept my offer to work with me?
I will consider it. h~ ;>C t.'tf:'l-"'11- foJ>
~1111-AII't mo\11 'l-oJ>R~IItJ l t.ll11R;I-1111-
5. t.'tf.--- hf. He considers him his foe.
t.'tf.ml\-to ff'I'A
6. hoo'fH~. He wants- to consider the pros
and cons before he makes up his mind.
mo\11-'t ' hoo.,...~m- ' n.c.'l- ' "'"'-'t" ' "1-
~-lo't I\JOD~1f't ,_oi.A;>A
*I consider the story improbable. ;1-611- f"''.
ll"t ' t."""llil~9"
be considered
1. .,.fit\. This nation is considered to be
aggressive. .e.u OD'l""JP"+ mofl. "'I~ )
, . ' ,_IJ~A
2. -t-<t.m~. Pride was considered a sin by
the churchmen. ntou<;'l- H'tf: h-11-'l- t.'t
f. "1m.t.'l- ,.._me )fiC
10
considerable
considerable
I. Olf fil. That is a considerable sum.
Olf fil 1"tHil ~,.,.
2. ill!-. It took considerable effort. ill!-
Tt:+"t mf.,.
3. ill!- I .:"('1". The distance between Harar
and Addis Ababa is considerable. O.ht:C<; 0
IVl.il .t.oq ODIJhA 111,.,. c.,...,. ill!-
(.:"('1") ' ~ ....
4. b'i'.,.'i'. He acquired considerable skill in
football. O"IC \o.il ..,.,.,. b'i'.,.'i' "/ffr>
;t- h1T
*There is a considerable American colony in
Paris. Ocb+ ftr h"'UIJ'l'"if ;r&il
fD<il'l' ' f.'l' &-oil-
considerably 0"1'1"
The boy was considerably older than he
looked. A:ll: DD<I\11- h"''.fo'tffD< 01\f. ~
f:"''.fD< ' 0"1'1" ' 14- ' fil ' ~ ....
considerate 1111,.,. ho'tll
My boss is very considerate. h.A..4>"' fl"'r
ililfD< ' ho'tll ' ~ ....
consideration
1. 61/1\11. Giving a correct answer requires
consideration. +hhil'i' DD<I\il 1\DDilm+
"'iilil fii4.1A:JA
2. ho'tll~+. The girl's consideration for her
mother is in contrast with her brother's
rudeness. fA"(-fo 1\h<;:J: ho'tll~+o; fm
"t~".7. ilA"I<; f.7t:&.tr
*Time is an important consideration in this
case. 011.11 .:1~ f1.H. ~1C 11.;1-ililO+
f"''.1q' )fD<
alve consideration TODAh+
I will give your project full consideration.
h~~l)") 0 0"'/.1q ' hDDI\h.,.'l'l\11-
ln consideration of
1. lli\. In consideration of his services, he
received an award. ilil h1A"Ii'r'-fo iiA"'I+
-1-ilmfD<
2. ODDou&~h+. In consideration of his age, the
judge ordered the boy released from jail.
f~f:"''.fD<"t ' "'IHl ' OODOD&Ib+ ' &1:11: '
hhiiC O.+ h"t'Lil.,.~ -'l'i'fD< hHII-
not have consideration -,,: fi\dJor
He has no consideration for anybody. il"'i"t
'}" ' ..,~ ' filfD<'J"
show no consideration f'""JVO .,~ flttD-,..
They show no consideration for his feelings.
ill\ ' ii"'L-fo ' '}"")'}" ' "'~ ' fl\lffD<'}"
242 consignment
take into consideration
I. hil-1-ff+ hJ'.t:1. When grading the pa-
pers, the teacher took the student's long illness
into consideration. ooru.;. m~+-Ai'l c (Lf
C'J" ' ill!- ' 1.11. ' 1\;J-ODODfD< ' .,...,& ' hil-1-f
f+ hJ'.t:1
2. .,..oPithT. When you criticize his manners,
you should take into consideration the fact
that he is foreign. mql'"t il+~~'i' ffD<
"rl' Me il,.,. outr)-1 ouOD&~b+ hil
illl
3. illl(l- hiiO. Then too, we must take him
into cons'deration. hH.f'J" 01\f. illl(l-
"'iilil ' hilil"t
treat with consideration 0"7.111 s fH
One should treat one's mate with consideration.
h>t~ il,.,. f+-'lc ~,._'i',.,.>t 0"'1.1q ""'
11 hiiO+
(be) under consideration floPm'i+ 1 1\t.. 1
~ ....
Three plans are under consideration. ?'ll:t-
h~P.."/f ' ooum<;+ ' 1\f. ' ""',.,.
considered (adj.), - opinion
*My considered opinion is that the project
will never sucoeed . .,..,.&.'1""' h1J'.J'.t:llh-O
+ A~JI. '1""t1.11.'1" b'i'"' hf.J'.Cll'J"
considering (1.;1-ilil
He did well considering his lack of preparation.
hiiODH:>)>;-fo ' (1.;1-(lil ' OD<I\1)'}" ' fD<aLT '
h"''S;J:A
consign
I. IIh. We consign the goods to Asmara by air.
"h:l'fD<1 OhfC OJJ'. hP'OD&. h"t<I\IJII1
2. ODJ'.O. He consigned two hours daily to
studying Amharic. h"'IC'i' 11"'1'1'<;+ Of.,.).
o-il+ ' il't+ ' ODJ'.O
3. hl'.&. ilm. Theyconsignedhertoagnardian.
ilho't-'11. hJ'.&. ill\l.+
consIgn to one's care ~ lim
He consigned his child to his uncle's care.
11\:ll:"t 111-fo hl'.&. ilm
consign to one's use 7t.'1.1lm+ro+ hF-.~1
The host consigned this room to our use.
q11o.-~o f.ll"t"t h'i'A h1mm.,.'1"o+ h
J'.t:~
consignment
*He received a consignment of Swiss merchan-
dise. f.,.llb-+"t fll'11 1..11'1""/f #Oil
*The trucker lost a consignment of pots.
consist
lf.l..~ ouh........ llf. ftO~'I- lfhlll":Y.
tnf-0'1-
large consignment of -fltf"
He sent me a large consignment of books.
11tfo OUl\.h'i''l- IIIlA~
consist
I. .,."'&-. The human body consists of many
cells. fllfD< hilA f.,.JP&-fD< 1111tfo I!.A
~ ....
2 )fl~ (past; )dJo for the present; negative
past hA~Ot:9"; negative present hf.S'.ll9"). The
lunch consisted of fish, vegetables, and coffee.
9"<'1..,. ~., 1 h'l-hA'I-o; n-o; ~oc
Wisdom does not consist only in knowing
facts. '1'011 l\fD<~.,.,. ~1C"t aym:,. 11!1'
hf.S'.il.9"
3. .,..,T, Cooperation consists in working
together. out:JI-'1'1- h11C' houP'&-'1- f.
,,.A
A week consists of seven days. Olt?"''l:,.
....,. (lq."J- .,.'l':Y. hil.-
consistency .b<'IO ll"l-~'1-
Consistency should guide conduct. milO ll"
H'l- ouout.f ll.lf't f.1qA
*There is not always consistency between
words and action. 't"I"'C<; .,..,qc 1JoA1.
rt. h11t:fD< hf.'tll-9"
*His behavior is marked by consistency.
f"7f.li'I'OJ'I' tnqf. hllfD<
increase the consistency hiDL~
Flour is added to soup to increase its consist-
ency. .....:,.'t il."7aJLC JI-'J~."J- a f.<J;LOU&-A
consistent
I. Hil-t. He is a consistent friend of Ethiopia.
fh.'l-f"lrf Hil-t aJ'I)!' ~..,.
2. dtltfl &").. What a consistent person says
today agrees with what he said yesterday.
.b<'IO ll"l- llfD< ~t- f'l.<;1,:..,.o; '1-<;"t.'J-
f.,..,,:..,. ,.. . .,.,~~.-
consistent with each other ,.F.;J;Jd.9'";f.
The ideas in his various speeches are consistent
with each other. 0f1.rt.fD< O"'U'S'.C;>'ffD< 't
"'"'C':Y. fD<II'I' f"'1.1All'ffD< .b<'lll:Y.
_,.S'.;> ;>Ll":Y. ' <;'ffD<
be consistent (with) .,.11"7"7
What you said today is not consistent with
what happened last week. ~(.. f.,.<;"1ChfD<
qii.LfD< <'tll"'t'l- hlf~fD< ~1C ;>C h
f.II"''"''V"
243 conspicuous
Driving on the right is consistent with the
law of most countries. 0.,.~ OU't'l'l- 1111
tfo h1C':f .h"l ;>C f.II"7"7A
consolation OUl\"<;",.
Your company has been a great consolation
to me. n.,. "~ .
;>C OUif't '1-A:t-
OUl\"<;... ' lf'l'... A
console hll"<;<;
He consoled the widow for the loss of her
husband. 11.'1-f"'l''t llll q!l. '1"'1- hll"<;<;'l-
consolidate (vt.)
1. J\.110~. The company consolidated its
gains. 11-q'ty..,. '1-Cf.'t h'IOt:
2. hm~llt:. He consolidated his position with
the nobility by granting them tax concessions.
ll.oul;>,'t't-1> M11C V".ht:.'J- l\fS'.t:111'ffD<
h) (I- ;>C fil.fD<'t "l't"~~.'J- htn~ht:
3. hm:l'il.il.. He must consolidate scattered
land holdings. f.,.O;J-.,.~fD<'t foa>t-."J- 1/.1'
1 lD"
;J- "''tn:l'liA hii.O'I-
4. h'l'.bS'.. They consolidated their three
companies. ?'11-l>'t !1-q'tfl"il''ffD<'t h'l'mJI.
consolidate (vi.) ,.'PdtF..
The two airlines consolidated. l.N\.Jl 1 fJ\fC
""'t1P.:Y. -t-'l'.bJI.
consonant (n.) J/:9"{1 ll"'- 1 .,.~qll
Some Amharic consonants are not easy to
pronounce. h't'l'tY: h"YC>;' J/:9"{1 (I'""
:y. (.,.~q(l:f) 0.,.1111.- hi/.~011-V"
(be) consonant .,.11"'1"'1
His actions are consonant with his principles.
hY:&-1-t> lll\9"~-t> ;>C r.,.ll.,., ~..,.
consort (v.) 'I'll.
Do not consort with thieves! hA.Pl- ;JC 1 h
'I-'I' A
consort (n.) qA
The consort of the empress has no authority
over the government. f't"'P'-f::t qA oou
'J"IP'-1> fD<II'I' ll"'tV" P'A"''t fil.fD<V"
conspicuous
1. ~.,e.),.'i'. Lincoln is a conspicuous example
of a poor boy who succeeded. ll.'thA't r.,.<'IIIII
'ffD< ' Y:~:Y. ' AJ(lf- ' ~,_~_,.>;' ' 9"<'111. ' ~..,.
2. 1-AI.I. Traffic signs should be conspicuous.
f'l-t.-d.h 9"Ail1'-:Y. 'I-AII OUif't hllq'f..,.
be conspicuous 1-IA.f- 1 ;1-f
She was conspicuous in her red dress. .,.,e. 1
A1111 Ooa>AOjl. 1-A;I- '1-;J-fli:Y.
conspiracy
conspiracy hS!:"'ll ll..!-
The conspiracy to overthrow the government
was discovered in time. oo')GJp-J:') r l\oP1Afl
'I' f.I.J'.t:111Jo hY:_, 01.11. -1-.J'.t:(IO'J-
1 don't want to be a party to aoy conspiracy.
OM9" 'tJ'.)'J- ll.o!- IJJoil'l' -1-IJof.J'.
oll\11") hALA"/9"
conspire
1. h.F..oo. The army conspired against the
government. fi"C ~J'.II- Ooo"t"'P'-1: II
J'. h.J'.tiD
2. hll.t:. His enemies conspired to ruin him.
mll.f'fi II.J'm4-'1- hll.-1-
3. -1-"J.I\. All things conspired to make her
birthday a happy one. fA.J'.'I- O't!l"t f.J'.il
;1- M'l- li_,Y:t:"' rrll-9" )1C -1-"J.I\
constancy .'M)'J-
He serves with constancy and devotion.
o:r>"t)'J-'i' o;r.,'h'l- .1'1li"'IIA
*We admire the constancy of Columbus in
believing the earth was round. """""" h11
'i''l- f"''.liiJJo't fl>ll9"0il"t m"tiJ.!- 1.
9")'1- l.'i'.J'."t:J>ll"t
constant
1. f""l.f*C-r. The constant noise is getting
on my nerves. f.,.I',.,.CmiJJo """"1;1- .1'0<\
.,.,'O'A
2 . .I'A-1-'i<mO. Constant encouragement helped
the crippled child to walk again . .t'A-1--t.mO
_,.J'.of.LC 1(q,.-, A'!': 1."t.J'.1'i' l."t.ll.
&.OOY;- I ~J.;fDo.
3. fHm+c. His constant criticism flustered her.
fHID'I-C ).,.of.,. "1.!- h;>q'J-
4. ( = adv.) hHIJJo'J-~ 1 hrr"t9" hrr"t9". He
harassed me with constant requests for money.
t.um-'1-~ (hrr"t9" hrr"t9") 1"tU1I M
mf.,. )U)H'S
S. X").. He is constant in his devotion to his
country. 111-1- .l'liiD' 'i!:r>C X"). )ID'
6. :f'"1'S. A constant friend helps you when
you need help. ;r.,'S 'i.J'.'O' ll'f"'cu
J'..J'.CiiA?A
7. h"tY: 'tJ'.)'J- fiJ'). The soldier walked
at a constant pace. ID;f-.J'.-1- h"tY: 'tJ'.)
'I- Rll') 1.C9"ll' '/..J'.
constantly
I. <\.I'*C'I'. The phone has been ringing con-
stantly. iiAh- <'t.I'*C'I' J'..J'.IJJoA )OC
2. Rf1.11.1D'. Farmers are constantly afHicted by
244 constitution
locusts. 10il.l":f Of1.11.11Jo Oh"tO"' J'.w
:1>.1'11-
3. rrA1.11.. He constantly belittles my efforts to
write better. K'<hL-J:"t ll.,'l''l' A f.,.J'.C111Jo
"t Tt:'l- rrA1.11. .l'"t*1i'l'A
constellation ')111: l>h11
The Great Bear is a constellation. '1-A41 .r:
11 h"tY: ~11;'; l>h11 )IJJo
consternation .t.!"'l;.m
The consternation he felt during the earth-
quake was beyond description. floP.'...-,. 1 ou't
.,.....,..... 1.11. f.J'.t:(IO'J- Y:"t:>m. J'.IJ )IJJo
II..QA hJ'.:fA9"
*To my consternation, my wallet has dis-
appeared. llC<\\L ll..mof. hm- hAll-
be in consternation +"'-~.,.
All the women of the village were in consterna-
tion.foP"t.J'.-1- ll..f:f rrll- -!-.,.,.,.,.,.
)0C
constipate IJ'Y: h.J'.t:.,.
Chocolate often constipates. '1'1>11'1- 1111'1D'
"t ' 1.11. ' IJ'Y: ' .I'.J'.C:J>A
constipation IJ'Y: J.':C.,.'I-
His constipation bothers him seriously. 11":
.r:c.,..,
1
O~J'.A .f{l'f"'t:'f'A
constituent fof-tiDt;mO'J- .,.01\.
The congressman received many letters from
his constituents. f9"hC IL-l: t,qA h-1-
tiDt;mO'J- _,.01\. 1111' .J'.11'11Ll":f J'..J'.C(l-
;1-A
*Sugar is one of.the constituents of candy.
ht:"'LII h"''.wo!-q'fm- )1~:f h"tJI. il
'>.C ' )IJJo
constitute
I. ~'""" They constituted him chief advisor.
fOIIJ'. h_,IJ<I hY."C111Jo 11"-'1-
2. rr\'. Twelve months constitute a year.
OF.!- rrll'l- m~:f h"tY: <too'J- J'.ll''i'll-
3. -1-'ILmt:. Being seen at the scene of the crime
does not constitute guilt. m't)!ll- h-1-.1.11""'0
'1- ll:f' oo;rf'J- hm"t)!:A t.J'.'i<mC9"
be constituted +**ou
Courts are constituted by law to give justice.
'i!CY: IL.f:f 'i!'J-<h l.'t.ll,W-1- O<h"l f
-!-**-. 'i''fiD'
constitution
I. <h1 IID"t"'P''I-. The constitution of the
United States went into effect in 1789. fh"'L<I
constitutional
I} ' ih1 ' OD"J"'I"'f- ' 01f;fifji '\00-J- ' 9"ilo(.
,. 1"&- ~,. 'I'll
2. fOD-1-.IU'.t..l' f."t11. The structure of the
organization is explained in its constitution.
ff."C~-1> 1'.!119" OOD-1-.IIf.l..l'fllo f."t11 flloll
'I' -I-1A!tll\
3. ou!l/!119". The delegates recommended the
constitution of a peace commission. ouAl\h_,.
'l'~ fMI"' 1>"'1.1\M OD!I/!1/I"'"t 1.14-
4. (UD~+. He has a very strong constitution.
11Cof> 1\fllo~-l- 1'.1\fllo
*The physical constitution of the moon is now
known. fQ>,(.:J' hiiA 9""t l"'"t l\"t.lll\0
,. ho-"t ;1-fllo!I/A
draw up a constitution ih"l OD"}..,P"T h.
t.++
The committee drew up a constitution for the
COUDtry, S'..C.,. I i\J\1t,~ I tlt1 I OO"}""I,P":r- I
ht.++
[See also 'strong')
constitutional
1. f(tiD"~+. A constitutional weakness makes
him susceptible to colds. fl\fllo~-1: f.II"1~-l-
1111Cf." 071:1" hliAil: '-1\m'I'A
2. Oih1 ,..-,..,,..:,. f-1-4..4'1.. Freedom of
speech is one of our constitutional rights. 0..,
"'C ~~~~:,. Oih1 OD"t"'l"-1> h-1-4..-I>JI.A
, oP11.f:Y. h"tJI. ~fllo
constrain
1. hlt1U. One must not constrain a child
to eat. iloY'i'-l-"t 0"11." l\"t.II.OII' "11111.1."
hMIJI"'
2. 1:1'. You have to constrain your temper.
"tS'.'f-ll"t oP"';I-'1- 1'.111111
constrain the growth 1t-t4l.al.
Cold weather constrained the plant's growth.
4>11.4'~ hfC 1'.-l-hA-I>"t 1'.4>""'""'""
constraint "'S'.:I"
He kept silent under constraint. O"'S'.:I" II
.... I hA
show constraint J\1..0
The boys were usually noisy, but they showed
constraint when visitors came. A;l.lfi 1 Jtfllf'1
fllo"t 1.11. '-'"'"'"" ~oc 1 l\"t"'P.:Y. a
OOtJlo I "'.fl, I ""11 I }\~(}o
constrict Mf.
He tied a rope around his arm to constrict
the blood vessels. f.l"' I"!::Y."t 11"111."
h"tJI."t. 01oPf." hi\(.
245 consult
constriction 'I'R-l-
A constriction in the neck of the bottle kept
the water from pouring out. fmCoooll 1 h."J
1'1- '1'0-l- fllo~fllo l\"t.ll'-4..11 Mf.fllo
construct
1. IP&-. They plan to construct a building on
this site. 011.11 ll:l" 11'- ih"tl\ 1\0DI"&-'1-
.I'MII- .
2. 1)Q, They are going to construct a
barrage across the river. Om"t,.. 1\f. 1 ..,
1."11 11.1~11' ~fllo
construction
1. ih"JR. That new construction is a bank.
y t.JI.{Io ih"tl\ IJ"th ~,.
2. OOIP&-:r-. Construction of highways is im
portant to Ethiopia. fhfllo&- '1-.ll'i'l":Y. ""
oP&-'1- 111'..'1-f'k.l' 0"11"' 1'.114..111. ~fllo
The bridge is still under construction. f."Af."
" I ,~ I OODIP&-:r- I 1\f, I )CD-
3. 1"&-. The construction of the building was
stopped for budgetary reasons. fih"tl\fllo I"
&- Olll-l- l"'h"tY-l- -i-!1/t.m
4. h.w&-C. The construction of this building
is modern. fH.II 1 ih"tR h.w&-C noo~' 1
~fllo
constructive m:J'"''.
He engages in constructive activity. m:J"DY. 1
fll'). 1"&-l":Y. ~,. '-1\"1&-A
construe
1. 100.,., He construed from her expression
that she was furious. IIII-1-.I'f:l: f-1-<fl"':Y.
ootrs:_'} 1 111P.,.
T~.:1--oo.Different lawyers may construe. the
2.
same law differently. AI' AI' mO:J'l":Y.
h"tJI., ......, 0-1-ll.l'f oP"t1f." .1'--1-t..,.._.
:,. ''-ll''i'A
consul 4'"ti\.A
The Emperor received the British consul .
"'M'I! -,.,., ~~1"'1- fl\"t"111.11"t 4'
"ti\A M.:>1~
consulate 4'"tllll
Were you at the American consulate? hh"'UII
). ol'"tM H"tf." ~OCh ?
consult (vt.)
I. h"1ht.. You should have consulted us.
M'"t "1"1hC ~Ot.1111
2. h - - - .:>C -J-ool}ht.. He consulted his
consultation
lawyer about the case. ll/1 t~<- hm0.4'
I& ;>C .,_,..,h.:
3. rhc mf.,. (.,.mf.,.). He is consulted re-
garding such problems because of his long
experience. ft.)r:r 'l.H. IAIJDY: hl\1\m- ,
MJUJ"t illl""illlll- ......:r-:f rhc f.mf.4'"'
4. mf. - - - H"t f.- Y.f.. If your coughing contin-
ues, consult a doctor. ~AU hm'i1lll m
f. ' dtlt_9" ' H"tf.- ' 'Lf.-
5. .,.,.1\h.,.. When in doubt about the mean-
ing of a word, consult a dictionary. l'at\'lY:
,.,,.. '1-c-,.r n.,.m&-mch .,_, ""11~0
.4'11'1- .,.,.,.h'l-
consult (vi.) .,.,..,h.:
.
The doctors consulted before operating. .,.,_
'I'~..
"""h"-
h"7f.-t::>'fr& 0.1.'1- 1'-h.,.C':f .,.
consultation 9"hc
The three doctors held a consultation to
decide whether an operation was necessary.
1"111: .... ~~_.,..,. .,.,_ '1'1<;" fllol.,..,. ~"tf.ll'
"t 11oumll"t rhc t.f..:.,.
consume
1. 1\;Jf. The flames soon consumed the
wooden huts. tR,.QII- 1}!,'1l"t m.ll__l'r&).
h:>f'fr&
2. Q;&.t.(l. We consumed a lot of food on our
hike. 111ic1ic RY.f.-"t .,_, 1111- 9""111
.....:ll"t
He soon consumed his fortune. Y1l4:"J mu
lD-). "'-/.(t
I
3. m"f. My car consumes a lot of gas. ooh..'i
II. 1111- 0."tit"t f.m"'"'
4. h'Pil. A student consumes much of his
time in studying. +"7~ 1ltND'l 'l.rt.lD"
"t f"7_fl&l\l& 11'1'<;"'1- tm-
5. hmof- (0'1-). The meetings consume much of
my time. {liJ(IQ"''fl 1111- "1.11. fmf-fl'i'"'
be consumed
I. t.ll.,.. The copious supply of beer was oon
consumed. R~'i! r.,..:Rr& llt- tJU'r&).
hll.,.
2. +crm. She was consumed with curiosity.
R"7m:r> 'i!l\1'1- .,.m-"11\:f
consuming, be time ~ "1.11. 1&4."/{"'
Preparing reports is time consuming. &-rc s
"7H:>~'l- "1.11. /!.4."/{A
(be) consummated t.R.4'
His ambition was consummated when he won
246 contact
the first prize. f"tf."h'l- 1i,..,.,"t Q~"f
... , 9"'1'1: h0.4'
consumption oo-fiA.
The meat is unfit for consumption because it is
full of worms. I";>r& '1-A 11!1' llllll't II
OUiJA ' hf!.ll"l"79"
*Consumption of cotton cloth has increased
50 per oent. h'l''l' ,.,..,."- Ailll:f"t ouA
Oil "19"'1 oouf- ""!"';!:"'
*The consumption of coal is much greater in
winter than in summer. hO.."J 1 "l.tL 1 ~A:t
Rht:9"'l- "1.11. f"7_tf.r& hllA f.RA"'A
for consumption
*This food is for our consumption on the trip.
~&u 9""111 o-,.p<p:f"J m:r>+ fl"'"t"""IRm-
tr&
contact (v.)
1. mf+. I will contact you as soon as I arrive.
~"tf.f.t:llh- ~mf.:r>?llu-
2. .,.1IT. I will contact you by mail or by
telephone. Rf..il-'10. m~&r RllAh ~"t
~<;">;'1\"t
contact (n.) "IT~t'l-
Contact with the main office is maintained by
radio. h'l'<;m- oup>&f IL'l- :>C "l"t1'
t'l- f"7_f.<:~r& Ro!.Jlf- tr&
be in contact +,;Jmoo
Our troops are in contact with the enemy.
m;.l-f.C'!l':f"t fm'l'l-"t I"C .,.;>'J'oPr&;J-A
by the contact 1\.1<;'5
The light is turned on by the contact of the
switch with the wire. oo-fl&--h 1 fot,O&-m- 1 "7
il&f<; "7'l'ol.fa>- h1i!lr& :>C 1\.~<;'5
tr&
come In contact )t)
When the mirror came in contact with the
hot iron, it split. f ;JII.m- 111!.-l- oolt;Jwm.J:
"t 1\.t.,m- ou!l;.l-m1: .,.(l)m.,.
come into contact IIJ'},:~:,..
1 A1..l.1
He has never come into contact with foreigners.
ha>-"1" h1C ll,:f :>C 9""t9" "l"t"Ft'l-
t..1:-c1 t.fr&:r>r
make contact ""J"}"f.)-l- 1 A1..l.1
The food salesman made contact with the
grocers in all parts of the city. ,...,11 t.lflf
..., Rhi-"71& r&ll'l' .. 11-'1- ,...,11 lf.-
:f ;>C "l"t"Ft'l- hf.t:~
[See also 'immediate']
 247 contend
contagi on

contagi on -1-'I'I.L 1 1111;1- 2. l'oil'lilfl. He was contemplating his futnre.

To avoid contagion , the water must be purified. hfiiDU'l- ).1!',. fMhA 1 toe
-i-'1'1.1. I 1111;1-'t I fi"'I(IID1J/: I IJJ-~') I "'I"J The traveler contemplated the beliuty of the
t-'f- I f il.L/>.;J />. desert. 011')1.J'.lffD- 0 f!I"J/:<1 I IIJIIJJ-'t I fD-0
T I t,(l'l(l{l
contagi ous -1-'I'I.L 3. 1ou-t-. Do you contemplate any difficulty
There are several contagious diseases in this because of bad weather? flf~ 1 OD'J'G:t'l- 1
COUDtry. Oft.I.J I J\1C I l1Joi't4f" I ofltf- I 1--\/t :Y..,e I f..J'.efl/>. I 11fiU I T1!1";1-fiU !
.1. 1111;1-l":Y. I l'ofl-
I

+ contem plation l'ofl11

be contagiou s ,?q
Yawning is contagions. "'1~:>'1- 1 f.:>IJA
He was sunk in contempl ation. 11~-R .,..m-,..
tile
contain
I. l'ofl(ll'l-). That trunk contains clothing. contem poraneo us
, I il't>!.ll> I A11il I l'ofiiiT *The lives of Thomas Jefferson and John
2. !H. A kiloliter contains a thousand liters. Adams were contemporaneous . .,.,..,il 1 "/.LCl'
l'o'tf: 1( 1\.'f-e f.f.~/>. 't'i' I ]0 ' l'o-'19"(1 I f'tf: I HOD't I t'l'&l":Y. I
l'o'tf: I h.fl-1\.'f-e I I I I

This book contains a biography of Abraham til~

Lincoln. Y.U 1 OIIK'do'i' 1 fl'o11C'/!I" 1 11.'tb contem porary (n.)

A't't fihf.IDT ;1-<lb I f.!l/>.
1. Q'l.(- HOD'l 1 r'f' l.. He was a contempo-
I I

3. )m-. A pound contains 16 ounces. 1\"JS: rary of Washington. l'-.(1- 1 b'l'11't"l-l- 't 1 :>e 1
;riD-'tf: I OFt- I (lf:il'l- I l'oiD-'til I tiD- fl't 1: 1 nou't 1 r-r <~ 1 toe
4. l'oHfl. The body of the book contains all 2. 111.ti.ID- 1 ft 0<11 (liD-. Menelik towered above
the essential facts. fOIIK'dof. 1 'l''i' 1 b'i'A 1 his contemporaries. !l"tAb 1 IIHOO'i''t'ID- 1 M
-i'of..'I1.9':Y.'t I <j:t, I t1c-:f I 11 .... {1- I l'o1J!\_{>. 0~T I (l9":Y. I />.4'fD- I f.;f-f. I toe
5. 1:1". He contained his anger. 't1.-l>'t 1 1
;1-ID- contempo rary (adj.)
I. ftOII<;'J!. I like contemporary furniture.
6. h't-'IY.hof.'i- 1 t.1.J'.. The Western powers
HoD'i''J! ' fiL'I- l'-.:1' I l'.ID-'Iflll-
hope to contain Russian military strength.
f9"6t-11 I ...,,.... , 0 OII')"IJ";I -T 0 f~l\.f't I 2. f1.tl.. He gave a leclure on contemporary
ftne I ...,,./>. ' J>..'tJif.(lof.'i- I fl"'l1f: o f.'l'
events. ilfl1.ti.ID- 1 11-ll.;l-l":Y. 1 't"l"le 1 l'o.J'.
<11
t-Il-
be contained +4'oom contem pt
The powder is contained in a capsule. IJ~ I. (~verbal noun) ou<;:J>. His contempt for
b!l"(l.e ' ID-h'l' I MOll"!/>. her was apparent in his face. l'o!l,'t 1 011<;41 1
contain er II.L-1> 1 """" 1 tile
2. ( ~ verbal noun) ou:>4-'1-. He was fined for
I. "'1(14'011"1.. He used old bottles and boxes
as containers for his food. ht:1. mC.,.,..f\if-'1
contempt of court. 'i'ef: 1 IL'I-'t 1 0011;>4--1> 1
{19""/11 "'1(14'011"1. I l'o'f'fl 0114'"1. I TIDMO'I-
'i' I "f'J''f:Y.'t I 0

2. "''m&-+O f.f. Place refuse in a container! contem ptible f"'l.'i'li>

"'lmt-4'"'l .ffD- fD-il'J' "){liD-
Cowards and cheats are contemptible. ll"b'f:Y.
I
41lflffD-'t I I

'i' 0 l'o;J-'If":Y. I f"'l.'i'41 0 'i''f'fD-

COntam inate
I. ou<~n. Flies contaminate food. 11!1"P:Y. !I" COntemptUOUS f't4''f-
"111't y.oue~ll- She gave him a contemptuous look. O't4''1- 1
2. llbfl. The villagers contaminated the ')f.') I -1-0DfltJ-i-:Y.fD-
well with sewage. OD'tf.e-t-' l''ll fiD-~ID-'t 1 .,.
!:'if: I 0-'lflf ' Obll-'1- COntend (vt.) -t-bt-b<l
Columbus contended that the earth was round.
contem plate fofl9"0(1 I 'tfl!l" 0 tJ11 I 'i'T I 1\.{>. I -1-bt-b<l
1. hfiO. She was contemplating a visit to
Addis Ababa. l'o-'1.(1 1 l'oOIJ't fl0111-1l"f'l- 1 ;1- contend (vi.) -1-ID-'I.J'.G
(111 1 toe They were contending for the first prize.
 conten t 248 contine nt
.l'"t~'h'l-"t 7iA"7'1- fl"711"'1- ,em.o;~~
earth was round turned out to be correct.
~oc
oo.:,'l- h11 <;'I- f"'l.fltJJo fl>fl9"011 hll
contend with +**OD 1-.l'f'l- l\m-~'1- ll''l' -t-~1"
The first settlers had to contend with sickness. it is my contentio n 1Jtl- 1 h.'r'il1rJo
fOOj!006J'lP'Ii ' ll'i-&lP:f ' O"ii;P) '
?" ' ~O.:'l'l'm-
""** It is my contention that poverty causes crime .
.1:-lH-l- m"t)!A"t .l'llh'I-1\A 11\1. h9"<;flu-
conten t (v.)
1. lfJOD. Nothing contents her; she is always conten tment ""~Il-l-
complaining. r'Jr 1 )1C 1 h.f>.T"'': t-r I rJo Her contentment was apparent in her smile.
oo~ll:t: 0.1. ~..,,..,. .e:J-m:,O ~oc
A'l.l '1-~""l~""ifl:f
2. ~~~ hfl(m-). Will it content you if I let in contentm ent ~h.Y.
you have the ball tomorrow ? ~~ \\ll-"t 11 The cat lay stretched out beside the fire in
-t-m-AII ~(l ,I'.AYA ? contentment. J!-oot:t 1 ~h;t- 1 >t.~-1: 1 JSC 1
1-H&-fl:f
content oneself &<(to"} 1 11,~1)
I must content myself- with reading about contest (v.)
travel. llfl .,.,. 0"7"t011 &-ll."t "7CIJ I. 1-h&-h.:(o-l-). They are contesting the will.
'1- ' hfi11'S OJo.~nm- ,l'.h&-h~O;J-A
(be) conten t 1-M-t- They contested his right to speak. flou<;~C
Are you content at your present salary? ou11'1- ll"t'lflm- -t-h&-h~
'111-Jo. ~.,.1111 -t-~111-YA
2. 1-:>~fl. The soldiers contested every inch
!
of ground. m;J-~r:'li fl.l'"t'l"t'l. ll"t11C
conten t (n.) ou,:.'l- ' 1-:>~fl-
I. ,1'.1';1-. The alcoholic content is negligible.
fhAI>A ,1'.1';1-m- l\9"11~9" ~m- contest (n.)
2. 'i'<l. ~~c. The content of his speech was I. m-.1:".1:-C 1 "l'l'"'l...'. Who won the contest?
good, but not the form. hh+&-.:11- 011-t-4> tJJo.(-.1:-~"t ' .,.,. ' hlf~J.!
C I f'"}""J""Jo;.. I ~ I )1C I 'No I )flC At last the fatal day for the contest arrived.
contents YlltD- 1 )1C I YlltD- 11...+ """"".:If 4<Cm'fm- f"l'l'"'l..l' .,..,. ~.:ll
Dissolve the contents of this package in one 2. oo,;:tth&.l'. Games and debates are contests.
glass of water! 11.H.U 1 Qlt 1 tD-{IT Yilt&"} 1 .....,.,.., ' hchc ' out::tth&.l' ' .,,,.
~~c 'l"t.l:" 11C""'-~' ,.~ "'~~,. contes tant -t-m-'1'16
The contents of your trunk have to be exam~ The contestants shake hands before a fight
ined. hUfT"JU 1 m-IlT Yilt& 7....+ OD:f"f begins. -t-m'l'l&lP'Ii hDP:>m"7'1'm- 04.'1-
'1- hfiO'I- fll)(' ' lll\9";1- ' ,l'.fl'l'aJ"'fl-
table of contents foPK"dl'f:
The table of contents is printed on the first
"''tD-SA contex t l\~'111
page, foPf\J.I- I "7l&lilii, r flOP~OD6YlD- I 1 \Vords can be understood best in context.
ll' ' 1\,1'. ' :J-'1-~A -"'11'1- 'I-C"I-"7'1'm- O"'L~'l f"'L:J-m+ m-
[See also 'heart'] '1~'111 ' ~m-

conten ted 0-"''S '1,1'. contigu ous f-1-m:>:>

A contented person is happy with what he has. The two contiguous houses were destroyed
0-"''S '1,1'. 'lflm- ,l'.~ll;J-A by fire. 11-fl-1> f-1-m:>"l- o.-r-:f Ol\'1'1-
-~-~-(1(1.
conten tedly -t-~11-r-
The cat purred contentedly on my lap . .("oo;t: contine nce t:../1"} oP""J:f"T
-t-~II:J- """'~ 11.e -t-'S:J- :J-"t\\c'i! ~oc Continence is a desirable quality. &.II"J 1 OD""J
conten tion :J-'1- -t-.1.11'1. ti.nc.e ~"'"
1. m-fl. This is not a time for contention. contine nt (n.) l\11"1-C (pl. l\U"I-&-'1-)
,1'.11 fm11 '1.1 h,l'.~fl'r Africa is an old continent. h..-,:611
2. l\111-.l'f'l-. Columbu s' contention that the
1 T"J;f-CC
'1- hU"I-C <;'I-
continent
The Roman empire stretched over continents.
ff.':'l" 1~'1- Ol\U'Joll-'1- 'If. +M'i'of- )0C
continent (aclj.), remain ~ ~:1'
A monk is expected to remain continent with
regard to sex. oo)tl"fl. 'i''l-m+ P'?1 l\1
II. ~:I' Y.mO.+A
contingency (contingencies)
*We sent the supplies for contingencies.
11.1:'1~+"' l\Y.;J9'';f oomQ0-1:,1' Y.rT1
H1.1:' !"1'1><; '1-T'I> llh1
contingent .1:'1~+"'
The traveler set aside $5.00a day for contingent
expenses. OD11S'."'tJJo 11.1:'11+.,. rom M
11'1- ' l\'1"11'1- ' 11C ' ODJ'.O
be contingent (on)
1. Tmflt. Her coming is contingent on the
weather. OD'f""''l- l\IIOD'f""';J: Qf-1- m
qy. Y.mll<; A
2. TDDrP~T. His promotion is contingent on
his passing the final test. oif.oo'f- ' "''S'.'Jo ' f
ouQ;J.t:lftD-1 .L+<; 0"'1114- 1\f. f+OD
IP~T I tiD"
continual f"'',I''J/CT
The continual noise is getting on my nerves.
f"'',I''J/CmtD- =li'l- ,I'O<'l"""'A
continually .I'II"'''J/t:T 1 1111- 1.11.
The line was continually busy. fiiA!J. """'
ODC ' .I'II"'''Jit:T ' .,.,.,. ' )0C
His speech was continually interrupted by rude
exclamations. 1"1"1'1- 011A"I<; """"" 11
If' 1.11. +'J/Ctn )OC
continuance ou+mA.
His continuance in school depends on his
health. '1-'I"UC-1>1 .,...,.mil- m.1)-1>1 f
"''.mY.'I> )1C )tJJo
*His lawyer asked for a continuance of the
trial. mO.+ID' 'Jo.lli< O.,.mf.': l\111.+1\ll'i'
l\ODIIh+
continuation ( = to continue) oo+mA
Continuation of my work was hard after I had
been ill for a month. 1\1.1:' me h;J-ou
'I"IJ. 0:\11 F&-'1-1 .,...,.mA l\11'1'?& rr
'l'11'1 )OC
continue
1. +ml\. We will continue with our work.
P' t.':fo11 ' l\1.,.'1'11111
I hope this hot weather will not continue.
249 contract
.r.u .....,.,. li1Y."7f.4-I'A +114- l\1'.
C?IIIJo
To be continued. ,_.,.'1'1\A
2. .fof. The king's reign continued for twenty
years. f1'JolP' 1 Mlf.-,. Hou"t 1\01 f\ou+ 1
ol'f
3. HI\+. How far does this road continue?
.eu ""11.1:' llllhf'l- Y.HA.+A?
I want to continue on to Nairobi. llllh 'i~c-:
IL ' IIOD1111'1> ' li.LA;JIIIJo
continued, adj. ( = adv.) 1111- 1.11. l l\h;l-
'1-11-
Continued failures dampened their enthusiasm.
1111- ' 1.11. ' <'l.f.<'ll)l\'ffD' o OD'!>t:-J> ' OD").I.
<'l'ffD"1 l\"""""""'"
The boy's failure was due to continued dis-
regard of his studies. fA)I': ODID'J'.'I> T<;-1>
1' ' l\h;J-'f-11- ' ':fol\ ' h"711-J> ' fOD"' ' )tiJo
continuous f"'',I''JICT
Where does that continuous noise come from?
,1'' f"'',I''J/CT' .1:''1"6' f"''.OD"'ID'' hf'f- ' )ID' ?
continuously ,1'11"7'J/t:T
The phone has been ringing continuously.
IIA!J. ,l'll"'''Jit:'l' f.S'.ID'A )0C
contort 1\Q;~."''S'.J'.
The clown contorted his face. +&-!LtD- .L
-1>1 ' 1\Q;J."''S'.J'.
contour 'I>CK'
The contour of the mountain can be seen from
afar. f+&-&-ID' 'I>CK' h-1-'1> Y.:I'.I'A
contraband fl>1'f-f.':Q1J!' ll.+ 1 ,I'A+.,..:m
0'1- ' ll.+
The guards make a rigorous search for contra-
band. HO'I''Ji fl>1'f-f.':Q1.1:' ll.+ l\1-'lf.~
q '1'11'1> 'i'+lf ,I'S'.C?/1-
The smugglers were caught with contraband on
them. fl>1'f-f.':Q1J!' )?f.9'':fo .I'A+.,..:m
0'1- ' ll.+ li1S'.,I'H- ' +.I'll-
contract (vt.)
1. hltm~. In talking, we often contract words.
111);J1C 1111- 1.11. .+11'1-1 l\<;<'IT.!-111
2. l\h-"'1+.:. Heat expands; cold contracts.
..,._,.,. ,1'11'1-4-~ l '1>11.+11. ,l'h-"'/'I-11-A
3. .I'H(ID'). +r contracted tuberculosis. f<'l'I"Q
)_,.C<'l ' .f.fi ...A
contract (vi.)
I. +!><;+.:. They have contracted to put up
contract
the building in five months. .ih'JK,..'t IJ!I"
il'l- we ll""""<(il , .,.l>'i''l-<('1'&\
2. ltoo~. Bad habits are easy to contract and
hard to get rid of. "'"1'1:: &\"7/<.'f't """""
Y: "'~" (l.lr't -~.,.., .,'t fil:f"l&.&\
be contracted hm~
The Amharic word for God ..Egziabeher"
is often contracted to "Egzer". l\..,H.hofldl.C
f"'LII""' f"?C>;' :l"&\ hofJq>;'~ "!.It
~.,nc """'~" 1'1'&.&\
contract (n.) ""'"
I refuse to sign that contract. m-tt-'l r hALC
II"!I"
contracting .,.'l''l'f.
This agreement is binding on both contracting
parties. f.U """ o-11-l>'t!l" .,.'l''l'f. w
1'l'"f fil1Y:II&\
contractor 1"&. .,.ol/&."1'
The minister was accused of taking graft from
the contractors. "'l.~il'l-~ hi"&. .,.,..M...
'll 1-11 """""'ilY: .,.h... ~fie
contradict (vt.)
I. l\.1.<((1, He contradicted his own story.
&.(1. f.,. ... <(,..'t l\.1.<({1
2 . .,.?<:~. The facts contradict the theory.
~""~"">;'"" ~c fof>t:fiUJo't 6'til .hili!
f.:l"t:'i'&\
contradict (vi.) +~moo
Don't contradict me when I present a good
suggestion. 'I'~ .hili! fl"7of>Cilfl'l- "!.It
l\'t.,. l\'1-:J-wou"i
contradiction
I. f"'l.:l"W!I" l\il-1-ff'l-. He hates any contra-
diction of his views. d\ilwt f"Y...+mr
1\il.,.ff'l- l\f.W:9"
2. oo:J>t.."'i. There is no contradiction between
my words and my actions. fi!I"IIID"i' fl"7.<'.
C11D- ouiJh&\ oP:J"t:'t filii"
contradictory f"'l.Yt:C
We heard the most contradictory reports on it.
ill\ '1-111'- fl"'!l" f"'l.Yt:~ &.7't:"f il"7't
contrary
I. -1-:l"&.t. Hot and cold are contrary terms.
_.,.'I-., 4>1f:J>q ' .,.?&.~ :J-~'1- <;:fm-
2 . .,C!I"fl.'1'. The contrary boy refused to do
what was suggested. .,C!I"fl.m- &\;e' f.,.
~1i:~ ' h&\IP&,!I" ' hi\
250 contribution
on the contrary
The economic situation appears to be quite
good. On the contrary, it couldn't be worse.
fll.l>'l'"'l.m- o-~;1- 'I'~ f.oPM&\ l fiH.U
l\'JKC !l"'t!l" fiJ(l ~1C l\f.ll"t!l"
to the contrary
we will come on Tuesday unless you write us
to the contrary. l\'1-!l"m- ii/IU IJ&\R'i'h&\
't flil-t-of>C "7hl'l'l' ~'JoP"'/I't
[See also 'expectation']
contrast (vt.) MKI\t:
He contrasted the programs of the two
parties. f!J-11-I>'t!l" fD1't 'Yt:"l&-9" MKIIt:
contrast (vi.) .,./Iff
His actions contrasted sharply with his words.
f"'l.f.<'.C11D-'i' f"'l.'i'1t:UJo .I.K"'I" f_,.llff
~c ~m-
*The black and the gold contrast well in that
design. fiH.U '1.'1' f'1'41C'i' fmc+"Ym-
4>11"7'1- &\1'-~'1- '~-""' f.:l'f&\
contrast (n.) &\1'-~'1-
There is a big contrast between the two
brothers. flo-111> fD'tY:"7"7'Pf ouvh&\
'I-&\+ &\1'-~'1- l\11
be in contrast +Yt:t:
The girl's consideration for her mother was
in contrast with her brother's rudeness.
f&\7(1> 1\~'i'::J: l\ilfl.~'l-'i' fm'JY:~ il&\
.,., f.Yt:&-11-
contribute
I. l\'1'"1. How much money did you contribute
to the organization? 1\Y:C;e'-1> !l"'t fU&\
1'tHil l\'I'"'U !
2. K",_'i' l\of>t:fl. He contributes to the local
paper. llof>flllotD- :>rt"' K",_'i' fof>CIJ&\
3. .,..,.,.,& !l"h'tf'l- II'~. Poor food contrib-
uted to the child's illness. 11&\lt .ihOD!I"
OD'J'f::fDo < !l"""iJ ' .,......,& ' !l"h'Jf'l- ' II'~
contribute to
I. <:II. Your efforts have contributed to my
success. 'l't:'l-U ~'tll.iiiJ&\"i 11"7:<:., <:
:.,.>;'&\
2. l\IJil. jThis noise just contributes to the
confusion. f.U lJOr'Ji'l- o-h-l>'t filil'l'&\
contribution
l. oucp,;-, We received your contribution
with thanks. """''""U't hll"il:>'i' :>C .,.
of>illl )'I'"
contrite
2. 111":1". The contributions of some liberal
donors assured the construction of the hospital.
.l'"lo'I')J:" 11.:>11 M li..I:-<1-"L!I'"'f 111":1"
11'111;;1"11- ' 7-.').IJ.oP&- ' 9"11').1''1- ' II')
3. K"'dt-'1:. The newspaper is short of contri~
butions to the May issue . ..?fLIIJ(I)o 1\..,.tt.J:
7-.'1-9" ' wm.~::"'f ' li.Tt:m-:f"A
4 . .1'4't:Om- dollil. His contributions to the
discussion were well received. IIID"J.'.J.'.1: 1 .1'4'
.:om- dollil h'i' .I'll .,..,.q,.)'J- 11.11
contrite RK'I- f'l"'lfl'I-
He wrote an apology in contrite words.
KK'I- 0'1"110'1- l\.).:>1C ff.'I>C;J- Y.il
'IlL ' KL
contrive (vt.) Lmt:
The engineer contrived a new engine. ODV")Jl.
II- ll.-'1.11 'l".f-C Lmt:
contrive (vi.) 7-.')Y.M?" ill\" !I'll
I wiD contrive to be there by ten o'clock.
q&o'J- o'l'\'1- l\')Y.9"')9" il\1. MU'
IIODJ:"t:ll ' 7-."'f'lllo-
control (controlled)
I. fl:e.' .I'H. He controls sixty percent of the
business. 11')1'1- lJooofo 11.1:-/lm-') 0)1: f.
!I. A
2. .,..,."'mt:. A captain controls his ship and
its crew. II"C-1:). ooclJR-')<; ouclJR'l''ll')
J.'.'*'"'m&-A
Efforts are made to control the disease.
fl'li;l"') ll""'*'"'mC 'l't:'l- J.'.Y.t:.:>A
3. 1:1". It is hard to control one's anger.
').1','1-') 0 001;1-'J- I J\.ll'f;J6 0 )fD"
control oneself t-{a-"} "J;I-
Though I tried hard to control myself, I
could not. &-1\.') 11001;1"'1- Tt:'l- qY.c
19" li.A.f-IIIJA'S
be controlled fl - - - okt..rc PC )om-
The railway is government controlled. rllfK.
do-'1..1:- flDD't"'P''I- ok'l''l'C I"C )ID"
control (n.) ok'l''l'C
Government controls have increased in recent
years. h:r-cil 1 1..11. aJ-'1.11 foo')1P''I- ok
'l"l'C ' l\fQ;l.ODt: o ~J;,..f).
The children are getting beyond my control.
A]('ll llok'l''l'C ll.ll'f1t:m-':'A
be under control n - - - 41~C I PC I \'CD-
A child is under his parents' control. Alt
flaJ'I]('Il _,'l''l'C P'C ),.
251 convalesce
The police moved into the riot area, and now
everything is under control. ?"A.il IDS'.. o-
111: ll'i'&o IIII~Y. l\.11-') "7')!fm-9" )1C
0-l:'l""l"C I fPC I ~fl)o
bring under control ~"1" hS'..l.1
The police brought the riot under control.
?"ll.io'll o-111:') K'l' li.Y.t:"l-'1-
get control of T'knJmt.
The attempt to get control of the meeting
was a failure. llilo'lq,.') ll""'*'"'mC f.f-Y.
t:1m- ...11&- L~ IIJ.'.IIIJ 4'.:
keep under control TtkiiJmt.
A stem teacher is needed to keep the students
under control. ..,.,.,~,.~ I\.OD4r.IIJmC "1"
il;r. l\.11.,...,6 .I'IILA.:>A
controller .f-4&"1"16
The controller checked the accounts and found
no errors. ..,.,_IIJIIJ~fDo th.Afl"~ 1 ..,.4:."1"1"1!"
Mil" "1-.1:-11'1- l\.'1179"
controversial ll.h&-IJ6
The exact location of the border is a con-
troversial matter. faJ(I). '1-hhll'f 11;1" ll.
h&-IJ6 ' "1--'IJ.'. ' ),.
You won't get anywhere by writing such
controversial reports . .,.,,.,. foP(IA hh6-
II6 ' Wm.'i' ' ODl\'i' ' l\..1''1'"1119"
controversy (controversies)
1. ,_,:,.. The controversy concerning the
war took a long time. tnC~.J:,. f""LoPI\.h..,..
,. ' .....,+ ' t:;e.'9" ' 1..11. ' mo'IY.
2. 'I'<; foPh&-116.1' 9"11').1''1-. The religious
controversy centered around the nature of
Christ. f?f-"7'/'1: 'I'<; fooh&-116.1' 9"11
') .1''1- flJCII-1'11 qa.cJ.'. ),.
3. ')'1-Ch. The director declared his position
in the controversy . .ll.t.h# fl')'I-CIJ. 1..
H. f"'l.J'Mfl'l-') do/Iii 11111
4. l\.IIDD1qq'J-. They decided to settle the
controversy once and for all. l\.lloP"Iqq;~-:fm
') ' 1\HIIof:;J-,. ' ,.11~ ' ll.o'lm-'1- ' .f-11"7 .....
contumacious f"7J.'.:f"H11
The contumacious child was expelled from
school. f"7J.'.:f"HH,. A;e.' ll'I-9"11C'I- IL
+ I tiJIIJ
convalesce J\1100
He is in FJorida to convalesce. l\"711,.. tD
,._ ' 'i'll-6-'1 ' ~,._
 convalescent 252
------------------------ ------------------------ ----
convalescent 1""9"-1-'i'
He is still a convalescent and cannot partake
in sports. )..(}. h.&'1r 1DP9'"+"1 lll\ll"~ 1
flM?"C-'1- II.IJ.I.A hf;:fA9"
convene (vt.) (lfl{lfl
The President convened the Congress for a
special session. T"-11.'1'1-1> f9"hC 11.-1>'1
IIAI< 1-'l.t.. t'lflt'lfl
convene (vi.) -f-(lfl(lfl
The Parliament convenes next week. rrhc
11.-1> fl"7.ou"Jm- <'19"'1-l- f.{lfl(llJA
convenience (n.) 9"-l-
Our new apartment has every modern con-
venience. h'lfl. h;rc-t"'l:f'l "'l'l'i'm-9"
""""'!! ' 9"-l- ' hllm-
at one's convenience fl"tOD:fOJo
I will come any day at your convenience.
fl"'l'l'i'm-9" fl"7_oo:fu 4''1 1,00"11\IJ<
at one's earliest convenience
Call me at your earliest convenience! +it-
qou:fu "1..11. S'.tiJoAA"i
for convenience )..1Jl.oo:fl1Ja
I keep the book near my desk for convenience.
l\'1-'I.OD:f"i 0 ODI'o"m4-'l 0 tn~A,~\L 0 htn1ofl
hll4'9"tn'I'I\1J<
convenient 9"'1l 1 foo:f
The bus service here is very convenient.
MLU fhm-.f<tJ-(1. MA"III-'1- fl"'9" 9"'1l
~ ....
Their house is convenient to all transporta-
tion. 11.;-:fm- 1\"'l'l'i'm-9" oo'\'\..,. fou:f
~ ....
be convenient +OD:f
It is very convenient for me to take the bus.
flhm-.Y.tJ-11 ouy;,o;. II~ fl"'9" f.oo:f'i' A
conveniently fl"7.fou:f IJ<~;J-
The book was conveniently arranged according
to subject matter. ODK"m4- fl"?.foo:f !J<).
;J- flfhC1.11-I> -1-H:>~A
*The hotel is conveniently located for travelers.
11'-1:11- I\00'11S'.'l':f h"'ll!f. (l;J- 1\f. ' ~ ....
convent fii..Y.:f 1'19"
There is a convent on the top of the mountain.
fl-1-&-&-m- 1\f. f(&..f<:f 1'19" hi\
convention
I. llilt'llJ, Were you at the convention last
year? '11\o!.m- 'loo-'1- lliJ(llJm- 1\f.
~flCh 1 "1..11. ' -f-IDJ'f'l
converse
2. llrr~+. There is an international con-
vention for the treatment of prisoners of war.
111\II'C 9"CI>'l':f hJ'.NI 'll\9" h4''i'
(19"9"~-l- hi\
3. IJUA. Does convention in your country
forbid women to smoke? J'1&-:f!J< lJUA
1\.Y.:f 1-'I'IJ'..,_fl. f.hllhi\A 1
4. A.r7~. His actions mock convention. h.~&
'1-1> A"'l:'1 J'LC<'IA
1 conventional
I. f-J-1\ouS'.. I prefer the conventional method.
f-tllooS'.m-'1 DD'11: 1-0DC"li\IJ<
2. A"'': hhll6. She is very conventional and
does not like modern ways of dress. A.at~ 1
hhlJ6 111\ll'~:f noo<;'l! hllllflll'l h-'1-ID:9"
converge
I. ..,.1~. The four roads converge at one point.
h&--f> 0 OD')1J'.:f 0 h'l;" 0 (l;J- 0 1\f. 0 f.1'0'i'/l-
2. hJ'IIfl-'1- 1-~.1.. The crowds converged on
the stadium.Mit!- hJ'IIfl-'1- IDS'. 1-II:J--'1.1'"
1
,.,. I 1-l.L
(be) conversant with OID4'
He is conversant with Ethiopian history.
0 fh.-'1-I'"A-J"! :J-6h fm-:J'A
conversation m~ J .,_.liJaliJa.-,.
His conversation was all about his family
problems. ID.I.ID- IJ</1- 1111 11.-tt'ltl- :f-"1
C ~tiC
Conversation tends to slow down work.
IDol. P'&-'1 f."I-'1-;J-A
He hoped to direct the conversation to a new
channel. OJ.>~'! IDS'. 11.1\ h~"l"'i
/1.00&-111- 'l"h~
carry on a conversation ..,.IIQ.'P'm+
It is hard to carry on a conversation in a
crowded room. oh1111 flfl~fl-'1- h'i'A m-
Il'!' """"'I'IDT hll:f:>6 ~111-
have a conversation .,.~ ;J1l.
I had a long conversation with the boss.
IJII~fiD- :>C ll~'fr9" 1.11. -1-~:>"lil.J'I\IJ<
conversational II'I"I"IC f"7.~'1
The students study conversational Amharic.
-t"'I69''Jl 1\'I"I"IC f"7.~'1:fiD- h"'IC'i'
f."'l&-11-
converse (v.) -1-IDff l -1-""'I'IDi-
We conversed about the language problem for
a long time. 1111 !1:'1!1/m- :f"lc l\~"f:9"
 253
conver se
We conversed about our childhood. Ill\ 1>.'1':
~:f":f'J 1.n -~"""'PID-'1-'J
conver se (n.) -1-:l't-t
Heat is the converse of cold ....-t-'1- f:t-11:1'
" ' -1-:l't-t ' ~ ....
conver sion
I. OOl\ID'I'. The Israelis are setting up a plant
for the conversion of salt water into potable
water. 7-llt-lo.I\ID",I"} ftt.RC't ID";} IDF.
oom'l' 1 m-;) 1 AooAm'l' 4-i~,tlt 001/..ff"' 1\
f. ' "'~'"'"
2. oooo1uc . Conversion of Ethiopian money
into foreign money must be done at the
National Bank. flo.-'1-f'W,I"} oflC IDF. ID"
"1." h~C ~'JHofl l\OOOO'JHC f"''JJ'l\ID"
Rofldo.t-1! tt'Jh ~..,.
The conversion of the coastal tribes to Islam
occurred in the nineteenth century. n ftt.Rc
'1-1- ' f"'', ~1''1- ' 1-lt!P:f ' IDS'. ' 1>111>.9"<; ' V
,...,'1'-l- f-1-l\IDtno-'1- ROP't- Hm)li'ID"
h'i'l\ o HOD'} o ~ID"
The conversion of Ethiopia to Christianity
took place in the 4th century A.D. lo.-'1-f'W.I'
ttt--J-:;'ID" h'i'A goo'} hCii-'1-<;"J -J-ot convict (n.)
RA:f
conver t (v.)
I. oo~n<:. He tried to convert Ethiopian
dollars into Swiss francs. flo.'l-f'W,I"J oflC ID
1'. 11'1!11 'i't-'Jh 11.""~11C 'l"b<: convict ion
2. Amm. These machines convert cotton into
cloth. MILIJ OO"f6.1'lP:Y. 'I''I''J IDS'. A
oflll f.I\ID"tno:f"A
3. lv\ou). Missionaries are trying to convert
the pagans. "''.llf'<;ID",I"J l'o<:oo~!P:f'J A
"'//tOD'} I ftOD'f"bC ' llf. ' <;'f'ID"
[See also 'believing']
conver t (n.) l'o.ll.ll Vf."'''l'-'1- f-1--I'RA iiiD" convinc e hftoo)
The converts swore to destroy their idols.
l'o.ll.ll Vf."'''l'-'1- f-J--I'RII--'1- lllP:f "'P
.f-;f';I'ID"'J ll..l'm4- ' "''ll-
become a convert to 1"4-flA
He became a convert to the Christian faith.
fhcll-'1-<;"J Vf."'''l'-'1- -1--I'RA
convex [h'JI'. \o.ll hilA IDI'. .....,. .rnm]
convey
I. l'o'\'\H. The train conveys passengers.
IJ(K. iiiD" ' '""'~"'
2. l'o-t<:n. He conveyed my greetings to his
convinc ing
relatives. M9";f"\lo'J 1\HOOP..'fl l'o-t<:RA't
3. hltf. Her expression conveys her dis-
appointment . .L;t :t>~:f"'I''J Ylt.l'l>.
4. l'oll-J-111\.L. The old farmer conveyed his
farm to his son. 11"'1"1/I.ID" ~n~ "'//tiD"'}
AA)I': l'oll-1-IIA.I.
convey ance
I. "'111-J-IIA'i'. Books are for the conveyance
of ideas. oPI\.lo'i'-'1- .hltofl'J l\"'111-J-IIA'i'
f.<:'lll-
2. "'1""111\7, Railroad trains and buses are
public conveyances. ttn-c-:f<; l'otJJo.f-11-l':f
f.R11ofl "'/oPIII\7 ' <;'I'ID"
convict (v.)
I. ol.l:I'.(R-'1-). The judge convicted him of
murder. 'I:;'ID" R~'i'll "!'If. ID'J~A oi.<:F.
n-l-
2. l'olloi.<:I'.(R'l-). These new facts will be enough
to convict him. f.IJ l'o.ll.ll "'111<:!1' ft{lo II
f. 1\"''lloi.<:F." ' flo!: ' """"'
be convicte d -1-ol.<:l'..(n-l-)
He was convicted of murder. R~'i'll ~'If.~
-'1- ' -1-oi.<:I'..R-l-
ID'J~A:;' I f-1-oi.<:F.R-l- ID'J~A'I'
Three convicts escaped. 1"11-l- ID'J~A'I':Y.
""""""
They caught the fugitive convict. fi>Rl\1\ID"'J
f-1-oi.<:F.R-l-'J ID'J~A:;' .1'11-'1-
1>9"~'1- I fll<; Ml"~'l-
1 hope you will hold to your conviction.
RMI"~-'1-IJ 1>'J1'.9"-l-l\<; 1-M l'oA't
His statement lacked conviction. fft- ?A 1
fll<; ' 1>9"~-l- ' 1-1'.1\ID"
*The conviction of the embezzler was announc
ed in the newspaper. h"f."RCIJ61D" 7-'JI'.-J-ol.
<:F.n-'1- "-"""' ~"~~
I had a hard time convincing her. 1>!0 A
"'//tOO'} 0 ft"'9" ' l'.b9"b-
be convince d J;,oo) I 1"4fiiOD)
Many are convinced that smoking has a great
deal to do with lung cancer. flt'JIJ ~-I'Clt
1\.li't- b"'/ .... 11 ' f"'',oP"' ' ~.... ofll\tJJo
oflu-lP:Y. ' '"'"~~"
I am convinced of his honesty. R:J""'''t~-1: 1>
-1-"'/oP<;l\IJo
convinc ing l'o'l';>II.
The illumination of his theory was not con
convivial 254 coop

vincing. ill\ of:f"~tD- ~ f(tmw- 1 0071l~~J' h"'' ,.,:> h.,...,..,. II- no~.-r h11'1'i'a>-'t 1.11.
:>11. 1\A~R<:!I" ,l'.h.,.of.A
convivial fY.il Y.il cook (n.) dJ'I' n.-r
A convivial gathering was held when I returned She is the best cook we ever had. M R-1-'t
from my trip. h"l-~tl- floollfl fY.il Y.il "I tD'I' n.-r-:r- IJoll- -rnA"'II'f-
11"lf" _,.Y.C1 ~RC cookie 11ilh--r
convocation il1J.(t1J The child likes cookies. Alt 11ilh--r ,r.m
There was a convocation of clergymen in JIA
Aksum. Rl\hl\-!1" fliU..,....,. fi11(1Q .,.Y.C cooking ID'I' IVIH l !1""111 1\P't-C
1 )RC She prides herself on her good cooking.
convoke fi11(1Q m.:. R'l'-1- ID'I' n.-r~:t -rto.:.R;f'll'f-
The President convoked the Congress. T Mf..'l He complimented me on my cooking. ill\ 1
't-1: !l"hC 11.-l:'t ii11(1Q m.:. !1""111 1\"'.:-&. 1\ooM)'t

convoy f:I'~R fODChfl'f- 'iY.-

The convoy was attacked by submarines.
f;f'~Ra>- ' fODChfl'f- ' 'iF.- ' Rl'lC'i~ ' ODC
h11 ' .,.tn.+
truck convoy r~)!.-.. ' ootL'i",-T
The truck convoy was attacked in the desert.
f;f'~R-..,. ' ODIJ......9''f- ' R<:?a>- ' <D-il'l' ' 1\
Y.:> ' 1-"'IIQ:fa>-
convulse R"':J> loJI..
The comedian convulsed the audience. h.1tp
'li _,..,.Ali'1i't R"':J> tl.lf:fa>-
be convulsed
I. .,.'t.,.'""''" l .,.'tHti.Htl.. The patient was
convulsed with pain. 07i-T~w- 1 O:ttoor
!l"h't,l':,. _,.'t.,.tn.,.tn ' (_,.'tHti.Htl.)
2 . .,.'th_,.h.,.. When the audience heard the
joke, they were convulsed with laughter.
_,..,.Ali'1i .,.All.'t (1.(1..,. R"':J> _,.'th
.,.h-1:
convulsion ""'t"''l'"''l' i OD'tH'i'H'i'
The child's convulsions filled me with fear.
fih!'l- OO't"''l'"''l' (oo'tH'i'H'i') 'i'CV-r
MY.<:11't
cook (vt.) 1\RM
He cooked the meat in an oven. F
R!I"Y.-!1" 1\RI'llla>-
cook (vi.)
I. !1""111 ....:.. She cooks well. -No !1""111
.-,....,:.ll'f-
2. !1""111 1\H.:>~. We don't have time to
cook tonight. '1&. "7;1' !I"""Q'f-'t't 11"7H..?
~..,. ' 1.11. ' fll't!l"
be cooked +++A
Meat is often chopped up before it is cooked.
cool (vt.)
I. 1\"'""'" She blew on the soup to cool it.
Jl'cq..,.'t 11.,.,.11.,.11 h'i' 1\ll:f-..,.
2. ( ~ intr.) h - - - R<:Y.- 1\11. The father ad-
vised his son to cool his anger. h.IJ-1-Y..m- A
lt h<l!"'a>- R<:Y.- 1\'t-'I,A ooh<:a>-
cool (vi.) "'""'"
The soup is cooling. Jl'cqa>- 1\f.,.H.,.H )a>-
cool (adj.)
I. .,.114'11 ,I'll. Keep it in a cool place! .,.11.,.
11 ,I'll il'i'.:. M<:a>-
2 .,.11.+'1. Hot days alternate with cool days in
Addis Ababa. 1\-'Lil 1\RQ a>-il'l' '1".+-r
..... ' .,.11.+'1 ' .,...,....,. ,l'.tl..:-<:.+11-
3. '"'""'" They gave the visitor a cool
reception. 111-11'a>- '"'""'" 1\.,.QRA 1\
Y.<:"l-11..,.
be cool
I. R<:Y.. The coffee is not cool yet. 11-..,..a>- 1
..,.. 1\AR<:Y.!I"
2. <:.:> ,I'll. He is cool in the face of danger.
()~ I 1..r I ~;J I J'l\ I )tD-
3. R<:Y.(a>-). I'm cool, but open the window
if you feel hot. 1\~ RCP..'i' A 1 1/''r!l" 1\
't.,. ' h'I".,.U ' ODfllo-Jo't ' A-rh'i'..,. ' -r'f-'1
IIU
;JtD-'l
it sets pretty cool +11+11 ' 1\11
It gets pretty cool here in the evening. "7;I' "7
;I' l\fi.U .,.114'11 ,1'.'\A
coop (n.) Qll'lifl -1''1'
The chicken is in a coop. P..r:'l' Qll'lifl
-1''1' ' <D-il'l' ' ..,....,.
coop (v.), ~ up H.:>(R-r)
They cooped him up in a tiny room. -r't'li
h'i'A a>-il'l' H"l-0:,.
 255 cordially
coopera te --------------
--~---------------------------------
copious supply of O'J'i! f+~O
cooperat e
I. .J-.,Q11.Y. "'tl-. He tried to cooperate with The copious supply of beer was soon con-
his co-workers. bP'tl- 'l~'l''li :>C -t-.,Q11 sumed. R1'i! f.,.GRID- R.tl- m,IIJ'm-'i- l\1\.,.
.Y. 1\-F tl-'1- 'l"hG copper -.1111
2. -t-QRG. The people in the village cooperated The pipe is made of copper. !J.9"!l.ID- h-
in building a bridge. r-'t~-1- ih1111 fi:A .1!11 f-i""'tl- ~,_
fl:f. 1\-Ftl-'t- .J-QRG
copy (copied), v.
cooperat ion I. 11\Rm. Copy the letter exactly! ~11-'!0.m
I. 7-.C.t!;f-. Can we count on your cooperation? .,. R't-hhA 1A11'1'
Q't-1" 7-.C.t!;f- l\11"~'1- A't'l'A 7-.'t'f<l/\'t ! 2 . .,..1!. He copies his mother's way of talking.
2. 't-1111C. The cooperation of the two com- n
r.,..,.,. :>1c .1..11.'1' ,..,..~~A
munities became greater over the years.
copy down h(ILt:.
fo-1\., .,.RII.l":Y.. ~'I'&I":Y.. 't-1111C 'N'~
He copied down the notes in his notebook.
c m~hG
"7il;l->lfl" 'li't 0~11-1"'1- 'If. l\l'loi..G
The cooperation of the two communities
resulted in the building of a bridge. o-1\., copy (copies), n.
-'t~C::Y.. -t-Q11GID- fi:Afi:Y. "''~- I. .,AQ"l". I made a copy of the letter. f~11.1!
R.m-'t ' .,AQ"'." ' 1\'i!h-
cooperat ive (n.) f'r11G'f- fi:C)';'t-
2. :Jo:(. The copies of the examination are
The farmers market their grain through co-
in the blue folder. f.t.+o;m- '1-J(I":Y.. 1'1"7
operatives. 10<1-l"'li 7-.U'I:fm-'t R'r11G't- !1:
f'l!m- .,..,~c m-il'l' <;'l'm-
C)':'t- Rh-A MfnJII-
*Send me a copy of his book. h{l- -1\"dt'i!
(be) cooperat ive <:.1! l\'tJI.'t 'lhA~
The librarian was most cooperative when I was
coral (n.) f-t-h"7'1' WI-A
looking for the book. -ll"dt4-'t iloi..A.,
Coral grows on the ocean floor. f1"hlfiJ=f
r-1\a.'i!'t- n.., "'<~-+'1 RnJ9" <:.1!~
WI-A 0""'1-f'l"il a>I\A 'If. ffi::>A
coordina te (v.) coral (adj.) fWI-A
I. l\il-f"QRG. It is necessary to coordinate She wears a coral necklace. frJ'l-A 1 th.1lA
economic and social policies. flo.l>'l""''..'t<; ;1-~C:>/\:f-
f'r11G-t- i111't 'i'l"71":f "711-t-QRC f
iloi..A:>A cord I'I.Q~
2. l\il-t-lthl\. Let's coordinate our watches so I haven't enough cord to tie up the package.
we will have the same time. 'l.lf,J':f't l\'t.t!f. '1''1'11-'t f"7iiCR't- 04: (I.Q~ f/\~11"
1\fU't il'i;J-:f't't 7-.'lil-t-lthA [See also 'umbilical cord']

coordina te (n.) '1''1-il cordial AQ'f!

What are the map coordinates of Washington? The host gave us a cordial welcome. 111\fL-J: 1

AQ'I! l\.,.QRA l\~G1A't

f'l'1i't.,-t-'t fltC;I" '1''1'(\:f- ll"'t <;'I'm- !

cope, ~ with cordialit y

I. l\Git. One clerk could not cope with their I. '1-ih't-'l. The clerk's cordiality pleased all
demands. l\'tf/: lf"l" 'i!'l~;l"'l'm-'t l\JG the customers. flf""' '1-a.'t-<; ~'tR'l''li't
lt'l'l'm- l\Ail'/\9" !Jolt- l\ii~I'I;J-'I'm-
2. +**-I will try to cope with his rudeness. 2. ( = adj.) AQ'I! fll'~. The cordiality of his
o
11A.,.,,_.,. 7-.ltlt-'1'1\IJ welcome pleased me. AQ'I! fll'~.,. l\.,.QR
A l\il~l'l+~
copious RCh't- fit
He kept copious notes of the meetings. ill\ cordially R:>l\ ii"'L't-
i111i1Qm- :1'1\ .,.q~o. nch't- fl\ "7ii;J-m He shook my band cordially. 0:>1\ ii"'L't-
.U.Rm~
lf' '"
 cordon 256 corporation

cordon '1.1:' bus. Ooo'J~Y: IIC 4'"'1 hm-1'11-11 m04':Y.

A cordon of police protected the bank. h'tY: 5. mc11. He struck his arm on the corner
f?Yo.ll 'IY: IJ'th-'t m04' of a box. f"'"l''t mCII h't.ll.'t "";t-w-
core around the corner ~tl.tJ oltcil
I. m-IlT. The core of the apple was rotten. They live around the comer. 1.11.11 -l>c11
-!>4-w- W<llm- 01111!}.&\ J'.'l"&-11-
2. 'i:~ 1 }1C. Let's get to the core of the sub- ln all corners of the world b&-"Jt;:; 1 '-.C.h &-
ject! 1111 'l-111' '1'&. ~~c h't~;nc 't'i'
to the core floP-& People have searched in all comers of the
This apple is rotten to the core. ~tJ 1 -JJ4- 1 world for gold. IISI':f wc-'1> 'I'll." hlM'i'
ooo-11- Oll11!l.A. hllh ll''t'i' of-1'H'I'A.
[See also 'turn']
cork (v.) Wt-4.
Don't forget to cork the bottle! cornerstone
mcoo-~'t
oPIDof-'1' h'I-H't;J I. foPIPt:'l- .<:-'t;JJ'.. The President laid the
cornerstone of the new university building.
cork (n.) 11-"li T&.ll.ll't_, .l'll.~'t 1'-tliCI\1: .h'tll
The cork of the bottle came out and the liquor foPIPt;o}- ' .I:''J;JJ'. ' h'l''l-
spilled. fmc-~ 11-"li of-~-'1>11- ht:'i:w- 2. ODIP~-l-. Thrift is a cornerstone of wealth.
.t.M 4lm1J fo{IAll'"l'i oPIPt;'l- 1 ~IJJ<

corkscrew fmcoo-11 DPh.lJI' cornmeal f0-1'11- .11.-1:'1-

I bought a corkscrew at the market. ftnCoP- Commeal is used in making bread. f0-1'11- II.
11 ouh,!.il' h~O.I' ~qrr -1:'1- .11(1 J'.tT'i&\
corn corollary w-m.'I-
I. 04'11-. A lot of com is produced in America. Good health is a corollary of having good
Oh"i&IJ ' 04'11- 011q'l- ,l'.out:;t-A. habits. ~ 1 m.~ 1 f~ ABYY: m-m.+
2. MIA.. Fields of com are a common sight )IJJ<

in the Ethiopian highlands. Oh.'I-I"A-.1' S'.;JSI' coronation

:f fhtJA. "'/ ...SI':f Oflq'l- .f'.:t-.1'11- I. fHtJJ- Y: O'tA.. I was not invited to His
3. uo')!o. He removed a large corn from my toe. Majesty's coronation. 1\"IC"'/'I!);t-'fw - fHtJJ-
hh"l&. "1'1- ~J'. '1-A.-l> """" 4't:L&\'5 Y: O't&\ h&\of-m&-11-P" )flC
[See also 'ear, parched'] 2. fHw-.<:- """"l't P'~ P'C't'l-. The
coronation is concluded when the patriarch
corner (v.) "'111"11""1 """' anoints the Emperor. fH"'"J!' ou-J."} tp
The cat cornered the mouse. J!'OO:f: 1 il.~tp. ) P'C't'l- ' ;r'I-C,I'Ch- 't'l-IP )1P'_,'t
't "'111"11""1 ' """'il''l- 11.4'11 .... ' .f'."-11"'/A.
corner (n.) corporal (n.) fOP'C hl\:1'
I. "1'"1 I P'Cil'. The man you want is sitting The corporal was demoted for insubordination.
in the comer. fi"''I-,!.&\1W< aw-\1. h"l''l- fOP'C hl\:l'ID<. 1)1\00;t-HII-. h"'/6l'l-
I I 11-'1> I
of-4'9"lJI.&\ of-J'.l~
The cat hid in an obscure comer of the room.
.I:'"";I: IJ'tY: h"'l,l'.;t-,I'. P'Cil' w-11"1' corporal punishment flh!JA. 1 ~,1'. 1 f"t.<'.
~o{l;t- of-J'.04':f l"/ I o}>"Jo}-
2. ou;t-m.l-,1'. It is advisable to cross streets Corporal punishment deters delinquency
only at comers. ou'J~P.:f't oo;t-m.l.,l''f'w- among the young. flh!J&\ ~J'. 1 f"t.<'.l"l 1
~J'. 11!1' ' "'*t:"l' f"t'l'A. J'.00/11\'I'A. -'1>"1'1- I ID"'.f:Y.'t h"l"i-'1- ' .I'C:l'A
3. hiJIJfl.. He likes to read in a quiet comer corporation "'l~flC
of the house. ML., ll"l' IJII hiJIJil. They formed a corporation to sell steel goods.
"'l't011 ,I'.WII&\ f11t:;t' I fil-l- I h:J' I 1\DDlf<J' I '"l~flC I
4. IIC. She waited at the street comer for a "**-
corps
corps 'l.(-
He established a corps of engineers to supervise
highway construction. fl\ID"~ -,...';'it JPt-
1\oPot."Jme foPI/'M,{l':f :}.(- h>l/>1/oP
[See also 'peace']
corpse
1. <1.11. Mter a mao dies, the old men wash
the corpse. {lm- h'l".,. R:\'1 "li"7"111.9'':f <1.
ftm-'t ,I''J'IJI\-
2. hilh<!.1. The grieving relatives placed the
corpse in a beautiful coffin. mH1.,_'l',; IL
.,_ HoPJ'.':f hilh<!.l-1 R"'LJ'II"e f<l.ft
"1'1'1 dJo/l'l'. h'l''l-'1-
corpulent ID'U-9"
Who is the corpulent old mao? ,I'.IJ ID'i!<l-
,. "11"7"1/1. "71 tm- 1
corral 0~'1-
The cattle are kept in a corral during the night.
f.,.,.(- h-fl.f':f /1.11.,. 0~'1- dJo/l'l' ,1'.(-
<1-1\-
correct (v.)
I. h~"". Please correct the mistakes in Am-
haric ! ,1'"7e>{ il.lt.,.-r-':f-1 hell"
2. "'"'You ought not to correct your children
for their bad manners in public. M oPTt::
9""111<1-'l'm- A,lt':f-111 IJ1.1JIJ,I'. oP:J-"1'1-
h,I'.11JIJ9"
3. il.lt.,.'l- h~oa. I had a hard time correcting
her. il.lt.,_:t1 ftell" 0"19" -H'-Jeh-
4. hil.,..,h/1. I corrected my watch by the
radio. {l't-1:1 0"-".l'"m- hil.,..,hAh-
be corrected .,.:J'';"
His deficient knowledge of algebra must be
corrected before the exam. not ,1'/>.~nm-
fhA:J>:-fl<l- ':fll-;f-m- h.l..,.';"m- 01.'1- ""
:1'';"'1-. hl\0'1-
correct (adj.)
I. '1-hhl\"i{. Is this the correct address?
.e.u '1-hhll"i{m- h.(-.t.~ tm- 1
2. Ah. Is my addition correct? .(-9"<1. Ah
tm-1
3. ""A"'" His correct manners are admired
by all. .,.A.,,. mill' nu-n- H1.(- f.,.f.t
.,. tm-
[See also 'stand']
correction l\C"'/'1-
Piease make the necessary corrections ! hil.l.'l
'l.m-'t l\C"'/'1- h.(-C"I
257 corridor
correctness '1-hhll,.t'I-
The auditor attested to the correctness of the
account . .,..._..,..,6..,. f m.'lll-1 '1-hhll,.t
'1- h~:>1m
correlate h~oPf.
The student correlated his knowledge of history
with his knowledge of geography. .,..,6..,.
f
;f-6111';" fODAhh 9".(-e '1-II"Ue-1>1
Mou.ll'J'm-
correlation "111't'I-
There is a correlation between climate and
vegetation. IJf'l- miJ,I'.';" RbD1''1- """h
A "111't'l- hi\
correspond
I. .,....,11{1/1. The translation does not corre-
spond to the original. '1-e.,.- h1'';"m- X"
,'i! ;>e h,I'.OD/I{IA9"
2. .,.11"7"7. Her hat and shoes correspond with
her white dress. 1Jel!."'1'';" ..,..,,.!J!
ht"l"
A-fl!l.. :>e ,1'.11"7"711-
3. 1.-fi.IIIL .,.111\h. Menelik corresponded with
the Emperor John about an Italian invasion.
h'l ll"tAh hhl ' l'"m1il :>e 1111
1\.."'A,I''l":f m~<!- 1.-fi.IIIL .,.111\h-
correspond with each other ..,..X.KL
We have been corresponding with each other
for six years. 11.(-11'1- '~""'~- uo-tr il1llll
'i! toe
correspondence
I. .,..,./1/l,l'.t'l-. There is not much corre-
spondence between their ideas aod ours.
U"i{';" Ot{l- m/1-fl """hA -fill- .,_.,.1111
M'l- fl\9"
2. f1.-fi.IIIL ""llll'i! 'l-.11,1'.. My job is to
take care of the correspondence. ,,_ ~~
ff.ofi.IIIL oPl\ll'i!1 1--'l,l'. "'/h';"ID1 tm-
*He carries on a wide correspondence. hofllt-
{lm- :>e ,l'.l\1\4-A
correspondent "" hm';":J'6
He is a correspondent for the Times. f;f-,1'.9"ll
"" hm';":l'6 tm-
be correspondents Tgg+-
She aod I have been regular correspondents
for over a year. l\e!l..';" l\l!. ,1'11"7>11~'1' "1
.(- """"" OilY. l\1llll'i! tne
corridor _.,.'1111-.1'
Large cupboards were set up in the corridor.
17
corroborate
'1-AA:r- 4!1"' "''l''l""f- hou-1"~11.1-.t'ID- ~f.
-l"~~t.'I'A
corroborate At.;nm
The facts corroborate his account of the
accident. f~t.I'IID- ~~c ;>.(to 1111 l\t.;JID-
f-f"<;"~t.ID-'t .t't.:J"'"'A
corrode -1"0~ 1 q~
Iron corrodes easily. ilt.+ 04'~11- f.O~A
(f.11:>A)
corrosive fouil~+
The corrosive action of the salt water ruined
his watch. f........,,... ID-;) fouil'\'1- "1.t'
A l'l'H't l\O~lfO+
corrugate tJJ"' ~q t.f:C"'I t.1-qom
They corrugated the cardboard to pack mer-
chandise. If4'm-'t ll.hoJoO'I- IICofo).'t ID"'
~q t.t:c~,... t.1-qom-+
corrugated iron oi'Coi'C'
In Ethiopia, they use corrugated iron to cover
the roof. 01\.'1-f"t;.t' "'t..t' 1\0Dlfol.'t Ooi'C
oi'C' ' f.m.,.., 11-
corrupt (v.)
1. l\O'Ilf. Love of money has corrupted his
ideals. f1'tHil o;:;r.c 't~"71D-'t l\O~iiof-O;f-A
2. l""''qt. h'tofo t.~t.~. The abuse of power
corrupts the official who practices it. FA"'
't't .t'll t."'qil oum4'1"' f.U't f"''...t'~
C~ID-'t qiiFA"''t l"'"'q(. h'tofo ' .t'~C
~'I' A
3. Ohll. Bribery has corrupted many a judge.
"fo(l ODil~+ iiH- .ll'l'':f-'t ' Ohii-'I''I''I'A
corrupt (adj.)
1. l""''qt. iiA"ii. Thecorruptjudgeshould be
removed from office. 9""1q(. iiAlf. .11':'
hFt.-ID- OD~4'A l\110'1-
2. f-I"O~lf. They tried to overthrow the corrupt
government. f-1"0'\lfiD-'t OD't"'F'I- II""~
AO'I' 'l"h-1-
3. ID-t::r-. The church condemns corrupt
morals. 0.-1" hCIIof:.t'). tD-t::r- "'ilt. ~il
~+'t ;f-tJJ"Jqll':f-
4. f-f"qq_ The text of this book is corrupt.
fH_U fODK".h'i' :l'A ' f-f"qq ~ID-
corruption
1. iiA"ii'l- I ODO~lf'l- I fqiiFA"''l"':f- ' l""''q
t. ILM+. We must put an end to corruption.
iiA"ii'l-'t (ouo~lf+, or rqiiFA"''l""f- 1""'1
q(. ILII~+) oi.K"OD't .,.,.,. l'.llil't
258 cost
2. ;\1"'~'1-'t "7"1'~A. Corruption will bring
about the collapse of justice. ;\1"'~'1-'t "7"1'
~ f'i''l-.b't ID-1:4''1- .t'llh'I-~A
3. ID-f:;r. "'ilt. ~il~+. The church con-
demns corruption. 0.-1" hCIIi:.t"t ,...t::r-
"lilt. ' ~il~'l-'t ' ;f-ID"'ql\':f-
COrtege, funeral ~ f4'iiC .,.,. I 114'11-1"':'
The funeral cortege moved slowly down the
street. f4'il-l- .,.,. ou')~JI-'t f.l' , t.n~oo
The funeral cortege walked with measured
steps. 114'11-I">;'ID- O-f"oom~ f11"1;f- ;\CI"'
)I" ' -I"'IH
corvee <Pt.--l"'f't .t'll'l':> "711~~1:
Corvee was used to build the roads until
recently. ;\llh :r-cil 1..1 oo')~f: f"''..
"'t.-"'" <Pt.--l">;''t .t'll'l':> 0"7M~ ~oc
cosmetic oo\>,\o,J'
Women have always used cosmetics to beautify
themselves. (l.ofo':f- l\1"'1!' 1\00;J-f'l- 11-A
1..1 ooo\>,\o,J' f.m4'"711-
cost (cost), v.
1. l\ID"'. How much does it cost? l"''t .t'UA
.t'ID"'A l
2. l\IIID"'. The accident will cost him a pretty
sum. "'~-""'" nch+ .t'll ~'toil .t'IIID"''I'A
3. ~- Making war costs vast sums of money.
fllC~'I- "7f:t."' iiH- 1'tHil f.oi.)I"A
The battle cost many lives. fllC~ofo iiH- 1'1
..... o!."J'..
4. mf4'. Renting pack animals will cost a lot
of money. f"l'"~+ hil+ ooh&-f+ iiH- ~
'tHil f.mf.:l'A
5. l\<\AG: l'lm. It cost him his life to save
his son. Alit.'t 11"7JI't .bf.IDofo't l'.<\AG:
l'lm
cost (n.)
1. mm.. The cost of living is rising. f).{!" m
.... h'i' ;>.111 OOO~f: ~~- ~ ....
2. '1';>. The cost of this hat is $10. ru_u
qClr."' 'I';> OFC iiC ~,.
3. "l-.11'1-. The victory was won at a frightful
cost. 1:11- f-l"~"f,. l\1'1:1'4: "l-.11'1- Mt.l'l
R:%~ ' ~,.
at the cost of
*The fox escaped from the trap at the cost of
a leg. 4'0C'IJJo ' hiD'J'OOJI- ll.fOOA'I' ;\"1-1-
~.... 4't.
at all costs Rl"''tl"' 'tf.~'l- ! Ol""tl"' ' 'tf.~
+ HJ'..
costly
He wants it at all costs. R!l'"tll" ~.M'I- 1.
~'J t1C "7"11''1- f..I.IA:>I>.
We must get it at all costs. R!l'"tll" ~f.t'l-
HJ'. "7'11''1- hMI'J
high (increased} cost of living f).C" IIJo~~T
The high cost of living means nothing to some
people. h'J.II'J.I:" l'll":f f).C"t. ID".i:"t'l-
h!l'"tll" hf.<t.-N-11"
increased cost oPtDF.Y:
Before building a house he took into account
the increased cost of materials. tL+ hoo JP
&-1: O.C.'I- f.h'Jll OO"f(.YPJ:f OOdlf..ll'f
ID"'J "111"'1- ID"IIT hf.t:.1
[See also 'dear, living']
costly~&.!:"
She wears a costly necklace. DJo1: dt11A.
;1-f.C:>A:f
costume 1>.1111
The actors wore historical costumes. ..,...,,_ f
> fT't'l- 1>.1111 111111..,. tnc
cot if&- hi>.:>
During his stay in the country he slept on a cot.
'1'11C R<t.fR'I- 1.1L ~&liT if&- hi>.:>
'If. ,..,.'i' tnc
cottage 1]
They have a small cottage on the lake. .bf.4J
hm111 Mll.,.'i' 1] h'l'fiD"
cotton TT
Cotton grows in warm countries . .,...,. 'I",:~-:,.
h1C ~&liT f.R~'IA
You will find some cotton in the medicine chest.
OO.I:";)t1: ' "'T'J ' ID"II'I' ' '1-'J'Ii ' '1''1' ' ;l-
1'i'AU
couch (v.) 1All
Poets couch their ideas in beautifullangnage.
1"1"7.P':f .bil'l'fiD"'J ""'"'" :1''1'1-
MAI\11-
couch (n.) ooh.ll
The nobility of old had couches in their houses.
f'l"t'l- oo\>,'J'J'I- Rf!I.:J-'1'~& ooh.ll tR&-
'f~&
cough (v.) itA
The baby has been coughing all night. .lotto
11.11..1:'J Rou-t~- (1.111>. hf.t:.
cough (n.) itt>.
His cough is due to tobacco smoke and not
259 counselor
a cold. <'Ill- ll'l-11"'111' "1"11 f.,.t.., J.'J
)( 1-'tof.'J hf.f.AII"
coughing, fit of ~ hnJ.II.C. ill>.
He had a fit of coughing. hnJ.II.C. itt>. ,.,.
-r tnc
[See also 'seizure']
could, see can
councillo"''.of: i ll"hC n..r
The teachers' council recommended a raise.
Yll.,..,t.P':f lo"''.-1: ff.'l"ll "1""71.
1\'J-'I.J'.t:."l hiii'IR
The council slashed the mayor's budget.
ll"hC ' 0.1:. h'J-1:'11&. Y+t:.RID"'J. 'I)!:'I-. 'l-00
.r.n-r
Regency Council fHID".I:" h"7ltt.P':f
In the event of the Emperor's death, a Regency
Council will take over until the Crown Prince
reaches maturity. 17-IP' 1 io1P'-f:t f\'1"-11 1
hi>.:> m&-lf. 'I~"" h.llll" 1\llhJ'.cll f
HID".!:" h"7ltt.P':f P'AnJ'J f.f.~ll-
hold a council .,..oulJ:h~
The rebels held a council to decide what to do
with the prisoners. 11<;:-H; 1\llt:.'l'<J; !l'"t
J\'Jf."7.f.t:.1- o {IOOdl(l'J ' .,.OOI}h~
counsel (v.) ooh.:.
He counseled us to leave early. +1.11" 11A'J
J.'J .I:"'J~.I:" ooht:.'J
counsel (n.)
1. rhc. Let me give you some good counsel!
'No ll"hC 1>.11'1'11
2. mO:l'. They could afford the best counsel.
II"CT mR:l' 11.111' f.:fll- tRC
hold a counsel 11111'1'1 Mt:.1
The laity and the clergy agreed to hold a
counsel. 11"1.oo<;-,.<; lt1J<;1: 11111'1'1 11"7
.l:"l"l .,.11.,_
take counsel .,.,...ltbt:.
They took counsel together before deciding
to invest all their money. Y'l'f~&'t 1'JH11
IJo/1- P'&- 'If. 11"7'1'1>. hoom(l<;'f~&
n.c.-r .,.,..ltb~
counselor
1. mR:l'. He engaged a counselor to defend
his case. 1-.III''J J.'J-'l.h&-hCA'I- mn,.. 1~
2. h"7ltt.. The prime minister is the king's
counselor. m~'lf. "7.~11-'k- f't'l-"'" h"7lt
& I )CJ)o
 count
3. -t-&"1"1&. He is a counselor at a boys' camp.
IICD'tl'-:f A~ DD1fo;''t'. M.e
)ID"
.,..,..,..,& '
count (vt.) 'll.m<:
Please count your change! ouAflll't .,..me
count (vi.)
1. otm~. Can you count from one to twenty
in Amharic? IJ'tJ!" l\llh VY Q"7e't' A'I-
<&TC '1-:f<\1111 1
2. """m<:. This one is broken, so it doesn't
count as a whole one. .e.'li't'ID- 1111-1-1'111<:
ll'tF. ""'ir ll.e.ofl.mell"
3. 'I':> JIIIID". Every moment counts. l\Y't'l't
Ji:.. .r.-t:r 'I':> J\11'1-
4. ;1-f. It's not the quantity but the quality
that counts. f"''.:J-fm- 11~., <'t.e.rn 'l.e.t
., )IJJ-
count among
*You count among my best friends. It'lT r h
A11 ' CD'I]('f: J\'t-'1. )II
[J count {one) in u;LOD~
Count me in if you want to know how many
are going. f"''.lt-'1.'1- ll't'l- ll'tF.trl- II
"7m:,O '1-LA"' l\')F.tr) l\~')9" ..,_II"<:'S
count off Aofl~ 1Lm~
He counted off a hundred books. ouof DDl\ih
'i'T 1111!1' ofl.m<:
count (on)
I. .,..,ou)(ll'l -). You can count on each and
every one of us. lln'l't'l:f' t A'l-.,..,ou'J11
't '1-:fllllll
You can always count on him to lend you
money. ,..., 1.nll" ll.tr't ~'tH11 ll'tF."''.Y
IIJ!"ell A'I-.,..,DD'tll'l- '1-:f<\1111
2. J\1'111. You had better not count on an
increase in your salary this year. 1111.11 'lou
+ ,,_.,..., "P"''& }l~'t'lltJ- 111111 q;r
1111 .e.lfiiA
3. l\ll"t'l- "'ll. Can we count on your help?
Q't-1- l\e'I;J- ' l\9")'1- A't'I'A ' ll't:f'lll't 1
count oneself &oft..,. t&m~
He counted himself lucky to have survived
the crash. IJJ:;>m- 1111'1) &.fl.'t ll'tF. iJ
.1!"11'>' 'l<m<:
count (me) out I li'I-"'-II"<:'S
H you are planning to go there, count me out!
l\lf.Y 11""1!.1!" fii":J-1111 hir) ll~') . }\
""""'"<:'S
[See also 'nose']
260 counterb alance
count (n.)
I. 'l<m&.. The count has not yet been taken.
~o;o
mt:.ID" 'JIA.,.F.-1:111"
2. m't~A. He has been found guilty on two
counts. 1111-11'1- m't~A '!'of.-1-'t' tr<r
~'f
take count of h.m'i J om+
Before going on a trip, you should take count
of the weather conditions. .,.II hoPio...,+u 0
1.'1- Yf"''t 11-~:1' "7'1'<;''1- ("7m:,O) }I
111111
countena nce 1.'1-
His angry countenance frightened us all.
41m- ~.., tJ-II:f't'tll" JIIIF.t~m't
noble countenan ce "?C"'' lfl'1ll
The king has a noble countenance. 't.,.....
"'e"7 '1"~11 J\IIID-
counter (v.) .,.!11!1/ou
This country is building up its army to counter
the threat of invasion. .e.u:f Me m<:&.
't llou!l/!1/9" tD~'t 1\Y.r.&-~ )T
counter( n.)
I. th.'l- ouif"'il (1;1-, He was standing
at the counter buying a ticket. th.'l- ,..if
"'iliD- fl:l' th.'l- 1100"1~'1- .f>'l" tile
2. Q'tlo. Let's have a drink at the counter!
Q'tlom- '\,1'. ll'tm"'
under the counter n~:Jo
The banned book was sold under the counter.
,.,.hllhllm- ODl\'do'i' IIJ!"off:,O .e.il''l' tile
counter (to) h - - - fDo"f/'
He acted_ counter to his promise. h.,.o;"1<:m-
~I LKDD
*He acted counter to orders. f ;I'HHtJJo'l '}1C
.,.,..&.~rP&.
countera ct -thllhll
A hot bath and a hot drink will sometimes
counteract a chill. 11....:,. CD? ou;J-m11
<;' -:,. ' )1C ' DDm"'T I }\')'l'tJ!" o 'l.n 0
11em .ehllh'IA
countera ttack (v.) hllof.ID-'t oull(l
The enemy counterattacked our position last
night. mil+ '1-'l't'l- "7;1- ,1'.~;1-:f't't hll
of.m-'t. DDM
counterb alance ou!II!II"''.Y
Religion is a counterbalance to feat. 'i,....,<r+
f'i'C'/'1- ""**"'LY )ID"

counterfeit
counterfeit (v.) 1\lloullll- ffDolfol- ofle ,.,,:.
He was sent to prison for counterfeiting five
dollar bills. Ql\. 1\9"11-l- ofle 1\ltOD/111- f
fDolfol- ofle 11/loPtl- l\lle 0.-l- ,q
counterfeit (adj.) ffDolfol-
On inspection, the coin proved to be counter-
feit. ll_ou~ooe 'i'tl-"111- ffDolfol- IY'r +
,,-
counterpart
I. -f-)1111&. An admiral in the navy is the
counterpart of a general in the army. rq.ne
"l.f.A 1\f:"''.tl-A h11'e lltl-'1!-l- J!:ktl-A
:>e of-)llll& )fDo
2. +.+tl-'i.. Night is the counterpart of day.
11.11.-l- ' f+"l +.+tl-'i. )fDo
counting h--- :>e
Counting the children, there are fifteen of us.
hA;'Ii :>e OP' tl- l\9"(1.}- n
countless ofl'l'e f/1./lfDo
There are countless mistakes in his composi-
tion. Of:ell-1> fDoll'l' ofl'l'e f/1./lm- lim
++. 1\/1
country (countries)
1. h'JC, I have seen many countries. oflft'
M~"'f 1\.f.!l'llu-
I have never been out of the country. lt,e
cD'I''Ii 1\1\~9"
We drove through Wooded country on our
way home. mt. O.:l""'f"l ll"lou/111 "'ilt.,
Me 1\!1/~'1'"1
2. .bltofl. The country will vote tomorrow.
.blttl- ), 1:9"11-"1 .f.ll"'A
3. q111e. My aunt lives in the country and I
live in the city. 1\hll-1; q11,e -l-'r&ll"'f l\
k ' 1"1 hi'., m-11'1' ' l\'r tl-/111-
country (adj.) ne o..r
He likes country food. ne 0.-l- 9""1ofl
.f.cD-'IA
[See also 'native country']
countryfolk ne . o.+ (ljP";f
Countryfolk still know traditional dances.
ne o..r (ll""'f Au-"19" rqoA .a.'l':f""l
.f.""".cD;I"/1-
countryman
I. q'l,e. He looks like a countryman to me.
Ilk l\{lo q11,e .f.ouii/1'/'A
261.
~
2. ne ' (lfDo.He is a countryman of mine.
Y"'~ I (laJo I ioCD-
[See also 'fellow']
countryside q11,e I ,me
Pure air is found in the countryside rather than
in the city. hh-I'"Y 1-A:Jo q111e (,me)
m-11'1' "ll\..b life .e1'1'A
coup
I. 1\f:"Y. The coup against the king failed.
"}"t-IP''l I AOD1Atl6J" I ,.,.~t:.'1CDo I It~
41-o\lt .,.~
2. -t-"'qe. His getting the news to his news-
paper before the others was a brilliant coup.
cDcl.lJJo"l ' h/1.11-'li +1:'1" ' /ltl-{lo :>tL"'
.,~;~{to f:"I:Jo of'"lqe )Oe
couple (v.), ~ together 1\.,."'m/11 1\-t;l\/lol.
He coupled the two cars together. 11-11-1>"1 4-
e11"lf 1\.,."'ml\:fm- (li..'lllof.ll'm-)
couple (n.)
I. qAo; "7.11-l-. I am living with an elderly
couple. f9"'r ~..,. Oc!1:"'L h14- qA'i" "'1.
11-l- t .;>e )lJJo
2. -"ll~"'f. The priest joins the couple in
marriage. -11(1- -11~~ O:>oflil' .1'11-f-o\lltl-A
3. cD"I/'.lf'i" ll.oflf '1'"11: '1'"11: IY)m-.
On the dance floor, many couples were dancing.
0-'l"!{lo h'i'A m-11'1' cD"IJ'.:f'i" ll.oflf
'1'"11: '1'"11: IY)m- 1-f."l(lo )Oe
a couple of 1\"11; 11-11-l-
I have only a couple of dollars with me.
f,1'1tb-ol- li"lf: 11-11-l- ofle ofi!J' )fDo
newly married couple oo-1ir:l-
The newly married couple sat under the canopy.
-"II~'Ii MOe m-11'1' M9"m'I'A
couplet u-11+ o.+
The poem Was written in couplets . ..,....QDo I a
11-/1-l- 011-11-l- 0.-l- f-t-llol. )Oe
coupon -th.-l-
y ou can get coffee here with a coupon.
l\H.II 0-J:h.-l- tl-'i" A,.,'S -l-lf4\/IIJ
courage ~1"1).}- I ~1t'i"
The soldier was rewarded for his courage.
cD:f"f.<lo t /1/1 0 ~1"1)-J> 0 -f-lf/IOD
I applaud your courage. ~1t'i"ll"l 1\f."I:J"/111-
Iose courage ..h'l"'* Lfl(l
When he saw how many opponents he had
.J
courageous
to face, he lost courage. fof-ID'I'I6S"'Jl't
T ' QID4' ' "1..11. ' .11'1"1> ' ,1.(1(1
take courage! h.efltl flC:I"
Take courage, things will get better! hJWU
OC;f- IJoft-V" )1C Y.lflf'IA
[See also 'evaporate, fail, infuse, master']
courageous~"'<;
He is a courageous soldier. )!"'1-; ID:J'"-C
)fDo
courier ""Al'.h-1-'i'
Government dispatches were sent by couriers.
f""'t"'P'-l- F.it'IILS"~ O""Al'.h-1-'l'~
l'.;t' J'.l\11- )OC
course
1. h.-1-IIJ". The river has changed its course.
ID'tll- h-l>"'""ifDo't 1\fDotii.A
2. H~. The only sensible course was to go
home. ~ I OD{lf'r> I f :f"f:-s I flY. I (JJ~ I {1.
-l- ""'/.!!: it!f' )OC
3. "'LJJ. The golf course is large. f1A'i' "'LJJ
{J.C. I taJo
4. ""P'""C. The plane is taking a straight course.
1\IJloC'TI\~ 4''1';1- ""P'""C Y.!I.A
5. ~f.)-}- V""'it. The dinner had four courses.
1'..!--l- ' 1\J'. 1\o!--l- ~.et+ ,..,it 01\'t
6. ~.et+ -l-?"UC-l-. What courses did you
take in college? l>ll.;t' IJloll'l' V"'t ~.et+
-l-V"UC-1'~ hm<;U ?
course of events ftH.m- fl-i-:f"
He has been following the course of events
since the end of winter. h~V"i> hiD"! ~?"
t: f"Ltl.IJlo't IJo~;f- Y.h;J--1-A )OC
as a matter of course h'l""+AooY.m-
No need to ask him, he will come as a matter
of course. 1.11-'t ""mf-1> hflloi.A"'V"
l'.'tF.-1-11""-"-IJlo J'."""'A
In due course "LH. (LI.Cil I O".t.rt.m-
you will be notified in due course. 1..tLm- fl.
F.CII Y.t1aA
I will speak about that in due course. 111\lf.U
0"1..11.1Jlo 1'.<;1.!-1\IJo
In the course of
I. 0 - - - IJloll'l'. I heard from him twice in
the course of the year. n'ioo+ aJolt'l'
11-l- "1..11. lloi.A'S
2. n - - - 1\.e.. In the course of the conversa-
tion, he.learned that he was to be promoted.
0 ....1';1-fDo. 1\J'. f"liJ~"' 1.!!:1-'t f"'I..I'1'S
....,.~'t ll"l
262 court
it~ of course
I. l'.'tF.;f-. Of course I know what you mean!
l'.'tJ'.;f- l V"'t "lll-l-U l'.'tF.Il') 1\IJlo:I'I\IJo
2. 7t.C1T ~m-. Of course I cannot compete
with you. l'.C"''J' )fDo I IJ'tof- :>C AID'IF.
C 1\A~AV"
3. oo=r:r. Extra services are charged for, of
course. ""'I!?" 1\AI' h1A"'II--l- Y.hoi.I\A
(must) run its course 1t1~1Q t J!,m-ar
The disease must run its course; there is no
medicine which affects it. f"7Jmtf.m- 1 oor;
'1~-l- 111111.11 01i;f-1Jlo l'.'t~11J f.IJlo"'
take a course In ,.......,~
I am taking a course in French. L~"Jtr.r.;;: 1 1t"7
o!-1\IJo
take its course .P"C'I-.'1- ....h ....t\
The law must take its course. ;,..,. : .P"C'I--1:1 1
""h-i-A 1\110-l-
[See also 'race course, study']
court (v.)
I. 1\111>~"""" He has been courting her for
quite some time. ~Hr 1 1\t\ t "l.tL _t'1ifl~r"7
:t toe
2. h"'IJQ. A good politician will always court
the voters. 01'<1! f?"M:II (tfDo rJoA'l..tl.
""o!-'""~'t f"'IJIJA
court danger h~..71 ....;JLm
It is foolish to court danger. 1\F..:>'t "".:>"-
.,. ;t'At-l- )fDo
court disaster ouh~ a mt:-
He courts disaster by reckless driving. boom
't 01\Y. 111\"''.t-'1 ""ho!-'t Y.m.!-A
court favor ~1: 1 m'i
He has been courting the minister's favor in
the hope of getting a job. P' .!- ll"l"17+ II.
A "'1.~11-'t{.'t F.;t' .em<; toe
court (n.)
I. 'i'C!l: IL-l-. The court found him guilty.
'i'C.I:' 0.1> 'J'of.-1-'i' ODIJ'~'t ID(t)OT
2. ~II-+. The king held court yesterday.
't'l-..... 't<;'t-l- ~~~-+ 1\11!1'11
3. "'ll. The ambassador has not yet been
received at the court. 1\V"IJ/IF.{. 1<; 1."1
v- IL 'I.P. l'.;t' hAt"'?"
4. 0.,. 1 OO"t"'IP'T. The court went into
mourning when Prince Sable Sellassie died.
Ao-A "'UI\ P'l\1\ II.'1"1> IL-l- ""'t"'P'
.,. O.hH't 11.e toe
5. 1tT'C ""IlL. There are many trees in our
courteous
court. h'I'C "lfl,I':Y.'t <D-11'1' 1111- tft::
:r-. hll-
6. "'L-'1. The tennis court is private. f-J:).o\- "'1.
JlI f""IA I ~lD"
bring to court my,. I fi:C.(;' I fl...,.
They brought the accused to court. .,.hillf.'t
mt. 'i'C.I:" IJ.T .t.<J>:11-T
be thrown out of court .,.ll~H
The case was thrown out of court for lack of
evidence. oP(Jf ooo;l-"11> ho\- .,.II<:H
courteous (~noun) fTihT'i' .,..,qc
It is courteous to help an old lady. IJA-I:T oo
OIT fTihT'i' _,..,IJC ~,.
be COUrteOUS ..,.tft..,.fi'
I ftftf
He could at least have been courteous. f<J><:m-
fl<J>C TihT'i' .,ilfT ,!'.111m- ~OC
courtesy
I. ,1'.11-"i;l-. I have to go out of courtesy.
llf.ll-"i:l' !lA OD'/..1:" hll11"i
2. ooAtt?" hc>l;r. The costumes for the
play are by courtesy of the museum. liT.I'T
~ ooFt..l' f'I'II-T A11(o':f ooo-n.foo-
OOAI)?" hc>l;l- f.,.11' ""'"'"
*Thank you for the courtesy of writing to me.
hh11<:11 IIIIR'i'hA"i .t.ooll"l't?IIIJo
courthouse 'i'C.I:" ll.T
The courthouse is built of red brick. 'i'C.I:"
0.1> ' h<J>,I'. ' m-Il f.,.P'&- ~ ....
courtier fh11C .,.h:l'f. l IJII"J.A
The king arrived with his courtiers. ,..,.IP<
hh11C _,.h:l-1'-'fl ;>C OO"J
His irreverent attitude towards the king
annoyed the courtiers. O,..,.IP< 1 hh
11C'T f'l-f.II<D- ?""Ill~ IJII"J.II-'Il't h'i'f.f.
court-martial vm;rt.c 'i'C.I:" ll.T
The deserter received a court-martial. hJIH'
,. m:rt.e hm;ru 'i!C.I:" ll.T <J><:O
courtroom 'i'C.I:" ll.T
The courtroom was ful1 of people. lf!C.(;'
11.1> o.n1111 .,..,.A.,. ~oc
courtyard h'I'C "Ill
The courtyard has a small garden in it. h'I'C
"Ill,. <D-il'l' h't.l:" T't'li .I'ThAT
fl;l-' hll
cousin ,!'hilT A'J': 1 ,1''1-T A'J':
My cousin remained unmarried. ,l'hil-1: A
'J': ' (.f'l--1: ' A'J':) ' ., ' <J><::Y.
263 cover
cove [hiJihC Mm. oollil ,I'll ,.~,. m
f. ?".1:-C 111 ,I'IIOT fflihC hliA]
covenant :l'A h.JI't
God made a covenant with Israel. h"!H.h11.h.
I n+~O
C llhi'II!-1\.A :l'A h.JI't 111
[See also 'ark']
cover (v.)
I. hf.~. He covered the roof with straw.
"'t.,I'<D-1' "'C hJI't hf.~<D-
The maid covered the pot. 1:.11.1> .,iiC'm-
1' ' hf.~:Y.m-
2. !fl.~. Snow covered the fields. 0<:1'- "'1.
JI<D-'t if'i''l';l-A
In Ethiopia, they use corrugated iron to cover
the roof. Oh.TI'Ac,l' "lt.,l' lloolfl.'t 0
C1!' ,l'.m<l>.,ll-
3. hiiOII. Use this cloth to cover the table!
m<:A.tf<D-1' f.ll't .u.c.P .t.A1111m-
4. hm:J-1111. The lectures covered the subject
thoroughly. f.,.llm-T 't"l"!C':Y. T?"IICi>
't 0"7..111 hm:J-1111-
5. hm'i'<I><J>. Have you covered everything that
is important in that book? OH.U 1 OD&"th.fi:
""il'l' m:l-"7.. fli').T't ~1C':Y. v-11- hm
'i'H'IiA't! :~i!;l\#/l
6. hm'i'<J><:. He covered the fire for the news-
paper. ll:ft :J-mA-m- i\;JUIIJlD" nli i'un
'i'<J><:
7. 11"4.1.~. Do not try to cover a mistake!
llih.,.TII't lloolfof.l.'t hT'I"hC
~ 8. .,.~H. The camel covers sixty-five miles
a day. "/OO!l O<l>'t il.l:"il h?"iiT .,,I'.A
T'itfii:Y.
k.-,. 9. Hll<l> l Ml<:m. We covered the distance in
three hours. OO't1J!.'t O?'iiT ll'tT Hll
.P~m- , (M'<:'I'~<D-)
10. '/.f.. We had to cover the rest of the way
on foot. f<J><:m-'t 00'11.1:" Oh"!&-:Y.'t OO'/.
.1:" ~0<:111'
I I. .t.JI:11. The hunters fanned out to cover
the whole field. .t.JI'l''ll "'L-'1,.1' 0-11- II
.,JI<:il _,.O;l-_,.).
12. 11<:<:. The stallion covered the mare.
l.<:o\- ' 1111&-'l''t ' 11:&-T
be covered
I. .,.'I'm. Because of the heat, his face was
covered with sweat. hoo-<J>i> f.,.~.., .t.i>
0'111 .,.,.,.. ~oc
2. ( ~ tr.) .,.oollh.,., +Is this case covered by
the rule? ih'Jo ,1'.111'1' 'JoJI,I'. f.oollh-I"'I'A!
cover 264 cower

The check is covered. 'lib- f"7.1HI&') 11J take cover

lA -1-+.,"1." ~')Hofl hl\1& 1. .,.mAlt. It is raining; take cover quickly! f.
H')QIA l of/1" -1-mii/A
cover oneself up AOfl
2. '1'"1 1H. When the soldiers heard gunfire,
It is cold outside; cover yourself up well!
,...._ .('.OCillA i .1'."1.... hf:C~IJ IAOil they took cover. m;l-.l'.~'li fmoP'))I' -1-lf-il
(L.{IfiOo I 'l'CIJ I ftf"
cover oneself with .,..,..lj"g,L
under cover nrllm.C
This hero covered himself with glory in the
last war. Y.tJ )';"1.,.. QII.C.I& lfiCH h Arrangements for the escape were made under
o(IC').... 11) ... )'J-') -1-1-....1\.C. cover. 11.,11"11'1' f-J-.1'..:~,. 11"1~'1- Oll"il
m.C ' -I-1H
cover over
I. .I'. .C.). They covered over the hole in the coverage 'J''):,Oc
road with asphalt. Oon')~/1. IIY. 11\1&') The television coverage of the coronation was
"1-1:'\1: Qil4-IA'I- .I'..C.l-'1- excellent. 1:1\.ii.'frl- ill\ Hl&f: 0')11- hhQO
2. if.C.). They covered the picture over with C 1+.:01& 'J''):,OC 1.~"1 OIIJII" 'No )0C
cloth so that it couldn't be seen. 1.')/11.;1-Y. covering IAQil
0.,11'1- FIJI\-') 0Q;l,C:,0 if.C.l-'1
This rug is a bed covering. Y.ll MIIJ'i' 1
cover up "-04" lA:> IAQil )I&
How can we cover up our tracks? ~lil-'1'1 = The exterior covering is made of iron. f'm-Q;t.
1.')1..'1- on.<'.O:,O "l.'):f-1111') 1 ,. IAQil hil.:'l- f-1-w.l- )I&
cover up for f - -- .,...,qc 1 1f"-L~
covert, take a ~ glance at (1,::,0 hf:C
The commission tried to cover up for the
1 ' -1-""llh-J-
corrupt judge. l>"''.ilf'l- fofl/Al!'l&') II':' I took a covert glance at the note. .,il;l-ID!fl&
-J-"'QC 1\oPifU') 'l"h.:
') (1,::,0 hf:C1. +onllh'l-11-
(be) covered with AOfl
Everything is covered with dust. tJoll- )~C covet -J-on"f
Do not covet your friend's wife! f~"-~tJ") 1
h!l.<l- llilj),IA
[See also iground, insurance, mildew') "'LilT h'l-on"i
The boys coveted his new hat. A].!.'li 1'.11.1'1-')
cover (n.) QCtiiJI&') -J-on1''1-
I. f"''...'..:il Aoflil. I did not have enough cow 1111"
covers last night. '1-11')'1-.,.. 11.11.'1- 04: f The man breeds cows. (t~&fl& 1111" 1.:qA
"'i...'..:ofl Aoflil h/A)O.:"ill"
2. 1..1.1. When the water boils, remove the coward .C.& 1 11-h')
cover from the pan. ~&':)~& ll.L-'\ ~f~& Don't be such a coward! "h').l'.lf.IJ .c.& h'J-v-')
') hf:ilof> IIY. h')i( Cowards and cheats are contemptible. 11-h'l':f-
3. hll'). Where are the covers for these .,.. ' 1'.;1-llf':f- ' f..,_.,..., ' .,..,,.
boxes? f)lf.IJ "''l'<r'-f hll'l':f- f'l- hll- 1
4. 114.') I IAQil. Who has tom off the cover
cowardice .C.&)'J-
They laughed at his cowardice. O.C.&)of> ..,.,
of this book? flf.tJ') oPl\'.h'i' 114.') (AQ
0'1-
il) f+.l'..l'. .,') ' )I&!
5. -1-n. The land was bare, and provided cowardly
no cover for the troops. ont,.if 1 '1-'\"1 ltl\~ I. .C.&. The cowardly soldier was censured by
0.: ' ID;l-.l'.~'li -!-~') h/A)O<lo'fl&ll" his superiors . .C.&I& m;l-.I'.C Qllol''li -f-)
from elver to cover h-'IC s llllh JIC +.c.
I read this book from cover to cover. f.tJ"J") 1 2. f.C.&)'J-. He was blamed for his cowardly
oPl\'.h'i' hiiC "hilh IIC h)Ooflh-'1- act. ilii.C.&)'J- -J-"'Q-1- -1-~wl\
remain under cover .,.,_n.,. cower -J-mlf+
He remained under cover until the police left. The whipped dog cowered under the table.
?'11.1\'li "hilh.y;/1. ' s:-.:il -1-.1'.0+ f-1-~.:.c.,. ~&If m.:A.~..,. P'C -J-mlf+
cowherd 265 cram

cowherd "'->: crack (n.)

Two cowherds were guarding the cows. I. 1-"':1"'1-. The cracks in the wall have to be
11-1\T I "i.'l':f I 1\'1",.;1 I J.'.mofJol I tOe filled. f"'J':"'JitJ>o 1:1"-"''1- oof.L1 hll
0'1-
co-worker fF&o 1 '1.1'.'1 2 "'"" I could see it through a crack in the
He tried to cooperate with his co-workers. fenoe. Q'l'~ "'"" ll"'lf'l- !I'Ah-
hJ"&o 'Jf.>j',.; ;Je -I'"JQ11.f. 1\00J"&-T I
3. ll1'1':J>. There is a crack in the plate.
I I I I

'I"hi. fl.'h). ' ll1'1':J> ' hl\tJ>o

coy
A
,,.1 1 hol-e
coy girl will not have many friends. ,,.1
4. =1i+. I thought I heard the crack of a rifle.
fmoo17f =1i+ fh"'lv- oo(lii'S
[See also 'dawn']
hol-e A7f1i.J': 1111" 'l.l'.'l':f hJ.'.'l"~'l-9"
cozy cracker 11llh-'1-
I. f'l".,.. They have a very cozy home. Children like crackers. ""'""" 11/lh-'1- J.'.
a>JIII-
0"19" f'l"_,. IL'I- hll'fw-
2. .l'.ll f"''..A. It was cozy sitting around the cradle
fire. "'"''~""' """" oo.,..,. 1.11 f"''..A toe I. f.'hY1 hA;J. She rocked the baby in the
crab lfe"11 cradle. .'hYI-1 o.nn hA;>w- 1\J.'. .,m:fw-
Crabs are found only in salt water. lfe"'1 2. A.l'.'l-. They have insurance from the cradle
"""'" QIIO'I- q.ne w-ll'l' 11!1' .e1
to the grave. hA.I'.l- "llh '1"'1- f .'hJ.'.a>'l-
':A 'I'll'!-.. ' hll'ftJ>o
3. M'T". Boston is the cradle of the American
crack (vt.) Revolution. llll-1'1 f"'UIJ ftlU'I- 1:,..,.
I. lltm.,.. You have cracked the window. .,. ' 9"1"P ' t:f
OO/l!>-1:1 ' h1'1'.,.1i'I'A
craft
2. Li.hh. I will crack the nuts. 11D-H-1 ""-'-
hh'l'l\11- I. """' He learned the mason's craft. f"'9"0
'St'l- ' _ , -l'"'ll.
3. h""'1i. The driver cracked the whip over
2. '1'011. The carpenter fitted the bits of wood
the horses. Qll;>&w- Lt.(',; 1\J.'. hl\1;>
together with craft. h.,m.,. 0'1'011- fb1
h""'1iq'fw-
"""" e'l'&o""':f1 MdJmou
crack (vi.) 3. H.l'... By craft he got all the money from
I. -l'htm.,.. The glass cracked when I poured them. OH.I'..OJ- 11Hil-1 Vll- hte.r mh.l'.
the hot water in. f Lll ,.~ 11"'-'l"eo'l-
11e"l".,.,. -1'/ltm.,. craftsman Qll "~
2. f"''..ht'I':J> J':9"6 hh"'l. Thunder rolled There are not many craftsmen in this country.
and lightning cracked. t"I-J':'I-'1. Q'l't.oot. "H.Il Me 1111" Qll "~ fll'l"
00 ' "1.,11. ' 0011l..,. ' f"''..ht'I':J> ' J':9"6 ' hh"'l
3. hl\11. His voioe cracked. J':'l"lt- hill\ craftsmanship 'I'OO':t'I-
His handiwork shows craftsmanship. fl.~ r
4. ""'1i. The whip cracked. ~&of. ""'1i
5. :J>e'li'l" hll. The branch cracked under 1"&-ID- 'I'OO':t'l-1 fODI\h:J"A
the weight of the ice. Ot.P..w- llllhO.I'.w- crafty -1'11>1\'i'
:J>C1""if. :J>e'li9" hll He is a very crafty person, so don't make any
crack down '1'-R:,.O ofl:TTC 1'J.~1 deals with him. 0"19" -1'11>1\'i' (ltD- t
The authorities are cracking down on illegal ,..,. he.r :>e '1"1'1" ,J.'.t'l- ID-A
gambling activities. QIIFA"''l",.; h.'h"' , . h:J"J':e"'
"1" fll't .,...,C1 11"'1'1'4-'1- '1'11:,. "''~"~'
e ' 0"'1J':i."' ' 1\J.'. ' .,.,,. cram (crammed), vt. h"'-"'
Cl"ack up ,&.(to") 'I-t- He crammed everything into one trunk.
She was in danger of cracking up under the 11-11-1'1" t1e Q1 J': "1'1'1 h"'-"'
strain. h"l"1.,.;!: f-l't"' &-!I.1 1 "1-'1'1-ll'l- cram (vi.) lfou.l'..l'.
fh:>:J"A It is better to study regularly than to cram at
cramp
the last minute. flou...,<:lf 1.11. houif9"f..
~ f-lAil> Rf1.11."'" "7'1''i''l- f.lf~IA
cramp (v.) llifoo++
Fear cramped his stomach. 'i'CV'I-
llifoo++..,.
cramp (n.)
*The cramp in his leg prevented him from
crossing the river. l\""1"" llA.,.ifoo++ m"Ht-
'1 "7!11<:'1' 11.11"1-f'l- ~RC
have a cramp ifoo++(..,.)
l have a cramp in my leg. l\"1&.'1 f.ifooi/>
"'"'"'
cramped (adj.) f-I"IRR
He lived in cramped quarters. fi.,."IRII h'i'
"' 'i"<:
crank (v.) f1"7l-lL~ .,.m+oo
He cranked the car to get it started . .,..,..,..,
11"7ll~"''l- 11"7l-0:~ .,.m+ou
crank (n.)
1. Gl/).itl\. We need a crank to start this motor.
.,._,..,.., 11"7M"''I- "7l-ii~ Yll&.IA1'i'IA
2. mLA.. The President received many letters
from cranks. Ttl.ll.-'1'1-1> hro&.o(.l":f illl'
f..il-'111. .,..,1111
cranky ~"l"'i'""l
The cranky child cried constantly.
lA~ YII"7!'1<:T llll+fl
crash (vt.) 'l'o\ 1Q
The boys crashed the gate at the football game.
IA}/;'6 fll>.ll ""'I':1'..,. 1.11. fl ...'I 'I' fl..,.
'""
crash (vi.)
I. .,.fill<:. The beam is going to crash soon.
11..,.:1"'" fli!>Cil ll.flfiC ~..,.
2. m~o$ .,.fiQfl<:. One plane crashed. II'!~
11..,.1!''1'~'1 m~o$ .,.(IQfl<:
3. 11"19" ""''li. The thunder crashed. ouofl<:
.,. 11"19" ""''li
4. +:~m.. Two cars crashed. tN\1: OOh.'i"SO
:f .,._,<Qo
5. _,..,h:f'h.,., The vase crashed to the floor.
YIIQ "7ll+OD""l(J)o aJIIIr ~" .,.'lh:f'h.,.
crash Into
I. '"" The driver braked suddenly, so l
crashed into him. ~:(..,. 11~'11'1- 'i'&.'l
lliiYH 1""11-'1-
2. h - - - .:>C .,.~.,..,... The bus crashed into
a tree. II(J)o.flt-11- h~'i' .:>C .,.~.,..,..
266 crawl
3. mf.. - - - m~ .,.fiQfl<:. The bus crashed
into the abyss. ll..,..f-11-11- 1S'.IA ..,.ll'l' m
~ .,.,.,Qfl<:
crash through (lofl(!" 1 1Q
,.,..,.~-!>'!
A rock crashed through the window. ~'1.:>1-
oo{l!>-J>'I fliiC' 1Q
[See also 'powder1
crash (n.)
I. "'"i"'l-. Was anyone hurt in the crash?
11"1"1"-1> f_,.'l-.11 ,.,..,. ~IIC l
2. m~o$ oo(IQIIC. The plane crash was
shocking news. fii..,.C'T~l- m~.f. oo(lqfl
C H.'i' llfl:l'4: ~IIC
3. ""-""""~- The crash of dishes woke me up.
f<'l.h'i"'6 ""-"""~ M.+"i
4. ~ s:+:,. This year there was a big business
crash. 1111.11 <too-l- '1-IAil> 1 f'l"'.t:" ..,..t:"+
'1- ~IIC
loud crash (~verb) 'i 1111
The pitcher fell down with a loud crash.
ll'lll&. ...........~.,. 'i 1111
crass
1. fi:Jt-9"". His crass ignorance shows lack of
edUcatiOfl, lj!X,.,.. I ~CCjfD" I h.i\OO""l?"J I
f{)YIA
2. fiiiA"''i'. His crass joking annoyed every-
body. fiiiA"''i' +AI!. v-tr'l9" llfl<'l""
~"l"'i'""l..,.
crate "1'1''1
A crate full of oranges has come. lt"t!: ..,.,
'I iiC-I>It'l """'
crater fll<'l.,. 1'1"&. ll'i''I-
The volcano has a lake in its crater. 7./t+
1'1"&...... ll'i''l- ~" ,.,..,. 1111
crave
1. tD/.1.. He craves chocolate more than
anything. h"7'1'i'..,.9" ~1C '1'1>~:1' lliiiA
tn ' f.ID.IIIA
2. II""~. He craved a favor of the king.
.,.,.,... 11'1~ mC':f' l\'1-'IJS'.C"'II'I- II""~
crave affection =l=l
The child craved his mother's affection.
A:( I llll'i'-1> 'i'i
craving (n.) h'i' 1 Yll -,.-,..r
He has a craving for sweets. i\ht:.DII\ hifi:
fll 0 .,..,.T I IIII(J)o
crawl (v.)
I. .ll'li. Her child is beginning to crawl.
lA~. OD.II'!i o ~9"/;:IA
crawl
2. -t-110. The snake crawled across the ground.
7.1111- Oov.!-'1- 'If. -t-110
3. 0.1'.<:.,. M-t-110 ~~~- The dog has crawled
under the table. m-lfm- 0.1'.<:.,. M-t-110 m
<:A.'m- ' P'C ' ~q
4 . .,.if,..++. My flesh crawled when I saw
a big snake. '1-A:,O 7.Q11 lifo- 1.11. (l
m-)1: 1-if.,.,.,..,.
5. -t-'1-1-1- 1 -t-'1-.,.1-(0'1-). The work crawled.
P' &.m- -J-"1-1-1-
Time crawled that day. 011.,1"1 +'I 1.11.m-
-t-"l--t-1-11'S
6. 11"1 hi\. Traffic barely crawls during the
rush hour. OP""&- ODaJo-L {l'l+ DPh.''i
1111"7.0' '1-Jf 0"19" 11"1 f.IIA
7. 4-m~~- The place was crawling with ants.
(1;1-m- 0'1-'111'1 -t-mt::A
crawl (n.), at a ~ 11"1 1111-
Traffic was moving at a crawl. oPh.t;,:,i 0
"19" 11"1 111\m- ).'.'[./!. ) oc
crayon hiiC
He draws best with crayons. OhiiC fOI\m
f.P'IIA
craze .1.11.'1'
Dancing the twist is the latest craze. 'l-'11'1-'1
oo~HI f1.H.l1Jo Lll.#J' ~m-
crazy
I. 7.11.1'.". The crazy boy was taken to the
hospital. 7.11/!. A-, m.l'. lfll"!;;f-A -t-m
(l.l'.
2. f"7f.<:Q. That is a crazy idea. f"7J'.<:II m
1111 )m-
be crazy hOI.
Are you crazy? I would never do such a thing.
l\11.1'.7A 1 7.'1.1'-H.II fll )~C Au>&. h
Al-A?"
be crazy about
I'm crazy about bananas. l\f1Do1f ' ')ott:{l.
).'.m"'A
drive {someone) crazy hiJOI.
You will drive me crazy yet. l\'1-t- 11;1-1111
.!'.'S h'I-+C9"
go crazy ( ~ tr.) l\110.1'.
+r am going crazy because of the gnats.
Mll.ll '1-'t'l'l- 11.11111/!.'S )m-
creak
I. ll.m.'l' l\11. The door creaks terribly. 0~
0"19" ll.m.'l' J'.IIA
267 creator
2 . .,.'1!11!11. The stairs are creaking. .l'.<:lfm-
J.'.'I!I/!1/A
cream
I. [h'i'-t-lf :,Oq'Jo)'Jo film- fm-t-'1- M''l-]
2. m++. Do you take cream with your coffee?
11-'i fll"'l-m"'m- hm-t-'1- :>C )m- 1
3. :,Oq'Jo. That cream smells good. f :,Oq'Jo
~ 11;1- hl\m-
4. reT. This tobacco is the cream of the crop.
f.U I ...,..iJ'"f}tr I h+oPi:.-f-liJo I U.fto I 9'"C'f' I ')oliJo
crease (vt.) l\<."7.1'..1'.
Sitting in that position will crease your trou-
sers. 7.'1.1'.11.11 fll l\4'"7""'1' (l-&11'1 f<.
"7.1'.-IIA
crease (vi.) +Q;l."7YJ..
The dress creased in the suitcase. +"7.(lo If'!"'
liJo I iD"llT I ilh++oom I i""'-ti"IU
create
1. Lml.. God created man in his own image.
7."11ll\11m.c (lm-'1 Rl\11"1111- .l.m<:m-
We have to create a position for him. lt(t. 1
f"''.ll''t P'&. oo<;:mC 1\1111'1
The students created a disturbance. 1""7~9'
'li <:11lf .l.m-1-
2. hllh-t-1\. This incident can create a global
conflict. ,.eu r ..,.,_...,.. 1 f\ltfP 1 ,...,tt:. 'I'A 1
1\.fllh'I-A f."f-IIA
3. 4'(l<f>(l. The incident created a lot of excite-
ment. .I'."C1..,. f1111'm-'t II'"L'I- <f>(l<f>(l
creation
I. 'i''I'.I:T. The creation of the world was
accomplished in six days. tt:.'l'l.-t '\1\9'" 1 Oil
.1!"11'1- +'I -t-h<;m)
Let all creation praise the Lord! tt:.'l'l.+ 1 u.tr 1
7."1ll.l\11m.C't fooll"l't
2. .1'.-C(l'Jo. Shakespeare's plays are great
creations. fithii"I:C .1!"&."711'l- "1~11" .1!"
C(l-l'"f- ' <;'l'm-
3. P'&.. At the art show, the creations of the
various students were on display. Oh..) 1 'I'Oofl
'I-C7.f.'l- 'If. fAt< At< .,."7&11'"f- P'&.
ll'l- ' ;1-1<
creative fol.m&- "f-11-:1- film-
Sculptors are creative artists . .:r-cJt" 1 "'aJo~Ja.$P
l- f .l.m&. "f-11-;1- fll'l'm- l\C-1:11-I'l- <;
'l'm-
creator .1."1&
He worships his creator in every way. 0-7")"1
aJoiJD I o-~:l" I ,l.tJ)~aJo") l J"oPAlJA
creature
creature
I. 'i''l'&'l-. We do not know what kind of
creature may inhabit Mars. O'"ICll 1 1\~ 1 r
't 'l.M'I- 'i''l'&'l- 7-.'t.l'."''.'l"C l>.'i'tJJo:,OV"
2. tt=m-C. He is unable to turn his back on
any suffering creature. OP':J"~ 1 1\,.e. a Ill '
"1't,tJJo'tV" 'i'm-C 11'1" 1111- "11\'i' 1\
f.IMII'I-V"
3. 1"1~. She is a charming creature. 1../t 1 fiJD
'I-A' (ltD-'<;'!-
poor creature fl\'"IH.C J!-"lj
The poor creatures are hungry. t?t."1nC :
'JI:f _,.CO'I'A
credentials
I. fif.ou'l- .1'.11-'!0.. The ambassador pre-
sented his credentials to the Emperor. 11.9"
Q'l.l'.'l- fif.oo'l- .1'.11-'!0.,I''I'tJJo't 1\'t"l-w ~
11"-1> ' 1\<1'<:11-
2. ou<:)f. Only those with proper credentials
are admitted. .,.11l ou<;)f 11;1' ,l'il'ftJJo f.
1QII-
credible f"''.;f-oP't 1 1\.:f-oP't f"'i.;J'A
His story sounds credible. ;f-& 11- f"''.;f-oP
't f.ooMA
It hardly seems credible. hV"11~V" 1\.;f-oP't
f"''.;J'A }',f.ouilA'1"
credit (v.)
I. hoP~. You cannot credit those reports.
Mll.,l"t &?"C.f:f A;f-'1"<;'ftJJo 1\'l-:fAV"
2. 0(1- do.'l11 ro-il'l' l'oil1Q. We will credit
you with this amount. f.U't't Q't.,. do.'l11
ro-il'l' h<;il1Q'I'II't
we credit Edison with many inventions.
11H-9':f 'i'Ail'i'<;9':f fh.JI.(l't <;'fro- h
'tilll't
be credited (with)
1. +ItA. In former times, many herbs were
credited with healing powers. 0.1:"1!" '1.11. 11
If- bO'I''I- fol.'l'ii~'l- '1f.A 1\il'fro- y.q
A ~nc
2. wf-oP(I1~. The heroic woman was credited
with saving the lives of many children. f1111-
A}Cf't ;r,y.ro'l- 0"1'1-<:j, ~"1<;'1' ll.'l-
.,.OD(l1~:f
credit (n.)
I. 11.1:-C. The bank refused further credit
to the firm. Q't 11- 1\'t"'JI. .1:-C;t:'l- 1\.'1
11.1:-C hllhll
268 creditor
2. JI.O.. We can buy the furniture on credit.
ffl.'l- 7-.>l'ro-'t OJI.O. """1~'1- 7-.'t:filll't
3. h11C. This hero is a credit to his country.
f.U ~1<; '11'1- h11C ~,_
4. 11<;. This new book will not add to his
credit. _e.u I J\..ct.fl I ODK"th,fi: I r ' ) ' r I 1f'i I
l\,I'_,.C'i'll'l-'1"
5. '1"1- ilV". If you pay your bills, your credit
will be good. ,I'I\11U't do.'l11 0'1.11..,. 11
'1-h'i'A 01'tH11 Oil-A '1"1- ilV" ;f-.,.C4.11U
6. h"-'1.'1-. A semester course is worth three
credits. Ol'l'"/.il.,.c f"''.l'l'l' f'l-ruc'l- 'lf.~
"" ll'il'l- hol.-'!.'1- ' 1\1\ro-
credit for raising the most money in the drive
goes to the third grade. 0.,..1'.<:1ro- OO'J',;o>o
1111- 1'tH11 Mil1"f. ll'il_,., h'i'll-:f
f.oPf11<;1\'
set (the) credit
I. .,.oufl1~. I did the work and he got the credit.
h~ Ow&-IJ-'1- h(l- .,.oo(ln
2. '1"il;><; .,.l'lm. He will get credit for the
conception of the plan. dt'lll-'t 0"1oP't.....,
V"il:><; Y.l'lm'I'A
3. .,.'km<:(l\'1-). Will you get credit for these
courses in college? MII.U '1-ruc.f:f 01>11.
;t: f.'km'I-AVA 1
give credit for l\oP{l1~(0'1-)
There is one thing you have got to give him
credit for. 7-.(l-'t A:f-""il"''tO'I- f"''.1Q 1\'t
.1:"~1Cl'oll
outstanding credit b.t;
He has an outstanding credit of $50. 1\'1"'1
11C M 1\110'1-
place credit tt.oo~
I place full credit in what the boy says. A)l:
f"''.llro-'t ' -~~- ' """""' 1\V"<;I\IJ-
reflect credit on h/tou(l1~
His son's behavior reflects credit on the father.
fA)I: mQf. 1\Q-I>'t .l'il""il"'~'I'A
take credit (for) .,..,..(11~
He likes to take credit for what somebody
else has done. A,.l\ I (I~ I fitp&,aJo I 'Aft. I 0P
OOil1't ' f.tDJ!A
(be) to one's credit h./tODll1~m-
It is to his credit that he admitted his guilt
and took the punishment. '1'4--l>'t 1\V"'l" :,0"1
-l>'t ' OD<i'OII- f"''.,,'lloP{l1~ro- ' ~,_
creditor Ql\ M 1 1\R-'!&
He settled with his creditors. hQII M9''1l
(IJ0-'!&9''Ji) :>C .,.il"1"1
credulous
credulous .J-;f-'lf.
She was so credulous that the other children
could fool her easily . .J-;f-'lf. illllf):f A
;'1i ' 11+'111- ' IIJ.,.,.'I',. . f.:f-'111-
creed hf")'f-
The French creed is "Liberty, Equality,
Fraternity". fl..l.14f. hf")-'J- 7.11-A)'f- 1
)l\)'J- l ID1.1!:""'/"'/:f)'J- ' )ID"
creek ~l.'I-
This creek is dry in the dry season. f.U ~l.'l-
1111;> f.f.C:l'A
creep (crept)
I. '11i. Our baby learned to creep before it
learned to walk. All":f-1 ooo~-ooF: booiJ'II-
llol.'l- ' OOJI1i ' /IOOf.
2 .J-411. The vines crept over the castle walls.
dol."!- ' "1111- ' "IF:"!-'1 'If. ' .J-411
3. Y.f.. There is a bedbug creeping on the wall.
,.~1 ' "IF:"!'IID" ' 'If. '1-'f.-'lll:f
creep silently 'Af~Q ~40
The cat crept silently toward the bird. F:"":t
IDf. ID!f, 7..ff.q:f .J-411:f
creep up +il ill\- ft""A1
We crept up and peeked over the waiL +II 11
111 q'N- 'If. I\1/"A11 .J-aollb'l-1
make ones fJesh creep (lm-~-t: Tll++
It made my flesh creep to hear her moan.
ii;J-11'1>11 llil"'/u- "1..11. {ltJJ-)1: .J-il++
[See also 'stealthy']
cremate, - the dead 4.4 1\:l'mll
It is not customary in this country to cremate
the dead. l.ILU I\1C 4.4 "'l:l'tnA fi"
/loPf. hf.f.IIV"
crept, see creep
crescent, - of "1"'111
We could see the cresoent of the moon behind
the trees. flq4- ID"/1'1' "1"711 ..,l.:l' '1-
;f-f'OII:f
crest "1-'I-\L
This bird has a red crest. f.'f ID<;: +f. .,.
'1-\L' M'l-
(be) crestfallen ll-V"1111 1\11
The players were crestfallen at josing the game.
-1-1'1'-l''li iiii.J-lf)4- ll-V"1111 1\11-
crevasse .,..Y;-q
While mountain climbing he fell into a crevasse.
.J-ol-t!- ' il.fDIII 411 ' "1-F:q ' ID"/1'1' ,q
269 cringe
crevice il1'1':t
Give me sorile plaster to plug up ~is crevice!
f.U1 111'1''1> fV"f-<;:111'1- 1/":l' ilm'1
crew
I. OP<!-.J-if:f. All of the plane crew are Ethi-
opians. fi\ID"(!'T'I). ' IP<!-.J-'P:f ' 11..,.11- ' l\.'f-
f"fk11D"rt ' ""'"'"
2. oocbOitl-. The entire crew was saved when
the ship sank. oocblt- il.iiV"'I' oochllif'li
11-11- ' Jl).
crib
I. f.h!1 1\IA;>. This crib is too small for our
boy. f.U f.h!1 1\A;> IIA)i":f1 l\1(1;f-A
2. 1-.J-o!-. He took all of the corn out of the
crib. fl,fll-.,., u-11- h1-.J-&-ID" 1\ID"'
cricket I.1"1
The cricket eats grass. I.1"1 "'C f.ll'IA
crime
I. w1lA. Auto thefts and similar crimes are
on the increase. foub.<; /IC,f'f-<; .J-OD44
f. 1D1l11-:f lloo..,ooc 'If. <;'l'ID"
2. '1''1-'1-. It would he a crime to throw that
away. f.U1111 ODIJIA '1''1-'1- , )ID"
[See also 'partner, wave']
commit a crime m"J)!A tP&- J m~}:A
Because he committed a crime, he went to jail.
1D1lA ' /1/IIP<!- ' (/1/IID)l/1) ' l\!IC ' ll.'f- ' 1q
criminal (n.) 1D1l11"'
He looks like a criminal. 1D1l11"' f.ooii'IA
criminal (adj.) f1D1l11"'
Arson is considered a criminal act. O.T """
:l'mA f1D1l11"' Fo!- )ID"
criminal act f1D1lll"' Fo!- l 1D1lA
A criminal act harms society. fiD1lA F
<!- ...11/..J- (111 f-1-'IA
Arson is considered a criminal act. O.T "7
:l'mA ~11. 1D1lA Utno!-A
Criminal law fto"J~h~ I OD:,:0MO). I i'ft.,
Criminal law defines the different kinds of
crimes. f1D1lll"' oo:t""l .h"l AI' AI'
1D1l11-:f1 f.IDII<;A
criminal offense fot.,f{l4'11J I to"J)!A,
The concealment of facts by a witness is a
criminal offense. fV"ilhc ~.,.).J-"'1 )1
c oot.n:t f"''...'il+"' 1D1lA )ID"
cringe .J-lf"'l++
The dog cringed at the sight of the whip.
..."If... ' 1\111;>.,., ' IIJf. ....if..,.,.+
crinkle
crinkle 1>"""7f.J'..
Try not to crinkle the paper! mt:o!'i>"t 1.
"tJI:J'"""'I ~ ~ -1-m"t-l':r.
cripple (v.)
I. Atoll 1-S'.II- l>S'.t:1. The accident crippled
him. l>Jl.;JID" Atoll 1-S'.II- l>S'.t:1m-
2. t.ll<;hll. The strike crippled the steel
industry. fwtl--J-'P";f l"tl- "7-''r f11t::J'
11.:'1- 1>."t"l-ll'l-t:m-"t l>ll<;'hll
cripple (n.) Atoll ll"th-A
The cripple is an object of charity. Atoll ll"t
IJ./1- o -f-OOjt'J'";f ' tm-
crippled 1iq
The beggar held out a crippled hand. 11"71'
1iq ' 7.71:"t HC"'.P. /lOOt
Constant encouragemeot helped the crippled
child to walk again. ,I'A-J-41.m0 "7S'.<f.LC
1iqm-"t ' A"J!; 7."tS'.1<;' 1."tll.tl-OO~ ' (;Jim-
be crippled
I. Atoll 1-S'.II- If). He will be crippled for
life. c!S'.""'l. Ah-"t Atoll 1-S'.II- f.lf<;'A
2. -1-ll<;'hll. The ship was crippled by the
storm. ouch!!. 0"7c!OII- 'rh"t,l''l- -1-ll<;'h/l";f
crisis
I. l>ll1.. .,..~:1'. Doctor, has he passed the
crisis? dth..'r Iff. I hl>ll1..m- .,..~,r t.'r
Atll.A?
2. l>ll1.. m:r.'l- l 11'1"11'1'. She bore up well
during the crisis. Ol>ll"l.. m:r.'l- tl-!l.."t O"'l.
1q -1"41."1mt;";f
He kept his composure in the crisis. fl11'Mlm-
"I..IL t;,;J 1111- )OC
3. "'f"IC. The world was afflicted by the
financial crisis which began in 1929. O!flf61i
n~oo.:m- f1"tH11 "'f"lc 'lll'r -t-'1-~ t
oc
4. m"t:r.. The border incident precipitated a
crisis in international relations. fJ:-'10~ ..,~
'1- O'lll'r "l"t1')'1- ilf. m"t:r. l>llh-1-11
crisp
I. "I-AII. He has a crisp way of speaking. I\.
)' ;J'1C I ~lJDfJ- I .,..AtJ I ~Q)o
2. ~c;r. ,I'll. His crisp manner of speaking
is offensive to some people. J!"C:,.O YIUD 1\
t;J1"" l>"tJI"t~ lll""'f"t ,1'll4'f."71A
be crlsp
I. h-C1i'r h-C1i'r 1>11 The bread is crisp.
Jl(ltJJo h-C11P" IJ.c1iP" """'
270 criticize
2. M:J':J'. The air is crisp today. q.:. l>f""
n:J>:J>t:t.
crisscross 1.,1'41..:-.:m hilL
Railroad tracks crisscross the valley. dt'l.."l.
lfll-'tJJo"t 1.,1'41.tl-t:m ,I'A<f.A
criterion ODoon~
A student's grades are not always the best
criterion of his ability. "7Ch 11!1' f-1""7<1
m:r.1111 "'fll-:1' oooou>;' hf.S'.II'r
critic
I. -1-'f. Johnson is an art critic. }t."to'"t f I"
t T011 -1-'f )tJJo
2. ):J'4.. She was such a constant critic that
the other girls did not like her. um'l-c ):1'4.
lllllft";f t\.11-'ti A'1f1t:P..";f t.f.m~'1-'r
toe
*The director is a poor"critic of men. 4."-h-K-
(ltJJo 001ou'l- l>f."'fAP" .
critical
I. TA:r.. His critical analysis of the economic
situation was approved by all. ll/1 h.lt'l'"'l.m-
.,..~:}' ' ,I'S'.(;1tJJo"t TA;r, 'rCODtl- .,..11-
'r -1-4'011-'1-
2. l>ll1... His condition is critical. .,..~,rm- I>
ll"l.. )tJJo
3. 1ti'l1Jtl. This is a critical situation which
could lead to war. f.ll mS'. tnCt'l- 11.,1'
S'.Cll f"'l."'fiA 1>11/IIL .,..~:1' tm-
4. 'l't>;'. This was a critical step in the
experiment. fleJD-~ I aJo{l'r I ,.etJ I .,.~;;:
m- S'.t:'lf )ftC
critical opinion '1-"'f-l-
1 would like to hear your critical opmton.
fP"'I-IImm-"t '1-"'f-l- ll""ll"7'1- 1.LA,;JII.,..
be critical of )+J..
He is critical of my efforts. Tt:-l:"t 11-11-
r.t:r.<f.IA
criticism
I. '1-"'f-l-. His criticisms are always negative.
f(l.. .'1-";f-l- .,..A"I,IL "1-~11'1-"t f"'l..fOD/Ih'l-
tm-
2. t-1'1..:1'. He cannot stand criticism. t4'1.:1'
hf.m~'r
3. t-1'4-. His adverse criticism discouraged me.
Tii!J' ,I'H/ItJJo t-1'4-m- -1-ll<f. l>llo&t:m'f
[See also 'target']
criticize
1. t-l'L. The inspector criticized the un-
~c~r~o~a~k~--------------------------~2~7~1--_______________ ____________ cross
sanitary conditions of the kitchen. +'ILiriiiJ6fD" 1
f"7~1L-I>"t f"tll'.h .. '1-~11'1- t4'L
2. ~P'&(-MP'&). The faint-hearted soldier was
criticized by his superior. "-'-"'" a>:J"F.C. 0
1>11,.,,. ..-~ ...~.
3. oaU)(II'I-). It helps a music student to have
an expert criticize his playing. "'-'I' :J"ID-"t f
"7_0U11"tii'J- 0'1'4: (liD- "7"/"f'J- '""""-"'
-J-"71-"t ' f.~J!'I'A
croak """11
Frogs and ravens croak. A"t41t-t-+:f., 41t-l"
:fS'-"""'11-
crocodile I>~
There are many crocodiles in the Nile. OOQ,..
a>"tll ID-11'1' I>~ 'l"A;J:A
crook
1. <U\"7"7 -'!.~.
The shepherd's crook was
broken.f).~'f,. <SA"7"7 Jl.~ -J-(10~
2. DDmf"ll"lf". A crook in the stream causes
lloods during heavy rains. ObQ~ 11.,-fl 'L
H. ' faJ"tlt- ' DDtn9"U"If" fiD-;> OU'J'/1:,011:,0
"t 111h~A
3. l>'i"OCQ(.. This person is a crook. f.IJ
{liD- A'i"OCQt- )ID-
[See also 'hook']
crooked
1. '""'"', This needle is crooked. f.IJ oac1,.
m.,.,' )"'"
2. i..OCQ". All the merchants in this section
of the market are crooked. 011.1! -1-t- 111-
);>~';f 11-11- l>'i"OCQt-l":f ""'"'"
3. ( ~ adv.) ~1111:. An inept carpenter made
these stairs<~~ -1 fi\.IIID- I>.,&. A
tH.IJ"t tt.t:J(I'f. . Alf"tlo': P't-'I'ID-
be (become) crooked +"JDD""
The nails becanHi crooked dne to the intense
heat. h"lf.ll'fiD- .,...,.,._ f-1-t"f f"II.,C''Ii
+liJODoo-
croon (softly) to MH~ All
The woman crooned softly to her crying child.
11.'1-M' f"t111:,0{lm-"t A'!."t Alk--~ A
ll:f-ID-
crop (cropped), v.
I. ;>m. The sheep have cropped the grass.
0'~ "f~"t "'miD-:J"A
2. 1-..'lm~. The farmer cropped the tail of the
horse. ~Ot.ID- fL~II-"t 'Pt. 1>1\m~,.
crop up1-Lm~
Many new problems are sure to crop up.
-on- 1>-'1..11 'f"'C':f 1\"tS'.."tLm~ l>f.m~
mCII"
crop (n.)
I. {l.fiA. The farmers expect a good crop this
year. ~Ot.l"lfi 011.1! ' 'tDP'J- 'I'~ ' (l.fiA 11"7
"'"f'J- f.mQO?II-
2. II"C'J-. The tenant farmers get a percentage
of the crop. 'P(l'l''fi b9"C-I> boo-r- f-1-
ro(l) A~ f.S'..CII'I''I'A
A crop of new writers is coming up. h.-'S"l.ll
S'...:.(IJ"t OOD<;:/1:,0 ~" ""'"'"
cross (vt.)
I. -1-l'f~~- He crossed the river in a boat.
ID"tll-"t O~AQ -1-l'f~~
2. 1>*~'"- Cross the street at the green;signal!
/>~"t'\F., OD.flt-'J- {l..Ot- o OD"t~J!."t I>*C'I'
When do we cross the border? ro(l)."t ,,..,
*CtniD- oo'li )ID- 1
3. h.11Jout:. He crossed his arms over his breast.
A}>:'li"t OS'..~-1> "" />"JOD~
4. S'..t-~0. He sat down and crossed his legs.
...... ,...... 1\"'C''Ii"t S'..t-~0
5. dtlltl-"t I>A-J-4'0111D-9". If anyone crosses
him, be gets very angry. dtlltl-"t 1A-J-4'011-
'J- ' A"tS'--11") 0"111" ,........~~A
cross (vi.)
1. .,.,~. The two principal avenues cross
over there. 11--11-1> />ID-t- 1-J!.,l""f- f"t ~.,
1'--'1- AIU'' )ID-
2. OD"t~~ I>* ~m. Remember to look both
ways before crossing. ""'t~~ b"7*~'l'IJ
Oof.'J- "'t-.. ....~ ODODAb'l-"t 1>'1-H"t:>
3. OOD"t~~ liS'- -1-lt.IIL. My letter to her
and hers to me crossed. M f&'i'h-11'1-., A
!l. fKL"f-A~ S'...fiJ!IL OOD"t~~ liS'- ' -J-lt.IIL
cross oneself ft..,.,..O
The priest crossed himself when he met with
peril. 'irll- I>S'..;> q~"fiD- ' 'LII. 1>"7-J-0
cross out {lt:H
Cross out the items that you do not want.
f"7'1-LA;>:fiD-"t )~C''f IIC~'fm--
[See also 'mind']
cross (n.)
1. ""114'A. Do you see the church with the big
cross on the steeple? 'I-AII-I> liS'- '1-A:,O
.... II.,.A 1110'1- IL-J- hcM:n Y.:J"s-.
YA?
cross 272 crowd

2. -'l.4"'-. The mule is a cross between a horse crossing. hii.IJ "'*"" IIY. f'l-.:..!.h ou
and a donkey. 11-l-11- fl.il<; ft.IJJ' V 11.:.'1- filii"
II ' <;'l- 2. ou-J-111\.I.J'. Troops have been stationed at
3. f-J--'1+11. This fruit is a cross between an the border crossing. {ltJJ(l'). oo-J-111\.I.J' II
orange and a tangerine. f.tJ 1 ~&. 1 boo"}F.~ J!. tD;.I-f.r:":f -f'DDY:Rm- ~IIC
")<; h11C1>.."1 f-1'-'1+11 ~,. *Did you have a good crossing? f.'l<; -J-lf
bear one's cross ODb6-'l 1 ++flA 1Ch?
A patient person bears his cross without
crossroad outt+ll'i' """11: I f0D"11P..":f
complaining. ;.1-:>if. (lm- ooht:-"1 J'l\"7 001<;>;'
"7 C Y.+IIIIA
You will find a sign on that crossroad. Rtf
make a cross on OIIJ.Jz 1 ~~OD outt+ll'i' """11: (fOD"I1P..":f 001<;'i')
The illiterate person made a cross on the IIJ'. II"Ah'l- h'i'IIIJ
contract. OD'/f,t~Da m-&'l 1 OIIJ.Jz 1 L~OD
make the sign of the cross h"7+fl cross section
He made the sign of the cross before entering *The newspaper polled a cross section of the
the church. rof. fl.-1' hcM:J''l- IJJoil'l' city voters. ;>R"'m- llh-J-"7m- h"7.1"1''1-
tJOD"JIJ.j: ' II.!.T ' h"7-f'{l oo,:.'"'"":f hhJ'"!-'1"1'1- h<;:A 119"<'1/1. J'l!
A ill\ :9"6 oottm+ 1--'IJ'. mf+
(be) cross -1'11<'1..,
He is cross today because he had an argument crosswalk "7*"0 il'i'tl-
with his wife. h"''.il-1> ;>C ill\-1'"":1'"" Cars are to stop for pedestrians at a crosswalk.
+ tf&. -J-II<'I'P:!:A 11"7*"0 il'i'tl- ooh.<;l"":f 1\h"'l'l'":f oo
.JII" ' t.IIIJ'fm-
cross-country J'1C h!'/tl-T"
There will be a cross-country race next Sunday. crosswise, be placed ~ -J-oo<'l+ll .
The sticks were placed crosswise and then tied
11"7."'"'II"'" 1..,.1.. nc
t.*.:.T- f~ together. 6"1~ hf-J-oo<'l+ll- ;.1-(l~
"" m-Y:Y:C Y.f.;>A

crosscut t<*tl-T- crouch

He took a crosscut through the woods. I. hf.l.m. The leopard crouched ready to
11""..,. m-il'l' f"''.J'AI.m-"1 t.*tl-T" -1' attack. HI~ 11..1'"1-l> t.Y:<;:tp.A
h-1'11 2. "'m.'l' toll. The child crouched at the
foot of the wall. A'/f. "'Y:"'J~m- P'C 4<m.
cross-examination oott+ll'i' 'I'J'4l '1'1l!I.A
He conducted himself well during the cross- crouch low hF..Lm
examination. flooll+A~m- r "1'1-1: 1 "LtL ooA. The raiders crouched low in the bushes .
..,.. II""'IJC t.<'lf +"7'l''j; ' 'l'lf,. IJJoil'l' ' t.f.l.m-
cross-examine oott+ll'i' 'I'J'4l mf+ crow (v.) '"'"1i
The lawyers cross~xamined the accused. I woke up when the cock crowed. P..r: II.
mii:J'l"'j; -J-h<'lif."l ooil+ll'i' 'I'J'4l m '"'"1i ~:I'IJ-
r+ crow (n.) .:.
cross-eyed ifm-.:..:. The crow caws every morning. ~ q~..:,.
The child is so cross-eyed it is hard for him to tll.T Y.'"'""liA
see properly. A'/f. 11"19" ifm-.:..:. ill\11'
~ 11"7f'l- f.'MC ~IIC . crowbar f1ll'l- oo~.A+<I:J'
I had to pry open the box with a crowbar.
crossfire, in the ~ O-J-;f-11-il-ll'l- 1.1 "''l''l-"1 1111<:'1- ODI.A+<f:J' Ml&. oohi.T
An innocent man was killed in the crossfire. "'Y: 11'~11'S
11-J-;.1-boii-R'I- 1.1 t."IY: "11\..b (lm- .,.-1'
crowd (vt.)
crossing I. t.mRR. Let's not crowd the room with
I. "7*"0. There is no traflic light at this furniture I fl.'i>"l Rfl.'l- h:l' t.'O'I'Rm-
crowd 273 crucify

2. hoo4'. He crowded the toys into the box. 3. h'il 1 hl-<:1(11'1-). The Nobel Prize crowned
h7f'J'I-I\.+fl I l\"''I"J I CD-lt'J' I hDD:J''J'CD- his career as an author. f'l'ILA'J 1 1111\.,T 1 ao
3, '1"11. People crowded the beaches. ll,.:Y. 1 f 4'01\- I fl.t-ll..tT I ,_1DJo'J I h'il I hl.<i:1
Qih-1-'J 1 m<:'il 1 '1"11-'l- 11'1-
crowd (vi.) success crowned his efforts. -r~.Ja u-tt- T
I. Roflq-1- 1 -1-llRllR. People crowded to see the <'11111'1-
show. '1-Cl\F...,'J 1 1\0DODII\h'l- 1 ll,.:Y. 1 Oil be crowned HiD" J.': U
q.r I 1-llRllR- The sovereigns of Ethiopia used to be crowned
2. ;J-1-<:. We all crowded into the bus. in Axum. .1:"1! 1 fh.'l-f'*1 1 t1P':J-'l- 1 II
11-1\':f'JP" I h.....,.(Jo(l. I CD-lt'J' I ;f-1-C'J CD-,J:" I f"'l."l"I-T I hh(l.ll" I tRC
crowd around hRR i R11q'l- 1 hRR be crowned with success fTittt fD"tiL:,. 1\1"f'
The pupils crowded around the teacher to ask His efforts were crowned with success. J.':tt,...
questions. T"'/otl,.'li 1 'I'141 1 1\oomf:,O 1 hll 11-11- I f-1-<'llt I m-m.-1- I MT
T"'/<1..,.., I hRII-T I (R11qT I hRII-T)
crown (n.) IICD-.1:"
crowd (n.) This crown is made of silver. ,.., nm-J.': fT
1. f-1-llRllR 1 ih1111. Have you seen the ll't-CD- I h11C I tm-
crowd in front of the theater? h1:1'1-'1- 1 .&.'1- 1 crown of the head Ali+
11.&.'1- I f-1-llRllR..,.., I ih1111 I hf.-1-VA l He struck him on the crown of the head.
2. ih1111. There was a large crowd at the ht;'... I 1\f. I OO:f'CD-
market. l\101CD- I CD-lt'J' I 1111- I ih1f11 I tRC [See also 'succeed']
3. fih1111 1 "in:,O'J:,O, We were nearly crush-
ed in the crowd. Rih1111" 1 "'nh:,O 1 A'Jll Crown Prince hA.:> 1 mt-11
qnc 1 tnc The Crown Prince will succeed his father on
4. -1-t- 1 ih1111. Many newspapers appeal to the throne. hA:> 1 mt-lf. 1 1Q""'J 1 H-of.'J 1 y.
the crowd. 1111- 1 ;JH."':Y. 1 -1-t-..,.., 1 ih1111 1 mc<'IA
f"'I.DDI\hT I t1C I f.K"of.ll- crucial .,.CT 1 f"'I.IIY.R-1-
5. oo(lh':Y.. He and his crowd wentto the dance. This was a crucial battle. f.tl 1 .,.CT 1 f"'l.
l\C(I.t;' I OO{th"!i I aJI. I ,11')(1. I JI. 1\Y.R'l- I .....,_, I tRC
crucial moment Afi:l\
crowded (adj.)
He broke into the conversation at a crucial
I. '1'~:,. 1 111. It is difficult to drive along moment. R"l"m-..,.... 1 h'illl 1 1\f. 1 TA:,. 1 hi\
crowded streets. '1':,.'1':,. 1 Ql\ 1 .....,.,.~:" 1 llf. 1
OO'J,IIT I hll'f';Jotl I tCD- crucible (fmc:,Ot; 1 f11C 1 .,:,.1\"'i 1 1-~.tl 1

2, ih1fil 1 fRqR-1-. It is hard to carry on a ll'hll)

conversation in a crowded room. ih11ofl on
qRT I h'illl\ I CD-lt'J' I OD,;g,'faJT I hlt'f',;Jotll
)m-
ba crowded
1. -1-tiJRR. All compartments in this car are
crowded. l\lf.tJ I 4-f:1 I 1\f. I 111-'1- I h'ilh'
:y. I 11-11- I -1-tiJR'I'A
2. -l-""t;t4'. The polling booths were crowded
with peop(e, f.J:"P"(t I oo>lt""il"'fl I tiJRJJ":f I
Rih1111 1 -~'"".,..,.,...,. 1 tnc
[See also 'capacity1
crown (v.)
1. um-s:- 1 n(ll-1-). The patriareh ciowned
him king. :r'l-.&1Cit- I HCD-.1:" I ""iMT
2. ( = intr.) '1-111 hi\. A fort crowns the hiU.
f"ii'l- I (l<;ofl;J-CD- I 1\f. I '1-il I 11,.11\
crucifix 11:,011'1-'J 1 f"'1.1<'1f. 1 :rocK"
There was a crucifix on the church wall.
l\(L-J- I hClt1:1). I "JJ:-1}1 I 1\f. I 11:,01\T'J I
,..,_,...,. 1 :rocK" 1 tnc
Crucifixion 11:,011'1-
A picture of the Crucifixion was given to our
church. fll:,OI\.., 1 P'6A 1 1\IL-1- 1 hCII1:1t;'
:Y.., 1 -t-llm
crucify (crucified)
1. ll4'1\. His enemies crucified Jesus on
Golgotha. mil-Hi 1 h.fll-ll'J 1 'lA'l;J- 1 1\f. 1
(1~1\-T
2. hll':l'f. The mob crucified him for failing
to solve tbe country's problems. }'1oti..,'J 1 :Y..,
c I 11.,11....,-'=' MAil' A I ih11 n- I hll'ft'fCD-

11
 crude
crude
1. qA"J.. He is a rather crude person. QA"J.
OD/t.,e. I (t(Do I )QJo
2. J'AT"'&.. Ethiopia has to import crude oil
from abroad. t..+f"t.J' J'AT"'&. H.l'>'l- h
ID-"f!- "711DD"''!- ' hiiQ'I-
3.J'ATlflfll. An eye for an eye is a crude
principle of justioe. 't,l'.'t J'mof. 't,l'.). ,1'.
mof.A f"''.l\m- J'ATlJ"lfII f'i''l-.h Fe't
,. '~m-
4. <:ot:r.~+ f'I-J'.I\m-. The ancient inhabitants
made crude paintings on the walls of the caves.
f4'~'1"' (UI':f' <:o!:;r,~:,.' f'l-J'.'I'ftD-' Fbir':f
R'l'lfl":f "'.I:"'IJI '1.1'>' "ill-
cruel
I. ..,.,'1.
How can you be so cruel? h'tF.'I-
h'tJ'.If.ll ..,_.,'1
'1-"'i"llll 1
2. f"f!-IJ~. To hit a baby is a cruel act. .h!'t
OD'/":J-'1- ' ,.,..,~ ' ~e'l.+ ' ~m-
3. hl'l:J-<1:. The cruel war left thousands dead.
hl'l:J><J:m- toe~+ oft,. l'll":f't ~.-,_
cruelty (cruelties)
I. "f!-IJ~. Cruelty was customary in the prison
camps. Rhll<:'l':f l'll.e m-IlT .,..,~ f
TI\ODJ'. ~ne
2. f"f!-IJ~ MQe ODI.l\'J". Cruelty to children
is now forbidden by law. R.ht'i"+ '1.1'> f"f!-
t,~ ' MQe ' DPI.K'I" ' .,, ' R.h"l' fThllhll'
~ ....
3. _..,h't. Cruelty to animals in a perverse
act. Rh'tll<'l'l- oo..,h., "1m.h+ ~m-
cruise (v.) TH'I'ID<:
The polioe car cruised through the park.
f?"l\.11 ooiJ.o; DD'i"l.lfm- .,.11'1' TH'I'ID<:
cruise (n.) foPehoft 1ic1ie
I still think about the cruise we made last year.
Ql\1..,. o 'toP'!- J'J'.l:"l~.,. fooehoft ' 1ie
1ie hlliJ!Jo't +11 .l'>ll'i'A
so for a cruise n-,_Aq T'tlf&.lf<:
We went for a cruise on the lake last summer.
QI\I.ID- R:> R.h.l'>41 11.1'> R-,_Aq T't
lf&.lfC't
crumb 'i'C<NI
Sweep up the crumbs! o;:e<N:ID-'t 'l'l:"l
[See also 'bread']
crumble (vt.) 1.<:1.<:
He crumbled his bread, and put it in his soup.
JIPID-'t ~oeo;:c: nil"eqm- m-IlT ..,.,.,<:m-
274 crush
crumble (vi.) T'i"J'.
The wall crumbled after the heavy rain.
"'.I:"'!Jim- 0"1,1'.1\'i'm- 11'i"oft T'i"J'.
The general's hopes crumbled as his soldiers
retreated. m:J-J'.c:'fi IDS'.:\11 IU'I.~'i'.,. l':
~II- Tllof.tD-'t 41<:m
crumple ..,qnm
He crumpled the paper, and tossed it away.
1Dl:4'-l:'t ' ..,_Qoftto o fDl:IDl:tD-
CrUnCh (vt.) 41<:"1mOD
The dog was crunching the bones. m-lfm- h
T't'l- .1'>41<:"1'1''1" ~ne
crunch (vi.)
I. T'tl>lfl>lf. The dry grass and leaves crunched
under our feet. J'.<::r. "te'i" :r.mA ll't<:
"'mm- T'tl>lfl>lf
2. h1i h1i hi\. The broken glass crunched
under our feet. fDDII:J-fD-1: IIQ& ll't<:"lm
m- ' h1i ' h1i ' hi\
[See also 'bread']
crusade (v.) :1"~1\
He crusaded for better housing. IIT'l"II OD'f
&J' ' IL'I- ' :1"~1\
Crusade (n.) rooii+A toe~+
There were several Crusades in the Middle Ages.
fioPIJhll'i'.,. HOD't oft,. fooMA toe~.P.
:r-, ~no~-
crusade +;J.f:lr-
Everyone was asked to join the crusade against
canoer. "7't'i'tD-'I" (lm- IJ'tl'lC't 11"7'1'4-
+ .,.:>~tr> h't'l.l'J'.C"' Tm.l'>~ ~ne
crush (v.)
I. h"""7J'.J'.. You are crushing my hat.
qe~"'\1-'t ' h"""7~1im-
2. ""1.114'. They crushed the castor beans to
obtain castor oil. r-,.tr> H.l'>+ 11"7m-nr+
,.,.ir' ' 'i't.l":f't ' ""1.1141
3. T""l~. Don't crush this box! It has flowers
in it. .l'>ll't "f'l''t h'tJI'I-""l~m- 1 m-llm- hn
q hi\R'I-
4. l.ta. This machine crushes rocks. .,e.u oo
h.'i" ' ~'t:>J'. ' .I'>I.""AA
5. J'.'lll'l. The maid is crushing salt. ~<:JI.;t ..,
m- ' '1-J'..,...<'II\:f
6. J'.OD{l{l. The ruler crushed the rebellion.
~1CID- 0 QODIJ-') 0 J',.OD{l{l
crush one's spirit :,Ot.,.,..,. flOtm-
Losing the job crushed his spirit. hP'&. ""
ID-"'-1: ' :r-11....., ' (lfi<:m-
crush 275 cud

be crushed cry out

I. .,.(lqOl:. We were nearly crushed in the I. ,;a'JI. He cried out in pain. OP":I'f. ,;a'JI
crowd. O.b11il "l""t:J>'t:fo A.'t(lqoc )01: 2. .,."'<l-. She saw her father .and cried out,
2. .,.Ll:IIbl'l. The tlimsy boat was crushed like "Papa"! 1\q:J:'t AY.;I- 1\qq ill\ .,."'<l-"1'
an eggshell. S'-:1':1''1' )';A.q A'tS'. A't<ll [See also 'heart, shoulder']
1\A. :f'Ck'l- .,.Ll:IJM"'' cry (n.) Q'JI'l-
3. ( ~ act.) :foil...'t I'IOl:<JJo +He was crushed
Then we heard a loud cry. of>'l'll-'1" '1-A.:f-
by the news. mt.m- :foiloao't I'IOl:<JJo ,;g,'JI'l- (1"7't
[See also 'powder']
Have a good cry! 1\A.:f-/1';' f.<JJo"'A.ll
crush (n.) "141.Y *This is a far cry from what we expected.
There was a frightful crush at the gate. 00'1- 1-1.1 ).>;' bLII"')<JJo 0"1'1" f.,.llf '1-'11 )<JJo
111- ~1-11>:' "1"-Y )OC cry for help .t.-A-;1-
He heard a cry for help in the distance.
crushing b<~o:fo 11;1- .t.-.t.-;1- ....,
Menelik won a crushing victory against the [See also 'battle, head']
Italians at Aduwa. P"kA.b "'A.Y't't M':'l'
crying (n.) II:J>o\
"" A'ts-..,ni'I.J..J. hY:C"Im- 1\IHI-'l- Stop your crying! ll:f'o\ll't A<IIP"
The enemy suffered a crushing defeat. tnll'l-
A'tS'."7ni'I.J.<l- 11''1' .,.lf)L crystal [b'i'.,.'i' -r.l-'1- Yllm- ""111"'1''1- f
"Y.""ilA. .l:''t;Jf.]
crust :f-Ck'l-
1 cannot eat the crust of the bread. fJIIl<JJo't crystallize 1\m';'of>of>
:f'ck'l- A.OII 1\A.':I'A.'I" He crystallized his plans. Tll).'t 1\m';'of>of>
When the metal cools a crust forms at the top. cub "'A.~A.
f ;JII ill:'!- l'l.of>H:J-11 :f'C41.'l- YOlfA. The hunter found five lion cubs. 1\JI'f. 1\'1"
crutch 'I"Cit-11 11'1- Y'tO<'l "'A.1A. MT
He has to walk on crutches. 0'/"Cit-11 """ cube
,. 1\110'1- I. [il.l:'il'l- 1-'t Yllm- :f'CK"]
2. A'tW:. Give me a cube of sugar! A't.l:' 1\
crux '!'';' )~C I 'i't. )~C
't\\C IIW: lim'S
The crux of the matter is this. f'l-'1\l '!'';' ) 3. <II.J-'1.". He made a pair of dice out of two
1C ,.e.tJ I ~tl)o
I
cubes of wood. bo-11'1- fcl't-'1- <!I.J.,;a
The crux of the matter is that we can't afford
"'' 11-11'1- Jlf.il w.J.
a new car. 'i't. )1'1- A.ll./1 1 oub.';' 1 IIDD
..,~,.. 1\ll""!l'll"'''t )<JJo cubic lt-ofl
The tank contains a hundred cubic meters of
cry (cried) water. OC"''.tr DD"f "'1.'1-C lt-ofl m-;> 1-
I. 1\llof>l'l. She cried wbeo she heard the news. MA.
tDt.m-'t 11'1-1'1"7 1\llof>/1':1'
The baby cried all night. A.)t I'I.YII:f'ilii\S'.l: cubicle 'l-'t1i h'i'A.
2. ,;a'JI. "Help, help," she cried. A- I A- I ill\ He went into a telephone cubicle. IDS'. 'l-'t1i
,;a'JI':J' f/IA.h h'i'A. ~q
*Peddlers cry their wares in the street to cubit h't.l:'
sell them. A:l' 1 1\!f.<ll""'' f"Y.IfqJ.'fm-'t fA:#' A cubit is half a meter. A't.l:' h't.l:' f"''.'l-
l""'"t il'l" Aftn'l- I 1-I'.J.tr C "1"711 )<JJo
cry for AOD\'
The starving people cried to their chief for cucumber fLl:'t~ Jl.q
bread. l:~.,.'l''li 1 All:l'lfm-'t 1 'l""'ofoIIDD).'l- cud P"'t'IM..
cry (one's) head off The cow's cud consisted of grass. fii"Y..,.,
The child cried his head off. A.)t A<l 1 illl- 'l"'t"li"'L "'C )01:
1\1\of>(l [See also 'chew']
cuddle
cuddle
1. 1\"thqb(l. h4'L. The mother cuddled the
sick child. M'-1:.,. f:t'"""""'"' A'/!: 1\')hq
tJqoi\4'L"foOJ-
2. t.:r-'1! hf.l~. She cuddled her baby in her
arms. A:t_"t Oh"t.ll.. t.:r-'1' hf.<!~"foOJ
cuddle up IH:!I"-1- oflll- .,..,..
The children cuddled up under the blankets.
AA'Ii n-ne~ A-n~ OJ-/IT IH:!I"-1- -n
{tOJ-' .,..,..
cudgel .foOD'!'
His cudgel cracked when he struck the man with
it. 1\0J-fOJ-') n.oo;J-0-1- .fooom- .,.,Um4'
cue!I"Ah'l-
1 will give you the cue when to start. oo'Ji 7.')
J'.!I"'I-)!;!I"C !I"Ah'l- M'I''/Au-
cuff (v.) 1\'""A
The father cuffed his son for his. impudence.
A'JI: IIAqM 1\q'l-fOJ- h'""ft"'"
cuff (n.) ft.'/!:-& hL'i'
His shirt was tom at the cuffs. flf"tH- 7.'}!:-&
hL'i' MJl,.A
cufflink ft.'/!:'& oJrA'i!
I lost one of my culffinks. 1\11.'1,. ft.'/!:'&
\1. oJrA'i! m"""'S
cull ""c"' 1\ID"l
The lawyer culled important facts from the
mass of evidence. mO:I'OJ- It~,.,.
DD(Ilf. 0 '1'4. ' hl"t ' QD(;(P 0 1\ID"J
culminate.,.,_"",_""
The tower culminated in a cupola. "1!1"11- 0
oJrofi;J- .,_,_!I"~A
0 His career culminated in the presidency.
fP'&.l- f.<IJr ""Q.llf ' T4.1V11'1- ""
1M )0C
culprit m"t)!;A'1
I am on the culprit's trail. ffD'))!;ft'10J-') of.
<; J'.CltO;J-Ao-
cult 1\!I"AI>
The cult of Apollo was widespread. fl\?"11-
1\!I"AI> .,.114-'1'+ ~nc
cultivate
I. 1\A.,. The farmers cultivate fruit trees.
104.,.'1i f'l"'- 1\'l-hA'I- YA.,II-
276 cumbersome
2. b-.,.11-1-. She cultivated roses in her garden.
lM<!JI q-1-hA'I- 11:1''1' b-.,_b-.,_"fo
3. 1\JIO<!. He cultivates his mind by reading.
1\t.!I"C'OJ-"t ' 0"710ofl Y'lofi&-A
4. ftODfDJI).';-1- "ll. He cultivated the impor-
tant people so that he could get a better job.
f.,_lfA P'&- t."tJI..I'~'S h:J"'I'I;r. l'tl'';fo
:>C ' fi""ID-'1).1;'1- "'<!
5. 1\,.A...,I'I. The public speaker cultivates
the art of pleasing his audience. .,.<;;>&OJ- Y~
"7~ "71'11.1'1!1' 'I'Oofl ,.A!I"I\A
cultivated (adj.) f:t'<!l'l
Cultivated land is scarce in the desert. f:t'<!l'l
"""'~- Oil"~.: n-'1 OJ-/IT -nc:r- ),.
cultivation "7<!11
Better cultivation of soil will result in better
crops. ooil.-1-"t O.,_lfA u-~;J- "7<!11 f.,_
lfA MJA YII1'1A
cultivator 1\&-11
The cultivator must protect the soil from
erosion. 1\..:-lf. 1\L<~-o"t boo4.'1- oolfclfc
oob'lbA 1\AO'I-
cultural rquA
There is a cultural similarity between Japan
and China. Oif;r"t<; DiJ'JW ""lthA fq
UA """"1\I'IA 1\A
culture
I. quA. Universities should be the centers
-nu- of culture. f.~licn.-t,."fo rquA t.!l"offc
.fo';fo ' ODIJ'') o 1\{tq'fOJ-
2. (Physical) ""JIOC; (of mind) ...,,.Aoo/1.
Physical culture is important, but we must
not forget the culture of the mind. fi'IOJ-)'1-
oo.<;OC m:l'"'l. O.IM!I" fht.!I"C'"t oo
,.AOD/If" 1\IIL'I'U'I- ""CI\'1- 1\J'.~q"t!l"
3. oo-1-hA. The culture of cotton was only
recently introduced to Ethiopia. '1"1' oo-1-b
A ' 01\.'1-l"kY OJ-/1'1' ' f.,.).';oo<!OJ- o:r-c
'" ' 'l.li ' )OJ-
cultured Q.'f
She is a cultured woman. Q.'f n.-1- <;'l-
(be) cumbersome 1\J'.oo"fo!!" 1 fi"".MI h
,......,.!1"
It is cumbersome to carry this package.
J'.U ffA fi"".I"H hf.oo';f-!1"
Old-fashioned weapons were cumbersome.
f~C' IPC fiD"I&Y"":f fi"".MI f.,J'.OD
'li' )0<1-
cumin
cumin hoo-1
Cumin serves to flavor sauce. h,...., 1 mrr
I\"7"1L'l' .l'm~A
cumulative Rf'I.H.CD- f-i'mt-+oo
Only cumulative effort can solve the land
problem. 11oo.:.+ f.P;f- ":f-'lc oo-;:'1-.t..
f75fCD- Rf'I.H.CD- 0-i'mt-+,.. '1'&'1-
11!1' teD-
be cumulative ~ftn~hl. 1 %~
The evidence against him has been cumulative.
RC(l. 'If. f"'L+CflCD- oo<;)f l\fm)b<:
'tS'.
cunning
l. 11AT. He is too cunning for anyone to be
able to deceive him. 111>.'1' 111\lf) "'I'J9"
........ (IJ;f-1>.1\CD- hf.':f/>.9"
2. f"'LJ'iiS'.il'l-. Kittens and babies are
cunning. Y:"".f.':f<; .hY<;'I- f"'L..'IIS'.il.,
<;'fCD-
*He is a cunning old fox. "fl't-CD- f"7J'.J'11
f.&/b I ~liJo
cup (cupped), v.
I. h1oo. In rural Ethiopia, they cup people
to cure headaches. flh.'l-l'"k,l' CD-il'l' flf
q'\1'1- t-il 9";1-'I-'J 1\"'IJI'J ,_,...,,...
2. h.,_Y:'I'P. mfl+. She cupped her hands
to catch the ball. l>.(l.'J II""J'1f 7.}1:/J!'t
h.,..Y:'I'-'1 mfl+':f
cup (n.)
I. il.t. She served coffee in a cup. tJ-<;CD-'J
flil.t h+<:fl':f
2. 1''J-. The Ethiopian team won the Africa
Cup. fh.'l-l'"k.l' tJ-Y:'J r:r.-;:&tn 1''J-
M'f
horn cupM-A
In former days, Ethiopians preferred to drink
mead from a horn cup. RY:C' '1.11. h.+
\'"k,I'CD-,I"J m~ fl1''J"'i oom"''l- f.ID
'I- )flC
cupboard 419" "''I"J
We put our dishes in the cupboard. lt)b'l'Jl":f
'J'J 419" "''I"J CD-il'l' l\<;ii+9""11\'J
cupidity 1"1"'1-
His cupidity made it possible for the swindlers
to cheat him. 1"1"., 1\h;f-'1\'"':f oo'J1Y:
ii"''I'CD-
cupola 4111;1-
The cupola on the capitol is sheeted with
277 cure
copper. f0.-1' OO'J"II"., 4111;1- flOD-'111
1 -i'I\111Jl.A
cupping glass 1'19"'1-
A cupping glass is used to draw blood. 1'19"
+ S'.9" I\OD9"m"'i ,1'11\"1'11>.
(be) curable "'I'I'J -1'!1'11
Pneumonia is easily crirable today. flt'Jq'J fl
11;1- ~.:, R+'llr "7-'I'J J'.Jl''IA
curator ~'lol.
The curator of the museum knows much
about picturea. fii.T oonh<l- ~'1.1. ill\
p>()fr'':f 1111- ,I'CD-:1'1>.
curb (v.) 1;1-
You will have to learn to curb your temper.
'JS'..'I-U'J OD"J;f-T 00/>.0DY: h1111U
curb (n.) fOD'J1Y: mC"If
The curb was so high that the child could not
step up. fOD'J1'1- mC"If b'i> ,I'll ill\
If) 1>.1!: OOCD-"JT h:f'-i'CD-
at the curb OD"J1JJ. 1 T""l
He stood at the curb while waiting for the bus.
OD'J1JI. '1'"1 ~'I" hCD-.f.tl-il J'.m11:t> )flC
put a curb on 1:1'"
You have to put a curb on extravagant
spending. 1'JH11 "'lqb'JU'J ,...,,_,._ hi\
11U
curd l\C1
Curd is used in making cheese. l\C1 hf.11
1\"'ICD-"1'1- J'.m:t-"7A
curdle<::>
The milk curdled in the sun. 111-i'., 9.hf. ..,.
il'l' <:?
cure (v.)
I. hJI). This medicine will cure your cough.
.I'.U ODY;;)t'l- IIAU'J ,I'Y:'JAYA
2. LIDI"I. The holy water cured him. mflll- b
1111;1-CD- LIDI"ICD-
3. hm<f.. The government tried to cure unrest
at home by making war abroad. oo'J"JI"., It
1C CD-"fl' tnC)'I- fl"'IY:<:"I q1c CD-il
'I' ,1'1\CD-'J IJ>b'l- 11"7'1'4-'1- l'l"b<:
4. -1'111. He finally cured his fear of the dark.
flOD<Q,l;"/f I "f!'l\"7 I OD'j:t-.,'J o TID
cure of l\'JY: +negative imperfect + 14-4-
Low grades cured me of neglecting my home-
work. f'I-9"UC>f: CD-m'l- 11T-i'"' 1 oolf'J
fO.'I- l"t-,_'J :Y.'I r l\'JJIAA 14-4-~
cure
be cUred Jl)
He is completely cured. .1.~'1" Y:<;.A
cure (n.)
1. ,..~..,t+. There is no cure for cancer.
t.-t(IC ' ODY:-"1~'1- flltD-'1"
2. f"''..C.tD-11. This treatment is a painless cure
for tuberculosis. .eu ihh'l"';' hlt1Q )4'
Cit Yll '1"1'1" P':l'.e f"''..C.m-11 )m-
3. OD-'S"). His cure took six weeks. 1\DP-'I"J 1
11:11'1- lt'/"1'1- .1.)'."0'1-
4. -~+~. The cure for ignorance lies in
education. f Y:141C';' OD'i!'l-m. '1-'I"IIC'I-
)ID"
curfew fll't'l- l\11.1.
The commanding officer set an eight o"clock
curfew. ll~1f ODit-11 hu-11'1- ll't'l- )'."'1"
C" ' f(l't'l- ' l\11.1. ' <D(I)
curiosity (curiosities)
I. 7-7-'1-. He yielded to curiosity and opened
the letter addressed to his father. 7-7-'l- ~of.
'i!-1''1- ' IIQ., ' f+li.C.ID"') ' 1.-11'10. ' h.C.+m-
2. f"7<D-t 'i!lli'l-. She was consumed with
curiosity. 0"7m-t 'i!lli'l- +m-"111'1'
3. -oc-t. A fire engine pulled by horses is
now a curiosity. fllf&. 1 "l.tL 1 OLl.il flJI/..,..
.,.,._ , n.tt'l- 1\1.:1 ODhllhY l1~111 -oc-t
*She is bursting with curiosity. 'l'I':J- (0"71D
:,. ' 7-7-'l-) ' A'l-'1"'1- ' )ID"
curious
1. .,..,.._ Don't be so curious! }.."J.IltJ 1 .,.1 1 11.
,..,..1
2. A~- What a curious looking car this is!
,.,, ' '/"') ' <t.e)'l- ' AI' ' fll') ' ODIJ.';' ' )ID"
3. AI' <t.e)'l- fll'). He has a collection
of curious old coins. AI' <t.e)'l- fll') fY:
C" 11HP:f' 11-1111-11 1\IIID"
be curious
1. ~~- 1 am curious to know what the answer
will be. ooA(Io '1"1 1\11.11') 11"7m-t 'l'l'
if'II,.
2. 11"7m-t 'l'l. Small children are curious and
they ask many questions. '1-1111 A]t.":f II
"7m-t illl"''.'i?- -1111" TY<tlP":f .em
.e:~>tr
curl (vt.) m4'1111
She curls her hair every morning. floA"l.tL 1 ttl.
'1- l\?-a:1 'l-m4'1VIII ":f
278 current
curl (vi.)
I. .,..,.,..11,.,11. Her hair curls naturally. l\7-a:
01-.I.TC"ID" .eTODIIODIIA
2. +lfQIIII. The parchment curled in the
intense heat. h-l.ell'i'm- _.,.,._ f-J-)"1 -II
&-';'ID" ' +lfQIIII
curl up T'I"A'I"A 1\11
The dog curled up and went to sleep. fDolj""tD-
T'I"A'I"A-1111-+'i'
curl (n.) T-tA l\7-C
The girl's curls hung down to her shoulders.
ffAli"~~JI.:t T-tA l\7-C '1-hlf'l' ll.e 1-
'S:I:A
curly hC-'1'1
Curly hair is an ancestral trait in that family.
011.11 O.+ 1'1-11 tD-11'1" hC-'1-'1 l\7-C ' fiiC
)ID"
currency (currencies) ~1H-fl
A stable currency is absolutely necessary.
'I':>"'" f"7.ell'fm.,. nn-o 'i!l\.'1" 1\11
Ll\"1. I )BJo
*Belief in witchcraft has wide currency in
certain countries. '1"14'11 Q1-'11Y: MC":f
OI'I.C.m- .e:J-oo10:J-A
current (n.)
I. .c.~n'i' m-:> ! 111:>11 m-:>. The current
carried away two people. .c.~n'i'..,. m-:> (111
:>if. m-:>) ,.II'I- (ljP":f m1'11.
2. MI"7"Y.Y. Newspapers influence the current
of public opinion. ;>H.tn:f 0.1.11-11 ll11+Yf
'1- ' ll11"7"Y.Y ' ll.e ' .,.~b'l' ' 1\ll'ftD-
He swam against the current. 1\lf-tP 'l''f
current of air hfC
A cold current of air came into the room
through the open window. O+h.C.-1-m- OD111>
'I- 4'11:1'~ 1\fC 1Q
[See also 'electric1
current (adj.)
I. ,,...,.. The biD for the current month was
small. ,,...,. me m.lt-11 M11+'i' )OC
I read that in the current issue of "Life". 11''1 1
no-ott-+ q,...,.
rll.e'i! -~m.'l- ll'l-
, . I 1\Y. I )aJo
2. 01.11. Yll. Read the newspapers to keep
track of current events! fl"l.tLdJ'< 1 fl\m-"} v.~
;J- ' IIODh;J-+A ' ;>11."1 ' 1\1-11-fl
be current .,..)If
A rumor of an invasion was widely current.
rm~&- m"" on.c.m- +)111' )OC
 279 custody
currently

no longer be current Qr.r-). 1..tL }t~aP&O
""'"
The use of Maria Theresa dollars is no longer
current in Ethiopia. f.,C'I-<1-q oflC qo-).
"1..11. ol\.'1-l'"k.l' ..,.11... h.e .....~-o-r,.
currently
1. Qu-). 1 'Lii. He is currently working on
the project. qo-). "1..11. l\:t--'1.1 O.,H:>~'1-
"" ' )ID"
2. ll'f")-1. There is a good film currently
being shown at the nearby theater. Oh:t-.!-11..1'
ID" ' qi\ID" 1:.1''1-C IL'I- ll'l")-1 Ooo;l-f
'I- lt.Y. .I'll "1'-l- I.A?" hi\
curriculum P'C'H '1-?"IIC'I-
Music and French are included in our curric-
ulum. P'C'H '1-?"IIC;I-:J-1 ID"il"l' ao-
11..4'.. l.t.11l.e'i M"f-0;1-A
:,.,.,.,+ f.,.H:>~ -1-111
curry [hAl' A f.
11.,"11."1' ' f"'/J11\"'A ' :,OOD!I"j
curse (vt.)
I. 1.100. He cursed us in God's and Mary's
names. fh"'H.h11m.C 1., f.,C.I'?"1 II?" m
C-1'' 1.1""1
2. "'"'..,., h<Dt.f.(O'I-). God cursed the builders
of the tower of Babel. fqO.II-11 "1111 f1)
11-'1-1 l\"'tt.C "'"'"'"1 l\tD(.f.q:f..,.
curse (vi.) .,.,..,._o
The teacher told the boy not to curse. oo?"IJ
-1- A:( 7.1-'IY.llf-11 )1 l.ID"
be cursed oo:t>...,'i''l- <Dt.f.O'I-
This country was cursed for centuries with
many errors. f.11'10.1D"1 O:fi>lt. 0.,1011
l\1\>,1 ' 1111- ' ila..,.-r ' 1"1')'
curt s:-c:t- .I'll
He gave him a curt answer. s:-c:t- .I'll ooA
ll llmm-
curtail
I. -a;t.m(O'I-). The government curtailed the
student's stipend because he wasn't studying
enough. .,..,tl..,. f"'1..1qiD"1 .I'IIA illt.lt.
tn., 001"1P'., +11111 -a;t.mO'I-
2. +)ll. The ministry curtailed the supply
of free books to the students. "''..tiloJ:-1- 11.,..,
tlll':f ' 0)~ ' ODI\'m'i' ' ODiltn"'1 +M
curtain oo;>t.Jr
I want curtains for the windows. 1\00il!>-l"'i
oo:>t.Jt lii.A:>IIo-
curtain off :>t.f.
He took two sheets and curtained off a space
in the corner. o-11'1- h1{llt.ll':f <Dllf.., "I'
"1-1 ' :>t.f.
curtsy l\)(' )"f
Women will curtsy when they meet the
Emperor. ll.-l':f 11-"' )11".,1 ll)(' Y.
)"'ll-
curve (v.) ;1-ml..
The road curves to the right. OD1"1"- mF..
+'S Y,;l-tn4-A
curve around til
The road curves around the town. ""11-'1.
h_,..,..,., Y,~t.'I'A

floods. Y.ll:f h1C 111111- H001 fiD";> oo be curved 1-flm

"1'1\:t-1\:t- oo:,O...,'i''l- <DCI'-q'l- )OC His back is curved like a bow. ~cq..,. ll
1 f. ' f-:>1 ' .,..111\l.il\
curse (n.)
I. l\C"1.,1. His curse did not frighten me. curve (n.) oom?"H"If'
l\C"'.,). ' hlt.ilf.)1tn'S? " Watch out for the curves in the road! 0.,_-'1.,...,.,
2. OD.)olP~:,.. Locusts are a curse in this part lt.Y. f"'1..1"f-'l-1 ODtn?"H"If'll'lf- m1+:t-
of Ethiopia. l\10"1 1\H.II'i'ID" fl\.'1-l'"k.l' 011-q:f..,.
h'i'A oo:t>...,'i''l- )ID"
*He muttered a curse under his breath. cushion '1-.!-il
011'-'1. ' .,.o!-10D We need some cushions for the sofa. 11{\4-ID'
'1-o!-il .l'ili.A1 ..A
cursive fM"'mll
The Ethiopian alphabet has no cursive hand- custodian mq-1:
writing. fl\.'1-l'"k.l' l.f.A f.,.+"'mll h The custodian of the museum showed us
~~'i' ' fl\tD-?"
around. fiL.,. ""Hh-1- mq-1: hil.,..01'1

cursory ( ~ adv.) O:fl>lt. custody f.,,..,._.., "'rlt.I.)'I-

Even a cursory reading of the letter showed The custody of the child is given to the father
custom
in Ethiopia. Ol>.'l-I'"A-.1' ,.11'1' fA~ "7~
"11 ' ..,'1.1.~-l-' f"''.IDII.I!"' }\q'l- ' ~ ....
be held In custody 0 - - - J.~ T'J1
The car is held in the custody of the police.
ooh_o;''l' 0?"11.11 ).~ 'l-1o;'ll:f-
take into custody "7/./..Y 1 o.:r- 1 ]\.ftf
The police took a suspect into custody.
?"11.11- -1-tnC"'<I...., "71..1..1' 0.'1- 1\~f,.
(be) taken into custody fl - - - 'l"fl:J" 1 JPC 1
).1-'1.11'1 ' -J-1.1.1
The traitor was taken futo custody by the
police. IYt-'1.,. 0?"11.11 '1'0-"' P'C J.1'1.11'
1 ' -f-1.(.1
custom A"7.1!"
Eating raw meat is an old Ethiopian custom.
Ol>.'l-I'"A-.1' ' ....11'1' ' '1'.:0 ' P':> ' OOil'l'l- ' f
~f ' A"7.1!" ' ~ ....
Social customs vary in different countries.
r.-..11-o A"7P-"'f- J.1f.fll% f-1-ll.l'f. .,
lf....
customs
1. -r.r"~h. When do we pass the customs
inspection? l"'-9"'1-h1 I"'COO<I- fl"'o;'AL
.... o DD'f! 0 ~ .... !
2. +t.'l'. Do we have to pay customs on this?
1111.11 +t.'l' oohLA hllil1 l
custom (adj.) flAil- f-1-114-
He wears only custom clothes. 011\ h- f-J-11
4- ' 11\illl ' il!l' ' .ellil/)11\
(be) customary -1-ll""f.
It is not customary in this country to cremate
the dead. RH.U Me .!.il "7-"'tn.l\ f-1-11""
f. ' 1\.ef.IIV"
customer 1.10"'
He is a regular customer of mine. rrrA. 1 "LtL 1
1.10;;'\1- ' ~ ....
customhouse 1"1-11"<~-h o.+
The government built a new customhouse.
DD1"1P'-I> ' 1\'1.11 ' f"I-V"'I-h ' 0.-l- ' 1\P'<I-
cut (vt.)
1. ofl.t.m. He cut his nails with a scissor.
'l''i!'l-1 ' OOD+II ' 'kt.tn
He cut wood for the fire. 11"711'- b1Q;~.'l-
ot.t.m ~~...
2. OQ;i.f. . He cut a load of hay last week.
q11L,. il9"1'l- 1\1.1!" o ifhl"' "'C OQ;i.f.
3. +~II. The company will cut the cost of
280 cut
merchandise next week. 11-q1, , . 0"'1."""1
,. ' il9"1'l- ' fif+IP:f-1 ' 'I':> ' .e+1il.l\
4. h - - - +t.. The lazy student cutthree classes
in history. IIH A~ h;l-<lh h'i!A 1"11
'l-+1+t.
5. +Q;~.. The quarrel cut the ties of friendship.
tnflo ' '\f.'h;l-lf...., ' .,.Q;l, ....
6 .hll+t.. She had to cut two songs from her
program. hT~<I-".t 11-ll'l- HL<:':f- "711
+t.+ ' ~nt.q'l-
7. 1\11-J-IJhll. The barber cut my hair. 11"1-C
ot.<l-.... ' 1\"1-.:01 ' hlli-IJhii'S
cut (vi.)
I. 'ILt.m. This knife doesn't cut well . .eu 0.
'1'1' Of.1il t..e-tc'l'l"'
2. -1-'llt.m. This meat cuts easily. .eu P':>
0+'111- ' .eott."'.l\
3. -1-LIIm. The wood cuts easily. b1Q;l.-J> 0
+'Ill- ,eLII"'A
cut across 1\*t.m
He cut across the field. "'1.-'l...., M/t.m
cut away 4r.t.m
He cut away the burned flesh on my arm.
h1.<'. 'I.e f-1--"'m11,.1 P':>ll-1 'ILt.m,.
cut back 1\11-J-IJhll
They cut back the stick until it could be fitted
in the hole. h+.o;.o;,. J.1'1.1q 11"7.1!-t."l
fil#1 ' "'i'i! ' 1\11-1-IJhll-'l-
cut back on .,.HI
They cut back on expenses in order to save
money. 11Hil IIOD'ktnil mm..rlf....,
+~11-
cut bread '111.11
Will you cut the bread, please? .o;p...., ""'-
11,.
cut down ort.l.m
He cut down a tree with an ax. lflj: 1 fl
DD'J't.ll.l oflt.m
(be) cut down -J-+Q;l,
He was cut down in the prime of life by cancer.
o.-..,em-t> 1\'i!'l OIJ111C -J-+Q;~.
cut down on +~lt
We will have to cut down on our expenses.
m.....,:T-'t1 -+~II l\lli11
cut In 'I'A:Jo 1\11
He likes to cut in when people talk. II,. II.
fiDel- 'I'A:Jo "711'1- ,elll-'l.l\
cut
cut In ahead of
Accidents are often caused by drivers who
cut in ahead of one. t.oflq"'CD-"t 1.11. t.f.
:> f"''.f.CIIID" flf."'t1-l- b'l-'t ID'I'+
f."~'t ' 0"'1.11- ' t:(9':f ' !l"b't,l'-1- ' tiD"
cut In half :!.IJ-1\T b.l.ll
He cut the apple in half. -1>-I-ID"'t :!.IJ-11-l- b
4.1\ID"
cut into
I. ot.~m. He cut into the cake with a large
knife. b.b-'t fllll\1' ot.~m
2. t.f.boo. The guerrilla raids cut into the
enemy's strength. ff..l."' -1-1'1.9',.; fml\-1-
't ' ~f-1:\ ' hf.b...-1-
cut Into strips
I. HIIHII. They cut meat into strips and dried
them. F ;>ID"'t HI:\111\ID" 9/'t"' t.f.~1-T
2. ""'""'..,_...,. ot.t-~m. He cut the paper into
strips. fll~.,..,'t ""'""'..,_...,. 'll.t-~m,.
cut off
I. ot.~m. Cut it off at the end! "'i4- 1\f. .,....
~til,.
2 .,.tmfl. He cut off a piece of his cigar and
chewed it. 11.:>'1-'t .,.'t'l'll t."fbfD"
3. tml\. They cut off the vanguard from the
main body of the troops. h11"7,.;'t tnC b1'
<;ID" tnC tmll--1-
(be) cut off OD/"ODC -~"*~m
+I was cut off while talking to him on the
phone. fl-1:1\.f::'t fl"7t:>"I~ID" 1.11. OD/"DP
'1- ' -~"*~m
cut open
I. .,.f.f.. He cut the chicken open and re-
moved its gizzard. f P.C'1''t If'f." .,. P. oo
*f.lf1''t ' hfll"'
2. h.l.~m. We will have to cut the blister open.
ID? f*m~ID"'t "7'i'~'l' hllil't
cut out
I. -1-fll. He cut out drinking. DPtn'l' -1-fll
2. ot.Ctn hfll"'. I will cut out the picture.
1"611-'t 'fi.C..,.. hfll"'1'1\IJ-
(be) cut out -J-4.1\4.1\
The churches of Lalibela are cut out of solid
rock. fl\11.01\ t.f."qt--1- lt't f." *"''t f.,."-
114.11- ' <;'I'ID"
h.t.+-7~
*He is not cut out to be a teacher.
1\oPif''t -1-11'1'9' ' fi\ID"!I"
cut (through)
I. h*~m. He cut through the woods to get
281 cutting
home. O"'iltfD" ODI}bl:\ t.*Ctn fllf. IL
., '1q
2. ot.~m. He cut through the wood with a saw.
"l't.<l.'t floP;>11 ot.~tnfD"
3. hl:\1:. .,.,.,_ You have cut through the lining.
hll\Lil 111'1-'t .,.f.'li1'1:\
cut up
I. 'fl.~tn. Cut it up in four pieces! bt..l--1- .,....
~til ....
2. 1t"'tnl\. The maid cut the chicken up
A
to make the chicken sauce. "ll..tl.fJ tD"l"
""F<!--1- P.C'1''t 1t"'mll:f
[See also 'groove, loose, short, throat, tooth']
cut (n.)
I. 41111:\. The cut is nearly healed. <flitll- 11.1'."
't ' !l"'t!l" ' hl:\.,.~fllo!l"
2. f-1-'fl.~m. He held out his hand and showed
me the cut. :!.7t't HC"I-f f-J-ot.~tnfD"'t h
ltf't
3. ( ~ to cut) """'tit. A cut in expenditures
is necessary if we are to avoid bankruptcy.
:l.'tJI'tbitC ' b-J-LI\1 ID"'-..':f't't """'tit
hit.l.l\'1. ' tiD"
cutbacks, make
*Many factories made cutbacks when their
orders were canceled. -fill" 'i-il6ltl":f 1i
,..,_.. ' ll..,.'tit ' f"'L"'<I-1''ffD"'t ' :!.:J>l":f ' oflq
-1- .,.HI
cute ff.it f.it .I'll"'"
She is a cute little girl. ff.it f.it ,1'1\-l- 1:\
7h~f." ' t:f
cutlery f:!.:J> """'""-"~""' """16,1'
The best cutlery is made in Germany. 9"C'1'
flf'.,.T f:!.:J> OD'fl.o!-~"'l OD"!6,1'9':f f
"'1."''1-T )';COD't h1C tiD"
cutlet 1>-J-1\t
I like my cutlet well done. !>-J-Ilt f!l"fllf.fll<
IIIII:\ ' 11.1:\ ' tiD"
cutoff
I. t.*.l-.,.. Let's take the cutoff to Harar!
fllf. .n~c f"''.fllltf.ID"'t t.*.~o.,_.. :t.'t.l'11
2. OD.I.f."'L,,'. The cutoff date for this project
is in two weeks. OrJoll:t- IJ:MT 'l..tL d.J-/1:
'I' ' fH.II ' TC':(ll-1- ' OD.I.f."''.,l' ' f-11'<;'1:\
cutting f"'Ltlt
He prefaced his speech with some cutting
cycle 282 cypress

remarks about the principal. R't"'"'-1- ,.,.,R. H-). RfM"II rJ-11'1- o-~+ ,_.,...,.&.A
1 11.1'- 'l..&.hi"-1-'t f"'Uit All.,.If+ lim *There is a cycle of stories about the adventures
cutting board ouh+d..f of King Arthur. 1111 't.,.F AC-t:C f lhf.tJJ
They slice the meat on a cutting board. + :J-<Ih 11,. .,.h:J-:J-1'- :J-<II>ll' .,.,..
F :>ID"'t DDh.,..&.J' ill'- f.h'l-4-11-
4.1'A
cuttlng edge 1111'1-
cynical .,.m&-<'1<1
Be careful of the cutting edge of the knife!
He is a very cynical person. Afto fllllr .,.m
fR.11.1'1D"'t 1111+ .,.m't.,.:,.
6-IIJ6 I {l(D I ~ID-

cycle o-~+
The epoch is reckoned in cycles of 52 years. cypress ['1'-': f"'l.-IIA ~'i!)
dab 283 damnation

dab (dabbed) 4'<1fl d ai 5 fff-4."J I OD+OD- I il~&-

The girl dabbed her face with powder. All'1~'1. The Emperor was sitting on a dais with a lion
-1> .1.;1:1 0'1'.(-C 4'1JIJ:f by his side . .,.,.,.. ~11"-1> ~10/ltJJo") ~m1
q'f..,. ~.(-C1"'" ort-4-., .... .,. ......, II'I'll-
dabble
*My brother dabbles at painting. tD").(-"'1. ~
~f. .,..,.,.m..,. ~oc

AI:: ~AI:: P'~A f.F~A dally, - away ~flh~

He dallied away the afternoon. hl'l'\'1- 0:\
daddy M<l ~ ' ffltJJo") 1.U ~flh~
Children often address their father as daddy.
IJI}f.:f oflrt- 1.U ~IJ;l"'ftJJo") ~IJIJ ~~ dam (dammed), v. 1f..O
tr f.mll-tr They dammed the river with rocks and clay.
tD1rt-10.(-");Jf.'i'OWh~1f..~
dagger""IL
The man was killed with a dagger. (ltJJo\1-tJJo dam (n.) "1.(-11
f.,_1f..fltJJo ' O""IL ' ~"'" The dam is broken. "'.(-~ .U:!t.A

daily (n.) Of4'). f"''.:J".,.I"' ;JU"' damage (v.) ~o~w

There are three dailies in this city. OlllJ
h.,_"7 tJJol'l'l' Of4'). f"''.:J".,_ ... !Pil-l- ;J "'&f..,.,
UIP:f' ~fr
dally (adj.)
I. fM'l-. The "Los Angeles Times" is a daily
newspaper. 11-11 ~"))!fill :J"f.l"'il fM'l-
;JU"' ' ~..,.
2. ( ~ adv.) nf4').. That is a daily occurrence
around here. f.U ~H.U Of4'). f"''.f..~"'
~"'"
dally(adv.)
I. 04'1. The mail is delivered twice daily.
f..ofi'IIL on u-ll'l- 1.U f.:J"f..~A
2. OfM'l-. The announcements of deaths
and marriages are published daily by the
newspaper. n'i' ~~'i''l-1 ;Joflif'") f"'1.1All-
'l- OD"'ll"'il":f OfM-1> O;JU"'tJJo ~f. f.
tD"'ft-
dainty
I. liMII. She was dressed in a thin, dainty
dress of blue. llll'i' liMII fll'~ 1'1"71'1!
4'"'1.11 ll1111 ~oc
2. 0"19" :,09"'1'A. She is dainty about her
eating. 11'1-o~ 0"19" :,09"'l'A 'i''l-
dairy farm fh11'1- CfL "'!Lf
They started a dairy farm in Debre Zeit.
Of..ofl~ Hf.'l- fhofl'l- CfL "'!Lf Ml* ...
The storm damaged the roof. '\tJJoll- ~4-11
~o~w....
damage (n.) .,..o;'l- l '1'4-'1-
How much damage has_ been done 1 ,.,. 1
UA .,..o;'l- f..~(l 1
His appraisal of the damage was less than fifty
dollars. ff..~(lfDo") '1'4-'1- ,,...,.,...,. b.-,9"/1
11C YM ~.(-C"l ~..,.
damagesltll I fm.f.
He had to pay damages in the automobile
accident. ~f..~(ltJJo f~tJJo.,..,.fLA ~f..;J ltll
(Ym4-tJJo1) ""h.I.A ~o<:o'l-
damn
I. hoH(.,.hoH). Verily I say to you: the trans-
gressors of God's law will be damned. ~..,.~..,_
~~:f:\llu- ~"'H.~ofldo.C .h"' f"''.'l'il
f.ho~'i'A
2. .l.~f..(O'l-). God damned the Sodomites to
everlasting punishment. ~"'H.~ofldo.C 01'11'-"7
tJJof") ~f. fHll'\lll"' :,0"1'1- .l.~f..IJ'ftJJo
3. ~...~~. All critics damned the play . .,.;r.,.~
... ,.. OQ.'f';l"tJJo") ~~,..
damnation
*The priest preached concerning the damnation
of sinners. .,.... ..,m.~.,.'l':f ~1-'l.ho~).
~~~.,..,~
damned 284 dank

damned (adj.) f-1-h-H dancing .11111

The wailing of the damned souls is well Her dancing was the big attraction in the show.
described iu this poem. f-1-h-H'I- 1 )'i'/t'l- 1 fl'I-Cl\....., I '1.11. I fl"J!I" I f"t "7CbaJo I fi). I

.uo'li'l- I RIUJ I "1'1'9" I ll.l'."HI I -1'1A!I.A .111(1 I )flC

damp (v.) dandle ii~ofl 1 ii~ofl 1 h.l'..:1

I. lvi'H-I>H. Continued failures damped their The mother dandled the baby on her knees.
enthusiasm. ofiH- 1 1.11. 1 4,1'./t>t~:f.,. 1 oo~;: 1\t;'l-\'"aJo I A~1 I ll'l-AII:t I ~.... 1\.(-C;> I
. , I .....,.,....'1'.,.1 I l\oJ>H-I>HaJo ii~ofl I ii~ofl I J\.l'.t:1":f-IJJo
2. 'Pm. The many rugs iu the room damped the dandy [Ill\ 1 l\AQII/1- 1 (lA 1 ooAh- 11"19" f"'L
sound. llh'i'll- 1 aJo{I'J' 1 Yll-'1- 1 ofiH- 1 O;>ll" m)oJ>~ 1 (laJo]
jP":f- I ~1/-1 I 'Pm-'1-
danger
damp (adj.) l\C'I'ofl I. 1\.l'.;>. The doctor says she is out of danger
He wiped the window with a damp cloth. now. doh.... 1 hl\1"1.11.11 1 >t.l'.;> 1 oo'l-t::J,1 1
OD{I!>ofo1 I fll\C'J'ofl I .U.C~ I aJI\aJI\IJ)o -J-<;1<:
get damp -t-mt:H Caution! Danger! -l-m1-l>~ 1 1\.l'.;> 1 l\11
Everythiug gets damp iu the cellar. 119".(-C 1 IL 2. M11;')'1-. He was alive to the danger of
'!- I IJJo{I'J' I Yl\ I )1C I IJ-1\- I ,l'.a>t:lfA the situation. Ill\ 1 v-~:1".,. 1 M1'i')'l- 1 , . , .
~I )flC
dampen 3. ( ~ adj.) M1l;'. A careless driver is a danger
I. aJo;) 1 1\Ch.l.h.l.. She dampened the clothes to the public. "'.l'..l\"11 1 H( 1 l\ih11flo 1'..1'.1
before ironing them. boo-t-11-il. 1 11.1.'1- 1 Aofl I;' I )fDo
/1-1 I IJJo;) I l\Cb.l.b.l.":f-fl'l-
apprehend danger 0~"11
2. l\&-11. The child dampened the hand. A guilty man appreheods danger in every
kerchief with his tears. A)l: 1 oudot:ll-1 1 11 sound. a>1)';AI;' 1 hii 1 QA 1 4<'1'C 1 ,l'.llt:"';>A
J\1QIJJo I 1\.tl-{IIJJo
be in danger of hll;>(aJo)
3. 1\-I>H-I>H(II'I-). He dampened their joy by
telliug them of the money that they would He is in danger oflosing his job. P' &-aJo1 l\1
have to pay. 11Hofl 1 ooh.I.A 1 l\1.111\Q:faJo 1 .IIY"' I YII:>'PA
)"'C' 1 .l'.{l:f":faJo"t I 1\oJ>HoJ>HQ:faJo [See also 'court']
dangerous
dampness C'I'II'I- I. l\.l'.11;'. Is it dangerous to swim here?
The dampness of the climate decayed the books.
J'f'i- 1 C'l'll'l- 1 ODK'.ht::'ll"t 1\mt:lf:faJo Ml.ll I """''"" I M11;' I )IJJo 1
2. 1>11'1.. This disease is dangerous for babies.
,1'.11 I flii:f" I 1\iJ.ft;'l- I 1'.(11. I )fDo
dance (v.)
I. .P.M. They danced until midnight. l\{lh 1
dangle (vt.) hmlfmH
MI-A I 11.11.'1- I .l'.)/1-
The boy dangled his legs over the edge of the
2. .U..I.t:. The villagers danced to celebrate rock. A)l: 1 lt'1'1' 1 ~,1'. 1 -t--l>ll"lfl ; l\"'C''Il"t 1
the marriage. .....,.l'.t:>f"'fi 1 ;>ofliJ'aJo"t 1 A"7hll hmlfa>H
C~L~
dangle (vi.) -t-1mA'I'II- 1 -t-mlfmH
dance (n.) We found his corpse dangliug at the end of a
I. H.l.1. We are goiug to see the dances put tOpe. ~.,..6)- I fi10D..("- I +"JtnA.'J'I\- I I\,IDifDJ1J I
on by the Ethiopian Patriotic Association. MT)aJo
nt..'l-1'-kY 1 ih11ofl 1 nc
1 'i'~c 1 .,..,nc 1 *He dangled the promise of promotion before
f-I-H;>)';fDo1 I Hoi.1 I At;,l'. I l\1~.111\1 his eyes. f"76.:"1 I l\.(-1'1- I of-(11, I h't'tfDo
2. .11111. He invited his girl frieod to the dance.
aJ-'1)1":1 I 1\.111(1 I ;Jfllf'l- dank Mlf
The dank air of the swamps is bad for your
dancer .P.t;"ii health. flt:"'t:'l- I ~,1'. I Yl\aJo I 1\lflf I hfC I 1\
He is a good dancer. 'l"io 1 .l'.t;"li 1 )aJo tn.'i m'1:t- ~
dapple 285 dash

dapple 'fM.c"H: (be) in the dark 1\1>..,.)1/:m-!1"

A dapple horse makes a handsome mount. As usual, he was in the dark about our plans.
'fM.c1-C 1./:ll fi>Cif' hil'l- f.dl"''f'i>. ll'tf..,.(IODf.m- 11"1-.ll:f't 1\1>..,.)1/:IJJo!l" )OC

dare darken
I. Y-1.1:. I did not dare leave the baby alone. I. 1\""fl"". He darkened the room to develop
ih!'l't ilif'liVt '1-:f (IOO't.Y: 1\i>..I'.I.Ch-9" his photos. G:-l'dVt tl"'lmil h'i'll-'t 1\""fl""
He dared to tell his boss the idea was no good. 2. lfl.). Clouds darkened the sun . .I'.OD'i" 9
1\lj(J- ' 'No ' 1\(IOOIJ"'I-'J ' llfl?m- ' f.'i'C:' .,.'i"1/: ..hf.'l''t lfl.'i"'l-
2. .,..111.1:. He will dare any danger. "7't"'l1Vt 3. l\m4t.t:. The sun darkens the skin. 9..hl',I
9" )1C f-.111.&-1>. 4'.11') ltn.,...&-1>.
3. OY:'i'/:'1- .,.'i"1<':. He exposed his chest and 4. \>.fl. She darkened her eyelashes. t Y:!l. 't
dared the enemy to shoot him. Y-1:-l>'t 1i>.iltn \>.ti:Y.
mll-l>'t. .,_li"ll Wtl OY:'i't:'l- .,_'i"1<':
darkness Al>tl"'l
dare someone AF.U~
Darkness is absence of light. al.tl"'l fi!C
He dared me to jump over the stream. m"trt-'t '1'1 1\(IOD'l"C )m-
Hi>.\1. II'JY:lf1C 11.1'.4-l.t:'S
be in darkness Q;l.AoP
dark (n.) The room was in darkness. h~& ,;D.&\'f'l
I. ""fl"7. The road is hard to find in the )OC
dark. ""fl"'l m-IlT ""'t1JI.'t "'l"l'f'l- J!ll
'1'"1&-A darling ilc"l-
2. "7;J-. He works from dawn to dark. ht!l.'l- He is his mother's darling. AIJ-If oflC~ i'DJo
llllh "'l:J- f.U'&-1>. *My darling children! f!l"m.II:Y.IJ- t>.]I:'Ji I
3. 009"lf'l-. The workers tried hard to finish
darn m+oP
before dark . .,&-.,.'l''Jl boa9"lf-t> O.l.'l-
Did you darn my socks? II"IC lf.&-O.'t m<t
(100 . . ./:ll 0"19" "'""
9"11 l
*Don't keep me in the dark! 11>.1111 't1t:'S
dark (adj.) dart, - a glance
I. ToJIC. His skin is very dark. ""i>.h- 0"1!1" He darted a glance at me. 'if.'I-'t "'I>. 1\Y.
'1'41C )m- <':1il'S
2. ""fl"'l. A night without a moon is dark. dart after .,.h'l-11- .,.l..,.tlb
al.l:? fol.ti:Y.O'I- ol./1.'1- al.tl"'l )m- The dog darted after the rabbit. ,.'If,. T't
I couldn't find a thing in this dark room. 1111.11 '1'!1.'t .,.h'l-11- .,.l..,.tlb
Al-(1"'1 h'i'i>. m-IlT !l"'t'l" )1C 111'S Ill>. dart an angry glance at 11\oPm
il'i>.h-!1" She darted an angry glance at her sister.
3. "f!'i>.!l" !fl. We had to go through a dark ll'r;J:'t 1110dtnif''l-
passage. "J!'t>.!l" llfl """"llfl.l.1 "7tl'i' )0/:il't dart away ifDPmm
4. m'II.Cot.c .!!fl. It is a somber room with dark The deer saw us and darted away. 1\:>H'I-
furniture. Oh'i'll- 1tlm- fO.'I- II? mot.c
1\.ffi ' lfODtnffi
4t.C 1fl llfiiT) h'i'll- f.hil.lli>.
5. "f!'tl"7. Things looked dark for him. "'l't"' dash (vt.)
m-!1" )1C "J!'tl"'l IJ")O'f- I. 1\11:>. The waves dashed the boat against
6. 1/l\.l'.oo-t. I don't like dark colors. 11>. the rocks. '1"1JI. )';i>.IIIJJo't hl\tl'l- :>C
,_,...,. <ttl!l" 1\i>.dlY:'/" 1\ll:>m-
dark brown m,er 2. Y-4-. We dashed water over him. 0111' llf.
Her complexion was a lovely dark brown. m-;) ' Y.'i-'JO'I-
oat>.\>. mf.!l"'i" .I'.II f"''..i>. ) oc 3. hl'lhll. The angry child dashed a cup to
dark~-
the floor. f.,.'i".I'..I'.IJJo 1>.)1: {l.tdVt dltl
get dark, grow
II- llf. b(lb(lm-
In summer it gets dark late. 00:> H"IU
dash (vi.)
""""'"'"'
It began to grow dark. ODAlofl!l" )';oat; I. .,.....1'.1.. When he dashed across the street,
dash
he almost got killed by a car. OD't1'1.'t fiOD
"1.<'.'1' ll..l'ltC'I' ""h.'i',. fi.1Y:ll,. ~fie
2. 1-1.1-llh. He dashed to safety. &-a-'t ll"''
'l't II.A 1-1.1-llh
dash by 1-1.'1-AI> l>lll.
They dashed by in a car. fiODh.'i' 1-1.'1-Ah
..... 1>114-
dash (one's) hopes 1-1'14- l>h'IL<:mfDo
The boss dashed my hopes for promotion.
l>li:J'\1- lll'..<'.-1'1- .l'll'h 1-h4- l>h'IL<:m'S
dash off (vt.) fl'l':.1.,1' X"&: llh
He dashed off a letter to the director. liP'&-
OD(.fDo ' fl'l':.1.,1' ' .<'.ofl.llfl. ' X"&: ' lib
dash off (vi.) 1-'t.<'.CY:C' IIJ"'
llefore I could answer, he dashed off. ODAh
bODhm..... fi.I.'J- 1-'t.<'.CY:C' ' IIJ"'
dash to bits hl'lhl'l
He dashed the bowl to bits on a rock. 1-Y:'I-'1
,.., ....,.., hY:'t;>,l'. 1>;>"1/'.,. hl'lh(lfDo
dash (n.)
I. "11'<:'1-. Put a dash after the first word!
bOD)';OD(.,I'fDo ' :J'A ' fl:\11 ' "1/'<:'J- ' />J':C"'
2. Y:?".,.-1-. Mary always adds dash to a party.
"U IJ-A'I.H. ll;rCof:fDo :9".,.'1- '1-hm
1'li:Y..
a dash of'l-'til
Put a dash of salt in the salad I M"'fDo 11,1'.
'1-'til .U.fDo I>Y:C"'fl-1-
make a dash OC1i C"m
At the cry "Fire!", they all made a dash for
the door. l>ll'l- f"'l.A ""1i'l- fl(l-
"l.tL I IJwtr'r I OC118Jo I tDJ! I flo;.. C"tno
dashing .l'lrfl<:.,.
She wears a dashing costume . .l'lrfl<:.,. Aofl
h lloflllli:Y..
date (v.)
I. .,.).') l\1.. Do not forget to date your
letters! fl.<'.ofi'IIIJP'Il 11.1'- .,.).') ""ll'i'
1>'1-Cll
2. 6Y:"'L ow.,. I 6Y:"'L 1-'i'1<:. He dated
the tree by counting the rings in its trunk. fq4-
'l I hofl I ODJPOOC I fiDDODAh-l- I ftf.,."J I
6Y:"'L OIIJ.,.
Can you date that castle? fHJ't -n-a iJ
Y:"'L A'l-'i'1C '1-":fllliU l
3. 1-W-'1)';. Our relations are somewhat strain-
ed because he found out I am dating his worst
enemy's sister. fl"'9" mllofl hll'~ (lfDo
286 dawn
1>1'1- ;>C ODIIJ-'1)';.....') hi\IIJ.,. , '1.<'.>;'~;1-:fo
't lfh.,:A
*The oldest house in town dates from the
17th century. flh-t-1 fDoh'l' h"'l.1"t''l- 11.
.,.:y.. IJ-11-. 'l"t;l-1!~'1- ,l'(lfDo. ,I'I"&- (lq-1-l;'
fDo ' h'i'fl ' ftOD') ' .ft')l\ ~fDo
*The letter is dated June 6th. .<'.ofl.llll.fDo f-1-l\
.l.fl-1- n h~ hY:h-1- ,I'.IIA
date (n.)
I. n. What is the date today? q"- .,.). h't
'1- ~ .... ,
The date of Lincoln's birthday was February
12, 1809. fl.'ti>A't f-1-IDll.<'.fl'l- n fiJ-1:-'1-
n I;iifli ' 9". ~ ....
2. '1.11.. The date of the meeting was advanced
from April to March. fhof!(lq,. '1..11. h"'l.
,1'11,1' ID.<'. DD.:>fl-'1- l>'t.II,.,.Cofl I +.<'.C'IA
3. HDD't. At that date, there were no airplanes.
fiiU' HDD't />fDoC'"I'II'I':fo I>A~fl~9"
4 .,.mC'. I have a date for lunch today. q"-
f9"ll .,.mC' l>llofi'S
5. 1-V'C. How much are dates by the pound?
l>'tY: ;rfDo'tY: 1-9"C h't-'1- ~,. l
[be out of date .,.). l>lll.(fl+)
Short skirts are out of date. 1>"1/'C .,."'Lh
.,.). I>A&:fi;I-A
to date l>hM"- I l>hiJIJ-'t
We have not beard from him to date. l>hM"-
(l>hiJv-'t) ha- 9"'t9" fl'l"7~fDo ~1C fll9"
daub .,.q
She daubed salve on his burnt finger. f-1-:J'm
(lfDo') ..., ...., +q+ .,.q:Y..ll+
daughter ll.+ A)!:
He bas two sons and three daughters. 11-ll-'1-
ID'tP.:fo A]l.:fo'i' l"h-'1- M:fo A]l.:fo 1>11--'1-
daughter-in-Jaw fA)!: "'Lh+
My daughter-in-law comes to visit me once a
month. fA'( "'Lh+ fiiDC l>'tY: 1.11.
l>f"""':Y. +m.l'-.,.'1li:Y.
daunt 1-1'14- I>M<:m
Even the risk of death did not daunt him.
f'l"-'1- ' />.<'.;> ' f"'l,,';J'J'IIDfDo ' ODIJ')o') ' "7
,.,. l>'t\>,'t 1-h4- l>llh.,<:mfDo9"
dawn (v.)
I. ~.:>. The day was just dawning when we
left. I;>;' fi~Y:'t '1..11. 1'i' ao');>ofo tfiC
2. 1-)';0D<:. A new era of peace is dawning.
l>.ll.ll fl\119" HDD't ""J':- tfDo
dawn
dawn on l-11111(11-l-)
It finally dawned on me what he meant.
,..., ' "711-to ' )."}S:If~ ' hY:t: ' .,.1111111\'t
dawn (n.)
I. "};>-l-. Don't come before dawn! b"};>-l-
RoL-l- ' ),"}JI-l-OD"'
2. tp.-l-. He works from dawn to dark. btp.-l-
Mtb "7;1- f.ov6-ol\
3. oub.l.il'. The invention of the airplane
marked the dawn of a new age. fha>-t:TII"}
OD.I.ol\11'1! ' J'J!.il o HOD"} o ODh.l.iJ' If~
dawn of history
Man lived in caves before the dawn of
history. :;1-&h bou;t-m.,. RoL-l- {Ia>- R'l'
If m-11"1' f.'l'c ~nc
at dawn 1-.lt 11.4'Y:
We had to get up at dawn. 1-.lt 11.4'Y: -~..,
-l-hMn
at the crack of dawn 1-ih r I\+~
We got up at the crack of dawn. 1-.lt 11.4'Y:
.,.~..,,
day
I. 4'"}. I will finish the book in three days.
ODJI"do4-"} ' RIPII-l- ' .,, ' )."'CII'I'IIII-
He has been sleeping all day. 4''1-"} ,_II-
.,.'t.,. ' 'I'll
2. M-l-. The day he entered college was a
big day in his life. folio~ f1qn:,. 4'"} R.ltf.
moJo ;t-1\:t- M-l- ~RC
3. 1.U. He was the best writer of his day.
fl"LH.tJJo hou ~ A.dt4.. toe
*Let's call it a day! M.:. .I'AI"''
*Colonialism has had its day. f'l>'t h1~11
HOD"} ' hoi\G:R;f-oll.
day after day R~;> Rmq l Of4''l-
Day after day, he tells us the same story.
R~.:> nmq n'l- ;t-&h S:.:>"'l'l" f.~"'l.'..'Ooll.
Day after day, he returned to the same place.
Of4''). ' MU' ' (1;1- ' .,.ODI\1111
(the) day before b-l-<;)-l-'i' di'I.J'
It had rained the day before. b-l-<;)-l-'i' m
J!.J' H"}ll ~nc
day by day h4'"} ms: 4'"} l Rf4'').
Day by day, his condition is improving.
b4'"} mS: 4'"} (Of4''l-) o-~:;1-m- M.,.
IfII f.Y.J!ol\
day in, day out i'.? mQ
They fed us beans day in, day out. ~.:>
q4111 J'OII-"} ~ nc
287 daydream
day off fb-1:'1!-l- 4'"}
Sunday is the government workers~ day off.
IIOD"}"'lP"-l- u>6-.,.'l'':f- ).d>Y: fb-1:'1!-l- 4'
") I i'aJo
by the day
I. b4'"} ms: 4'"}. He gets fresher by the
day. -Roll."'l'i'a>- b4'"} ms: 4'"} ).fq(l f.'/.Jiol\
2. 04'"} do.<\-11. You can rent this room by
the day. f.U"} h'i!ol\ 04""} do.<\11 ol\-l-b6-
f. -l-':f-1\IIU
(the) following day RO~;>m- 1 R.,"'lP"-Io
He tried to conserve his strength for the big
test the following day . .,.oi\0-Jo"} OO~;>m- II
"''J'..1:1a>- -l-111.'1> .,_.,..,. IIOD'fl;m-R .1.111
The following day it rained. O.,"IP"-to H~R
for days on end 1\ofl,.. r +'iT
They altercated in the senate for days on end.
O.lt"'l oum(l'f l"'hC IL-l- 1111,. 4''i'-l-
.,....? ....,.
from day to day h.,.'l mF.. r +'l
It is getting worse from day to day. b4'"} m
s: ' .,, ' ),fq(l ' f.Y.J!ol\
one of these days h'l.(- +"J
I will drop by your house one of these days.
h"}Y: 4'"} ).IL-l-U -11'1> ).1\1111-
some day 1t."J_e. r ....-t
Some day I will visit you. h"}Y: 4'"} ).mf.
:t-71111-
the other day 04'S:I"' 11-l-
,..,.,.
1 met him the other day. 04'S:I"' 11-l- h1
these days {l'f"')."}
Prices are very high these days. (l'f"')."} 'I'.:>
0"11"'' b'i!' 11!1.11\
this day n~.:. .... ' .,,
Where were you this day last year? QltLm-
"tou-l- n~.:...,. .,, f-l- ~nch 1
[See also 'all, better, break, carry, few, fine,
former, next, night, one, other, preceding,
rainy, reckoning, registration, same, spend,
tomorrow, very, yesterday']
daybreak, at ~
I. .,11-'1. He always gets up at daybreak.
o-oi\1.U .,11-'1 f.~'"lol\
2. 1-.lt 11.4'Y:. We reached the city at day-
break. 1-.lt 11.4'Y: bh_,..,..,. Uil"}
mq daydream
I. Odo<'l11 qb~. Toomanystudentsdaydrearn
daylight
when the teacher is talking. 1\ll+"'lt.IJJo (L<;1
C iiH- +"'lt.IP':fo Rmllofl ~flh'OII-
2. Rmllofl -t-<;mH. A faraway look in her eyes
showed that she was daydreaming. 119"
ill\ 1\:,.tt~ "'lf:t R.hllofl oP<;m11 Y
oPI\h;hl\
daylight ft'J oflcfi
The light of a lamp is not as good as daylight.
f'l-'l'll of!Cfi ll't.O:. 4"J of!Cfi l\~lf't9"
at dayllsht "l-.la (L+.<:.-
He was up at daylight. "l-.la (L+.<:.- -1-~P'
.,. ~nc
before dayllsht P.h~ 11:,.m"1
He started on his road before daylight.
P.h~ 11:,.m"1 ""'t1JI.'t ~"".:
[See also 'broad']
day student -~'""1111"11 T"'lt.
He is a day student at the Menilek School.
011"1"'1'1! 9"~~h :,.?"uc:,. IL:,. -J-oPI\1\
"li -1-"'lt. ~,.
daze
I. 1\I.HH. A blow on his head dazed him so
that he could not find his way home. ~11-'t r
-J-oP;J-IJJo MI.HHIJJo IL-l< "".t:.'t:ll 1\:J-.f:,.
~nc
2. M~HH. The news of his friend's death
dazed him. f~.O:.'O'IJJo '1":,. 1\.0:.~HHIJJo
be dazed LHH
His meaningless gestures showed that he was
dazed by the blow. :,.c.,.,. fii.I\IJJo l\'t:J-11
.!l'/I.IJJo R?"-1< fi.HH oPifl<o't 1\oPI\h-1'
dazzle
I. 1\"l"Rt:R.:. Looking straight into the sun
dazzled his eyes. m.o:. Bm\< {LoPI\b:,.
't~l<o't 1\"l"Rt:Rt:IJJo
2. 1\ll.<:.~+. Her singing dazzled us. HI.). 1\
ll.<:.t+'t
deacon 11..1'4''t
The deacon serves in the church. 11..1'4''t IL-l'
hCM:n IJJoil'l' Y,l\"111~
dead (n.) oo-:,. (pl. -:t-'t)
They buried the dead. -:t-'t't +R'I-
in the dead of the nlsht OIJJo.t:.-:J>:,.
It happened in the dead of night. flf~,. R
,.N:,. ~,.
dead (adj.)
I. f'l"-1'. A dead person was found behind
288 dead
the hotel. 1\'t.t:.' f'l"-1' lliJJo 0111:11- ~c
fl -t-1T
Latin is a dead language. llof:'t f'l"-1' lin
llf ~,.
2. r.o:..:+. The dead leaves swished in the
wind. r.o:..:.,.n :J>mll-':f- ~'1-11- 1\'tltll'
ltll''I'IJJo
3. 'i'll-?". After his speech, a dead silence en-
sued. hll- 't"I"IC R:\11 'i'l\.9" 11'1';1-
~nc
4. 0"19" +11.!l'~. The party was dead so
I went home early. ;rCof;IJJo 0"19" +11-"'~
llMRC 0'1.11. m.O:. IL1: .<:.-11-
dead matter om
A rock is dead matter. ll/'1''1 R.t:.-'t ~,.
dead (adv.), ~ certain 'ill\.?" liC"Im'O'
I am dead certain that I put it here. l\11.11
ll'tllil+DD'J'b-:,. 'i'l\.9" l\C"Im'O' ~'1
be dead tired ...:,.:,. oflll- .O:.hDD
He is dead tired after his long trip. h.:'fr-
.,..,. R:\11 _,.,. illl- .<:.h'l" ~nc
be dead
I. '1"-1'. His father is dead. 1\fl-1< 'l"of-'1'~
2. m'l-. The fire is dead. l\11-1< m~~
3 .<:..:+. The flowers in my garden are dead.
fl:,.h~:,. 11;1-llo IJJoil'l' Y~ 1\Rfi!P:f .0:.
c+'f'~
be (a) dead -n +H+H
Summer is often a dead season except in
,. .'"'""'" .~,.
businesses. OR.:> '1.11. h't'1.<:.' Rll-t-+c IJol\-
be half dead
1. 0.<:.-'t If~. He was half dead with fright.
0.<:.-'t.:>m. 0.<:.-'t If)
2. _,.,. 1\11. The beggar was half dead
from hunger. 11"7~ Rt:'MI ...:,.:,. oflll-
~nc
be pretty dead '1"-1'
That meeting was pretty dead. Y llofl(lf] f
'1"-t- ~nc
become a dead letter 'I'.:> A"'
After the legal reforms, this law became a
dead letter. a."l:f h-t-ll'll'll- IIJJI.II .eu
<h"l ' '1'.:> A"'
fall dead ...:,.:,. All
I worked all day and fell dead with exhaustion.
liP'~ - R.t:.-IJ9" - A~b-
0The bunter fired, and the lion fell dead at
his feet. All~ Ttt{l A'tRIIIJJo't "11\IJJo
deaden 289 deal

go dead of-!1/ ~~~~ be deaf to I\Ail"71"'

During the storm, the telephone suddenly He was deaf to warning of danger. Ill\ 1 1\f...:> 1

went dead. ll"7b011- 1 "1.11. 1 IIAIJ. 1 0~1-1'1- 1 f"''..llllllll""1- I "7/11111-.,.<J:.!' I 1\ol\{1"7!1"

of-!11~111 turn a deaf ear
[See also 'broke, earnest, faint, strike1 *He turned a deaf ear to my request.
l).,.Cofll\'f- I flJIM I }(f: I J'./1111'1 I 1\1\
'I',., 1

deaden
I. 1\S'.. )HH. The drug deadened his pain. deafen 1\f..)..,~
OD~;)tofo I P':l'f.1- I 1\f..)HHII'I- The noise is deafening. """li-fo 1 /f..).-..&-A
2 .,.)ll. Heavy curtains will deaden street be deafened f..) ..~
noises. lll'i'&-1"' 1 uo .:>~"li 1 hou1-1-'l.. 1 f"''.. He was deafened by the blast. OL1-)[lll"" 1 ~
0DIIJIJl""1- I ~6 I J'.n{)ol\ !1"6 I f..) ..~
dead end """'""'"' 1 fl\.1\lll"" deafness ~1-.,C<;
There are many dead end streets in this city. Deafness is a disability for a musician. ~1-c
MI..U I h-1-"7 I lll""/1'1' I illl"" I ODID"""'i I fM'f <; I .....If...,.,...,. I f{l<;h'\ol\
Ill"" I OD1-1J'..":f I 1\1\-
deal (dealt), v.
deadline f"""'-~lf 1 .,..,. I. T1'i"f. He deals directly with the company.
The teacher gave the student a deadline for hh-111-IID"" I .:>C I 0.,.'1':1"" I f.1<;'i'A
the composition. llitT"76tD- +"7l:at- ..e-c(t-J: 2. of-<;1~ l 1\llll). History deals with the past.
1- I f"''..J'.,.CofiO'f-1- I fOD"'-~If I .,..,. I IJJ(l) ;l""&h I 11'11\L I )1C I J'-<;1&-A
deadlock This book deals with the Italian invasion.
*Employers and strikers were at a deadlock. J'.l) I ODK""dt'i' I /11\ I IIJol\11- I Ill~,!. I flllo')ol\
IP.!-of->:''f;!l" I I\1P&jP'f;9" I I\1-01C9" I 1\1\- 3. T"lllll. That man is easy to deal with.
hlf..IJ I (liD"" I ,;>C I OD"'IIII'f- I " ' " " ' I )Ill""
deadly (adj.) 4. "11-"f.)'f- 1 l\f..~1. He is diplomatic in dealing
I. f"''..1~A. Typhus used to be a deadly With people. hlllll"" I ;>C I .,.,."f.)'f- I (l.ff..C
disease. of-11(1 1 f"'1..1~A 1 O'ii:l"" 1 )OC " ' I HY.'i' I )Ill""
2. f-1-"7~~- The deadly enemies have a fierce 5. "JatOD. Don't deal with him; he is very foxy.
hatred for each other. 0-1-"7~""" 1 1111.:>&-l":f.. 1 0"1!1" I of-1-lt-1\'i' I /11\IT) I h(l- I ;>C I 1\'f-"11119"
ODI}hol\ I fh~~ I 'J''\JI' I 1\1\ 6. """'""""' 1 l\1'f. Only an expert knows how
3. f.,.H.,.H. The dinner party was absolutely to deal with that problem. ll:f"l""" 1 """'""""' 1
deadly. fA&-'f- I "'ofi..,..IJl"" I 011J9" I f.,.H.,.H I f"'1..11'flll"" I OP'&-IIl"" I fiPI\111) I (liD"" I illl' I )Ill""
)OC deal in
*Her deadly pallor frightened us. l\1-f..<~.l) 1 ""
I. lfm. This garage deals in gasoline, oil, and
1Cm:l: 1 l\llf..)1m1- tires. f.ll 1 .:>&-'fr 1 o.1-11..1- 1 Hf.'l-<; 1 "'l"7 1 f.
deadly (adv.) if"'A
He is deadly serious. f1"'"""1- 1 )Ill"" 2. )1f... My uncle deals in coffee. 1\1-1: 1 fr<; 1

J'.)"I'IA
deadwood
I. "1."&-r:. The children are gathering dead- deal out 1\h<f..LII
wood for the fire. A}('6 1 11"71J'.. 1 "1."&-r: 1 The Red Cross dealt out food to the hungry
J'.l\:,0"71\- soldiers . .,.,_ 1 uoll.,.A 1 1\of-&-fr'l- 1 m;l""f..r:
2. 'I'.:> 1 fl\.1\lll"". He cut the deadwood from ";f I 9""1ofl I 1\h<f..LI\
his staff of advisors. II"71I&l"'6 1 DDI)hA 1 'I' deal with
,:> I fl\.'\'flll""1- I .,.){1 I. -1-H"" 1111(0'1-) How shall we deal with this
problem? J'-111- 1 :f"'c 1 l\1-S'.'I- 1 l\1-!1/!1/0DID""?
deaf f..1-.Jr: Deal with that problem yourself! .,..'lll1- 1 1\1-
He is completely deaf. '1'1\.1"' 1 f..1-.Jr: 1 )Ill"" of- I ,!./11) I "'IIO'f-
deaf-mute f..1-.Jr:<; 1 ~,o; 2. IH. The husband dealt fairly with his wife.
Her child is a deaf-mute. A;E-'1' 1 f..1-.Jr:<; 1 ~ 1111\flll"" I fl.'f-1'"1'1- I 0"'1..111 I J'.P..;f""ol\
,o; l)lll"" 3. ""~""~ He is dealing with the first question.

"

ft10'f.t1D~ft1Y) 'MJ'. RoPoPCoPC 'If.
t ....
deal with a problem +m+OD
How shall we deal with the problem of bring-
ing water to the city? mF.. h+"Y m-;5o 1\"7
MIJ-1- RM H.J'. 7tm+ll" ?
[See also 'blow']
deal (n.)
I. ""~Rff-1-. He made a lot of money on
that deal. RILU oa~Rff'l- ofltt- nnofl h
-~-~~-
2. m-A. They concluded the deal with a hand-
shake. m-11- h-1-.l.l\"" R:\'1 ll~ Ill\~
1-""IJRm-
He is a very crafty person, so dont make any
deals with him. R"'ll" 1-"lh-11,. llllll"t hll-
.:>C II""!II" m-A h:l"Y:C"'
3. P'&-. He will try to get the better of you
in every business deal you have with him.
hll- .:>C Rll";f-.t:C'Im- R"'i"l ...m-11" f"l
1: P'&- tU"I"'SU J'.'l"h&-A
4. f"I1Y: '1-J!J'.. The salesman clinched the
deal and went out to celebrate. hlflf"" f
"11.11-"I '1-J!J'. Lrl" IU'-11'1- ID"' hll
*Well, it's a deal. tmAII9" 1 1"11"'1"'1"1
a eood deal ..... ,.
He smokes a good deal. 1111- 1""0\A
a areat deal
I. ofltt-. I have worked a great deal on that
thing. RILU t~C 'If. ofltt- .<!.h"''.R:f"
1111-
2. R"'ll". He has aged a great deal lately.
h:J>Cofl 1.11. ID-'l_U R"'ll" t.caA
give a good deal R+'IA 'I'.:> Ifm
If you buy this radio now, I can give you a
good deal. J'.U"I ~I" hll-"1 oft+~~ R
+'lA 'I'.:> lllf'I'AVI\11-
dealer t.:>.J'.
The automobile dealer sold two cars today.
fhm--H"Illl- t.:>.J'. If.!. 11-11'1- oPh.'i"
!P:f lfm
[See also 'retail']
dealings
I. J'-11:1". His commercial dealings are being
investigated by the ministry. f"I1Y: J'-11:1"
m- R"''.tll-t:-1- a--c-e "" tm-
2. hY:&-1'1-. He is businesslike in all his
dealings. IJY:&-1_,. 11-11- +A"'<f. tm-
290 death
dear
I. 1-IDII~. Wbat a dear, little child he was!
li"I.J'.'I- 111 1-<DII~ A~ tRC
2. m-Y:. Ivory is very dear these days. ~.!.
Mlll'1' ..-ell UtiJ9" w-r: ~,.,.
He is a dear friend of mine. ID-F: =lF.~tc.
tm-
3. h'i'-1-'1. This was a dear price to pay for
our independence. J'.U II~~~~ :1-":f"l fhLA ~
m- h'i'-1-... 'I':> tRC
be dear to someone
His sister is very dear to him. ~"r'f:"J OIIJ
II" J'.<DII;f-A
oh dear!
I. <Dfm-. "Oh dear! I will be late today",
she said. <c mfm- i '1&..9" /.\ll"lf. )om-
M":fo
2. O'f.ofl. "Oh dear! I will be late today",
he said. O'f.ofl i ~<loll" AH~J'. tm- hll
dearest AIJ'I!
His dearest wish is to go to Ethiopia.
AIJ'I! '1''111> <D.<!. h.'l-l'"kf oP'/.J': ttJJo
dearly R"'ll"
He loved her dearly even though she was
not his mother. Mil" l\"1\>, ll'i".,. 11'1-11"
"Ill" R"'ll" J'.<DII'I- tRC
He would dearly love to get his money back.
nHR- flODI\1111'1- R"'9" J'.<DY: ~RC
He had to pay dearly for his mistake. R'l'<l-
1> R"'ll" 1111- M'l- .<!.~IIR'I-
cost (one) dearly .,....;:,. -\f. IIJAtD-
That mistake will cost you dearly. '1'<1-'1-u '1-11
'I- 'If. J'.'I'AVA
dearth l\'1'~'1-
There was dearth of food after the war.
biPC~-1> R:\'1 fll"111 l\'1'~'1- tRC
death
I. '1"'1-. His father's death saddened him
greatly. fiJ-I> '1"'1- R"'ll" h<\H~m-
2. DD'f"'l-. His death was announced in the
newspapers. OD'fP.., 1 fl.?ntiJ 1 .,..,lt.A
3. h".7.".7.'1-. Themysteryofhisdeath is unsolva-
ble. 1".7.".7._,."1 ll"llm.C 1\J.~IIR'I- hf.ii'AII"
4. a.J'.<D'I- OD'J'<f.'l-. Hitler is responsible for
the death of millions. R"''.II.M 11"'1.4<m-l-
II!P":fo .bf.m'l- DD'J'<f.'l- 1-mf-1: Y.'l-11
C I )fD-
5. liA-1:'1-. The calamitous journey ended in
deathbed
the deaths of the entire family. hll:J-4!,. 1-
P fiL-l- (Ill') rrtr 1.A4!'1- hllh-1-11
6. H.'i" b~'i''l-. The newspaper has a column
in which deaths are reported . ..?H.IIJaJo tL'i"
b~'i''l- f"'1.11111"0'1- 't9"J:- 1\llaJo
7. 'i'll"". The last war marked the death of
the empire. Yl\l..aJo /PC)T fOD'I"'I".,
'i'l\"" ' IT)
Don't work yourself to death! )'i'flll 1.!1
h'l-a>"' .1:-~ll 1\'l-l"tl-
(be) bored to death llM'(tD-)
+she was bored to death by the lecture.
'1"1"1~ 0"19" llA~'l- )OC
meet one's death ,..,..
The policeman met his death in the line of duty.
?"11.11- 0-1-"'q~ 1\f. 1.'1-'111 '!"of-
put to death 11.11 l 0Tf.T ~0~0(-1-~0~0)
The soldiers put the traitor to death. w:r~r:
'll hd,JI.IJJo'l 1~/r'l-
The sergeant was put to death this morning.
YV"II 1\1\:J-aJo ~"- tll.'l- 0Tf.'l- -1-~0~0
sentence to death f'l".-,. fi:C~ L~O.'I-
He pleaded for mercy, but the judge sentenced
him to death. 9"ih~'l- 1.'1.11.~~"111'1- 1\0D)
"1'1 Jl>;'aJo f'l"'l- 'i'CJ:- 1..~~0'1-
[See also 'break, choke, sentence, starve,
stone, violent')
deathbed
On his deathbed, he sent for his son. {l.J'"'T
C A~'l 1\ilmtl-
death penalty f'l"'l- 'i'C.I:"
His death penalty was revoked by the Emperor.
f'l"'l- 'i'CJI. O'I'NP )11"_,. -1-lf ~
death throes "1~'1"'1-
The old man was in his death throes when I
arrived. 1.~ ll~ll 'li"7"1/I.IJJo ' 0"1~'1"'1-
1\f, )OC
debark hooch-a w~~
The troops debarked in the dark. w:r~r:'ll
0""11"7 hDDCh-11 ' W~Jl.
debase h~hll
They debased gold by adding copper. owe.,.
1\f. ""-'~'" ooonH h~hll-'1-
debase oneself ,&.(to"} h"Pl.S!
He debased himself by cheating. 0"7'i"OCOC
tl-11-'1' h'l'~
debatable f"''.Yhtl-hC
The effect of tohaoco on health is a debatable
291 debt
question. '1-voqrr Om.'l)'l- 1\f. f"''.Y~
C(IIJJo 1-JI'l- f"''.Yhtl-hC )IJJo
debate (v.)
I. -1-htl-h~(O'l-). They debated the question for
hours. 1--'11''1 ~H9" Ill\ 'I.H. -1-htl-h~O'l-
2. oo~oo~. The mayor debated the property
owners' demands. h'l-l:q,. fqll '1-ll~.f-'f
"} I 'l".fttfl I 00{.00{.
debate with oneself }too);~'
I debated with myself whether or not to go.
A'f..l:" A:,0c 0"711'1- 1\oo):J-rr
debate (n.) hchc
The debate went on for hours. hCh"" 1lrt-
ll't'l- ' 1.."1'.
debating team fhChC 11-.1:-'1
The debating team came off with flying colors.
fhCh~ 11-.1:"'1 .1:-A'I -1-+JI"I'.
debauch 1\0IIlf
The life of the big city debauches the youth.
fh-1-"7 ).1: a>"'.f-'f'l YOII!fA
debilitate h~hoo
A humid climate debilitates one who is not
used to it. 1.CTO'l- YllaJo YfC '1-11~
'1- 111\oo~,. llaJo Y~h"7A
debit (v.)
Please debit Mr. Jones' account for $5.00!
O"''.ll-1-C ;li:'lil f.ll-IL d..ll-11 1\f, hV"
il'l- -IIC ""II"CO'l-
debris 'i'Ciltl-'li
The street was covered with debris from the
explosion. OD'11-'l- hi.'11(1JJo fof-)"1 0
'i'Ciltl-'li -1-lf'i''l' )OC
debt
I. b-'1. Is he still in debt? hrr'IV" b-'1 1\110'1- l
He is up to his ears in debt. 1.ilh 1\'11.,.
.1:-~il OM -1-aJotp.A
2. aJol\:t-. My debt to him for advice is not
easy to repay. 1\IJI..II'S V"hC IJJol\:}-aJo'l
O+lltr Ah'i'AIJJo hA'fAll"
keep in debt I')~ 1 lD-llT 1 h++
His extravagance kept him always in debt.
1'1H-II 1\qiJ'S)_,. rrA'I.n M aJoiiT
,.,~hof-1-IJJo ' )tJ>o
make debts I')~ 1 1Q
He dishonored his family by making debts.
M 0"""1q'l- ILof- {IIJ-'1 h'l'~~
[See also 'honor, run']
debtor
debtor
I. QIIM. He is a debtor of mine. f~ Qllb
'I ~ .....
2. of-fl-'1<1. The creditor exacted full payment
from his debtor. hfl-'1<1.... of-fl'l<l....'t n -
tr l\'t.ll..h'i'A hii~U...,..
decade OP'C 't"":f"""
Addis Ababa developed greatly in the last
decade. QM:,. OP'C 'too;J-:,. ..,..11'1' h-'1.
II hflQ fl"'?" -1"114-'i':f"II:Y.
decadence ..,..1:<1'.-,.
The decadence of morals was one of the causes
of the fall of Rome. ft:?" ,...,.F.:,. ?"tl't
~.Y.:f- hll''l-:,. h't-'1- f'l"t!-A ..,..~:<~'.-,.
~flC
decant hmllll
Decant the wine into each of the glasses!
..,,..,.'t nn>~'t-'1- -flC"l'".f. hTII..,..
decapitate <I'll
The soldiers decapitated the defeated prince.
CD;J-J'.t:'ll 1:<1\ fll'~~ OOII'i''t <l'tr:,.
decay (vt.)
I. hflllflll. A hot climate decays fruit. 'I":J-.-,.
hfC 'i'<l. ~flll-fl<\A
2. hCDl.H. The dampness of the climate de-
cayed the books. ~f~ C'l'fl.-,. OOl\".hC::Y.
't hCDmlf..,..
decay (vi.)
1. flllflll. Old fruits and vegetables decay,
f.f.l' 'i'<l.l"lf<i' :,.mil :,.mii-:Y. Y.flll-fl<\tr
2. l\fof-Jiboo V.Y.. After the Muslim states
reached the limit of their glory, they decayed.
fl\1111?" I OO'J"IP':f"..,. I bh'i'-f"'i'.... I b-fltl-
lf..... hY.l.ll- fl:\11 l\f-1"-'lhou- '/..11-
decay (n.)
I. ooflllflll. Decay set in rapidly after the
animal was killed. l\'tll<\..,.. l\'tY.of-~Y.II ""
flllflll )';oot.
2. ooflllll':,.. The decay of the international
situation worries us. f'I-Ar" v-~;t- oPOI\
if:,. h<\lll"i'A
decease ,..,..-,.
The decease of his uncle saddened us. fhi-1:
.,...,..-,. h<\H~'t
upon the decease d.'fOoT
He will inherit the estate upon the decease of
his uncle. hi-!: II..,..-,.
CII-J:'t f,CDC<\A
292 decent
deceased "l.:f-
The names of the deceased have not yet been
reported. f"l.-l''ll II?" l\lll!u-'t hA-1"~11
~,..
be deceased .,..,.
His father is deceased. hQ-1: 'I";I:A
deceit "'':f"IIA
She is incapable of deceit. "'':f"IIA hY.ll''t
II:,.?"
deceitful h:J-IIY.
A deceitful person cannot keep friends for
long. h:f"IIY. II..,. f-flll' '1.11. 'JY.\":Y.
II.'l'~:,. hY.:f-A?"
deceive h:J-1111
When he sold me a gold watch, he deceived me.
ll't-1: fCDC:,. ~..,.. 1111- ll.lf'I'A'S h:f"
1111'S
His wife is deceiving him. "'1.11-1: :f":f"AII'I'II:Y.
decelerate 'i''l'~-l:'t <1'~11
The plane decelerated just before landing.
h"'ll.4-. '1'-1:..,.. <I'Y.?" 1111- h ....C"f'll'l- 'i'
'1'~-l:'t <1'~11
December ,...,...,,..
decency, common ...... ooAltf" r-JQC
Common decency requires a healthy man to
try to support his family. ooAI)?" ,..,QC
h'tl: Y.~'i' II..... 11..,. 1111-'t 11"'111.,.-'IY.
C l\'t'l.'l"hC ~li11:Y.'I'A
decent
I. Y.~'i'. Put on some decent clothes before
you visit your friends! 'JY..\":f-11 H't 1: bDD'/.
1:11 flo!.:,. Y.~'i' A-fill Aflll
He is a decent fellow. Y.~'i' II..,. ~.,.
2. ""'"' He gives the impression of being a
decent fellow . ..,.,. A)f: ooltll- Y.:J-~A
3. ft.Q, I haven't eaten a decent meal in
weeks. 111111' <\?"'t.-,. ft.Q ,...,11 hA
flllll-?"
4. ~II.. The old lady says that it is not
decent to wear short skirts. ht:'l.;l: h"l'"C
<1'"'1.11 ""Aflll -1"~11. hY.Y.II?" :,.1111:Y.
5. fl-1:. He gets decent marks at schooL
fl:,.?"IIC:,. 11.:,. fl-1: ..,..m..-,.
n'i'A
6. ooAli?". He comes from a decent home.
bOD&\\)?" 11..,.11-fl f,CDII'IA
7. h<\4-& ~All'~. Make sure the jokes you
tell are decent! f?".-,.~l...,.. <I'AP.:Y. hit
4-oil ' IIIIDDII''i'lf.... ' 1\C"Im... I 11-'t
deception
deception
I. "7"PRCRC. He stood there shamefaced
when his deception was discovered. "7"POCO
-1- r 0-f-):J'R'I- "1.11. R7.t;:~'l- r 1-1'1-1: r .,.~
2. f"7;f-IIA. 1"&- ""''"' He discovered the
deception too late. f"7;J-IlA. I"&- DDII").'t
h"l.ll. R:\'1 om.,.
deceptive 1\ltlt:Y.
The outward appearance of things can he
deceptive. or>A.h 1\ltlt:Y. ll.ll"'t f.l-'IA.
decide
I. -a.~m. I decided to stay. /loP.ff'l- -a.~Th-
2. mM. It is not easy to decide that question.
)~-1-'t I OOOJ(l't I " ' " " I 1\f.S'.. /l'l"
3. h'i'~"7. 1\S:.~II. That one battle decided the
course of the war. J.''f _,_y ti'CH't h'i'~
., 1\S:.~ii:Y.OJoo
4. 'i'CJ:- ilm I on. The judge decided the
case this morning. J;~fD"' ~~~ q~.:,. 1\
)~<~- 'i'CJ:- ilm ()~-1-'t on)
decide against 1..~(0'1-)
The judge decided the case against him.
'I'I'OJoo R(loo r 'If. 1..~0'1-
decide in favor of l..a..(ll'l-)
The judge decided the case in favor of the
plaintiff. '1'1'.,.. AMI. I..~S:.Il'l-
declde on oo~m
She finally decided on the blue dress. oon..,~
lf ii"7J.''I!OJoo't A-1111 ""~m:Y.
decided (adj.)
I. f"7J.'m&-TC. There is a decided difference
hetween the two. 011-1\-1: ""llhA f"7J.'m&-
'I'C A.f.)'f- r 1\ll
2. h'i' J.'ll. His height gave him a decided
advantage. <l<or>-1: h'i' J.'l\ fDD111\'I' (IJ:-A. r
1\ll~"fll'l-
3. <I<C'I'. He has very decided ideas on the
subject. 0'1--'11' <I<C'I' J.'l\ "'"11 1\1\0Joo
decidedly ,.,.,.. RDD.foo
Her work is decidedly hetter than his. I"&-'I'
.....,.. ROD.foo. b(loo f-1-lfll )OJoo
decimal system J.'l"&-'1- t.-a."'mC
Ten is the base of the decimal system. OI"C
J.'l"&-'1- 1\-t."'mC ouw~'l- )OJoo
decimate l\11q'l'.,.., h'i'A 1\mof..
War has decimated the trihe. tnC)'f- f11t.,..
, l\11q,..,.., ' h'i'A. 1\'l''i'.f..:J-A.
293 declaim
decipher
I. MOO. It is difficult to decipher his hand-
writing. 1'1.)(' K""ihl..-l:'t l\"7'tRil hll'l'
,;J~ )BJo
2. 1..;1-.. He was able to decipher the secret
message. 'F'IIm..&-'1! or>A.7.hi:'t 1\or>t;:;J-
'1- 11'11
decision .,..,..,_
At last, he has come to a decision. oon..,~lf
.,..,..,_ ' 1\J:-C'\A.
The judge studies all sides of the question be-
fore he makes a decision. .,..,..,_ h"711-1-'lll
4- 0.1.'1- '1'1'.,.. )~-1-'t 01111' h't~C
f.or>l\h-I"'I'A.
hand down a decision fj:C.(" d..lY.
The judge handed down an unfavorable
decision. '1'1'.,.. f"7f.ll"7"7 'i'CJ:- I..~S:.
man of decision ofi:Cm~ (lQ)o
A man of decision makes up his mind what to
do and then does it. <I<Cm'l' (lOJoo M 7.
'tS:."7..J.'S:.C"I r OJ'I''l' Rl"&- r 'If. r fOJoo
I\'I'A
[See also 'judicial']
decisive
I. "711-tJ.'. The battle of Stalingrad was deci-
sive in bringing about the ultimate defeat
of the Germans. 7.11:1"11.'t"l&-.1:" f-1-S:.~~.,..
tnC)'f- r ~C""'l':f't r J:-A. r 0"7M"'T r 1\tnC
)-j: ' "711-tJ.' II")
2. <I<C'I' fll. He spoke with a decisive tone
of voice. <I<C'I' q11 M:>~C of-<;'!~
decisive manner tfi,,&..T~.-,..
The general was known by his decisive manner.
~,_&-11- r R-t.&-'1')'1- f;J-OJ.,. )RC
deck foPCh11 or>J:-~h 1 foPCh11 dii\A.
The upper deck is reserved for first-class
passengers. fDDChR- f'lf.'I'OJoo ODJ:"~h II
1\'tS:.'I' "7M"I -1-ltof...ll":Y. r -1-f.!f..A.
The sailor coiled the rope on the deck of the
ship. ODCbO'I'OJoo ~-.~~.., oouchn- milA.
t\f.. I Jrt~C') I ffiO'DtnODaJ-
declaim
I. 7lfof-.,.'i'"' -1-'i'~~. He likes to declaim all
the time. 11-A-"1.11. 7lf-l".,.'i'"' oP<;'IC f,m
'lA
2. 0:>11 11"7.'1- ""'~0. He' declaimed his
speech hefore a large audience. ,..,.,-1-'t Ill\
J:-"7"""" 0:>11 ' 11"7.'1- ' ,.,.~0
declaration
declaration
I. 0'1'~ oo;f-OJ~. The declaration of a state
of emergency caused great excitement. fll:f
'>..r. 1.11. 0'1'~ ..... ,..,~. h'i'. Yll ODS'.
"i1TLm~
2. 00"/111. They made a joint declaration of
policy. f?"il.fl..,.'t f:J&- """1111 hOJm-
3. 1\)S'.". The law requires all travelers to hand
in a customs declaration. ,n..,... oo~11.if'":f-
IJ-11- 1.>l' f"'LJ'llol.'l-11'0'1- f.,.?"-1-h IUS'."
1.'tP,Jiaf. f.mf.>l'A
declare
I. OOJ)!. They declared war on us. tRCH
OOJ)i:il't
2. hll. The accused man declared that he
was not guilty. 1-hilll' '1''1-1""' hf.S'.IIo-
?" hll
3. hil""H10. Do I have to declare the to-
bacco at customs? :,.,.-Qlfl&1' )t'}-9""~h
.,il00111il hllil't l
4. 11111. The director declared his position
in the controversy. -'l.&h-H- Ohch<- "LH.
f'"l..l'?"'tO'I-'t mlail 11111
[See also 'blockade']
declension 1.CQ;l-
The declension of a Latin noun is quite
difficult. f'l-l:'t fil?" 1.CQ;f- hll'l';J& ).,.
decline (vt.)
I. hA1"-tOII?". They had to decline his in-
vitation. T~m-1 r Jti\.o'-,.OA 1 ..,~ I}')Q
2."'"
"'discuss He declined to
hAol.-tS'.'I" (hA-1"4.-tS'.?").
his plans with the reporter. llll A:,O
Jl. hll.<; hm<;',J'tl(IJo ' ;JC IIOO);J1C
hAol.-tS'.?"
Request declined. f1"mf-t.,. hA-1"4.-tS'.'I"
3. h<:Q. The teacher asked me to decline
three nouns. V'll'l- ll'l":f 1.'t-'I<:Q hili"
.,&.,. mf-t't
de<llne (vi.)
I. -t)ll. His strength is declining rapidly.
.,.A0-1> O'i''l')'l- 1.f-t)l\ f.'t-'IA
2. h11.1111.11. The hill declines to a fertile
valley. l><:il;l-.,. OJS'. 11'1"11?" ifMI
Y1r.II~A
3. OJS'.-t. Critics declare that morality is
declining in this country. 1-'flP:f 011.11 h
1C I dJ"llT ; '1"6-A I ooom-~:,. I ... , . I
f.'ltr
294 decomposition
4. tt.e.+OA +~. We sent him an invitation,
but he declined. YS'.<:"l'tfl'l't 'I'& ilf.-tO
A ' -t<:
5. hH-tH-t. The sun declined in the skies.
Oohf.'l' hH-tH-t:f
6. 11:,. hll. The rating of this hotel has
declined. fH.II lf-!:A S'.<:Yf 11:,. ii'-A
decline (n.) .,)il
The decline in exports transmuted the economic
life of the country. mJ?.. m-lfJ!- f"Y.I\hm- 7t
>l' .,)il Y,&-l>'t fll.l>'i'"'l.. o-~;1- IIOJm.,.
*The decline of the Roman Empire was due to
many causes. rr:r 1 oo1..,P"+ f"-hooaJo 1
01111- ?"h'tY-f-:f )OC
be on the decline
I. 11:,. Wll 'tS'.. Ivory sales are on the dec-
line. f111f't 'I'Cil 1iY"'!' 11:,. 1.YII
't.I;..A
2. hfO<:S'. V.S'.. The epidemic is on the decline .
1"1111.1..,. 011;1- hfO<:S'. 'tS'.
there Is a decline in m~F: 1 hA
There is a decline in prices. 'P;J m~l: 1 11
,_A
declivity, extreme - -t'l' .,11.-,.
The extreme declivity of the mountain makes
climbing impOSSible. f.,..&-&-liJo I .,.,. ~ "''i\+ I
II"""'""'"" ' Y-'1"1;1-A
decode
*He learned to decode while assigned to the
embassy. h.9"flfl..aJo 1 aJoitT 1 fl..IP&- 1 OAf!.
?"Ah'l- ' f"'l..~oi.(IJo't ' OOA1.h'l- ooo;:;f-'1-
1".,<:
decompose (vt.) fiYf
Heat decomposes certain chemical compounds.
oo--t-'1- h't-'l'tS'." fh."'l..IJA (IJo.J./'.:f't f.
IIYY'I''I'A
decompose (vi.)
I. 4.<:11. The flesh had decomposed, leaving
only the bones. P' :J"'" oi.C(o h'l''t-f-'li il
il' ' -tC1"'1'A
2. .,..i\lf. The compound decomposes when
it is exposed to sunlight. aJo,.ft..4. 8.bf. fl..
oo ,..,. f.IIYY A
decomposition
*Lead is the result of the decomposition of
)dJ" I uranium. 1.Ciall 1'&-'tf?" fl.IIYf. f"'l..1
"{ ' .,(JS'."'t )(IJo
decorate
decorate
I. hll'l.m l h'l.m. They decorated the church
with flowers. 0.1' hCll-l:.t'>"t OhOfJ hll'l.m-:,.
The gay young people were singing as they
decorated the hall. f.ll f'I'FID< CJJI'Iof:f h
'!&.lf."t O"''.f'l.m-0:,. 1.n f.H'i'> ~oc
2. ll'll"". The general decorated four soldiers
for bravery. :(~&.II- t,,:.:,. m;J-t.C':f"t ll
II )!:"l"t~;J-'FID< il'll"7'fiD<
decoration
1. 1.'1'. The girl wore some sort of decoration
on her dress. A11'1c!:-'l.., 0+"'1.!1. 'If. h"t
Y: '\,('.~:,. '1.'1' hY:C;>II:f
2. 11A"7:,., What did he get the decoration for?
11A"7_,"t 0!1'") M'f 1
decorations 1.liJ1.T
The decorations are not pretty. 1.tJJ1.m- hi
'I"C'I"
decorative, """ design 1.T
This fabric has an interesting decorative design.
,t'.U Q;LC<}o S'.ll f"''.A '1.'1' hlltD<
decorative band lf'A-l-
A decorative band is sewn to the edge of the
cloth. OA-flll- 'If. 'I'll:,. 1'f.C10;1-A
decorator rn.:,. h:J> f"''..t'U~
The decorator will arrange your furniture to
advantage. ffl,..,. ' >.? ' f"''.ff.&.}!:ID<' rn.:,. '
h:J"U"t hft'I"C' f.S'.c!:Y:CA?A
decorous fQ;L'I'
Only decorous behavior is suitable in the
Emperor's presence. "}.,.., r )1P'it lllt-0
:,. fl;l- fQ;J.'I' 'l"""fJC "7ftf:,. 1'10.
~
decoy [lltD< ... ,:.11 tD'i' m,t'.'/" >."tllft
mG::f"t mt.'l" h"tllftl":f"t dJ'I'""Y: m'!
110..,. ' fl;J- ' f'l"..,.llofl)
decrease (vt.) +M
Decrease the dose of the medicine as you feel
better! >.f-t-lfiiU <l.Y: f'l":,.mllt.tD<"t oPY:
:.'t:,. ""m"t +"tll
decrease (vi.)
I. -t-+~ ll. Your hunger decreases as you eat.
ll:,.O'I <:'1-flU hf-1-+~ll f.-'!A
2. Mll. The birth rate increases while the
death rate decreases. f"''.tDIIJI.., "'"'C {).Q;L
'I"C f"''. .,._,_, hf) ll ,t'.-'!A
decrease (n.) ,...,.~ll
Statistics show a decrease in the death rate
295 deduce
in the last few years. >.ll;J--f:ll-l:h flllf-'1-
'1'4:..,. ' '\oP ;~-:,. ' ID<ll'l' ' f"''. .,.., ' lll":f"t '
_,.'I'C -+~ll ,t'ft,t'A
there is a decrease +~(\
Toward night, there was a decrease of heat.
mt. "7;1- fD.hf. ....,...,. f.+"tll l""C
decree (v.) 1.~11
The government decreed that foreigners may
not own land. ""'t"IP'-1> ftD<"f/' h1C lll"
:f ' oPt,..,. ' h"t'!f.11t' ' 1.~11 "
*Fate decreed otherwise. IJY:A hf.flo"t 11
ftl>;I-A
decree (n.) Y:"t;>'l.
The decree goes into effect tomorrow. ~'1 :n.
tD< M1 )!:'I"I!' OP'&. 'If. f.ID<'IA
issue a decree OtD~
The Emperor issued a decree requiring all men
over 45 to join the militia. hhCfJ h'l"ll:,.
'\oP:,. O'lf. fii'~ID< flo/\- ofl.h.&-'1! IPC
h"t-'1.1'1 "t1-"' ~1P'1> om)l':
[See also 'legislative']
decrepit Y:-l-"1- .t'll
He is old and decrepit. Y:-l-"1- fll 11"7"1~ ~
decry (decried)
I. h:J-1111. He decried the value of learning.
f:,.'/"uc:,."t 'I':> h:J-1111
2. hm1H. The minister decried gambling in
all its forms. "7"t:;'tD<"t'/" '\,('.~:,. f.,."7C
Q;L'J';I- ' "''.tll..,.<- ' h1D11t'
dedicate
I. oPC.fo h.l.-1-. The Emperor will dedicate
the new airport. ,.,.,., ~1P'., h-'1.11-1
fhm-I!'T'I"t "7<:4-.t' ""C+ID< f.h'i';l-11-
2. oPc!:4'. The patriarch will dedicate the new
church. ;r:,.&,t'Ch- h-'1.11-"t 0.1' hCll-l:f
"t ,('.oPC:J"II-
3. oPf.O. The ancient Greeks dedicated many
shrines to their gods. 'l'"t;J-ID<n "l&to:f 'I
"7Ah;J-'ftD< -flit' "1-JI.ft"t ll'i'&.l":f ""
Y:O ~oc
4. h'l'll. He dedicated his life to the service
of God. ihf.ID.,"t llh"lll.h-fl.h.C h1A"I
,....,. ' h'l'll
5. "":l'llll.f hf.c!:1. The author dedicated
his book to his wife. 1-&.{).tD< OOK".hi-"t
ll"''.ll-1> oo;J-llll.f hf.c!:1
deduce -t-<:'1
I deduce from your remarks that you disagree
deduct
with me. hl!. :>C h/IOOll"7"7'1-tJ1' 1Jt;>1C
tJ l\~11/lv-
deduct
I. +til. Deduct ten percent! h"".Y. OF~
.,. +1'11
2. h ~...,. Once you deduct your expenses,
there is nothing left. mmu"t IJt"'tJII'I-
'1"1''1" ' hf..,.C"i'
deduction
l. .:Jt'i"li. After deductions from taxes, there
was not much left. 11"111C :j-.,11 h.,.J'.~1
R:\11 111!- ht>..,.U.,.'I"
2. II< f. A f. t1C"':f1' oo""C""C. Detectives
in stories solve crimes by deduction. fCD'l)!A
""C"7tll"':f RA11 tD/If: :f"tlh ""11'1'
/ltD"t)!A """i''l-dl. f"''.f1'f.'l- Af. A
f. t11!"':f1' R""ooC""C t""
A deduction will he made for unexplained
absences. qA;f"m+ 'l"h"tf'l- l'l.+C 1.'1"11
Y.+tlln:f"A
deed
I. P' tl-. Deeds are better than words. htD.!.
P'tl- ' f.lfiiA
His deeds have glorified his name. fw&-ID"
Ftl-!P':f 11.. h.,.~4-ll'l-
2 . .,...f. The braggart told of his brave
deeds in the war. .,.~o;:.,. II.,. RtnCt-1>
llf. llll.l.l\"7'1'..... f)!"l"tt'l- _ , ' hiDtl-
3. )!1111-. He performed many admirable deeds
in the war. RtnCt-1> llf. 1111- f"''.fllJ'."t:j.
)!1111- u>C;I:A
4. llOOCll'l-. After I paid the owner, he gave
me the deed to the land. llq/11'11~-1> 11'H!I-
.,. hh.I.A h..'l- R:\11 llOOCll-1>1' hqtD~
A'S
[See also 'epic1
deem hoot
He deemed it his duty to help. ovcll'l- .,.
"jq~ 0 001/').1' o hOOt
deep (adj.)
I. 'I'A:j., A deep lake is never covered with
snow. 'I'A:j. mU nn~J>. .,.lf"i''l' hf.,.:j-'1"
2. 1-f:~ll. The river flows through a deep
gorge. tD"tlf" R1-f:~ll 1f.A"7 fiD1'1f lfll
-1' .,.11'1' f..I.IIA
3: tD"i'tl-!1". He has a very deep voice. RnJ'I"
tD"i'tl-'1" f:'/"6 hll""
4. 'J'1l:j., It is such a deep secret, I cannot find
296 default
out anything about it. 'J'11:j. 'l"llm.C 111111'
t '1"1''1" t1C 11"7tD:j. hA':fA'I"
5. hqf:, The child was in such a deep sleep,
he did not hear the noise. .ftY). hqf: l\"t:j.
A"i' lllltDIIJ'."" ""l"':1".,. hA.,.ll"7""'1"
tnc
6. J'."7:j.. I would like a deep red skirt. J'."7:j.
+f. +"7.11 'I..I.A.:>IIll-
7. f1-1' llof.'l- f/1.,., This deep shelf is not
suitable for my books. f.tJ f1-1' llof.'l- f
II"" ' ""J'.CJ'.tlf ' /IOOJtmt::'li o hf.ll"7"7'1"
be deep (In) .,.'I'm
He was deep in debt. R611 .,..,..., tnc
He is deep in thought all day long. .,..,..,. .,...
tr Rm<'t11 '1.1'1-.,.'l'm t.,.
be in deep water oos:~?f m4o(m-)
He has been in deep water ever since he stole
the watch. ll't-1>1' hll~+ )!'/"<!" ""f:~lf
m"i'.Y.:f"A
deep (adv.) mll:j. hf:C?
The men dug deep before they found water.
""=' h"7"1'f:f"'f"" Rol.'l- mll:j. hf:C1""
.. .~.~
*He stndied deep into the night. l'l.fm" n
nJ'I" hoolf
[See also 'sleep']
deepen hC-1' '1:..1.~
They deepened the shallow pool. :j.cn-1' !J.
"' he+.,. '1:..1.~'1-
deeply R'I'A:j.
His wife's death affected him deeply. f"''.ll-1>
'1"'1- R'I'A:j. .,.11'/".Y.:f"A
be deeply (in) .,.'I'm
The tenant was deeply in debt. "1"11>;'.,. R611
.,..,.IJI.A
deer h:>H1'
There are deer in this forest. OH.tJ -Jolt ll
.... h;>H1' hll
deface hRIIlf
They defaced the wall with ink. "11:"111.,..,.
R+ll'l" hRIIll''l-
defame 11'1" hmof.
This article defames the candidates. f.U X'
m."i' f.,.tDIIIItl!"'l?t II'/" f mof.A
default (v.) <'tfh11C +~
He defaulted his contract. trJo/1<1' <'tfh11C
+~
default
default In hlt.:m
He defaulted in his payments on the loan.
ofl.t:-C DDtld.ll-"t hlt.:m
default (n.), be in - hll+~lld.
He was in default by two payments. tl'i')'OJo
"t 11-11'1- '1..11. hll+~lld.
by default o-~.:-1>
When the other team did not arrive, we won
the game by default. IMOJo II-.1:-"t 1\f.ou
tlJ o-~.:-~> M' hlft'i'"t
by sheer default O"IS'.II"IIH
They lost their best client by sheer default.
O"IS'.II"Iit'l- 'f'<; ~"tO'i':fOJo"t 1om-
defeat (v.)
I. .1:-IA h~.:1. King Theodore defeated Ras
Ali more than once. h'L 1:9'.1:"1!'11 t-Il
'til."t M"t.<'.ll" 11-111: O~f. .1:-/A h
.I:"C1'1''1''1'1A
2. .I:"/A )"'. The heavenly host will defeat
the devils. fll"''f. -~l'.n'l- llf.tlJ<;'I-"t .1:"
/A f.).,..'f''l"f'IA
3. hlftd.. The candidate defeated his oppo-
nent in the election. TmJI.tl,&tD- I nrc-..m-
QII;Jtl-fDo"t ' hlftd.
4. fDo.1:"~ h~.:1. The conservatives joined
forces with the clergy to defeat our plan. -11-
<; d.tlJ"t IIOJo'l' f"''f.d.IA"I-'1- f'i'"t 1.
~.t:- OJo.t:-~ ll"''.t:-.:"1 htou<;'l- ;.c -J-q
0-1-
defeat (n.)
I. .I:"/A ODJJ'"t. The defeat of the enemy was
announced over the radio. ftn~'l- .t:-1.\ uo
rn o.:..t:-1'" +t1.:
2. ODlf)'i'. The coach was dejected after the
defeat of his team. hP'/AtlJ"f. 011-.t:-\o- oo
lft'i' hQ.t:- dtH"t m~.,O'I-
suffer a defeat +lftd.
The enemy suffered a crushing defeat. m~'l-
l\"t~"''J"}Iltl-tl- ll''l" +lftd.
defeated (adj.) .t:-IA fof-OD;J- 1 .t:-IA fll't 1 f
+if) d.
The defeated army had to lay down arms.
.1:-IA fof-OD;f-fDo (.1:-IA fl)')fDo I f-1-lftd.
"'") tnc OD"'&J'fDo"t "''ll.:hofl to.:o'l-
be defeated
Ras Ali was defeated more than
I. .I:"/A II').
once. t-Il 'til. hh"tS'.II" 11-111: O~f.
.t:-A. ll't"'" toe
297 defend
2. fDo~ II'). The motion was defeated. dtll
II- fDo.(-~ I)')
3. 'I';J !Lil ll't. All our hopes were defeated.
+11'1-:f"t 11-11- 'I';J ' !Lil If)
defecate
I. "'"). The child defecated on his bed.
/A)I: 0 l\DD'f;f-OJo 0 ~f. 0 .,H)
2. 1.'1& mtfJ. The man defecated near the
house. (IOJo\LfDo MI.-I> hm1ofl l\'1& mtfJ
3. "'L-'1 mtlJ:f. The woman defecated near
the house. 1'1.'1-1'"'1' MI.-I> hm1ofl "'L'I m
tlJ:f
defect (v.) h.t:-+ 1Q
Several of our people defected to the enemy.
h>:' (ll":f hfl\.9',.; ' h.t:--1-0Jo ' lltn~'l- 111-
defect (n.)
I. 1-.t:-11'1-. There is a defect in this radio
somewhere. .:011.\'"t- h"t.t:- 1-.t:-11'1- hiiOJo
Our system of education suffers from many
defects. f'I-II"UC'I- lo(ltfJtfJ:f"t HS'. oflll-
1-.1:"11'1- ' hiiO'I-
2. l\"th"t. Her beauty is without defect.
I
IIOJoO:t l'."tn"t hf.<DtlJII'I-11"
defection OD!oofiii/A
His defection to East Germany was regarded as
treasonable. m~ II"P'tl-~ ~C"""t """
oflllll- nh'l+>:'t'l- +~m.:o'l-
defective f+R~lf
This machine is defective and will not work.
f.U ' ODhS ' f+Mlf ' 111111') hf.<Ptl-9"
defector h'l+o;:
The defector sought refuge in a friendly
embassy. h'l+'i'OJo om.II;E- h.II"Q(I. OJoll
'I' ' '1'1'St'l- tnf.,
defend
I. +h~nll. The Ethiopians defended their
land against the invader. h.'l-l'"kfOJof<r:f h
1t-'1'fDo"t h<Dtl-ilfDo ' +h~hll-
2. hllhOC:. Ethiopia will defend her terri
torial integrity. h.'l-l'"kf f"''I+!J!"t h"t.t:-
t'l- ;f-llhoflt-ll:f
3. mO.,. The President takes the pledge to
defend the constitution. T .:.!VI"t-1> ih1 ou
"t"IP'-I>"t IIODtnO~ ?lA f.1QIA
4. hll.:-'1. He made a long speech defending
his ideas. dt/111-"t 11"'111.:.11'1- .:;E-9" "t
"I"IC h~C:1
defendant
5. +h&h<:(ll'l-). You will need a lawyer to
defend you. f"'l.h<!-hCAU mO:I' f(ILA"I
VA
6. 0<1: !l"h'tf'l- {tm. Can you defend your
absenoe? 1\!l"'t 7.'t.<'.f><:U 0<1: !l"h'tf'l-
'f-{ttiJI\U 1
ean you defend your rudeness? 1\!l"'t Ql\
"Ill!
defendant +M1i
I am the defendant in this case. OH.U .,.Jif.
Mlf. ' 1.~ I )'1
defender +h&lt6
He is an ardent defender of human liberty.
X"). ' f{tw- I A~ I ""'""" I +h&lt6
defense
I. +hllltf. l 11"11"1. Sinoe the defenses were
weak, the enemy was able to cross the border.
+hllltl'-'ll .<'.h!l" 1 fll- {tl\)0'1- ml\'1-
tD{t).'t hAG: I 1\0D"JQ'I- !I'll
Shock troops swarmed overourdefenses. oolot
-1f.A I !1"1i;J:f't't I fDl:ol-'f-
2. oohllhf. Vaccination is the best defense
against smallpox. h'I-Q'I- IlL 't"'"' 1 " ' "
ODhl\hf I )0>-
What can you say in your defense?
oohl\hf hl\11 1
3. ( = verbal noun) ODhl\hA. The civilians
helped in the defense of their country. {t,li.ll-'li
111<1-'l'a>-'t OODhl\hA <:JI.
4. f"'l...'."l'i' 1 't"I"IC. He delivered a defense
of the new taxation. t.JI.{t-'t ;1-h(t f"'l...'."l
'i' 't"I"IC t..l'.<:1
5. ( = verbal noun) "7(thOC. They fought in
defense of liberty. )>U'I-'t l\"7{th0C 1 .,.....,.
Ministry of Defense fODhl\hf "'l.~M:C
The Ministry of Defense is located in a new
building. fODhl\hf 1 "'UM:C f"'l.11.,. q
'tY: t.JI.n .lt'tR ..... n ... 1 ).,.
[See also 'attorney, speak']
(be) defenseless &{1-'t lloohl\hA t.f.:Y.A!I"
A baby is defenseless . .ltf't A~ &{1-'t II
ODhl\hA hf.:fA!I"
defensible ll.hllhA f"'l.:Y.A0-1-
The troops were placed in a defensible position.
{t,!.'-1> ll.h'lhA f"''.:fAO'I-'t (to;:& fH
defensiv.e (n.) ODhl\hA
The army is on the defensive. ll,t.'f!.fl floo
hl\hA I 1\f. ' ).,.
298 defiant
defensive (adj.) foohl\hf
The prime minister announced the purchase
of defensive weapons. m:,.OI\,.. ottll.'f-..._
foohl\hf OO"f6f9':Y. 001~:1''fw-'t t.(t
;l-tD of!
defensive measure oohl\hf
These fortifications are a defensive measure.
Mll.ll ' !1"1i1:Y. ' ODhl\hf ' .,..,.,.
defer (deferred), vt. t.n+IIIIL
+ I deferred my trip for a week . .,.Jif-'t 1\'tY:
lt!l"'t'l- ' t.{t+l\1\'i'h-'1-
We defer questions of this kind to him.
7...{1.,.1\Aof..l\'t
f.U't I fOD/t{tl\a>-'t I .,.",. 1\{1- '
I )0>- defer (vi.) +""<1-
He always defers to his wife's wishes. rJoA'LU.
O"'l,(t.J>. dolt11 I f."" <I-A
be deferred
I. +'llld.. The meeting was deferred to a later
date. (to(l{tq.,. 111\.1\ i"t +111\d.
2. '1.11. +{tm. For how long have you been
deferred? '1.11. f+{tmll 7.(th 1 oo'f 1 ) . , . !
deference t.h11C''I-
He always treats his elders with deference.
IJoA'I.II.!I" ' ;1-1\'I.J'Ii't ' Ot.h11C''I- I f.ODI\h:I'A
9""} 1
defiance
I. t.I\OD01C. Defiance of the enemy is an
Ethiopian characteristic. llml\'1- 1 t.II0001C
1
fh..'l-1'-~f.,.f't Q.loCf. ).,.
2. h-1!!1" )1C hl\""4"-mc. His complete
defiance of danger was astonishing. h.~'l ~
ll''l" h-1!!1" )1C hl\004"-m'l- f"'l.fMC
!I" )OC
3. ODIIJ/t. His taking his men across the river
was in defiance of orders. ID;I-.<'.C''Il't f.~ fD
'tll-'t. "711/<:m- I 'l-7.~11't ' OOOtiJ{t ' )OC
in defiance of lllf'lr
In defiance of the rainstorm, there was a big
audienoe. -1f.ll"' 11.,.11 flll"t!l" 1 o(llf" t.JI
"''"":y.boys)0'1-climbed the cliff in defiance of all
I
The
common sense. A;(=ti '1-.e.'i":fm-"t Aa.fi:tm-
h4>0.J>'t ' "''"'
defiant 7.!1"fl+l;'
The father punished his son, but he remained
just as defiant as before. t.Q-1-IIo.,. ' A'lP
fl4>"1a>-!l" 1-'t.<'.Od.of: 1-!l"fl.,.... ll''l' 4><:
remain defiant h.Afl1C9'" l hA
Though he ran out of ammunition, the soldier
deficiency
remained defiant. 9"1'?" ~'tlo.'t 'l'f.'l- 0.
.I'A:J-0'1- t:J"Y.<;. I\A01e?" 1\11
deficiency
I. ~'1'~'1-. We suffered from a deficiency of
food. f?""lofl ~'1'~'1- "'f-'le Y.~(lofl't
2. .,.Y.-11'1-. The government is trying to remedy
the deficiencies in the collection of taxes.
O"lofle 1\(IQ(lofl 011-A .l'lltJJo't .,_Y.-11'1-
OO't"IP'T ' 11"7lfl'A ' OOO'I"he ' 1\f. ' )tJJo
there is a deficiency of 1-S'..ll
There is a deficiency of $50 in our club funds.
hhOQ:f't 1'tHofl :'?"il ofle '1-Y.-~A
deficient 0<1: .I'AIJ')
His deficient knowledge of algebra must be
corrected before the exam. 0<1: .I'AIJ')m-
fi\A~oflt- l-11-:J"m- hl..+<;m- 04.'1- oo
:J''i"'l- 1\110'1-
be deficient in 1-F.II.
This bread is deficient in vitamins. ~IJ ; ~(1
li.:J""'t't ' f-'1-Y.-II'I'A
mentally deficient h)..rf!"m- 1..lt"7 flY~
A mentally deficient person lacks normal
intelligence. Jr..>..rt:m- F.tt"7 fll"~ fl:m- ofl
AtJ)'J- 1-'1-Y.-II'I'A
deficit
I. ~'1'~'1-. There was a large deficit in the
budget. h'i' .I'll fQ~'J- ~'1'~'1- )Oe
2. hAt-. We suffered a great deficit because
the Suez Canal was closed. fll'll11 Pf. II
11-I'H;J h'i' .I'll h.il& Y.~(lofl't
defile (vt.)
I. 1\~hll. The barbarians defiled the church
by using it as a stable. 1\~ootl"'ll 0.+ hell
1:.1').'t :>'I' I\Y.-e1m- 1\~h(l-'J-
2. Ohll. The refuse defiled the rivers . .P.l'
lfm- m't~'ll't Ohll
defile (vi.) O(IA<;: 'tY.
The soldiers defiled to the barracks. m:J"Y.I!''Il
mY. (ll..t-'l'm- O(IA<;: 't'l.
define
I. tJJ(l). Criminal law defines the different
kinds of crimes. ft't~ll>;' oo:J-""1 .lt"l
AI< AI< t't~ll-":f't f.tll'i"A
2. 1\11~'1. Please listen while I define your
duties. -I'"IQetJ't illl~'ltJ 1\'l?"m'S
3. o;::f lim. Can you define the word "democ-
racy""? 'l.'l"ht-fl. f-I'QIIm-'t :J'A 'i'l-
A'J-(l'J' '1-":flllltJ 1
299 definitive
4. Y-)11. The constitution defines the succes-
sion to the throne. orft"J oo"J..,P'-11 f'lt'4o.,.
't 1\mt-~11 f.Y.)"I;JA
5. hllll. The treaty defined the borders of
the two countries. tD-ft. ro--ll4J'} h'lt:":fo
tD(l't ' hllll
be defined ;1-f
The tree is sharply defined in outline because
the sky is light and the tree is dark. (1"7\<
11'1-tJ ~4- "l't m.,_e .I'll 111111') :Joe
l\. '1-A.fo f.:J".I'A
definite
I. em>;' I e'l' 1 f+.,.~m. I want a definite
answer. em;;' oPAll lt.LIA;JII.rJ-.
Give me a definite decision before Friday.
h~eofl 04.'1- e'J' m-ilt 't1~'S
Mind now, this is not a definite promise. A.11
1\Y.-C"I I f.tJ f+ ..~m :J'A 1\f.Y.II?"
2. f+m(l). I need a definite amount of
1
money before starting the business. 'l""1.4."}
hoo~oo&. 04.'1- f+tM 1'tH11 .1'111..
A1>;'A
3. ~C"I'I'. Is it definite that he will take the
job? P't-m-'t ~'tY."'tf-11 ~C"I'I' )m- 1
4. ( ~ adv.) 0-l'llf.. Have you anyone definite
in mind for the job? liP'tom- 0+111- .l'lloflh
tl}o I (ltD- I J\f\ ?
definite article f+mM oo/1+1\?"e
In English, the definite article is used more
often than in Amharic. lJ"7e>;' f.A:Jo 0
~'t"lll11>;' f+tM oo/1+1\?"e f.OAm-'t
"LII. J.'.)1.!-A
definitely O~e"l'l'
I am definitely coming. O~C"'JT )toolfJA~
definition <;::{-
Look up the definition of "jet'" in the dic-
tionary! f:( '1-'t o;:l- 0001110 :J'I\'1- m-
11'1' +ooAh'l-
*The definition of the mayor's duties is
prescribed by law. fh'ttQm- P'A"''t O.lt
"I +tIIS:A
definitive
I. ( ~ adv.) O"IAll". He clarified his stand with a
definitive statement. 1\ll:ou-'t O"IAll" 1\11~'1
2. ( ~ noun) "7il~"L.I'. He published the defini-
tive biography of George Washington. f}F;e~
'1'1i't"l-l''t't ' f.ltf.t'l- ' :J"&h ' .,... ~"L.I' 1\
il+oo
deflate
*He made me a definitive offer of the job.
P'&.fD"'t ~'tS'."Y.I'lm'S t.~;>1mA'S
deflate
I. t.l'l.,.~.&.l'l. The little boy deflated the tires
of my car. '1-'tn:- ~~~~ fouh.'i'\lo't 1"'1
l"l- M_,.~.LMI'S
2. 11:r> t.S'-~1. The rebuke deflated him . .,..,
1\.fD" 1J:r> t.S'-~1,.
deflect R/1.11 t.:r>"'"'i t.!lh.S'.
A spectator deflected the ball. h.,.ouAttl-
t.'tJI. \\11..,. 0/1.~ t.:r>"'"'i t.!lh.S'.
deform
I. t.O~lf. The accident deformed his face.
t.S'.:>,. "'-""'~' t.O~lf,.
2. t.m'i-. Anger deformed his face. 't 1.'1-
ouAh-'t t.m'i-fD"
3. t.'tlf.&..&.. Shoes that are too tight deform
the feet. mqiJ "'i"'l ~'1C .l"tlf'i''i-A
4. hltll 1-S'.II- t.S'-~1. In cases where the
drug was taken during pregoaocy, it deformed
the infants. O~C'111'i' '1..11. f"Y.ml't.<:.- oo.<:.-
:lot-'1- .lt!).'t t.ltll 1-S'.II- J'S'.C1'1'A
be deformed m"7.Y tr~
The boy's foot is deformed, and so he cannot
play games. fAJI: ~'1C m"'l"'l !llllf~
ll."'im'l- t.Y.l-A'I"
deformity t.ltll 1-S'.II-~'l-
His deformity prevented him from playing
games. t.ltll 1-S'.II-~., ii?"C'l- ~'t'IJ'."'i
mol- hS'-~1,.
defraud t."l'"O~O~
The seller must not defraud the buyer. lf"l'"
11C't "'l"l'"OCOC fiiO'l-'1"
defray 11'11
Each passenger must defray his own expenses.
~'l'tJI. ou't1S'.>;' f&-1'1-'t m.u. ooiJ'
A t.II0-'1-
deft.,.A"''i-
The fingers of a piaoist must he deft. f"CJ''i
-f-"'i'f'l- o "J.f'll o .,.11\"14- 0 OO!f't ' t.llq'ffD"
(be) defunct 01"&. ~I'> t.A'I'II'I"
The treaty has been defunct for the last three
years. ltll.&.fD" 1"11'1- '""-'~- ~'I"C' fD"lr
01"&. ~I'> hA'I'II'I"
defy (defied)
I. "11'1. If you defy the law, you will he punish-
ed . .lt.,.'t ' il'l-'1'!1 ;r._,."'IIU
300 degree
2. '1-~~li''t "11'1. Despite threats, he con-
tinued to defy me. q!l.r.&.&.fD"'I" ~'t\\'t
'1-~~H.'t hoo"'!l hA.,.'i&mO'I" (or '1-~
~H.'t """11'1-'t t.A.,.m'l")
3. h41'1" ~1C <\J'.'l'.LfD" .,.~. The Ethio-
pians defied theltalianorderto surrender. t.-'1-
f-kJ'fD",I"t Ml'l-u-'t !lm- f"Y.IIfD"'t f"'
II.J''t't 'l-~~11 h41'1" ~1C <\1'>'1'4-'1- "'"~-
4 . .,.:J>moo. The boy defiedhisfather'sauthor-
ity. Al!: yq.,.,. 'l-M11 .,.:J>moo
5. .,.ot1/ou. His obstinate fever defied the doc-
tor's attempt to cure it. f"'IS'>01~,. '1-h-<\
., "'h.... ' 11"'1-'l't ' J'S'.~1fD"'t ' ...h&. ' u-
tr ' .,.**""
*They defied him to jump off the bridge.
h.I:.'A.I:.-1' o ~H~IIu- O.A t.;J-S'.C1fD" 1111
, . ' 14-4-'l-
The door defied all attempts to open it.
0'1- O'l"'t'l" 001'1.1:.' t.A01C t.ll
defy capture t.Y.01C'I"
This strong fort defies capture. Y.U 'l'ofl:r>
'1"'11'1 t.Y.01C'I"
degenerate (v.) .,.O~lf
The morale of the soldiers degenerated, and
they were unable to fight. fm;J-S'.C':r; 'l"&.A
!III.,.Mlf IIOO'I';>'l- t.Ail'll'l"
(be) degenerate oo't.&.l'l J'.lt"'l If~
He denied that the young men of his generation
were degenerate. fHoo). m"lf-l- oo't.&.l'l
s-.tt"'l ""'"'" f"Y.IIfD"'t t.!I.,.J'f'l- t.!l.,.qoll
degrade 11:r> ~1
The appointment the minister received de~
graded him. f.,.l'lmfD" n:-ou;r. "Y.til'l--1-'t
1J:r> ' h~1fD"
degree
I. J'.a. Ras is a title of high degree. &.!1 h
'i'.,..,. ' f"76~'1 ' S'.~ll' ~,.
His work has reached a high degree of ex-
cellence. P' &.fD" h'i'.,.,. ~11' S'.Cj).A
3. u-~;J-1 t.\\:\'t. Each of us, in varying degrees,
has learned this for himself. ~'t'l't'll-'t 0
.,.IIJ'f u-~;1- o (t.\\:\'t) J'.U't llf&.<\:f't
h'l''t.,.~'I'A
4. '1.'1&. He received his degree at the Uni-
versity of California. 'l'1&fD"'t hltii.&::CV
l'tliCII.1: t.1"f
Last night, the temperature dropped ten
degrees. '1-~'t'l-'i' .,;I- J'f-1- ....,.;r. q,..
c. '1.'1& 1J:r> ' t.ll
deify 301 deliberate

by degrees +il n+il be delayed 111f

By degrees, the lake gets warm enough to swim The trip was delayed because of fog. .,.~,.
in. +il n+il ,,..,. 11"" Ailll."":f 11: R"l",;~.,. ?"h't.l''l- 111f
~il ,I'.'I":I'A
delay (n.) ""IMf'I-
to a certain degree noom'). What is causing his delay? fODJI"/f.,. ?"h't
To a certain degree, he is responsible. noum). I 1'1- !I"')J.':') tm-1
""" ~1\4. tdJo be subject to delay TH1f
to what de1ree M FtJA The planes are subject to delay when there is
To what degree are you interested in reading? fog. "l",;J"' ll.tl"t A~TII'l':f ,1'.1111/r
.,')011 !I"') filA Jl.io ,I'.AYA l
without delay it,l'.ll1,1'.
deify (deified) AODIIh Do it without delay I it'l-111,1'. AII:C11D-
The Romans deified their emperors. t:"''DJof')
't.,.,.,.,,,.'t f""Ah- tnc delegate (v.)
I. mhll. He delegated the authority to his
deign son during his absence. qAtn~n'l- 1.JI.
*The governor deigned to grant us an audience. P'A"'l''t IIA)I: mbll
1"1CCIJo M'> OD{III- M;J1~') The children delegated her to buy the flowers.
*He passed by without deigning to look at me. t.nqiJJo') A'tll:'l-1~11'1'm- AJ>:'Il mh!l.'l-
h11<-"t ll""mn:t ll.A 11mc 1111-?" it 2. llh. He delegated his son to represent him
If'S All~ at the conference. Ril11(1qm- 11,1'. A"tJI.m
would you deign to have dinner with us? hllm- A)l:'t llhm-
h'l' ;JC At-'1- IIOD1111'1- ~:l'!l:f' fl.tl"t l
delegate (n.) ODMh-1-'l'
deity (deities) The delegates will arrive tomorrow. ouAAh-1-
I. A?"llh (pl. A.,Ah'l-) I "'PT. This book >/''ll t1 ,l'.1qir
describes the deities of ancient Greece. ,1'.11
ODK".h'i' f'l''tT "16h't A.,Ah'l- fil~ delegation
'lA I. ODAAh-1-'l':f. Will you receive this dele-
Many ancient peoples worshipped the sun as gation? MJI.tl') oufAAh-1-'l':f 'I-4>RIIII:fu- l
a deity. 1111- f'J")'I- tlf':f D.h,l'.') A'tJI. 2. ( = to delegate) .,hoi-~A. The delegation of
"'PT .('ODAIJ. tRC duties to others is part of an executive's job.
~ll,f.t'l-'t .,hUA fqiiP'A"''t T"lqc
2. A?"llht'l-. The deity of Christ is recognized
by the Christians. fhCil.fil't A?"llht'l- tiD-
hCM:f'l':f T4>1111m-;f-A delete Mil
deject Tilol- Aii'IL~m The censor deleted several words. it't"""" 11
II- :1'11'1- (I~JI
Such news dejects me. ~1.4.11 Ill me'- .,.
ilol- filotcm'l' A deleterious, have a ~ effect on '1-.11
(be) dejected b~ .hll't mJI.+(n'l-) Smoking has a deleterious effect on one's
The coach was dejected after the defeat of health. "7Q;l.il f(IIJJo') m.'i' ,1'.'1-.IIA
his team. AIPA"'"t' RII-J.':l' OD!rt'l' hq deliberate (v.)
11: .hll't mJI..,.n'l- I. -!-ou!Jh~. We were deliberating what to do.
took dejected flit ,I'.ODMA !I"') .,11:~"1 A'tJI."7.1q nouODIJbC 11,1'.
Why is she looking so dejected? 11!1"') A't tne"t
Jl.ll.tl fllt:f T""MII:f l 2. Al'llltlll. I was deliberating where to put
up my new picture. AJI.flo') P'lJfl.') f'l-
delay (vt.) A'tJI.?"tl:tA AMiiA tnc
I. Ail-1-1111~. We are going to delay the trip
for a week . .,.~IJJo') II') II: it!l"')'l- A'i'il deliberate (adj.)
-1-IIA~m- tm- I. '1")41:,0. A minister should be deliberate in
2. All1f. The accident delayed him. AJI.;JOJo his speeches. "'Uii'I-C R't"'"'"" 'l''t41:t
All1fm- outJ"t Alln'l-
deliberately
2. IJ') -1111- fTf.~~- His excuse was a deliber-
ate lie. fllmm- ll"h't.I'T IJ') -1111- fTf.~
~ m-ifT )fiC
*The old man walked with deliberate steps.
11.,.,~~,,_ ' l\.fODtn) ' Tt:-ODf.
deliberately IJ') -1111- 1 om-.f.
I do not think he did it deliberately. IJ') -II
1\- o (OtD-.f.) o fP't:-tJJ- />.f.OD{III"ill"
deliberation
I. m-f.f.T. After much deliberation, they
passed the bill. h-1111- m-f.f.T R:\11 fih"l-
't ' ~<1:'1> ' hlU'-.,.T
2 . .,OJ-I'IT'O .,m-~~- The judge gave his
decision after long deliberation . .c.;;;:liJo b-tl
H- .,ID-"'T'O .,m-~~ R:\11 'i'C~ (lm
3. 'l''t-"'of:. The hunter aimed his gun with
great deliberation. hJI't' ' moo't)i'tJJ-'t ' n-o
H- 'l''t-"'of: M"'m~
delicacy (delicacies)
I. h-iiUT. The child's delicacy was a con-
stant worry to his mother. l\.'0-1> RA~ h-
ilii)T .I'II.,'J/~'1' T""')'Jo )fiC
2. AMI\. The delicacy of a flower allows it
to be easily damaged. ~>.nq R-1'1111- "-1-'1
f"'-:'flltJJ- AMI\ Mllm- )tJJ-
*Tbe delicacy of a baby's skin makes it pleasant
to touch. fiht't ~~~ IIMil illlll') (l.Jiiii\-
T f.il f.IIA
delicate
I. (lAhh .I'll. She has delicate features. (lAh
h .I'll ooAh hilT
2. -llilhilh. A spider's web is very delicate.
fif ~ciT ~C R"'ll" -llilhilh )m-
be delicate lHJ:~j; ~ 1\,e r ~aJo
The international situation is delicate at
present. qu-'t 1..11. f~llll" u-~:J- R'J/'i'
llf. ' )tJJ-
*Her health is very delicate. ;~-.,.,_
delicious "14-"1"
This is delicious candy. f.ll "14-"1"
II ' )tJJ-
be delicious nntr I IIJLm
Just taste this! It's delicious. ll.il-t 'Jooo(lm- I
R"'ll" f."''i'"'A
delight (vt.) Mf.IIT
Toys delight a child. hlf't"I-/L-1'-:f iht't't
.I'Mii:J-11-
302 delinquent
delight (vi.) T(l"f
We delighted in our good fortune. nooAIJII"
"~~~:f't ' .,. ...n
be delighted f.il hll(m-)
I was delighted to see him. l\.11-'t R.,f-1: f.
il ' hll"i
delight (n.) f.ii:J-
Tbe boys were grinning with delight. A}('ll n
f.ii;J- of.~"' -lllltD- )fiC
*To his great delight, he passed the exams.
oi.T'OID-'t 0.,114- of.)mH
delightful I>.Mil:f
We have had a delightful evening. hilf.ll:'f
11"1iT ' hllll'i"t
delimit mM
The chairman delimited the topic for dis-
cussion. IL+ oo'tfi'l- f't"'"''l-'t hCll.iiT
ID/1)
delineate
I. hllll. The commission delineated the bound-
aries of Somalia. l>"'-{1.1'-\o- fll-.,"-.."t m(l't
h/111
2. hii~JI. He delineated the plan with great
care. ll.'l>-'1-'t Rh'i'T>;' 'l''t-"'4: hil~'l
delinquency (delinquencies) tD't)';A l '1'4-T
Juvenile delinquency is widespread at present.
R~t. 1..11. fiD"'T A}(:f ID't)';A Til4-
'i';I:A
Corporal punishment deters delinquency
among the young. hhiJA llf. f"'-.1'.~"1
'1-"'T ' ID"'-1'-:f't ' h'1'4-T ' .I'C-"'A
*His property was seized because of delin-
quency in paying taxes. :J-h il ilf.h'i'A n
oo'Jo~-1> 't-11~-1> T.I'HRT
delinquent (n.) -'1-C\1.
The boy became a delinquent as a result of
associating with bad companions. All: hOD
'OT
'I'll: A}(:f :>C fiOD'I'/1- ' -'1-C\1. IJ')
delinquent (adj.) T"'q-1-'t f.,f.oi.IIOII"
h~"'L Delinquent parents deserve punishment. fmll
~)T T"'qt:-'f'ID-'t ' Mf-.1.110- IDII}(:f
'1-"'T Mq'f"''A
*The owner lost his house when it was sold
for delinquent taxes. qllfi..IJ .I'IIRT't tJJ-11
'i' "1-IIC llf.h'i'A fiOD'Jo~-1> IL-l> Tifm
become delinquent -'I..I'LliJo -t-l\i\L
His bill became delinquent. f oh.llfl- ODh.I.J'
1..11.tD- TIIA~
delirious
(become) delirious
I. l\:J>1r(m-). The patient's temperature went
up, and he became delirious. 01i.,.'?m- '1-ll-
11-lo lliiOq 1:l'"II"'I'IA
2. f"''.J'f.C~m-'J l\"1. She was delirious with
joy. Of.ll:f" -oq'l- ff":f"f.~m-'J h"':f
deliver
I. hf.<:ll. Please deliver these packages to
my hotel. Mtt.U'J 1 '1''1>11-:f 1.1Y1:1\. h
f.-CiliA'S
2. 1\h (.,.1\h). That will he delivered to you.
1 1\'J_,. ' f.llhtAYIA
3. 7.:1' l\0.'1- f.'<:ll t.ou"'. This store
delivers free of charge . .eu ouf.iJC 1 111'1>'1'
1 ' 'I':> ' l\:1' ' l\0.'1- ' f.'<:ll ' 1oP"lfA
4. Of.ll. The postman delivers letters. ?'ll.,.'?
m- f.ofVIILJ":f'J 1 1.'1\IA
5. hll.,.l\lld.. The telephone is an expedient
way to deliver messages. oPfAl\h'I-'J 11"7ll.,.
1\ll'i' ' lltAh ' ,.,.; ' flY~ ' oP'J~f.' ' ~ ....
6. (lfD<:. May God deliver us from all evil!
l\"IH.hil.to.e hh4- ~~c u-tr .el'lm-<:'J
7. 11\1A. Deliver me from such tiresome
people! l\'Jf.H.U 1}11- h"''.llll,.; l'll":f
~1\"tii'S
8. hiiiAG: lim. They delivered the fortress
to the enemy only after a long siege. llilll-
"1.11. h.,.hoo- 0:\11 9"11'1-'J llmll'l-
hiiiAd.tJJo ' l'lm-
9. ~~~~II. She delivered exactly when the
doctor had predicted she wonld. 1'-h-K- '1-
~~~~1\ll:f ' QlltJJo ' ll<t'l- ' .,.~1\1/l:f
deliver the baby r\'1-I'"'I''J h'l'llf.:f
The midwife delivered the baby this morning.
1'.'1'1\:(. ' q.:,. ' tp.'l- ' r\'1-I'"'I''J ' h'l'llf.:f
be delivered h.C~-l- fDIIJ
After many efforts, they were delivered from
bondage. hi!H- "1.11. '1'<:'1- 0:\1\ hQC~
'1- hCt'l- mm-
[See also 'slavery, talk']
delivery
I. 1'.4'&-<:il. The delivery of his speech was
admired by all. M"l"l~ 1'.4'&-<:il 011-11-9"
H'Jf.' _,.f.t4'
2. ( ~ verb) :f"f.ll. There will he no delivery
of mail on Sundays or holidays. l\.,_1.'
m.er OR-tiA .,.., f.i!JIO. hf.:f"f.IA9"
3. ( ~ verb) hll<:hO. I will pay you on
delivery. ll:J-ll<:hO'S l\h'i'IAYIIu-
4. ( ~ verb) hd.ll. The captive was released
303 demand
after the delivery of his ransom. 9"Cl>'?m-
(J.qtJJo') ' hhd.ll ' 0:\1\ ' .,.11.,..,.
delta [m'Jll hm-'1>1'l'll ;>C 0"7.~..-'SO'I- 0
f.IIIA ouh"7:f'l- 9"h'J1'1- f"''.d.mC out.'!-]
delude oneself &-li-'J h'l""f
He deludes himself with false hope. Oh'J-Io
.,.llof. ' &-li-'J ' 1'1"'?lA
delude one into
*His conceit deluded him into believing he
was important. Ol\i16-lo .,.f.IAII- '1-IA'J> ll
.... ' ~'S ' h"711'1- ' f.<:ll
deluge (v.) 1'.'1'114'114'
The rain deluged the village. 11<;9" ou'Jf.
~'J ' h'1'114'114'm-
deluge with t.ma(O'I-)
The audience deluged him with questions.
h-'1"7"""" f'1'1of: ou-t'l- t.m<:JI.O'I-
deluge (n.)
I. '1-C'i'. A deluge flooded the city. '1-C'i' h
.,..,,.., ' h'1'114'114'tJJo
2. f'l'of.'l- m-;Jo. After the deluge, Noah's
ark came to rest on Mt. Ararat. hTof..-,. m-
;Jo 0:\1\ f'l'"o oPChil Oh&-&-'1- _,.&-
&- ' 1\f. ' .fou:f
3. ou-t'l-. A deluge of questions followed his
talk. h'J"I"I~ 0:\1\ f'l'1of: ou-t'l- m<;f.O'I-
(be) deluged ( ~ deluge) '1-<:d.(O'I-)
+He was deluged with letters protesting his
decision to close the school. '1-f"UC'I- 0.-lo
'J /loPli;J'I- 1f.<:~m-'J m-ill!. f"''.:J>m
.... ' f.i!JIO.l":f ' '1-<:4-0'1-
delusion h'J-Io ll'"I.'I-
His delusions of grandeur led him to dis-
appointment. h'J-to f'I-IA'I-~'1- ll'"l.-lo hi!
ll.,.'l- ' "-"' ' "111m-
have a delusion 111\01..
The insane man had a delusion that he was
king. "'""" ' (ltJJo ' .,.,.,., ' ~'S ' 7.111 ' """'"
,._. ~oc
delve h'l'il.f d.M
The scholar delved in many libraries for facts.
,.~ ' oP<;JI"l":f'J ' 11"7"1"f'l- ' '""" ' 0..,. '
ODII.h'i''l- ' tJJo{l'J' ' h'l'il.f ' d./11
demand (v.)
1. mf+. He is demanding more money.
.,.""-"76 nu-o .emf.:l'IA
demand
This work demands great patience. Y..ll I"
&- oflll- '1-b.,P''J- Y..mY..:NA
2. a>ll.l'.(fl'l-). His business demanded his full
time. 1"&-m- "l..ll.lD-1 flou-11- a>(IJ'.fl'J-
3. hlt1U. He demands that I tell him
everything. 11-11-1,. ~~C 1.1.l'.-~.,<:m- Y
ll1J'.-.<'.'11A
demand (n.)
I. '1''11'1-. The library cannot supply the
demand for books. 11.1- ODJ\'dt'i'-1: ll""ll,'h'i'
'1- Yllm-"t '1''11'1- ll..l'<:lt hY..":fiA,-
2. of-of.'\1..~'1-. There is a great demand for
teachers in this country. fllf.tl h~C m-ll
'I' I fOD,.tJi$-1 I of-of.'\1.~'J- I b'i'of-'1 I ~(IJoo
3. 1?.:1' of-of.'\1..~'1-. Value is relative to demand.
'I';JlD- ' 1.1.<'. ' 1.:J'lD- ' of-of.'\1..~'1- ' ~"'"
4. f"''..mY..4'm- ~~c. He is moderate in his
demands. f"''..mY..4'm- )~C oum)>;' )m-
5 . .e.~tt>;'A f"''..llm-. The demands of the client
could not be met . .<'.1fl'1m- .e.~tt>;'A f"''..
1\lD-1 ll""of.ll'" hY..iJ'A,-
be In demand ..,.Lt\1
He is in great demand as a speaker. fl1.,
.,C O'I'<I:H fl"'ll" f"''..of.ll., (lm- )m-
make demands on a>ll.l'.(fl'l-)
This job makes great demands on my time.
.e.u 1"&- oflH-m-"t 1.11.\1.1 .e.mll.l'.-ofl'11A
on demand O+mf+ 1.H.
Show this identification card on demand I
Y..t11 oo;rm-t:Y m<:4''1- fl-1-mf:,Otl 1.11.
MY..
demarcate
I. bllll. The surveyors demarcated the
boundary between Ethiopia and Somalia.
oorM.f\'ll fll\.'1-I'"A-Y..- fl{lo"711J' oultb/A
Yllm-1 m(l1 bllll-
2. 1-ltllll. I demarcated my land from his.
OD&.of;-1 b(lo ;JC 1-ltii/Ab-
demean h:J'IIII
You demean yourself by telling a lie. m-il"'1-
flOD ..~C ' &-/1111 ;1-:J'A'IIItl
*He demeans himself like a boor. fll.l'.-
h.<'.., mtt.e. hAm-
demented 1.-fl.l'.-
He is a poort demented creature. ~tr r'llh.")
1.-fl.l'.- )m-
demilitarize bm;I-J'.C )II h.<'.<:~
The treaty will demilitarize a broad zone
304 demonstration
between the two countries. ll,.II"H flu-11
-1: h~l!'":f oul)b/A f"''..~"fm-1 ll4. ll'i'
&- ' ba>;l-.l'.C ' )II ' Y.<'.C;JI\
demise
I. OD'J'of.'l-. The demise of ancient Rome did
not mean the end of the Latin language.
fl!',. I OD'J'of.'J- ' f'\1;1 ' !1/1!1/ ' "7-fl<I:Y I h
Mfl<:,-
2. ou'l"iJ'. Smoking will hasten the day of your
demise. "7<Q./I fou.,.iJ'u"t +"t Y+CO'I'/A
demobilize flof-)
Mter the war, the minister demobilized the
troops. b"'C)., fl:\'1 "''..~ll'K- ~1
flof-)
democracy (democracies) Jl.'l"b&-ll.
Democracy allows people to share in choosing
their leaders. Jl.'l"h&-ll. ,fi1Jflo ou&m-1
l."tJI.ouC'l' ' Y..of.:,O.l'.-11;1-/A
demolish
I. ha>J'.OD. The explosion demolished the
house. of.1l[m- 11.-1:1 hmJ'.outD-
2. m-J'.-:,0 h.<'.<:~. The results of his research
demolished many theories. fii"CII"(o tD-m.'J-
oflll- b"tll ' dtltll":f1 ' "'"....-:,. ' h.<'.<:~
be demolished tD~OD
Our hopes were demolished by his refusal.
1,,-fl. I fl"71\., I of"(lof.":f1 I liJJ'.OD
demon oo1of.ll (pl..,...,'i'll'l-) 1 ;J~1
I do not believe in demons. fl"""'i'll'l- (fl;J~
1) MMII"
demonstrate (vt.)
I. hii<:JI. How would you demonstrate that
the world is round 1 'tl\9" hofl ODITj0.1
1.1.._'1- ;l-ll<:-'11111?
2. hltf. I will now demonstrate how the
machine works. hll-1 """'&Ym- 1.1.._'1-
1.1.<'."'1.."'&- ' h<\1111-
He demonstrated his courage by his actions
in battle. IDC~., I 'IY.. I 0of.IIODID- I of-"lq
c ~"l"t~-1:1 hltf
demonstrate (vi.) ll'\"7' llol\'1' h.<'.<:~
The students demonstrated against the war in
Vietnam. 1-"'Ml"'li fli.f'I-..-M 1 ...c~'l- 1 fl
OD:J'dJ9" 0 ll'\"7' I (ljl\<j: I AJ'.<:"I-
demonstration
I. OD"III""i. A kiss is a demonstration of
affection. OD<\9" I f<j::,0C I OD"II\""i I ~(IJoo
demonstrative
2. "7!1Gll". The experiment was a clear de-
monstration that wood needs- oxygen to bum.
b1""-'l- {\(ID1J'.Y: l<hl'l.l[1 1.1F."7Jh
~A"'tiJo ..,.ht-tiJo "'AK" "7!1Gli' )OC
3. M"7' llA'i'. The demonstration caused
a riot. M"7'tiJo llA'i' Gofl!f 1>!1)"1
liVe a demonstration lt."JF..+ I lt."J~"7.,lPt- I
h{)f
The salesman gave her a demonstration of
the sewing machine. l>lflf"" flld..T ""h.
c;tiJo 1.11.:,. 1.11'-"'L"'t- l>ll.I'T
[See also 'stage']
demonstrative
1. 0;>11 !1"'1.-1> .I'.,.GOtiJo. The girl's demon-
strative greeting embarrassed her shy brother.
0;>11 ll"'LT .I'"'GO:ftiJo M!l":l' 'H~1
1>4.c W1Y:"J.1 h{)~GtiJo
2. h""A>t:f. "This" and "that" are demonstra-
tive pronouns. ~UEi Y J\oPAlt:f TCIW\m
!l'l":f ...,.
demonstrator M"7' llA~'t
The demonstrators abused the speakers with
their shouting. ll'1"7' llA~'l''Jl .,.c;;>t:!P:f
1 O..."Ji;J-'ftiJo />ID\>.'ftiJo
demoralize
I. l>O'IIf. Habit-forming drugs demoralize
people's character. ll-!1 f"7Jil.f.lt- ""Y:~H
:f fll!P:f1 mq).'. .I'O'IIf 11-
2. 'l"t-A llOG. An attack on the rear guard
demoralized the army. fF.;e). ""m:I'T f
,n<l-1 'l"t-A llOGtiJo
demote 11~ l>F.G1 1 IfG
He demoted him to director. IDS'. .tl.&.h.,.C)
T "7bG"' 11~ l>F.G1tiJo
The Emperor demoted the prime minister.
11-"' )1P'-I> m~'l,l'. "'I.~!IT<I-1 IfGtiJo
be demoted "7bG1-1 .,.1~~
The corporal was demoted for insubordination.
OP'C 1>1\:l'tiJo qfi"":I'Hit- "7bG1-1 .,.1~~
demotion DF.Gll" 11~ ""1'-G"' 1 oPifC
His demotion was announced in the paper.
OF.Gli' 11~ OOJ'.G"I- 0;>11."1 -1"11111
When the news came ou~ everyone was
surprised to hear of his demotion. f""lf <1- Ill
&. ".,. ...., 1.11. 11-11-!1" .,.J'.).,.
demur (demurred) 1>~"7'"1
He demurs when he should act at once.
.1'~). ""U!I" (1.1qtiJo .1'~"7'"1A
305 denounce
demure T.&T
Her demure behavior made her admired by all.
T.&T mq,e<p frJ-11-1 l>Y:CO.fiT l>TCC:
'1;1-A
den
I. [T1'1i<; !I"'Jl flf):f 11'"110fl.l'<; {loa
Ft:.l' f!I";I-11\"'A h'i'A]
2. 'l'lf I "1-<1-. Why venture into the lion's
den? .1'10lltiJo1 'l'lf (.,.&.) !1"1 l>'I~G1 ?
They discovered a den of thieves. fi\.Q .,.1f
h1"f.
3. 1-Y:'!Y:. He found a den of foxes behind his
house. hiL-l> 'II!' 1>1Y: f.,.OC' 1-Y:'!
Y: ' M"f
denial
I. "7!l.,.qn.r. The government issued a denial
regarding the arrest of the ambassador. !Ill
J>!l"qllF.<~- ....,. ...c ....1..,,.....,. .,ll.,.qn.r
/>Ill"!
2. oP>tY:. I refuse to believe his denial that
he did not take the money. 11HD-1 l>AID(l
Y:h-!1" -fill- oP>t-'1-1 l>A.,.OIItiJo!l"
3. 1>11"""'""' His denial of our request seemed
very rude. 'I'.1'4:.1'lf11 1>11"""'"11- -RA"'<;
00{11\
denigrate l>m4-
He denigrated his opponent's good reputation.
f.,.:l''l'"'l.tiJo1 """'"~"' Ill"' l>m4-
denomination
I. fVY.'"I'rT w11. The Protestant denomina-
tion includes the Presbyterians and Baptists.
I'TC'1:1l;J-1T fV,I'.'"I'rT ID11 "rGilll.
-~:cnc; q"r-tllT1 .l'm:I'A'IA
2. 'I';> I Ah-1 f"'1.1AK" K".&'i'. On the
reverse of the coin, the denomination is
stamped. O'i't-111- ;ecq 'If. 'l';>tiJo (A
h-1 f"'1.1AK" K".&'i') :I'T"J.A
denote
I. .t.ooflb.,.. An S.O.S. signal denotes distress.
h.ll I< h.ll !I"AhT :f"'C1 .l'""ilh:I'A
2. -'7A+ ~m-. The word "stool"' denotes
a small chair without a back. -ac....,
oPJ'.1~.1' fl\.lltiJo T1'li ID!I"OC '"lilT
)tiJo
denounce
I. l>1D1H. The minister denounced gambling.
"'U!IT<I- 41'"1C1 l>1D11t-
2. ).,.~. He made a fiery speech den<>uncing
..
dense
fascism. f'l-'liliT't ;>.!I"~T Oou't+'i' "1f,
il'l' 't"I"'C M'.l:1
3. OOD't1C l>;>ilm. He denounced his own
brother to the police as a spy. m").<:-oo- M
f, ODif).'t il?"ll.ll 00D't1C l>;>ilm<D-
dense 'I':J"I'-1> Yil
We drove through a dense fog. '1'-'i>'I':J> qil
fD" I ;J..,
.,. I l1Jol\6J" I ~}~')
densely
*This area is densely populated . .eu +Otl. 0
"'ll" .ft11-ll f,O~'I'II\
density '1'-1>'1'-1> "'lilT
The density of the forest prevented us from
seeing more than a little way ahead. f'-AIIm-
T:J>'I'-1> "'lilT &--1> M':cn ;>.'t.ll<;f.
bilhil't
dent (v.) ml:oPll
The impact dented the fender of the auto-
mobile. ..,.,_..-!> foPh.<;<D-'t Ll:'l-'t~ mt:
OD/IOJ-
be dented 1-lll:'I-S'.
That table was dented in moving. ml:A.qm-
ll.'i'i11 -1-lll:'I-S'.
dent (n.), make (dents) in 1>'1-S'.'I-S'.
Bullets had made dents in the steel helmet.
'l'f.T f-llt:T qc~"'m-'t l>'I-J!:?-1'-:J'Il\
not make a dent ~1.'.-r }\tu\m-
The doctor told him to stop smoking, but it
didn't make a dent. mh.oo- 11.11'&- ..,..,_ll
;>.'tii.J'~!I" IU"'t:m- ~1.:011" 1>4\ilm-
dentalf'I'Cll
There is no dental clinic in this village. OH.U
oP"JS'.C <D-ll'l' f'I'Cll mh.!l" ILT filii"
dentist (f)'I'Cll mh.!l"
I took my sister to the dentist because she had
a toothache. ;>."1-1: 'I'CII.'t lll\OD"'IT ms>.
'I'Cll mh.,. m/1.<:-1>.:,.
denude ql'-m-'t l>ll+t:m-
The storm completely denuded the trees.
"1f.il'l'm- ~'I-ll qr:::'Jn qF-'I'lf<D-'t All
+&-lfm-
denunciation (~to denounce) "'1<\"'T
The candidate's denunciation of his opponent
consisted of insults and lies. Mu.m- -t-m-'1.11<1
-t-+<;;~'t ii"'III"'T fii)Hl:<D- 11-11- IIJ:'il
..- m-ar:,. ~oc
306 departure
deny (denied)
I. IJS'.. He denied his own signature. f1q
&-11-'t LC"'I liS'.
The prisoner denied the charges against him.
;>.llt:"'m- f-t-hllliOT't m't~ll\ liS'.
2. 1>11\-t-+Oil,... The gnard denied his request.
HO...m- 'I'Y4lm-'t 1>11\-t-+Oilm-!1"
3. l>ll-t-qoil. He denied that the young men
of his generation were degenerate. fffOD). at
"1-1'-:f OD'tLll S'.IJ"'I <;'I'm- f""-ii<D-'t
l>ll-t-Yf:,. l>li-J-qoil
4. ~L1. He denied them the opportunity
to go to college. loll.~ fou"'qT't ~.<:-A
)L:>lfm-
be denied -t-hilhil
The appeal was denied. f."'q~ -t-hilhil
depart
I. 'tS'.. He will depart in a short time. o:J>c-o
'1..11. ' f,'t.IIA
2. -t-ilf. The new method departs from the
old in several respects. hJLft. n~ hY:-t!"m-
OiiH- OD't1.1:' f.iiYA
depart from Amm
He departed from his usual way of working.
f-t-ilous>. fl>P'&-C HJ',m-") iiOJm
departed (n.) ?.:f
After a person dies, it is customary for the
priest to pray for the soul of the departed.
l>'t.l:' /IOJ- h'l"-t- 0:\'1 ' 4lll ' ii"J.~ )
fi:ll I ODKA- I fh\OD.e., I )1C I ~,..
department h<;:A
In which department of the store does he work?
OODS'.-fl'l- Of_.,..,...,. h'i'A f,P'&-A l
That sort of thing is not in my department.
;>.'tS'.H.U film- ~1C h~'t l>f.""ilhT!I"
department store ous>.-oc
The department store is closed. oos>.il'l- -t-
H"I:I:A
departure
I. OD'tJ:". His departure was unexpected.
oP'tJI, YA:l'I'IO ~OC
2. oo)lf. The bulletin lists the arrivals and
departures of all buses. "'lli;J-m4:J'm- fl>..,..,_
11-f>'fi't 11-ll- oPJ:"{..If<; ""~If f,Hl:11&-A
be a departure from h - - f'lDtiJ r ~ro-
To bury the dead the same day they died is a
departure from our old customs. -:l''t't f
bil-l: biiT oool>OC h'l''tT A"'IJ:- fOJ
tiJ ~CI)o
I
depend
depend (on)
1. -J-"1oo). Can I depend on this airport
schedule or is it an old one? RILIJ fl\fD-C'TII't
TC"''.!-!1" ' llt.T"''OO't ' l\1-lllltJ. ' tD)1.it ' f
f ' )fD-!
I depend on my friend to help me. =iF.:;'\1. l\'tS'.
"'Lt:.-'l'f l\T"'iOO'tO;f-lltJ.
2 . .,..... ...,.:.,.. A man's dignity depends on his
character. f(tw- A~ h11~ OmfJ\< 11)1.
f..,.ODIPC:+ I ~8Jo
*Good health depends on good food. oollt.lJ!I"
11""111 fOOIIt.lJ!I" m.'tH OOoPt:.'J- )ID-
7..~~
*That depends on the circumstances. 1
;J-8Jo I i'aJo
It all depends ll~1. r.N~.+m- ~(Do
I may go to Ethiopia or I may not ; it all
depends. mF. h.'l-f'kY l\~F.- mf'.!l" hilt.
~F.' ' f'.l/'<;111. I l\'tS'. ' tJ.~;f-w- ' )fD-
dependable ;f-"1'f
A dependable friend will help you in time of
difficulty. ;t-"1'f =iF.:;' 01-"lc '1..11. J!.t:.
'IVA
dependency (dependencies) '1'1:;'
The Virgin Islands is a dependency of the
United States. fiiO['t F-11.+1- ff.<;J!.'I-S'.'
il-1:'1-it ' '1'1'i' ' ""'
(be) dependent on
1. .,..... ...,.:,.,.. A farmer's success is dependent
on having the right kind of weather for his
crops. nF.- ' 104. ' fl'l1111t. ' .,..,c ' 01-it
..,"'L YfC mflf'. IIJ!. f1'oooPt:,1' )fD-
2. 0 - - '1-h'lf Ill'- 'l'.:. A child is dependent
on its parents for food and clothing. A~ A
111'1-'t<; !1""111-'t 11"1"1'f'l- Omll;i<'fi '1-h
'If 11)1. ' OD'l'C ' l\IIO'f-
3. fl'l-'t l\~ l\Yf 'l'.:.l'mfinanciallydepen-
dent on him. onn11 nl>-111. fl'l-'t l\~
l\YftJ. ' l\'l'o!-lltJ.
4. -J-m(t). Our trip is dependent on the weather.
1-!l.1-'t f"tml'l)fD- 'If~ tJ.~;f- )fD-
depict
1. 11111. The book depicted life in Tibet.
OOX'd14- ' 01:0.'1- ' Yllw-'t ' 'l-1!' ' 11111
2. l\ilf. The big painting depicts Christ's
crucifixion. 'l-111.4< P'611t. fhcit+it"t it:,OII
'1- ' Yo'IYA
deplete "".:1'1
Illness depleted his strength. <boo?" 1-llt.O-I>"t
....:(tw-
307 depose
A disease depleted the lake of fish. 011;1- f
d1)1.4<'t ' 't"f ' ....:1'1
be depleted 0"1!1" 1-+M
Our resources in men have been depleted by
war. f(tw- ..,,_111-'t OtllC)'f- 0"111" '
1-+'t!).llt.
deplorable
1. l\il~'f. This was a deplorable accident.
J!.IJ l\il~'f l\1-;J )OC
2. f"'LYitmll. This room is in deplorable order.
J!.ll h'i'llt. O"'LYitmll tJ.~;f- Ill'- )w-
o-t You have deplorable manners. f""LJ'llmil m
flY. ' l\11111J
3. hith.L. We must all share the blame for
this deplorable condition. IIII.IJ hith.f. .,.~
;f- tJ.II:f't!l" 1-m:f'"P-f- )'t
deplore
1. l\H). We deplore the accident. itll h
S'.;JID- ' l\<;11<;11't
2. f1'1'1"1m-'t :,O<~.;t- 11111. The government
deplored the mass demonstrations. ilA1"1..i:1
tD- o 'f-111.:,0 o 1'111"1'1! o l'lllt.'i! o OO't"fP'-fl ' fT
l'l"1fD-'t ' :,O<~.;f- ' 11111
deploy Ofm1'l- l\1'1..,.!-
The general deployed the troops for a charge.
:(~.!-11- mll'l-"t 11"1'1':"'1- l\"t'l.oo:f m
;f-F.C''fi't Ofm1'l- l\1'1"1.!-
depopulate f <111111 "111~'1- ""0:1'1
A plague almost depopulated Europe in the
Middle Ages. OoPlJhll'i'w- noo't m.:.c1i'f
Yw-en a.1111 "111~'1- ll.""caw- !l"'t
II" hllt.+t:.m-!1" )OC
deport lJ1C l\itm"'
The government deported the spy. oo't"IP'-1>
M f.'t lJ1C l\itm"'m-
deport oneself
*John deports himself like a gentleman.
f'.h'tit f""'l' mfJJ!. l\llfD-
depose
1. f!l"ithC)'f- :"11-'t l'lm. He deposed that
he had seen the prisoner on the day of the
murder. f)'i'it "1-'lf. 01'.1.11"" 611'1- l\it
t:.'i'w-"t l\J!.'Ii'l'lltJ. 1111- f!l"ithC)'f- :"11-
'tl'lm
2. hiM-'t hmt:.S'.. In Greece, the radical party
deposed the king. O"l&h l\1C 'i'R-!1" ' lltD-
'1' t.II'I..ID' h'i'llt. 't1-,...'t hn-'1-'t hm
.:.s-.w-
deposit
3. hP'A"''t hOJGS'.. The people deposed the
dictator . .l.1111- t.!l"q 1~lo-'t hi"A"'lo- tom
GS'.OJ-
deposit (v.)
I. t.II<J>oom. He deposited the books on the
desk. oox-dtG:'Ih flmGA.~m- 11,1'. t.II<J>oom
I will have to deposit some money at the bank.
.,.4:.-,.
nu-n l\q'th "'lii<J>oo.,. t.11-n>1
2. t.h"'l'l' I boot;. The flood deposited a layer
of mud in the streets. ,..C4- flOD't1.ol. 11,1'.
S'.IIA t.h"'l'l' (hoot;)
deposit (n.)
I. ooy..,-. I had to pay five cents deposit for the
bottle. 1\mcou-a- aoy..,- hl"'il:,. ft't1:1"'
ODbof..&l. ' ~flt;o(l'{
2. 11:1'"11". There are mineral deposits in the
Congo. fll>'t1 f"'l~~'t 11:1'"11" All
A deposit of jewels was stolen from the hotel
safe. 11'1:11- IJ11'i" OJ-11'1' f-t-<J>oomm- h
A"'/11 1-IIG<J>
*Potash is obtained from deposits in the desert.
;r;,.-li hflGY OJ-11'1' 1-h"'l:f-.f J'.1'1A
date of deposit 1'lH-R f++oumnT "'.H.
Interest is reckoned from the date of deposit.
OJII.ol. f"7.:f"ilflm- 1'tHII- h-t-<J>oomn:,. 1.
H. ' h'ti".P. ' ~til-
make a deposit hll.,.oPtn
I still have to make a deposit at the bank.
t.o-"tl"" ILII''t 1'tHofl llq"th "'111<1'""'1'
Mofl'1
[See also 'mud')
deposition flK".ft.'i' .f<I'Gfl f!l"ilhc~:,. :l'A.
His deposition was not accepted by the judge.
nx-m.'i' .f<I'Gflm-"t f!l"ilhc~:,. :1'11-'t
.11'1m- t.AT<l'fli\OJ-!1"
give a deposition ?A-'1 1 O&"tft.tt: 1 {lm
He could not attend the trial, so he gave a
deposition. 'i'C~ n.:,. ""~Gofl 1111&1..!1'
II :1'11-'t flK"dto'i' lim
depository "'lil<l'oP"'i
The hotel's depository for valuables is located
behind the reception desk. 11'1:11- m-11'1' .fll
OJ- ' fOJ-~ 0 l\:J'jP"fo o "'/ii<J>OD"'i 0 l\'t"'JI 0 oP<J>
nym- mGA.~ :\11 ~m-
depot "111"11" n.:,.
A depot for automatic weapons is next to the
police station. ft.m-+"'11:h """lt..f!Pl- "'
l"'li" ' n.:,. ' h?'ll.il ' "'IL.fOJ- ' <1''1'11- ' ~OJ-
308 depression
deprave t.flllif
Drinking too much alcohol depraves a person's
character. f"t.filhC ""m'l' n-n~:,. ""m
"':,. film-"t mq,l'. .ffllllfA
depraved ~m-G.,.
The newspaper reported on the depraved
criminal. :>11."101- 1111 ~m-.:.,.m- m"t)>;ll
'1 hTT
deprecate t.'t...,M
t."t.ll't~
Some people deprecate modem art.
il!l'l- H""'i"' I"~A't .f't....ilftll-
11~ t.S'.G1
depreciate (vt.)
The government depreciated its currency.
OD't"'l":,. fll1t.-f>'t f1"tHofl 'I':> 11~
t.S'.G1
depreciate (vi.) cp ,;JID" .,.Hl
A house depreciates rapidly if not kept in
repair. n.:,. flf1.H.OJ- IJA;f-S'.il 'I';>m- .P.
II- .P.II- J'.<l"tftA
depreciate in value cp;JaJo'1 +){1
Money depreciates in value every year. flf'\OD
-1> 1'tHofl 'I':>01-'t J'.niiA
depress
I. ~c hil"f I t.ftH~. His letters always de-
press me. S'.ofJ.'III.m- o-&1. 1.11. ~C .fil"f
'1&1.
The news he received today depressed him.
~.:. fil"'l..,. m.:. t.ttn~m-
2. 1-"'i~. Depress the gas pedal slowly! fll.'tll.
't ' ODil"'iOJ-'t ' <J>il ' .fll\11 ' T""i~OJ-
3. t.<I'H<I'H. High tariffs have depressed
world trade. h'i'-1'.,. <I'G'I' f'\IIM 't"'
~ h<1'11~P;f-A
4. t.Hflm. The heavy trucks depressed the road .
hqp..,.; ooh..,.,..,. oo<t1.o1."t t.unm-:,.
(be) depressed hH~
He has been very depressed. 0"111" h11'f
~oc
depressing t.ilhd.
His very presence is depressing. l\11.11 0011"
"" ' -nil' ' t.ilhd. ' ~til-
depression
I. .,.~~. After the rain, every depression in
the road was filled with water. h11'i"11 fl:\11
0foP't1.ol. ' 11,1'. ' -'~~""" ' 1-~'lP..l- ' IJ-1\- '
OJo;) lli'I'Gm- ~oc
2. 111:1-~ il'i't.-. Lake Assai is located in
deprive
a large depression in the Rift Yailey. fhltA 1 dl
r.:f- 1 R:NI"' 1 IfA.,. 1 ....11"' 1 nu'S 1 11c
.,.: I Itt;:,&. I f.Doll'T I 'taJo
3. hf. 1 4"J. We lost all our money in the
depression. ?'tHQ:f't't 1 ,.11- 1 Rhf. 1 . , . , 1 ..._
~ll't
a fit of depression oflll"l'"."fo I .,.11-f.
He committed suicide in a fit of depression.
hoflll"l'"."fo I f.,.).., I (TIIof. I ROI>ot'~'J') I &-
1\-'J I ?Y.A
cause a depression h.UOm
The heavy weight of sand caused a depression
in the roof of the house. J'lf'l'fDo 1 hofiY.."fo 1
fiL.,, I IIJ&- I hHRtllfDo
deprive
I. hAhA. I wouldn't want to deprive you of
your cigarettes. 11.11"&-tl't 1 AhAhol\11 1 hoi\
l..ol\"19"
2. t.II+~(R."fo). I hope this won't deprive me
of your company. J"t'f't 1 h~ 1 ;>C 1 ooiJ''t 1
7.'tY."7J'II+Cofi'S I .,.11-f. I l\Y.C;>A,.
3. H;>(R."fo). The world deprived Ethiopia of
her chance to export coffee. 'M'J" 1 t..."fofokJ' 1
mY. 1 ID-"1'" 1 11-'i' 1 Aoollh 1 J'll."fo't 1 ~~A 1
H;>Q."fo
be deprived of
I. -t-?1..1... They were deprived of ail their
rights. ooofl;l-'ffDo't 1 ,.11- 1 T11..'1'A
2. .,.)m+. The student was deprived of his
books and couldn't study . 1 DPK"dl
G:'il't 1 ,.11- 1 IIA.,.)m+ 1 A.J'm'i' 1 t.Ail'
.,..,tl....
A'J"
depth 'I'A+."fo
The depth of this lake has never been measured.
fll.tl I .,,.:,. I 'I'A+."fo I TAh-fo'J" I t.J'....:,O
*The depth of his love led him to commit
suicide when his wife died. A"til., 1 f)R~fJJo 1
'i':f-C 1 fmA+ 1 IIA)RC 1 R'I"T:f 1 "1.11. 1 &-
1\-'t I ?M
from the depth of my heart hAofl
I thank you from the depth of my heart.
hol\ofl I l\OD{l"''tVA,.
In depth R'I'A:fo
He made a survey in depth of the economic
situation. fM'l'"'LID-'t 1 ,.~:1' 1 II'I'A:fo 1
00~-~
deputation h'tUil.
Our neighborhood sent a deputation to the
mayor to ask for street repairs. t"'L&ol-1 ou")
309 derivation
?J'.'Jl I h'J-'l.tn?\o I mY,. I h'J-f:QfJJo I l.'JUI\ I
1\h
deputy (deputies) 'J"h."foA
I am the chief here and he is my deputy.
'J'<;"fDo I ~'J" I 7,~ I )'S j 7,1\- I Y,."/'1" I 'J"h."fo/1. I
)fJJo
1 """"~"'
deputy minister 'J"h."foA 1 "'Ltll."foC
The deputy minister of agriculture will visit
our school. fhc'll" 1 'J"h."foA 1 "'Ltll."foc 1 ."fo
'J"tiC."fo I IL:J-:f't't I f-1-ofi'I'A
derail (vt.) fdi'Vl-'t t.:f-IIJ"i Amm
The enemy derailed the train. mll."fo 1 fdl-'l.
,11.'t 1 t.:f-IIJ"i AmmfJJo
be derailed dl-'l.JI.'t 1 A... 1 fDIIJ
The switch was left open, and the train was
derailed. fdl-'l.JI. 1 ""11"1..1' 1 h'i'."fo 1 (IA)RC 1
Q(K. I dl-'l.JI., I A.f> I fDIIJ
derange t.'i'mm
The war deranged his mind. tflC)., 1 t.h'J"C'
m-'} : h."i"mmaJo
derangement
I. oo:J-m(l. The derangement of the schedule is
caused by the hijacking. f'f'C"''&-oo- 1 oo:J-m(l 1
fY.~(lfJJo I Rl\OJoC"f'l\1- I oPtnA'i' I ,.,.)..,I )IJ>o
2. ft.h'J"C' 1 oo<;m'l'. His derangement is caused
by the death of his wife. ft.h'J"C'OJo 1 oo'i'ID'l' 1
h"'LII., I OD'!"."fo I fT).., I )dJo
derelict
I. 'I'AT'I'. He is always derelict in his duty
and you cannotrelyonhim. rJ-A'LtL OP"~fD-
1\f. I 'I'AT'I' I IIAIJ') I A."foT"7DP'tR."fo I t.."fo:f
A'J"
2. (l9':f 1 fiiJII-."fo. A derelict ship is adrift
off the coast. (l9':f 1 fiiJ!I.:,. 1 DPChofl 1 Rm
~~- I t.:foo!-11..1' I ."fo'I'AA I )RC
deride l>I..H
The boys derided him for his vanity. R"'ofl11)
., I AP:'Il I ,.,_,,..,..,.
derision 1..11
Children dread the derision of their playmates.
A'J!.:f I R'lY."''iJ''I'OJo I 1..11 I R"''J" I f.l..&-11-
derivationl - of words P'CID 1 :J-1\."fo
This dictionary gives the derivation of words.
f.tl I 001110 I :J-1\."fo I P'CID I :J-1\."fo't I f-1
AliA
*This is a tune of Turkish derivation . .eo 11"7
foP)"'-ID- I h.,Ch I )dJo
derive
derive 111"f
He has not derived much benefit from his
studies. h-1-II"'UC-1> 1111- '1'~11"' 11'11"fll"'
*From which root do you derive this verb?
Mfl. P'C II"'"H~:)IIJo 1 )IIJo
be derived Tm~(l
Many Amharic words are derived from Geez.
1111- Y"'IC>f .+'1-l- f-t-m<:fl.-1- h"1~11
)IIJo
derogatory f"'l.)lJ
He made remarks that are derogatory to my
reputation. ll01.1' fOf.~lt ~1C T~1~
make derogatory remarks h.1'!ti'" 1"~t!
He made derogatory remarks about the quality
of the food. !Ill 11"'"111- 1\'t!l/if -t-<;1<:
descend
1. m<:S'.. He desoended the mountain. -1-<l-<l-IIJo
't ' m<:S'.
2. .t.flfl. The river descends to the sea.
W'tll- mS'. Q..OC Y.LiiA
3. -1-'thQII- m.:s-.. These stones have appar
ently descended from the mountain tops. 7l ~
ILII J':") ;>V"":f h-1-&-&-IIJo ""l'i' lo.Y.
-1-'thQ/IIIJo fm<:JI. y.ooMtr
4. 11~ 1111. Prioes have descended during
the past month. Q/ILIIJo me n..+l"":f
'I'? 11~ 1111- )fiC
5. 1\.aJC..(;- 1\.'P~..(;- oPIIJ. This custom de-
scends from the ancient Greeks. Y..tJ IAUOJY:
h'l''t:f'IIJoY't "l<ll>":f fl.WCY: fl.'I'<:Y: foP
tiJ I )aJ-
6. -1-ii.IIL. This house will desoend to my son.
Y.ll IL-l- IDS'. A~ Y.-1-il./lof.A
descend to ,&.{1-"} h+llll
He would never descend to cheating. OfPI:rAA
<1-fl.'t IIY<i'AII"'
descend upon tot!l.
The bandits descended upon the village at
night. 'ii<i:-Hl oo'tS'.'I-'t ll.fl.-1- m<:<-'1-
descendant .,.,.,.~
He is not a direct descendant. f'P'im- ""''lF: 1
.,.,,.~ ' IIY.S'./111"'
*He is a descendant of the royal family.
f)1P':f'-l- HC 1\/IIIJo
be a descendant +mA.R
That man is a direct descendant of Emperor
Menilek. Y {lfDo h'l"l"'i'l! ll"'tAh 04'
'l':f' ' Y.W/I'IA
310 desert
descent
I. <fiA.,/1-l-. He climbed down a steep
descent. 4''1' YIIIIJo't .,A.,/1-l- m<:S'.
2. HC. He is of French desoent. H<- L<:'t'tY.
Going downhill, our descent was rapid.
_,A_,A !l'tmCY: DP't1'1":f't L"''t )fiC
*There is a sharp descent in the price of com.
fhllA 'I'? Q't.J.'.. m<:S'.
describe
I. 11111. He described the events of last week
accurately. YliLIIJo't illl""t-1- o-~:f' n-1-h
hA 11111
2. 1111<:'1. The teacher described the actual
position of the moon. oP?'"Uo;. 1 f~tl.m-'l 1 f
....:,.. .,.~,. /Ill<:'!
3. 9"'t 'tY.)-1- '-'t...ll') 1 )1<:. She described
her coat so welt that I found it right away. lJ;rc
:t ll"''t 'tY.)-1- '-'tS'.IJ') RS'.'t11 !l/1)1<:
:f~ mi!.YIIJo M"fo--1-
4. IP&.. He described a circle in the air. h.fC 1
lo.Y. h11 w&o
describe oneself
*He described himself as a doctor. .hh.ll"' )
~ 1111
description
l. OD""ll\-L. Canyougivemeadetaileddescrip-
tion? 11.C11C DP"I/1""1 A-1-ilm~ 1 '1-:fil.llll 1
2. "'""' The house answers to your descrip-
tion. IL-l> IJ't-1- 1/IR ?C Y.ll"'I"'IA
3. 'tY.)-1-. I like food of every description.
"'l't>ffDo'tll"' ' 'tY.)-1- 11"'"111 '-"''!/Ill-
be beyond description .e.u ~m- h..e.llA?'" i
Y.ll )IIJo II.QA IIY.":fAII"'
The shame she felt was beyond description.
f-1-il"'l-1- '-<i:l:-1- Y.ll )IIJo IIY.QA9"
(Y.Il )IIJo II.QA 1\Y.:fAII"')
desecrate 1\<:hil
Young criminals desecrated the cemetery.
W"'l- m't)':ll'l'":f foo.+11<-'t P:J' ll<:hfl.-1-
desert (vt.)
I. 114'4'. A good soldier never deserts his post.
:f'"'l~ m;f'S'.C ll""t 1."11"' fi.ll"t f-t-oo
s-.nn-1-'t ll'i'&o IIY./1~11"'
2. 'I'll- 'tS'.. He deserted his wife and children.
"'l.il-l>'t<; A;'1l't 'I'll- 'tS'.
d ..ert (vi.) h'!
The soldiers deserted in droves. m;f'S'.I!''Il n
11~'1- h-'1-
desert 311 desirable

desert (n.) 'l"~t. lVI design (n.)

They crossed the desert in twenty days. 1. :JocK". This cross has a very intricate design.
'/"~<'.. fl'l,.'t Oll.t' .,.'t l\!1/<'.."" J'.IJ ' OD{l.,.A ' 0"1'1" ' <'..oi::J> ' :JoCK" ' 1\{lfDo
desert (adj.) 0<'..7"7 flY) ! '/"~<'.. 0'1 flY) 2. '1.'1'. Try to center the design on the page!
Pirates used to maroon people on desert 'l.""'t m<'...,.-1> ou?A li"7'1'A 'l"hc
islands. fQ.ltC 'li'i'.Y.l- (l9'l-'t 0<'..7"7 0 3. 1\oP&-C. The building seats 10,000 people,
If) ('1"~<'.. 0'1 OIY)) ~11.'1- IIJ'. 7.fm but is poor in design. ,"h'}A.ro- OPC i(tJ
fl.<!. ' fll o ODOD{Ilf o .t'll!l/'fiJ)o ' )0C (l(Do I ~~If&\ I ~1C I ""I'} I }tu.o&o<;. I '1'"" I }'.

f.~ll'l"
desert(s) '1':> 4. 'tll"7. My enemy's design is to get my job.
The criminal got his just deserts. D'1~A~ro- fQll;>&-11. 'tll"7 1"&-ll.'t liOD'tm:J> )fDo
f"'L1QIJ)o't ' .,.:> ' 1'.11 by design 0,..,.
Whether by accident or design, he overturned
deserted (lm- ftl.liO+
After a long march, they came to a deserted the lamp. <U'fDoT f.rY'r om-4' h-&-11-'t
village. hiiH- .,.~ 0:\11 (1,. ftl.liO+ ou .<'.o(.m-
't~C ' ~<'..(1- have designs on
be deserted *I suspect that he has designs on my job.
1. "l"C t.ll. At midnight, the streets are /"6-ll.'t 0 {IOD'ttn:J> < .h/liJ 0 7.'t'lflfDo 0 7.tn
deserted. 07.11-ll tl.ll.+ OD't1P..l- ?C J'.llll- <'-'1'&-liii-
2. of"ll.,..,.. The village was hurriedly deserted School of Design f'l~ I +rue:,. ' a:,.
because bandits were in the area. O{IL.;.. 1i This college has a School of Design. f.IJ l>tl.
'i':l" ' (1{1)0<'.. ' OD't.<'.-1- ' O'i''J')'J- ' -l"il.,..,. ~ f't~'i' '1-'I"IJC'I- IL'I- 1\llfDo
[See also 'desolate'] [See also 'decorative']

deserter h'l-1"'1 J h'l-1"'1 a>:J".<'.C designate

The deserter was shot by a firing squad. I. oPfOD. He designated the director to be his
h'l-1"'1m- (h'l-1"'1,. a>:l".<'.C) O'I'J'.'I- successor. JP& oot.m-1' Oft. (l:J'" l.,")Jl...,.
l] I IPfOD
-1"~0.<'.0
2. hi'lf. His insignia designates his rank.
desertion ouh'l+ 'I"Ah-1> "7b<'...,.'t .t'<U'A
Desertion from the army is punishable by be designated .,.~h
death. h"'C {1&-'f+ ouh'l+ 0'1"'1- .t' This shipment is designated for Ethiopia.
h.,."! A f.IJ ' oouchil ' f"'L'\11 ' 7.:1- ' m~ ' 1<..'1-1'"
*The wife sued her husband for desertion. " ' ' f"'L~h ' )fDo
"'Lfl'l-1'"'1' ' Q!l. ' '1'!1.+ ' (1{1~.<'. ' hflfll-m-
designer 'l"f.A 1\fDo"'-
deserve J'.1Q'I'A My brother is a dress designer. m'l~ fA
Such a good worker deserves better pay. 1}(l I '(PY,./A I J\lD""l, I )aJo
7.'t.<'.ILIJ .t'll tn'tiJ&- oP&--1"'1 fOlltn
~'1"11 ' ODh<I..A ' J'.1Q'I'A designing 'l"f.A
She studies dress designing at the school.
design (v.) 0'1-ll"IIC'I- IL-l> m-h'l' fAilll 'l"f.A
I. )f.<l... The engineer designed a beautiful 'l-"7&-lll-
bridge. ou?'t'l..fl- '1"1- f~A~J'. 't.<'."'i' )~<I.
2. 'I"~ t.m"l. She designs her own clothes. desirable
liAil!l. '1"'1-'t &-!).. :J-m"'lll- I. -1"<1..11'1.. A change would be very desirable.
3. 1\..,, His parents designed him for the llfDo'l' 7.~"1 -1"<1..11'1. f.IY'OA
ministry. mll~'li tilL_,. hCM:.t''t MA 2. f"'Loul-. This is a very desirable site for a
"liP+ ' t.=+ hotel. f.IJ liiY1:A 0"1'1" f"'LDDT ll'i'
4. h+F.. The prisoner designed an intricate 6- I SodJ"
escape. 7.(1<'..'1,. f-1"&-.,..,. f"7'1"ll""'. H 3 . .<'.fl f"'LA. This is a very desirable apart-
.. ' I\.,.~ ment. f.IJ ~(I f"'LA t.:rc.,.., )fDo
desire
desire (v.) .,._,
We all desire happiness and health. v-ll:f-"tl"'
Y-.11:1"<;. m.<;. l>"t>l.'l'C:"t l>"t->;'ll"t
desire (n.)
1. 'i'll1'1-. My desires are easily satisfied.
'i'll11: fi4'1111- J.'.C:IJA
2. 9"71''1-. He has no desire to see his family.
fLTllll-"t 11"7f'l- ?""til" 1"''1''1- film-?"
*Since he got his heart's desire he has lived
happily ever after. fAll- W'..C:llll'l- fi:\11 fi
Y-.11:1" 'l'.:
desired (adj.) fTof.l\1
His speech produced the desired effect. "t"l"l<-
fTof.ll1w-"t m-m.'l- 1>1117
*His performance of his duties leaves much to
he desired. fF&-m- l>of.l\11?" 1111- l>"tb
"t l>llfi'l-
(be) desirous of .,._,
He is desirous of going to Ethiopia.
'1-NrJ' 11-.1:" J.'.->;'A
desist .,.m
He was told to desist from smoking. li.:J&-
1."t>I.TIJJo T)"IC'T )fiC
desk 1.11h
This desk is too small for me. J.'.ll 1.11h fi
"'?" J'"tli>;'A
[See also 'reception')
desolate (v.) hm~.
The invading army desolated the countryside.
m&-&w- tnc Qll~<-"t l>m'i-
be desolated UrhH'l Tqtm
He was desolated to learn that she would not
marry him. 1.,Y-."7 hQm- ' Qm4' ' "1.11 ' fi
.hH"t T'l'm
desolate (adj.) fill
The surface of the moon is desolate.
~II'' 011 ' )IJJo
be desolate OtrJ9" 1llmltA
This must be a desolate place in winter.
OhC:?"'l- J.'.ll 11:1" 0"1?" J'11miiA
*Lalibela is a desolate place in the rainy
season. Oh.:l"''l- m&-'1- 111\.fill fTm.:.:
f"'l.-1111m-
)IJJo '
desolate and deserted n~
The village lay desolate and deserted. -"tY..<-
fill 4'C;J:A
312 despise
look desolate b'l-(m-)
The ragged, hungry child looked desolate.
lt-'1--r- fllfillm-<; fT&-fim- A~ b'i'-r-'1-
)fiC
despair (v.) T11'i- .,..:m
The doctors despaired of saving his life.
mil.'1"'1! ihJ.'.mio"t 11"711"t f)fi&-'l'w-"t
T11'i- .,..:m-
despair (n.) T11of. _.,.....:'!'
In her despair, she jumped out of the window.
T11of. h_.,...C:IJI. fT)"' fi-111>'1- Hllll:f-
be filled with despair 1-llof.. ~ 'lll.m
He was filled with despair when he saw the
exam. ,~..,.-;,.-, Qf "1.11 T11of.m-"t .,.
.:m
be the despair of }l{IOD,l,l
The naughty girl was the despair of her parents.
Qll'l.'l' A~ mll}!!f!"t 1>11-c&- )fiC
tD,F. k surrender oneself to despair +llof.. 1 4l.m
He surrendered himself to despair and took
his own life. T11of. fi_.,.....:m- f~~ ihJ.'.
mio"t l>ltllof.
despatch, see dispatch
desperate
I. T11of. f"'l.J'11.,.C'I'. The state of the country
is desperate. J'16:J; v-~:1- T11of. f"'l.J'
11.,.C'I' )IJJo
2. fot,rllll't. She is in a desperate situation.
1.!). fi"'l.J'It'H"t v-~:1" IIJ.'. ):f-
An escaped prisoner is likely to be a desperate
man. J'-llm 1.11.:>;' Tllof. fioP.,...C:'i'
"7"t>;'m-"t?" )~C b"7J:"C:"I l>J.'.-1111?"
desperate act +ilof.. foP.,..,l_'f Y:'C'l.+
Suicide is a desperate act. &.ll't 1 OJP11..A
T11of. f_.,....:'l' J:-C"I.'l- )m-
desperation, in ~ T11of. .,.ctn
fta.~.+ In desperation, he jumped out of the window
when he saw the stairs were on fire. F-'1ft-
fil>lt'l- TJ'J.'.tf Qf "1.11 T11'i- .,.Ctn
fi-111>'1- Hll- m"'
despicable f"'l.<;~
Cowards and liars are despicable. of.&,.:f-<;
'I'll',..,.. ' f"'l. <;41 ' <;'I'm-
despise <;4'
He despises manual labor. f'I",I'T'h'l- 1"6-
J.'."t:f'A
despite
despite
1. -fl + imperfect + '1". Despite my threats,
he continued to defy me. Qll.f.t-<1-IJJo'/" '1-l'.~
u:t "'"'11\-"t 4'mll
2. 'l""t'/" l'."t!o. -o + (imperfect). The boys
went fora walk despite the storm. 'l""t'l" l'."t!o.
~,_11'1 11..--o R.H"tfl A.}l.:'ll 1111C1iC IBm-
despoil OHOH
The robbers despoiled the house. 4'"7'l''ll 0.
-l>"t OHOit-'1-
(be) despondent h11':" 1"hH
He was despondent over his wife's poor health.
1111 "'1.111: mS "7"1'1- h11':" 1"h~ )OC
despot "''"t hll-fi'S q,.
In ancient times, many rulers were despots.
O'l'"t'l- "1..11 -flit- 111:9''1- "''"t hll-fi'S
qf"'f- )0~
dessert "7"1"1"'1...1'
Dessert is my favorite part of a meal. "7"1"1"'1.
1 h'/""111 o-11- h-fiA- l\<DJII\tJ-
destination
1. 11100'1- 11;1-. When do we reach our des-
tination? tu"tfl"tO'I- 11:1' ""'~' l'."t.I'.C<\1\"t l
2. (f.,.~) ""S':o'."li. Our destination is Addis
Ababa. f.,.~'l''f-"t ""S':o'."li h'l.ll hOQ )IJJo
3. f1"QI\O'I- 11:1'. The company will rush
packages to any destination. h-Q"t11JJo <DJ'.1"Q
110'1- 11;1- o-11- '1':,.11-:t-"t O'i''I')'J- ,_A
IJA
*What is the destination of the letter? .1'.-fi'IO.
.... f"'l.l\hiJJo f'l- )IJJo l
destine
*Family tradition destined him for the medical
profession. fdoh.'/")'1- Ft. fHt-'fiJJo 0
""ll''f. l'.l\-'1" "'h.'l" IJ')
be destined
1. T""o'.m. He was destined from birth to
become a soldier. l'.CI\- 1 'I")-J:1 1 I'I.IDIIS': 1
IIID;I-J'.C)'J- 1 f1"""o'.m )IJJo
2. h""t-. We are destined for home. f'l"<;""
~Ill" I tD1., I 0.T I ~d)o
*My letter was destined never to reach him.
l\1J'. ' {Jf:/:1. I IJ'-;" I J'.o(IJI{I.\L I /t,.J'.Cf'tiJJo I 4'<'.
destiny (destinies)
1. lJ"l 1 lJS':A. It was his destiny to die in a
foreign country. Ollt\~ h1C oPfJP~ blfJ
IJJo I (iJf:/r) I IJ')
313 destructive
2. '\1\"7. Ethiopia's destiny may be to bring
peace to Africa. fh.'l-f"k1 1 '\1\"7 1 llh'N!!IJ 1
I'll\'/" 11"7111T'I- ,_11'.,-A
destitute '1"1111.1
Destitute families may apply for government
aid. '/"II h.") I 0.1" ' lll1'f- I """J"f/-"'J- I l\C
""' ' l'."t'l.l'l"''fiJJo ' 1""11h;l-ll-
be destitute of fl\tJJo9"'
Due to his shyness he is destitute of friends.
0'\,.<;-1-C)-1: f1")"f '\.1'.... 1 fi\ID-'1"
be left destitute 'f-"lc 1\,. 10.1'.4'
Wben Mr. Jones died, his family was left
destitute. "'1.111"C }1.:111 ll.'1"'1- 0.1" 1'111
'll 'f-"Jc 11,. m.l'.41
destroy
1. 1\m-1-. The fighting destroyed many villages.
IJJo"I..11D- ' -flit- ' """tJ'.C":f-"t ' 1\m-1-
2. 1\01\lf. Don't destroy that box; it may be
useful later. f"t') <'1'1'1 1\;1-01\lfiJJo r IDf..J.
'1- ,.m:r.'I"IJ ,.11'.,-A
be destroyed
1. hll+. Ten divisions were destroyed. OFC
h<;:l\ ' 11'1!"'1- ' 1\1141
2. T.f.oPflfl. The two contiguous houses were
destroyed by the fire. tJ-1\1: f1"m;>.,. O..Y.
'1- ' Rl'.lJ'I- ' 1"f.""lll\-
3. 1",!I>mil. All my papers were destroyed in
the fire. 1Do'.4'.f-'!i 0,...11- Rl'.lJ'I- -J-,!I>mll-
4. mf."". All the records were destroyed.
""11711'1l I tJ-11- ' <DS':""'I'A
5. 1"0"1mll. The tenuous web of the spider
was destroyed in no time. 4'"1/''f. flf o'.<l'l-
S':C Q"t'l'i':l' 1 1"0"1mll
6. ( = act.) +oc11 l\1.<'.1(0'1-). +His tenuous
argument was soon destroyed by his opponent.
"""'"-"" 1 n.11 'l"h11-1>1 -t-ht-IJ&m- +-c
11 I l\f.G1R'I-
destroyer .1'.'1"<'111
1 The convoy was protected by several destroyers.
r f""Chl1'f- '\1: Ofllt- f.'l"l)il"'f- 1 ;1-~11 '
li)OC
destruction '1'-1-'1-
The fire caused a lot of destruction. l'.lJ-1> ' -fl
, . I 'J'-1-'J- I 1\J'.o'.(t
destructive '1'-1-'1- f"'l.1f.CII
Termites are destructive insects. 9'"htnl- 'I"
-1-'1- f"'l.1f.CI\- 1"Qf"'f- <;'fiJJo
desuetude
desuetude, fall into ~ h'l':,.9" ,..,. t.n
Many words once commonly used have fallen
into desuetude. h"t'l"t.l:" -"'11-1- .fiJI- 1.
n h-MMA"tQ'J'm- n:\11 h'l':,.9" m-"1."
Y.ll'<;tt-
desultory(= adv.) ,1'{1 '\11"7
The careful study of a few books is better than
the desultory reading of many. .fiJI- ""ll.ft'i'
-r .I'A '\11"7 h"7"tn-o '1'-l!+:f"t n'l'"t
-"'"' "7'1'<;%- Y.nAnJA
be desultory f+m(l~ f\1\DY 1 h.AHl~OJ-9"'
Their talk at lunch was desultory. f9'"i'J "LtL
.,.,.
"'."m-m-;1-:fm- f_,.IDM '\11"7 hA~n<'.
detach
I. nmt'l. The tailor detached the button from
my coat. A.flt'l t'I.C.m- <IIA4-"t hl>-1; II
~ Om(l(l)o
2. 1~m{l. Shall I detach the stub? fth.-l>"t "1-C
.1:" A1"t'l'l\fD- l
3. l\{l,l'f. He was unable to detach the watch
from the chain. t'l'\-l>"t h"7t'l&,l'm- {1"7{1,1'
f-1- t.A;FI\9" ~nc
4. -.r.n. The officer detached ten men to
guard the railroad station. ~,.... fflft-C
t1Jil,l'fD-"t ' 1\""mn:,. h'\'1. OP'C t'19':f
-.r.n
detached (adj.)
I. (l.fi;J'm- f.,..,.&-. These houses have detach-
ed garages. MH.II n.+:f 1\.fi;F'I'm- f.,..,.
"" f-h.c; n.-r-:Y. h!l'l'm-
2. 11\A.,.,.. He has a detached view of the
political campaign. Ill\ ?"Atl} m-.1:-.J:-C 11\
A_,.,. hll.,..l'f-1- l\{lfD-
detachment
1. h~A. A detachment of troops was stationed
by the railway station. h"t-'1. fjllC h'i'A ' n
QIK- nJil.l' .,..,...1:-!l ~nc
2. 11\A.,.,.~-1-. His detachment makes him
a good political analyst. 11\A.,.,.~., '!"~- f
?"Atl} tH;l- _,."t;l-'1 h.I:"C1;1-A
with detachment n"IS'..I\11~-1- ! "119" "'""
He observed the train wreck with detachment.
f.,.t'IQn<'.m-"t qn-c n"l.r..A11~-r ("119" -o
11-) .,._{lh.,.
detail (v.)
I. H<'.H<'.. The travelers detailed to us all the
wonders they had seen in their travels. OD"J11.
314 detention
'l''ll n ..,..,.,.,. 111- ,1':>m"7:fm-"t All
.r.c;-t ~1C 11-ft- H<'.H'I-A"t
The salesman detailed all expenses in his
report. h lflf""" nt'lmm- """II\"''. fD-11'1' m
"'."fD-"t ' 11-ft- ""-""-
2. -.r.n. He detailed two men for guard duty.
M.fl '~'"-"' u-A-1- t'l9':f ou.r.n
detail (n.)
I. "7.fl&-&,l'. Today"s paper
details. fqt.m- :>nnJ
f.{lnJA
.,...,.,&gives
further
"7.fl&-&,l'
2. "IIC"IIC ! "IIC"IIC u-~:r. I do not want to go
into details. "IIC"IIC fD-11'1' A1Q hA.C.A"I9"
He described the incident in detaiL J!"C"L-f:'l
n"IIC"IIC 11\11
I am not concerned with the details. llA 11C
"11'1- 11-~:1" hA'I'1C9"
3. (=adj.) '~'-"':,."t flY~. She does not enjoy
the details of housekeeping. 'I'_,..:,."t fll'~m-"t
fll.-1- P'&- ""P"&--1- .r.ll hY.II-1-9"
In detail n"IIC"IIC
He told me the story in detail. ~1'1-"1 n
"IIC"IIC ~1<'.'1
detailed (adj.) "IIC"IIC
He gave me a detailed report on the battle.
Ill\ "'C~-1> "IIC"IIC """lt\""1. h.,.oWA'1
detain
I. hoff. The police detained him for question-
ing. 7"/lt\'ll t\'1',1'41 h.fl''l-
2. hH1f. An urgent matter detained the
doctor. hll:f\V'. ' "1-'11- mlJ.oo-"t ' """""'"
detect M"f
The expert detected a flaw in the painting.
o'l'-tm- P'~ll- 111- 1-.J:-A-l- t.11n-r
He was unable to detect any signs of life.
.ftY.m-1- ,l'll:fm- ~1t:':f 1\""'l'&-'I'm- 'I'"!
.,_.. 1\"7"17-1- t.A;FI\9" ~nc
detect an odor 11;1- lf.,..,.(m-)
Could you detect any odor in this room?
1111.11 h'i'A m-11'1' h"t.l:" 11;1- hY.lf
-l-119"?
detective m"!)':A ""C"7&
The detectives reasoned that the murderer
was a man. m'l)!A ODC'7~1P:fi ' 1Jltt m"}
.~:- outY"t AAn-1- .flAm- At'ln-
detention
*The disobedient pupil was punished by
detention after school. f"7Y.:l"HHm- .,..,&
deter 315 detriment

h'l-ll"tJC'I- 0:\11 '1-ll"tJCT 0.'1- fl>ol\'1' ~ be determined 'lr.l.m

't-'1,.,.,. ' .,.,..l.~ She is determined to have her way. fol.l\11-
fll>"t 1\DDP'tl-'1- ~"1111-
deter (deterred)
I. htl-4'. Punishment does not deter anybody deterrent, serve as a .- h&-+
from committing a crime. :J>IIJ'I- 11-11-"t {I Fear of punishment may serve as a deterrent
fDo lll"t)'.'A"t hDDol.l\11" hJ'C'J>II" from crime. f'I>IIJ:f. 'i'tl-ll' m"t)'.'A"t hoo
2. h~J'.. The extreme heat deterred us from oi.KII" ' yc:J> ' y.rr<;A
going on a picnic. .-,y.l\'i'w- -++ 1ie1i The iron gates are a deterrent to burglary.
c ' hOD\tJ'." ' MJ'."t filt.+ oP11'1.f9'1- 11.111-"t Y.hllhl\11-

detest m~
deteriorate .,.OIIlf
I detest liars. w-lf:I'll" ~m~l\11-
This material deteriorates quickly in a hot
climate. f.tJ ~:J> R'l":J-'1- Me a>- II 'I' detestable hllh"-
ol.'l''l' Y.OIIlfA To kill an unarmed man is a detestable
The relations between the two countries are crime. oPUf~f 1 fAfH (lm-'} 1 oP..,1.A 1 h
deteriorating. Or.N\.JJ h.1t!"l- DPVhA flitD- 1 {lh,l. I JP6- I ~(Do
"l"t1')'1- M_,.OIIlf ltJ'.
dethrone hH-4-"t t.ml.l'.
determinant.,.., )~C In Greece, the army dethroned the king.
Cost is often a determinant in choosing a college. fl..,~h I 1\1C I tflC I {l6-IJ!-f: I ,..,..IP''l I hft'

ilfloa>-"t '1.11. l>tl.)!'"t 1\DDII"l.'l' ~"tHil ' 4-"t ' hllll.!'.

'ftj I ~1C I ~OJ-
detonation fol."tj[ J'."11"6
determination The detonation woke me. fL'lJ(tD- 1 ~9"/J 1

4'{14'{1~
I. .,_tl-'1')'1-. He showed great determination.
h'i' Yll .,_tl-'1')'1-"t h{)f detour (n.) 11-e oP\tJ'."
2. ofs:CT th'\-o.. His determination to learn This detour is necessary because the bridge
English is admirable. ~"t"lll.11'i' 1\DD"lC Y is broken down. J!:AJ!:f.. ilALt::(l rt-l: oP
1\W> ' .,.C'I' .......il f"'/.J'.)'J> )fl>o ltJ'." ' hllol.~'l. ' )OJ>
3. ( ~ to determine) oum{l"t. The determina-
make a detour
tion of the name for the club took hours.
*He made a detour to see the lake. dlY..-1!'1
fhOII-"t P' f"'L oum{l"t ilrt- 'I. H. ol.)'.'
1\"lfT ' 'P<;fll>"t ' OD"t~J'." ' ,...,. ' 011.~ '
[See also 'grim']
OD"t~J'." ' \tJ'.
determine (be) detoured 011.~ oo"t~J'." ~"t'I.~C .,.
I. m{l) (.,.m{l)).His future has not yet J'.l.~
been determined, but he may study medicine. Traffic was detoured because of the automobile
flllJ'.d.'l- ~J'."II- ~<; qy.ml'l"tll" ihhll"<; accident. nouh.<;fll> ' hJ'.:> ' ll"h"tY'I- OD
Ym<; f.IJ'<;A h.<;9'':f. o 01\,~ ' OD"t~J'." o ~"tJI.~~ o .,.J'.l.~
2. om+. Can you determine the meaning
of this Amharic word? fH.tJ"t Y"lC'i' :J' detract +M(o+)
A '1-C'I-11" A:l-lll>'l> :f-1-111\tJ l His vanity detracts from his merit. "'il11).,
3. .,_l.m. He determined to become the best ODAitll" ' .,..,q~"t ' Y.+"tiiR:I'A
student in his class. Ohti:~ ~&il:T r 9'"C'f' s
.,..,6 1\0DIJ'"t .,_l.m
1
detriment 1-J[
Overeating is a detriment to health. 1\-f11H' =
4. ~4-4-. What determined you to accept the
ODiJII'I-' 1\m."t)T ' 1-J[ ' )fll>
offer? Y+l.RAtJ"t ~"tJ'.":f.+RA ll""t ~4-
4-tJ l *I know nothing to his detriment. llcro- flh
4- ' {1.)"1 ' l'lll"'lill" ' h~~
determined (adj.) ..,,..0 .,_tl-'1' *No one can tell lies without detriment to
A determined person will achieve his goal. his character. "7'}9"' (lw- I'll,.,.'} 1 ltf1-~tt: =
"'{)O .,_tl-'1' fiJ') {Ia>- h'lll"la>- f.J'.C{)A 11.'1'1i hY.'f-AII"
detrimental
to the detriment of )..ltb"7.1-JIIiaJ- .(-l.ll
He works long hours to the detriment of his
health. RL'Hof>') llilh"t'1-.llm- .f:t.il Ill.
1C!I" "l."f'l- f.ov&-A
(be) detrimental to 11.'1-.11 Y.:Y.'IA
Smoking may be detrimental to your health.
.,....II RL'))'1-') II.'1-.11 Y.:f'IA
devaluation f'I')H-11 'I':> ""4')11
The business world was surprised by the
devaluation. 011HR- 'I':> OD4')il 0')"1:
P'&o 'If. '"" """" .,.lfo~
devalue 11:r> M'..t.1
The government decided to devalue the dollar.
OD')"'P''I- f-Ilet 'I';> 11:r> 1\.,S':t."' CD(l)
devastate
I. hmf.."". The locusts devastated the growing
crops. h')O"J 11-.4-fm-') hmf...,....,.
2. hmof... The bandits devastated many vil-
lages. 11'1'-Hi -Rifoo OD')f..C hm4oo
develop (vt.)
1. hllllf.llf.. The government is interested in
developing education. OD')"'P''I- '1-!I"IIC'I-')
ll.,ilof..of..'l- '1''11'1- hllm-
Gradually we developed our plan for the club.
4'11 04'11 fhOIJ:Y.n ll:r>.r: hilof..of..')
2. h0/1111. Our mandate allows us to do all
we can to develop the country. f-1-"111-111 h
1..&- V1tl:J:") II.,OAI\"1 f_,.!l'll')') .,.
II- ' l\')Y:o;f..C"' ' f.I.II>Y:Ao;A
3. h.IIOt.. Swinuning will develop many
different muscles. 'l'o; -Rifoo AI' AI' tnoo')!l'
!P:f') f.II-11&-A
We must develop our natural resources.
f_,.I.'I'C' V-R;Joo:f')') .,.IIOC hll-111
4. hll.,, Landowners must develop their land.
1]/IOD""':Y,. oP&,;Joo'fm-') .,A.,'I- hiiiJ'fm-
S. hO,l!:. You should try to develop the
reading habit. f.,10-R A.,S': li1Y:;Joo0~
fili.A"'VA
6. 1H. The boy is developing a fine personality.
A)t ~ miJf. f.P..A
7. hmO. Would you develop this film for me?
f.tl11 I.A!I" A;Joo'I'-RA~ '1-:Y.'IIIIJ l
*He developed a cough. IIA hf..t.O'I-
develop (vi.)
I. 04'11. Plants develop from seeds. 1>6'1''1-
hHC Y.O:r>'lll-
2. 011111. The country developed under his
guidance. h1tlof> Ofloo ODtl)'l- 011111:Y.
316 devil
3. .,.ilof..of... Addis Ababa developed greatly
in the last decade. IJII4oo'l- OP'C 'tOD:Joo'l-
m-il'l' h'l..il hOIJ 0"1!1" _,.ilof.."i':Jooii:Y.
4. hf..1. The boy is developing nicely.
A)t f..W fS'::>A
5. .,.l.mt.. Trouble has developed between
the two countries. 0.,.11-1> h1C':Y. ODIJhA
"".4' .4'C _,.I.'I'Z:A
develop Into AOIItr} I n:J'
London developed into one of the world's
largest ports. 1111..1 O't/1!1" l\~"1 :Joo'l'l
!j> ' b"7,1JII-'I- 0 IIJf..(l:f 0 h1~ 0 /IODif1 ' 0
.4-:Y.
developing 0.,1.."1 'If. f/1
There are many developing countries in
Mrica. h"i'tliJ m-il'l' -Rifoo 0.,1.."1 'If.
'"" h1C':Y. hit-
development
I. ll:1'1-. This plan fosters community
development. f.ll l\1/> : f1-Rt. (l-11 ll.f:
1'1-1 fOt.;Joo;JooA
2. (~to develop) .,ilof..of..'l-. He is engaged
in the development of his business. 71"'-1' "7
(lof..of..'l- ' Y.!I..A
3. A.,'l-, This land is ripe for development.
f.IJ OD&.'I- IIA.,'I- f"'""""' )m-
4. hil.,.-'11.."1. The doctor followed the child's
development closely. doh._. fA)t') hil.,.-'1
1.."1 01/>CR- _,.h;Joo_,./1
developments f.,.l.mt. .,.~;too I ff..t.floo )1C':Y.
Do you know the latest developments in the
Vietnam problem? OII>CR- il/1 li.f'l-o;!l"
'MY. f.,.l.mt. .,.~;too ;Joom-.4'1111 l
He was advised of the latest developments.
01/>CR- illlf..t.(lo'l- )1C':Y. _,.)1t.m-
deviate &-4'
His stories always deviate from the truth.
.,.A"I." l\{lo f"to;1&-'fm- )1C':Y. hll
m-)'1- f&-4! ""'"'"
device
I. HJ'.. The device was intended to throw the
police off his trail. HJ'.m- ?"11.(1-1 h'i'll
;>m- 11.,1111'1- )OC
2. ODPf~Y. That is an ingenious device.
' ' 1>11-11 ,:,. flf) """'tlf )d)o
devil {lf."11
Many people believe in the existence of the
devil. -Rifoo (l!P:f l'tf."'') hll -RIIm- f!l"
"""
devious
poor devil ll"ilh.')
The poor devil kept losing jobs tbrougb no
fault of his own. l"'ilh.l- f&-11- 11.1\.r)
'1'4-+ ' itP'&- ' -11,. ' 'I.IL ' ID"'
devious :t1 TA.r)
The devious ways of the tourist guides made
them distrusted. MC hil'l-fl'11"ll' rH;t-'1'
,.. :t1 M.l\)0<: 'l-fl'11"'1i't htn&-tn&-'1',.
take a devious route Rlt'tf 1 OD"J1.\!" 'tl.
He took a devious route to avoid busy streets.
+t-.~.h fOql)'f,.') oP')~p.:f r\ODllfi
o,..:, ' OD')~J:' ' ~~-
devious ways -t"Hl-A
He got rich by devious ways. 0-1-'tb-A hO.:
devise Lmt:.
The boys devised a scheme for earning money
during vacation. A}l:'ll 06<:'1'+ 'I.ILT'I',.
~'tH-11 f"''...'~1'0+1 HJ'. .l.tn~
devise a plan 1\+1..
They devised a plan for cheating the govern-
ment. OD')"!P'-Il't r\"7?0COC hotJI.
devoid of tl!l
She is devoid of shame. l'.'i!<:T tl!l o;:,.
The plan was devoid of results. l'.:tJI. 'i!<l.
tlil )0C
devolve (on) 011- iiJ'. T"lr\
The responsibility for managing the office
devolved on me. ftlr:',. P'&- '1il"-):,. 0
~ ' iiJ'. ' T"lr\
devote M'r\
He devoted all his spare time to his studies.
Tr\,.'t +C'i! 'I.IL rNr r\'l'o;:,. h'l'r\
A mother devotes herself to her children.
7.o;:,. oPil 'I.IL'I''t A}l:!f!') 0"7'th1Jhofl
:t"<'lol\4-r\:f
devoted (adj.) :t-"7'1
He is a devoted friend. :t-"7'1 '\f.'i' ),..
be devoted to
1. -oil' .,..,..1.0. The 'Ethiopia Observer' is
devoted to Ethiopian studies. h.+r-kT 1--11
r'ICiiC h.+f'kn r\"7.0Dr\h-ll ~ofll'
-11!1' fTODf.O ),..
2. TIDM. The entire program was devoted to
reading poetry. Tl?l&-... 0 ...11- "1'1'9"
r\"7't0tlT TIDil'l' )0C
3. mf.f.. He is very devoted to his mother.
l'.o;-ll't 0"19" J'.<DIIA
317 devout
devotion
1. 'i!:tC. A mother's devotion is to her
children. fho;+ 'i!:t~ r\A}I:IJ! ),..
Her devotion to the club made her attend
every meeting. r\hOil- Til+ 'i!:tc Of'I.IL
,.. ' 0"7.1.<:~,.. ' !1-llr'IIJ ' iiJ'. ' l'.'t.l:-'+~'1 '
hf..:.:>+
The monks show their devotion in constant
prayer to God. oP)b-<'1+ r\l'."liLhofi.M: T
il'l',.'t 'i!:tC 0"7TltC'1' llll-+ J'.~MII-
2. OPIJ)<ol..~. He manifested his exclusive dev(}-
tion to his work. ooo-A- 1 A oft 1 f-U &-m-1' 1 OD
,.f.JI.') ' h<'lf
3. :t-"7'1)+. He serves with constancy and
devotion. O:t't)+o; O;t-"7'1)+ T1r\"liiA
4. ooAttl"' h~A"III-+. The Emperor met with
the senators and praised them for their
devotion to Ethiopia. .,..,.IP
I ~"lf-U'Il I r,n.., I
oomr'l'i' 9"hC IL+ hiJII-ll''t h!ltnCT,.
il1&-'f,. ' ilf..:.,.:,. ' OD.I\ltl"' ' MA"lll-+ '
/<oOD(I~).'I''f'IIJo
devotional ""1.1.<'1'
Monks lead a devotional life. OD)It-r'a.l"ll' ""
't.l.<'l' ' l-C' ' J'.'l" &-11-
devour
1. Oil. The lion devoured the sheep. h'tO<'l,.
0'\'t Oil
2. '1-r'l'l-r'l. He devoured his dinner in a few
minutes. l'.&--ll't 0'1'<1:+ f.-1::1' IIJoil'l'
'1-r't'l-r'IOJ<
3. /<oDP)oo). Anxiety devoured him. P' :>+
/<ooP)oP)fD<
4. hf.oPtn. She devoured the gossip eagerly.
fD<l.fD<'t 0'1-'1-+ hf.oom:ffDo
5. 0'1-'1-+ MOO. The students devoured the
new book. T"761"'1l IVI.II-'t oPl\'do'i! 0
.,..,.:,.MOll-+
devout
1. r\l'."liLh-II.M: Tf.<:. That priest is a devout
man. ltlll- r\l'."l!Lh-lldo.C Tf.<: )IIJo
2. OD't.l.<'l'. This book describes the devout
life of the saints. J'.ll OOl\'do'i! f:tJI.<'ll-'t
oo').l.<'l' l-C' J'.~AIIA
3. :t-"7'1. The devout followers of Gandhi
crowded around his grave. f:>'tll. :t""'/'1 .,.
h:t":t"f'll' oo:J>-fl~'t o-oq:,. hO..,. )OC
4. l\IIJo)T:;'. He is a devout Christian and a
good man. l\IIJo)T'i' hcM:n<; 'I'~ r'l
8Jo ~QJo
I
dew
dew m,q
The grass was wet with dew. ..,~") m.tf
hC'l'ilT tnc
dexterity
I. :r.A'I"i''i'. He handles his sword with
dexterity. 1-&-1.m-"J n:r.A'I''i!'i' f.f.qA
2. 11AYT. He handles the matter with dex-
terity. '1-'11'-"J R11AYT ,I'IJ~'IA
dexterous 'I'RR'O'
A dexterous basket weaver makes any sort of
basket. 'I'RR'O'm- :r.c""T .,.,.. "''"J'O'm-
"J9" 'tf.tT :r.c""lT tt_P'&o f.":ftt.A
diabolic fllf."'"J
This was a diabolic scheme . .eo rfl.ean
F&o tnc
diadem f&oh 01c:r.
Her diadem is made of diamonds. r &oil
!!' hhA"'/11 f-1-u>&- tm-
diagnose ilf.of- 0014'
The doctor diagnosed the illness as measles.
"""-- ' R11;J-m- h-'i!'S ODIJ')."J ilf.of- 0
014'
diagnosis
I. f9"COO&o m-m.T. The doctor's diagnosis
of the disease was correct. f"" h_oo- fR11:1'
m- ' rcoP6- m-mT Ah )flC
2. 9"COD&o. A diagnosis of the elections shows
the workers voted for the one man only.
f9"C""OJ- 9"COD&o P'&-1-'P'Il 11-fl- tt.'J
'I. lim- 11!1' Y:9"6 ouhm;J-'fm-"J hh
<:'I
diagonal ll,l''i!
A diagonal line runs from one corner of the
box to the other. 11,1'<;: ""P'""C h"''l't-
h"JS'-'O'm- "'i'i! 01S'- ll.it.OJ- f.~'IA
diagram Fc!lt.'l! oo"'fl"'i
This diagram will show you how to make a
boat. f.ll P'c!lt.'l! oo"'fl"'i )';AQ li"J1.
T l\"JS'-"'1.."'&- ,l'llf.YA
dial (v.) S'-0111
She dialed the wrong number. f-1-11111- 41
'I'C S'-01il":f-
dial (n.) ""oJtm&,l'
The dial on my watch is dirty. fll't-1: ,...,.
m&,l' "'lflf tm-
318 dictate
* Telephones with dials are a recent inven-
tion. R4<'1'C f"''..S'-0111- hAI>'f r:r.c11 'i!
Allof. 'i':fm-
dialect ,l't;nc H1. ! f!t"J!t hAT
Italian has many dialects. f"'A,I'"J !!'"Jot
1111- AI' AI< .rt:nc H1. hiiOJ-
This dialect is equally removed from German
and English. f.ll f!t"J!t hAT h)';CuP"J
'0' f"''..ilfm-"J ,I'IJA hli"J"'ft_11'0'9" f.ii,I'A
dialogue
I. OJ-f.f.T. The two men engaged in a long
dialogue concerning the rights of man. IN\1:
ll9''f hil lim- A)(' P11T <:)('9" m-f.
f.T hS'-t'."l-
2. "1/"0J-OJ-T. The two actors engaged in a long
dialogue. o-11-lo 1-'I'"J,I'"J <:H9" ,I'll "1/"0J-
m-T hS'-<:"1-
I OJC
diameter fhRofl h:>"'/11 ""P'""C
Measure the diameter with a ruler! rho (}o") I
h:>"'/11 ""P'""C R"'/P'ODt'.,l' IIIJ
*The diameter of this tree trunk is 50 inches.
f.ll "'"JY: ""llA fluPIJA hof.-lo h9"11
tt-"J":f. )OJ-
diamond hA"'/11
She wears a diamond ring on holidays.
RR'tit.T 4'"J ,I'A"'/11 4'11RT ;1-S'-C
:>ill-
diarrhea 1-:r."'/'1'
Eating green bananas gave him diarrhea.
'l't. ..,..11 ou11tt.T 1-:r."'/'1' i14'4'RT
diary (diaries) ff4'"J "''h:1'01lf
The diary was written in Amharic. ff4't- "'/
h:J'01lf f-I-ll"-"'" Q"''C'1 tnc
dice [T"J11 h-ill- li,I'"J'I"J'I:fm- h1-'i''l'm-
tt.f. hh"JY: llhh hY:hT tm11"111 ,I'll
'I'm-]
dicker 1-h&-h<:
They dickered for hours over some of the finer
points of the contract. OJ-11-'J R"''..DDflh-lo
'I':I'M t1C''f tt.f. 111111- ll<t.f-'f 1-h&-h<~-
dictate
I. R:I'A hl\4- I hl\4-. The teacher dictated two
pages to the class. hh1-"'/&m- fh'i!fi-"J
1-"'/&lP'f 11-IIT 111"' R:I'A hl\4-
I cannot keep up with you when you dictate
dictation 319 differ

so fast. l>"H'.If.ll .1.'1'~11 11;.1-1\'.1.~ Ah;.I- die away

1"AII 1\Al-A'J" I. mof.. The sounds of the music died away.
2. 'i''\1-1>'1 l>'I-'I..I'"J.'Iw- /'o.ll1S'J'.. Big na- f.,..ll.:l'"" J':9"6 mof.
tions dictate to little ones. ;.1-'1'10:,. DP'I"IP';.I- 2. l>fm'i- V.S'.. The noise of the train died
'1- ' ,....,.,lf,.;'l 'i''\1;.1-'l'w-'1 l>'I-'I..I'"J.'I'I'I' away in the distance. QIK- ll.cO:,. ""1i
..,. J'll1J':Poil- ofo l>fm'i- 't.S'.
* The victor dictates the terms to the defeated die down
enemy. :-A. s h.J':~"LtiJw s J':A f1-0D:fwtJJo I. m'i-. We let the fire die down. hili>
m'l'l- llf.4.0:,.J': f~C_,'I J':CJ':C f.IDII .. A l>'l'l.mof. 119" 1\A~.,.
The excitement will die down in a few days.
dictation f:l'A 1\'Jt.I.'I- "ilofl-1- h'l'4:'1- 4''1 11:\'1 Y.m'i-A
The pupils wrote at the teacher's dictation. 2. 11~S'.. The wind died down. ~of.{lo OC.I;..A
oP'J"II-1- 1""7ill",.;'l f:l'A 1\'Jt.l.'l- ' 1\
die for II - - - DPP''f'~'l- If~
1!.4-'!'IIJo
The Emperor spoke in praise of the soldiers
dictator 1\'J"Q 1n who died for Ethiopia. ""'"' ~1P'ofo Ill\.
Mussolini was a dictator. oo-('tt.t ft9"'11 1 '1-f"k..J' ' oPP''f'i>'!- ' flf\'-'l-'1 ' ID;.f-S'.t:l- '
n ~11c 11'1"111 ......,ol-
die off 1\114'
diction M:nc
The old inhabitants are dying off. fJI.t: ~'I'
An actor must have clear diction. h'lJ': s
&l"l- ' l>J'II_, ' .,,..,.
.... "'"" "IAI\' flf~ M:nc l>'l'l.'l"~..,.
..J'II.I.A;JA die out
*The diction of everyday talk is different from I. 4'~. This old custom is gradually dying out.
that of the essay. f1"il- 'I"I"IC., fJ':C{l'l- f.ll f'l''l'!- A"7J': 4'11 114'11 l>f4'~
/'o.l\1\'i' IIA'I- f1"11f. .,,..,. 't..I;..A
2. ""~1-1- 4'~. Latin died out a long time ago.
dictionary (dictionaries) DP11111 :1''1-l- f'l-1:'1
4'C;J:A
*"* . -~1-1- ' hoflll- ' '1.11. 11.1.'1-
He is compiling an Amharic dictionary.
J'"?C>;' ""11111 :1''1'1- ..J'H;J){A
die-hard llw-'1' f"7f..I.A"I
did, see do The di<>-hards will never accept the new regime.
11.,.'1' ' f"7f..I.A.,.'I- ' 1\P;.{Io'l OD'I"IP''!-
didactic 'I-9"11C'I- 1\HA 11'i'K-9" /'o.J'.4'011-9"
Many of Aesop's fables are didactic. oflll-l",.;
f/\.{>"1' 1"~+l- 'I-9"11C'I- 1\HA .,,..,. diet (v.)
*Are you still dieting? /'o.o-'19" f'J"'I-ou~n.,.
die f1"1DM 9""1ofl ~.,. 1
I. '1"1" I 1\~.1.. My mother died yesterday.
,.,.,.., """"""" .,. ....l- diet (n.) 9""111
He died by his own hand. 111~ l>)l: '1"1" For weeks our diet consisted of nothing
He died this morning at two o'clock. If& s but fish. lloflll- li'J"'I+l- 9""1Ql-'1 '\"1
tll.'l- 11119"'1'1- {1'\'1- 1\~4. ofliF ~nc
2. /'o.h1""". The Leagne of Nations died in Poor diet dwarfed the children. 114: 1\A"U'I-
1935. f'\119" DP'I"JP';.I-'1- "?'rOC 01jjf~~ fl\.11"" 9""1ofl A}!~ 1\~~~H
'\. 9". /'o.h1"0D *He subsisted on a diet of bananas. tnt-11 1
3. S'.~4'. The tree is dying. ~4- l>fS'.~4' ~..,. Ml1'1 OJtf.ID'I- 4'f
4. Q'lJ.'.. 11~S'.. His sudden anger died. J':'111">;' *No cake for me, I'm on a diet. l\~ h.h 1 h
'IJ.'..ofo Q'IJ.'.. 11~S'. Al1l\9" I 9""1ofl oou~mofl 'If. ~~
5. mof.. The motor died. '1"1--1- mof. [See also 'starvation']
6. 11"19" '1'1. I am dying to find out what he
said about me. 1111~ M l>'l"'ll 11"7m0:,. differ
11"19" '11'!1'1\o- 1. 1"1\..J'f. Opinions differ here. 1111.11 'If.
What did he die of? M 1S'.IIw-? f{l.,. I\111"..J'f-l- f.IIJ'J'A
differen ce
2. t-11"..,.1<;1'9". They differ in every respect.
09"19" )1C hf.1<;l.9"
3. hA.,.ll.,., ll". I beg to differ with you.
Ethiopia was never conquere d by the Muslims.
f.:,OC;t- ' hY:C"lA'1<; 09"TIIID" hAll_,
_,9" I t...+f"t.f Ol>ll'l'l":f' ,~.,...,.. 1:11".
,.., ' t,;t-..,.:,.9"
differen ce
!. Af.)T. Can you explain the difference to
me? Af.H>1 A;1-llt:J!'1 ' +:f-'111111
It makes no difference when you come.
9"19" "1.11. 11T"""' Af.)T hf"""lll"
The difference between seven and eleven is four.
Oll<"t+<; 001"&- h1Y: ""IJhA fiiCD-
Af.)T to&-+ )CD-
2. hll"""''l'l +. Try to make some adjustments
of your differences! OooiJh'l:f'IJo MIICD-
hi\DD"'<\<\T 1\ooll_,_,. -,. 'l"h~
have a difference
I. .,.h&-ht:. The children had a difference
over a name for the new puppy. A ,"it'll 1111 h
J!.(lo ' 11-'1''1 ' 119" ' 1-h&-h~ ' ) oc
2 . .,.llff. They had a serious difference of
opinion. Odt<\11 0"19" Y.llff. )0C
make a difference d.,m(l'} a ~A
What you eat for breakfast makes a difference
in how you feel all day long. 11-I<Cll fll"+n
'ltJJo f.,.)-1 tJJoll-111 1\.fDll)tJJo Y.:f-'111".
differen t
I. 11.'1. That's a different matter. f 1\.'1 )1
C )(Do
I
2. f.,.llff. I called three different times, but
he was out. O?'ll+ f.,.llff. "LH.f+ 11~..,.
AIITII" '111"tJJo hAii'Ah-9 "
be different .,.llff
The two brothers are very different. 11-11-1> m
1~"'1~ ' 0"19" ' f ...llff.. <;'l'tJJo
differen tiate (vt.) llf
What differentiates the polar hear from other
hears? f'I'A;t- 1:111 hl\.11-'l' 1:11'!' 9"
1 1-llf'I''I'A 1
differenti ate (vi.)
I. II". f.)+ om.,.. Only an expert could differ-
entiate between the original painting and the
copy. ""'""'"" ' o:,.:q:..,. ' P'i>A ' ODIJhA ' '
lltJJo1 Af.)T 1\.ftJJo:,O f"'L'I'IItJJo 01"&-
"'" f"'llm) 11!1' )tJJo
2. ( = passive) .,.llf. +He cannot differentiate
between Amharic and Tigrinya; they sound
320 diffiden t
so much alike to him. 1:9"7'1'"'" 0"19" 11
11"'1.""<\llii-OT h"'IC>;'<; ..,...,c>;' hf-111-9"
differen tly O.,.llff ou111:
Different lawyers may construe the same law
differently. Af. Af. m0:1'9''1' t-1-'1-1 .n
.., ' O...llff ' OD111: ' ,..,.<':'1'......,. ' f-11"<;11".
*I think differently about it. 111111.11 111'1
hll ...ff+ ' f ...llf ' )m-
difficult
I. MY: I hll'l':>6. Amharic is a difficult
language. h.,C>;' h<\1: (hll'l'.:>6) o !111!1/ ,
)m-
There are many difficult pupils in this class.
1>11.11 ' h'i'A m-11'1' 1111- hll'l':>6 _,...,
69''!' ' hll-
2, h4-. My boss is a difficult employer.
hii:I'IL h4- h"'6 )CD-
3. fOOh&-. Your kind words give me comfort
in a difficult time. DDAIJ9" :1''1+11 O""h
&oiL "1.11. hl\"<;1 ..........."'
be difficult hll'1'1t:
It is difficult to understan d what he means.
f"'LIIm-1 )1C 1\00t:J!+ fll:f"'&-11".
hllO-l-
have a difficult time l--Ie
Left-hand ed people have a difficult time
learning to write. "1&-'1 ll9''!' ll".ft4.+ 11.
..,~ 'l"''c hll<\'1'..,.
difficult y (difficulties)
I. 'l"''c. He overcame all difficulties. 11-11-1
9" '1"'11!'1' hlf),t.
The difficulty of learning Amharic is consider-
able. h"'IC>;'1 II"""'IC o film- o 'I'"'C o h'i'
fll ' )tJJo
2. hll'l':>6 )1C. This task is beset with
difficulties. 1-11 P'&- '111'1'.:>6 )11!'1'
f.,.'l'm )tJJo
3. h11~+. The difficulty of the job was greater
than we thought it would be. f P'&-m- h11~
+ 1Jll11)m- 0'11- )OC
make difficulties hll:f-1~
Study your lesson thoroughl y and don't make
any difficulties! 'l'<;TII1 0'1'1:1'41 h'l'<; 1 h
;1-ll'I"''C
diffiden ce l>'l't:+
Her diffidence makes her hard to talk with.
l>'l't:+ 11119";1-0~ "'1~:>1C fll'I"''&-A
diffiden t 0&-(lo 111"".,..., ""1
His diffident manner makes him a poor
diffuse
teacher. Ot.a. ' J.'I\OD-J-'"IOD't ' mQ\< ' f.IJ'"I
hll-J-'"16 hJ':C-);1-A.
diffuse (vt.) MM
The Jesuits diffused learning throughout South
America. t..ra.ttro-n Of.R-11 h"'L61J ro-
ll'!' '1-!l"tJC'l-'t hM4-
dlffuse (vi.) -1-ilt."'-
The dye diffused slowly through the water.
'"l:tii"''.J'm- +to o+n oro-;>ro- m-11'1'
-tilt. ...
diffuse (adj.)
*This lamp gives diffuse light. f.IJ ou-flt-'1-
f.11H11 !-'II -ocn .1-'ilt.RiA.
dig (dug) 'll.C..:
He dug a ditch around the field. ooullh- II'
6!-' ' (lf. ' -a;.c..:
The farmer's wife digs potatoes. f10t.ro- "'L
11'1- ' J':'t:f ' '1-'ll'i!t.ll:f
(be) dug In oulf1
The enemy was dug in on the top of the hill.
mil+ Ol>.:ii;J-ro- "'i'i! 1\f. ou"ii~ )0C
dig into h - - - 1\WtJJ
I'm afraid we will have to dig into our reserves.
h-J-4'"7"'i:f't ' '"ldi-"''J- ' J.'llil't ' f.ODIIII"i"/A.
dig out
I. 'il'i!l!' hiD"l. They dug him out of the
well after it collapsed. h-tf.,:ou(l .,.J':'IJ':
fD-11'1' ' 'll'i!.:ro- ' hiDIIl''l-
2 . .1./A'i!IP' hiD"l. He dug the bullet out of
the board. 'l'f..,'t hfl't:l'ro- m-IlT .c.
IA'i!IP' hiD"l
dig through 0.:0.:
He dug through the pile of letters. ff.ii'IO.m-'t
h!l"c n.:o.:ro-
dig up
I. -a;.c..:. He dug up land for a new garden.
1\.ll.ll Y'l-hiA'l- (l;J- ou,:.'J- U.:
2. )4'11. We will have to dig up the rose bush.
fll"l..:'lro-'t 0 4<'1'!1/fll 0 OD')4'(A 0 hll-fl't
3. 'il'i!C' hiD"!. Dig up the taproot of the tree!
f~4-'t '!'<; FC 'il'i!.:IJ hdl-"lm-
4. ilOilO. The students were digging up
information in the library. -J-"76P''Il 00.-J-
ouxa.'i!'l- ro-n"' -ar . r.ilnnn- )Rc
(be) dug up -1-'ll'i'C' ID"'
An old statue was dug up in Aksum last month.
QII.C.ro- IDC l!ha-9" f'l"t'l- dtm-/A'l-
-J-'il'i!C' ' ID"'
[See also 'spur1
321 dignity
o digest (vt.)
1. h'PdtF... The function of the stomach is to
digest food. f"'-'lt. .,..,qc ,...,-II
'"l'l'dtJ':
)dl-
2. +woo. Have you digested everything that
is important in that book? 011..1' ""ll'dt'i'
""11'1' .1-'lr'l-'t ' 'i!t. ' )1C':f ' o-tr "'"'""
VIAl
digest (vi.)
I. ( ~ trans.) .1."". Nuts are hard to digest.
...'It- ' llfD-11't ' 04'1\ir ' ll..l.'fl" ' hf.:fA.f"
2. hi'I.,.)'J- :>t. -1-'l'dtf.. Cabbage is hard
to digest. '1-0D't hilro-)'J- :>C -'l-IP' hf.'l'
"'*The
,..,..victuals offered us by the natives were
hard to digest. IJ1t.P''Il !-'4'.:11-IA't ,....,11
htA'tlft.lfc hll't
digest (n.) h'fl"C .....,II"'I
A news digest is printed by the embassy.
h'fl"C ' filS ' OD"JII"'i ' Olo.!I"Q(l,ro- ' :J-'1-'1" '
ID'l';I:IA
digestion f,....,il ou'tlft.lfc
A short rest after a meal helps digestion.
h,....,il ' 0:\11 ' '1'4:'1- ' b.:'i!'J- ' '"IY:.:"' '
11,....,11 ou'tlf.:.lfc r..:.o;A.
digit [hH.C' hllh Hm'1 !-'lim- '"l't'"/.,.!1"
4<'1'C]
dignified (adj.) "'C'"I '1"111 !-'lim-
His father was a dignified old gentleman.
hQ... "'C'"I '1"111 .1-'ll:fro- 11'"1"111. (I
t& I ~0?-
[See also 'beariog']
dignify (dignified) hllhR.:
By his achievements, the President dignified
his office. OFt.ro- h't""'t Tt.IVI't ...
if.ou.,'t hllhO.:ro-
dignitary (dignitaries)
1. Qll FIA"''t. The church dignitaries were
dressed in blue and gold. f0.-1- hcM:!-"t
Qll FIA"''l':f ii'"IJ.''f!<; ' IDC:t'"l ' /A-fill '
11-flii'I'IA
2. ;J-1\:t (lro-. The police parted the crowd
to let the dignitaries pass. :J-111\ol':f iiP':f
h't.II.!-'IA4- ?"ll.(':f ih1111-'t 1IIA. hf..:.,.'l-
3. if.!l" (pl. if.'"l!l"'t'l-). All the dignitaries wear
capes. if.'"l?"'t-1> O""'ir IJq f.ll-flfltr
dignity
I. hiiC. A man's dignity depends on his
11
digress 322 diminutive

character. f(ltD- A"/: tl11..;. OmQtl t\ dim (adj.) S'.11qq

~ I f'..,.oPIPwf" I ~dJ- I saw a dim figure in the shadows. 0'1'1\dJ- m-
2. "''M."'.
He may attain the dignity of the
"''M."' n
11'1' s>.11qq fila>- ~ex- ;t-f'S
I couldn't see anything in that dim light.
presidency. M'"~IUI1'1-)'I-1
'S ' f.ll''iA RS'.11'f'f11Jo ""116-'1- 9"19" 1\"''f'l- t.A
be beneath one's dignity h-fl?o.,. +)fl ii'Ah-9"
It would be beneath my dignity to notice his get dim ~hoP
insults. f(to.,. I {l_e-ofl I h-t9" I )1C I oPII)fj: I His eyesight is getting dim. f~f..,. 11C?1
h11~1 ' ,..,., ... "' l.fS'.hOD ' ROD~~ ' '\f. ' )OJ-
take a dim view
digress """ I. ~c .,.111'". Her mother takes a dim view
He often digresses from the main subject.
of her choice of clothes. l.'i-1:-1: ill\ A~:J:
111f-a>-1 '1..11. h'l'<;a>- hCl.il'l- ' f.ID"'A
A11il t.oP&-'1' ~c '1-il.,.ll:f
dike "!.(-11 2. 11~.,..,. hii.,.J.'f+ hi\IJJo. My father takes
They stemmed the flood with dikes. '1-Cf-1 a dim view of my business activities. h.Q-1:
R"!.(-11 h1Jl.'l- !Ill ' ,..,~ ' p>&-'I- ' 11~.,.... ' toil.,. J.'f'l- ' hi\IJJo

dilapidated fiDS'.of> dimension we~ M+

This is a dilapidated old house. f.U fiDS'.of> What are the dimensions of this room?
ton 11.+ )w- frt.U h'i'A IDC~'i ilol-1: 9"1 J.'UA
)OJ-!
dilate ilof.
of great dimensions OIIJ9'" TA~
The pupils of the eat's eyes dilate in the dark.
The temple is a building of great dimensions.
f~OD't- ' f~f-1 ' 111\.1 ' R....l\"7 ' OJ-!1'1' '
fOD~S'./1- ' .ft111 ' R"'9" ' '1-A~ ' )ro-
f.ilof.A
of vast dimensions OIIJ?"' fl4- fit
dilemma fo-11'1- h4- 9"C""i A project of vast dimensions like building a
He faced the dilemma with courage. fo-Il+ railroad system costs a lot of money. rutc
h4- 9"C""I.w-1 R~'i'<:'l- .,_1/1/0D m'l.m ODHC;>T foP/11\ R"'9" ilof. J.'
II l.~ ~ 111f- 11H11 f.mf..4'A
diligence+:>+
He performed his task with diligence. JP &-w- diminish (vt.) of>)il
1 n+:>+ t.h'iw) Tbe war diminished the countty's wealth.
tDC)-1: }'161:1 V11T of>)/IIJJo
diligent T1-U I '1-1-
He is a diligent student. '1-1-U (+1-) .,...,6 diminish (vi.) .,..,.)II
)OJ- Our food supplies are diminishing daily.
4'1\<ll-1 Rfof>.,_ M.,_of>)/1 f."A
dilute (with water) t.of>m)
The cook diluted wine with water. m-r 0.-k diminution
IDf-.,.1 ' t.of>m)IJJo *His diminution of strength is due to increasing
age. 1-AR-1: f.,.JihOOIJJo bb~"''. oP"'of.
be diluted .,.'!hOD
The force of his writing is diluted by the use
+ ' f.,.)., ' )OJ-
*The diminution of our respect for him was
of too many words. J.'AA4- "1f.A R.4''1
caused by his careless talk. 1111- nR<:1 h
'1- o 11q't- o .,.JihOD
h111!"'1- ' R"'S'..I\11 ' ,..,..,"'" ' OO)oP)

dilution w-;> """'""'"' diminutive (n.) Mil.,..,. fll') )1C

Dilution of milk is forbidden by law. Rw.,.:,. Amharic occasionally uses the feminine for
OJ-!1'1' ' w-;> '
)OJ-
ODof>llof>A ' R.ft"! ' f.,.hllhll ' the diminutive. t.1-'11S'.. <I"''C.,.
h)il-1'.,.
fll'.,. )11!":f Rt.1ii;J-f. l';t- f.m&-11-
dim (dimmed), v. of>M dimlnutive (adj.) '1'.4'~1
The car didn't dim its lights. ODh.'iiJJo OD11 The doll's house contains diminutive furniture.
&-1:1 t.Aof>)/19" J.'lf11-ll.+ fl.+ 'I'.4'~1 l..4'll':f f.f.'IA
dimple
dimple 1-:'1-Y: Yll ,.Ah:r.
She has dimples in her cheeks. .,..,..,_ ~f.
1-:'1-Y: Yll ,-Ah-l- htl
din (dinned), v. hll.,.;>Q
The thunder dinned in his ears. t'l-:'1.0:. ]t.
c:m- ' ~ ' hll.,.;>Q
din (n.) :>:>:J'
The din of the traffic does not let me sleep.
fDDh.'i'<D- ;>;>;Jo o 7,'):,0ol\'i' ' t"''S
dine 7.&-+ 0~
Our parents are dining with us tonight. to~
]t.il'"f'! qt. "7:J' h... :>e 7.&--l- f.
0~11-
dine out h~ 01\.
We always dine out on Saturdays. :t-'1"'1. :t-'1
"'1. 11-ol\1.11. f.<D-"11' f.')Mtl')
dingy .f.lfli Yll
His dingy house is a disgrace to the neighbor-
hood . .f.lf'li Yti<D- IL-l: (1(1.1.~ hll<NI tm-
dining room 9""1ofl IL+
Bring another chair into the dining room!
7.,..,ofl IL-l- tl.~ m')Oe h,-"1
dinner
I. 7.&--l-. We eat dinner most often at six
o'clock. hoflq'i'm-') 1.11. 7.&-+ ff"')O~
m- 001"&- o-ll+ ll't-l- tm-
2. f &-+ "lofl"1f'. The Emperor is giving a dinner
in the ambassador's honor. ..,..,.w
io"lP"...,
lltl t,,-q~~ hofle f&--l- "lofl"1f' YY.
e:>ll-
have dinner l\t-+ 01\.
As long as you are here, have dinner with us!
7.11.11 ' l)(IIJ ' 7.&-+ ' hofll:1i') ' o(J~
take to dlnrier l\t..+ ,;JOH
He wants to take me to dinner. 7.&-+ II..;Jofl
H'S f.I.A;>A
[See also 'formal, invite')
dip (dipped), vt.
I. hmll+. He dipped the bucket into the lake.
QMm-') oh.f.oll <D-11'1' hmll+
2. +'1. The servant dipped water from a spring.
~-II ' m-:> ' hf"')"'l' ' +'I:Y.
3. hm+ll. Dip the bread into the stew!
'Ifill') Omm- h'l':t-llm-
4. th.:. She dipped her head into the water.
&-(1.') ' m-:> ' <D-11'1' ' th.::Y.
323 direct
dip (vi.)
I. mol\.,. IDIIJ. The birds dipped into the ocean.
m.:::Y. lD-:t-Y'l'll <D-11'1' mA+m- mm-
2. HOm. Be careful! The road dips here.
.,_m')+:,O I 7.11.11 ;> DD')~Jl. f.Hofi"'A
3. J\mar. I have to dip into my savings.
l)m&-+,.11-+ ~')H11 "7lD-"'-l- hllofl'S
dip for
she dipped into the jar for an olive. fmf.&-
t1"7lD-"'-l- 7.~') "7111! ,.11'1' h
o;:o~.
.,..,.;y.
dip out Q;l,(ll.
He dipped out the stew into the dishes.
mm-') O{).lt'l',.; ~f. Q;l,(ll.
diphtheria [.,.~~ol. f'l-C:C: O'li:J')
diploma f,.llhe m.:++
He received his diploma for teaching English.
7.')"111.11 ... f"711.,."7e f,-llhe mt:+-J:')
.,..,.Oil
diplomacy -'l.TII-"711.
Diplomacy requires many skills. JlTA-D'7ft.
ofiH- '1'011') f.mf.:J'A
diplomat -'l.TII-"7-l-
Many graduates of the School of Law become
diplomats. h.lt"l .r,-ue+ IL-l- f"'l.oo.:
oil 11H-l":Y. lll":Y. -'1.Tll-"7-l- f.ll''i'll-
diplomatic HI."'
He is diplomatic in dealing with people.
hllfDo :>e "IT~t+ II.YY.C"I HI. ... tfDo
diplomatic corps lte '1.Tll-"7-l:h
He belongs to the diplomatic corps. flte -'1.
Tll-"7-l:h hQA tfDo
dire hY.~"'
Dire calamity threatened the town when the
water was cut off. m-~CD- o..,.,t:l.m 1 1..11 1 h
.,.., ... t.Y.~'i' II:>+ ~.e mY.+:Y.
He was in dire need of help. 7.e'I:J' h4-,.
Ylli.A~,. toe
direct (v.)
I. h{)f. Can you direct me to the post office?
?"II:J' IL-l>') A;Jo()f'{ -l-:Y.~llll 1
2. oo&-. Who directed the orchestra at yester-
day's concert? 0-l-~')-11 f,....H.:J' O'tA ~
.e , oo-n.+>r,.;,. , .eoo&- no.:,. .,.,. ,
toe 1
He directed the company through a difficult
direct 324 dirt

time. h-WIJ'fllo'} '111'1':>6 1.U.I'.'J- IJolr 5. """"6.1'. -Follow the enclosed directions!
006- .,.,,_,. f"'1..1'ffllo'} ODOD6.1' .,.h.,.A
3. h.,<:O I 1UH<:. The chairman directed his 6. h.1'J\C. This town shows improvement in
remarks to two of the committee members. many directions. .eu h.,."'i 01111- h'}l\
11.., oo'}0-1- hil.,..l'f-1:'} /IIJo/1-1: fi'.C C -lflfA h.I':C'iA
.,. h'lll-:f h.,<:O In all directions OJ'AOT
He directed his remarks to all of us. hil.,..l'f-1: The water splashes in all directions. fllo;)fllo ' 0.1'
'} /11Jo'l:f'}9" il~H<: /IO.'J- .e<:"'iA
4. .,.'k"'m<:. There was no one to direct the In direction fl-- Ott-A
workmen. JP6-i-'l''lh f"'l.'k"'mC {lfllo In which direction did he go? Of.'J- Oh-A
hA~0<:9"
Y:l'. l
5. hil.,.'IIIL. A policeman is directing the [See also 'whichever, wrong']
traffic. ?'ll.il- .'J-6-LIJ.'} .l'il.,.'IAof.A
6. hHH. The captain directed his men to directive ""9"6.1'
advauoe. lf9"0tr w;J-I'.t:'li WI'. U l\ The newspaper published the President's new
'}-'lJ00-1- hHH directives on education. ;>U"'fllo I'Tt.ILJI'}
7. l\L. Shall I direct the letter to his home -!:'} h'lil ' f.'J-9"1JC.'J- OD9"6.1' h."J-'/" o h
address? 1'.11110.fllo'} 00.-J: h.l':&olf Al\Lfllo l
8. h'l'/1. We should direct our efforts to useful
W"'
ends. T<::J':f'}'} IJolr /IOOAI)9" -MIJ directly 0.,'1':1'
C "'i'I'A h/111'} Let's go directly to the hotel! 0.,'1':1' WI'.
11'-I:A ' l\'}'LJ':
direct (adj.) directly opposite liLT Ad.+
1. .,T;J-. There is no direct route. .,T;J- Our house is directly opposite the store.
OD'}1J': ' f/19" n.;J-:f'} ' hil-41 ' 4-.'J- ' /14-.'J- ' ~ ....
2. .,'!'.,.';'.
He made a direct answer to the
charges brought against him. 1\.,<:00.'J- h direct object, see object
il .,'!'.,.,. ouAll ilm
3. f"IAW~.'J-.
I like his direct manner. MAW director 'lt.h.,.c
~.'J- mill' .l'ill'.ll.,.';'A He is the director of our company. f';' h-IJ'}
4. """ir. He took direct charge of the library. .1' 'lt.h.,.C ~"'"
f!l..,. OOOI.ft'i!-1:'} ' ,_flo ' ~~~L~.'J- Will'.
5. ( ~ adv.) O.,T;J-. That man is a direct
directory fil9" "'ifllo"'i
The University of California publishes a
desoendant of Emperor Menelik. .1' ilfllo
directory every year. flill.t.':Ct.l' 1'-UiCII.t
h-'1"1"'1'1! 9"tAh O.,T;J- .ew/1-'IA
o.rou-J: fil9" "'/fllo"'i l\J'.,.oo .I'W"'A
*It is the direct opposite of what we expected.
[See also 'telephone']
l\';' l){l11~fllo ;>C LW'I" h.ell"'/"'19"
war will be a direct result of such political
action. fiLII ~.e~-1: f?'/1-1:11 "!--'I.e tfiC
direful .,_c.,.';'
The direful croak of the raven perturbed him.
~..,.. "'iilh.,.tr h.e.,c9" f41&-fllo .,_c.,.,. .1':9"11 .:olf"'"

direction dirge .....,r

1. h:jo"'"'i. The water splashes in all directions.
fllo;)fllo OIJolr h:jo"'"'i .eil&o""lA
2. f"'l.Wil.l': oo'}1.1':. Can you give me direc-
tions to the lake? WI'. ' m.e41 ' f"tWili'.'S'} '
OD'}1J': 0 .'J-~'1<:';'/ItJ!
3. ""6~.'J-. They have made great progress
under his direction. 01\- on,t')oT ;t-1\:t-
oolflf A hi'.<:.,.
4. .,.'k"1"16~.'J-. He did the work under my
direction. F&ofllo'} 0~ .,.'k"1"16~.'J- JP6-
The mourners' dirge could be heard from far
away. .I'A:I'il":f ,...,r h-~o:jo .eil"'' ~OC
dirt
1. .,.lflf. How can I get the dirt off the walls?
_,.lflftJJo'} b'1.1':"/JitJJo 'I.e l\'}J'...'J- A
mC1tJJo l\:f'IIIIJo l
2. l\.1':'1'. How can I get the dirt off my shirt?
l\.1':4-'} hlf"'l.U l\'}J'...'J- 'lil/l:jo.,..,. l
[See also 'smear']
dirty
dirty (v.) 1\.flflf
Don't dirty your shoes! "'i"711"t l\;t-.f111i
dirty (adj.)
I. .flflf. The floor is dirty. tDillr .flflf
~ ....
2. f11~"1'i'. He likes to tell dirty jokes.
f11~"1'i' +~P.'{o .,.,.,:.,. ,l'.tD'I~
*She gave me a dirty look. O'l'~il' +""ilh
+':f"i
be dirty .flflf I 1\Y.L
Your shirt is dirty. lf"'l.1111 .f1i!(~ (l\.1:-:f:~)
be In a dirty state .flf1i 1111
The house was in a dirty state. tl.-1> .flf1i
1111- ~oc
[See also 'mark, trick']
disability "Jo.I:-11'1-
His greatest disability is his constant stammer-
ing. fCI\- '~-~"' "Jo.i:"il-1> 11-~1.11. ""
,.,.q.,.a- . ....
~
The disability of the plan is that it requires too
many engineers. M\:,.0-'J- .,...,e-ll..-,. 0"1,.. 11
n- , oPY"tJI.f\':f ""mf., ~.,.
be a disability for 1\(l'i'hil
Deafness is a disability for a musician. 1-"J.f.C:
~,. ....H.+';'"t J'{l'i'h~~
disable hP't. tJJo6l!' t.Y..-.~
The injury to his knee disabled himfor many
weeks. f"t-~0-1> DP'I-.11'1- 111111- ll?""t;l-
+ hP't.tJJo tJJo"'." 1\Y..-.~tJJo
disabled (adj.) 11ltil (l"th-~
The disabled soldiers received a pension from
the government. 1\ltil ll"th-~ tD;I-Y.r:'{o
hoP"t"IP''I- tn-"-:1' 1\11-
disabuse (of) 1\ll+tD
I disabused him of the idea that he could
graduate after one year. lt"t .!:" 'toP'!- 0:\
~ f"""""-"' l\1111-"t l\II+ID-h-'1-
disabuse oneself of h1t7..9'"C"dJo- h.ilm'l~
You must disabuse yourself of that notion.
J'"t"t mll1111"t ht.l\!l"r:ll "711tD~.i:" 11111111
disadvantage "1-'1'1-
It is a disadvantage to be small when you are
standing in a crowd. 1\"'."C foPif"t "1-'1-1>
f"'l.:l'tD4>1D- 01111- .81111 OUI}h~ .......
f"' I ~8)-
be at a disadvantage Oflllm J +:f1~
A person who is not Ethiopian is at a dis-
325 disappear
advantage in learning Amharic. 1\.'1-f"kJ'' J'
~If~ (liD- ' l\"7C';' iiOU"7C 0011111 ,l'.'f
~.:.~
be to on' disadvantage f"7~oo";f ~aJo
This arrangement is to his disadvantage.
,1'.11 11"1;t''l- ill\- f"7 ,eou'{o ~,.
put at a disadvantage ftll=f-1~
His inability to speak English puts him at a
disadvantage when he attends conferences.
7."t"lll.11';' OU'i'~C 1\ilouiJ'tr "Joqh,
J'll'f"l"-'1'~
~.........~"i
(be) disadvantageous (to) f"'l.'l--'1 ~.,.
The terms of the treaty are disadvantageous to
our country. fll!l"!l"~-1> 1\"t+P.':f m.:.'{o"t
"t f"'l.'1-'1. 'i''fiD-
disaffected (adj.) .,.<l-:1' f~q,.
The disaffected sailors talked of mutiny.
:,0<~.;1- f~q:f.,. ouchO"'''{o ll..l'll.-1- }\(Ill-
disagree l\~+11"7"711"
I disagree with the method; OH.I'..tJJo 11A
11"7"711"
Grapes disagree with me. ftD,I'."t 'i!<l. l\,1'.
11"7~11"
disagree violently +"1-\
They disagreed violently and parted company.
+"1~.,.,_ ' +IIJ''-
disagreeable Y.ll f"7,1'.~
He has a disagreeable voice. Y.ll f"7,1'.~ .!:"
!l"il 1\IIID-
disagreement 1\ilou"lqiJ'!- 1 11ilouii"7"7'1-
The meeting ended in complete disagr~ment.
1111(lqtJJo 0'1'1\.!1" ' l\{loo"Jqq'!- +O+~
His conciliatory remarks were very welcome
after so much disagreement. h11H- 1111""11"7
.,,. o:\~ 1111:1'.:.-t mllll-"t o-~lt
II". ++011-'1-
disallow '1':> 1\~(lm!l"
The ministry disallowed the report of .the
committee. "'1.~111:-1- IIY.C"Jo tl?'C'I- . 'I'
:> ' 1\~(lm!l"
(be) disallowed 11~+4>0/r'l-!1"
The request for a new trial was disallowed.
"t-'1'- O'i'C.I:" IL'I- h"tY.~'i' h"t-'1.;1-,1'.
r+.-.o,., '1'.1'., t.~++otr'l-11"
disappear mof..
He disappeared in the crowd. 0.1.1111- ool)
hill. mof..
disappearance
The scar will always be visible and will never
disappear. mfJI'ow- ?"1"111.9" 111\"'I.J'.mof. H
WTC .J'.:1"1A
The light suddenly disappeared. 11C?). 0.1:"11
Tmof.
disappearance ""Tof-T
The disappearance of the airplane brought
about a search of the area. fAa>-eT~).
""Tof-T 04'01\.w- 'i'll:> Allh-1"11
disappoint :,.c Mff
His conduct disappointed us. mllf. ~ :t-c h.
(("f't
be disappointed :,.c All(a>-)
I was very much disappointed when he did not
come. /'o.J'.OO"J oou:,.,:., 0"19" :,.c All'S
disappointment
I. :,06.:1". He spoke openly of his disappoint-
ment. llll-1-l'l"'la>- :,06-:J" O"IAII' -!"<;-!<:
2. 1111"1.'+. His delusions of grandeur led
him to disappointments. h1-l> fTA:,.~.-,.. II
"'LT h11ll.,_..-,.. ~.J'. "11\a>-
"'Even after disappointments hope still abides.
1-111-:f-1 fi.J'.IIIJA19" 1.1'>. -1-llof. "'1.1:"<:
:>":f-1 A.J'.4'C9"
be a disappointment h.IJ:H)o
Her lazy son was a disappointment to her.
M'i' Al!_ 0"19" 11111..-.-,.. ~oc
disapproval
I. 0~1~ Al\ooll"'I"'IT. He shook his head
in disapproval. 0~1~ fJI\ooll"'l"'l~ t-1'1-
1 ~.,.~.,.
2. T1!11T. The elders observed the doings of
the young people with disapproval. 11"'1"11\.9'
":f- fOJ"'.f-":f-1 .1:-CI..T 0T1111T -J-ool\h-1>
3. .,.~m-tJD. A frown is often an intimation
of disapproval. .t.-l-~ oo*mC 1lrt- "LtL
f-1-:J'm-.,. 9"/Ah.-,.. ~w-
meet with disapproval .,.'io+tt.
His remarks met with general disapproval.
fl'lmm- All-1-1fT Oo-11-9" -1"~4'L
disapprove
I. -1-:J'OJou. Does he disapprove of people
kissing in public? fl'l9'":f-1 fJ.I:fJfJ.J'. """
119" .J'.:J'OJ"'IA ?
2. AA-I"ll"'1"'1(0T9"). The higher judge dis-
approved the verdict. h'i'-1-.,.m- '~"' 0<;:
Cl!. AA-1-ll"'I"'IOT9"
3. AA-1"4'0119". The committee disapproved
326 disastrous
his request for a scholarship . .I:C1- nR
T9"UCT h111.1'1mm- 14'<:0m-1 T14:
AA-1"4'01\m-9"
4. HL. The teacher disapproved of the
students' florid writing. ou9"u~ f-1""'169'
'fi1 f-1"4''1'1 1\'.J..'i' ~4'L
5. AT~~- The mother disapproved of her
daughter's garish earrings. A~:J: 1.1:<:1-:f-m-
1 11A.,_.A.,_. 1-Til' h<;TI'"'I' AT~~":f-fJT
disarm
l. f,nc OD"f61 4'M. It is difficult to per-
suade the great powers to disarm. "1.-l.,
OD1"1P':l"T r,nc OD"f611 1.111.4'11'1-
"'l"lflfJT All'!':>6 ~w-
2. oP"f61a>-1 1d.d.a>-. The police captured
the bandit and disarmed him. Tll_l'l- 11<;::1"
a>-1 I .J'.JI OD"f&1a>-1 ~J.La>-
3. AO~. The speaker's frankness disarmed
the angry mob. -!"<;;>6a>- 'i'CT A.I:"C1 h
m-~-lo1 ou<;1~ f-1-<;~m-1 ih1111 AO<:.J:w-
*His smile disarmed us. L1"1:J"a>- h1.1:"<;4'C
om- A.J:<:11
be disarmed OO"f61BJ-1 T1Ld.
The prisoners were quickly disarmed. hll<:'l'
:fi oP"f61'l'a>-1 mll.fm-). -1"1L4-
disarmament f,nc """161 :,.~11
The great powers are going to hold a dis-
armament conference. -11~1 OD1"1P':l"T
ill\ ,nc oP"f61 :,.~11 !111M 11_1.1:C
"}-- I ~(Do
disarray Tc9"ll
The meeting ended in disarray. ll11Mw- 0
TC9"il -1-d.Roo
disaster
J.ou:,..,.-;:.-,... The last earthquake was the
greatest disaster in years. ritLaJ- I foo&.:'f- I
OD14'T4'T 011,. 'tOD:J"T a>-IIT M<:l'l-
..,.. o-11- "l.J'.II.,. ou:,..,.-;:.-,.. ~oc
2. '1'4-+. I have a premonition of disaster.
Tof-T h1.1:"'LJ'.Cil -1"1'1"'1'1
3. ou-t.-,... The frequent mishaps boded dis-
aster. f-1".1::>1 ... .-,.. A.J::>9'":f- foo't.-,.. 9"A
h.f-":f-. ~0~
4. ~-How will he recoup after such a
disaster? hh1.1:1U' 111 A.!::> 0:\~ 1.1.1'.
.-,.. 111'1<1-<1-A?
[See also 'court']
disastrous
l. AI'I:J'+. I A.l:1.... A disastrous accident
disavow
occurred on the highway. nltw-&- 1-'l'i"a>-
"" ho'l:l'-1: M.:> .t'.l:l"l
A disastrous flood destroyed the fields. l\1'..1
If 1-C'i! l\clfa>-"t l\mof.w-
2. h'l'.&.. His guidance of foreign policy proved
disastrous. ftJJw~ 1 h1C 1 ?"l\..ft. 1 1\.00&.~ 1 h.
'1'4- ll''l' .,.1'f
prove disastrous to m1T ~m-
The rain and cold proved disastrous to his
health. 11'i"11'i" 11C.I:" llm.'H-to m"t'l> 'i"'l'w-
disavow l\ll.,.qnll
He disavowed any share in the plot. Ol\.1:-"7
w- a>-11'1' Oll""t9" ~.M'l- .,...o(..e l\"t-'1
A~n.: l\ll.,.qnll
disband (vt.) l\4..:1"1
The principal disbanded all clubs in our school.
F&- oe.-.w- n'l-9"uc'l- IL:f''l'"t w-11
... f"t1"t''l-"t hnl''l' OJoll- l\&..:1"1
disband (vi.) .,.n.,.~ l .C.l:l"l
The troops disbanded at the end of the parade.
OJ;f'.t'.r::r; I"IA4- l\"t-'111+ .,.0.,.).
The disunity of the members resulted in the
club's disbanding. yq11-:r; l\IIOD/l"7"7'1- h
0 !1-"t hou'i!t:ll h.t'.t:l"la>-
be disbanded .,.n.,.~
The army was disbanded at the end of the war.
Otnc~-to """'"l:lf 1"1&-<-to .,.o.,.~
disbelieve l\il""~l"'
His mother disbelieved his story. l\'i"-to fl"l
mw-"t 9"h"t.l''l- l\iloo~'l'w-9"
disburse h.C.II
The treasurer disburses their salaries. 1"tH11
.1'11' .t'.'l"~'l'w-"t Y.h'i!iiA
discard "'ll
He discarded his winter clothes. fht:9"'l- A
111"1-"t "'ll
discern
I. II f. It is often difficult to discern the truth
of what we are told. h.,.~1C~a>- a>-11'1' l\
OJo~-fo"t 0011 f'l- 11,. "l.fL .1''l"'.,.'i"A
2. l\f. He discerned the figure of a man in
the distance. h-1-'1> fi"IOJo '1-CK' l\f
3. .,.l:-'1. I discerned his plan to gain the
presidency. ~,..,.,. T&.H.'I"t'l- lloPII'"t l\
"t.t'.ll'~ .,.l:-'111-
discerning
*His wife has a discerning taste in clothes.
"t/l-fo ' fA1111 ' OD9"l:'l' ' :f./1-:f' ' hii'J-
327 disciple
*He is a discerning critic of French poetry.
r.c..:"tiOJ'."t "'"'~"' n.:-t'l> OJot:f' y..,.;r:A
discharge (vt.)
I. h&-14.. The ship discharged its cargo at
Massawa. oochtt ~~111 IJDII'f' I It~ I
h&-14.
2. l\h'i"m~. He discharged his duties promptly.
JP&-OJo"t O"t1q l\h'i"m~
3. l\"tJI.OJ"' l\HHOJo. The doctor discharged
the patient from the hospital. .... ~~..... nil.,.
'fw-"t h..hh.9" IL'l- l\"tJI.OJ"' l\HHOJo
4. hP'&- l\llm"'. The factory discharged
many workers. 4-11&,..,. 11,. ..,&-.,.'1''1'
hP'&- hiiOJ"'
5. .:.c..,.. The commanding officer discharged
him from the army. l\~11' ooh-"t"t hm;f'
.t'.C~'l- ' .:.c..,..,.
6. h.C.II. I have discharged all my debts .
.1'1111'h M o-11- h'i!.I'IIOJo
discharge (vi.)
I. 4.1"11"1. The stream discharges into the lake.
OJ"t,. ..hf.4l a>-ll'l' J'..C.IOA
2. q.:+. The gun discharged when he dropped
it on the floor. mou1Jl'l&1 mi\it' 1 It~ 1 0
IIJIIOJo "1..11. q,:+
be discharged
I. .,.11++. The accused man was found not
guilty and was discharged . .,.hiOif. '1'4-.,.'f
ll''i' qiiOD1'f1o .,.11+4>
2. .,..:.c..,.. He was discharged from the army
when he completed his service. h1A"'II-1o"t
hOU.t:l"l 0:\il htnC 1"1&-'1!-fo .,..:4..,.
discharge (n.)
I. "".,.11-ll. The discharge of the gun startled
us. fmoo"tli"OJo ,..,.11-ll l\ll.t'.~1m"t
2. fool"o'i"O!I' .1'.11-'IIL. He received his dis-
charge from the army. htnC 1"1&-'1!'1- foo
l"l'i"O!I' .1'.11-'IIL .,.+011
3. .1:"9"6. The dynamite discharge could be
heard for a mile. f .1:""7"t-to .1:-9"6 h-1-'1>
.1'-1"1"7 ~oc
4. ( ~ to discharge) "7&-1'1!. The discharge of
this cargo will not take long. "1"~-to"t "7&-1
'i! 11,. "1..11. h.l'-4.7!:9"
An official should be honest in the discharge
of his duties. qiiP'A"'"t P'&-OJo"t O"'LJ'h
'i"a>-"tO'l- "1..11. ,...,'f .
ODII'"t l\110'1-
disciple .<'.+ oolf ...C
John was a disciple of Christ. l"..h"tll fhCII-1'
{I I ,.,_+ I OD'lfJJ-C I ~flC
disciplinary
He is a disciple of Freud. f'i'r:f.X: 1'.4'
OlllfCJOoC I )CD-
disciplinary f~"''I-
Disciplinary measures will be taken against
unruly students. 'I 'I' h. -t"7&9'";f ~f. f~"'
T l\C!I"!i'9'"'f 1/-IDMI\-
discipline (v.) 4'"1
He disciplined the students for their unruly
behavior. -1-"7&9',;1 hP'C'l'l- tJJo1l' llll
.,.~ .... ' ..,..,q&.'fm-. "'"'"'....
*A good officer must know how to discipline
men. "'J"?. I ODb-"}"J I ID;f'-~(!"=J:"J- I ,......, ~ P'C
'l'l- li1'U'h11<~- "7X:t:"l1 "7m4' l\110'1-
discipline (n.)
1. ,....., P'C'lT. He insists on strict dis-
cipline. '1'11~ P'~ P'C'l'l- f.I-C f.~IA
2. ODA"'7oo):f. Question and answer work is a
good discipline for learning a language.
'I'.f<l<<; ' oP{A{l ' ll/1m ' /IOD"7C ' '!"~- ' OD
11"7""11' ' ~ ....
3. +roc+. Mathematics and astronomy are
related disciplines. do.lt11<; l\ll'l-r:'l"""t f
-t4't.t:ll- '1-!I"IIC-I'"'f <;'l'tJJo
enforce discipline P'~ P'C'l'l-1 ' l\llhOt:
The police took steps to enforce discipline.
?"1\.ll P'~ P'C'l'l-1 11"7llh0C liC!I"'i'
tDll!'.
disclaim
*He disclaimed all knowledge of the affair.
llll ' ?-'II< ' !1"1!1" ' l\~tJJo~!l" ' l\11
*He disclaimed all responsibility for the
accident. fJ.I'.;JIJJo !1"1!1" f"'t.l'llmf.+'t
~~c fll!l" l\11
disclose
I. l\tD"'(O'I-). He disclosed my secret to my
worst enemy. 9"llm.~"J r 1\'P'itD- ml\1: Jrtm
"111't
2. ~1111(-t~IIR). It was disclosed today that the
visitor would arrive by plane. 7..'l""1Jim- Oh.
r:-r~1 ' ll1.1'."'t~ll- ' q"" ' ~Ill\
disclosure ( ~ to be disclosed) -~1111"
The disclosure of the epidemic frightened
many. f-t~~.c. o11;r ou"lfl'l- -~1111" 11H-
9'"'f1 ' l\ll.l'.~~"''l'tJJo
discolor 4'11!1" l\O~If
The fire had discolored the building. lift.,. f
.b1RIJJo1 4'11!1" l\O~ii-1';1-IA
328 discord
discomfit 0"1!1" l\Olt..._
The warning that whiskey was bad for them
greatly discomfited the drinkers. 'l!llh. DD'J'
G: ~,. f"'tiiiD- "7ilm14'4:.1' m"l"9'"'f
1 0"1!1" l\Oo"t""l'I'ID-
discomfort
1. 001-4.,A.. Discomfort is incidental to travel
by mule. 00~11- ll'l-'111 OD1-ft4r.IA f"7f.
4'C ' ~,.
2. P':1- f.. The discomfort caused by the
disease was hard to bear. 011;1-ID- .l'llh-1-11
, . F:l"f. 11.;1-~..-l- f""t.l'-'1"1'1- ~oc
disconcert l\1.<;~.:
Arresting the innocent man disconcerted the
policeman. f'lX.dt. = (lm- 1 OOf11 1 ?"lt..fl-.
1 ' l\.1'.<;~,:,.
disconnect
I. ~4'11. He disconnected the radio and took
it from the room. t.-'1.1'"1-1 ~~II- hh'i'
1r m(l.f.m-
2. 'k,lm. The company disconnected the tele-
phone. h-'11.1',. lilA h-1 4r..:m
disconnected (adj.) .I'IA-1-.I'.I'H
The injured man could give only a disconnected
account of the accident. fcfl.fl:l\m- (1m-'" 1 ill\ ;
l\F.;Jm- o-<;-1: f(lmtJJ- OD"/II""l fiA-t
.I'.I'H' ~oc
discontent ~"-;r I .bliQ'I! ~"-;r
There was an expression of discontent on her
face. f~"-;1- !1"/Ah'l- O.C.:t ~f. f.;f-
f. ~oc
Many countries seethe with discontent. 11,.. 1
Mr:";f O.bliQ'I! ~"-;1- -tof.'i'oP'I'/A
(be) discontented ~c l\II(ID-)
He is discontented with his job. O.P"~LD- -1>
C 1111-;1-IA
discontinue (vt.) l\lllt:m
Due to illness he discontinued his work.
0011;1-ID- !l"h1.1''1- P't.ID-1 l\lllt:m
discontinue (vi.) +,t:,lm
Trade will discontinue if custom dues are raised.
4'~'1' l'l.""""C 1"/X: f.llit:"'IA
discord
I. 11'1'11'1'. What has brought discord into the
family? 00.-t(IIJ- ' ID-ll'l' ' 11'1'11'1" ' .l'llh-1-11
,. ' !1"1X:~,. l
discordant
2. l\11""11"7"7'1-. Discord among nations may
lead to war. Y,r:':f. ' l\I\OD1I"Y"Y'l- ' IPC~
'1- 11..1'11h'l-A f.':f.IIA
3. l\1\"".,.~llnc. The discord in modern
music startles many people. f'HOD'i"'f! ,.,.H.
:1' 1\ll"".,.~llnc '""" ll9'l-'t ys-.....,
&-A
discordant f"''.:J ...
Many discordant views were expressed. ofllt'
f"''.:>... mo"oll':f. .,.cnm- ~ac
be discordant S'..ll f"7~1A Y:'riJ l;.A~&
Many automobile horns are discordant. ill!-
fl\.....,.'I"R.A -N-9"119'-:f. S'-11 f"''f.A
1:9"6 ' 1\l'fm-
discount (v.)
I. n-11- l\1/"'l" l\A.,._,.RI\11". You have
to discount occasionally what you read in the
newspaper. h1"JI'lY: "l.tL = ;JILIIJ aJoll-r
f11":NRm-") n-11- l\11"~11 l\'l-.,.nllm-
2. h41'1'C l\1111111". Even if we discount the
irrelevant materials, the thesis remains medi-
ocre. f"''f.t:llm-"t '!-Jif, ?."t'l>. h41'1'C
11<;111 t."m.4- h9""t9" 1\f.-t.mc
3. :X"Ii l\S'.t:1. The stores discount all bills
paid within 30 days. ll--:f. ""'"" .,.,
m-11'1' 1\"''.ht.ll- do.o"oll':f. '1><;11 YS'.C:>II-
discount (n.) 'l><;"li
Can you get a discount on these books?
11~11.11 ""ll.'h'i!'l- 'l><;"li A;l-1'S '1-':f-111111 !
discourage (vt.)
I. oot.l\1-'1 ?.'l'l.,...,. l\S'.t:1. We tried to dis-
courage him from climbing the mountain
without a guide. T&-6-(f)o'l $1\ : oPt, flooaJotq
-}- 0 OD.I.I\1-'1 0 ?,'JJI..,.fD- 0 1\"Yf:l."' 0 'J"hC'I
2 . .,.114- l\11-t.t:m. Repeated failures discour-
aged him. S'.:>"''l" ODm-S'-41 .,.114- l\114'-t:
mm-
3. 1\llt:t:. His unfriendly attitude discourages
visitors. {lm- Yll""lD-S'-1: mllf. 1-il'Sl"-:f.
'I J.'IIC&-A
discourage (vi.) +ll4- = <IL~tn
Some people discourage easily. l\'1.11'11: {l
9'-:f. R.,.il/1- _,.114- ,1'.4\C"'II-
discouraged, get (be) ~ .,.114- 4'-t:m
He gets discouraged easily. ""'"/\- .,.114-
,l'.<t.C"'A
Albeit he has failed twice, he is not dis-
couraged. 9"'19" ?.'I'!>.'I v-1\i: n.ml:'l-9"
.,.114- l\A4'.t:m9"
329 discovery
discouragement, be a ~ .,.114- l\11~111
Lack of money is a big discouragement.
1"tHil "Y"''l- _,.114- J.'11-tc"'A
in his discouragement .,..114- ~fll
In his discouragement he committed suicide.
_,.114- ~tn &-ll-'1 1S'.II
(be) discouraging .,.114- l\114'-t:lll
The resuJts are very discouraging. aJom.-11 1
R"'9" _,.114- ' J.'il'i'.C"'A :,.C:'d:i.I~'C;_\[~
discourse (v.) lll. 'I"'"'C l\S'.t:1
He discoursed all day on economics. .,..,.,. 1
a-11- 1111 h.h'l""''.h11 lll- 'l"'"'c l\
S'.t:1
discourse (n.) 'I"'"'C
He gave a long discourse on how to grow
tomatoes. -1:"7-1:9" ?.'11.'1- 11"'/il.,.A ?.'1
S'."''.ii'A t:1;:9" 'I"'"'C l\S'.t:1
discourteous 1111'1.
The discourteous salesman was dismissed.
111\'l.m- l\77"1" hP'&- _,.llt:t:
be discourteous X"tt:t:+ 'iaJo
It was discourteous of you to arrive late.
H"'f..,.ll ""11""1'1-11 l:'i!G'l- ~m-
discover
1. d.ml:. He discovered a new teaching
method. l\'l11 f"711.,."7C H.<'. t.mt:
2. .,.1~Hn. We suddenly discovered it was
too late to catch the train. Rllll-C ll""o"ot.C
1-rLm- :t.'IS'..,.illlt. Rl:"t1+ .,.nn-n"t
3. l\1"f. He discovered the tbief hiding under
the bed. {llll'\l.lD- 1\.lllD-'1 hA;.om- P'C
.,.S'.il ' h1"flD-
Columbus discovered America in 1492. 1>11-11"
n11 h"'UII'I R1!ifii'!i 't. 9". M"f
4. om.,.. He discovered tbe deception too
late. f"'' :l'IIA P'&- ""n"t "LILm- II
1\t. n:\11 om.,.
5. S'.t:ll(n+). The enemy discovered our plans.
mil+ ?.'1>.11-:f.'l'l Ulln'l-
discovery (discoveries)
1. 0011+. The discovery of gold is exciting
news. fmC'!> ""1"f+ f"''.J.'11S'.11'l- m<'..
~ ....
2. l\J1.11 f.,.S'.t:lln+ ~1c. The discovery
gave him ammunition in his campaign. h..t1.ll1
f_,.S'.t:lln+ ~1C 1\m-1:1:~ """MY ll'~lD-
3.11"faJo t1C. His scientific discoveries were
 discredit 330 discuss

far ahead of his time. flP") <;:-r~+ -r..,..+ anything. 9"ilm.C l>Y.11-rC9"..,.. 9""t9"
11'if'1'm- )11!''1' h1.tt.m- f<J>S'..... )fl'l- )1C l>'l-"t1~t1Jo
4. <;:AI\4-. He made a discovery that startled
the world. 'lll9""t fil1~"" <;:A{l.f. l>S'..~1
discrepancy AI')+
*The thief passed the day in fear of discovery. There was a great discrepancy between the
i\.flaJo. I .,.).,. I 00<-/r I }t,."'J I ..,..,. I +..MJ two accounts of the accident. ill\ ""';Jill"
fl
.,..1\m-'1- 011-11-Jo oP"'II-jP'f oot,hA of!
h- ' 7.111 ' 1\.0~"1"1 ' 'I'll
II" Al')-1- )flC
make a discovery Lfl(lL
He made an important discovery. ;J-~:,0 )1 discretion
C ~liM. *Making final plans was left to the President's
discretion. foo...,~lf m-lt~'l' "f~H.'I"t-Jo
discredit (v.)
l'."tS'..oP{IIIIIJo ' l'."t'I..~K-9" ' .,.,...~1
I. 11:t- l>Y:C1 l>il1"".,.. His behavior will
discredit him with the public. mfJI' 0.011 show discretion llODIJH)
of! H"tS'.." 11:t- l>Y:C1 fh19".,.'1'A You must show more discretion in choosing
2. h"t-Jo l>S'..~1. He tries to discredit the your friends. 'IS'..'I''I'II"t ta+ooc-r "'""~H"t
belief in the evil eye. ffl-'l"t l\9").'1- In l>lloflll
1o 11"7Y:~"' Y.'l"ht-A
3. l>A.,.<J>OII9". I discredit all those stories. discriminate
I. II f. Can you discriminate good books from
m~jP'Jl"t IHI" l>A<J>OA9"
bad? ou-r,;:..,. '!"~- ouK-mG:'I'"t IIDDIIf+
4. ( ~ be discredited) fl... m.f.. Losing three
+'1'~1\11 I
battles discredited the general. fll"il-1- "'C
"'l.'ljP'f ~y. Y:A floo!l'). :(~.loll- h ...
2. l>S'..~. The law does not discriminate
against anyone . .01- 11"7"t9" WS'..~9"
m.f.
He discriminates in favor of his relatives.
*The lawyer discredited the witness by showing
IIHooJ'.'Il fS'..~A
that he had been bribed. mo.+m- 9"ilh
?- I .,..... I orJ-fl/tiJ1 I 1A2t I f(lffiaJ- I fr{l discriminate asalnst
hC)-1- :l'A f"7.('.;f-oo"t oo!l')."t l>il He discrimintates against foreigners. rm--u- I

~'I l>1C ' (ljP'f"t ' hW1'l''ll ' fl.,.llf ' 'lY."t ' .('.
be discredited , ;J liar oollh;f-'f'I'A
His theory has been discredited by all scientists.
discrimination
nl\ mlto- Oll-11-9" ll..+m-"t+ H"tY:
I. fHC AI')+ l f<J>II9" AI')+. Discrimina-
'1':> ' l>"' tion is widespread in South Africa. OS'..fl-11
discredit (n.), bring ~ il9" 1>1-S'..~ l>Ut, fHC Al')-1- (f<J>II9" Al')-1-)
If you continue to act this way, you will bring fl{l,f.m- ' l>ll
discredit on yourself. l>Y:t-1'1-ll"t l'."tS'..H. 2. 9"C-. Some people do not show much
II f9"'1-<J>TA hll') il9"1J"t ;1-1-S'..".f.IIIJ discrimination in their choice of friends.
brine Into discredit h"t-Jo l>S'..~1 l>"t'l"tS'..' (ljP'f 'IS'.:;' 1\.ffl:( 'l""t9" 9"C
Science brings old beliefs into discredit. ""' ' hfS'..C"I-9"
ltY."til f.,.l' l'.9"H'f"t h"t-Jo fS'..C:>'f''I'A 3. "7il.,.'I'A. She chose her dresses with great
be a discredit to l>'l't-;E- II') discrimination. Aofl!l,"t 0;1-~:,0 "7il.,.'I'A
oo~m'l'
The boy was a discredit to his family. A:( fL
.,.. '1\11-"1 'l>'l't-;E-' II') without discrimination lJifiiiiCT
Do not buy clothes without discrimination!
discreet T"t.,.:t- lt;I-"7CT Aoflil l>'l-"1~
The ambassador must be discreet in dealing
with foreigners. hrll~"" hm--P h1C discuss
(ljP'f :>C "'"t'f..)-1- 1\.fS'..C"' T"t.,.:t- oo 1. T".?1~. Discuss the matter with him!
ll'"t ' .1>110+ )1'1-"t h{lo :>C .,_);>,cO+ .
be discreet r'ilm.C ,r:mt, 2. .,.Iliff. He discussed his problem with a
He is not very discreet, so don't tell him friend. '1'1'1-"t h'IS'..'ifm- :>C .,.Wff
discussion
discussion
1. tJ>of.f.'l-. The discussion was about the best
way to reduce crime. m-f.f..f, a>1lA1 II
oo4'tll Mllm- ?"C'I' "'- toe
2. hchc. Parliamentary discussion on the
budget lasted several days. R?"hc IL'I- m-
il'!' ill\ Ql.f, f-J-1.<:11D' hChC 1111-
1.11.' 4-l
disdain (v.)
I. <;4'. Great men should disdain flattery.
:J-111\:J. ' lll":f ' 111-f, ' tJ>o"'ll.1 ' ,..,:,. ' 1\11
Q'J'm-
He disdained my offer to help. 1\0DC"''I- 14'<:
1111-'1-1 mll11 <;4'11'1
2. 11:J> 1\1.-C'I -J-ooi\11-J-. The honest official
disdained the offer of a bribe. :J-"7"f. lf.?"
1-fl ' DP4'0A1 ' 1f:J> ' 1\Y:C'I ' -J-oPI\11-J-
disdain (n.) 14''1-
He greeted the servants with disdain.
'fl 014''1- M?";J- lim
disdainful, ~ attitude (lm-1 foo<;:J> mQf.
His disdainful attitude made him many
enemies. C'lm-1' fOD~:,O. 1 mtl.tt -on- m
~'1- 1\4.6-0'1-
disease 011;1-
This disease is contagious. Y,IJ 1 01i;:t-
~I )fD"
diseased 011-J-'i'
The diseased leg had to be amputated. 011-1-
'i'm- l\"K- ' ooot;<:'l' ' )0<:0'1-
be diseased 011;1- 1\110'1-
The meat is diseased. Do not eat it! F ;Jf4 1
011;1- /111110'1- l\1"1'1-Mm-
disembark (vt.) 1\m<:f.
They disembarked the passengers in New
York. -l-ll4-&9''fl1 ~ID'\'"Ch ~f. 1\m<:
<:J:._'I'tJ>o
disembark (vi.) a><:f.
The passengers disembarked at Bole airport.
00111.'l''ll Ofl/1. J'tDoC'T~1 "7<:d.J' m<:JI.
disembody (disembodied) 11P'.:> 1\f
Death disembodies the soul. '1"'1- t'i'/11 11
P' .:> ' f.I\J'A
disenchant ( ~ be disenchanted) :J>c -J-111"
We admired him at first, but his dishonesty
soon disenchanted us. ooo)!oP~J' r "-"-):,0)
331 disgrace
m- t1C "11 ;J-"7'1 ll''f M~11"tm-
mll..l'm-'J. :J>c -J-111"1
be disenchanted
Anyone who thinks it never rains in Mexico
will be disenchanted by a visit there. "''.hil.
b 11<;11 4.""'1" l\f.H111?" f"''.A lim-
l\11,.1' ' 11,'/.1.- ' oo{){)-f,1 ' Y.<:"''I'A
disengage M4'4'
The mother disengaged her bands from that
of the sleeping child. l\<;'1-1'"'1' l\]1:!1!1 11-J-'i'
"" ' ...., ' 1\~.,..,.:y.
disentangle
1. /...~. It took hours to disentangle the vines.
m<:1-1 1\DP'i':J-'1- 1111- ll't'l- m111.
2. f - - - f4/A. 1 "-11. It took him several
hours to disentangle the rope. f1oPJJ. 'l 1 fD4
A 11"7"11" '1- 1111- ll't'l- 4-lO'I-
3. 1\f. It is hard to disentangle truth from
~ 1111C' falsehood. l\m-t'l-1 hmll'l- OOI\f'l- 1\11'1'
;J~ I )f4
disfavor
*He viewed my plans with disfavor. ),:,.0"'-'l 1
{)f.4'01\ID' ' 4'<:
*The minister incurred the king's disfavor.
"'1.~11'1-~ 011-"'" A-'1- '1"111 1\"1
s +ilil disfigure l\m4-
The scar disfigured his face. mttltm- DPAtr
'l "-m<f..ID"
disgorge -1-4-
The volcano disgorged fire and smoke.
l\{)-J- ' 1'1"6-ID' ' l\()'J-<; ' "l'-11 ' "'"""
disgrace (v.) l\ll4.<:
He disgraced his mother by being rude to her
guests. Ol\1"1P..:f d.'l- ODPQI\"1 l\<;.f,1
1\{)4.<:
be dis1raced +'P t.S?.
He was disgraced because he intrigued with
the enemy. 11m~'!- .:>C 111\-J-OD{)m<: -J-'1'<:1.
disgrace (n.)
I. 1\{)4.& I tm-c. These slums are a disgrace
to the city. Mll.ll m-"1-t IL+:f 1111-J-"Yf.
., l\ll4-&9':f (tm-c) ""'""
2. ...,~~,.;r.. His marriage was considered a dis-
grace for the family. fl\- .:>11!1' 1\IL-1- II
11- l\11. ~'i'<:'l- -1-.,.m<:
3. ID'Cf.'l-. His disgrace became publicly
known. ID'Cf.-f, O.b1111 H11."" ;t-m4'
 disgracefu l
be In disgrace m-e"-+ It~
.He told a lie and is now in disgrace. m-if.:,..
1-'i"lt: ho-1 IJJoCS'.'I- 1\,1'. wY:1:A
fall into disgrace
He has fallen into disgrace with the Emperor.
.,.,..U'
I \''lP"-Il 4.-T I )'UhT
disgracefu l f"''..l'll'i'C
It is disgraceful the way he drinks. m"".H
0"111" f"''..l'll'i'C
~,.
disguise (v.) 1'.04'
He disguised his sorrow with a smiling face.
<hH).") 0.1.1"1:1" 1'.04',.
*He disguised his handwriting. ll"ihol.-1: 7.")-'1
,e;-m:,. hY:c1 Kol.
disauise oneself as oonfl- :l"f
The spy disguised himself as an old man.
Ml< '11"7"111. ODIIII- ;f-f
be disguised as
*This is a door, but it is disguised as a bookcase.
f..U I flC I ~iD- I )'JC ; ..,., I foP"'ihtJ:-l-
S'.CS'.t..l' 7.")-'I.ODIIA IJ''f ' TIPC;l:A
disguise (n.) "71111!1' OD&\h
I did not recognize him in his disguise. 0"71111
"' OD&\IJ. AllfiJJo hAii'Ah-9"
put on a disguise .,_,,. )o4:1 r (UD~
He put on a disguise so the police would not
recognize him. ?"II. II ll,l'.of- 7.1'1.1'1JJo4'1JJo
"71~1:1 lim<:
disgust (v.) hllmll
His conduct disgusts me. mlll< .l'llmii"'A
disgust (n.) 11".1'1..
The smell of garbage filled her with disgust.
f .. lflfiJJo ..,.,,. 11".1'1.. hlll'.l:ll'l-
fill with disgust hllr.f.l. l X".I'I.. h<'IS'.<:(O'I-)
The sight of garbage filled her with disgust.
.. lflf .,,., hllr.f<f.'l-. (11".1'1... h<'IS'.l:ll'l-)
In disgust 1-h'i:of-
He turned away in disgust. .,.htt:.,. lfC 1tll.
disgusting r..l''i'
The old man thought that the sight of lovers
kissing in public was disgusting. "li""l..,l\.m- fl.
,. f<i::,O<:'l''Ji lll'.llll,l'. OD<'!IIII"
l'j; I OD{Ifl.fDo
be disgusting ( ~ trans.) hllmll
The disorder of the boys' room was disgusting.
f&\X'Ii h'i'A oo11.:h<:h .l'llmll ~oc
332 dishonor
m~+ dish (n.)
I. llih1. We will have to buy dishes. <'l.ft")
_..,.,,. hflofl")
I would like a dish of ice cream. h1Y:
llih1 h,l'.llht.l"' 7.oi.A:>IIo-
2. 11""1-11. Chopped meat is the dish I like best.
0"19" fi"'WS'.,. ' l'""'ofl h'I-G: I tiJJo
do the dishes <'lih'l"f hr.-'1
We have to do the dishes now. <'lih'f'li1 h
,.., "711".<1'1- hllo(l")
dish (v.), - out h4'l:O
She dished out food to the hungry children.
11-1-&-fl-'1- A]l'.":fo ll""'ofl h4'GO:f'l'f, .
dishearten -t-114. hll~m
A long drought disheartens a farmer. GHII" .1'
II Y:C4>'1- 10"-1 -t-114. .l'll'll.CIIJA
be disheartened +llof. r 4&l.m
Don't be disheartened by this one failure!
h")J'. oflil' 111\A-t-<'IIJAI.I -t-114. h'l-....l:'l'
I oP
disheveled ( ~ be disheveled) -t-oo(l:l'4'11
Her disheveled hair was due to the strong wind.
r.1-Z: I fof"OD{l:J'4'/IIJJo I h"t,l'./l'fiJJo I t<f.{l '
f-t-t"'. tiJJo
dishonest
1. if~. He is very dishonest in business.
R1"1Y: ' 1\,1'. ' 0"111" ' 11'4.? ' ~,.
2. h;f-1\,1'.. The dishonest general colored his
report of the battle. h:f-111< :(~&-A 1111
tnC~of> f{lmiJJo") ' OD"'/I"'i h'fliiJJo
I
3. 7.1"'t-t- 1-1'.11-. Don't lend yourself to
such dishonest plans! 7.1S'.H.I.I 'Ill 7.1"'t-t-
1-.1'.11- h:,OY: IJJoll'l' h'l-"'ll
4. M,l'.:f"OD"). We found him to be dishonest.
f"7,1'.;f-oe") IJ''f M'ftw-
dishonest dealings ""7'POCOC
He heaped up riches by dishonest dealings.
R"7"'"0COC l.lofl'l- hh"7'f
dishonesty :f-"7'S .1'11""11'")
His dishonesty makes him unsuitable for the
treasurer's job. :f-"7'S .ffiODIJ'). 1111Hofl
.1'11:~1: P'&- T1fl h.I'S'.C11JJo9"
dishonor (v.) h1'l:l'.
r..r He dishonored his family by incurring debts.
M ODP"'ll'l- 11.1- flit") h1'l:S'.
dishonor (n.) IJJoCI'.'I-
He prefers death to dishonor. hiJJoCS'.'I- .,0
'1-") ,I'.ODCIIJA
 dishonorable
dishonorable .hl\4-6
Dishonorable conduct will be punished by
dismissal . .hl\"-<1 ,..,qc hP'&. J'llm"'A
(be) disillusioned l>"J'IllRfDo 1\J'.II'"J .,.~
They had thought that the new colony would
be a paradise, but they were soon disillusioned.
h-'l.fl. ;r>'S l>1C 1H )fDo 111\fDo hiiRfDo
)fiC '1"J .h"J'Illll-."1- 1\J'.II'"J .,.~
disincline
Your rudeness disinclined me to grant you
your request. 11A'1<;tJ fmf:r-1ifDo"J l>"J'I
A4..trli"AtJ l>.I:"C1 ...A
(be) disinclined 1f"Jql\. 1-~ll(fDo)
A lazy person is disinclined to work. {l)'i!
..,. fP'&. 11"Jql\. J'-1-.I:"II'I'A
disinfect ouJ:-;)t+ ~..,
They disinfected the house after the child
had typhus. AJ!: .,_llll hJ'HfDo R:\'1 0.-1>
")' ODJ:-;)t+' ~........
disinherit li""Jll" l'o'lm~(l 1 hfDoCll ).,.II
They read the will and found he had disin-
herited everybody. ).'flf.fDo") IJ)RIJ- R:\'1
IIO..,.llll'fi li""Jll" l>11"7fDo~(l."J .,_~.._
His father threatened to disinherit him.
J;q-f> hfDoCll J;);r>A?IIo- 1111- l>ll4..&-&.fDo
disintegrate (vt.) 1)"1mll
The explosion disintegrated the airplane.
4.."J7(fDo l;fDof!'T'I)."J 1)"1mllfDo
disintegrate (vi.)
I. .,.L~IJhll. Rocks disintegrate because of
frost and rain. l>ll+ hfDoC"l"';' h11<;11
f-1-)"f J'.4..~1JMA
2. .,.0;1-.,.h. The blanket disintegrated in the
washing machine. 11C.I:" A11fl. R"7mfl..l'
.... ' ODh.<; ' fDoil'l' ' .,.R;I--1-h
(be) disinterested
I. );~'Ill". A judge should be disinterested.
"~"' f"7J'~'I ,...,.., l>IIR."I-
2. J''I"J'I:f ll"h"JJ'+ )fi~. His giving
me money was not altogether disinterested.
II~ 1"JH11 ou(lm-1> J''I"J'I:f ll"h"JJ'
+ l>A)fi~ll"
disjoin (vt.)
I. llf11!1' oP&.. It is better to disjoin the
buildings than to build them in a row. .lt"JI\fDo
") l;J"J'.I' hODP'&-."1- J>.A;r> o llf11!J' OD
P'&.+ ,.,.lfll ' )fDo
333 dislocate
2. l>'l.,..,.. The electrician disjoined the wires
to make repairs. 11.1\.h."l-&h oP&--1-.,.,. '1'1
... ' 11"7.1:"~'1 11119''fi"J ' l>'l.,.?:fm-
dlsjoln (vi.) .,.IIJ'f
The scientist watched the two cells disjoin.
1\J'."Ji:ll-1> o-11-1> o!.ll-:f {1.1\J'V- 1-0DIIh.,_
disjoint 1)"1mll
The cook disjointed the chicken and put it
in the pot. ffD'I' 0.-1> P.f:fD-") 1)"1'1'
It!- I J!-11,.,. I aJoll'l" I "'-OOl,(Do
disjointed (adj.) J'A.,.J'J'H
The boy's speech was mumbled and disjointed.
fAJI: M:nC "7'I'OD."I-ou."l- fOD'IR."I-<;
J'A.,.J'J'H )fiC
(I
disk
I. [m'i!"'4- .,."1'.,
l>"J~ 1\"Ji:ll" :r-ctr
J'IIID- ' h11 )1C]
2. lfh'l. A disk was placed on the record
player. lfh'lfD- Rlfh'l "7"'i<D!I'm- 'IJ'.
.,.~C')A
dislike (v.)
I. m'l. I dislike that fellow. J'")"J (lm- hm
'1'1'1111-
2. l>AIDU9". I dislike getting up early.
RtJI.+ ' OD)"f."l- l>AID.I:"l/"
3. l>llh4-. +we disliked his untoward rudeness
to the stranger. Rl>"J'1'1fDo 'IJ'. f4..l\ODID-
f"7J>.1q 11A'1<; hllh4-"J
dislike (n.) '1''1!1'
I cannot conceal my dislike for him. IIC(l.
J'II'S"J '1''1!1' ~11.,.m- l>A:f-All"
have a dislike of mo\
I have a dislike of fog. '1-9" l>m'lllo-
take a dislike to tn"-
He took a dislike to her after he knew her
better. RJ'.RA'I' l;J'm:J>+ (l.'t.l:" m'l+
*He took a dislike to me. m-:J'Il;fDo l>AmU
'Sll"
dislocate
I. l'o<;;>. The earthquake dislocated several
buildings. fout.+ ou-,.,.'l'.,.'l' 1111- .lt"Jl\9'
:f") );<;;>
2. ( = intr.) fBI\.,._ +He dislocated his shoulder
playing football. l>.ll {l."'ifD."I- ."1-hlfm-
fBI\.,.
3. Willi" l>ll(fD-). +I dislocated my wrist when
trying to lift the heavy box. hq-'1-") "t'l'"J h
)"filii- 119- f~"J l>"J') mill!" l>II'S
dislodge 334 disobedience

dislodge {be) filled with dismay 0"19" 1 Tll<l>+

I. d.):t'<l>ll. The earthquake dislodged many The mother was filled with dismay when her son
fOCkS. fOD"-'IJ I 00"}4''f".,.'f' I ofl,.. I !f:"J"~l-") I confessed that he had robbed a store. A~ 1 ll-
d.):t'<l>ll <ll't o OD11l;f.'t I qoo) I 1.,11. I 7.<;.,. ' 0"J9" I
2. Allll++. Heavy gunfire dislodged the Tll<l>+:f
enemy from the fort. bq.("- 1 Ttt-il 1 m'l'l-'t 1 In dismay ~""1'1" 11A-
hll"1i'l- I Allll<l><l>tJJo He looked at me in dismay. .("-'t"IT -fill- .,.
disloyal ;J-"7'1H 1 f1-~11(1D-) ODIIhT'1
The ruler exiled the disloyal official to the dismiss
provinces. ;J-"7'1)'1- 1 f1-~lltJJo't 1 ~9" 1 11t: 1. All<;OT. The teacher dismissed the class
,. 1 ID~ 1 m~'l.e 1 .,~.-,. 1 A:>H-l- when the bell rang. ~IDII- 1 (i.S'.IDt:\ 1 AilT"7
be disloyal ~'t 1 MA:>.P. 1 At:\)00:9" &ID- fh'i'll-'t T"7&l":f A(l<;OT
The head of the municipality was disloyal to 2. IIP'<I- Al"liD"' 1 hF<~o 1 Aqo:.:. We dis-
the governor. f"7H:>lf 1 IL"" 1 ~9" 1 '110: 1 missed the maid because her cooking was
11t:IJJ< I ~'t I A1t:\;J.P. I At:\)00:9" so poor. fiDT 1 Au<~-e 1 l-11-:1''1' 1 MllT
>;' o {1/\lf) ' 10:-'l:f't't ' hP'<Io ' A(IID")<;."f- I
disloyalty (M<:c<;'l-)
*The traitor was shot for disloyalty to the
3. lll:H. The court dismissed the complaint
country. h.h.ll.tD- 1 A1o:-'t 1 llllh-'1 1 OT.P.
after a hearing. <;:C.(- IL.,. 'l-'lf.'t hll"7 1
."f- I T~0~0
0:\'\ I hll-'t I (ll;H
dismal 4. l-'1 All. Dismiss your troubles and be
1. +U. This dismal weather oppresses me. happy J )1-:-'t ' :f'\ I -fl/ltJ I T~(l."f-
_P.tJ I <l>of.d. I ffC I IJo~;f' I _P."""")>;'1:\ 5. TID. He dismissed the matter with a shrug
2. f"7_P.l:q. Our team played a dismal game. of the shoulders. 'l-'lf.'t 1 't.,. TIDID-
IJ-.(--<;:f't I f"7.e.:q I "'-'1':1' I T""liDT be dismissed
feel dismal +tftf 11.1\ 1. hP'<1- 1 ID"' I hP'<1- TqGl. She was
He feels dismal because of the cold. 0'1-'tof.'). 1 dismissed after two weeks. ho-11'1- 1 ..,,.'t'l-
9"h'tf."f- ' .,.~~ I ofll).t:\ 0:\'\ I hP'<I- I ID"J:f I (hP'<Io o TqGG:f)
dismantle 2. Tll<l>+. The noise is due to the children's
I. llff. They dismantled the bookcases in being dismissed from school. o-lJ;J-tJJo 1 AJ('f 1
order to move them. t\""1~~11 ll."}Jlool- h'l-9"tJC'I- I IL'I- iiiiTII<I><II I )ID-
fODl\.h'i'."f- ' OD~C~tlfJ"'fl't I llff.'l''ffD- dismissal
2. AID'\11<1>. They dismantled the machine I. hP'<I- 1 ou{l<;O'I-. His loose conduct
and shipped it in pieces. ouh.<;tD-'t AID'\t:\<1> was grounds for his dismissal. Ahllh(l 1 9""1
"'" l.:t'ID-'t 'liM- q.;.. I hP'<1- I /IOD{l<;O.,. o 9"h't f."f- I tJ')
dismay (v.) All"'-H 2. hP'<1- 1 ODID1S':. The news of the min-
The thought that she might fail the history ister's dismissal was disseminated by radio.
f"7,\(l."f-.;.. I hP'<Io I ODID1.("- I II.<; I 0~\' I
test dismayed her. f;J-&11-'t d.T<; 1 fDDtD-~~
.~. ...-o I Ail<I>.):t'."f- T)1l:
be dismayed ..,..t=.'i"1m dismount (vt.)
They were dismayed to hear the enemy was I. ,L;J-;1-. The watchmaker dismounted the
near. m'l'l- OD:t'l:ll-'t 0""11"7;1-'I'ID- watch. ll't'l- 1 JP&ID- ll't.,.'t 1 d.;f-;f-ID-
.,.~...1m- 2. AID~. The mechanic dismounted the
motor to work on it "'LlJ\11- 1 'I"To:-'t 1 AID-
dismay (n.) Til-l- 1 ,..,....:...
CP.. I fP&-
Her dismay was visible in her face. +ll4.
dlsmount (vi.) ID~
.... .,...l:tll. d.;l: 'I.P. .e;~-.e I )OC
He dismounted from his mule. hO~II-tD- 1 ID~
fill with dismay ~lloo-'t 1 llOltJJo
The doctor's report filled her with dismay. disobedience All"":f'H11
fP..hT.;.. I ti?'C."f- I ~il".7.'t I il0l:tJJo Disobedience cannot be allowed in the army.
disobedient
hi\OD;l"U11 RtflC "'ll-'l!'f- ID"il'l' ' hf.
J..,.J':,.
disobedient M"flH' 1 f.,J'.:l"H11
The disobedient child was punished. 7.rfl.,.
'i'ID" (f.,J'.:l"UUID") A)(' _,..,.,.,
disobey
1. hA:l"Hllr hi\. The child is rude and
disobeys. Ali: q11~ 111111"~ hA;l"Hllr hi\
2. h-- ?A OJ"l. The child disobeyed his
father. All: hhq.J> ?A OJ"l
3. "'ll. The soldier disobeyed the order to
stop. OJ;l"J'.~ .,.,. f"'7.110Jo"t '1-7.~11 "'ll
disoblige ILG'I..,. hAi!'llr
I hate to disoblige you, but I must leave now.
AG-'111 111\.,Al-A hll.,l\11- i "11 hll-1
OD'/.J': hMl'f
disorder
I. OD1fGhGh. The disorder of the boys' room
was disgusting. fA~,.; h'i'A ODlfGhGh
.l'llm'l )fiC
2. '1-crllrll. Great disorder is common
when children play. A~ il.."iOJ-1> '1-A
:,. '1-crllrll f.,.I\ODJ'. )..,.
3. Gillf. Troops were called in to suppress
tbe disorders in tbe capital. R'l'.,..,. h.,..,
ID"II'I' nRGID"1 Gillf 1\.,,- OJ;l"J'.~
l- .,.me.,...,. )fiC
4. <hour. My uncle suffers from a heart dis-
order. h1-1: fAil "'""'" hllfi'l-
leave In great disorder 1\0D(I:J>:t-flo a ~~
The boarding student left tbe room in great
disorder. h'I&ID" +'"I& 1 h'i'll-1 1 hDPII?:t
l>''f- I '/.J'.
disorderly
1. :,..,. ,1'"1. The disorderly mob attacked
the President's residence. :,....,. ftfl iblfofl. 1
fT <~-IVI1-1>1 I 11.'1- I IDGG
2. f.,.ooll?.,.ll. His desk is very disorderly.
mGA.~..,. 1 R"'r f.,.ooll?.,.ll )ID"
3. f.,..,.ll-',..11. The proceedings of tbe meeting
were disorderly. lliiMID" f.,..,.ll-""11 ~nc
disorganize h:"OJII
Fog disorganized the airplane schedule. .,..,..
fhiD"~'\).1 T~t-r h:"OJII
disorganized (adj.) 11ChCh
A systematic person can do more work than
a disorganized person. P'C't'l- .,.h'l-1>' f"'7.
335 dispensable
"'ll- IIID" h11ChCh IIOJo Y.A:t J'.RA'I'
11."'11- Y.l-'IA
be disorganized P"C'toT 1Vll
His work is disorganized, so he never gets
anything done. P' ll-OJo P'C't'l- .I'"' Ill\
II") , . , , . ~c h.l'h.,,.1,.
disorient "Ill- h.:>q
The shock of the accident disoriented him.
,I'J'.;>OJo J':1.:>m. "Ill- h;>q,.
disown I!J'.
The boy was so wicked that his father dis-
owned him. Ali: R"'r hf. 111\)RG hq
""I!J'.OJo
disparage h1\\M
The candidate disparaged his rival. 7.= .,.
OJJIJI&OJo .,.?'1'"'7.0Jo"t ' h1\\llll
disparity hi\ODOD"Jm1 .
Disparity in ages is no bar to mamage.
f~J':"''. hi\ODOD"'m1 ' .:Jili!' ' hJ'.hl\hAr
(be) dispassionate 1111"'1.'1- hA.,.,~,.
A judge should be dispassionate. 'l'i' I\ II"''.-I>
f.,S'-1~ ODIJ"1 hiiR'I-
dispatch (v.)
1. R'i''l'~'l- 'lh 1 IIJ'.J'.. Please dispatch these
letters! 1\)11.111 J'.il'lll.l"l- R'i''l')'f- 'lh
He dispatched the letter through the embassy.
Rh.rQil.. Rll-A J'.ii'III.OJo"t IIJ'.J'.I\'1-
2. .1.11"". He dispatched the business deal.
f1"JJI.1 ' 'J-'IJ'. ' J.I\OD
be dispatched -!-1J'.II
The bandit was dispatched with a sword.
1i'i':l"OJo 01-ll-J'.. _,.1J'.II
dispatch (n.)
I. J'.il'lll.. Our office received a dispatch from
the President today. ODJ"&,I' ll.:l"l-1 ~.:.
hT.:011.'11-1> J'.il'lll. J'.GIIOJo
2 :J>A'I''i'.,. This boy works witb dispatch.
S'-11 A)(' R:J>A'I''i'" 1-"'ll-A
dispel (dispelled)
I. n.,.~. The wind soon dispelled the fog.
)of.ll- .,..:>'l-1 ID.II.,I'OJo). R_,.)..,.
2. hiiOJ1J'.. His confident manner dispelled
our fears. 0&-ll 1 foo~oo'} 1 mflf.. 1 tr:c
Y:l"l-11 hii1D1J'.A1
dispensable
*Luxuries are dispensable. .I'II:J-1tn'l- 1.?1"
l- 1\DP'l'C f.i!''IA
dispensary
dispensary (dispensaries) fa.h9"'i" h'i'A
I am going to the dispensary to have the nurse
bandage my cut finger. f..,.ot.t:mfDo'J "1-I;'J
ltll:f""''"''.'l' 7-.'J.I:';f"IIC:A'S tDJ'. a.hr'i"
h'i'A 7-.~.111111-
dispense OJ'.II
They dispensed tbe clothing to needy refugees.
11..,_'1'1?- IIJ'...,_'l':Y. A11ll OJ'.II-
The druggist dispenses medicine. ""J:?t'l
+"''"''.fDo oP.I:'~k'l- r $.!:'itA
dispense with
I. ;r..q.:.:. The storekeeper dispensed with the
lazy clerk. fo'l-'1 '11111.'1- ll~i-'t "lf'l"
h'l.:t:fDo
2. ll*.:m. He is not well enough to dispense
witb the doctor's care. a.h9"'i"fDo'J 7-.'J.IIY
WC'I' r 1'0 r hA..,."Ifl\fDo!l"
[See also 'justice']
disperse (vt.) 11:1"..,.~
The police dispersed the crowd. Tll.<''ll a.11
11-'J 11;1"..,.').
disperse (vi.) ..,.11;1"..,.~
The crowd dispersed when the troops arrived.
tiJ;f"J'.I!"'Il r IIJ'.t:{l- r 1.lL f..,_l\111\llfDo r a.11
11 ..,.11:1"....~
displace
I. $11(1;1",. lt'l'.:. Did you displace my eye-
glasses again? ""~ll"t.'J 7-.'JJ'.1'i" $11(1:1"
,. h'l'C:hfDo l
2. ..,.lt.
The automobile has displaced the horse.
h,..,_'I"II.A r l.t:ll'J r ..,_h:tA
be displaced ..,..,_~:J'+II
The telephone poles were displaced by the
earthquake. fllAh b't.....,_:Y.. ll""t.'l- r
oP'J+'I'-t'l' r f.,_~.., r ..,_.,_~:J'~IIfDo r ~IIC
*The minister was displaced by his rival.
..,..,. ..,.,._ f"''.kll'I-?-'J (l:f" tD/IJ'.
display (v.)
I. h ... f. He displayed great courage. ;f"it~
;t;"''t~'l- ,Mf
The salesman pattered on while displaying his
wares. h "lf"lf"" f"''.lf m-'1-'t 7-.:J'li':Y.. 1-.$
"' ' +'lm.:
2. ( = passive) ..,.J'.C.I:'I!" :f"f. +The store dis
plays boys' suits in tbe window. fA~'f A
11{1 ' 11{1-.,. r oPillt'l- r fDoil'l' ..,_J'.C.I:'I!" r f.
;f"$A
3. ( = passive) ..,.ll+ll. +All tbe houses dis-
336 disposal
played flags. llffl.., 'l'JJ'.,&- ..,.1\~11- ~
IIC
4. ( = passive) :f"f(ll'l-). +After his father's
death, he displayed apatby. h'l-1: h'l"-i: 11:\
it "'J'.,IIil~'l- r Y.:f"Y.II'I- r ~IIC
be displayed 11a.1111 1-.VI.:f"Y. ..,.1..:1
The goods were displayed in the shop. lf+"'
lf+m- 11{1-41 fDoil'l' lla.1111 7-.'JJ!.:f"Y.
..,_J'.C-) r ~IIC
display (n.)
I. oo:f"f'l-. The paintings are on display at
the museum. pJIJtr-lfi ' OIL+ oonh"" a m-ilT
IIOD:f"f'l- r itf. ' 'O'ffDo
2. '1-bY.'t'l-. Last week, there was a display of
paintings depicting tbe life of the Chinese.
'llll.fDo ... ,..., .... r f;J'y.<;-, r 'l-1!" r f"'1.1All"
fl"bA r '1-bY.'J'I- ~IIC
3. .I:'C.I:'C. There was a profuse display of
flowers in her room. llh~ r fDoil'l' 11"19" r
1111- r $11'1 r .I:'C.I:'C r ~IIC
be on display :f"f
At tbe art show, tbe works of the various
students were on display. llh.~ '1'1111 '1-c::r-.
Y.'l- itf. r fAI'- r AI'- r ..,_"'1/.P'l- r 1"&-ll''f
;1"1'-
displease ltllh4- I J'.ll hitll'fr
His behavior displeases me. m'll'- $llh4-'i'A
He dropped a remark which displeased me.
$llh4-'S'J (J'.ll r $itll'f'S'J) r ltll..,.Yf'l- "'A
hS'.t:1
displeasure l\IIODJ'.I\'1- 1 ~t.:f"
A frown marked her displeasure. l\lloPJ'.{I:J:
(~t.:f"'l') "19"'la:'J r h""*ma: ;f"ro+
disposal (=to dispose)
I. "''lltD1.1:'. Garbage disposal is a m,Yor prob-
lem for large cities. ll:f"itit~ h..,."''ll''f .f
"lf"lf .,_,...,_... h'i' $11 :f"'c ~,.
2. ""1it1A. Disposal of tbe car requires
finding someone who is interested in it.
hor>h.'i"fDo r lloP1it1A r 1..'11. r llfDo r "''"''f'l-
$"IfA
3. oPJ'.CJ'.C:. The disposal of the chairs around
the sides of the room left plenty of space in
tbe middle. llh'i'll- '1"'1 11-t.Y ftiJ9"111!":Y.
ooJ'.C:J'.C lloo"I!A r 1111- r (l:f" r hll1'f
*His will arranged for tbe disposal of his
property after his deatb. ').~lL,. r hC{I- r 'I"
'I- 11:\it r 1111_, 7-.'JJ'.,'I- 7-.'JJ'."''.hi.A tDll~
dispose
have {be) at one's disposal
*He has a car at his disposal. R.l.l\10'1- 1..
IL ODh.'i". Y1'1'A
rm at your disposal. At:-'11! 11"l)t ~'t
dispose
1. 1of..of... The good pay aud short hours
disposed him to take the new job. '1'1-
.l'.'l"""l'i" h"'.'"C fl"&- "LIL l.Ji.(l-"1 P'
&- l\"1-'I.+DA 1of..of..m-
2. l.ol'oo. He disposed the cars in a single
line. ooh.'i"l"'fi"1 o.,.c;J- hol'.,:fm-
*Getting your feet wet disposes you to catching
cold. 011'i"-ll "LIL l\"!CIJ") lB? fUIIIJ
1\1-")of..") ,.;>11"11\IJ
dispose of
1. lttj:.,&. 1\ilfH. They will leave as soon as
they dispose of their furniture. ffl.-1>"1 1..!l'
11'1'&- 7.")-'lllJ'H- f.~-'111-
2. "'ll. Where cau I dispose of this? f.IJ")")
f'l- A"'l\m-!
3. if m. Because of the gasoline shortage, we
had to dispose of our car. on."111.'1- 7.'!'<:'1- 'I"
h")J''I- 0 ODh.'i":f")") 0 ODlf'J' 0 "!Jl: 0 IJ'~o()")
4. hhlf.1.. We disposed of all his arguments.
hch~., rJoll- hhlf'f'~m-
disposed (adj.)
*He is kindly disposed toward you. 0.1'."! 'l
f."1J'SWA
disposition
1. qa,cr. I mqf.. Mary has a sunny dis-
position. "'U qa.cf (mqf) ooAIIII" 'i"+
2. m-'l;t'~+. His disposition to argue made
him many enemies. "J.":J>"'.":t ID-'I;t'~-1> -II
If- ml\ofo:f h.,.l:.l.ll'l-
3. },oo-'1.1'.-11. The general approved the dis-
position of the troops. :(~&-II- fiD;f-.l'.l!''fi")
1\0D.<I.I'.o() 'hl\.l'.4t
4. 1\+""/0D'I'. The disposition of the chairs in
the room has been changed. Rh'i'll- m-11'1'
ftDII"RI!':f l.+.,ou'l' _,.1\tJJotii.A
have a disposition for ODlm
He has a disposition for quiet places. 11'1' J'
II fl;J- f.ODC"'A
of cheerful disposition 'i'A:tA:t
She is always of cheerful disposition. M
"LILli" 'i'A:tA:t 'i"-l-
[See also 'sunny']
dispossess l.llll++
The landlord dispossessed the family of their
337 disqualify
apartment. ffl.-1: "1.;1- .,.h&-f"'fi"} l.llll+
:J':fm-
be dispossessed of +\om+
The landowners were dispossessed of their
laud. ql\oo<~.+'fi ou<~.;J-:fm-"1 .,.~m4t
disproportion },1\ooODftJm")
The disproportion in their salaries caused
resentment. f~'fPtt=fm- 1ti\ODDPifJtn1' :,0,,&.
;J- ho't.l'.<:q:fm-
disprove .~ta-l- ool)'').") l.t:;>1m
Columbus disproved the theory that the earth
was fiat. oo<~.+ 11C"l 'i"'l- f"'l.l\m-"1 na
dtft-11 l>IIII"Ril dta-l- ooiJ'').") l.t:;nm
be disproved m-lf+ ool)''). .,....<:an+
His fraudulent claim to be a nephew of the
minister was soon disproved. f"'l.~ll~ f},1
'1- A;t' ~'t f"'l.l\tJJo fdta'l- IDol. tD
-'1..1'"'" m-lf+ ODIJ''l- .,....<:an+
dispute (vt.) hA.,.+DIIII"
They disputed his authority. P'A"''l-"1 loA.,.
+RII-'1-11"
dispute (vi.) .,...,,...,.,.
They were disputing whether to start at once
or wait. R'i''l'~'l- hoo~ooc'i" houol'f'l-
f-1> 7."1.1'."'1.lfA ,...,,...,.,. ~nc
Some people like to dispute. 1'."1-'I")Jl: al":f ,
-oo....:J'~ ' f.ID-'11\-
*The soldiers disputed every inch of ground
when the enemy attacked. m;J-.I'.C''fi mil+
R1m.,:fm- "LIL h"1-'l.'l- M"'-l- ou<~.+
l\")1>, },")1\:t hll-
be disputed hh&-116 ~DC
The election results were disputed. f'I"C"'i
m- m-m.'l- l.h&-116 ~DC
dispute (n.) hChC I m-Il
The dispute is about the ownership of this laud.
hch~ 111111.11 oo<~.+ q11n.+~+ ~ ....
There were many religious disputes in this
country at one time. h."J..\!" 1.1L Otlll 11.1
c -ou- rvr..,-:+ hchc ~nc
The judge is going to arbitrate the dispute.
-'!'I'm- mfl-"1 1\.J'Il:J-c:t ~"'"
beyond dispute h.t'h&-hCII"
This book is beyond dispute the best book on
the subject. f. I! oos-dt'i' Rill! hC1.!l'l-
1\f. h.,.l\4'1- ODS.ih'i''l- IJoll- fRI\m OD
11''1- hJ'h&-hC'I"
disqualify (disqualified)
1. l\")Jl: + negative imperfect + hl\hl\. The
.
 disquiet
Constitution disqualifies a foreign-born person
from becoming President. ih1 s oo~..,F-it f
tJJo"'.'" h7C -1-WII~ T.:OII.'I't-1- h't'IJ'.If't
J'.hllhllo!\
2. hll4't:. His eyesight disqualified him from
participating in the Olympic Games. f'i'J'.).
OD;J-Wh ' Rloll.!l'"l;h ' OQ.'P;J-l""'f ' hODIJd.
o!\ ' hll4't:tJJo
disqualify oneself ,&.(to.,_ h1AA
The judge disqualified himself for this particular
case. R-1-IIJ'. J'.ll't't ~7C ' h't'IJ'.DPI\h-1-
'll;'tJJo &-11-'t Mill\
disquiet (v.) llt:'i!-1- ~"'
Rumors of a war disquieted the geoeral.
ftnC)-Jo t1Dr"''l- .,_..,...,_..,..,.
llt:'i!'l- ' ~"'IJJo
disquiet (n.) ouifnc
A feeling of disquiet spread through the waiting
crowd. 1-mqqof:tJJo't ..01111 fODifRC OD't
d.ll h~t:R'I-
disregard (v.) 'fll hll
We cannot disregard the teacher's objections.
v-ru~'t -t-ft'tJJo'l" ':fll o~>'tlltJJo h't':fo~>r
disregard (n.)
1. ':fll "711'1-. The boy's failure was due to
continued disregard of his studies. fA:(. 00(1}4
~:,. ' 'l''i"-Jo't ' hh;l-'1-11- ' ':fll ' h"711-Jo '
fODIIJ I ~DJo
2. "1.1'.1111 oPif't. His disregard of my feel-
ings annoys me. All"'L-1: ""'J!..A7i r oolf). :,.
c ' f(l"il;'o!\
disreputable 1-"'q..: o!\hllhll
Not all disreputable people are io jail. hiiC
11-'1- ' f7fl-'l- ' 1-"'q..: ' o!\hllhll ' flf\oo'l- ' (19'
:r- o-11- t.MA-r
disrepute, be in - {lou- I fl.,..;.. I
Imperialism is now io disrepute. 1\..rTt.f/1.11
,.. I QtJ-). I ~li. I (loP- I fltpo;.. I ]\f,.,VfV"'
disrespect, show ~ to h't'\mm
We must not show disrespect to our elders.
;1-llll.f>il'':f't't "7't'\m'l' hJ'.7q'tr
disrespectful
1. filo!\"''i". His disrespectful attitude toward
his elders was considered shameful. 11;1-11114',.;
f"'LfllftJJo ' f11o!\"''i" mqf. ' hltof-6 ' ~nc
2. q111.. The children are disrespectful. A;,.;
ql\1. 'i":ftJJo
338 dissension
disrobe (vt.) o!\1111 hWI\4'(11'1-)
The mother disrobed the child. h'i"'l-1'-'1' f
o!\)l:'t ' o!\1111 ' hWI\4'':fll'l-
disrobe (vi.) o!\1111 hWI\4'
He slowly disrobed. 84'11;1- o!\il/1-'t hWI\4'
disrupt
1. hof-1\(l. These quarrels will disrupt the
unity of our association. h~JI.tJ YlltJJw .rp
:,..,_..:,. f"7~R&-l-'t't h't.l:-~'1- 14-AIIo!\
2. h'i"wm(-t-'i"wm) ! t.rP""lt:4'. The rock fell
into the lake and disrupted the smooth sur-
face of the water. hllio hmJ'.<I< tJJoll'l'
1\.W.!:":,O ft:;>tJJo't tJJo:' h'i"wmtJJo (tor
(l""lt:4'tJJo)
:(.~&-11-'t The unity of Nigeria was disrupted by enemy
agents. f'i"J'.:(Cf h't-'!-~'1- RM"'il"l- -1-'i
QJ-tfl I )OC
3. OmOm. The news disrupted the conference.
W<l.tJJo ' lliJ(lqtJJo't RmRmtJJo
dissatisfy (dissatisfied) :,Oc h(l'f
The color of the house dissatisfied her. f0.-1: r
4'1\r :,Oc h(ll;''l-
be dissatisfied
!. :,Oc -t-(l'f. He is dissatisfied with his sal-
ary. R~'l"ll- :,Oc -t-(l'S:J:A
2. :,Oc hll(tJJo). You look dissatisfied. :,Oc
fl\ll ' '1-ouMI\IJ
dissect
!. (l)m4'. The biology class dissected frogs
last week. ql\d.tJJo ltr't'l- fqf-11-)( -t-
"7t.l"':f h't<l<&-t.'l- Mm4<
2.R11C11C ' hm'i". The senators dissected the
flf~ budget report. f ..0"1 ODW(l'i rhc 11-'1-
t,qll-:f fq~-Jo't &-;rc R11C11C hm\oo
dissemble ifd.~
She dissembled her aoger with a smile. 't.1'.:1:
1\,..,...,,.. 't Rd.1"1;1- ifd.~l-
disseminate h(l&-""
Missionaries disseminate Christian belief all
over the world. fW't1.A (lqhJ"':f fhCM:f
't't 1.r~'l- """lltJJo ' 'lllr f(l&-""111-
be disseminated 1-)1t:
The news of the minister's dismissal was dis-
semioated by radio. f"ttll~ hP'&- ODW7
.1:" ll.'i" R.:.-'1.1'- 1')1t':
dissension m1l
The border dispute caused lasting dissension.
fW(l\oo mil ..:ur 1111 "Ltt. 't'I-Ch hllh-t-11
dissent
dissent (v.)
I. T:J-mou. I strongly dissent from what the
last speaker said. fou..,.<:lfm- T'i":>6 fll
m-1 h'l'ofl<fl h:J-DJ"7111Jo
2. hATII"7"7(0'1-11"). Several of us dissented
from the majority report. hofl~"'m- f4><:Um-
1 6?"C'I- 111N''il'"-f1 hATII"7"710'1-!I"
dissent (n.) hiiOUII"7"7'1-
He expressed his dissent when asked if he
agreed with the speaker. hT'i":>6DJo :>C J'.ll
"7"7 h1S'.II'1 tJ.mf~ hiiOUII"7"7...1 ~
ill\
dissertation 111'-hTC)'J- .<1."16 fH:>~
ll"dt-'1'
He finally finished his dissertation last week.
fiou .... <:lfm- 111'-hTC)'J- .<1."16 fH:>~DJo1
ll"dt-'1' lJIILDJo tt!l"1'1- LKOU
disservice, do a "'
*I would be doing you a disservice if I solved
the problem for you. 111 'l'f<fl oflw&-A
U h,_'IYIIIJo h11( hAm~!I"U9"
dissident (n.) T:J-'1'"7.
He purged his cabinet of dissidents. hiJO.tm-
m-IlT .,.:J-'I'"''.J"'Ii1 u-11- hllm~S'.
dissident (adj.) ,.,.,.,.,.
A dissident voice was heard in the audience.
ht..l:""''= .:h1fofl ,.,.,.,.,. ~11"6 .,.,.,.,
dissimilar fTIIff
Henry and John have dissimilar tasks. 't16'i"
]1:1 fTIIff. I" 6-f'"lf h/1-'f''l'm-
dissimilarity t.llouii"7"7'1-
The dissimilarity of the two brothers character
jg SUfprising. fflofl'il I OJ'}..(-cryoy:pf I tniJ.e I
hiiOUII"7"7'l- f"'i.S'.1~ )tJJo
dissimulate S'.Oof>
He cannot dissimulate his true feelings. hm-).,.
...m-1 11"1_,1 II.S'.ofl~ hJ'."lfA!I"
dissipate (vt.)
I. O:J-T). The wind quickly dissipated the
smoke. H.(l- "'1'"(1-1 DJJI.ftJJo O:J'T)tJJo
2. hllh). He dissipated his entire fortune.
u11.,1 n-11- t.llh)
dissipate (vi.) -l"fiT)
The fog dissipated by noon. "#!":>?- of>'J-C
'If. TfiT)
dissipated (adj.) oflh-1
He leads a dissipated life. oflh-1 'i-C' J'.'f 6-A
339 distance
dissociate llf
It is difficult to dissociate imperialism from
exploitation. I>.II"TCf/1.1111"1 h"P.,.'i" II""
llf'l- ' hll'l':>6 )tJJo
dissociate oneself t:-ft-'l 1't.ID"I
I wish to dissociate myself from what has just
been said. hll-1 hTllllm- )~C 6-11.1
11"7tJJo"''J- hLA:>IIIJo
(be) dissoluble ".t.".t.
Salt is easily dissoluble in water. (;U.aJ- 04'1\
II- Om-:' J'.".t.".t.A
dissolute fm&-'I)'J-
He leads a dissolute life. fDJ6-'I)'J- 'i-C'
f.'f6-A
dissolution "7'1'<:11
The partners arranged for the dissolution of
their partnership. 1f6l>'ll 'iiCh'i"'l'm-1 11"7
'1'<:11 ' .,.11., ...
dissolve (vt.)
I. h".t.".t.. Water dissolves salt. m-;> """m-
1f".t.".t.A
Dissolve the contents of the package in one
liter of water! ;rJ"Im- 1 m-11..- 1 Yllm-~ 1 11
1~ 11.'1-C m-;> h".t.".t.DJo
2. hL<:il. They dissolved their partnership.
'ilch<;'l'm-1 t.L<:(l-
dissoive (vi.)
1. ".t.".7.. Salt dissolves in water. ..._m- nm-
;> ' J'.".t.".t.A
2. L<:il. The partnership dissolved after
many arguments. hoflH- "1.11. "'1'"~"'1'"~ 0:\
II 'ilch<;m- L<:il
dissonance fAT4>'i"O<: 11."7
The dissonance caused by an inexperienced
harp player is unpleasant. 04: All"~ fl\.11
tJJo O~<; -t-A'f':f fof><:Om- fATof>'i"O<:
11."7 ' hfiiS'.II'I-11"
dissuade from h1~ + negative imperfect +
ouh<:
He dissuaded his friend from marrying that
girl. 'IA't~&-m-1 f:f-1 A"Jf: h1'1f1ll
ouh<:m-
distaff "7'1m6f
The cotton is wound around the distaff.
'I'm- 0"7'1DJ6ftJJo IIJ'. J'.moum"7A
distance
I. Cof>'l-. The distance between Harar and
distant
Addis Ababa is considerable. Om<!:C" OIVI.
II t.nq oot,h<l\ Yllw- cot+ <!:'Jf.'l"
)tD-
2. DD"J1.e-. We can cover the distance in three
hours. oo"J1JI.'t OI"IIT 1'1-t+ 41\'tHA'I-
l\'t:Y.IIll't
*He knows how to keep his distance. Jl.CJftJJo
't ' yw-:NA
*The noise of the train died away in the
distance. QIK- I'I.C'I> J':'J",. l\fmof. ~Jl.
from a distance h?-1-
You can see the house from a distance. R.~
M-'1- f.:t"YA
distant
I. ~- We visited distant places. ~'I> ll'i't-
l":Y.'t ' 1-0"f't
2. f~'l>. She is a distant relative of mine.
f~'l>' HOOJl..' )";f
distant past f'1'1'T 1..tL
These animals lived in the distant past.
MILl! l\'tlllt+ O'l''tT 1..11. nn~ "'fw-
be distant t-+
The school is three miles distant from here.
T'I"IJCT 11.1: h!LIJ !"liT "''f-A f.C.:J><I\
*John has been very distant since our argu
ment. hhCht-:Y.'t WJI.IJ }0 l\'tJl. 11.1!"
(JJo' l>f.Jl.ll'l"
act distant
*She acted very distant toward him. I.T )"'
:Y.w-
distaste 'l'llil'
His distaste of hard study is well known.
m'thl!" f"'''l'.,,. 'l'llil'w- f ;t-w-t )w-
have a distaste for tnl\
He has a distaste for hard work. hQ.I:" P't-
't ' f.mll<l\
distasteful f"7.n1if"'ii
This is a distasteful medicine. f.IJ f"'L.f't11f
"'ii ooJ:-:>kT ' )tD-
be distasteful to ml\
Compliance with his father's demand is
distasteful to him. YQ1:'t '1'111+ "7".7.11
:,. ' f.mll<l\
distemper [+h-it+., .1:-ll'l" YIIR+ fii-
:Y.II-:Y. nii:t-J
distend wm.:
He distended the skin over the frame for
340 distinctive
drying. "'-"w- l\'tJI,.I'.C'I> noowm&Yw-
llf. wml
be distended T)of.
The balloon was distended to the bursting
point. l.>:'w- l\1111.4.)-'1 .1:"<!:11 T)'i'-1' )OC
distill
I. Mm.:. You have to distill ocean water
for drinking. fw-'1-Y'fll"t w-:> hoomnJTIJ
01.+ "'''tmC l>MIIJ
2. l>WIIJ. They distill alcohol from grain.
t.M: ' hl\IJA ' YWIIJII-
distinct
I. 1-AIJ. There is a distinct difference between
the two. OtJ-11-Io ou"JiA 1-41\IJ flf) Af.
)T 1>11
2. fTIIYf. These are two distinct kinds of
animals. MILIJ u-11:,. l\'tlllt+ nne r
Tl\Yf. ' "'fw-
3. A f. A f.. His sermon was divided into three
distinct parts. Mlh-lo Oil' liT A f. A f. h
'1'11-:Y. Th'i'll- )OC
4. fTilf. His praise is a distinct honor.
~ltw- fTilf hilc )w-
5. l\f'I>A. The twin brothers have distinct
personalities. OD"t+l'"'ll mQy'fw- l\f'I>A )w-
keep distinct from one another Af
Keep the two ideas distinct from one another !
u-11-to't mltttlf llf.
distinction
t. Af.)T. The Emperor shook hands with
everybody, without distinction of rank. .,..,..,.
)1P'1: f"''f><!:"' Af.)T o\YJl.C1- ftJ-11-'t
.,. , l\~ ' ...n....
The distinctions of birth are less important
now than formerly. f+w-AJ:- Af.)T h'l'"t
:,. f.A'I> QIJ-l- '1..11. 1>114.11'1..)-lo l\f+
.:~.1!-.A
2. hiiC. To be awarded a Ph.D. is a distinc-
tion few attain. f'i'AII'i'., P.hTC)T't foo
+nA h-oc f"'L.f1'f- '1'4:+ ""'w-
3. II.~)T. He achieved distinction in mathe-
matics. Odo..ltil 11.'1-)T"J 1>11
A governor should be a man of character
and distinction. l>'t.l:" 111; mo\0 K"'l-.,
":f-11-:t"tD- ' fTOD{lh<!:iiT ' OO(f't AllOT
*His distinction of sounds is excellent. Y:'I"'IJ
l'l.llf. ' .,~.,. )tD-
distinctive Af.
The Imperial Bodyguard wears a distinctive
distinctively
uniform. fhilC HR.,. AI' fl."til Ailll
f.lliliiA
distinctively 1AK" M':C''I
He speaks distinctively. 1\CII- 1AK" l'o.I':C1
f,<;~&-A
distinctly "IAK" h.I':C"'
I told him distinctly not to come. 1l"t'lf.OD"'
1AK" M':C1. 'I~Ch-1-
distinguish llf
I can't distinguish the colors. .,.1\.,.:r;"t All
f, l'oA'fA'I"
It is hard to distinguish her from her sister.
1llt"t hl\~;1: 1\0DI\f'l- R"''l" Y/1'1'1&-A
distinguish between Af
Can you distinguish between the two? v-1\-l:"t
A'l-1\f. '1-l-~1111 1
dlstlnsulsh oneself &-11-"t l'ollfD.,.
He distinguished himself by his courage.
n;e"l"tH &-11-"t l'o/IID.,.
distinguished (adj.) f:I"ID.,.
He is a distinguished scholar. f;J-tD+ I ro<
""'"
distort
1. l'o"JODOD. The mirror distorted his face.
OD{l;f"ID-1> 0 f.L-1>") 0 :JoCK" 0 I;")ODODIJJo
2. l'ob-"7.,.~. Rage distorted his face. "t.l'.'l- .L
-l>"t ' l'ob-"7.,.~11Jo
3. l;~q. Why did you distort the meaning of
my words? f:l'~1:"t '1-C.,.'I" 1\'l""t l;~q
1i11Jo!
distract (vt.)
1. lrfoP. I am bored with television, but reading
distracts me. 1:11.li.'fr"t nA":f.f."'A I "7"tRil
1"t f.'l'"""' A
2. .h/111-"t l;~q. He is very single-minded
and impossible to distract. f.,.mnt ~~
Ml\fDo .h/111-"t 11"7~q'l- Yll'I'1&-A
distract (from)
1. .h/111-"t IIR. The television program dis-
tracts me from reading. R"7'1ilR'l- "1..11. f
1:1\.li.'l'r"t T~&-'1" dallfL"t f.llR'I'A
2. hllhll. The noise in the street distracted
me from reading. DD1'1JJ. 1\.r. Yllm- r fiJ.-L
:1" "7"tRil hllhll'f
distraction
1. dallil f"'Lllil 'I~C I dallil f"'LR'l-"t
)1C. Television is a distraction when you are
341 distribute
also trying to read. (IIJJo R"'LYHIR'l- "LU.
1:1\.li.'l'r"t ' T~&-'1" ' OD'f-1- ' dallil ' f"'Lllil '
(f"'LR'l-"t) 'I~C )IJJo
2. DD"tl..ll-"t "71.11. Alice needs some distrac-
tion after her examination. h.l\.0 hL+'i"11
n:>.~ oo"tl..lt"t "71.ll Ylli..A:>:I"A
3. f"LU. "7111\.LY 11:1". There are not enough
distractions in a small village to keep life
from being dull. R'l-"t1i oo"ti.C ID-/1'1' l-
1!' 1l"t'IY.nll'f f"'LYI.C.,. n-t f"LU. .,
111\.LY ll:l"lP'f fll-'1"
*In his distraction after the accident, he forgot
his name. I)I.:JIJJo n:>.~ llll.,.l.<;~m {lODo
"t ' H'l:>
distraught f.,...._.,.,.
The lost child's distraught mother cried all
night long. f.,...._.,.,.,.,_ fmo(.ID- A)': h
<;'1- 11.11.-l>"t n-11- ll:I"II:Joll ,.,.._~.,.
distress (v.) hll""''l"'
I
Parker. fA~ ' m~.,....
;rche"t hll...,., .+'1-
'
The sudden illness of her son distressed Mrs.
ihOD'J" ' "'LI\,11 '
be distressed hili'
I am distressed to hear of your wife's death.
f"'L/1'1-II"t ' '1"'1- ' fiOD/1"71: ' Mt<;l\o-
distress (n.)
I. 'f1c I "1'.11'1-. He caused his mother much
distress. 1\l'o<;-1> ill!- 'f"lc l..m~q'l
The Red Cross did everything to relieve the
distress . .,.,. oo(l.,.A R.,.if'IIID- oam"t f
~.~n.,.."t 'f"lc (.,..11'1-) 11"7:1'1\A 'l"h~
2. oPoP:I'f'l-. Because of the high altitude he
showed signs of distress. hh'i!;I"ID- f.,..,.., f
ODoP:J>f'l- ' 'I"Ah'l- ' :l"fR'l-
3. h'i! Yll I" :J>f,. The Olympic runner
showed signs of distress toward the end of
the race. 1\ID-.1':.1':-1- "711-I:Y ~f, fl-1\.'I"'C
h- if."'!' h'i! Yl\ fp>:f>.l': 'J"Ah'l- ;l"fR'l-
show distress +w :l"f
The traveler in the desert showed distress
when he ran out of water. fOl.?aJo OD'}"Jf..
... ' IJJo;)ID- ' qj\.,. ' "1..11. ' .,.,..,..f
distressing l'oll~'f
His ignorance of political affairs is distressing.
llll Tll-1:11 o-~:l"lP'f 'l""t'J" l'oi\"71D<Ir
l'oll~'f ' ""'"
distribute
I. l'oh4-1..11. The mother distributed the toys
distribution
==~==~--------------~----------------~
among the children. ll'i"'l-1'"'1' l\lf't'l-1\..,.,;'t
IIN('Il l\hol-d.lllf'
2. 01'.11. There is a special clerk who distrib-
utes the mail. 1'.-t!JI!I.l"lf''t f"''J'S':A A
"' I X,d!,,l.. I h.A
3. MHI. The farmer distributed ashes in
front of the house. ~O.!.a>- h!l.-1> 1'.1f'i'
l\ODS': MHI
distribution
I. l\hol-d.A. They did not agree on the
distribution of the profits. O'l-C4- l\hol-d.A
'If. l\A-t-il"7oo-9"
2. f"7h4-d.A P' t-. The distribution of food and
clothing to the needy took place yesterday.
9""1-tl'i" A-till lllf'"'~V'lf' f"7h4-d.ll-
P't- ' '1-'i"'t'l- ' -t-h'i"dJ)
3. S':AS':A. The distribution of our troops is
a military secret. fm;l-!'.t':!l'll''t S':AS':A f
tnC 'lf.A 9"iltn.C )a>-
*What is the distribution of eucalyptus trees
in the world? O'tll9" 'If. fll.ftC ~'i' f'l-
f'l- f.~'1A 1
*The distribution of our school paper is
now 1000. l\v-'t f'l-9"UC'l- !I.:J-lf''t :>H.
"' ' l\'tS': ' l(u , l\'t'IO.l"lf' ' l\11-'l-
for distribution flih1111 }.,"}-t;t-,.e.
The censor released the film for distribution.
'l'til-<~- LAoo-'t llm11-tl ll't'l:J-f. l\'llld.m-
have wide distribution 011,.. r fl;J- r ,.e..,'ij=A.
This tree has wide distribution in Ethiopia.
f.U ~'i' Ol\.'l-1'"~.1' a>-11'1' 0-1111" (I;J-
M'1A
district
1. J\m-&-1f. He governed his district with an
iron hand. l\a>-t-1fm-'t 4''1'~/fl ~~
2. +fli\.. This is a very poor district. ,.e.o fliiJ
9" lf"'JC fO~O'l- 4'01\. )a>-
3. CD-'1. The city is divided into two districts.
h-t-"7a>- Ov-11'1- m~-'1 -t-h'i'!I.A
[See also 'remote']
district attorney fl\a>-t-1fOJ- o.+o. ' m"'
The district attorney is in the courtroom.
rl\m-t-1fm- o.+o. m"' 'i'CY: o.'l- )m-
distrust (v.)
1. }'tf\oo~r. I distrust him because he often
lied to .me. -1111" "1.11. 1111'1'11" l\illi")<D-9"
2. -t-mt-m~. The child distrusted the stranger's
offer. A)l: fll't"'-'I<D-'t 11tn:J- -t-mt-m~
342 disturbed
distrust (n.) 'I'C"'.!.
He looked at the friendly stranger with dis-
trust. fm-'1)';')'1- ooAh f"''J''IfiD-'t ll't
"1-'1 O'I'C"'.!. -t-oullh-t-
distrustful -t-mt-"1&
A distrustful dog is the best watchdog.
,.tn&-11)6 I tD-i'(' ~ ~ I tnllof: ~ ~QJo
be distrustful of +m&-ml.
I was distrustful of his motives. 'tlt"7at-1' .,..
mt-'1'.!. )0C
disturb
I. l\mh. Don't disturb the others! 1\.11-'ll't
l\;J-a>-h
The noise of the birds disturbs me. rmc:.";f
"'i"'i;l- J'a>-h'1A
2. l\'11\0. That rumor disturbed us. mo~.m- l\
'1<\0't
The sharp drop in prices disturbed the farmers,
flluA "'-" om~'l- 0"19" 11:,. "711-1>
~O.!.l"'ll't l\'l<lll'fa>-
3. ~011". Do not disturb the baby! He is asleep.
.nn-'t l\'1-~-olfm- 1 -t-'\':tA
4. l\ODil:l'4'11. Someone has disturbed my
papers. m~4'1:'t iiOJ- l\ODI\:1'~11-;l-A
disturb oneself 1"=f1l:
Please don't disturb yourself! I will take care
of it. l\'1-'f-lc ' ll~ l\"'t-'1'1111-
be disturbed -t-11"0~
I am disturbed at that news. Otlf to~ ~ +if
-11.!..1'1111-
disturbance
l. o-h+. There were several political disturb-
ances in Greece last year. fl'"l&h A1C Ill\
LtD- otou'l- l\.1'1\. f?'ll-tlJ v-h'l- )0~
2. "'C"'C ! ~-lllf. There is a disturbance at the
corner. oomli"H'Jfa>- ~f. "'C"'C (~-lllf) l\11
3. ":f..,c. The radio can be a disturbance when
one studies. flT'i"-l- "l.tL ~4..\"'BJo l--Ie
1\.d.'I'C f.lf''IA
4. "l"'}4''1-. Her disturbance was plain to see.
"'."'t4':t O"'AW f.:'-f. ) OC
*The disturbance of the construction schedule
was due to bad weather. ftlt1'~m- JP&- T
t':"/t-9" f-t- .+mila>- Oou'l't:: l\fC ll"h't
.1''1- ' )tD-
disturbed, ~ mind
He has a disturbed mind. "tb )m-
mentally disturbed h71.,..C"m- f;.t-mh
Therapy was:given the mentally disturbed man.
disunite
hM"C'tJJo ;l"tJJo!o f)fll:tJJo /ltJJo\1. .nh?"
<; -~-~<:111'1-
disunite h'l-.1.11
He tried to disunite the students. 1-"7<1S'''Il't
ll.h'l-'i'A 'l"h<:
disunity h/IDP11"7"7'1-
The disunity of the members resulted in the
club's disbanding. fhqll-'ll h/IDP11"7"7'1-
hfliJ-') ' hDP'i'l:11 ' h~l:/IIJ)o
disuse
*The old tools were rusted from disuse.
hC'1.ll''ll ' OD"f&fll''lf iiiiA-t-w<~oq:ftJJo
111'PA
fall into disuse +to
Many customs have fallen into disuse. 1lff'
A"7P.'lf 4'C1-'PA
ditch (v.) flY. <ILL<:
The farmer ditched the garden for drainage.
10..:."'" /lfDo;) ontJJo<:7f q'l-hA'I- 11-&f
flY. ' <ILL<:
ditch (n.) ...~'!~
The car got stuck in the ditch. ouh.llcr "t-1:
'I~ ' m-11'1' ' 1-4'<:4'<:'/f
dive (dived, or dove)
I. H/111. He dived from the bridge and
rescued the drowning child. h.J!"A.(-'- Hflo
11.11'1'!1" fHI<:tJJo't A)!: hJa
2. '1...fi hh. I will dive into my homework
right after dinner. h<~-'1- 0:\11 04''1':1"
'1''01: llf. ....0 Mllli-
*Can you dive? m-;) 1 m-il"l" r HltU 1 OJ\liTO
o-m+ '1-'fllllll 1
diverge
I. 1'1)mll. Our paths diverge before we
reach the village. OD't~~ hDP~<:It'lf't 0
.t.+ DP't1P.;F'/f't f.1)mllll-
2. +A.ff. Our opinions diverge on politics.
O?'lltiJ h111-ltM'lf't f.flffA
divergence Af.)'I-
There are several divergences of opinion on
the subject. 1111 )1~ 1111- fdolt11 Af.)'l-
hll
divers f-1-llff.
He has lived in divers places in the world.
fl'lll?" tJJo11'1' 01-llff. fl:l"ll''lf 'f~A
343 divert
diverse 1111- f-1-llff.
There are diverse languages spoken in Ethiopia.
01\.""""*, .
.,. f-)111-11-
IJJo11'1' 1111- f-1-llff. *"*"
diversify (diversified) hii'Pmm
Farmers diversify crops to keep the soil healthy.
hL~'t 0"7..1q /loPf1! 10..:.ll''f 111111-'t
fii'Pm-n!/1-
diversion
1. h..:'fti'IJ-L 1 ouftaJT. Diversion of the river
is necessary for irrigation. faJ1'fto1' J\.:'ft11JAA r
001\aJT 1 (too(l'f hllL"-'1. )DJ-
2. 1.rt.m-'t f"''..fltA'i'fl'l- ""'P:I". Chess is his
favorite diversion. ll'tm<:'fr ho-11- f.OA
'I' 1.1f.tJJo't f"''..fltA'i'O'I- ""1':1" )IJJo
A diversion was created by a surprise attack
from another point. IJA:I"IIO h'l>"'"'i h
~;J floP"'A mll'l-'t h~<;1~'1-
diversity
I. fdolt11 Af.H. Their diversity did not
prevent them from being friends . .1"-:fm- fda
lt11 Af.)'l- 'l~'h;l":ftJJo't hll\4-)IIIJJo!l"
2. f-- 'lf.H 11~'1-. The diversity of food on
the table made it hard for him to choose.
flm<:A.~"'" llf. f)Ol:tJJo f?""111 'lf.)'l-
11~'1- IIII"C"'itJJo h11:f1<:tJJo
diversity of f-1-llff
Diversity of opinion is good for a society.
f-1-llff h111-ff'l- ll"r11<: 1111 ....~
)IJ)o
divert
I. h'Pfl. Ethiopia will divert the Awash into
a canal. l\.'1-I'"A-f fh'P'li't tJJo;) /IDP11'f
;l"tJJoii'Pfl'lf
2. hMII-1-. The movie diverted us . .t.Aoo-
h11~111-'t
divert (one's) attention OO"}L(l-1' r 11'/l.h
The band diverted our attention from the
game. foo-fl.+m- 'I~ h""'P;I"m- IIY.
oP')L/t'/f't't 0 "7l:htJJo
be diverted
1. mi. A."- +oo&-. Some people's attention
is easily diverted. f't'l't~ llll''lf DP'tL11
04'1111- m~ /1.11 f.DP<!-A
2. OA."- oP1'"J.J!' tiC' a 'tf... Traffic was
diverted while the highway was repaired. htJJo
II- 1-'I'OtJJo fl"''..m1't0'1- 1.11. ontts
,.,. fl/1.11 DP't1~ ~l:IJJo ' f.'{.~ )OC
 divested
(be) divested of of-11.1.
He was divested of his rank and privileges.
"71U...,...,,. AI'- ou-a.,..., i-1~:: ~oc
divide (vt.)
I. 1-lti.A. My partner and I divided the profits.
'licltllo'O lll!. .-,..C4-.., i-lti.A..,
2. .1\ltl.l\. Divide the total by four! J:-9"-1-..,
1\l\&-..,.. l\lt'i'l\tD-
3. 1\f. A high fence divides their farm from
ours. <'..~9" l\TC l\Clf'l'm-.., hllclf:f.., f.
1\f'I'A
4. ( = pass.) 0.-ltlt-11 ofoh4.1.1\. +The issue di
vided the committee members. 0?--'11'- fY.C
?- l\'111-:f Omlt-11 i-hMII-
dlvide (vi.)
I. _.., :J- II"~. At the end of the village the
road divides. l\OD..,Y.-1- DD<U.o'..lf 00..,1-'l.
OD..,,. f.li"'OA
2. hrJ-1\.-,.. ofohl.l\. The river divides near the
sea. m..,,.. IJ.ft-1- .t.m1-11 hrJ-1\.-,.. f.hl.
'lA
be divided
I. i-hi.A. The book is divided into two parts.
ODJI'.-ft4- OrJ-1\..,.. h'i'A i-h'i'!\.A
2. 1""h4.1.1\. The land was divided among the
peasants. ou&.-lo l\10&.l":f 1""h4.1.1\
3. -NIJ'f. Opinions are divided on that
question. 0?--'11'- 'If. f-f""{lm-.-,.. l\il-l""..l'f
-f-:f f-1""1\..1'1'- <;'l'm-
dividend [flt-'1..,..1' f.-,..C'i' h'i'.l']
divider ouh4.1...1'
They used wardrobes as a room divider. <k?"
"1'1'\'-.., fh'i'A ouh4.1...1' hl'.o'..?-.-,..
divination '1'..,41.'1
Divination was practiced in olden times to
foretell the future. 0'1'..,.-,.. 1..11. '1'..,41.'1..,
ll..,,_ .-,....,ll.-,.. f.of&'l'-1--.-,.. ~oc
divine (v.)
I. ofo~Of. The prophet divined the end of the
world. n!lofoo:'m- f'tl\9".., 'i'l\"7. ofo~Of
2. 1'1(m-). He divined the purpose of her visit
from the way she looked. fOD"J:f-0.-,.. 't'l
"7 M li..,Y.ll"~ hl\il-l""..l'f:t 1'ltD-
divine (adj.) "/-1-9"
What divine weather! Mo:' "1-1-9" l\fC
~m- I
divine klnsdom OD"t"/F-1"" (1"7..1'.-,..
The divine kingdom is the reward of the
344 divorce
virtuous in many religions. /\fl..,. 'l~at'i+";f
OD..,"/P'-f"" ' (l"YJ'..,.. ' OD"/1)..,.. ' fl'."/ ' J\J:"t1-
1..l":f '1':> ~m-
divine right f:t-11'\ oP'"f~F-T P"A."J"}
King Charles claimed to rule by divine right.
..,.,_.,... ii'CI\il 0:,0-ll't ' _..,..,,.,.-,.. FA"!..,
l\1~1\,. r.t. ~oc
divine scripture :'f-.IJ.lt.J- OD~rlt'i!+
Divine scripture tells us how to obtain salva-
tion. :,0-'l.it.-,.. ODl\.ft'i'.-,.. .1M~.-,.
f9"'01't0
.-,...., OD..,1J:" f.~"/-1-'0A
divine worship l'\1l"7Ah+ il""I.R.!t-
In olden days, divine worship was often per-
formed outdoors. n .....,..,.. ' 1..11. ' 1\l\"YAh..,.. '
ii"IY..-,.. hn..-,.. tD-*f!" ,_,_.,_., ~nc
divinity ""1\I>H.-,..
Most Christians believe in the divinity of
Christ. h-a~o;:m- hciltn nhcil-f-il
ODI\1>_.,..~.-,.. ..I''I"'OA
divisible 1""lt4.1'>
The number 6 is divisible by 2 and 3. il.l:"il.-,..
OrJ-1\.-,..<; OV'il.-,.. i-lt4.1'> ~m-
division
I. h'i'A. My brother works in the testing
division. m'l..e-""1 OL1"'i" b'i!A m-lJ:T 1
f.w&-A
2. J:-..,Oc. This hedge forms the division be
tween his land and mine . .e.u I rm.if I hTC t
n<; f{l- oo&..-,.. J:-..,OC ~m-
3. A'-~+. Divisions between social classes
are not so great as formerly. 0~1U.+ {Ul 1
oolthA ..1'1,...-,.. Al'-~-f-:f li..,Y. .,.J:-'I"tD-
fOil- hf.Y.it""9"
4. "7lti.A. Children find it hard to learn
division. "7lti.A.., oP"7C 1\.ftt'O.-,.. ..l'il'f
"/&-A
5. l\hMA. The division of profits among the
partners was equitable. f'II\'P:,O'I"'Il f.-,..C'i'
hh4.1.A 1""11l ~nc
6. h'i!ll 1 tnC. Ten divisions were destroyed.
OFC h'i'l\ tnl::f ml'.-
divorce (v.)
!. 1.:1-. She divorced her husband several
years ago. '1!1..., hi.;J-:f -1111- 1..11. II"
.,..,..
2. l\4.;1-. The priest divorced the couple.
., ..... IJA'O "''..il-f-'ll.., h4.;J-'I'm-
be divorced from tl..;r
He's divorced from his wife. oti'l-JJ"t r L~/.\.
divorce
*His plan is divorced from reality.
ra.A,. h'll<~- )"'"
divorce (n.)
I. 'i''l'. Some homes Ill" broken by divorce.
h'IJ!'IJ:" 'I-J!C R'i''l' i.LCIIA
2. ooof.;f-'1-. Church dogma does not condone
divorce. fiL.,. hCh-1:.1"1 .,..., ""of.:f-'1-
'1 hf.L:,.J:",-
*ln America, there is a complete divorce of
government and religion. Rh"'Uto 711-J:too;-
Vf."7'l''l- R'i'S-11" f-ti\J'Y. o;-'l'fDo
get a divorce L:f-
She wants to get a divorce. 1\oP<;:;f-'l- '1-L
A;JII'I'
divorced (adj.) L'l-
She is a divorced woman. L+ 1 'IT
He is a divorced man. L+ )(!)<
divulge
I. hm"'. We hope he will not divulge the
secret. ,.hm.-1-'1 h'1.1'."7fOJ"' .,.hof. hl\'1
2. 1/U\. He wouldn't divulge his name to
the police. h_., 1\71\.h 1\oP"JI\11' L:t'
.1'.'1 hA)O~,-
dizzy 'f/"fDo 111
The airplane climbed to a dizzy height. hfDot:
Till- 'fl>m- 111 h'i':f' llf. .I'.Ut
feel dizzy
I. -t"'in(m-). I feel dizzy and waot to lie down.
hll-t"'l"'i)'t ;J.I'.,- "711'1- l'.LA;JI\IJo
2. 'fl>fDo hii(R'l-). He felt dizzy when he stood
on the edge of the precipice. ~.1'.11- hof.'i' II
f.. (t.jl!l" ' 'f/"fDo hl\0..,.
make dizzy h~~
The sudden ascent of the elevator made me
dizzy. fhh'lh-1- """"'lm:,. h~~'t
[See also 'sensation']
do (did, done)
1. tP&-. What are you doing this afternoon?
qt. hh'\'1- 0:\11 ,.., '1-w&-1\IJ ?
What does he do for a living? ?"'I we-I' f.
OIIA?
2. They cannot do a thing to him.
h.l'.~~.
,-.,,- 1\.f.I'.C.,_.:,. hf."'ftr,-
What can I do? After all, he is my friend.
?"'I IIJ:"C"I ! oo'l),- '1.1'.'111- )fDo
3. hi\. How do you do? 7.'1.1'.?"'1 hl\11 ?
4. II'). The com is doing well this year. 04'11-
..,.. ' H'l J:"t: ' '1'-1- ' II'S: A
345 do
7t~)J. See there, that won't do at all. h"7 I f.IJ I.
11''1" 1""/f.ll''l )~C )fDo
S. 'I'~. We can't do without water. 111 a>?
A'l'l'C h'I'I'A,-
6. R:t'. This roast has to do for four people.
f.IJ 'Mih 1\h&-'1- {ltJJo ""'""''~- hi\0'1-
That will do for now. II!Jo'l f.O:t'A
7. h'l'"'. This won't do, my friend. m'!J>:
f.IJ hf'l'"',.
8. hH;Jl(.,.H:Jl). My room hasn't been done
yet. h'i'll. ~o;- hA.,.H:Jl,-
9. hmo;-. I have to do my Amharic tonight.
1"7C'1 :,.,-IJC-1;'1 q<~. "7:f' "Y'I'o;-'1-
hii-R't
*He's doing very well at school. '1-!l"tJC-t:'l 0
'I-;J:,. f.h:f'.,.IIA
*What can I do for you? ?"'I A:f'H11 ?
do away with
I. hhm~.l'.. They plao to do away with most
of the requirements. hhLII'I. h"'lqll-:,. )
1t::f -1111-l'"li'l 11"7h1D~J:" y:,.J!II-
2. hmof.. He did away with himself. &-{1-'1 hmof.
3. 1M. He wasaccused of doing away with
his wealthy uncle. 11-R:f',. h'l-1:'1 ~J:-1\V
A -t--1111- _,.h!).A
4. {l~H. Parliament voted to do away with
several tax laws. ;rcl\"7 -RH-l"'li'l f4'~'1'
a.~:f 11""{1~11 .,.{1"7"7
(be) done away with mof.
Bribery should be done away with. .,..p
""'l'of.'l- hllo.r
do (one's) best f.,.if'llm-'1 filA 'l"h~
I'll do my best to have it ready on time.
O'l.ll.fDo 7.'1-'IJ'.Ch f-til'll't'l J'IJA l'.'l"
h&-1\IJo
do by J'H
He has done well by his family. IL.,. {I
ll'li'l O"'l~q f.!I.A
do good m+oo.
A vacation will do you a lot of good. ~~'i''l-
0"1!1" f.m:,.rv A
It won't do you much good to complain.
"7"7~C ,..,,. hf.m:,-11"11,.
do with
*I could do with more leisure time. fOAm
f~~-;::,. '1.11. q~'t l'.OJJ!I\IJo
*What did you do with my umbrella? )1"'1'1'11\lo
., r.r h.l'.~hhm- 1
do without :fll hi\
She did without necessities to be able to pay
docile
for her daughter's piano lessons. f"''J'il4.A?
+'I tHr :f~ of!~ IIA~ -r;,r'l' "7ilT"''t!
.r h4.1\:f
can you do without this pencil for a while?
l'.Cililll'l l'o'IJ'. AP't:.O+ l\~11 ... l
have to do (with) ootptpA h.ilfl+
A lawyer has to do with all sorts of people.
tn0.4' hAl< AI< ,.,,.;r. ?C OU1"PA
MO+
*Many are convinced that smoking has a
great deal to do with lung cancer. f/)'!q )4'
C/) ' fl.lft:. ' h"7Q,J,fl ' f"'i.OD"' )fDo of!
llfDo ofl,.,.;r. .f'l"<;tr
not have to do (with) ,..,.r : ..,"},:~:,.. =
That has nothing to do with the question.
1.1\- h'l',f<flfDo ?C '1"'1'1" "l'l"f.)+ fllfDo
[See also 'dish, well']
docile ;t-~'rr
The docile dog wagged his tail. :J-~11' m-!f
~6-_,'1 ' <IIA
dock (vt.)
I. hm.l'.ofl l'oll<:4. 1 IDS'. ID.I'.ofl l'of11q. The
captain docked his boat at three o'clock.
IJ"C-1:). OHm'S fl'l+ ouchtl-'1 hm.l'.ofl
M<:<f.+
A tugboat is used to dock large ships. 1-;t-:f
)>;Aq +AA:j> OUChfl:f'l IDS'. ID.I'.ofl 11"7
i11q+ Y111"1~A
2. ~<:m. The company docks the men's
wages if they come late to work. b-fl'lY rP
6.-J-'f:f ' 11"1)'.-J-fDo ' fi.OUtn- ' .J'.'f"~'ffDo'l ' )'.
~C"'A
dock (vi.) hm.l'.ofl .l'.<:il
The ship docked three hours late. ouchlt
,.,.,.-,. fl'l+ H"IM hm.I'.IJ< .l'.<:fl
dock (n.)
I. [O'i'C.<:" O.+ fDofl'l' f-1-hlllf. """'"'i.Y]
2. fouChofl "7t:.14.Y l fouChofl ou.f"''J'. The
bags of wheat were piled on the dock. fil'IJ'.
1'-'IY,.:f Oouchofl "7t:.14.Y -1-h'l"<:,. )OC
The dock was built last year. fouchofl OU.f"'L
, ..... '!'!"<; .,..,..,:.
doctor (v.) l'ohou
He doctors his children himself. A]l:q;'l ,:.
1\- Yh"7A
doctor (n.) mh.'l" 1 1'-h-1-C
How many doctors are there in Addis Ababa?
t.JI.il t.oq m-il'l' il'l+ mh.'l":f t.tr 1
[See also 'witch doctor']
346 dogged
doctrine
I. .h"l. The doctrines of the church are very
rigid. f0.-1- hCil-f:.f). .h"l 0"1'1" '1'11:,0 )fDo
2. l\'I")T. Many theologians criticized the
unsound doctrine. of!,. f7)'."7'l'+ 11..4>,.'1+
ODP'l:T fl\.llfDo'l l\'I")T )4'4-
document (v.) 0"7il<:lf l'o<:?1m
He documented all instances in which the
judge took a bribe. ""'"'" 1-fl f-1-4'0110+
'I 1." .,.11- 0"7il<:lf l'ol:;J1m
document (n.) fi).(-
A birth certificate is a document of importance.
fl\m- fA.I'.T f'l"ilhC ID<:4'+ 0"1'1" l'oil4.~1.
M.<:- )fDo
documentary fK'm.'i'
Give me documentary proof of your accusa-
tion! 11'1"'1 l'.'l.l'.hflilh'S fK'm.'i' "7il<:lf
t.:,Ocof!A'S
documentation ou<;lf"':f
Documentation is required in order to obtain
a passport. f)'.l\'1' m-:4'+ 11"7"11+ oo,:
lf"':f "7:,0<:11 Yil4.A?A
dodge (vt.) l'o.t:-OfiOfl
The lawyer dodged the issue. m0.4'fDo "11'11
m-'1 l'o.t:-OilOilfDo
dodse (vi.) ~c 1111- l'oll114.
He dodged cleverly when I threw my shoe at
him. ""1"71L'I ilm<:m-co+ ~c 1111- l'oll
114-fDo
dog (n.) fDo!f
Beware of the dog! m-!ffDo'l -l-m'14':,0
be dog tired bf..'? 1 .('.boo
They were dog tired after the excursion.
h'iiC'il~ ' 0:\~ ' h4-... ' .J'.hODfDo ' )0C
go to the dogs fliiJ,. 1 m.f..+
The country is going to the dogs. Mt!:l: 0"1
'I"' m.1'.4':f
lead a dol's life foflil"'l'+ ' ).(!' 'l'<:
Ever since he left home, he has led a dog's life.
hO._, hiD"! )>;'1"1!' foflil"'l'+j ).1!' )'.'l't:.A
dog (dogged), v. O'l'ofi:,O -1-h:J--1-11
The police dogged the suspected thief. ?"11.1\-
f-1-m<:m<:fDo'l 1\,q 0'1'11:,0 -J-h:J--1-IIfDo
dogged (adj.)
His dogged effort helped him to win the race.
IJD<a/r I ...~ .... I 11'/Y.;~?- I fl"-45J.l1Jo I 1\f. I "")
JL.rif'l'i' l:JifDo
dogma
dol'zed determination m")l),&. oo")Lil
His success is in good part ascribable to
dogged determination. tu'lnm- oo~~ li.
-tWfm- hm'tiJ~ DD't.l.(l- f-1')"1 )a>-
11"711'1- ' 1-!1'11/.\
dogma ,n.,
Church dogma does not condone divorce.
fiL-l' ' hCII-I;,I"t ' ,n., ' ODof.;J-'1-'t ' hf..l.!tY:'l"
dogmatic
*The professor is very dogmatic. TC" .(..{'~ 1 },
~ ' .I'Ah-'1- ' f.IJo't ' qy. ' )a>-
doings hY:~i+ I Y:c-L'I-
His doings are the subject of neighborhood
gossip. h..(-t-1.,.=ii rrtr ffl--'i oomfti r
11')'1'/.\
The elders observed the doings of the young
people with disapproval. 1i"7.,M":Y. fiD"'.f.
:Y.'t ' Y:C1.'1- R'l-1111'1- ' -I'ODI\h-1>
dole, ~ out OJ'.II
He doled out some food to the poor. IIY:1l:Y.
'1""111 OJ'.II
doleful hft~'{
We could hear the doleful wail of the woman.
fll.'l-l'"'l''t hft~'{ ll!t/1 l'o'to'l"7 )RC
doll hlf't.,.II.'I-
Girls like to play with dolls. ll..f.:Y. A]I;:Y. R
hlf't ...l\.'1 ' OD""AID'I- ' f.ID/11\o
dollar 11c
An Ethiopian dollar has a hundred cents.
h'tY: fh.'l-1'"1:.1' 11C ou.f. f('t-1;'1" )a>-
doJorous hf(~'{
She uttered a dolorous cry. hf(~'{ ll!t/1
M"Y:f
dolphin [h'l"f )IJ6 f-t~ouJ'. Mil .I'll 7-.
'tM)
domain
1. Cil-l-. The merchant lias a large domain.
);>J'.,a>- o'l.l. Cll'l- hl\a>-
2. .,~+. The domain of the Emir of Harar
was located in southeastern Ethiopia. fthC
h"''.C .,~'1- RJ'.R-11 'I"P'~!t h.'l-1'"1:.1'
1-1'1 )RC
*This application does not fall in my domain.
f.tJ 0 "7DD/.\h!J' 0 l',~'t 0 hf.ODI\h'I-'J"
in the domain of n - - - 1Y:
Edison was a leader in the domain of invention.
A.l!.o'l't R'i'/.\11'1' .... t.1Y: ""6 )RC
347 dominate
dome'I'/.\11'1-
The dome of the church is painted blue.
fiL-l' hCil1:.1'). 1'/.\11'1- o'I"7Y'I'. .,.11'1"
-~""'11:1:/.\
domestic
1. ffL-l-. Horses. cows and sheep are domestic
animals . .l.t'.II:Y. 11'/":Y...,. Ri:Y. fiL'I- 7-.'t
ilii:Y. ' ...."',.
2. fiL'I- ID-il'l'. He has many domestic prob-
lems. 1111- fiL+ ' a>-11'1' :Y..,c hiiR'I-
3. fll1Ca>-il'l'. The newspaper publishes both
domestic and foreign news. ;Jrt.I1Jm- frl"'
C I ID-il"l"fJ I ftD-"fl" I J\"'C I tL'iJP~ I ymtrlfA
4. Cl"'C m-il'l' fT-rv.t-. Those are all domes-
tic products. lt.~H.tJ h:J"sPl- ,./\" r fi1C m-
il'!' f-tw<~o .,.'f.,.
*She has always been very domestic. f~J.; = (I
(Do I ~if
domesticate hiiODJ'. l 11"71! hJ'.t.1
Some people try to domesticate lions. J\7.&;
'tY: o'll":Y. h'tRf('t 1\"YIIooY: Y.'l"h~II
Man domesticated cattle thousands of years
ago. ,.,,. h11H- if.tJ 'loo;t-+ a.c.+ f.,.
'tY: ' h11.f.:f't ' 11"711 ' hJ'.t.1
domicile oo'f&.l'
He makes his domicile in Addis Ababa.
OD'f6.1'1D-'t ' hl!.il ' hRIJ ' hY:C'i/.\
dominant
I. hl\.lla>- f"''.A!t. Red is the dominant color
in his paintings. OP"6lt- aJoil'l' hl\.1\m- +
11"7'1- f"''.A.,.,. .,.,_ )a>-
2. 1-A.f. f"''.:t-1-. Ethiopia is the dominant
state in the Horn of Africa. h.'l-l'"k.l' Rh'i'6
:l' .,.'tY: 1-/.\;1- f'I"'I-;J-f. h1C ):f
3. tf''l. Corn is the dominant crop in the
region. 0_,.1'\<> f+OA.aJo 'P'i lt.IIA ~m
be dominant (IL)
The feudal system was dominant in the
Middle Ages. Roo1Jhll'1m- noo't fiJIIIJ'I-
h1~11 o'l'i''f )RC
dominate
1. 1'1. The strong usually dominate the weak.
1111-a>-'t 1.11. 11Ci> J'.>t"7't 1-1~/.\
2. +Al). His weak character allows everyone
to dominate him. ~ltGI/ OD'1Lft. (tm- ,.
II- 7-.'ti!.""A't .I'J'.C1'1'A
3. h~Joll-'1" h'i' 1111- ;J-f. The mountain
dominates the harbor. m~flo h.m11l ~ Yilt&
-1'~~ h~Joil-'1" h'i' 1111- f.;J- .I'A
 domination
domination h~q11
Fascist domination lasted only six years.
fof-1111'1- ' h~q11 ' IIII.J:-ll'l- ' 'iOD:J-'1- ' .fiJI' '
"''
domineer ... ._~
Big boys sometimes domineer over their small
sisters. h'M"t.l:" '1..11 '1-AA:fo A]t.':f. :t-
<;11 ' l\..,1'JI':ftD-"t ' ,. ....,...... {~-
domineering 'lJ!.II"'
A domineering mother can emasculate her
sons. 'lJ!.II"' l\'i''l- fm"tP..':f. A]t.!f!'}
ftD"t.J:-~'1- mt,l':ftD-"t A-1-~.J:-A '1-':f.llll':f.
dominion
I. .,q'l-, The dominions of the king were
enlarged by military campaigns. n.,.,..
.,q.,.'f ' am:t-~c ' 'lY.A ' .,.114-t;:.,.,.,. I ~
oc
2. fOIIY.~-1-. He struggled to escape the
dominion of others. f/1.11-':f."t fOllY.~+
ll""llii ' :t-~11
have dominion over 1tf
The Romans had dominion over a large part
of the world. !:"''t-f"t ofl,.,.,."t f'ill9"
ht;:A ,.~,. ~nc
don (donned) 1101'1
The judge donned his robe. ""'"" l)qm-"t
1101'1
donate
I. l\C'I:t- l'lm. He donated ten dollars to
the Red Cross. II+Y. ooll+A OP'C ofiC
l\CJI:t- l'lm
2. ..:.11. I donated a dollar. h"t.l:" ofiC .:
"""
donation l\C'I:t-
Donations are welcome. l\CJI:t- l\"t+OIIII"t
(be) done (see also 'do')
I. hll+. When the work is done you can go.
P'll-tD- ' {LfA:fo A'l-~.1:" '1-'fiiiiU
2. 01'111. In ten minutes the meat will be done.
qpc ~4::1" tD-11'1' P':>"" Y.OMA
3. ( = active) "'.:1'1. +All my lessons are done.
'l''i'-t:"t v-11- ...elfllv-
*That sort of thing isn't done. A'l-'lll ~.e~
'1- ' ~~c ' t.y.~q9"
well done OI'IA (LA
I like my cutlet well done. lo.,./1.'1- f9"tD~tD-
OI'IA (LA ~m-
348 door
donkey hUf
Country people know how to load a donkey.
fqii~C 1'111''f hUf """'l't ft-:1"11-
he donkey tD~A hUf
Is that donkey a he or a she? 1 hUf tD~A
~ .... ' tDJ!,/1 ' l\'i't'l- !
she donkey l\'i'-1:'1- hUf
Is a she donkey stronger than a he donkey?
l\'i'-1:'1- hUf ' hiD~' hUf' '1-m~h&-ll':f.!
donor
I. fll11'1. The donor of the blood is not known.
~9" fll~l'lm- hY.:t-m:t-1"'
2. fl'lm. The donor of this land is a rich man.
J!,U"t oo.:.'l- fl'lmm- Oofl:l-?" ~,.,.
doodle P'6A o.m. "'l"".:
He doodled during the whole lecture. O'l-9"u
C-1: '1..11 u-11- P'6A O.m. J!."'l"'."C
~nc
doom (v.)
I. <~..:~(n-1-). The judge doomed him to
lifelong imprisonment. ""'"" 6.1:""7. J!.t;:
:t-u <~...:-'1-n'l-
2. hmof.. The weather doomed our hopes of
a picnic. ff-1- ' mqy. ' 1111c11c nn.:"t
"t .,.114- hmof.m-
doom to fail
*The prospect was doomed to fail. fP'&-tD-
""'l'"t 'l'"t-t:"t f"''Y.I\11 ~nc
doom (n.) h4- +"t
The fortune teller prognosticated doom.
lohofl ' 4'."l&tD- ' h4- ' +"t ' f.ou"JA ' hll
march to one's doom IDR. 'fP1:
The soldiers marched to their doom.
tD~ ' 'P:t-:ft- ' h""-1-
1 }V"'~
m:t-~e'll
meet one's doom f9"-l- l\"'PaJo'l +oo(l
He met his doom on the battlefield. OIDC
"'1.'1 ' f'P'I- ' lt1'1D-"t ' .,._,.,
door OD11'l.f l fiC
He locks the door every night. "7;1- "7:t-
00 11'l.ftD-"t (0-1-"t) Y.<t.Aof.A
lay the blame at someone's door
*The blame for delinquency may be laid at
the door of careless parents. ftD"''I- '1'4-.,.
'if'':f. +mf4:11''f "-"-1111 tDI\}t.':f. 'i':ftD-
from door to door hO.-l- 1 o.+
The peddler sold his wares from door to door.
doorbell
l'l:t R~<:of:trJo ).:l'l"lf"t hO.'I- 0.'1- ).f~
<:lfm
next door
*Who lives next door to you? '1-<:0.'1-U .,
"t ~ .... !
out of doors 1..-,: I ....._.
Did you ever sleep out of doors? ~)': hY:<:
U ;f"dJo:I'IIU !
It is too cold to sit out of doors. iD"1l" 1100
"'"'"I' 0"111" oflCY: ~.,.
show someone the door hilfDtiJ
If he becomes insulting, show him the door.
f"''.il~ofl hll'~ hlla>"ldJo
[See also 'next1
doorbell fRC ~mA.
When he pressed the button, the doorbell rang.
ooJ?..mYID*'l 11 flh "LtL rn.;. F..mA
"""1i
doorman R<:.,.
A doorman stands outside the main entrance
of the hotel. R<:.,.m- hll'-1:11- '1''0 OD"IR.
1 .....,. , ...,A.
doorsill ~'i'
He stood on the doorsill a moment. 11'1'<1:'1-
"1.11. ~4- ..., """
doorstep ~lf'i'
The doorstep was covered with mud where
people had wiped their feet. l'll"lf )."1&-'f.,.
"t llllm<:"l-0'1- ~4- ..,_:j>y,.r. ~RC
doorway ~lf'i' 1 R&-'i'
He fell over the dog sleeping in the doorway.
~'i' IIY. )..,..,..,. .,.lf IIY. m~4'
Please don't stand in the doorway! R&-'i' II
f, h'l-.,11" 1
(be) dormant
I. ThTT. Bears are dormant during the
winter. Y:fllf Rh<:ll"'l- m&-'1- Y.hT:f"ll-
2. hl\~111". Some plants are dormant in
the winter. h"t.tl"tY: 68'1'-l'lf Rh<:ll"'l- h
.J'Y:"I-11"
3. .&."tY:-1' h.J'~II". This volcano has been
dormant for the last hundred years. q114-'1-
ou.p. 'toP;f"'Jo dJoll'l' f,U ).{).,. 1'1"&-
.&."tY:-1' t.fm-:tr
dormer [R"'&.J' IIY. W"l oflll- fTII'&-
oPII!l'l-]
349 double
dormitory ,..'1:1" 0.'1-
The university has three student dormitories.
I'UiCI'I.of:dJo 1"11'1- f_,..,& DP'{:J" 0.-l':f
hll-'1-
dorsal f~cq
The fish has lateral fins as well as dorsal ones.
""'"'" f'l-"t h"t'i''O r~cq h"t'i' hll.,.
dosage DPm"t
The usual dosage is 1/2 teaspoon every 4
hours. fTII""~"'" oPm"t Rfh<Ho l'l't-'1-
.,.,11 flfY. .,"thJ' ~ ....
dose oPm"t
Decrease the dose of the medicine as you feel
better! ).fTlfiiU l'l.'tY: fll"-'1-mMm-"t
ouY:;:.~-'1- ODm"t 4'")11
*The bottle contains six doses. mc-(lo 1111
Y.-11'1- 1.11. f"''.ll'"t ouy.-;:.~'1- hiiR-'1-
dossier <f..J'.A.
The police keep dossiers on many criminals.
?"l'l.(>.lf fofiH- aJ"t~ll'l'lf 4-Y.A. hll'fdJo
dot (dotted), v. hA.G: hlii.G: :J"f
Flowers dotted the hillside. RT<l-&-dJo m1
11 ..,. t.oql"lf t.A..&..,. hA..&.m- Y.:l"
I' ~RC
dot (n.)
I. m:l'm.f. Wear your dress with the blue
dots! q11 1'1.,1'1! m:l'm.f 4'"7.111l"t 1!1.011
2. ~'1'11. In Amharic, words are separated by
two dots. q.,c.,. :1'11'1- f"'/.111'+ Ru-11-l-
~'l'ofl. ~ ....
on the dot A.h
I will see you at three on the dot. A.h OHm
'1 l'l't'l- )."t1'0...11"t
right on the dot Ab flll't-1:
He carne right on the dot. A.h Rl'l't-11 """'
dotted (adj.) ftmofl"'ofl
Sign on the dotted line! R~mofi"'R- ,..,..,..
C IIY. .&.CII"
double (vt.)
I. 6'1''1' h~<:1. He has doubled his capital
in two years. '1''0 1"tHR-"t Ru-11-'1- """
..... 6'1"1' h~l:1dJo
2. ( ~ intr.) 6'1''1' ll'~R-'1-. +His partner is
ill, so he has to double his work. 11CI!<JJo 1111
:1""""" P'&-dJo 6'1''1' ll''l'R:J"A.
3. 6'1''1' h.,.<:R. He doubled my bid. Y"'<:ofl
!M-"t ""l::f" b'l"i' 1\.,.<:R
double
4. Om.l.. The child doubled a piece of paper.
A"Jt a>;';<l'-l>'t Om.l.
5. ( ~ intr.) ~I!' 'f.Y.. The ship doubled Cape
Horn. ouch !I. 011.T II'C't ~.l- 'f.Y."'fo
double (vi.)
I. 6'1''i' II'). Prices have doubled this last year.
'l9"<;' f10.1'1D" 'I':> 6'1''i' 11''1" )0C
2. h11\1i\. The living room doubles as a
dining area. IJ.h-"). ""}f.. f""dJ1l 0...-,. 11
II"iliA
*The cook doubles as a chauffeur. (lm-tt-m-- ID
'I' ' 11.'1-11" ' lf..(.CII" ' )ID"
double for +li
He doubles for the main actor. 'I'<;'ID"'t 1"'1'
.,,. f"''..,. ... )ID"
double over .,.if"74'4' ! .,.11-.l-OD.,.
The child doubled over with pain. a.n-
O.ftODII" .,.if.,++ (.,.11-.l-OD.,.)
double up
I. .,.ll-.J.oo.,.l.,.if"74'4'. He doubled up in pain.
{l.ftOD9" ' .,.!1-.J.OD.,. ' (.,.if"74'4')
2. llo-11'1- llo-11'1- .,.,._ We had to double
up because there weren't enough beds to go
around. not hA:> MA)Ot: llv-11'1- llv-
11'1- ,..,.,."" "'Y: IJ')1J't
3. 1-~flA. Because of a room shortage, we had
to double up. h'i'A MHI ooJIOA )0;';
11't
double (n.)
I. 6'1''i'. Ten is the double of five. OI"C ' .1'
11"0.'1- ' 6'1''i' )ID"
2. oo't'l-.1'. He could be your double, he looks
so much like you. h't.,.'t 0"19" illl"''.""il
A ""'t'l-.I'll ll.ll''t J'."'f-IIA
double (adj.)
I. v-11'1-. Every language has words that have
double meanings. "7't';'tJ>o9" l'l'tl'l v-11'1- 'i'
";(- .1'11'1'11>". :1'11'1-. hii-'1-
This sofa serves a double purpose. f.tl 1::1:
v-11'1- ,..;r.,.. . hiiiD"
May I have a double portion of rice? v-11'1- Y:
elf -1-11 111'S h"'f-llllv- 1
2. oP1":f". The conference room is closed off
from the corridor by double doors. f{l1J{IQID"
h'l.l-11 hOD.,.IIII.I..I'ID" f"''.llfiD" {loo');l'
OD1J1.J'jP"'f- ' )ID"
*It is double the size of mine. fi."} tNVf
J'.II'<;'A
[See also 'time']
350 doubt
double bed f-f-"'1.11. hA:>
Yesterday I bought a double bed. '1-<;"t'J-<;
f-f-"'1.11. hA:> 1~1J-
double-cross h"l"D.:n.:
He double-crossed his partner in that deal.
011.11 l".l- 11CIJID"'t h"l"O<':O<':ID"
double-faced h;I'IIJ'.
She is double-faced, so don't trust her. h:I'IIJ'.
ili\IJ')"'fo h'J-oo<;'l-
double-talk
*Everything he says is double-talk. 0"1"1'1- '1-
C"I-11" o-11- h lf"''. )II>"
doubly
*You have to be doubly careful on this bad
road. nn.u ou.,.c:_ OD'J1~ 1\l- A~ T
't:l'<l: "7Y:<':"l h111lll
doubt (v.) .,.m.l-m<':
I doubt if the story is true. ;1'611- hiD")'J-
oPlf)."} 'hm&-m&oflu.
Do you think he will come? I doubt it. f"''.""
"' f.ou{IAYA I hm.l-m.l-IIIJ-
doubt (n.) 'I'C'I'C l 'I'C"'.:O
Without a doubt, he is the best man for the job.
.l'll't'l"'f- 'I'C'I'C ('I'C"'.:O) Ill".l-ID" hll-
ho-11-9" J'.OA'I' .f-11L )ID"
*There is no room for doubt. f"''lfD roy_y m
<l-'I'C )1C filii"
be in doubt
I. hm.l-m<':. The result is still in doubt.
~~>"m.-1> hv-'tll" f"''...'m.l-'I'C tiD"
2 . .,.m.l-m<':. When in doubt about the mean-
ing of a word, consult the dictionary. ll.lt"JY:
:I'A '1-C"I-9" R.,_m.l-mCh 1.11. 00111
n .+11'1-'t .,..,..Ah'l-
3. hA.f-"'.l-11". The guilt of the accused is in
doubt. f.,.hltlf. '1'4-'1- hA.,."'.l-11"
beyond doubt IIi J TC'l'C
Beyond doubt, he is the greatest writer we have.
.l'll't '1-A:r- Y-.l-(1. .I'll 'I'C'I'C hll- tiD"
have any doubts rotmt-mCOT I i-'1C I hli
Do you have any doubts about marrying her?
h!).'t 11"7"1Q'I- fll"'l-m.l-mCO'I- )1C hll I
no doubt Mml.mcr
No doubt the train will be late. QIK- h'tY.
"''.H1J'. hJ'.m;';mCII"
not a shadow of a doubt
There is not a shadow of a doubt about it.
illlo'l- ll"'tll" h.l'm<l-'I'CII"
~d~o~u~bt~f~u~~------------------------~3~51~------------------------d_ownhill
throw doubt on "l"CIIJ~ t\,e c tlfi\ Did you look down there? MU' :l":Y. .t.fu !
This witness throws doubt on the honesty *Down with him! 'IS'..A f."'lll
of the accused. J'.U !l"llhe f-1-b/oif.') :1""7 down to l\ilh
'h+ 'l'e"'.!. 1\J'. J'.'I'I\A He wrote the history of Ethiopia from the
[See also 'benefit, room'] beginning down to our times. hP'e h'JP'
.fo .t.llh ~"- 1:<(11 Yllm-'J f.t...+I'"A-
doubtful hmM'It: y-, ;J-t:h K.L
The weather looks very doubtful. ff~ o-
be down
~:1" 0"1!1" hmt-"16 tm-
I. -1-0mll. After the storm, all the telephone
be doubtful +m~ml.
lines were down. b...,J'.II:;'m- t>l-11 0:\1\
I am still doubtful about it . .t.o-')!1" Ot?~ fiiA!J. ,.,..,..,.,..e o-11- -t-O'I'o\ toe
hmt-mt-llo- 2. .,.IIJA. The curtain is down. OD.."Jt:.J('m- +
It's doubtful that he will get well. """'~- Y '1'!\.A
mt-'1'.1-A
be down with
doubtless Yll 'l'e'l'e *He is down with a cold. ?-')>!.') hll-t-'S.fo;J-A
That is doubtless true. Yll 'l'e'l'e .t.m-t+ [See also 'go, hill']
tm-
(be) downcast hUt
dough II.'I' The team was downcast over the loss of the
Yeast acts on the dough and makes it rise. game. ""'I':J"m-') loYif'J'i' IIII-I'<( 11"1:'1-
.t.etr ll.tJlo') YPIIm-<; IJ.'i' h'JJI.A YS'. Mt'l" toe
e?'I'A look downcast d..., t\Y.. thH'l +~00

She looked downcast when I told her she

dour
*The judge's dour expression made the de-
fendant tremble. fJI:;'m- .1.-f>') "111-/o-t-e
-1-Mif.'J .t.eOS'.OS'.m-
douse
I. m-;) <(..,, He doused me with the hose.
Om-;) "1m"'im- IIIIth m-;) <(""'S
2. tb<(. The blacksmith doused the hot metal
in water . .,....,...+"'= f;n\m-1' 11l.-l- tD-="-' r
m-11'1' ' tb<(
flunked. oum-J'.!In Ot?e\>.'1- ?.H. d.:J:
1\J'. "'"., J>.to-o toe
stand with downcast eyes h11~") h.+~+~
Ashamed of his mistakes, he stood with down-
cast eyes. Ollih-1-1> h'i't: h'J?-f>') h-1'
<(T<(
downfall m-1:<1''1-
Heavy drinking caused his downfall. h111f.fo
oum"J'I- hm-1:<1''1- l'tf.<(llm-

dove C"11l:1 .t.C"'11 downgrade (v.)

One can domesticate a dove. C"'ii'J (.t.e
.,11')) : "11\BDI: ' J'.iJ'I\A
dove, see dive
dovetail ll!l"<; me:,O .rt
Our plans dovetailed neatly. .hloQ:Y.'J ll!l"<;
me:,. .rt
down (v.)
I. ;t'm- hJ'.<(?. He downed his beer and ran
outside. llt-m-') ;t'm- t.1:ei r:tn IJJ"'
2. "'ll. He downed his opponent in the third
round. Qll;>t-m-') 01"11-t-:;'m- 11-e 1\J'.
"111m-
down (adv.) :J-:Y.
Down in the valley, the fog still lingers. .t.;J-:Y.
lfllol'm- m-11'1' "1-11" .t.o-'J!I" .t.Am>l-9"
I. hP'A"''J 11:,0 hJ'.<(?. He downgraded the
employees for their insubordination.rP~+11'=ti
h'J:l"H1f 111\11- hP'A"''J 1f:,O hJ'.<(;>:fm-
2. l't')\>,llll. He downgraded the importance
of the conference. fllilllQm-') m:l'"'-t+ h
')\>,{1(1
downgrade (n.), be on the ~ 11:,0 hY
II ' ~S'.
His reputation has been on the downgrade
since his last book. fBD..,<('/fm-') ouy.-.h4-'J
bK.L IJJJI.U 1t<;m- 11:,0 hYII ~J;...A
downhearte d f-1-hH
He looks downhearted. f-1-hH J'.BDIII\A
downhill, go ~
I. .,A.,A IJJ<(S'.. Going downhill, our descent

was rapid. .,.A.,.A ll'tiDCY: oo't~JI":f't
"-"l't ~oc
The road goes downhill. oo')~JI.
IDCJIA
2. 'i-C',... 11:t l>til. He has been going down-
hill since he lost his job. hi"&-,... hiD"! )!II"
C' 'i-C',... 11:t "I.Ytil ~!;..A
down payment foo)!oo&f h<;:f
In all probability, you will have to make a
down payment first. foo)!oo&f h<;:f ooh
ll.A IIY.'l'C1111 I>Y.4'C9"
downpour P.<;: I "1Y.til"' ll'i"?" ounJA
We were caught in the downpour. P.<;: mt.J'.
1l't
The street was awash after the sudden down-
pour. om~'!- ' "1Y.til... ' .,.,,. ' 000"1/1- ' 00
't~JI.'t ' ....;) ' h'l'ti14'til4'....
downright
I. '1'1\.11". He gave a downright foolish answer.
'1'1\.11" f.,Y.~fJ ooAll {lm
2 . .,.C'I' ftil. His downright answer surprised
the boss. .,.C'I' ftil,... ODA{I- l>tii:J',...'t
I>M.~.,. ....
downstairs (adv.)
I. All"Y:C 0.'1-. I will be waiting downstairs.
AII"Y:C 0.'1- Am11:tYtilrJo
2. hS'.al'. He tripped and fell downstairs.
.,.J'.'i":tt:: ' hS'.~ll" ' mY.+
*He ran downstairs. l..afm-1' .;.tn tD~
downstairs (adj.) fii"Y:C 0.'1-
The downstairs rooms are dark. fll" Y:c 0.
"" ' h'i'll-1- ' ....til., ' .,,,...
downstream, float -
The logs floated downstream. "l'tP.'Il Om't
H- IIY. -1-'tiiL,... m~JI.
down-to-earth
He is a down-to-earth fellow. 7.(1- O.,.Q.l.Om
~~c f"''.""&- fl,... ~,...
downtown oo"JjA h.,..,
Let's go downtown! mY. ou"JjA h.,..,
A'ttY:
downward .,.A.,.A
The kite glided downward. <DII'tJI,... .,.A.,.
A l>'li"1oo~OD
*This custom has been handed downward
through the ages. Y.ll A.,Y: hl>f'l- h:tY:
"" ' l>f'l- ' fl.IDCY: ' fl.'I'~Y: ' fOO"' ~ ....
[See also 'ffight']
352 draft
downwards, face - J'.'i'+
He left the pictures face downwards on the
.,.A.,.A Y. table. 1"1'>11-'fl't Om~A.q,... IIY. J'.'i'+ I>
ll+oonJ'f,...
dowry '1'11-11
In certain countries, the bride's father gives a
dowry to the bride. fJ'tJI'tY: 1>~1!'1- roo.
11&-f.-1> 1>'1'1- tiloo-11&-Y.-1> '1'11-11 Y.fl"'A
doze l>'t4'114-
I was dozing while the man gave the speech.
fl,...!LtD- 't"I"IC UJ'.c-. l>'t4'114- ~oc
doze off iftil11 I>J'.~~(,...)
He dozed off after supper. h&-'1- 0:\11 if
til11 M~~,...
dozen
I. J'.CH't. Please give me a dozen eggs !
l>'tY: J'.CH't A't.,.IIA ' llm'S
2. 1lfto. I have dozens of reasons not to go to
the office today. qt, mY. ILC' f.,A~Y:O'l-
11ft- ' ll"h'tf'l-' />til'S
drab
I. ~ "'&-11. The drab clothes of the country
people show that they are poor. nc '
0.'1- '
flS"":f f"''.til11!l,'f,... ~ "'&-11 A111'>
T ' (ljP'fl ' Y:"li ' oolf<;'f,...'t ' filfA
2. f.,Y.'I'II". He leads a drab existence. M
f.'l'll" ' ).{!' ' Y.'l'&-A
draft (v.)
I. 1>~4'4'. The legislators must draft and sub-
mit bills. .lt"l 1>,.....,_,;. ..,.., l>c:t+,...
.,:,.~11 ' l>tilfJ'f....
2. ftil L:J'JI. ""~m-'1-. They drafted him to
act as chairman. till\..4' ou')OC~'l- ftil L:J'
Jl. ' oo~m-'1-
3. ootilootil. The army drafted him last month.
fJtiiL,... IDC o tilm:J-J'.C~'l- ODtiiOD/1-'l-
be drafted tiiiD:l"J'.C~'l- .,..,..til""til
He was drafted last month. fJtiiL,... me til
m:J-J'.C~'l- .,..,..til.,..til
draft (n.)
I. ~4-ll. I cannot stand the draft in this room.
fll.ll't 0.'1- ~4-ll I> A ":fAll"
2. l'l::t. The first draft of his speech is ready
f't"l"l~ o fOO)!ODt'.f o ~-1::,0 .,.H:>~A
3. dt'l'll. He gave a draft for $1,000. ll'tY:
1(11 11C dt'l'll lim
4. tilm:J-J'.C~'l- O"IJ'..:J- ouooAaDA. The
draft is certainly neoessary in wartime. OII'C
drafty
H 1.1i llm;l-.l'.C)'l- R"/1..;1- """""'
ooA RC"/'1' hhLI\1.. )tJJo
drafty
This is a drafty room. f.IJ hu-11'1- h:J>"'"'i
)of.h f"''.1qn'1- h'i'A )tJJo
drag (dragged), vt.
!. ,_.,..,.. His clothes were tom when the police
dragged him. ?'11.(1. 1\,_'1-.,.tJJo Ail (to 1'
.,.......
2. hf1of. m(JJ!.. He dragged the bicycle home
because it had a flat tire. fR.hhl\.-1> .,..,
hll.,.)ol.{lft'l- hf1of. m.l'. IL-l> mM'l-
draa (vi.)
I . .,.,_.,..,._ Her skirt is dragging on the floor.
.,."'1.!1. ' ftdllll\- ' 1\f. ' ,..,...,.,."'
2. <:noo. Time dragS when you do not have
anythiog to do. ff"'JooP&-tJJo h;l-"l 1.1itJJo
1/-l:li..,A
drag on
!. .,.'i.,..,..
The meeting dragged on for three
hours. hofl(lqtJJo l"h'l- (l~'Jo -11- 1''i.,..,.
2. l:H"". The days just dragged on . .,.). l:H""
drag oneself
He could hardly drag himself to work.
dl.l'. ' P'&- ' ~~-~.... ' h"M-'t ' h't\>, ' ..,'t"''l- '
h:J".,.tJJo
drag (n.) b't:J>of.'l-
A lazy, complaining boy is a drag on the team.
{1)<;:..,.. )op';'"'i A'J!: 11!1-.l'.'> b't:J>of.'l- )tJJo
dragnet .,.,_,.l- DDl:ofl
Fish were caught in the dragnet. '1"19''6
.,.,.";f
I DD{;ofl I .,.,,.
1 dramatic
drain (vt.)
!. hU.,.. They are draining the marsh to
build houses there. IL'l- II""P'&-'1- 1 <:"!<:.,.
'J I ""'.l'.'i::J> I 1\f. I ....'ftJJo
2. tJJo;) II"'"' The mother drained the bathtub.
7...,.'1-1"'1' "";1-mft..l'tJJo 1't'l 1 tJJoh'l' nn
<:tJJo't ' tJJo;) ' ll.,..,.l-tJJo
war drains a country of its people and money.
n
...c)."Jo .l'.''t 1 t..1c a.11-n..,. 1'tH-n 1 f."'-C
itA
drain (vi.)
!. ol.(l(l. The river drains into the ocean.
dl'tll'' dl.l'. I ",1'<;(1. ' f.LitA
2. m.U.. She left her dishes to drain. itob<;'fi 1
A't.ll.mf. ,.l'.lJ'.t.!F:ftJJo
353 dramatize
drain off m~
.... ,.
The water doesn't drain off. tJJo;)tJJo hf.aJC
[See also 'energy']
drain (n.) l'l\"'R. """'"i:ll"
The drain is stopped up again. l'l\"'ft.tJJo DDtJJo
<:If' h't.l'.1 .... ' .,....ol.)
be a {great) drain on
!. ""l:(l. Working too hard is a drain on your
strength. illl' ""P'&-'1- .,.An'l- f."'-CitA
2. h&--4'1'. Military expenditures have been a
great drain on the country~s treasury. Af'llC
"lf.A f"''.U1tJJo dl..,_ ,1'1<l:t't "If"
II" IL'l- h&--4'_,.
drainage
1. ftJJo;) oPtJJot:lf. Adequate drainage is main-
tained by a series of ditches. Rot ftJJo;) 1 " "
tJJol:!l" nch'l- q11- 11\"l- 1 f.?.IIA
2. ( ~ to drain) ..,.._.<::J>. The drainage of
swamps improves the land. l:"lt:il-'t ..,.._.<:
:J> "".:0'1- ,l'lliii\A
drainage canal f.fo?flf ODID-1..'1{ (1~
There are not enough drainage canals in this
city. n11.u h.,.., tJJoh'l' not r-4'1flf ""
tJJol:!l" ' 11\"l- ' fll-f"
drama
!. -1:.1''1-C. This author wrote many dramas.
1/-IJ .l'.&-1\ illl' -1:,1''1-r:l-'t .l'.C(I.A
2. ;1-&h. The history of America is a thrilling
drama. fh"'UIJ I ;1-<lh I f"''.,,'(l.l'.'J:J> I :J-<1
h ' )IJJo
R.,.
!. f.l'.'&-..,. His dramatic writings have been
printed in one book. f.l'.'&-.., K'"'"C::'fi 1 q
'J.l'.' I ODK',h<j: I ;J-'JooPtJJo I dl'J'.,.IJJo I )ftC
2. hh.l'...,.ot. These are dramatic changes in
the international situation. MII.IJ R'lllf" 1
;1-<lh ' tJJoh'l' ' hh.l'.....ot ' lltJJoflll- ' ..,.,IJ)o
dramatize
!. R.l'.'&-.., DDAh hm"l. They dramatized
the life of Edison in a movie. fM{l't'J 1 fob
1/-dl'l- I ;1-<lh ' R.l'.'&-.., ' DDAh I Rd.Af" ' t.
mm-'1-
2. hitf"C: 111&. The newspaper dramatized
the wedding. ;>li"'tJJo f(IC.,.'t n..,.
1 hit
f"r: ' 111&
3. h:>H. She dramatizes all her illnesses.
,bOD?.'J I !Jol\- I ;f-;J'J ....IIl-
..
drank
drank, see drink
drape (v.)
I. hi\Ofl. He draped the wall with flags.
"1.<:-l'laJo't fl't~~ ~'1"7 hi\O{IaJo
2. lfol.~. The woman draped cloth over the
furniture to protect it from dust. ll.'l-1"'1' h!l.
&. h't'lf.MI!l h:l'aJo't ""C~ lfol.~:fm.
3. ;Jo'.~. They draped the window with a heayy
cloth. oo!li>;NI'aJo't Om'i'&-9" ""':~ ;Jo'.JI.
4. 1f~1f~. The seamstress draped the skirt
around the customer's waist. Aoflll ll.l.'P
+"7..{1-'t O~'tO>;''I' dl1ofl Ah 1f~1f~:f
drape around oneself
She draped the cloth around herself. ~m'l'l'
't h"'of..:f
drape (n.) mo;:&-9" oo;Jo'.'Jf
She bought white drapes for her living room
windows. i\<'111-). oo!llt-f:f ~'i" mo;:&-9"
OD,;Jo'.'jf 1~:f
drastic ....0~
The government took drastic measures to
stop inflation. f1'tHofl't ooch!l i\ODh'\h
A OD't"IP'T 'l'ofl~ 7.C9"'if roM
draw (drew, drawn), vt.
I. 110. The horses draw the wagon. ol.o'.fo:f
flo'.1'1 ,r.nqll-
2. "'ii. He drew a picture of his teacher.
.fil.,..,tlaJo't P'~A "'ii
3. ""'ou"-. He drew a straight line. +'1'1""'
oP~OfiC I hU'OD~
4. +'1. The boy drew water from the well.
A'JI: h'l-.1:''1.1:' aJo;) +'I
5. hm"'. He drew his hands from his pocket.
ll)(lfi't hh.{l- haJ"'
He drew a lot of money from the bank.
hq'th ofllt' 1'tHofl haJ"'
6. h1T. He draws a large salacy. ofllt' ~.,...,
.f1"'1A
7. 1""1"111. They drew lots to see who should
go first. oo'oot;.f "7't h't~"''..'t.J:' i\"7dl
~ ~"' 1""1"111-
8. h!l1q, You should draw fresh air into
your lungs. '1-h-il hfC m~ ll'tqll "711
1q'l- hiloflll
9. "'ii. She draws the curtains when there is
too much sunshine. ofllt' f9dl.f. of!C?'t
fl.'l'C OD,;Jo'.'jfiiJo't '1-'l''lil:f
10. h1"o'.ol.(il'l-). His speech drewlongapp1ause.
't"I"K- o'.HI"' J'i\ 'i"ofl""q h-1-o'.ol.i\'l-
354 draw
11. "7o'.h. Her elegant dress drew the eye of all
onlookers. .flfOo'.+aJo /Aofl!l. f1"oufAI).)('Ji
't ~f.'t IJoll- "7o'.h
12. oonn. He drew his sword and ran at his
enemy. "1-t:-1-avt oPfl mF.. ml\41 em
*The movie is sure to draw a big cr~wd.
fl.t"7aJo't ofllt' {laJo 'h't~"''...ffaJo 7.C"Im
>;' ~ ....
*His lecture drew a large audience. f(l-'l .,...,
"IC i\"7'IDD'J' ofllt' {laJo ' 1"{10{10
draw (vi.)
I. 1-:l'o'.O. The train is just drawing into the
station. q(K. hrJo't m~ "'ll..l'aJo 1-:l'C
!I.A
In the spring of 1945, the war was drawing
to a close. Oiiif~t: ~.II". 01\U m&-'1- tn
C~1: m~ "711~ 1-,tCP ~OC
2. "'ii. He draws best with crayons. Ohi\C f
Oilm f.P''IA
draw ahead of +F..oo
The black horse drew ahead of the others.
'1'41'1- ol.o'.!l 11.11-lfi't ol.o'.fo:f "'~"'"'"'"
draw back mY.. :\1\ J\L11..1
Everyone drew back in alarm whep. they saw
the snake. 7,qiJ-'t qy. '1..11 rJo/rl"' 0
m ;Jm. m~ :\'1 ""-1"-...
draw in h!l1q l {IO{IO
The cat drew in his claws. Y:ao:t: -r~l!"!f'J
h!l1q:f (MfiO:f)
*He looked out for a minute and then drew
in his head. h't11:'t 11~ h.J:'Ci ouj\{1
(be) drawn into 1Q
I have been drawn into this argument against
my will. .fil US!. Ml.ll hChC aJoil'l'
1q1Jo
draw near
1. 1-m;J. We drew near the fire to get warm.
7.'t'l.'l"+'t m~ 7.11-1> -1-m:J't
2. 1-:l'o'.O. Christmas is drawing near. 1<; 7.
f1":l'o'.O ~..,.
draw nigh 1-:l'o'.R
The time draws nigh. '1..11"'" 1-:l'o'.O
draw on oneself h-1-o'.ol.(il'l-)
Your action drew praise on you. JP &-U f"'
!l,;J<; h1"o'.oi.All
draw out }\aJtl)
I will have to draw out fifty dollars from the
bank. bq'th hl"'ll of!C "711Jo"l'l- hi\
ofl'S
drawback
(be) drawn out .,.'!.,..,.
The battle was drawn out over several days.
lfle)-1> Mill- .,..,.,. ,filA -1-'1.,._,.
(be) drawn to
she didn't feel drawn to him. ?").?" hA"7
<:ItT
draw up (vt.)
I. hllm:>. Draw your chair up to the table!
ID?"Oell"t ' IDS'. ' m<:A.~m- ' hllm:>
2. hill"! I hH:>)';. Who drew up the program?
TI!"''&-DD<"t "7"t hiD"! (hH:>)';) 1
3. )S'..L. Who drew up the plan for the house?
ftl.11"t T'l"t ' "7"t )S'..LID- 1
draw up (vi.) .,.:1'<:0
A taxi is drawing up. ;t-hll. M.,.:l'<:O )m-
(be) drawn up
I. -I-IIII.&.. The troops were drawn up for inspec-
tion. fll;f"S'.C:,; 114l'l''l'e .,.IIA.LtD- )Oe
2 . .,.'1"1'11. Mercantile law specifies how con-
tracts mnst be drawn up. f"t"IS'." .lt"l m-A
OD'f"I'A h"tS'..T h"tS'."'l.11J ,f.tll..A
[See also 'analogy, attention, blood, breath,
conclusion, constitution, hom, line, parallel,
tears']
drawback TA:J> b"t:J-4-:,.
It is a drawback not to have books when you
are a student. .,..,tl 11')11 ODX"do'i' "7"1
:,. TA:J> cl"t:J-4-:,. )m-
drawer ODIIIU'
My passport is in the top drawer. f.f.ll'i' fill:
.,.-1: O'l,f....lD- I OD/j(L.f ID-11'1' o .f.1...A
drawingFfJA
Have you seen Tekle's drawings? f.,.hll."t F
bir'l- hMVA 1
[See also 'linear']
drawl.,_.,..,.
Because he drawls his words, it is difficult to
understand him. :l''IT"t llll"'l.'l-T'I- f"'l.ll
1-"t IIODh;f"_,.A hll:>l- )m-
drawn out <:H?" .fll
There was a drawn out discussion about the
draft. 1111 <:4!41 <:H?" ,fll m-y.,r.:,. )0<:
dread (v.)
I. hAIDS'.S'.?", I dread going to the dentist.
'l'ell doh.?" ' 0.'1- ' OD'/..(- hAIDS'."?"
2. .&.&-. There are few people who do not
dread death. '1"'1-"t f"7Y..&.~ .,.4:::,. n
,..,_ ""'ID-
355 dregs
dread (n.) ll;>T
He lives in constant dread ofpoverty.fS'."1HT
ll:>T hS'."C:O;f"A
have a dread of flt1J9" Lt:-
I have a dread of doctors. doh.?" 0"1?"
h.L&-II!Jo
dreadful
I. f"'l..fllm'l. She wears dreadful clothes.
f"'l..fllm'l A-fill Tll-fllllll-
2. hll:l'4::. There was a dreadful accident on
the road. ""'t111- 'IY. hll:l'4:: hS'.:> S'.
ell )Oe
3. hi-. She is a dreadful chatterbox. hi-
ll'i''I.L ).,_
dreadfully 0"1?"
It is dreadfully late. 0"1?" OD'ii:J:A
dream (dreamed, or dreamt), v.
I. hll"". Last night, I dreamed that I was in
the sea. """'""" "7;f" IJ.lte tD-11'1' ""
ll'k"t hll?"h-
2. a.t:ll hnR. I wouldn't dream of doing
it. hS'.C1'PIIrJo -fl\1- ..._ell h'lll-fl?"
dream up }UDtrJ
They dreamed up the most impossible plan.
'i'l\.?" f"7 Y.ll'"t h:J>S'." hrom-
dream (n.)
I. .ltA?". I had a funny dream last night.
'!-<;!:,..,. "7;f" h"tS'." f"'l..fll1e?" .ltA
?" hf!Jo
2. h"t-1> 'J"'i1T. Don't build your future
on dreams! fiDS'..LT (JS'."AII"t Oh"t-1> ?"'If'
T' 'IY.hTODFeT
His dream is to buy a house. II.T?" II') .,.
"t f"'l..fAIIDID- ll.T IIOD"IIf'l- )lD-
(See also 'nourish']
dreamy .ltA?" fOifOT
Dreamy sleep is not restful. .ltA?" fRifOT
II.II.T M'i''l- .f.)"'A
dreary
I. .,.4-.L. It was an awfully dreary day.
0"1?" 1 .,.4-.L <l'"t )Oe
2. f"7.fMIIT. I have a dreary recollection of
my childhood. fA~)'I- T11;t-\lo f"7.fll
S'.ll'l- )lD-
dregs
1. h.,.'l. He dumped the coffee dregs on the
ground. fll-.,.1-"t h.,.'l OD&.'I- 'IY. S'.
4-m-
drench
2. h9"tl-'l. He stirred up the dregs by shaking
the bottle of mead. fm)l:"l mc-11 ooo
~~~~ hll"tl-1\aJo"l .,. ....,. .......
drench htl-11
The heavy rain drenched the earth. "lJ'.II'l'm-
11..,.. """""""' h&-11
be drenched Ofi.O{t
He was drenched by the rain. 011..-R- 011011
dress (vt.)
I. 1>11011. Mother is just dressing the baby.
ll...-1: hv-"1 ihY)-"1 0.,/A0/1 1\J'. ..-:,.
2. IA1111 ~~. How much does it cost him to
dress his family? 110.... lit!- IA1111 11""1~
+ 11""1 YtJIA J'.I.~O;f-A 1
3. hiiG. Did you dress the wound properly?
4!1111-1 OY-111 hllchm- 1
4. w&-. She dresses her hair in the traditional
manner. lt'l-a:"l fll"+w.:.m- l\"IY. Y:t!:
IA.,Y: ' ~..,.
dress (vi.) 11011
He dresses very quickly. O'i''l'~+ J'.Ml<\IA
dress down "JIPK
The officer dressed the men down for their
untidy appearance. DPho"l). lll'''ll rJ-).;f-'f
m- MIA..."'.II"'" ~w~'l'm-
dress oneself up as
The children dressed themselves up as clowns.
a.Y..-1: fl>"'l.h A1111 11011-
be dressed
I. 1111011. If you are dressed, let's go for a
walk! hllfJOIIh 11c11c l\"I'U:"
2. +'1m. The store windows were dressed for
Christmas. M..- fll-4! OD/11>-fl- ...1..mro-
~oc
be all dressed up 7ih hA
Look at him, all dressed up! l\faJo I 1ih 11!\.IA
be well-dressed 7ih 1 Ail
He's always well-dressed. 11-IA 1..11. 1ih J'.I\IA
get dressed AO(l
I just have to take a shower and get dressed.
~1\\L"j 1 :f-'1'0. I DP(Afl/1 1 J>llo(]'{
dress (n.)
I. IA1111. The dress of the 18th century was
colorful. fOP'&- llll""l ...'l'm- HoP"! IA11
11 1.'1' ro~n+ ~nc
The Ethiopian national dress is called
"shamma". fh..+f"kY 1l.h.tl-' IA1111 lf
"'' I \'CIJ-
356 drift
2. +"'l.ll. She wants to buy a new dress.
lVI./1 +"'l.il II.....,~:,. +I.IA:>II"f-
dresser
I. fill OD/I;t-w:,. I>"".II.'l'. He bought a dresser
for the bedroom. IIDP'{;f- h'i'll- 1111 oP/1
;t-w+ f>oPJI. 'l" ~~
2. G.ll+ hil;l-"1"'l.. They train dressers in
the Empress Zawditu Hospital. 11"111"+ H
m-.11.1: 11'111::f"IA aJo/1'1' G.ll+ hil;l-"1
"'l.l"l- J'.lPII.....-11-
dressing
I. f4!11/A 4-lf. The nurse changes his dressing
every morning. hil:f".,"'l.'l' f4!1111-"l 4-lf
1\1.+ 1\1.,. +lldJo'l'll;f-lll-
2. .,"'l.""i. Mary put the salad dressing in
the refrigerator. ..,,: fll'l"'dJo"l .,"'l.""i
h.,+ll+"lf"ro- dJo/1'1' h'l'Gl-m-
dressmaker IA1111 Ill.
There are good dressmakers at the market.
~flY aJo/1'1' ....~ /Ao(]ll 111-l"l- hll-
dressy Nm
These shoes are too dressy for school. MH.IJ
""i.,l"l- 11"111" Y1.m- 111111'). II+II"IJC
,.. n.:,. hf.ll')-9"
drew, see draw
dribble
I. ..."lmflmfl. The water is dribbling on the
floor from that broken cup. h ...llflGm- II.~
m-11'1' ro-;)ro- Willi- 'If. J'."lmiJmiJIA
2. IIlJa>" ...11GhGh. A baby dribbles when it's
teething. a.n 'I'CII (I.YW"' 1111"" J'.11
GhGit/A
dried (adj.) Y.G~
Buy me a pound of dried apples! h"IY: :rm-
"IY: Y.G~ 1:4-ih 1~/A'{
d.-ift (v.)
I. ..."1<\I.I..'We saw some logs drifting down
the river. 1"1P..l- IIW"Itt- 1\J'. l\f-1""1<\
l.f. ' (I.WCJI. hfi
2. wY..,J'.ll'"l ll'i'tl- Y.Y.. A boat drifts if
it is not steered. )'."All ltA...+HI. wY..,
J'.ll'"l ll'i'tl- J'.Y..IIIA
3.... fl ... ~. Sand has drifted across the road.
hlf'l' """"'~.~~- 'If. ... n+s:A
4. 1'1111. Some people have a purpose in life;
others just drift. h"IJI"IY: lll"l- ll~ro-
't'l., h"''l'm- l 1\.11-l- .,., 1111" 1lllaJo
J'.'I'IAI\11-
drift
Clouds drift across the sky. '-oo<; Rll
.,,_ 'IY. PI'/MA
5. 'lh). His thoughts drifted. mflR- 'lh)
drift across h"Ctfl ~~
The smoke has drifted across the railroad
tracks. m.ll- m'l.-'1.'t /111/Ctn \'.'-
drift (n.)
I. l>:J>"'""l. Pilots have to calculate the drift
of the wind. l\ID"I!'"f'll't H(l":J' f)of.il't
l\:J>"'"'i .,1111 l\ll'l'fm-
2. MI..;"'L..'. Explain that again; I don't get
the drift of your words. 1't l.'t.l'.~<; l\11&-&-
, . ! f't"I"ICII't l\11.,"'1.1 l>ATG-'111-'1-?"
The drift of opinion was against war. 1i1Tff
"' MI.,"'L..' tnC)'I-'t f"''.:J'ID?" )RC
drill (v.) A?"?"I: l>'-G~
The soldiers drill every day. tD:f''-~:r; Rf
of>'i- A?"?"I: 1'-C:>II-
be drilled in f---A?"?" I: 1\.I'.G~
We were drilled in arithmetic. f.,.'I'C A?"
?"1: l\S':C~<;A
drill a hole in Rfl
Drill a hole in the beam! 1\m-&-:q:'t 11flm-
drill (n.)
I. oollcllt:1. The mechanic needs another
drill. "'LitUI- 1\.11 oallcllt:1 1il.&.A~'I'A
2. A?"?"S': .,S':G"I. Drill forms an im-
portant part of learning Amharic. A?"?"1:
.,S':G"I 1\.,C>;''t 11oa.,c 1\il.LII'I. )tJJo
drink (drank, drunk), v. m"'
Drink plenty of water! 1111- m-;> m"' hY.
He doesn't gamble, but he drinks . .,..,c
""ltD'I-?" l"l't Y.m"'A
drink a toast K'"'P }'t)Uf
We drink a toast to your health. lim.'t)'l-iJ II'
'1'1-'t't 1.'0)"11\'t
drink up oomm
The plants drank up the water I poured on
them. Thll-'li 1m"':\'ftJJo't m-;> oamm-'1-
[See also 'health']
drink (n.)
I. oam'l'. What kind of drinks do you have?
M I ~Y,.)'I- I oam'l' I l\1111 l
Drink was his downfall. .fmf-(1)< oom'l"
)RC
2. m"l")'l-. She drove me to drink by her
constant nagging. 0.,1<1/C'I' 1 'tll't!l. hm
"1")'1- I 1\.I'.GII:J''S
357 drive
drink of water f"'Y.miiJ m-="
May I have a drink of !water? f"''.m"' 1 ,.
:> 1 '1-IIm'S l
mc'take a drink mtiJ
He takes a drink every now and then. l\A
t:: 1 l\AG: 1 Y.m"'A
[See also 'round, strong']
drinker m"l
My uncle is a heayy drinker. l\7--1: 1 ~Y.II'I' 1
m"'. )olD-
drinking horn 'l''t""l
They still use drinking horns in some parts
of Ethiopia. l\flo't?" 1 'l't-'l'tf: 1 fl\.'l-f'k1 1
h'i'I\":J' I ID"il'l' I ft'f''t""l 0 Y,.m"'A
drip (dripped) T'tm'lmn
The rain has soaked through the roof and
dripped on our heads. "1&1m- 1 l\'i'ilf'o 1 11'0
1111.&-fi:J''tii\Y,.IT'tm'lmn
be dripping
I. l\'tm'lmn. The pump is dripping. !1.'t!J.m- 1
1'tm'l'I''IA
2. 1-'i' 1 l\11. +His forehead was dripping with
sweat. "1?"'1'1- 1 IIY. 1 1111 1 1-'i' 1 11~A
be dripping wet A1111- Rllnll
When he got home, he was dripping wet.
MJ.'I- I IIJ'.Cil I A1111- I Ril11f'o I )ftC
drive (drove, driven), vt.
I. )'I. Drive the cattle over to the left!
h11-Mn fi"l&- I Rit-A I 't-'l'ftJJo
Can you drive a truck? f"l"H 1 ooh,<; 1 A'l-)
'I I '1-:J'I\1\11!
2. noah.<; 1 l\'-.:11. He drove me to the station.
h"lfi.11D" I R""h." I 1\.I'.GII'S
3. ~of.of.. Hunger drove him to stealing.
&-11 I l.'t'l.IIC:J> I ,oj.oj.tJJ<
4. 1\.I'.GII. She drove me to drink by her
constant nagging. n.,!*C'I'jl 'tll't!l.. 1 hm
"1.")'1- I 1\.I'.GII:J''S
5. l\"1.1'..&.. The men said the boss drove them
tOO hard. "'41-T'l':r; I J\"'IJ.ID" I ft"J,. I 1"1
s>:.&.<;A ' l\11-
drlve (vi)
I. ""h.<; 1 M. Do you know how to drive?
""h,<; 0 oa')-'1'1- I '1-:f"'l\11!
2. fi""h.<; 1 '-Gil. He drove into the station
just on time. noah,...... I Ah nll~-1: I h"'R.f
,. I .I'.GII
drive
----------------------------------------~~
(be) driven asunder +lt~f
They were driven asunder by the war. flfllC)oiz
9"h1.1''1- 1-11.1''-
drive at
*What is he driving at? M "71\11
drive away hflll
Drive the dog away! IJJo'lfiJJo1 h<IC<:IJJo
drive back mS'. :\'1 7.1-'l.oPIIII M'.<:1
We drove back the attacking army. h'1'4:11Jo1
mil+ mS'.: :\'1 7.1-'l.oPIIII t.S'.<:1)11Jo
drive (from)
I. hll114'4'. After a fierce charge, our soldiers
drove the enemy from the hilltop. m1h<:11Jo
1Jm4! 0:\'1 m;I'S'.t:il'"'f1 m'l'l-1 fl><:ofl:l'
IJJo1 ""l'i' t-11114'4!'1-
2. h<l<:<:. A repellent smell drove us from
the room. h11: 1 ""'1'6: 1 '11:1' hh'i'il' m-
11'1' h<l<:<:1
drive In (vt.) ou;r ! hll1<1
Drive the nail in! 9"ll"7"'"'l I r:t-m-
He drove in the nail with one stroke of the
hammer. 9"11"7'1--1 1111: oour.'lf 9"'1-
hii1<111Jo
drive off h<l<:<:
The soldiers fought in band to hand combat
and drove off the enemy. tD;I"F..l::ti flQ;a.fiiiJ
1-'1'11-tJJo m'l'l-1 hfJ<:'I--
drive out (vt.) hll114'4'
They drove the enemy out of their positions.
m'l'l-1 f.I'Hm-1 ll'i't. t-11114'4!'1-
drive out (vi.)
I. OoulJ.'i" Y.S'.. Let'sdriveoutinto the country!
OoulJ.'i" hh-1-"7 ,..,_. h1'l.1:
2. ) 1:-f m"'. He drove out of the compound
in a burry. h1fltJJo O"'fl>'l )1:-f m"'
drive (through) flODh. 'i hilL
We drove through the tunnel. Oou!J.'i" Oou
)(1111..1'111' 111'11'1' hll'i'1
drive up close +m.?
The car drove up very close to the sidewalk.
ODh, lj'f' I (IJF.,. I )t.""ll;;:aJ- I 0D'l1J!" I
1-m:>"'f
[See also 'bargain, crazy, home']
drive (n.)
1. flouh.'i--- OD'l1J!". The station is an hour's
drive from here. "10..1'111' Oou!J.'i" hll.ll
.1'11: ll'l'l- oP111: )Ill'
2. Oouli..'i" ou1ift.ifC. A Sunday drive in the
country is very enjoyable. }..m.J!" }t.m..t:' h
358 drone
h-1-"7 ,..,_. ooulJ.'i" ""1ift-ifc t.IIS'.tt
.,. ' )Ill'
3. '1-:>'1- 1 fFt. ""14.11. The director is a
person with great drive. -'1.&-hT'I-- h'i'-1-,. +
)m- l :>+ ' (fFt. ' OD14.11) ' .1'11111'' {tiJJo )Ill'
4. """''"". In the last drive, we raised five
hundred dollars. IJII.I.tJJo """''"" h9"11'1-
.... .,. -oc IIO{tofl1
strong drive f"t'14-4- '1,t.A
The desire for praise is a strong drive in
mankind. 9"11:>'i" OD.I.II"I O{toflh'l! 'i'm-C
!Jot\' .I'll f"'1.14-4- "1.1'.11\ )ID'
take a drive 0""h.'i" 1-11ft-if.:
We took a nice drive. OODIJ.'i" S'."1'i" 1-1if
t.ifC1
drivel (v.) h#-1 9"t.ol> '!"lim-
The old man driveled when he saw that dinner
was being served. '11"711\.111' ht.'l- 4'Cil
IJf 1." h#-1 9"t.ol> '1"'1111'
drivel (n.) IIIJ"'!"
Wipe the drivel from the baby's chin! h.lof).
h1"1!" '1.1'. IIIJ.., 'J'<:,m-
driver
I. )l[. He is a good driver and has never had
an accident. ..-<- ~'( ill\11"~ t h.~;J 1
h:>T'I"'I- h.l'm49"
2. <111:>6. The driver cracked the whip over
the horses. qll;>6111' ol.<:o',.; 11.1'. hll1:>
h1?'1i II'fill'
driver's license fOD1JI" ol.ft'1:
You cannot drive without a driver's license.
.I'll ""1li" 4.:1'1: A'I-M h'l-"'fA9"
driveway """lfl.l' ""111:
The driveway connects the house with the
street. OD1fl.l'~~~' OD11.1': 0.1>1 h"l-'l'i"fll'
.1'1'i",.A
drizzle (v.) t.IJ<f..
It's been drizzling all day. {I.J'IJ<f.. 'I'll
flllf9" I
drizzle (n.) IJ.t..l'
The drizzle has lasted all day long. IJ"-.1'"'"
4').1 -~~' 'I'll
drone (v.)
I. h'l'<:ou<:ou. The planes droned overhead.
t.m-t:TII':""'f O'l.l'"'f1 11.1'. h'i'<:OD<:,_
2. MO)O. Bees droned among the flowers.
11l"'f OhOIJm- 11'6.1' MOHJo
drone
drone on DD\o.:fh
A few people fell asleep as the speaker droned
on. .,..,;MOJo 1\DDt:fh '1'4:-l- ltl":f ll
'J"'-A'i'' yq'f'OJo
drone (n.) 'Jil
The drones make wax. 'Jil It?" Y.w&-A
drool /til...., Ml~h~h
Babies often drool. .ltY.,-1- iiH- 1.11. It
ll""i'I'OJo'J .1'11~hClJII-
droop
1. matf\1. The flowers are beginning to droop.
l\Ofll"'li oPmtD-It"l :t':""~
2. T'JH~LL. The child's pants were so large
that they drooped. fA)t (1.& 011-FO'I- lllt
tO~ T'JH~LL
3 . .l'.h"". His spirits drooped. OD'JL(I. .l'.h""
4. H'Jm'i! l\lt. Flags droop when there is no
breeze. H-ll 01\.lt 1.11. fJ'Jf..&-tJJo H'J
m'i! Y.IIA
drop (dropped), vt.
I. "'it.She dropped the coffee pot on the floor.
,;o.,,..,. m1t11- 111- "'lt:f,.
Please drop this card in the mail box ! Y.II'J tJ
CY: ;rll;J- "7 m&-4'"'1..1' "''I''J OJoll'l' "'
lttJJo
The plane dropped a bomb on us. l\tD-1!"1'11
). {l?"il ' "'ltii'J
2. "'A l\.1'.~?. He dropped a remark which
displeased me. l\'JJ': S'llM-'5 l\llTS'f-1- "'
A' l\.1'.~?
3. hP'&- l\lt.,OT. The boss dropped twenty-
five men last week. l\lt:I'OJo Of l\?"ll'l- 1'1
9':f flltLOJo IIM'I- hP'&- l\lt..OT
4. l\m~. Please drop me at the comer!
hODm?"WlftJJo l\tD-C.I'.'S
5. Tal. Let's drop the subject! t?~'J li'JTa>OJo
She dropped her old friends when she married
a rich man.llil:f'?" l\"lil:f' fY:r: 'i.l'.'l'!J!")
Ta>'fo
6. 4'tl'l. Don't drop your voice at the end
of a sentence! no~..-:+ \o1C oo,;u.~~ 1 "
f. ' Y:?"~II'J ' l\'J-4''J(IOJo
drop (vi.)
I. m.l'.4'. The coffee pot dropped from her
hand. }';0.,,. hll:{, m.l'.4'
Some of them dropped from exhaustion.
l\'J'I'JI'-'Ii .l'.h".7.'1'tJJo tD.I'.<k
The price of coffee will drop soon. fll-., 'I';J
o-l-en- Y.mY::I'A
359 drop
2. 11"1- l\lt. The student dropped to fifth place.
.,..,,:,. m.r. l\?"llT':'t-1- .I'.~'K 11"1- l\lt
3. m~.r.. The paratroopers dropped from the
plane in parachutes. S'fC mltY: m;J-.I'.r:
:f hl\tJJor:"l'lll- 111- R'K'J'I'II m~'l-
4. ~?L. The oranges are dropping from the trees.
iiC-I>tJ'l''li. hq...::=r;. 111-. ODDC?'i!. 111- '.,,,.
5. 4'tlt. The temperature dropped very
rapidly.....,., -I'll- 4'tlt
6. T'JmflmO. He was carrying so many books
in his arms that they were dropping all over the
place. l\~"1 iiH- ODl';'.hG::f Tifh'l"
lllttO~ Of{l:f'OJo T'Jmflmll-
7. 1\'1' l\lt. The wind has dropped. tof.(l.
1\'1' il!lA
8. .foo. There, the matter dropped. -r-'11' l\IL
II I t\f,. I .f.OD
be dropped ( ~ active) l\lla>"'
+I will be dropped from the club because I did
not pay my dues. Y:C'Ifl'-'J MAhLA h-
h"7"t0~ fllmm-;;'A
drop behind
I. Tltf.-1'- :\11 4'~. The two children dropped
behind the group to chase butterflies. IL&-
Ilr:l":f'J /toP.1'11 u-lt-1> a.Y ..-1- hi\.
A'li Tltf.TtJJo :M 4'~
2. m.r. :\II 4'~. I dropped behind in my
payments because of my illness. oa. .....,
?"h'JS'-l- M\1-'J hoohLA m.l'. :\11
.,~.,.
drop by il-l- l\lt
Drop by when you are in town ! h.,..,., h..,.DP
"' il-l- OA
drop (one's) eyes l\'JH'J ' .1'.4-
The students dropped their eyes when the
teacher criticized them. ""?"U~ 1\?P'I\'1'
tJJo T'"Ml"'li l\'J?;f-'I'OJo'J .1'.4-
drop in il"'- l\lt
Drop in to see me tomorrow! \o111:,.0 -Rf\11
mf-4''5
drop off (vt.) ltm
Can you drop this off at the tailor's for me?
f.U'J'J ltAilll (l,l.tJJo A-1-lt'I'A'S -l-:f-11
ltU 1
drop off (vi.) 4'H4'H
Business has dropped off since winter. hh
~?"-l- ;t>;?"r: 'J"IY: 4'11"1-!f.A
drop out (of)
I. a>"'. Three students dropped out of school.
?'Il-l- T"7&9''fo h'I-?"UC-1- 0.-l- mm-
drop
2. mJ'.+. The box dropped out of the window.
..,...> o-nto>~: mJ'.+
[See also 'cloak, fatigue, knee, line']
drop (n.)
I. mil;f-. Take three drops in a glass of water!
?'liT mil:f' OiiC"l"-1' OJoil'l' hf:C111
m"'
There are rain drops on the window. oP(lJli:J
'1'- f11<;"V" mil:f'l":Y. hll-
2. 11~ .,11.-,.. The sharp drop in prices dis-
turbed the farmers. l'hllol\ 'I':> 01:'11T 11
~ ' "'""' ' 10t.l":Y.'I ' h<'l(lq'f'OJo
*This is a drop in the bucket. miiV" h'-ol\
at the drop of a hat hoo~+ r +~P".,.
He will fight at the drop of a hat. hODt.T
-J-)P'+ ' ,,_q,_qol\
not a drop T'l'li 7.'1\\'1
He hasn't a drop of courage. T'l1i 7.'1'>.'1
,_..,.:..,. ' fi\OJoV"
There is not a drop of truth in what he says.
0'1.,.,~ ' OJoil'l' ' f(l<;"'i:"l" ' ~,,..,. ' fll
ol\ 7.tJ>o)T fiiOTV"
drought f:C~ l 1:C4'T
Hararge is often afflicted by drought.
ill!- 1.11. !:C~ (1:C4'T) '-OD:f''f'ol\
drove, see drive
drove (n.) OD");>
A drove of cattle is passing by the house.
fhiiT OD");> 00.1> hm1il fol\<f.ol\
droves of people (lSOlo 111111+
Droves of people came to the exposition.
fll":Y. Oii'IT mJ'. lbhilTH_<\1'"). .,..,.
come in droves "lo~L
People came in droves. fll":Y. 1-.:+-
ln droves Ooflff+
The soldiers deserted in droves. OJ;f-J'.t::r;
Oii'IT !VI-
drown (vt.)
I. hflmou. She had to drown the puppies.
.f!-":fll-'ll'l .,flmV" "11: IT)q't'
2. -1-hl\hll. He drowned his sorrow in drink.
.hH).'I ooum'l' -1-hl\hi\OJo
drown (vi.) fl'l''l" '1"-1-
.,.,.,..,_
He drowned in the river. m1",. tD-llT
drown out 'Pm
The noise drowned out his remarks. <At.1;f"
,.. I f.,......"ft:,fDo"J I .,.ffi(l)o
360 drugstore
drowning (adj.) ILfl'I'V" f)Ot:
The drowning man snatched at the rope.
ft.fiTr I f)O~lD- I fllD"IL I "lOD)J..") I l\J.-11 I
'-Oi:Q.l.t:"l"C )0C
drowse h'l'l-'1)!
She drowsed, but did not quite fall asleep.
h'11-'I)!:Y. 7.'1:1( 7.'1~ol\'i' hoi\WMTV"
drowsy f"'t"'i"'i'l
The drowsy summer weather prevented him
from working. f"tAiJ.<Ai.)tP- fO;J r hfC r
7.'1-'1, ...&- ' h1J'.OJo
get drowsy 7.'1~ol\'i' ' 7.'1~ol\'i' hll(tJ>o)
I get drowsy after a heavy meal. ill!- 110'1
7.'1~A'i' 7.'1~A'i' '-1\>;'ol\
drudge, be a - 7.'1J'. q,:y h111111
+ negative verb She was a drudge in her stepmother's house.
7.'1)!&- ' 7.<;:J: ' o.:,. ' 7.'1J'. ' q,:y ' :f-111"1
A' )OC
drudgery f.,fll!l.llT !"&-
Her life was spent in drudgery. f.,fAAilT P'
&- 0""1"6-T 61:"'1'1"1 h<'IIIL:Y.
drug (v.)
m.:c-n I. 0""1:-)t:,. hJ'.)HU. The doctor drugged
her so she wouldn't feel the pain. ,noo.,... r
7.'1-'1'-fl.,.-,. mh_oo- noof:-)t..,. hJ'.)H~..,.
2. f"'tfL11 ' ouf:-)t:,. Q.l.""t:OT. The spy
drugged the soldier's tea. Ml' Om;f-J'.~ lf
'- 11'- f"'tfL11 ou'-'"1tT Q.l."",:o:,.
be drugged DD.'!"'lt+ 1 +oo(l
His abnormal actions show that he has been
drugged.~... f"'tJ>o h'!o.:\). ouf:"1tT ""
~ ........, 'f.<'lfol\
drug (n.)
I. DPf:"1tT. This drug is sold only by pre-
scription. '-11 ouf:-)t:,. f"'tlfmtJ>o Omh_
V" T7.'111 il!l' )m-
2. (I-ll f"'tf<\11 oPf:"1tT. Opium is a
dangerous drug. 1-"tfV" hJ'.1'i' fiT) (1-(1
f"'tfiL11 oot:"1tT )OJo
druggist oof:"1t.-,. +.,..,_
The druggist makes up the prescriptions .
ODf:"1tT ' +.,..,_,.,. ' f;f-HHOJo'l ' oPf:"1tT '
'-<~'V""?A
ft~J>
drugstore oof:-)tT o.:,.
The drugstores have to be open at night.
oof:-)t:,. O..f.:Y. 1\.IL'I- h'i'T """'
hM'I'm-
drum
drum (drummed), v.
I. .1'.11.1'.11. Please stop drumming on the table!
m<:A.qfiJo't OD.I'.ofl.l'.ll-"t .,.....
2. ,.,.11-C oo:J-. He drums when the soldiers
march. m:J-.I'.C''Il .,.1'1&\t.m- 11.'\H- ,.,..
11-C J'-OO:f'&\
(be) drummed Into
*His lessons had to be drummed into him
because he did not like school. ;r.,.uc'l-
hil"''f-mY: ;r.,.uc.,.:f"t fl"'Y: -~.:\1'1
m- fh.,.,.<~-+ ~nc
drum up
*He is trying to drum up votes. J\(lo'l
f"'L..'."I'i' ~4 il"''"''f'l- 1'-'l"h<l-&\
drum (n.)
I. hflC'. Can you hear the drums? hflC'm-"t
'l-1'1"7i1U ?
2. flC"''.&\. They unloaded six drums of gas-
oline. hY:h'l- flC"''.&\ II."til"t h<l-14-
drunk, see drink
drunk (n.) (It,,:.,.
Was that drunk annoying you? f I'IIJ<l-,.
fflil"l"U ~flC l
(be) drunk
I. l'lh<:. He is drunk with wine. 11m1'-"t m)!'
(th;.:&\
2. ( = tr.) hl'lh<:. +He is drunk with power.
1".:\"'"t hhhC':f'&\
get drunk (lhl.
He got drunk at the birthday party. fl.:\.1'.-1:
fl'l&\ "1-fl..,- ~" l'lh<:
drunkard (It,,:.,.
The drunkard was arrested by the police.
(It,,:...,_ ' 11?'/l..h .,..I'H
drunken fl'lh<:
A drunken man lay asleep in the doorway.
fl'lh<: ......... .1'.7ff. ~" .,.,.
drunkenness hiJC I m"l"~'l-
He preached many sermons against drunken~
ness. hiJC"t fl"''m-111 -fill- h-flh.,.:f
h.1'.<:1
Gluttony and drunkenness have been called
carnal vices. 11'11,..~'1-<; m"l"~'l- fl":> ""
Tl:: ,..,fJC':f J'-11~11-
dry (dried), vt.
I. h.l'.<:-1'. Dry your hands on this towel!
h)!'U"t flllU 1::"1 ' hY:C:t
361 dry season
Dry yourself well! (tm-~'1-U"t 11.1'.,.-fl hY:
c:t
2. OJliOJil. Who is going to dry the dishes?
/l,"h'l''ll"t f"'LOJilliJoilliJo ...,~ .... l
dry (vi.) .1'.<:4'
The paint dries in five hours. 4'iiDD- IJ,.h
'I- l'l'l'l- m-hT 1'-.I'.C:I'&\
dry out .1'.<:4'
He put the clothes in the sunshine to dry out.
&\-fill- h"tii_.I'.C:,O Bdol'- ~I'- hl'l"'m-
dry up .1'.<:4'
Every summer this stream dries up. flffl;JOJo
J'-U M"l" 1'-.I'.C:I'&\
dry (adj.)
I. f.l'.<:-1' l .l'.<::t. Let's gather some dry wood!
f.l'.<:-1' (.l'.<::t) b"t .... 'l- ' "h"t&\4',..
2. Y:c:t. This dry weather has done a lot
of harm to the crops. 1'-U Y:c:t 1.11. 1'1-fl
11-"t 11"1,. 1-IIm-
3. f"'LI'til:f. A dry hook, like one on econom-
ics, makes me fall asleep when I read it.
"h"t.l'. ,."'~ Uofl'l- fil f"'LI'Iil:f oox-
do'i' 11~-fl h"t:t&\'i' """"'&\
dry spell Y:c++
A dry spell accounted for the poor crop.
h11""<l-"'" r.,.n~lfm- hY:c++ ,.,.~..,
~ ....
be dry
I. .1'..1:4'. The wash is not dry yet. f:f'mflm-
&\oflh 1-;' h&\.1'..1:4',..
In the dry season, the wells are dry. flfl.:> f
m-;l> ' 1-Y:'\1'-:f ' J'-.I'.C:I'II-
2. ~mL. We have no milk because our cow
is dry. ~"'':f"t hil~mt.:f m# fil"t,.
run dry .1'..1:4'
The well ran dry last summer. 1-Y:'\II- flilt.
tJJ- I fl;J I .f.t;_+
[See also 'high, stick']
dry goods ..,C:I' ..,c.,.:f
Dry goods are sold in my father's store.
""C:I' ""C"':f hili: (1-:,0 liJohT 1'-lf
"'ll-
dry land f-flh
It is good to be on dry land again. "h"t.1'.1<;'
flfoflh ~" ""ll'"t '1'<1- ~.... .
dry season fl.:>
It is quite out of the ordinary to have a heavy
rain in the middle of the dry season. 00.:>
dual 362 duet

<D-11'1' hq.~:- 11<;9" OD1fHI- L~.,. fA-t- I pay dues every month. f"'l"rOC-t-'1'~+ .1:-C
flOOR. I )1C I )tiJo !f!L"J OfW'I- hb'i'I\1111-
0ur treasurer reports that all dues are paid up.
dual 11-11+ ~"}Hofl (L;J-":f"} ""'~''"'""'" 11-11- ODbLII-"J '
He has a dual purpose. 11-11+ '11\"'1 1\lltJJo f.~AliA
The learner's car has dual brakes. fll"'l)l:
""h.... 11-IIT ~"} 1\II<D- due (adj.)
ean a half-caste have dual citizenship? 1. ~IL. Use due care to be safe in crossing
hAil fll-11+ Me nn+ II_'l"~,_ streets! 6-iiU"J IU'-:> IIODmO~ ""'J~P-":f
f.":fi\Al "J 11;.1-~C'I' -t-~IL fi:J>4: "'1.1:'"~"1 1\111111
2. f"'L~qtJJo. Good deeds deserve due reward.
dub (dubbed) f~~A ilf" 1\w"'(ll+) ""AIJf" -f-"lq~":f f"''_~q'ftJJo"J '1':> "'I
John's friends dubbed him "Slim". fl'-m"Jil .,,,. 1\llq'f..,.
'\.l'.>:'":f 4'"1"1- ofiii<D- f~~A ilf" *The wages due him will be paid tomorrow.
1\Wm-IIT fu>&-O+ ~~ f.hLII'PA
due (adv.) 04''1';.1-
dubious
1. hAofl fAll'~. His dubious compliment The ship traveled due north. ooch!l. 04''1'
;J- ' WI'. ' (1"7."} ' }\oo&o":f
offended me. bAofl fAll'~ f"ii:><;<D- 1\11
4'foo'S be due
2. f"'l f.;J-oo"J. A dubious friend is no friend I. f.h4.A0;.1-A l f"'L!'.Cfi<D- ~<D-. A fine
at all in time of need. f"'lf.;J-OD"J '\.1'.'1' is due on the library book. oo~m4- O"L
II.,..,C 1\f..I'.Cilf" UtJJo MA-f-oullfl ""4'"'i f.h4.AO;J-A
3. f"t..'ilm~'I'C. He has a dubious scheme The rent is due next Monday. h.&-1' f"'L!'.C
for getting rich. Uofl;.l-f" lloPIJ'"J flltJJo ... ..,. ' (f"'Lh4.11<D-) O"''_OD"'<D- 1'1>:' ~..,.
h~ .!:'" f"'Lfilm~'l'C ~..,. 2. "'lil~hofl 1\110+. My history paper is due
feel dubious h.oP);f" tomorrow.ll;.l-&h +f"uc+ fll'i'h-+"J .1:-C
I feel dubious about buying that used car. f ...,. ~~ ' "'lil~bofl ' 1\llofi'S
":f"J fu>&o":f .... h ... lloP"Iq+ h""~;.l-1111- is due one .e1tt'PA
Respect is due him. hofiC y.~q'f'A
duck (vt.) is due to (relative imperfect) + ~tJJo
1. <D-;> ~b~<D-. The winning team ducked He is due to arrive at ten. f"7.1ttm- Oh.&-:t-
their captain. 1\if<;.l.<D- 11-.1:-"J 1\f"qii-"J 1'1'1+ ~..,.
tJJo;> HK-+
2. 1\.1:-0iiOo' 1\IIL. The cashier ducked the due to b--- f-t-~"1 I 0 ! 0 --- f"h"Jf+
question about the embezzled money. ~"JHofl The accident was due to careless driving.
1\J'.:><D- f.l'.~fl..,. -t-m"J~.jl IJIIou"J'I+
IL-to nu11 1111"'1'1'4--to f4'~0<D-"J 'I' f4:o
,.,.~.., ' ~tJJo
1\.1:-0iloflo'+ 1\114.
Due to a mistake, she was not invited. Ollih.,.
duck (vi.) 11'1' 1\11
When the shots were fired, everybody ducked.
+ tt+m&o 4'~":f
She was in a state of agitation due to her recent
'!',._,.,; ' 1\.-t-h-~ 11-11-f" 11'1' 1\11 bereavement. O~CII- OJ'.~(tq:,. fH"".I:'" .,.
duck (n.) 'lh!L + f"h"Jf+ -t-lfofl&o ~ac
There are many ducks in Lake Alemaya. fall due f"'Lh.I.A ~..,.
O'lll"'lf mf.~ <D-11'1' oflfl< 'lh!L,":f 1\11- The bill falls due the first of each month.
mAll- f"'Lh4.11<D- Of<D'I- .,..-,_.,..&f
due (n.) f"'L~qtJJo 1\f,. ~tJJo

Pay the man his due! llfi<D-IL<D- f"'L~q..,."}
hLII<D-
dues .1:-C!f l f"'l"rOC-t-'1'~+ .1:-C!f l ""'~''"'"
I will be. dropped from the club because I did
not pay my dues. .1:-C!fiL"J /liiAhLAh- b
"'1"10'1- filwm-'I'A
[See also 'course']
duel (0,..6-.<'. wf,.f" OIPC """'&f 011-11
T ' ...,.,. ODIJhA f"'L!'.~"' ' <D-"LJ']
duet [11-11+ fl,.":f Ooo'f'm.l:'" f"'LH'i'l-+ w
f.f" f"''_ ""lW-IoT .,..H.:J>j
dug
dug, see dig
dugout flltJJo P'c!-'11 'Pif
The refugees lived in dugouts. 11,-_.,.'l''li Oil
CDo I p~,e_7( I cpi'f I (Do(l... I l'"'-
duke ou!lt;:'t
They contributed money to the Duke of Harar
Memorial Hospital. 1\du!:C ou!lt;:'t ou;f-11
llJ' ' ll'll"r:;f-A ODJ"6Y ' ~'tH11 ' h'Pm-
dukedom fou!lt;:'t "1~'1-
"1~'1-
He was given a dukedom. fOD!lt;:'t
.,.llmtJJo
dull
I. ,-.ut. This dull knife cannot cut the meat.
1-11 ,-.ut O.'I'P F:> hf.<t.f:'l'V"
2. ,-_11H11 Yll. She likes dull colors. ,-_11H11
Yll ' .,.1\V" ' '1-a>JII\:f
3. ""mH'. He felt a dull pain after the opera
tiOD. hoftP,. I ...1'i"(D< I 0:\1\ I OOffi~~ I iflOOIJD I
.,.11., ....
4. U11. Mary seems dull beside her sister.
"'U't hl\~;t :>C llJ'a>JI.<:-~'1- U11 <;'1-
5. f'l'h. I'd rather stay home than go to
that dull play. l\11..1' l\'l'h '1-Y'I-C hll"'t.l:"
l\O.'I- 11.,.c f.lfii'1A
6.M tlll. In spite of her dull husband, she
is relatively happy. MV" l\'t\\ '1!\. M
tlll tlll''t ooum). ,._11.,.'1 <;'J-
7. f"''JIIII'f. Many people rate basketball
as dull to watch. 1111- ll,.:f fli>C"'i'l- \\
II ...'1';1-'t 1\.,.,..A..:f f"''JIIII'f h.<:-
C~tJJo ' f.~V";f-11-
*Most people find mathematics dull. 1111- II
,.,. f m.l\11 '1-V"IIC'I- hf.'l'"7'ftJJoV"
be dull
I. 1'-111'-"". The pencil is dull; please sharpen
it for me! l\C<\11- P.AIJ.?.A l l\11-1: ~Glt"
A~
2. "'""'". The umbrella business is usually
dull in the dry season. \'1t)'l'll 't"l.l:" 00
:> mt.'l- h11q':'tJJo't 1.n ,_.,.HlJ>qA
3. .,.1111'1'. Life is dull in a small village. 0'1-
't'li ' OD't,..C ' tJJoll'l' ' )of!' ' f.llllii'A
4. "1611" flltJJoV". This book on economic
theory is a dull book. f.ll Ill\ V""l~ 1111'1-
6'tll m<\11 ,.,.liL ""lt"m'i' "16V" flltJJoV"
duly
I. 0"'1..~'1. The students were duly impressed
by the fame of their teacher. .,..,6,.'1i 0""
V"llt.:ftJJo 11<; 0"'1..~'1 _,.,-_'t.,.tJJo )0C
363 dunce
2. O'l.ntJJo. The debt was duly paid. MtJJo
O'l.ntJJo _,.h'i'!\.A
dumb
I. .<:-JI. He was born deaf and dumb. ,-_'t.fC'<;
.(-JI ' II'<:' )tJJo ' ,.,.dJI\,......
2. U11. Boy, that guy is dumb! Y lltJJo U
ofl I )Q)o
remain dumb~ Jr..l\
The class remained dumb when the teacher
asked a difficult question. ODV"IJ-1- h't.l:"
hh'l':>6 'I'Y4: Om f.,. 1.n _,..,6,.'1i
.,..,. htr
(be) dumbfounded M .,.YH
I was dumbfounded when I heard it. )1-1-'t
l\'t,-.11"7v- hi. _,.YH
dummy V"IIA
The dummy was dressed in the latest fashion.
V"llll-'t hJI./1-'t 'tf.)'J- A111l hA1111
tJJo;f-A
dump (v.)
I. HG11.. They dumped the coal in front of
the basement. hlltr't V".I:"C 0.-1> 1.'1-
11.1.'1- HG14-'I-
2. f.-1-. He dumped the coffee dregs on the
ground. fiJ-<;tJJo't h.,.l\ ou.:-'1- 1\f. f.o(.
3. hol-1111. They dumped the gravel in the
street. 0""'t~JJ. 1\f. mmc hol.llll-
4. "'ll. Don't dump your troubles on me!
:f-"'CII't 0~ 1\f. h'I-"'A
They dumped the waste from the factory into
the stream. h-l-116,..,. f"''..a>"'tJJo't .flflf
(01-ffc I 8Joil'f' I IIJf\o.:J-
dump (n.)
I. .flflf """'Y. That empty Jot is used as
a dump. Y f!P. fl;f- 1\.flflf i """'Y Y
111"11\A
2. "7h"7!1'. The ammunition dump blew up
after it was hit by an enemy rocket. f'l'1-'1-
"7h"7il'tJJo Oml\'1- C'h.'l- 1\"":f" o!.M
dumpy h"'I'C a>'i't.V"
Who is that dumpy fellow near the door?
Y 0-1- :> YlltJJo h"'I'C mt;:t.V" A"/!:
"7)t1Jo 1
dunce U11 .,..,6
The teacher had to give help to the dunce.
UIJ-'t ' .,..,6 '
OD?"IJ-1- ' ""CJI'I- ' )0<!:0'1-
dune
dune ft.l1' hii"C
The dunes extend for miles. ft.lf'I'<IJo hll"
C llillf- 11"6<1-'i! .,.HC"':t:A
dung '1'1
Farmers sometimes use dung to fertilize their
fields. 10&-l":f "71\'I'<IJo'J 11"7-'IOC t."J'I"J
Y: 1.U 'i!"l .1'"-""O:f"A
dungeon "1!"11"7 0.'1-
The dungeon was full of prisoners . ..,_.",..,
0.-1> Ol\ll<:'l':f .,..,.A.f- )0C
dunkmoJ>II
I like to dunk bread in the stew. ~(l I om
T ODT+ll A.mJSArt-
dupe (v.) t."l!-0<:0<:
The dishonest peddler duped his customers.
f"7,1'.;J-OD)<1Jo l\!f.& ~II"O'l'lfh ' l\"1."0<:0<:
dupe (n.) .,.:J-11.1'-
It took the dupe a long time to understand
the matter. .,.;J-111' )1<1- f1q..,. 0"111"
~,1'.-f-. )<IJo
duplicate (v.)
I. t,q~. The secretary duplicated the presi-
dent's letter. R.h.L'I' fT&.II_'I"Jof>"J ~ii'IO.
M~:f
2. oJ>'I. She duplicated the dress she had ad-
mired at the show. 0'1-Cl\f.-1> 11.1'- ,l'~)oJ>:f
<IJo"J Ail II .,.Y: oJ>'I":f
3. t.IIODIIII- u>t!-. It is not possible to du-
plicate this statue. .1'-U"J .h<IJoA'I- t.ll""ll
II- ' IIODP't!-'1- ' t.f.!I'AII"
4. ~100. He duplicated his former record.
fOoL'!- &I>C-'1."J ~1oom-
duplicate (n.)
I. "IAq'P. Is that an original or a duplicate?
.r.u 1'<;m- )m- m.r.ll "IAqm 1
2. u-11'1- :,OJ[. Send in this application in du-
plicate! ,I'.U"J "70DAh!l' Ou-11'1- :,OJ[ llh
duplicate (adj.) .,..,..1\1\,1'.
We have duplicate keys for the front door.
II.L.,.'l'<IJo OC _,..,..1\1\,1'. 41AC:":f t.II-"J
duplicity t.:J-11,1'.)'1-
It is often hard to see through the duplicity
of a cunning man. filA"! iiA'I'"t t.;J-
11,1'.)'1- I\OD1'1Hil illf-tD-") 'LU ,1''1"1;1-A
durable R"'i-
Their durable friendship withstood many a
364 dust
heated argument. 1\"'i- flf) 'i~'h;J-'I'<IJo
ill!- f.,.of.,of.,OD hChe"J .,.,..,...,_A
be durable
I. ill!- 6~ l\1\<IJo. An iron griddle is more
durable than a clay griddle. fil<:'l- II""'Y:
hlfhll II""'Y: ,I'.A:,O ill!- lloY:"''. t.llm-
2. O<:h.,.. This is a durable pair of shoes.
s-.u "'i"7 .1'-0<:h:J-A
duration
The duration of the war was more than four
years. /PC)of> f.I.)';<IJo "-" ltt~-'1- <too+ 0
11,1'.. )ID-
for the duration of Allb-4\ffl.-,. = .f:~ll
For the duration of the war, gasoline was
rationed. /PC)of> l\llh~fO'I- Y:<:ll 0.'Jil
"J 04tmq ,1'.;1-~A )OC
for the duration of his life /J.f:"7. : Abo")
He lived there for the duration of his life.
6Y:"''. Ah-"J l\IU' 'i'<:
duress, under - f1"1~ l\"J~If)
He would enter the army only under duress.
ID;f-~C)'I- f"'l_1qm- ' f1"1~~ ]\")~If)
il!l' )ID-
during o --- -..n
I met him during the war. h"" :>C 0/PC)of>
-..n .,.'1',:,.1
It was impossible to see during the dust storm.
O<tm-11- H"" 1.n t.!lt!- Oil~'l- 1111
)0<: "7f-t> .I'II'I'"IC )OC
dusk, in the - ll't,I'."J II.J'.11
It was hard to see the flag's colors in the dusk.
ll't,I'."J II.J'.11 fii")~:,O 'ti\"7<1Jo"J oJ>II"7'1-
oPIIf'l- ,I'II'I'"IC )OC
dust (v.)
I. IDIIIDII. Please dust my desk ! m<:A.~\1-"J
IDAID-II<IJo
2. )11)11. The cook dusted the cake with
powdered sugar. fiD'I' 0.1:-1> Oh.h- 11,1'. ~
,.:,. 11\o,C ){l)ll":f
dust (n.) l\!1.<1- 1 t.'l'ti-
We could tell a car was coming by the dust
rising in the air. ID~ 11"7,1'. h"'L)"'<IJo t.
!ltl- (t.'l't!-) ODh,<;. ""11""1-1:'1 II"71D:,O.
!I'M
turn to dust }louY: It)
The old papers had turned to dust. t.e-J.I"'ll ID
<:.,..f-":f t.ooY: If).
dust storm
dust storm fh!l.<~- -tm-11- Hll
The dust storm destroyed many houses.
fl'o!J.<!- ' -tm-11- ' ~4-11 ' o(llf- ' o.+ ' l\4..~11
dusty l\!J.<!-"7 1 l'o!J.<!- f'I"'IR'I-
The streets are very dusty. """i~p.:ri R"'!l"
l\ !l.M'Y ' .,..,,.
The maid shook out the dusty rug. ~~.~~..,.
h!l.<~- f'I"'IR'I-"i M"''i' l\<!-~.1..-:f
duteous ;J-q'fr
A duteous child is the pride of his parents.
;J-q'fr ,.., AID'I)':'fi IJ.<!-'1- ~,.
dutiful
I. 4l!l" ~~~If. The dutiful son visits his mother
often and gives her money. 4l!l" ~~~'fm- 1>.
., ofllt- '1.1 7-.'i'-l<"i A"7f'l- J'.'IJ'ol>. 11"i
Hofl!l" J'.ll"';l-1>.
2. 'l>"i. The dutiful services of each citizen are
required in wartime. RI"C~'I- '1.1 fl.,l"'i-'1
"i'l. ' 1.:> ' 'l>"i ' l\11>."111-'1- ' J'.M.:>I>.
duty (duties)
I. .,..,QC. He performed his duty as a brave
man should. '1-011 {lm- (lJS'.~m- 0"'1..
~q,. ' M\:\"i ' .,_.,q~"i ' 4.1.""
2. I"<!-. The retired captain was recalled to
duty. m-~;1- fiD"'fDo lf!I"OI>. IDS'. 1"<1-
m- I 7.";-'l..ODA/J I .,..,...~~
3. "11.;1- l .,.o;.,.
It is the duty of every citizen
to fight for his country. 'I~C .,...,.,.. f"7
"i'fm-!1" ' "-" ' .,S'.,.. '("1-'1.,) ' ~,.
4. +~'1". How much duty is there on this
tobacco? AH.II '1-!I"Qif M ,fill>. +~
'I"' J'.hol.l\1>. l
answer the call of duty ""l.';')l:_"} L"l.oP
At the time of the Italian invasion, many
Ethiopians answered the call of duty. Ot.."'t>.,f
"i ID~<!- HOD"; o(llf- ' l\.'1-f-W,ffDo,l"'i '
"1-'llf'fm-"i ' o~.r.-
be off duty hi"<I- fDo6f!' ~,.
I'm off duty after five-thirty. hOI"<!- h"iY:
11-t'l- .,_11-1>. 0:\'1 hi"<!- fDo6f!' ~~
be on duty
I. .,.~If ~,.. A lifeguard is on duty at the
swinuning pool. f.hf.ID'I- mQ4:m- OOD'I'
'fm- ' 11'1'<1- ' .,.~If ' ~,.
2. 1"<1- 'If. ~m-. I am on duty all night.
11.11..,.., ' -~~- ' 1"<1- ' 'If. ' ~~
do dutyMMA
This board does duty as a table. f. II lJ"i:J'
7-."iS'. ' m~A.q!l" ' nA.,l\1>.
365 dynamic
path of duty "1'1.,
The soldier followed the path .of duty.
tD;I-S'.~ ' "1-'l)l:"i ' "-"""
[See also 'breach, imperative, line, neglect,
report']
dwarf(v.)
I. l\of&~ot.H. A poor diet dwarfed the children.
04: ' l\1>."'1..~'1- ' fii.Am- ' !l""'ofl ' t>.)':'fi"i '
l\of&~of&H
2.h+"""" Thelackofraindwarfedtheflo wers.
f"H'i'11 ' OU;J-"1'1- ' l\O!l'fi"i ' l\of>....""l'ffDo
dwarf (n.) Y:"ih
I have never in my life seen a dwarf. O.hf.ID-1:
Y:"ih ' J<.J'.'f ' l\l\fDo'l-!1"
dwell (dwelled, or dwelt) <:~ .
The princess dwells in the palace. 1>.~1>.;1:. ' 0
0..,_ ,...,.,1"_,. m-11'1" '1-'f<!-A-:f
dwell (on) .,..~.:>~~
There is no point in dwelling on this subject
any longer. 011..11 ~~c 'If. hll.ll J'.OI>.'!"
-~.:>~C 'I'.:> fAm-!1"
dwelling OD'ft..f o.+
They found the remains of a large dwelling
in Axum. Rl\1111-!1" h"iY: f'l-1>.'1> ""'f
t.,f' 0.'1- ' '1'<!-11 ' l\17-
dwelt, see dwell
dwindle
I. 7-.f""~""~ 't.S'.. The lost traveler watched
his supply of food dwindle. fm4-m- """i~S'.
>;'I l""i4l I 7-,fOD~DD~ I 1\..'f,.Y;- ' 11!1" I ofll\" I J\f
2. l\mm. The city's water supply dwindled
from lack of rain. h11'i'1l ou;J-"1'1- f.,.~.,
fh.,_.,,. m-;lo l\mm
dye (v.) +All" ~M
She dyed her blue dress black. 11"7,f'f! +"7.!1.
"i '1"4lC +All" ~h~'fm-
dye (n.) """iht.,f l "7'1>A"''..f
Please get me a package of blue dye! h"iY: Ql>
{1"7,f'f! ' OD";h(.,f ' ("7'1-A"''..f) ' l\!1""11>.~
dying (adj.) f"''.,f"''I"C
The last wish of the dying man was to be
buried near his parents. f"''..f"''l"~fDo {lm-\1.
fou...,~lf ).qrm- hiD'I)':'fi l\m~ofl
7-."i-'l..+oc ~oc
dynamic
I. ;1-;J-t.. The director is a dynamic person.
"-""~ ' ;1-;J-t. ' {lm- ' ~,.
dynamite
2. -1-mC'I't<. The dynamic force of water is
used to make electricity. +mcttt~ f'aJo?
...,,_A 11.1\.h'l-t<h ll.,,..."t..._'l- nii"I~A
dynamite .1:""7"'1.'1-
The rebels blew up the bridge with dynamite.
11~ .I:"A.I:"I'"t 0.1:".,"'1.'1- t.L.lll-1-
dynamo [f.,"lihCht<.O h"t:tll:l'i\. ms>.
1\.1\.h."l-t<h ' f"'i./laJo'J' ' OD"ft<J']
366 dysentery
dynasty FCaJ OD")"JF'l-
The Solomonid dynasty has been ruling for
many centuries. f(I:A-101' ~em oo,..,,.,
'I- /Iii,. noo<;'l- ll.1'1 <ra:A
dysentery ,.,.:,..,.,. n"li:J-
The impure water gave him dysentery. .,.lflfm-
m-;> f-1-:,..,.,. O"li:J- t.llS'HaJo
each
each (adj.)
I. ll.n-'11'.1:". Give one to each child! lll\.n-'1"1
Jl. A;t' h"t.l:" 11'1'
2. Rf. He comes here each week. Rf/1!1""1-1>
IDI.H.II f.tPUIJA
each (pr.) ll.n-'1"1.1:" + suffix pronoun
These apples are a penny each. M H. II -1>4-9'
";f l\.nJI"tJIIJ'tJJo h"t.l:" it"t-1:!1" ftD"'II-
He gave them ten dollars each. lll\.n-'11'-'l'f
m- ' OJPC -RC (llfJ:ft&-
We each received a pack of cigarettes. ll.n
Jl"tJI"'f"l 'II> lUI'<!- T+RA"t
each and every one ~Jri"t ~ + suffix pro~
noun
You can count on each and every one of us.
Rf"tJI"tJI";f"t A'l-T"'',...,.-111' '1-"'f~llll
each of + (noun) ll.n-'l"tJI.
Each of the boys bought a bicycle. l\.nJI"IJI.
A;t' R.l'l.h/1.'1- 1~
each of +(pronoun) l\.n-'11'.1:-+suffix pronoun
Each of us received a pack of cigarettes.
ll.n-'11'-'l"'f"l h"t-'11'.1:" 'II> 1'1.11'<~- T+RA"t
each one 'hi"J.q')~
Each one has to contribute his full share.
N'"tJI"tJI. ,...II- .1:-ClftJJo"l "'1'1'"1'1- hiiR'l-
each other 7-Cil RCit'ftJJo+stem of reciprocity
We don't like each other. 7-Cil Rcit";f"t h
1''1'1..1:"11"
eager
I. f'l'l. The eager children set up a clamor
to get into the movie house. l'l.t"''IIJo"l 11"'1
f'l- f'11-'l- A-,:;f- tDI. l'l.t"'' IL-l> II
""1'1'1- f."t""l.U. ~nc
2. 111)1:. He is always eager to forward his
friends' plans. f'll.'l''ll"t 7-:J.P..";f 7-"t'l.it
11- 11"'1.1:"~1 11-A'I.Il 111)1: ~"'"
be eager ~=l
I am eager to meet your friend. '11.;;'111' II
OD1IT'l- '11'JI'IIII-
eagerly R.,..,...,.
She devoured the gossip eagerly. tD<IotJJo"t n-..
1-'1-' hf.ODm";ftJJo
367 earlier
eagle "tllC
The eagle is used by many countries as a
national symbol. "tile R111t' h1C:"'f 7.1'
1. -Rm.<~-'E t.C"'' lf'l' ,.....~-n:t-A
ear
I. ;C:. A cat has pointed ears . .(-oo-} +'I'
111 ;<F:C: h~'l-
It goes in one ear and out the other. fl:")J!-
;<F:C:tJJo fl!l".f RMtJJo J.'IAA
2. 7-)!:J-. The ear of the pitcher was broken
off by the maid. f"''"t"'C"'<IYIIJo"l 7-)!:J-
1~ 1~mll"'ftJJo
*I have no ear for music. fODott.:J" ll"'-1-
fll'19"
ear of corn (7.).1-11
I bought two roasted ears of com at the market.
h1RJ.' 11-11'1- fTmRfl fR ... II- 7..1-ll
1~11-
be all ears
I am all ears. A-ll h.I:"C"I. hl-!1""11111-
be up to one's ears T"Pm
I am up to my ears in work. RP' <!- .,._1111-
galn the ear
Their complaints finally gained the ear of
the prime minister. RODI:u.~lf m:J>~f. "'l.
tll~ hiL-l>:J-'ftJJo"t HR'-'ftJJo
[See also 'gtin, half, tum, strike')
earlier (adj.)
I. fRI.'l-. His book incorporates his earlier
essay. ODK"dtf. fRI.'l- .1:-Cfl-1>1' ""'~~"C:
f.!!. A
2. f+.l:-'1". In the light of his earlier behavior,
it would be unwise to give him a job. f+ .(-'!"
tJJo"! ' m'll'"t ' (l"tODIIb'l- P'<!-IIJo"l ' IIC
11- ""llm'l- T1R. hl/.1.11!1"
earlier (adv.) +1.11" 1111-
He repudiated the statement he had made
earlier. +1.11" 1111- f.,....,~ .....,. lJI.
be earlier otse.OD
The Christian era is 622 years earlier than the
Muslim one. fhCll'l-t; H"""t h'-ll~!l" H
,....,. Rll.l:"ll'l- .....,. "' 11-11'1- 'tOD'l-
f.+ .(""''A
earliest
earliest f"''.+.<::-11"
This is the earliest extant manuscript. .e.u A.
1"J' h_,.il'll-1- f"''.+.<::-11" f11M; X'm.
<;: ~,.
[See also 'convenience']
earlobe [P':> fOqo'l- f:l':f'f.,. f]t.t:
11<;:A]
early (adj.)
I. .l.m't Yil. We expect an early reply.
.l.m't Yil ouAil h'tmQO:"il't
2. f'l"t'l-. Tell me something about early life
in Ethiopia. 1111 h.'l-f-lrY f'l"t'l- hS:S:
c 't1t:'t
3. ( ~ adv.) +Y.II" 1111-. We had an early din
ner. +Y.II" 11il't 1.&-'1- O~'t
4. ( ~ adv.) 0.,11-'1. He is an early riser.
0.,11-'1 f>)"IA
early part oaY..oP&I
Menelik ruled in the early part of this century.
ll"kAI1 OH.tJ'f.,. 11<;:11 HOD') aD"f.OD~Y
~" 111"
at a very early age fiA;E-~-11
He was struck down by illness at a very early
age. OA~)-1: 0011:1' .,..,...,.
at an early age '1'i Om11JT'>-i:
He has acquired a lot of knowledge at an
early age. ,., Om"''l-)1: 1111- ,,..,.,._
+P'":LA
In one's early years nmnJ+'>+ HOD'l
In his early years he liked ships. Om"''l-)'1-
HaD). ODCh11 f,m.l::'. )0C
early (adv.)
I. +11-. It gets dark early here. hH.tJ +II-
f>OD'lfA
2. 'l"t'l-. Men early learned the usefulness
of weapons. l'll":Y. fao"I~Y't '1'~11" ym.,.
'1-. 'l"t'l- ).,.
3. 0 ou"f.ao~y ~f>. The settlers came to
Kenya early in this century. l'lof..!l"'j; mY.
h.'tY faom-'1- OH.tJ 11<;:11 HOD') OD"f.ao
~Y~f>).,.
4. .,11-'1. He gets up early. .,11-'1 f>~"IA
5. hl'l'l-1: +Y.go 1111-. The guests came
early and found us unprepared. h't"IJ'.'6 11
l'l'l-1: +Y.go 1111.,. ililaom- ...'tH:>~
Y.t:IHI't
6. +Y.?" 1111-. Call me early! +Y.go 11iltJ
J'.fll-AA't
368 earnings
7. 01.11.. The party was dead, so I went
home early. :ret.,. O"'go +11:"q ilil
)OC 01.11. mY. 0.1: ~.1::'11-
early In life OA~)'I-
Musical ability often shows itself early in life.
f,....H.:" _,.l'l'l'l" h11q'f.,.'t 1.11. OA~)
'I- ' f,;J-m:I'A
come early +F..fU ftA
Easter comes early this year. 4-ll.lt OH.tJ 'I
""'~- '+ 1'.9" ' f>~A
it's too early (l'to-JJ '1'i )w-
It's too early; the cinema does not open till
10 o'clock. l'l'11: 1o; ).,. l ll.k., 0.1: 11
h&-'1- (1'1'1- 0.1.'1- hf>h.l.'l-9"
[See also 'morning1
earmark (v.) iiU hil+ODm
He earmarked the book for you. ODX'dtf.'t
iiU hll+aomAtJ
earmark (n.) II"Ah'I-
The owners recoguize their cattle by means of
earmarks. QIIO.+l- f+"t.l::' h11+il''ffll-'t
OgoAI1;J-'f.,. f>ill''l'lf'I'A
earn
I. h1'f. How much do you earn a week?
O... go')'l- ll't'l- :l'1'filtJ 1
2. hll1'f(il'l-). His conduct earned him uni-
versal respect. mQI' OtJoll- H't.l::' I111C't
hll1'fil'l-
earn a living .,..-;F.~
She earns her living as a dressmaker. OA111l
l'lol.)'l- P'&- '1-_,.-'IUII:f
earn (one's) own living
He will have to earn his own living. &-l'l-'t :Y.
II- OD'l'C hiiO'I-
[See also 'bread, livelihood']
earnest n
He is an earnest worker. ~'t 1 ,..,:..,.:;' 1 ).,.
be in dead earnest ,,.."'",. r ~m-
"No, it's no joke, I'm in dead earnest," Itold
him. filii". +A.<::- hf>Y.illl" I f?""-'t I ).,.
hAh-'1-
in earnest O~,.~T
If you work in earnest you will succeed.
O~'t)'l- h1P&-U Y,:"o;A?A
earnings f"''.Y1't
He spends all of hif earnings on gambling.
f"'i.Y1'f.,.') I IJ-1\- I O.,..,C I yql1o;A
earphone 369 easier

earphone f~r: "'/F:fiD""". ease (v.)

Earphones are acoustic aids for deaf people. I. hll;J-1rv. This medicine will ease. the pain.

~.~~.,.-:;.
earring 'l-'1-il'
.""'"'"
f]f..r: "''F:""""".l"":i- ll.<'."tol'r:l"":i- 11""11"'1.1
She likes to wear earrings. 'l-'1-il' "''F:~"'
'1-m'lll":i-
earth
1. oo&..'f-. The moon goes around the earth.
""~:!' 00 t.'l-"t '1-1.:.11-:f
2. h.I.C. He covered the roots with earth.
P'-1-"t h.I.C hlll1(lm-
3. rs:c. Seas cover most of the surface of
the earth. h11~"'tJJo"t f'I"F:C ~,.. m-~
if'i!'l';N\
how on earth h.~ i\oPif)..
How on earth are you going to move that
heavy rock? 1i~ /IODif). l 1"t"t '1-A:,O 91'1'
'{ h"t.<'.'l- r hF:C111 r ;J-):J'"t4'm- r Y.lf"t l
[See also 'bank']
earthen fifhll
The woman makes earthen jars for sale in the
market. ll.'l-\'"'1' 111111 fifhll h"til<l-l"":f
'1-rv<l-ll":i-
earthenware fifhll h,..
Earthenware is sold in the market place.
fifhll h:l' 111111 Y.if"'A
earthly 'I"F:<l-'1!
Earthly possessions are useless in heaven.
'I"F:<l-'1! "t11~1'":i- r 11{1"'/f. IL'I- 'I':J ll
II 'O:fm-
earthquake fout-'1- .,..,.,.,..,.,.
There was a bad earthquake in Japan. 11)1';r"t
"1Y.II"' fout.'l- on")4'ff'l' r )11C
[See also 'shock']
earthshaking 11"1'1" b'i!-1-"'
The prime minister announced an earth-
shaking revision in the constitution. m:t~,.e. a
"'1.111'1--1- 11"1'1" b'i!-1-"' flf) f ih1 .....,
"'P'-I>"t ""lflfA hll:f'"m"'
earwax 11-h
If earwax accumulates it may hurt the ear.
b-h r 11}(.1: I /l.m<l-4''/" I 1\.1-'1 r Y.":f'\llt.
earthworm '1-A
The oral opening of the earthworm is small.
f'I-A h'i! r 'l-"t11 )liJo
Y.ll ""F:~1'1- .nonoo-") 1ii:I'""'"'A
2. hllll. The belt is too tight; ease it a little!
4'11-l'tD- r 11"1'1" r m119/A I 'l-"t11 r hlllltJJo
3. h,..llll. I'll help you if it will ease your job.
P'<l-ll"t f"'i.Y:I'AAII r blf) r h~-'1?1111-
4. 4'11 1111- 11T"t,..4: hm"l. He eased the
big box through the narrow door. 'I-A4:"t "'
,.., 11miJ11 11c 4'11 1111- 11T"t:l'4: h
m"l
ease out +ll R+ll hmQ..
He eased the minister out of his position.
"'1.111'1--1-"t hP'A"l'O=fm- 4'11 114'11 hiD
~""'"'"
ease up -1-:1'1111 ! 4')(1
Now that all the exams are over, the pressure
is beginning to ease up. Ao-"l LT'im- o-
Il' ' 1111114' .,....,.,..., hf-1-:1'1111 (hf4')(l)
)liJo
ease (n.) '1"'1-
He lives a life of ease. f'l"'1- ).1: Y.'l'
<l-Ilt.
*Did you notice the ease with which he does
things? P'<l-tJJo"t h"t.<'.'l- 114'1111-. h"t.<'."'/.1
b'OliJo") hflll
ease of his manner ~;J YlitD- A\\~"}
The ease of his manner shows his self assur-
ance. ~;J 111m- h\\:\). 11.:.(1- IIY. 111
tJJo") ODof-"'/00") 1111A
feel at ease h"t.<'.AII- If) I -1-11'0'0
I never feel quite at ease when I'm with her.
b!). ;JC r lllf"t r h"t.<'.AIL r hAlf")'/"
A genial host makes his guests feel at ease.
-1-""1.'1'-:f ;JIJ'Ii" ' h"t"'P..'Il h"t-'1.11'0). y
.<'.C;J:f'PA
put at ease h"t-'1.11'0'0 h.<'.~1
He always puts his guests at ease. 11-A1.11.
h"t"'J'.'Il"t r h"t-'1.11'0). 1.<'.C;J:f'PA
with ease 111"t'l":i- ":i-"'C
He translates Amharic with ease. h"''C'f"t 1
ll"t'l":i- ":f"'c Y.-t-~7'"'/A
[See also 'ill']
(be) easier 4'1111
The job will be easier in daytime. P' ;:.m- 114'
"t Y.4'11A
get easier and easier +ll O+ll AfT:J>Iili
'/..<'.
The burden of the tax gets easier and easier.
easily 370 eat

0"111'1- fth-A $1\t- lfhll" 4'11 04'11 It is easy for you to talk, but it is I who will
7-.f-1".4'1111 f.~A suffer the consequences. DP....,1<- 1\'1+ +il
A I ~m- I .,. I f~"Ju-'lilD" I At I )~
easily
2. ( ~ adv.) 04'1111-. He is a person who is
I. 04'1111-. I can easily believe that. ,1")1 04'
easy to get on with. 04'1111- f"'L"Iflti''l- II
1111- ' 119"1- ' 7-.:fi\1111- (I}< I lj(l)<
He lightened the load and I could carry it
3. S'...,'i. He gave us easy terms on the loan.
easily. lfhon-1- 11114'HIA't 04'1111- Alf h4'~RA1-
1111~ ,_..,., J:"CJ:"C
boom- !I'Ah-
4. IAIA. Many students prefer easy teachers.
2. $11 :f"IC. The traffic moves along easily.
11H- 1".,61":f AA ODII"IJ<!-1-1- f.""C"'II-
0011..,,... $1\ ' :f"IC f.TI\1\'f.ll-
3. .f-ifo. She blushes easily when she is in be easy +All
company. lu'lm- ;>C 11'1-IM .f-ifo ;1-<i:.t-11:f English would be easy for you. 7-.1-"111.11'1 II
4. -f"oo:f.f-'1-. The patient is resting easily. 1-1" f.4'A?A
fi7i1""'1D- -f"OD:f.f-'1- h~'i' 11~A easy life
5. ft'l-1-lf.. The train may easily be an hour He leads an easy life. $11 .hll11 W:" <!-A
late. flfK. fi'l-1-lf. h1-J:" ll'l'l- f.HVA (at an) easy pace flll'"l;t-
6. $11 'I'C'I'C. She is easily the best student The mule ambled on at an easy pace along the
in class. $11 'I'C'I'C 7-.!l fih'i'll- t-11'1' rolid. fi:j>ll-'l' noo1-1'1- 1\f. 011"1;1- 'tY.:f
9"C'l' .,...,6 .,,_ fairly easy 4'1\IA fA
[See also 'handle'] This is a fairly easy book. ,.e.u +AA fit oP

east (n.) 9"J"t.:j> X".h'i' ' )tD-

The sun rises in the east. fJdt.~ 09"'P' .t. take It easy
:j> '1-m"'ll:f I'm taking it easy today. ~.:. ' 7-.1-Y.)1'1- ' wu;
east (adj.) '1'1\11-
I. 9"I" t-.4''1'.. The east side of the city was des take It easy I h'I-Q;l.):j>
troyed by the earthquake. fh-l".,m- 9"1"<1- Take it easy! You may hurt yourself working
.4''1'. h'i'A noo.:,:,. oo")4''1'4''1' 9"h1-$'1- so hard. h'I-Q;l.):j> l 7-.1-Y.H.IJ ft"lf.A 11'1-
L~ll "'t. '1-1-JI f.IJ'"A
2. (~ adv.) bii"J"t.:j>. An east wind is blow- [See also 'reach, stage']
ing today. ~.:. )'f-11- h9"J"t.:j> f.)'i'IIA
easy chair 9"'1l m1-nc
Easter 4-ll.ll Easy chairs are sold here. ll"'li m")ftC 7-.H.
Easter comes early this year. 4-(Lll fiH.tJ qoo IJ Y.lf"'A
:,. 4'Y.9" f.IIA
easygoing f.,f-)~)11
easterly ( ~ adv.) hmY. 9"1"<!-:j> An easygoing employer will have loyal workers.
An easterly wind is blowing today. ~~~ ~4-(to
f.,f-)~)11 ' hoP6 ' ,..,'t ' oP<!-1-'l':f ' f.
bmY. II"J"t.:j> f.)'i'IIA 'l'-1-;1-A
eastern 9"1"<1-.4''1'. ! fll"l"t.:j>
eat 011
I koow the eastern part pretty well. 9"I" t-.4''1'.
The child did not eat the banana. A)l: on-H-
tD-1- h'i'A ftY.1-11 ht-.4'1111-
.,. hAftl\9"
Eastern countries are slowly improving them-
The acid ate into the iron. hll.>l- ' 11~-1>1- ' n
selves. fll"l"t.:j> Mt::f 4'11 04'11 n
I\ ID-
oolflfA 1\f. .,:fm-
eat away If~If~
eastward mY. 9"J"t.:j> The river has eaten away the bank. m"tn- ~
The plane disappeared flying eastward. hm-t:T CJI't-1- lfC"lit:;J-A
II). mY. 9"J"t-:j> nt: b'lf-1- 1-11m~ eat out aJ-ttp ~ fll\
easy Let's eat out tonight! I am tired of cooking.
l. +1\A. That was an easy question. 'I' fcJ:m- 1.11-t ~&. _,,. tJJ-"f!' 7.1-1111 I 11""111
4'1\A )ftC ODI" <1-T ' IIA:f.fo"'A
 eater 371 economics

eat up after every ten steps. h~Y't.ll't'l- OFC ~C

1. h."J,.tn 01\. We were very hungry and ate
1 'J'?f I fl:\1\ I aJ~ I :\1\ I OOifC I l\_~..,1; I )1C I
everything up. 0"1!1" ~Cil't 1111)0<: h"J. f.ll"'tilY~
m't 01\'t be eccentric hflaJo 11.~1Tr'r
2. t.mof. l ""<:fl. The locusts ate up the grain. His behavior is quite eccentric. mQ~ 1 hfl
t.'tO"' ~1111-'t t.mof.m- (""<:lim-) m- hf.~'l'!l"!l"
3. ""C{l 0'1. Eat up your dinner! ~&.'1-ll't
""Cilll ill\ echo (echoed), v.
(be) eaten up h.l.l. I. t.ll-1':>fl. The sound of the shot echoed
He's eaten up with jealousy. 0:,0<;'1- t.<:<: through the hills. f-l'li'll- .1':11"6 Ol><:il.f-
(or :,O<;+ M~lll\";hll) '6 ""'~ t.ll-1' :>II
[See also 'fill, lightly, word'] 2. ~'tS'. toll-) HOil"'IY'I- S'.~"" They echoed
every word of their leader. foP&Y'fm-'t :1'
eater, big - 11".11!1" ~ ~'tS'. All-) HOil"'IY'I- S'.~,_
He is a big eater. l\.fto 1 II"J:r )aJo
echo (echoes), n. f1S'.~ "'1"'1.-f-
be a great eater of 01llf~r fll\
If you listen you can hear the echo. 11;1'.1111"'1'
They are great eaters of fish. 'i"' Oil~+ f. f~S'.~ "'l"'l..ftJJo ,......,,~
0'111-
be a small eater eclipse (v.) t.ll<;4'
He is a small eater. ill!- t.f.O'I!I" She was so beautiful, she eclipsed every other
woman at the party. 0"1!1" .f>'t ,1': h""ll"
eave fiL+ h.!.'i' S: f-1')"1 O"lil"lf"m- 'If. f)Oor'l-'t 11.-f-
The gutter along the eaves is leaking. OIL-to 'f IJ-1\- t.ll'i4'!J''fm-
h.!.'i' 'If. Yllm- t.lf't-'1 YA.ll~
eclipse (n.) fDdof. "IC)f ! fDdof. "ICI'-11
eavesdrop (eavesdropped) Ollm-c t..lloom Darkness fell upon the town during the eclipse.
He stood behind the door and eavesdropped ODdof. "IC!f ("ICI'-11) 1.11. h-1'"'/f.-lo
on our conversation. hoo1fvm- 1 JPC +1\ 0""11"'1 -l''l'm'f
Tt:: 't"l"l&.'f't't OlltJJoC h-'l""m lunar eclipse fQ;t..4' 1 ..,CP."li
ebb (v.) The shadow of the earth on the moon causes
I. lflf. As the tide ebbed, we picked up the lunar eclipse. foo~:,. 1 Til 1 0"~>..4' 1 I\
the pebbles. .,.~'1- ll.lf11 mmc 114'!1"'t f. ll.YC'i' f""l::l' "ICI'-11 f.A.m&.~
2. "")""). Our hopes for victory ebbed. economic flbl>-:'"'1.
11"'/lf)'l' no<:'t -1'114- "")"") Ethiopia has received large amounts of eco-
ebb (n.) nomic aid. t..+f-kY h'i' Yll flbl>-:'"'1.
~C-'1;1' -1'4'11111\'f
He likes to watch the ebb of the sea. ffJ.hC
"'lbO~ IDS'. :\'1 fl.oP/111 "'lf'J- f.ID-'1~ economical ofr."'O.
She's a very economical housewife. ~!). flliJ
ebony [T'tt,.:.m- ~'tS'. 4'<:1!" fll") .,..,.c
II" ofr."'O. fiL'I- ~""IL-l- )'f
b't ...+]
be economical 4Lmfl
ebullient ..,~:,.~:,. This type of heating is very economical.
His ebullient manner makes people forget the fltll 'if.).'J- "'1.,.-I:Y 0"111" f.ofr.TIJ~
problems he has . ..,~:,.~:,. mfJI' Ollm-
economically omfl
H't.l': 'f"lc YIIO+ t.Yil""llllm-!1"
He has to offset his small salary by living
be In ebullient mood fl~{l;t- 1 oTfj:l\+1\+ economically. Mll-l''f S'-.,.11-'t 11"'111??+
The award winner was in an ebullient mood at omfJ oo-;c t.IIO-l-
the dinner in his honor. 11~"'1-to't nTm-
llm- llhil-1- 0-!'H:>J:II-l- ~&..'J- 'If.
economics fll11'1- 11""1~ l !l""'l< o11'1-llbl>':'
OY.Il;f' -1''1'114'114' "'l.hll
He attended a seminar in economics. av-a:,. 1
eccentric ~'t"l-'1 !1""1~ (Ribl>'f"'l.hll) '1-!I"IIC;f'' '1-fllb
It would be ecoentric for you to turn around 'If. """"'!1.~
economize 372 editor

economize "kmO There is a shoe factory on the edge of the town.

We have to economize now since we don't Oh1'"'1w- .IICil' h"tJ.': f""l"'l 4-11&1} hll
have much money left. 11rt- 1 11H11 1 111\ol\1'<: 2. mC11. The edge of this plate is chipped .
.f.") I hiJ-") I 00"lilm11 I hll11") fH.II lt.h"t mC11 1'lfC!I,ol\
I cut myself on the edge of the paper. fiD<:.,.-1>
economy (economies) fll11'1- 1 9""ll!. 1 J'.Jf;t- mC11 "'<:m'S
The country's economy is in good shape. 3. h.'l-'i'. He stopped short at the edge of the
.J'1&;f: fii11T 9""1~ I J'.Jf:J' I 'J'-1- I ~fD
I I
cliff. h1.1'.11- h'i-'i' .I'.C(o 11'1'4:'1- .II~
*By various little economies, she saved enough 4. 1111'1-. The edge is dull. IIIIi> .1'.~11 ~,.
money for a vacation. T-t."t 1 OT-t:,. 1 htn~ 5. h'i'. This is a sword with a double edge.
:I':J-"'1 llc)l:'i'T "J.If,'J' I flof: I 11011 I hh
~,.
I I
J'.U ' 11-IIT ' h'i' ' film- ' 1&-.l'. I
"'Iff
be on edge I}' J.': q(l(w-)
it's an economy .,'1H11 1 .etJLTflA
She is on edge today because she had a quarrel
It's an economy in the long run to buy good with her husband. hq!l 1 ;>C 1 1'"1&\:J- 1 ll
quality cloth. '1'-1- 1 ""C:J>"t 1 oP"'~'l- IIHIIol: II~OC ~~ ll'J.': il!t:J'ol\
;J-fD- I 11011") I J'."''l'qol\
[See also 'cutting, fine, heavy, keen, lose, tooth']
ecstasy 'i'"t.l'.:l'
His ecstasy knew no bounds. rtt- 1 ~'1"-..4" m edgewise, hold ~
(l") I hoi\~O<:w-9" *Hold the knife edgewise when you sharpen it.
ll'l'l'fD-") ' ll'l-llol\ ' illli>"t ' aJ-'1")1' ' h;t-J.':
be in ecstasy OY.il;J- 4.JY.+
C"'
She was in ecstasy over the gift. lltn;J-m-"t 1 (I
;t-1'S I O.l'.(l;t- I .~.~ ....,.";f- edible f"'LO'I
Some fish are edible. h"t.ll"tJ.': 1 ~"'l"'f- f"t
eczema 'fl.. 011-' .,,,.
He suffered from eczema. 'fl.. 1 J'.Jf:J-ol\
not be edible h.l'-0'19"
edge (v.) h.l..l. This fruit is not edible. .1'-11 'i'~ h.l'-0'19"
He edged the table cloth with a red stripe.
fml:A.~fD-") I ol\11(1 I fl.,.J'. 0 ....C:J> I h.f..f.fD-
edict O'l';t'O
The bookbinder edged the book in leather. An edict of amnesty is generally proclaimed on
oPX"tht;: 1 m&.1P foPX"th.f.'1 1 mC1f 1 O.f-'1: 1
holidays. f9".h<:'l- 0'1';!': h.11~l;'m-") "1.
h.l..l.m- H. OO~ol\ .,.'i"'f- J'.;J-a>"lfol\
edge along
*The boy scouts edged along the cliff. PJ'. 1 edifice .h"tll
l\{li}<D-f-'6 I 01.1'.11- I ""l'i' I 'If. ' O.,.(l;J- ' 1''lrt- The Jubilee Palace is an imposing edifice.
edge away l\4.. .,L., fh.I'"O.ol\1' ' 0.1' ' oP")"'I"T
~I teD-
I "1-1-9" I .h")
He edged away from the mad dog. hl\11.11. 1 ,.

lf ' h.l.1.1.1 edify (edified) M:J>:J>

edge nearer m;:a 1 1\1..~., His example edified us. oPol\1}9" 1 !l"lt/1.~1>
He edged his chair nearer to the fire. ID"t0-1-"t 1 M:l':l'"t
aJ.I'. I l\/tof> I ffi;J I h.l'.l:1
edit hn:>,;
edge (through) O'l'"t:l'ol: 1 h.{l1q Two students were chosen to edit the school
They edged the huge box through the door. bulletin. o-11'1- 1'"'1&1"'fo f'l-9"UC'l- 0.1>
'1-ol\<ll") ' "''l'"t I 00-1- I Oh-ol\ I 0'1'"):1'4: I
") ' oPI\'do.T I l\").IIJ'H;>1f. ' .,.... .:....
hil111-'l-
1 1\ll.t..
edge {one's way) through .,.if.A-hAlt edition l\-l-9"
He edged his way through the crowd. 01'(10 The book came out in two editions. oox-m.f. 1

(lflfD- I .h1fiJ I oP"Ijol\ I 1'if./l"hol\l> I hll.f. Oo-11'1- ' l\-l-9" I aJ"'

edge (n.) editor hn:>;t':

I. .IIC l .IICil'. He lives at the edge of the town. Who is the editor of this newspaper? fH.U
h1'"'1m- .IIC 1 .1'-'i"&-ol\ -""'"' ' hH:>;t'O I "'l"t ' ~,. l
editorial
~~=-----------------~-------------------
editorial (n.) eM l>"t4>lr
Did you read the editorial? CMI l>"t4>l\."t
MR11h l
editorial (adj.) flrd>'i: l>H:>~H
Editorial work requires a broad education.
flrd>'i: hH:>~~:,. P'&- 114- Yll +r
uc+ f.mf.:NA
educate 1>111'"'/t.
We have to educate all of our children.
A.;(!J'":fn R..,.fl- "'1111'"'/C 1>11-tl"t
educate oneself &-(l."t R&-(1. 1>111'"'/t.
The poor boy had to educate himself in the
evenings after work. ":f-lt.'i'tD- A~ "'1:1"
"'1:1" hP'&- tD-"1!' &-(l."t R&-1\- "'1111'"'1
c ~nt.n+
educated f1-"'lt.
In common with educated people, he likes
poetry. ;>."tf..1'"'1-l- lll"":f 11-11- 'l>~"t r.m
J!A
education
I. +rue+. Education is indispensable in our
times. +rue+ R1.11J'":f"t 'i:t..r 1>11.1.11
'l.. I ~d)o
2. oof116Y. The money was put away for his
education. 11'Hfl-- fT+oPmaJ- Aft- oPIPJ6
y ;>."tJ!.ll'"t ~nc
higher education h<i:1''i' +rue+
Where did he receive his higher education?
h<i:1''i' +rUC-I>"t f1'"'/(.tD- f+ ~tD-l
lack of education ll.Aoo-rc
His mistakes betrayed his lack of education.
fLK"'I:ftD- llih1'.,._":f hi\OD"'/-1-"t ~1\l\.RT
l"eceive an education -f-117~
He received a good education abroad. Om-"'V'
h~C Rf.."tofl 1'rZ:A.
[See also 'compulsory1
educational +rue+ ~h
Educational motion pictures have helped the
students learn more. +rue+ ~h LA'I"
":f _,..,&l"":f"t fRIIm ;>."tJ!."'I-1- ' t.Y:1''1'
:f'PA.
educator r+rut+ 11.'1>
The educators are considering school reform.
r+ruc+ l\..4'tD-"tT +rue+ IL+"t
1\.,lflfA R.,ll-11 ilf. 'i':ftD-
efface l>m4-
He effaced the inscription on the wall. ..,~Jim-
ilf. f~Rt.tD-"t lrd>'i: l>m4-
373 effect
efface oneself ..,.ifif'l
The shy boy effaced himself by staying in the
background. 'lf.'i'~ A~ mf.. :\il noo
ll'"t ' 1'lfif1
effect (v.)
I. RP'&- ilf. 1>'1'11. He effected the change
without difficulty. 1\tD-m-"t Yll ":f"IC R
P'&- ' "" h'l'l\tD-
2. hh'i'm~. They effected the change from
Maria Theresa dollars to the new currency
without difficulty. .,c:,..:.~"t qJ!.o\- 1"t
Hofl OD1'tr1:"t Yll h"tJ!":f ":f"IC ' l>h'i'
m).
3. l>llh1'11. His mother's death effected a
change in his way of life. f;>.'i'1: ,..,.,. R).
t:tD- ' 11-~:1" ' "" ' 1\tD-'l' hllh1'1\
studying this dictionary will effect an im
provement in your language. ,.e.u1' OD1J'10
.4'ilT -ti:J"m'i' Ml"t!'l 1Y: oolflfA :1"
1'i'IIU
effect (n.)
I. m-m.+. His speech produced the desired
effect. "t"l"l-1- f1'4..1\~tD-"t m-m.+ l>ll1'f
2. '1'4-T. The country has recovered from the
effects of the war. 111&-l> tnC~1: hf..t.ll
q:,. '1'4-T l>"tii&-C:J-1\":f
3. .,..~~:,.. The effect of tobacco on health is
a debatable question. :,.rqll' nm."t~+ il
f. f"'l.Yf..CIIm- .,..~~:,. f"7.Yh&-hC ~m-
4. "1f.A. The effect of heat on metals results
in expansion. foo-++ '1'.e.A = ill:t" ' ill.
T"t YII4-4-A
effects 7t..+
The hotel seized his effects because he couldn't
pay the bill. YIIRr"t do.ll-11 1\0Dh.I..A Ill\
"'IJ'.":fA 11'-1:11- ;>.:J'tD-"t YHRT
be In effect l\'i'
The rules are still in effect. ~.,.fl:ri 1 h&"tr-
;>."tf..K). ' 'i':fm-
be put into effect O.P&. 1\,.e.. tfA
The new ruling was just put into effect.
JVl.fto I ih.., I .,c; I OP"&. I lt,.e. I Ol'tp{lo- I ~m-
for effect IIMA'S
He wears a large gold ring with a large diamond
on it for effect. 1\M!A'S +A'l> l>A.,11 .,.
11 YIIRT +A'l> fmC'l> 4>11R+ l>J:-C'iA
from the effects h - - f1'~"1
The children were suffering from the effects
of the hot weather. A;('ll h'l".4'-1> YfC
~~-~:r r.,.~.., ""'"''"
~ nc
effective
give the effect of ou(l{t
The new plastic gives the effect of real leather.
h-'l./1- T'llltll All h<JJoH'f 4''1 f.oo
MA
go into effect O.P'&- It~ t:FI'\
That law will go into effect next month.
;,...,... oot_ooliJm- me OP"~ ~t.e- .em-1\A.
have an effect rPt--
The medicine had an immediate effect. ouJ.!'"~k
-j: I aJJU'(Do). I 1P&-
have great effect 1tT'l+ (tfl~
The father's malediction has great effect.
.fll'l- hC"I'"/"1 h'l'"l'l- f.ll11t-A
have no effect -.F: flt~&r i 9'"'19" aJom.
'1- hA)fl.I:<JJoll"
+scolding has no effect on him. illtftl
"IJ.': fii<JJoll"
His protest had no effect . ..,.,:1-m-lJ"tD- ?""}~
<JJom'l- hA)fl.I:<JJoll"
in effect
*His silence was in effect a confirmation of the
rumor. 119"" = "71\11 fm~m-"} "-C1m~~.'J- =
h"IS'.'"/"""1 f"'l.'lmc )<JJo
take effect rPt;.
The injection is beginning to take effect.
OOC~(D4 I ,e.IP&. I 1:oPC
to that effect
*He said he might agree to do it or words to
that effect. ll"'iAIJ'l- liJS'.C1<JJo h"IS'."'l.ll'"l
"'/ tDf-9" f-11"1 ' fOD{lil ' hiJIJA ' -l-'i1.1:
effective
1. ...,..;.. m-m.+ f"tllT ! fi:~"}. The government
took effective measures against malaria. oo"}..,
1"'-t: miJ"! il'"/'1'4-'1- -No <JJom'l- f"'l.
ll'l' ( 'i'-1:"1) hCll")l' tDilS'.
2. -1-S'.'"/"f!>)T .fii<JJo. An effective speaker is
needed to present our case to the public.
il.ft11ll- M.fl-"1"1 il'"/'1>.1:11 -1-S'.'"/"1!")'1-
.fii<JJo -1-'i;>& .fll.l.A;>A
be effective
1. OP't- 1\f, 'FA. A law is effective as
soon as the President signs the act. T"-lVn
-f: 0 h"!f..l..I;ODflT 0 .ft1- 0 fll"'t- 0 '\f. 0 f.<JJo
'lA
2. ;t!A. Our artillery was effective in destroying
the city. lliJJ.': oo"f&.f:f"l ll-1-'"/<JJo"l II'"/
'1'4-'1- !I'll
effectuate hll17
Only persistent effort will effectuate the desired
374 effort
results . .filoollA'I''l- f"'l.S'.-1:"1 '1'.1:~ 11!1'
f-J-4.ii1<JJo"l <JJom'l- .fll1'1A
effeminate
1. ft1.+. His way of dressing is effeminate.
hilllll/1- fll.'l- )<JJo
2. t1.:1" t1.+. His gait is effeminate. l'ti.."''OOJJ. 1
11.;1". 11.'1- ' )<JJo
effervescent 'i'A'I>A'I> l S'.'"/9"
Her effervescent personality makes her a
lovable companion. 'i'A'I>A'I> (S'.'"/9") mil
WI' -J-m'l~ .fS'.C;>;I"A
be effervescent d.lt
This mineral water is effervescent . .eu 1 mn
A f..l.'IA
effete '1f.ll- f-1-"J.mmll'l-
An effete civilization will soon lose influence.
'1f.ll- f-1-"J.mmll'l- I"'A"'~ fl.Y.II- -1-
li"M.<JJo"l .f"'A
efficacious
1. hT."10... An efficacious solution was found
to the problem of the drought. llil .f:C4>-t:
h'l':>IL flY) """''~-"'- -1-17
2. m.4'""L. Vaccination for smallpox is effica~
cious. ll'l-11'1- 114."1"1"1 ooMll.f m:J>"'l.
)<JJo
efficacy 'i'-f:"l)'l-
He invented a drug of great efficacy. ;1"'1'1>
'i'-f:"I)T ' .fii<JJo OD.f:;)t'l- 4.illl4.
efficiency 'I>Nr<t:'i
The mason worked with great efficiency.
"l"ll1'1<JJo llb'i'-1-'1 'I>A'I''i''i oPt-
efficient 4>A"'4-
He is an efficient worker. +AIIJof.. ~Pt.+~
~ ....
be efficient m.4'"7..~+ hAm-
Our new house is more efficient than our old
one. bJ.':C"<JJo f.A'I> t-.0:.11- 0.;1-:f"l ffl
lim m:J>"'l. )')- hilaJo
effigy (effigies) ll"llA
They made an effigy of the king. f"l1-,.."l
9'"llA 1 wo;.
effort
1. J!'1t?'". All his efforts were in vain. ~It,..
11-11- 11"1-f: )flC
2. '1'.1:'1-. He constantly belittles my efforts to
write better. l\".ft.l.-1;"1 il'"/!f!fA f'"/S'.C1<JJo
"I ' '1'.1:'1- ' l1-A1.H. ' .f"l!l/1i!fA
 effrontery
3. '1-"'A. The enemy may win yet if we relax
our efforts. ho-'t9" ILII"t '1-"1~:f't't h
4'Hl't m~'l- l':A IU'S'.C1't 1'-:f~A
4. ( ~ make an effort) II of.. In spite of my
efforts, the boy remained passive. 9""}9" J -f'M
of. l\'t\>. A1!: 1-IJof.f. ilf.ll"t 4'(.
bend every effort f+;r:ll.tJJo"} r Qwfto 1\F.~'l
We must bend every effort to beat the enemy.
m~'l-'t l':A ll"''l':t."' f-l'il'll't't rNr
"''l':t."' hMI't
exert one's efforts OllJr +IIJIIJ&'.
He exerted his efforts to arrive early. +F..fd
1111- lloPJ':(.II 0"19" 1'"1"1(.
expend much effort 11,.. ~ 'l'tl.T = 1\f..l."l
He expended much effort to Jearn Amharic.
h"''C'i' lloP"''C ' 1111- 'l't.'l- hS'.t.1
make an effort 'l"hl.
Please make an effort to come on time !
Or'r'i-1> lloP9""J'I- 'l"hC
make every effort fT!J!i\av) r f1o/r J 1\F..1
I will make every effort to help you. h'ti''t
lloPCJI'I- ' f-l'il'll't't ' rJo/r ' hf.C;JIIIJ-
[See also 'combined, frantic, strain, stretch']
effrontery 11A"'<; I l':'i't.'I-
His effrontery offended the teacher. 11A"'<;m-
(J':'i't.-1>) ' oP9"1Jop't ' hll4'foPID-
have the effrontery F..Ll.
She had the effrontery to ask for two free
samples. F.t;:.,t. v-1\T r~~ c;no-c; mf+~
effusive 0"19" f-1'".7.".7.4' l 11"'1.'1- f-1''1"~
Her effusive greetings are embarrassing. OIIJ
9" f1-".t".t4'm- (11"'1.'1- fi''l"~m-) , M!l":f"
'I' ' f"'I...M'i'C ~m-
egg l\'tMA
The chicken laid an egg. P.l':'l' l\ 't4l~A ' "'
ll:f
[See also 'sit, white']
eggplant "''S'.Cil' 1 ont.cil'
eggshell fl\'t4!~A '1-co~.-r
The flimsy boat was crushed like an eggshell.
t.."':J''I' ' ~Aq l\'tt. l\'t4!~A '1-co~.-r
~IJhi':f
egoism t:.ll't ' 11il' ' roJIJ':~'I-
His biggest fault is his egoism. TA-l! -,...r:l\-1:
t:-11-'t ' 11!1' ' IDJIJ':~-1> ' ~,_
eight ll!l"'t'l-
375 eke
eight o'clock l.lwi\T 1 lt'lT
I will be home at eight o'clock. Oo-11'1-
r'r't'l- ML'I- M'i'llo-
eighteen OP't:. lll"''t'l-
eighth lll""t-l''i'
eighty r'r"'''tJ.'
either (adj. pron.)
I. h'tf.'i'ro- I h't'I.!I".Doeseitheroftheseroads
lead to Harar? hHI.IJ on't1P.:f h'tJ.'.>;'m-
IDS'. ' mt.C 1'-IDIIJIA l
He looked at two cars, but did not buy either.
o-11'1- oPh.<;l":f hf "''t h't'l.'t!l"
hA1~
2. o-11-1>!1". Either (one) is correct. o-11-1>!1"
Ah ~,.
He can write with either hand. Oll-1\"=9"' "-Jt
11.~'1'' 1'-:f~A
3. h,.ll-1> fLMm-. You may take either
book. ho-11-1> fLII"'li<D-'t -~""'~' A-1-
rolll': '1-:f~IIIJ
*There were trees on either side of the road.
non't1'1. "'t:.<; 4''5 ~,;::f ~n-r
either (adv.)
He doesn't know it either. l\11-9" hJ.'tD-4'
ID<!I"
John has not been to Ethiopia and Bill has
not been there either. }0 h.-'1-f"k.V 'tP.
hJ.'tD-'I-9" l 0.<1\9" >.'tf.H.II-
either or lD~'F'
I leave either tonight or tomorrow morning.
~&, ' "'':f" ' IDJ'-!1" ' ~1 ' 1!1.'1- ' l\'t-'11111-
Either come or write. 'i 1 m~9"' 1 J?..ofl-'10. ' ~'i:
[See also 'hand']
ejaculate, make - h"'if.(.
The electric shock made him ejaculate with
pain. l>t.'tt 1\.J.'.HID< II.A ' OP':J'f. h"'i
f,.(.
eject
I. hiiiD"'. The manager ejected them for not
paying the rent. h.t:-1'- MAhLII- P'.:.
hllh.J.'11: ' hiiiD"''fm-
2. 1-of.. The volcano ejected ashes. l\lt-1' 1
'f"t:.ID- hoP l': 1-of.
eke, - out h11:J':J'
The housewife eked out a dinner of leftovers
by adding rice. fll.:J: l\ou0.-1- 0-l't.Lm- !I"
"111 ~f. '1-11 ' ""'9"t:.. lll\t:-'1- h11:J':J':fm-
 elaborate
*They managed to eke out a living by farming
a small piece of land. 'l-"t11 ou,:.-'1- fl"7t:
il M:J-11\- ll""'l'C ii'A-
elaborate (v.) fi11C11C IIH:>l':
The general elaborated his plan. :(~<1-1\-
,_'1>'1."t fl11C11C IIH:>)>;
elaborate upon .-,...,.1i i'tofl.&.&.
Can you elaborate upon your statement?
fll"'l-lla>-"t 'l-"t11 11"711<1-.l-'1- '1-".fl\1111 ?
elaborate (adj.)
I. .:-1:'1>. The Jubilee Palace is a very elaborate
structure. fll.l'"fl.t\1< 11.-1- """t"IP''I- ih"t
2\ J JPt-OJ- I of!~ I ~fl)o<
2. h'i',.'l T"t-"'oJ: f"''. ...t:"lll-'1-. Elaborate
preparations are being made for the coronation
ceremonies. 1\HtD-Y: 0'1-A hhllOC h;:.+
>;' ' T"t-"'oJ: ' f"'i..".t:"lll-'1- ' 11"1)!.''1- ' fiODlJ<;'
ID1' I 1\.e. I )'OJ-
elapSe 1111.1.
Thirty minutes elapsed before the lecture
began. '1-II"IIC-1> 1\J'.)>;ODC wl\1\ .._<!:-"' II
11.1.
*Many days elapsed before they returned.
1\J'.ODIII\- 1111- n , ~~'""'"'"
elastic (n.) 1\ilth
Do you need any elastic for the blouse?
llli'"'/.1111 l\il1:ll 'I-.I.A1..1'1111 ?
elastic (adj.) f"''.llmT
Rubber is elastic. 1D'7 fotl\mT ~1C ~m
*The government has an elastic foreign policy.
OD"t"IP'-1> ' ,."t ...1.H.tJ>o ' IH:f" ' ll.ll'l'fDT '
f"''. ".fA ' ftJ>o"f!' ' 1-'IJ'. oPOD(.J' 1\lltJ>o
elate 1\il.l.~.._.,.
Winning first prize elated her. fll"t ...'h-'1-"t
11A"7'1- "7"1T:t 1\il.l.~..__,..,..
be elated ,(.~,g.+
He was elated at the news. m&fDo'l Oli:D?
1.11. ' .~.~ ....,.
elation 'i'"t..__,..
His elation is due to his having received a
scholarship. 'i'"t ..__,....,. fU, '1-II"IIC'I- ill\
1T I )tD-
elbow (v.), - aside 1of.'1'1' 1111.1.
He elbowed the other shoppers aside. /1.11-".f
111.1'-1-'l'".f"t ' 1of.'i'1' ' 1111.1.
elbow ones way throu1h +;J'i:+ hilL
She elbowed her way through the crowd.
{ltJ>o ' floJ-(lfl{lflfl'l- ' OD'IjA 0 oJ-."J'i':f" ' 1\IIJ.".f
376 electric current
elbow (n.) lle"t
I banged my elbow. llC~"t 1\:>Q;J. 'Ji.'l-
elder (n.)
I. 11"7"1/1.. The village elders held a council.
foP") ...~ ' 11"7"1/I.P'".f ' il11{lll ' 11 ... ,:.,.
2. ;J-1\'1> (pl. ;J-1\1\'I>). We must respect our elders.
;J-1\1\ollil'".f"t"t "7llfiC 111111"t
elder (adj.) :f"l\'1>
My elder brother is in Ethiopia. ;fl\'1> m"t
.1:"~ ' 11.'1-l'"k.l' ' tJ>oiiT ' ~"'"
elderly
I. flb.J:"~ f1of.. I am living with an elderly
couple. fll"<:'t:m- flb.J:"~ h14- IIA<;'
"''.il'l- :>C ~a>-
2. m<;".I'II.Itooklodging with an elderly lady.
IJ"t-'1.'1- m<; IJA- ll.'l- 11.'1- -1-h<l-ftJo
eldest ffl1ic A)!.'
The eldest son becomes the head of the family
when the father dies. 1111'1- 11.'1"'1- ffl1iC
A"!": ffl.-1- {lflo 11'1'16 J'.IT<;'A
elect ODt:m
They elected him president. IITtl.H.'l"t'l-~'1-
out:m-'1-
First-year students may elect French or
German. f""l':""t-.1' 'lOD'I- oJ-"7t-P'".f A.t:"til
J'.>;' WJ'.II" )>;Coo")>;' lloo?"t:T J'.".fl\1\-
election II"C""l
When were the last elections held? I liLt&
?"C""l oo'f .,..._.:1
!
His election took place last week. fll- II"C
""1 ' llllol.tJ>o ' 1\?""t'l- ' oJ-h<;'fD~
elective (n.) fiii"C'"'i f"''.fD{l.J:" '1-II"IIC'I-
French is an elective in our school. 0.-,.9"11
c:r- 11.;1-".f"t .t.t:"t'IJ'.'l fiii"C""l f"''.m
{l.J:" ' '1-ll"llll'l- ' ~ ....
elective (adj.) flih1111 f"'/.DDt:T
In America senators hold elective office.
fii\"'UIJ ' I\1C ' fih"l ' ODW{l>;' ' 1\1111-".f '
flih1111 ' f"'i.""ltno IIIIP'A"'<:'".f ' <;'J'm-
electric flll./l.ll'l-t-11 f"'/."'<1-
The child received an electric train. AY: fill.
1\.h'l-t-h f"'/."'<1- 11"1f"t1-ll.'l- llfloC -1-
Tflll
electric bulb 1111"1'A
electric current l>t:"t1:
The electric current has been turned off.
!>t:"ttm- m'i':tA
electrician
electrician ft..ll.h-l-&h ,.&..,.';'
Since there was no electrician around, we had
no one to connect the electricity for us.
ft..ll.h-l-&h ,.&._,.';' IJIIIJII.fl>o MA~Ot:
ouil&.:J''f"l'} f"t.,.TAA'} hnJ'}
electricity t..ll.h-l-&h 1 1>.:'}1:
There is no electricity in our city. Oh.,.tr?l-"}
h.l\.h-l-&h ' (lol:'}1:) ' fll9"
electrify (electrified)
I. t..ll.h-l-&h hii11J. The farmers of this
village electrified their farms. OH.II ou'}f.C
ffl- 10&-l":f llhC'i''l'fl>o h.l\.h-l-&h h
11111-
2. hll.l.~mn. The good news electrified the
students. f9"11&.,; .,..,.:l",;'} hiiL~mq
't'fl>o
be electrified O!ot:'}1: "lf.A .,.111111
Most fanns have now been electrified lltJo"}
1.11 hilql;'l":f fhC'I' P:J'l":f Olot:'}
1: "lf.A f-1111~11-
(be) electrocuted Olot:'}1: .,.11.11
The murderer was electrocuted. ~lj:(l r 1.';'-
O!ot:'}t _,.11.11
elegant
I. fifO&.,.. His elegant dress drew the eye
of all onlookers. fifO&.,. .... Ail"" ,.,.,.Ali
'f(,;'} ' 'if.'} ' Y.fl- ' "7t:h
2. f'l.f'l.m. The palace has elegant furnish-
ings. 0..,. oP'}"IJ"-1> f'l.f'l.m- h:l'l":f
hll--l-
3. ..(-"}.]-. He has elegant manners. ,.e-.,.:,. r m
qy. ' hllfl>o
elegy ["J.,;'} f"tf'l""lll fA~{l "1'1'9"]
element
1. llihCY... According to the ancients, the
world consisted of four elements : earth, air,
fire and water. 'J''};l'fl>of'} h'}f."tfl--l- 'ill
9" II&.-l- IJ.loCf-l- f_,.OP&.:f <;-}- I h
~""~~" hll't<; l fl>o;> l ~<1.11<; ou,:.-}- <;'t'fl>o
2. ,..,..,.. = "}'J'C. Split up a compound into its
elements. aJom..IJ.1' Of'J'"}.,. 'l't'o;.. 1 Af'aJo
3. oPOP&;I'' ~1C. Have you learned the ele-
ments of grammar? f'itfJ'iltD-1' r ODrP~;f''f
~1C":f _,.!l"t:YA l
4. ~1C. Justice is an important element in
good government. A,...... 1 oo"}..,,..:,W r "i=:twilt 1
hll.l.~'l. ~1C ~fl>o
Letters are the elements out of which the
377 eleven
words are formed. .1.1.~-l- :1'~-l- f"t"""'
t:-I>IJ't'fl>o ' ~1C":f ' <;'l'fl>o
5. ootf~. Water is the natural element of a
fish. fl>o;> f'i"' f.,..l.'I'C" uo'l'&f ~fl>o
elementary fl"7&l":f
He is still studying elementary mathematics.
1 hY.'}!I" 1<; ' f;e"7&l":f ' Allil ' 0"7'1'<;'1- '
~"' ~ ....
elementary school f'}f.l;' f.t:)f -l-9"11
C-l- ' 0.-l-
There are many elementary schools here.
hH.II ill!- f'}f.l;' f.t:)f -l-9"11C-l- 0.1'
:fhfl-
elephant 1111"}
The elephant is a huge animal. 11tr'l 1 ""Jff-lj:
h'}lll) ' ~ ....
1 elevate
I. h'i' hf.&1. The Emperor elevated him to
the rank of Ras. '}.,.,.. ~11"1> <Df. &.Mol-
"7/Jt:"l h'i' hf.t:.,.-l-
2. h'l-fluoll. Great ideas elevate the mind.
1
:1'~~~ dollP:f hh!I"C"'} f'l-119"llfl-
elevated (adj.)
I. h'i' fit. He spoke from an elevated plat-
form. h'i' lilt ou.~:-.:h ~f. ll''l' .,..,1.:
2. 'I'A~. The sermon was filled with elevated
thoughts. llilh-1> TA~ fll'.,. dollP'M
fUll ~oc
elevation
I. h'i':J'. What is the elevation of Addis
Ababa? hJI.II hOI! h'i':J'fl>o 9"'} filA
~(Do?
2. 1-il:J'. The house is built on a small ele-
vation. 0.1> O-l-'}(1 1-il:J' ~f. .,.,..C;J:A
3. UOfl>oiJI-l-. The elevation of Caesar to Empe.
ror cost him his life. f4:"1C "''- '}'J-OP ~1
I"T~T' f.t:)f' UOfl>o"'T' 11'1"1>' !l"h'}.f-}-. II'~
elevator hll'}""C 1 hll'}RC 1 t..ll.ii.,.c
Since the building is very tall, we went up in
the elevator so as not to get tired. tlt"JKCD- l.
1C9" ' llllll'~ ' h'}'lf.f.hOD'} ' Ohl)'}()-C ' <D"''}
eleven OF&. h'}.l:"
eleven o'clock 119'"ll.'f- 1 it'lo+
On Sunday, they open the library at eleven
O'clOCk. >..m...e- I )..tho.(- I (I..,. I OIJ~ift~-ft") I
119"11'1- ll<ir Y.h'l':l'll
elicit 378 else

elicit elope hl\..-:;' :>C ltOIIII

I. l\Vl.111'1' hS'.<'.1. The purpose of the ques- His daughter eloped. fll- A"/: hl\"'":;''1'
tioning was to elicit a full description of the :>C ItO II II:f
accident. f9"CdD&-m- 'FI"'' S'S'.:>m- .,..
eloquence h1S'.01" C-I>M'I-
II- """Ill""A l\1'1.111'1' 1\"''Y:<'."I )0C The eloquence of the President moved the
2. hllh1-ll. His jokes elicited laughter .f>A-'1-
audience. f'l't.IVI1-I> h'>S'.0-1" C-1>~)'1-
..,:,. ' hllh1"11
S'Ji':"'''""~ ll"'L'I- ' .,.11.,.11
(be) eligible eloquent
I. .I'-11J'I'A. He is eligible for promotion. 1. h.'li..OT C121J. The prime minister is an
f"''~<'."l l\Y:1'1- .I'-11J'I'A eloquent speaker. m:j-11.('. "''.~ll'l--1- h1S'.O
2. -fl-11 lf~. He had to pass several exams to 1" Ci>~ 1"<;;>& )ID<
be eligible for the scholarship. lll\lllt11C1i"l' 2. f-1"<\IJ. His eloquent speech moved the
11<11 11""11'1 11,. L1-<;P'>f-1 "71\'i: audience. f-1"<\IJm- '>"1"1-1- S'Y:"''..-~1 {I
)0<'.0-1-
"""" )I]
eliminate 3. A11 f"''.)IJ. The lawyer made an
1. hltmtrJ. During the race the judge eliminated eloquent plea to the judge. mO:J'm- 11-'!:;'m-
him at the third lap. 0-1-""Lm- 1..U J!:;'m- 11\11 ' f"''.)IJ ' h0.-1>.;1' ' h.,.<'.O
0?'{11-:;'m- ' ,.c ' hlliD"'ID< else S'IIOIIIU'
2. hm'f.. The municipality has a building Hurry, else you will be late. Lm1 OA l S'll
program to eliminate slums. S'.VI O.of:f1 OIIIU' ll'l'l- S'A<i:117A
11"7'1'4-'1- "''H:>lf n.-~> r.n111 Ft. -r anybody else t\.1\ r (UD
t="ltl-9" ' hi\ID< Is anybody else here? Mlll 1\.11 lim- h
3. h"19"'1- hllll11J9". The architect eliminated II l
furniture in figuring the cost of the house. anywhere else t\.1\ r (l;J-
ouu1JLII- n.-1> f"''.LJ'.:m-1 1\.19"'1- r Can't we meet anywhere else? i\.1\ 1 (l;J- r A
0.'1- ' l\:J'P':f1 ' h"19"'1- ' hllll11J9" 11<;'t h'>l-A9" l
4. hllonS'.. He eliminated the difficulties
easily. :f"lr:~1 0.,.1111- hll1D1S'. everybody else &fto'r ! i\.~ I fT+<;.-l- 1 o-tt-
Everybody else has gone. &11-9" ~~A (11.
elite <1!1..- II-~' ~S'.'I'A)
The students are the elite of the society. It is all right with me if it is all right with
1-"''&P'~ r-.11.,..,. 1111 <111..- <;:fm- everybody else. 111"4>-1-'1- 1 &II- h-l"ll"''"'' l\
~ ' "IS'.II't9"
ellipse [""A<;:<; '"L'i: l\11-A fll') fl\1<1111A everything else f+t'.LtD- 1 11-/r
:j-ell" film- h11 )1C] I'll take everything else. fi"<'.LfDo'> &II- l\
~ l\IDll-'!11&
elocution
I. f1"1"1C 'I-9"UC'I-. Elocution used to be how else
taught in high school. f1"1"1C 'I-9"UC'I- 0 I. l\1"1-'LS'll. Did you come to Lalibela by
IJ.I\1":;' I S'.<'.)f ' 'I-9"11C'I- ' 0.'1- ' .1'-11'1' ' )OC plane? How else? l\1\.IJII fooaJum- Oh
2. 'lCIIJ'"IC. The actor's elocution is impeccable. ID<r:'!'ll1 )IJJ< l l\'1"1-'LS'lll
f-1"'1'<;1' 1"1"1C f-1""1&- )ID< 2. l\11.'1-. How else would you get to Ethiopia
if you didn't fly? 1Jm-t=TII1 IJAII') m
elongate (vt.) hll<'.H"" S'. 1\..'1-f-t:S' ' l\11.'1- ' OD"IIJ'I- .1'-ii'IIA!
If you can elongate the string, it can cover the nothing else t\.1\ I v-Jr 1 1\.1\
distance between the two poles. -JOP~'l J 11 I have nothing else to do today. ~"- 1\.
;f'{l<(."I!ODID< 0 IJ.I\-1>9" 0 9"111\jP:f 0 ;J 0 .('.S'.C II (9"19" 1\.11) f9"wt-m- P'tl- fll't9"
<\A or else .fllH..f
elongate (vi.) 1"110 Run or else you will be late. -1-'1' I S'IIIU'
A rubber band will elongate easily. IIlith ll'l'l- S'A<i:117A
0_,.1111- .1'-IIIJA *Do it or else! '1-l-w&.m- 1 mf'~tl
elsewhere
someone else A.-\ (laJo
Is someone else here? 1\.1\ (lm- AflU hi\ ?
what else 1\.l\ 9'""}
What else do you want to take along? 1\.1\
?"'t J!.HII A'l-~.1:- '1-.t.A;>IIll l
Where else 1\.1\ I ;J I f+
Where else did you go? 1\.~ :> f'l- ~.1:-h ?
[See also 'anything, nobody, somewhere']
elsewhere
I. II.~ ll;t-. We'll have to look around else-
where. 1\.~ tl;f- oo.t.ll"l J!.'l'C11<;A
2. 1\.~:>. If you don't like it here, we'll go
elsewhere. J!.ll't't {l;f- IJAID~.I:'hw- 1\.
~:> l\'t~J!II't
3. r+r 1't1C. There are more telephone
users in the U.S. than elsewhere. hf'l-?" h1
C J!.A!J- 0-1:1\.G:'t f"7.m.,..,.. (ll":f 0
h"'/.611 )!.0~11-
elucidate h.11~~
The scientist elucidated his theory by a few
experiments. f{)J!.'t(l. II.!J- 61'(1 .h{)R-'t
0'1'4:'1- ou-h~l":Y. h11~~
elude
I. h.;f-1111. The brigand eluded the police and
escaped . .,."'''i'w- Tll.(l.'t h.;f-11- t..oollm
2. OHf. h.oollm. The sly fox eluded the
dogs. 11A"l 11At!l- .,.01!' hw-lfw- OH
f. t..oollm:Y.
3. m<f.. His name eludes me. {lD'P" .&mof.;;:'A
elusive f"''J!...,O'I'
The elusive enemy got away. f"""f.a;t.Omm-
ml\.r J\ooflm
emaciate Jtoo~oo~
Hunger emaciated the survivors. h,..+ f+t:.
#-'1-'t <:;'11 h.OO't?")!f'I'A
be emaciated oP)OD)
He was emaciated by a long illness. l\Cfl.. 011
,. ' '1..11. ' moo?" ' OD't?"S:A
emanate
1. .,..f.)m+. Light emanates from the sun.
11CY't hP.hJ!. J!.ol.)m:J'A
2. ODifJ. A faint smell emanated from the
kitchen. h.'t.l:- ~J!.)'I- 1i:f" h"''.!:-0..,
00"1
emancipate )l\ h.ID"l l h.C)'I- h.ID"l
Lincoln emancipated the American slaves in
1863. OI;5J:~i ~.?".1\.'ti>A't fh."'/.<<IJ't't fJC'
:Y. )l\ hiD"' (h.C)'I- hiD"!)
379 embarrass
be emancipated i'~ aJI1J
Women have been emancipated from many
old restrictions. ll..f<:Y. h11rt- f'l''t'l- A"''
P.:f )l\ ID'I'of-'I'A
emancipation
1. ~~ ou(l)-llJT. Emancipation of the slaves
is no longer a live issue. fQC'~ ~ i-2\ ' ootiJa
"1'1- flo-). '1..11. 'I'<; '1--'!J!. h.J!.~II?"
2. fl\11-A)'I- oo11'1- "'1"11'1-. Emancipa-
tion of women is necessary for progress. flL.Y.
:Y. f~h-A)'I- oP11'1- "'1"11'1- 11~1:1
~ ' h.M.II'I..' )w-
emasculate
1. (tf\fl. In former days, they emasculated
prisoners . .1:-r: ~ii<:'I':Y.'t J!.(IAR- )0C
2. faJ'}.t!'i'+ ' m~ ' 1~1\. A domineering
mother can emasculate her sons. "1'.ell;,;: ' h~
'1- fiD'tP.:f A]t.!f!'t fiD't.i:-)'1- ID~f'f
w-'t A'I-1.1:-A '1-:Y.IIII:Y.
embalm ~'t'!J.'..I.Cil oo.l:-;>~'1- h.~10'1-
The Egyptians embalmed their dead before
burial. "111l\w-f't ou-:f"'t't hoo!J-O~'fw-
04.'1- ' ~'t'!J!..I.C(l. OD.i:':'k'l- h~l:1-fJ'f'I'A
embankment "1.1:-11
The embankment protects the road from
flooding. "1.1:-R- ""1'1-'!.'t 1-C'i' l\'t-'!1'1'11
.,_A.,_w- J!.Mhi\A
embargo "'1111'
The government put an embargo on all foreign
vessels. OO't"IP'., O"''<;'fw-?" faJo'Jl' M
c ooch11 ' 1\J.'. ' "'11)f h~l:1
embark ooch11 of-{)4.<:
The soldiers embarked at Massawa. ID:l"~C'
'fi ?"6'1' 1\j!. OOCh11 of-{)4..'1-
embark on l'out:
He embarked on a new business. hllll ' f'l..,
~ I JP&- I l'oP~
embarrass
1. h.ltL~. The teacher's comments embarrassed
the child. h.(lof-"''<laJo f(lmw- h.(lof-ff'l-
A)!:'t ' h.{).l.<:w-
2. :t-c 'hfl:1". You didn't embarrass me in the
slightest. ?"'t?" !J-c h.l\(llli'{
3. h.(l<;hll. Lack of trucks embarrassed the
army's movements. fooh..fl lllfl-T 1 fm;J-F..
-1-'t ' l\'t!J-(1:1'11. h.(l<;hllw-
4. ( ~ pass.) 1-'1'1<:. +Lack of money em-
barrassed him. 01'tH11 l\tn'l- 1-'1'1<:
embarrassing
be embarrassed hd.l.
I was terribly embarrassed when my child
insulted the teacher. A)!". h!IT"'/tlfDo1 1\.
c'l.(-11 fl"'9" hLC!J.
embarrassing
1. hit~. He persisted in asking embarrassing
questions. hftol.tl 'l'.l'<l:l"":f oumf411 .,.
mil
2. f"'L..'il"'-1:,0. It was an embarrassing situa-
tion. f"'L..'il"'-1:,. tJ-~:1- ~nc
embarrassment l\-rt:-l-
His financial embarrassment kept him from
buying a share of the company. f11Hofl l\
-r.:-l- f!J.Q1.1'fDo1 hhl\.1'-1 l\1.0:.1'-1~
hS'..t:1fDo
to one's embarrassment
*To my embarrassment, I spilled my coffee.
!1-'i'fDo 1\.L!Iofl'S hLC!J.
embassy 1..9"QI\.
Where is the American embassy? fh01J.6lt"}
1..9"QI\. ' f-l- ' ~,. !
embattled f-f-oulf1
The Suez Canal has become an embattled
frontier. fil'll11 llf. mc'l). f-f-tn>lf1 II"S:A
embed (embedded)
I. 1~Q. The mason embedded the tiles in
cement. "110.,,. m-!1-1 01\."7.1-1' 1~q,.
2. -1-hll. He embedded the spear in the
ground. tn-1-1 ou.:.-l- 1\f. 1-hl\
embellish
I. h!l"l.m I l\IIDDt:. She embellished her dress
with a golden belt . .,."7.!1.1 me:,.., orr~
"""-~' h!l"l.m":f,. (/<oiiDDt:":ffDo)
2. .,.QQ. He embellished the story with
interesting details. :J-tlh-1 0"7..1'!1J'..!I-Io 11
C11C"":f ' .,.qq.,.
embers '1'9"
The fire has not completely gone out. Some
embers are still left. l\11-1> Ll'i:'l" hAmol.
9" l ,.,.,: ' '1'9" ' l\11
embezzle h"l"flt:O.:
The bank clerk embezzled ten thousand
dollars from his bank. fQ1!J. 11"""- hQ1
!J. OJPC i(U of!C h"l"Ot:Ot:
embezzler hU 01\.:J- 1 h"l"OCQtl
His association with the embezzler blemished
380 embrace
his reputation. hl\S'..&- 01\.:J-fDo (hh"l"OCQtl
fDo) ' ;>C ' OD'f'l\- ' 11'i'fDo1 ' h.,..S'..LfDo
embitter
I. }<,oo,:.:. The expulsion from the club
embittered him greatly. hhO!I- ODfDo"'-1> of!
ft' h_out:;t;(IJ-
2. hiiH~. The death of her only son embitter-
ed the woman. .1'1Y: A~'l' tn>'l"-l- ll.-l-
1'-'1'1 hiiH'i'-l-
embitter asainst hhmt\
The divorce embittered him against all women.
'i'~fDoll.-l'":f1tJ-II-h!lml\fDo
be embittered +oot::t:
The old man was embittered by the loss of all
his money. 11"7"11\.fDo 011011- oo-rol.-l- -1-
oo,:,:
emblem
I. 9"111\.. The dove is an emblem of peace.
l\C"Iofl fM9" 9"111\. ~":f
r
2. hC"7. The emblem of the school is a lion.
f-l-9"UC-l- 0.-lo hC"7 h1011 ~,_
embodiment hChf
He is the embodiment of generosity. fii:>M
-l- hChf ~,.
embody (embodied)
I. .I'H. This book embodies all the necessary
information. 1-IJ r oPX"dt'i: +Lt\"1. oot.,'fit'"f.
1 IJ-11- f.I'H ~,_
2. hl\(fDo). The latest cars embody many new
features. n:tcn- ' fmm- ' oPIJ.'i'l"":f ' of!H- '
h.O:JI..!I ' ~1C"":f ' hll-'l''l'fDo
3. 1AK. The sculptor embodies an idea in
marble. :tcw ,,:,. dtll!l-1 Ol\ofl~ o
t:Y: l\"711.1'-~-l- .1'-111\l\A
*The Constitution embodies Jefferson's ideas
on government. )';LCc'l1 !Ill ""1"11"-lo n
Ot:fDo ' dtllofl ' O.h1 ' OD1"1JP-Io ' fDoil'l' '
c'I<;:Z:A
*The Emperor embodies the nation in his
person . .,~.,.. a ~1P'.-,.. 1 ,..,.Vr v1c ~m-
embolden hS'..oi.Lt:
The cheers emboldened the boxer. "l"ofl"'-Q
,_ 11-tn..,,_, l\S'..oi.Lt:fDo
embrace
I. h.,.L. The father embraced his child
before going to work. hQ-l-\1-fDo mY. JP
&- htn>'t-'1. O.L-l- A)l:1 h.,.L
embroider
2. fH. Biology embraces botany and zoology.
Qf-11-:( ft!61''1-<; \'7.11111'1- '1'<;'1-1 f.f.~A
3 . .,.m+oo(o'l-). She embraced the chance to
make a trip to Europe. mS'. t.m-t:;r 1\DD'i
11 f.:>m.,'l-1 t!F:A .,.m+oo:Y.O'I-
4. .,..,.011. Ethiopia embraced Christianity in
the fourth century. h..'l-!'kf q,:..,.>;'m-
h'i'll HOD') fhell'l-<;1 '""''~"'~- .,..,.
01\:Y.
5. OS'.II;f- .,.4'011. The farmers embraced the
idea of cooperative work. 10t.l"'Jl f'lilG'I-
') P't- OS'.II;f- _,.4'011-'1-
embrace (reciprocal) .,.:J-4'4-
The two girls embraced. IJol\-1> A'I/:1GP.:Y.
.,.,...,.+-
embroider
1. mi\.C.. She embroidered his name on a
handkerchief. !lou-') ODDdtGofl llf. mil
I.:Y.
2. 4'QQ. He embroiders the story of his arrest
every time he tells it. Ill\ oo fit- qm,:. 4!'1'
e f.4'QQ1'A
embroidery 'I'A'i'
Embroidery costs more than plain cloth.
'I'A'i' hAoo-'1' <I>.C'I> f.A'J> f.mS'.~A
embroil "'ll l hll1Q
The tax question embroiled the country in a
civil war. Mile .,.~,_ Mtl;t') 7.ell
Oell fl'e)'lo m-11'1' "111'1-
His pride embroiled him in squabbles. 11-t--1>
h'l'"""'' T"'l-"1''1- hll1Qm-
embryo 'liA
The embryo grows inside the uterus. 7iA f
"'UF:1fDo ' 0.,'161 ' fDoll'l' ' )ID-
emend 7.1'1.11.,., hF:ei hlflfll
He emended the text for the students. 1\.,..,tll"
'Jl ' fOD.,;lfm-') ' ODK"m'i' ' 7.1'1.11.,., ' hF:
Ci hlflfll
emerald [ofl-1-U hG1'iS'. 0"111" m-F: f
II') F:1;>f.]
emerge
I. ofl'l> hi\. The moon emerged from behind
the clouds. "'-G:J-1' hJ'.oo<;m- Oll-t-:\11 ofl
"'. hii:Y.
2. .,.11111. The facts emerged slowly. 7.m-)-l>
7.J'S'.e _,.11111
3. 4'GO. No new ideas emerged during the
381 eminence
talks. 01"1"1-1- 1.11. Mil" :h'l.ll hlt
ofl hA4'G011"
emergency (emergencies), n.
I. hll'f\>.f. 1.11.. Do you think he could act
quickly in an emergency? Qil~ trt.
1.'1''1" 7.e!l"'l/: f"''..miiF: f.DDllAYA l
2. hll'fl>.f. IJo~;J-. The present emergency
overrides other matters. y,..,.
hil:f\1.1. Qo).
;J- hl\.11-'tl "1-~I':Y. 11-11- f.OA"'A
3. F:')1.,.;;o !l"h1J''I-. The doctor was called
away on an emergency. dth.,... OF:11.,.'i'
!l"h1!'1- .,.me-r- ~l!..A
4. F:11.,.., hS'.:>. I keep a first aid kit in
my car for use in an emergency. A~'11,.~
hS'.;> 7.1'1.11'') 0.,11'1- fOD"f.OD;lf 7.e
~;J- DDF::>t'l- ooh.<;\1. m-11'1' hll4'9""1
1\l}o .
in case of emer1ency ..(;'l1T;;= I;.~;J fl.
S'.ell
In case of emergency, call the doctor. ..t!-.,.1-t~ 1
hS'.:> O.S'.ell dth.oo-1 '1'<1-
state Of emergency ft{l~ I "J.f'L
The Emperor proclaimed a state of emergency.
,.,.., )1P'1: fll'fl>.f. 1.11. 01'~ om)!:
emergency (adj.)
I. J'S'..:>. Pull the emergency brake! fS'.;> 'i't.
') '111
2. liS'.;> 1.11. f"''..ll'1. The theater has no
emergency exit. tf'l-e 0.-1> liS'.:> 1.
rt. f"''..ll") - - fllm-11"
3. f"''..J'II'flfoA. He put the emergency plan
into execution. f"''..J'll'flfollm-') 7.:J>F: OP'
to llf. h1'1\m-
4. F:')1.,.'i'. This fund is intended for emer-
gency use only. f.U 11Hofl IIF:11.,.>;' m
Q;l. ofliJ' f_,.ODJ'.O )fDo
emigrant M-1-1 '1-+ f"''..~F: (1m-
Each emigrant must obtain an exit permit.
M-1-1 '1-+ f"''..~F: (lm- ff.ll'i' m.:
.,.,.. .,.,.,.,.. hl\0'1-
emigrate .,.{IJ'.J'.
In recent years many people have emigrated
from Europe. o:J>eofl 'lOD,.,.. oflrt- (ll"
:Y. hhm-l!';r _,.M1'A
Many people emigrated recently to Australia.
n:J>cn- ofln- (ll":Y. mS'. t.m-11'1-tl-11..1'
.,.MJI.
eminence
I. (f)h'i';J- fl;f-. We viewed the city from an
 eminent
eminence across the river. hm'ltr- 1 '1?f'1C r
fill h'i';l' P;J- ~f. 11n h.,...,.,.~ .,.
oPI\h..,.~
2. i!\'1>:,.. He achieved eminence in the medical
profession. O.hh!l"'i" ,..., .:-.4':,. h17
eminent
1. 11i'~. Henry was an eminent writer.
Y.~& 11H' ~&-(1. )0C
2. fl\+. Washington was eminent both as a
general and as a President. '1'11~.,.,.~ 0:(~&-&\
)_,9" If) OTMI.-'1~:,.)_, f~4' )0C
3. htj:. 1 Ylt. The general rendered eminent
services to his country. :(~&-11- ~1~ h
"' fl\ h1&\"lll-..,. d.l\oP
emissary (emissaries) ou&>t.h1"'i'
The Emperor sent emissaries to various
foreign countries. 'l.,..IP r "i1P'"': r m~ ~ A'- 1
&\!'- ' ftlJdi!" ' h1t:"'f ' OD&\J.h1-'l'"'f ' ~~~-
emit (emitted)
I. hi\&-"'-. The sun emits light and heat.
D.hf. 11Cn'i" ,_.,..-,. ;f'(l&-"'111";f
2. 114'4'. The child emitted a loud scream.
a.n. h'i' fll .,.,1i..,.
114'4'
3. ..,.of.. A volcano emits smoke and ashes.
1.{)1" ' 1'/"6- ' m.il'i" /;ODJ': f-1-'f.&\
emotion il"''.:,. 1 :,.,:..'!> il"''.:,.
He couldn't hide his emotion. il"''..,~ 11.~11
'I> h&\!J'I\9"
Her voice shook with emotion. h:,..:-.'1> il"''.
:,. f1")"1 J':!l"!l. 41C'l' 41C'l' f.&\ )0C
emotional
I. il"''.:,."t f"'1.4'1\'l>il l il"''.:,.~ f"''.)to. The
Emperor made an emotional appeal to his
nation. "t.,..., )11"., il"''.:,."t f"'1.4'1\'l>il
(f"''.)to) "t"I"IC ll.h111J'fm- h~~.,_
2. Oil"''.:,. 1"1'1-'i'.f- f1"~~1. An emotional
decision is often a wrong decision. flil"'+ 1 ..,..
1'1-'i'.f- f1"~~1 m-l)~ 1lltlll-1 1.U f
1"<'l<'l1" tJJol)~ )lll-
3. C'r~'r. Emotional people are likely to cry
if they hear sad stories. C'r~'r 1\l":Y. f
"''.f<'l11"t mt. (1.1\""' llfl\'1>11- hf-4'~!1"
4. II"~ 'lif. She is an emotional woman,
easily upset by any disturbance. If~ IJlf
......,. .,..,. 1 04'~11- :,.o<'l"'AII"'f
empathy
*He listened to his friend's worries with em-
pathy. f'i~'i'tJJo"t "f"IC 1.1~&-11- hJ':C
1 h'IDDm
382 empire
emperor .,.,..IP i'1P'."f-
The emperor hands out degrees at every grad-
uation. 01-"'l&l"';f !l"~:l' P') P'C't:,.
~,. v-11- ").,..... )11"., -'1."I& f.I\"111-
The emperor of Japan is a marine scientist.
f)l";r"t "t.,_.., )11":,. fiJ.hC 11.'1> <;'fm-
emphasis P'~ )1C
Morality was the emphasis of his speech. ..,
11~ 111):,. f1"1"1~ P'~
)1C )OC
lay emphasis, put emphasis 1unfl+
Some schools Jay special emphasis on language
study. h~'l~J': :,.rue:,. a.-r-:Y. fllnlln
:,.!l"uc:,. fm11:l'II-
In reading, our teacher puts emphasis upon the
important words. hil1""'1&f"f1 {l.f)11 'I'
<; 'l''i"tJJo"t flf).:,. :1'~:,. fm11:l'&\
emphasize
I. h'1'11.f. 1"'i"1~ l 0"1!1" h<'l<'lO. He empha-
sized the importance of careful driving. O'l'"t
:J'-1: ' ill\' OD")-'1:,. hiiL~1.):,.' h'1'11.f. ' 1"'i"1~
The great number of accidents emphasizes
the need for careful driving. f~;Jl"';f 0"1
9" 0011~:,. 0'1'1:1'-1: fOD"t-'1:,.1 hilL
~1.)..,. 0"1!1" fl)iiiJ&\
2. h'l-~. His new tie emphasized the age
of his shirt. h-'1.11- h&-'li:,. flf"''.ll-1 he
'J!:<; h'l-~
3. h:>U. He emphasized the word by saying
it very loudly. 0"1!1" ""~ 0oP'i"1C
:1'11-"t /;,;J))IIl-
emphatic
I. f'l-~. Did you notice the emphatic
contrast between black and white? 0'1'41C'i"
0)"1" outoh&\ fl\lll-1 1'1-~ &\1'):,. h
ftl!
2. ( = adv.) O"'I;Jn. His emphatic reply
showed his determination. O"'l:>n fl\m
Ill- ' DD&\il ' .,.6-'1').,") ' /;{)f
emphatically h'l'11.f.
I will have to deny that emphatically. f11
h'1'11il oP:J'tD!I" hl\11'5
empire
I. n.,_..,
)11":,. .,~:,.. England is the
center of an empire. fh"t"ll\.11 h1C f"t
J': "t.,_.., )11":,. "1~:,. h!1"11C:,. )m-
2. .,~.-,.. The Roman empire stretched over
continents. ft:!l" .,~.-,. Ohtl.,_&-:,. ~f.
1-il'f.'i'.f- )OC
employ
3. h'i' 1fl o-n+. He built an oil empire
for himself and his sons. fl~""" fiA;i('li h'i'
1fl fHI-'1- o-n+ hh"'l'f
employ
I. .,.m.:. This factory employs a thousand
workers. f.ll 4-fl<IIJ lf.ll .,~-1-'l'";f .,.'l';,:A
2. 0 - - -Mfl1fl. You employ a knife, fork and
spoon in eating. 11'1-011 00.11'1' Oif.IJ"
0"'1"111..1' 'l-1fl111flll
be employed lP6-
Where are you employed? f+ +"'~fill I
employee "'~-1-'i'
The employees object to long working hours.
"'~-1-'l''li 1111- ll't'l- ""P'~'I-"1 f.:J>m
"'Ill-
employer hU'<I I .,."1<1
The employer refused to acknowledge the
union. hU'<IfD- fU'~-1-'I''Ii"l "'1'10C hll
OJ-~?" ' hfl
He takes great pains to please his employer.
.,.flJ&m-"1 fl"'lll.l'.ll'l- 1111- f...,):J'A
employment
I. P' ~- What kind of employment did you
finally get? oou..,t:lf ?""! 'tf.)'l- P'~
1>11"11 I
2. ""~me. He was busy with the employment
of new help. h.C:.Il .,~-1-'l'"'f"l oou~m
c -1-m?"P.. )OC
*Full employment keeps a country prosperous.
rJoll- lim- 1\."'~ h1C '1-0fll';;>fl";f
employment agency fllof>flJ6 .e-c~:,.
Employment agencies help workers find jobs.
...~-1-'l'"'f ,..~
111.,."1& .r:c~"'f
l\"l'lf1'F f.t:-'111-
out of employment JP 6- 1 LT
These men are out of employment. MILII 1'1
,...,. P' ~ 1.'1- .,...,,..
empower P'AflJ"I l'lm
The boss empowered the secretary to sign
certain papers. hfl:l'm- h"I'I"IY: MP.."'f"l
faol.t:?" P'AflJ"! {ll\..,.Lm- l'lm
empress
I. l\1:1.. Empress Menen visited the church.
l\1:1. OD)") IJ.T hCil-1:1)."1 ' 1-0'F
2. "I"IP'T )1P':f'+. Empress Zawditu preced-
ed Haile Sellassie on the throne. "I"IP'-1' )1
P':f''l- Hm-'l., f)1.,..'1- h.,.-'1"'1'1! '11-
fl P'llll. o.t.+ )m-
383 emulate
empty (emptied), vt.
I. h;>q. Please empty this tank! l-11"1 oc
"''.A h;>qm-
2. 1AOm. The maid emptied the water out
of the bucket. 1<:-'l., hqA.c:.m- <D-11'1'
OJo~m-"1 1t10m"'f
3. hl.l'll'l. Empty the coffee grounds in a
garbage pail! 4'1flf "'lm~.,."''..1m- qA
'l <D-11'1' fR-.. m-"1 h-1'11 h'i'l'l<D-
4. S'.ol.. The wastepaper basket is full; take it out
and empty it! f4'1flf m.:.,.+ "'lm~.,."''..1
m- ~C""l'l- llfl'l"ll hfD-'1'-1'11 Y:o!.m-
5. Q;L.l\m. He emptied a glass of milk in one
gnlp. h"!JI-"I 11C"l'"4' m-1-+ q"l.r: +
"14.11 ..,flmm-
empty (vi.)
I. qp.. II'). The hall emptied in five minutes.
h'l~if. q?"ll'l- S'.<l::l' <D-11'1' qp.. II')
2. Lflfl. This river empties into the ocean.
f.ll m"!11 mS'. m-~1'/'11 f.l.iiA
be emptied qy.. 1 +t.
The hall was emptied in ten minutes. h'l~if.
OOP'C S'.<l::l' OJoil'l' qp.. .,..:
empty (adj.)
I. qp.._ Do you have an empty box? qp.. "1'1'
"I hflll I
I wouldn't drink on an empty stomach.
oqp.. II'S'. hAmflJ?"
2. +c.,.?" fll.flm-. These are empty words.
MILII '1-C"I-?" fl\.ll'fm- :l'll'l- "
'fOJo
3. "l'"C 1fl. We walked along the empty
streets of the city at night II.!\.'I- "l'"C q(l-
+ ' fhT"'/OJo ' OD"!1P.."'f ' 1\f. ' -1-H'I'aJC"I
empty-handed
I. qp.. l\)1:"1. I sent the servant to the market,
but he came back empty-handed. h "lih-1-"I
mS'. 101 11Ahm- qp.. l\)1:"1 -!'aofl(l
2. il,_.,..,,.._ The ambassador came back
from his mission empty-handed. h?"qiiS'.o~-
h-1-llhO'I- ' ilf..,...OJ- ' T0Dfl(l
emulate
I. ao(lfl. The proverb tells us to emulate the
industry of the ant. ?"ill\.m- o+:>'I- .,."!'I
"!"! l\"!Y:"!aollA f.)"lt:"A
2. -1-m'IS'.t:. The artists of New York now
emulate those of Paris in achievement. ftm-
\'"Ch hC-tllof-";f q.,."! "Lrt. f;r&(o'li"!
f.aJ-'1~11-
enable
enable l'.llil'll
Resilience enabled him to leave the hospital
in a week. 0-f-11- oo-'1). htrll"I;;f-A Q"}
1: ll!l""t'l- m-11-r II""<D-"1'1- l'.llil'llm-
be enabled il'll
When the workers came back, the company
was enabled to resume bus service.
,; ' 0-f-oPII~ ' '1..11. ' 11-Q"} ,..,.. ' f h-11-
11 l'.~A"/11-_,"} 11.4''1'A il'll
enable to get hfJ'A
This experience should enable you to get a
good position. ,.u
f fP &- tvr'rY: F.."l'l
S'.t.if ill> ' f<D-AYA
enact
I. l'.IIIIL. Congress enacted a bill to lower
tariffs. P"hC IL., 4't.'l'"t IIDP4'~ll f4'
t.Om-"t .b"/ l'.IIIIL
2. 0-l:.l''l-'1- <D-11'1' WI!-. He enacted the part
of a judge. 0-l:.l''l-'1- <D-iiT 1."}1. -'l'i' II"
If" I IP&-
(be) enamored -J-)f.L
The prince was enamored of her beauty.
AIJ-11- O<D-0:1: -f-)f.L
become enamored mYJ.
This is the young lady with whom he became
enamored. frof.-'1'1- tD"''l- f.ll:f <;'l-
encamp liLt.
The army encamped in the valley. 11''1- lf114'
Ill" I aJo{liJ' I (tLt:,
enchant
1. 0"111" hllf.il-1-. Her voice enchanted us.
1:11"!1. ' 0"1!1" ' );llf.{l-f-"}
2. Ol'.ll"7'l- -1-0-1-0. The witch enchanted the
prince. m"t!l/f.'l' AtJ-fr"} Ol'.ll"7'l- -1-0
-t-o:fm-
be enchanted fll.(l;f" I ..,.'fffi
She was enchanted with the flowers he sent her.
OIIM'l- l'.OIJ OS'.ll;f- -1-'l'm:f
enchantment f"7.."7Ch m-o'l-
The moon gave a certain enchantment to the
place. =t.:J-'1' 11(1;1-<D- f"7.."7Ch m-0
'l- nm:fm-
enchantress l'.ll"7-t-'i'
The enchantress held the prince in thrall.
l'.ll"7-1-'i''l' Ao-tr"t h~A:>f.'l' hf.t.~:fm-
encircle
I. hOO. The enemy encircled our troops.
mil'l- ro;f-f.l:i#':f"t"t hOO
384 encounter
2. l'l.. The earth encircles the sun. ou~:,.
B.hf."} 'l-Pil-11:f
enclose
I. l'..l'f.p ilh. I enclosed the newspaper clip-
ping you wanted. fLII"!"JitJJo"} ll"d..'i' h:>
11."1 4'f:J>;. l'.ff.1f: Ah.AYIIO.
.,..&-,.,. 2............. Don't seal the envelope yet. I have
a letter to enclose. f9"...,9"t.<D- 1.11-'IIL II
1111'S l'.9"PAII-"t l'.;J-1i1m-
3. lfL). We enclosed the baby's crib with
mosquito netting. f:t..t').'J h&\;J nwq +
"t'S DPho\hf DP(.11 lfL)<D-
4. hmt.. He had to enclose his garden with a
wall to keep goats out. 'i'fll-:f 1."t-'IJ'.~Il-
.1''1-hA'l- P;f-<D-"} 0"/!1"11 "7mC "If:
tr)O'l-
enclosed (adj.) -1-.l'f.P f"''..~'S
Enclosed is the sum still due you. -1-.1'f.P '
f"7..~1"m- nn11 hll.ll o.t.'l- .l'&\-1-hLIIll
)<D-
be enclosed _,.hflfl
The valley is enclosed by high mountains.
ifll.f>m- llt.if~P" -1-il-il-lP:f -1-h!J.A
enclosure
I. hAA. There are many sheep in the en-
closure. OhAir m-11-r 1111- ll'l:f l'.tr
2. ..,.,..&.1. Those cages are enclosures for the
monkeys. 1'1ittm- 11.-1'-:f 1111"t)!l:lP,; "7
1-t..l' ' <;:fm-
3. "1-t.-:'. Keep the ram in the enclosure!
0"1-"t 1."!-(.-:'<D- l'.ll~Qm-
4. ( = to enclose) "7mc. The enclosure of the
yard with a high fence costs a lot of money.
"!ll<D-"t ot.~P" hTC "7mC 1111- no
11 f.mf.:I"A
5. l'.llt.. The enclosure that was said to be in
the letter was not there. hf-11-'IIL<D- :>C h
II f-1-QII<D- hilt. l'.Afl1"P"
encompass
l. hOI!. The atmosphere encompasses the
earth. ll'I'<D- DP~'l-"t J'.hiJ;f-A
2. l'.m:J-1111. His education encompasses many
branches of knowledge. f~ 'l-P"llC'l- ofi
It- f6tJJo4''l- ~C"t""lG::f"t .l'm:l"AIIA
encounter (v.)
I. h;JmDP(m-). +On my trip, I encountered
many difficulties. 0"1-P\1. ilf. 1111- :f"/c l'.:>
moo'S
encounter
I encountered an old friend on the train.
fY:r: '1.1'-.,..IL"t <UN: 1\Y. h;>moo't
2. +;Jmtnt. We will encounter the enemy at
dawn. m'IT"t 1.ft {1.</'Y: l.'l:>mDD'I'II'I
encounter each other +111JmoP
The two enemies encountered each other in
the street. 11-11-1< '1'11~1- floo")~Y: 1\Y.
+111Jmoo-
encounter (n.)
I. "'"'."T. In the encounter at Gura, the
Egyptians suffered heavy losses. fl'l-&- ' "1"1."
:,. 1\Y. "'ofU<:f ofll!- 'l-JIT .I'.G(lq'fmo
2. oo~<;'f .r. The encounter of the Emperor
and the Egyptian president was cordial.
f'l'l-"' )~P'-I<o; l"''ofiK" Tt.H.JI"tT ""~
o;'f:,. hAofl f"")"" )flC
3. flY:"t~.r "1"1'f.r. Our encounter with the
famous actor was exciting. f;I-OJ</'avt -t'l'o;
Y. UY:"t~T "1"1'f;J-:f") f"''.,..'ll.l'."t:J> )flC
encourage
I. h.I'-'1-.I.G. She encouraged the child to take
the bitter medicine. A1!: oot.&-tJJo"t ooY:~l
:,. 7."tJI.m"' h.I'.UG:ftJJo
2. l."tJI.If"t h.I'.G~tJJo. His lenient attitude
encourages the children to be disrespectful.
f"'U'/IftJJo AA)T A]('ll qll'/. 1-"tJI.If).
.f.I'.C:>'f'I'A
encouragement
I. "1flG;I-;I-T. He gave money for the encour-
agement of research. f!I"C!I"C 'l'o;:,.") 11"10
G:I-;1-T ~"tHofl (lm
2. "1.1'.'1-.I.C. Constant encouragement helped
the crippled child to walk again . .fA-t.,mfl
"1.1'.4-.I.C' 1iq,.' AJ!:' l,"),l'.~o; ' l,")JI.t.ODY: '
GJIID-
encouraging f"''.J'flG;f-;1-
I have heard very encouraging news tnday.
~"- fl"'!l" f"7..fflG;f-;f- IDt. (l"1o-
encroach, ,..., upon
1. T(l "IQ. The enemy encroached upon our
border. milT OJ(lo;:f")") 'l't\ ~q
2. ~-~-- The flooding river encroached on the
land. f'f"~fD- I aJ1'1f I aJF., I OU~ I 'Jtf..
encumber
I. hll~G. The girl's tight skirt encumbered
her when she tried to run. A1!::t: IIDDC'I'
IIT'I"hC mqofl 'l-C~ hll~,:..:,.
2. 6"t:J>'I-.r If). Rubbish and old boxes en-
385 end
cumbered the stairway. F.G)ftJJo 1\Y. .fll<-
.,.lflf'i' hC'/. "''l'"t 6"t:J>o!-.r If)
be encumbered
1. +-~. She was encumbered with a valise
and several packages. lf"t"'o; tt.fr>:f!l" oft
11- 'I':J>fr>:f -t"f."'i' ) nc
2. 1-.fH. The estate is encumbered with mort-
gages. Cll-1< floo.f"lf)T 1-Y.!I.A
encumbrance
I. 1-"'c. I wish I were clear of that encum-
brance. hll..f :f"'c ofi~II~A l.OJY: )flC
2. 6"t:J>'I-.r. Too much luggage is an encum-
brance. fl"'!l" ofll!- '111 6"t:J>'I-.r )<-
encyclopaedia 'i<-.1'. 'l'flofl
The names of many great men are found in
the encyclopaedia. foflll- :I-111\:J> (l!P:f II
!I" flOID-.1'. 'l'flofl <-11'1' (l't'<::A
end (vt.)
1. "'-"""'-"" 1 ODJ'.!/".1'."'1.,.1' )<-. He ended his
story with a proverb. ;I-& h-"t Oil"/Itt. "'-""
"'-"""'"
This quotation ends the novel. '"" T:til :
fODK"dof. 0 OD,I'.II",I'."''.J' 0 )ID"
2. h'l'~"'l. hF.G(l. This was the battle that
ended the war. fi'CH"t h'l'~"'l. .f.I'.G(liiJo
_,_, ' f.l} ' )<-
3. h"'"" Let us end this fight! Y.tJ"t mofl
1,o;4111"
end (vi.) hll+ 1 1-.I.KOD
Won't this gossip ever end? Y.tJ hll-qA;I-
Hll'illll" h.fA:J>II" 1
Their insecure partnership ended in a quarrel.
f"1.fllof-"111"") 1ieho;'f<- llmofl -tuao
*That won't end well. Y.IJ ,....,G'If<- h
.fii"CII"
*The plan ended in failure. fD"'I'). IIY.IIII
4'G
end up
H you continue to steal, you will end up in
prison. ODIIG:J>IJ"t h</'mAh """"GiftJ
l.IIC ILT y..ro;A
be ended
I. hi-"". The fledgling democratic movement
was ended by the war. .fAmo;..,. f.<'.'l"ht-{1.
"t:J>o;4: flfi'Ct.r h-too
2. 1-.I'.ODt'lt'l. Piracy was ended by the king's
navy. fq.nc 'If. 11C.l..f fl"t'l-.,.. vq.n
C ' 'if.A o of-,I'.OD{l{l
[See also 'failure1
end
end (n.)
I. """'-t:lf. To whom does the house at the
end of the street belong? hoo"J1~ ouQ;t.t:'if
1\,1'. flltJJo fL.} f"71 ~(JJo !
I'll pay you the balance at the end of the month.
am~ """'-t:lf 4'tlm-"t >.ho;:A?IItJ-
2. "7-IN:J'. The demise of ancient Rome did
not mean the end of the Latin language.
f~'/" 0 OD'J'of..} ' fl\1;1 0 !1/1!1/ 0 "7ofl4:J' 0 1\
MR:9"
3. "7114:.1'. The Olympic runner showed signs
of distress toward the end of the race. ).IIJoF:F:
~ "7114:.1' 1\,1'. fl>II.'I"'I:h ~'f." h'i'
.I'll fF:I"J9" 9"Ah.} ;f-fR-l-
4. 'i'l\"'1.. The robber was jailed for life and
that was the end of him. 4'"7>;'tJJo 6F:"''.
Ah _,.L<:f.R.}'i' 'i'I\"'/.IIJo II')
5. OD'J'd.J' I 'i'l\"'1.. Another war would be the
end of civilization. l\.~ tnC~."f- rtootJJ
fP'A"'l!. ' OD'J'd.J' ' ('i'll"''.) ' ,l'.ll''i'A
6. ~'i'. Tie the two ends together! tJ-111>1 "A
o;: I\1F:).} >.llC
Put the glass at the end of the table! oflC'f/'-l'tJJo
1 m<:A.~IIJo ""A'i' 1\,1'. 1\114'9"'1'
Place the tables end to end! m.:A.~l"'in "A
o;: ' II""A'i' ' l\:>'1'"7'ftJJo
7. fHm-l-c dol\ofl. He has this end in mind:
to do his work without a mistake. P&-OY)
.I'll ll.n.,.-l- IIODP'tl--l- vnm:r.c doi\R-
)IIJo
8. 'l''i' "loft. His family's happiness was the
end for which he worked. fP'tl-tJJo ,1\"7
'l''i' "IR- fL.,. llR-1 "7llf.ll.} )RC
9 . .,..,qc, We should direct our efforts to
useful ends. 'l't::f"l-11 tJ-11- IIODAI"J9" .,.
"IQC "7'1'A l\llofl1
*He scolded her a bit and that was the end of it.
.}111 m4'1\.}'i' RILtJ- 1\0.4'
ends ltX"IJ't;:
His fame spread to the ends of the earth.
1f'i'11Jo >.llh 9" F:C 1\~'i''i' f.:(1
come to an end
1. +Lx.oo. The meeting came to an end at
last. lloflllQtJJo Roo"'-t:lf .,.LII,.,
2. 1\R-"'. The dynasty carne to an end as a
result of the war. P'COJ ""1"11"1> RtDC
)1> ' ll"h1J'.} ' 1\R-"'
for hours. on end Al:~,.. "l.tL
We stood in line for hours on end. 11:"1:9"
'1..11. RllA'i' -1'9"1
386 endless
in the end OOD~l:'if
In the end, he agreed to go along with us.
Roo..,.,:lf h>;' :>C ll.'tF: .,. ....,
meet one's end fih.~aJi: 'i!K."' lf~
He met his end in battle. RtDCH: 1\,1'. f .n
,l'.OJ1>' 'i'l\"'1. ' II')
no end ofifto
A year in America will cost you no end of
money. Oh""L&lt h.1C ; m-n..- 1\'lS: 't-oo
-l- IIOD'l'C oflll" 11Hofl J'IILA:>A
(have) no end of "7114:.1' 1\A)Rt:tJJo'/"
+we had no end of trouble on the trip. 01-~tJJo
1\,1'. ,..,?-';f-1 "711-I:J' I\A)0:11Jo9"
put an end (to)
I. 1\-l'oo. Can't you put an end to these
squabbles? ,I'.U11 "1.'-l-'fl'-l- A;f--1'9" 1\-l-
';f-A'/"!
2. hllm1Y... We must put an end to corruption.
oflA11-l-1 "711m1F: l\llofl1
3. 1\114':. We must put an end to war. tDC)
.... ' "7114':.} ' l\llofl1
4. 1\mf.oo. A major war will probably put an
end to civilization. -l-A-'1> tDC).} P'A"'l!.
1 ' 1\J'OJF:'I" ' I\,1'.4'C9"
[See also 'bitter, extreme, far, mean, meet,
odds, rope, stand, tail, very1
endanger 1\1.:> 1\,1'. "'ll
He endangered his life by careless driving.
R"IF: fll11 1\MF: m,l'.mi:1 1\1.:> 1\
,1'. ' "'ll
endear .,.m'l"f: 1\1.:1
Her kindness endeared her to all of us.f."l):f:
R!Jol\';f-1 H1F: _,.m'l"f: 1\1.::>-l-
endeavor (v.) .,."1"1:
He endeavored to please his wife. otil4:'l 1
11"7111.(1.} ' -f-"1"1:
endeavor (n.) ODF:b9"
His endeavor to be elected was successful.
f\ODOD~T I ODJ.!"bOD- I oPA_f}9"" I fi:t'n") I J\il'l"f'
make every endeavor lf"h~
Please make every endeavor to be early l
R.,.!I'IIU oom1 4'1.9" 11"711.} 'l"hC
ending 'i'K"''.
The story has a happy ending. f;f-tlh- 'i'l\"'1.
f"'LJ'IIf.ll.} )IIJo
endless
I. "711-I:J' ffl.lltJJo. Her story was endless.
;1-tl'>. "7114:.1' ffl.lltJJo )RC
endorse
2. ooy_oo&y<; oa..,_~lf fl\.1\a>-. A bicycle
chain is an endless chain. fll.llhl\.'1- IJ1:<;
ooy_oo&y<; oo..,_~lf fl\.1\a>- ~w-
endorse
I. 1\IU'...,.. Congress endorsed the President's
plans. ?"hC 11.1: I"Ttl.IJ..'I't1:"t 1.:f> .<:-
IIIU'.._,.
2. L~oo. Please [endorse the check! 'lih-"t
LC?"
3. DPJ'.1f."t 11\l\. The newspaper endorsed the
candidate. ;>11."11& 1.Q;Jr of'IDJIJI61&"t ""
J'.1f."t ' 11\l\
endorsement
I. .1:-;Jtt:. The mayor's endorsement helped
the candidate win the election. fh"t-f:qw-
.1:-;Jtt: ' of'ID'IJI&a>- ' II"C"il&"t ' 1."t'l..l'lf"ttt: '
~Jiw-
2. LC"7. I can't read the endorsement of
this check. fll.tl"t 'lih LC"7 "7"t011 II
A"i-AII"
endow
I. OJ'.I\. Nature endowed her wtth both
beauty and brains. of>L'I'C' w-O'l-<; 111.?"
C' O.I:-1).:1-IA
2. l-C':J- IIJ'.~1. The rich man endowed the
church he used to attend. Oil,._. II.,. f.
<\1\oP.,. 11~0~.,. 0.1- hCII1:Y"t l-C':J-
IIJ'.~1
endowment lltp:J-
The college received a large endowment from
Mr. Jones. tol\.11: h"''.llof>C ]("til htt:
Yll lltp:J- 1117
endurance
I. ilC:J-'1-. He showed great endurance while
in the desert. 09".1:-~0Jiw- ' 1&11'1' ' 0~0~ '
1.11. :J-'I:f> ilC:J-'1- 11<\f
2. ouif'A. His endurance of the pain was
remarkable. f.bOD....., F:l'f. oolf'tt.-
f"''.YIIY."t:f> ~oc
3 . .1:-IJII""t ooif'A l 'l'"tlJ<I.. A runner needs
endurance. lf.'fl" .1:-IJII""t ooif'A ('l'"tlJ<!.)
YIILA1'1'A
have endurance HA+
His friendships have little endurance. 'IJ'.'h1:
1111- llf.HA:f>?"
endure (vt.) of>ollotoo
It takes character to endure calumny. do"''l-"t
1\oo>ol/ol/?" oo"tLII m"tlJ&-~'1-"t f.mf.:I'A
387 enfold
can endure ~A
He can't endure severe cold. '1f..ft.;;: 1 11C.'!" 1
llf."i-A?"
endure (vi.)
1. ;fw1/1.. If help doesn't come, we must
endure to the end. 1.CJI:J- lJAoo>"J 1.11h
OD....~lf.,. ' OD:J"1A ' 1\1\il"t
2. 'f'L:. Lincoln's name will endure forever.
fll."tloA"t II?" 1\HII'\119" f.<:' &-A
enemy (enemies)
1. mil+. Even his enemies respected him. mil
.,...; 1."tl>."t taU>~- Yhil>~-'1- ~oc
We attacked the enemy at dawn. '1-.h ..._.,.
1: I mil+,. I dJ;J~aJo
2. h"l'd.. Frost is an enemy of flowers. m-c-11' 1
YOP"io II'I'L ~.,.
energetic
I. :J-:1"&. We need an energetic leader.
:J-:1"& oo& YIILA1<;A
2. '!'il:f>. The parliament took energetic meas-
ures against crime. ?"he 0.1o m"tY..A"t
1\0Dh'\hA 'l'il:f> 1.C?")f IDIIJ'.
energy
I. .,.AO'l-. He has an excess of energy. bAh
YIIL -,.AO'l- 1111.,.
2. ~f.A. Electricity and heat are forms of
energy. to~"t-1:<; .,_.,.'!- f~f.A '\f.H
l- ' <;'fw-
He's full of energy. ll-A1.rt. oa"tLII- ~f.
At; ' ~.,.
drain one's energy h~hoP
The operation drained the doctor's energy.
.,.,_ ' '1'1<; ' "7.(-~-,. ' P..h1-"-"t ' 1\l.hOD.,.
[See also 'inexhaustible']
enervating 11.1:-IJ"''.
A hot climate is enervating. 'I":1''1- YfC
v-~:J- ' 11.1:-IJ"''. ' ~ ....
enfeeble IIJ'.boo
Sickness enfeebled him. 011:1" ' 1\J'.hOD.,.
enfold m.,.l\11
She enfolded the vase in cloth to keep it
from breaking. yoq "7II.,.OD"i.,. 1."t
-'lf.{l{lC OI'U.C:f> m+llll"i-w-
enfold in one's arms h+L
The mother enfolded her baby in her arms.
1.<;'1-1"'1' .bYI--"t 1\.,.L"i-"'"
enforce
be enfolded .,.1f L'i
What happened is enfolded in mystery. fll')
tD- )1C Oll"llm.C -l'lf'i!S:A
enforce
I. t.llhn<:. Policemen and judges enforce
the laws. ?"fl.{o";f<; J!~"'f ih"l ,l'llhii&-11-
The teacher enforced silence. oo,.-u~ KT
:1- t.llhn<:
2. t.m)h<:. The speaker enforced his argument
by adding details. of'<;;>&m- 11C"IIC <H:J-
jP"'f"J """""-""C "J"I"I~"J t.m)hl:
3. P'&-(0-l-). The judge enforced the letter of
the law. Jl"'m- ih"I-"J l'."J~-I'~.C.m- P'&-0-l-
be enforced flP"&- 1'\f, ' cpA
This law has never been strictly enforced.
1-U ih"l O~"Jil OF&- 11.1'- m-i'fo t.J'
m-:r-9"
engage (vt.)
I. +m<:. We have just engaged a new maid.
1'0 t.o-"J t.JI.il 1<:~ +me"J
We engaged him for two concerts. o-11-l-
l>"JIIC-l- l'.")JI.oP&- +mC)tD- .
2. .ffl. She engaged him in conversation.
nm&. .rn"'fm-
3. 1m"". Our soldiers engaged the enemy.
m:t-~r:i!'"'f"J m'l-l-"J 1m..,.-l-
4. lltnC)-l- t.ll"7&-. They engaged five divi
sions of troops. t.ll"ll-l- h'i!ll tnC lltnC
)-l- t.ll"7~
5. mM(O-l-). Tennis engaged all his spare
time. -J:tll -l-C'i! "l.tl.tD-"J o-11- mMn-l-
6. "7<:h. The book engaged his attention and
interest. ""l\'m4- mltll-1<; '1!'11-I>"J .,
<:hm-
7. ItO. I tried to engage his attention. l'."t-'1.
ODIIhof''S ' m/to-1 IIODI)ofl ' 'l"hCIJ.
8. :I'A 1fl. They engaged to meet again in
ten years. hOP'C ~-:,. 0:\'1 1'."11""'11
1 illltD- :I'A 111-
engage (vi.)
I. )hll. The gears engaged. "7Clf. )hll
2. 1'11"7&-. He engages in constructive activity.
m:J-"'1. fill'). F&-jP"'f '11- .1'-11"7&-A
3. "JtnOD, The armies engaged at once. ll&-1!
.tz .f"-aJo). "Jmoo
4. 1fl. I don't engage in politics. M 07"111:
I) tD-il'l' t.A1flll"
engage in .fff
The two frielfds engaged in a long discussion.
u-11-1> 'J~~"'f <:HII" ,I'll "l'"tD-tD--l- ,I'll-
388 engaging
engage oneself ?A "JQ
He engaged himself to pay the debt. 6-'ltD-"J
IIODhoi.A :I'A 1fl
be engaged
I. of',I'H. My time is completely engaged.
1.11.\1. n-11- 1'.1'-!l.A
The telephone is engaged. IIA iJ. of'.I'>!!. A
2. h ..... John is engaged to Mary, and Mary's
sister is engaged to me. l'"m"Jil "''.ti"J t."l'"
:l:A l M. ~"1'1" f"''.ti"J 1'.1-l- t."l'"il'llo-
3. :1-""-"'f. My sister is engaged to a doctor.
1'.11: llmh.ll" :J-"1'":1-II"'f
4. 1''1';>.Ten divisions are engaged. OP'C h
'I'll ti'C OOD'I':>-l- '1.1'- ' )ID"
be engaged {to one another) of-Ml'DI
How long have they been engaged? h-l'""i
"" ' ll"J,. ' "l.tl.,l':fm- ) tD- 1
be engaged in
I. ,I'H. He is engaged in the development of his
business. "J"IJI.") "71l'f.4.-l- .1'-!l.A
2. n + verbal noun + '1.1'- )m-. He is engaged
in the organization of a new club. t.-'1.11 hn
'
it ' """**~~" '1.1'- )ID"
engagement
I. +mr:. I'm sorry, but I have a previous
engagement. t.11<;11o- l t.ll+~"''. +mr:
h~CI.,I'IIu-
2. "":1-""--l- l OD-f'""i....,.. She announced her
engagement. "":1-""":l:"J t.il:J-m+"'f
Their engagement is off. ""-l""'i""-:1-:ftD- .1.<:11
3. "1'1""1.,1'. We have had two engagements with
the enemy this week alone. RH.U ltM-l-
tD-il'l' ilil' hm'l-l- ;>C o-11-l- "1'1'"'1.
,1' h~l:"I"J
4. f-l'+m<:. Her engagement at the theater
will last five weeks. -1:,1'~ IL-l- 1'-l'+m<:"'f
, . itll"ll-l- ltll"'t-l- ' )ID"
break (one's) engagement
She broke her engagement. +110;1:1 DDIIII"'f
have an engagement 1-+tn~
The actor had a three weeks' engagement in a
theater. 1''1''01' R-l-,1'~ IL-l- lliPil-l- ltii""J
-l- -l'+'l'r: )OC
engaging (n.), by ~ in R --- P'&-
He sought wealth by engaging in smuggling.
Ol:>"J-l-f:fJ")~ P'&- Vil-l- 11"7"1"f-l- .1.1\1
engaging (adj.) f"''."7Ch
She has an engaging smile. f"''. "7Ch 1 4.1"1
:J- I h'IT
engender
engender
I. mM. He engendered a male child. tD't
~ A"/!: tDIIS'.
2. t.il1T. Truthfulness engenders confidence.
l\trJo)-1-... H l\?")'M fh~ ...IA
engine '1"-1-C
You left the engine running. '1"-1-'1-'t ll:f"mof.
-1-trJobtrJo
engineer (v.)
I. T'l't t.m"'. He engineered several big in
dustrial projects. filii- '1-liA'I> of.i!<llt9':f
't T'l't l\tD"'
2. l\4'1'.. He engineered the election campaign
from start to finish. f?"C""liJJo't trJo~~C h
OD"f.OD<IftrJo 0 l\(lb 0 ODQ;l.~lf 0 l\4'J'.
engineer (n.)
I. DD?'tJl.h. The engineer designed a beautiful
bridge. oo7')Jl.(l. .,..._ ~IA~f. )S'.I..
2. qo-c ):(. The engineer stopped the train.
qo-c ):(trJo qo-.;.'t , l\oi'ODtrJo
England fll't"'l\.11 h1C
England was the center of an empire. fll't"'l\.11
~~~c n ~ . 't"Jo... )~.,.,..,. .,~..,.
iiCT )~R:f
English
I. ll't"'l\.11,... English is hard for foreigners
to learn well. ll't"'11.11"''t R"''..~q 11"7m'l>
llfl>o<'P h~C l\9':f hh'f;J<I )trJo
2. fll't"'l\.11. I bought an English bicycle.
fll't"'l\.11 ilhhl\.:,. ~~.,.
the English l\'t"'ll.fl:f
The English are mercantile people. ll't"'ll.fl:f
f't"'~ (l9':f <;'ftrJo
Englishman l\'t"'l\.11
Two Englishmen hired a taxi. o-11:,. l\'t"'ll.fl
:f. ll't~ :f"hll. ' -1-h<l-1'
engrave 4'~11 (-1-4'~11)
They engraved his name on the tombstone.
noo.+il'l- ~'t;JJ'. 'If. hDP-'t '
His mother's face was engraved on his memory.
fll<;oJ> DD/Ah Rllli?"C'trJo trJoh'l' ' -1-4'C!I.IA
engraved (adj.) n~'t;JJ'. 'If. f-1-4'~11
Many engraved inscriptions have been found
at Axum. ilfto n~;Jf. 'If. f-1-4'~~ II'
m.,;:::f hhfl.?" trJoh'l' ~'t-1-'I'A
389 enjoy
engraving (n.)
I. 'I>CII'. The engraving shows long-ago Lon-
don. :roc~ f'l''tT 11-'tl'-'t't f<'lfiA
2. oo'l>~ll'. Engraving on steel is difficult.
no~il il~..,. 'If. -:r-~11' hh'l'?<I )trJo
engross
1. oot~h. Their discussion engrossed his
attention. ""'l':f"'ftrJo h"'L-I:'t "7~h,.
2. (=be engrossed) -1-DDhm. +His study engros-
ses him. fiT?"IJC-1> -1-""htll.IA
be engrossed ..,.oo(lm
He is engrossed in his work. art-m- I i"OO
htll.IA
engulf 'I'm
A wave engulfed the small boat. 'I"~JI. T'tl(
't"f.Aq'I'"'T
enhance """"~(liT)
The necklace enhanced her beauty. mill\- trJo
n:,. , """"'~"""
enigma ?"hm.c
His intentions remained an enigma. th'-ll-
?"hm.C IJ''f 4'~
llr
enigmatic ?"hm.<l-'1!
His enigmatic actions make it difficult to
predict what he will do next. ?"hm.<l-'1! fiT
)trJo ' l\~<1-1-1> IDS'.I..T f"''..fS'.C~trJo't )
~c 11"7m'l> fh'f"'.:.A
enjoin
I. Tl\~11 hm. The court enjoined the defend-
ant to pay his taxes. 'i'C~ IL-l: -1-hll
~ "'il'l-'t ll'tJl.h'i'A :,.11~11 (lm
2. oob,t. Parents enjoin good behavior on
their children. m'l;l- A](iJ''ftrJo '1''1- mq
,. 'll'tJl.'f<l-'fiJJo. f.DDh<l-11-
3. l\HH. The doctor enjoined a strict diet.
m!J.oo- f-1-tD(l) ?""Iii l\HII
enjoin from 1..~~ +negative imperfect+ h1S'..
The court enjoined the union from striking.
'i'C~ IL-l> "7'10'1- P'<l- ll'tllfol'?" h~S'.
.,.~~
enjoy
I. S'.h llll(trJo). +r enjoy his company. hfl. ;J
C ' DDI)"t S'.h ' f.li ...IA
2. mU. How did you enjoy the picture?
ll.t"7trJo't tD~htrJo l
3. ( = give joy) hhS'.h-1-. +Did you enjoy the
swim? 'I''OtrJo hhS'.h-1-ll ?
enjoyable
4. h1"f. The couple enjoyed celestial happi-
ness. QA.,- "'UH {l"'JJ" f.il;l-"i l\1"f.
5. -1-ltl..ll. Winston Churchill eJ:Iioyed a check-
ered career. 'l!"iilof-"i :fc";fA OAf. AI<
fl"&- HC'i' of-lt'i'II'I'A
*He's enjoying excellent health. m."i)-1> fof-
"'-'1 )tJ>o
h.f! 'ii\OOo'} r +,;g.
enjoy life 'loflcro-1 1
He is rich, and enjoys life. V1l;t-9"' ~(Do ! q.
IIDD<"i J'J'A ('-4'"'1A)
enjoyable f.il f"'LJ'(l~ I 1\ilf.ll'f
I spent an enjoyable evening with my friend.
h'\f.':'\lo :>C f.il f"'LJ'{l~ ?"1i-r 1\llll'i'h-
A Sunday drive in the country is very eJ:Iioyable.
1\Jt.Y: ' 1\Jt.Y: hhof-"'1 tJ>o"'!" Oouh,.,- ou
"ilf&-lfc 1\ilf.ll'f )tJ>o
find enjoyable f.il 1\ll(tJ>o)
+r find history more enjoyable than mathe-
matics. h4!'1'C '-A:,. ;l-&h fOIIm f.
il '-II':'A
enjoyment f.il;l-
He finds enjoyment in reading. h"''"i 011 f.il
;l-"i ' Y,':'A
get enjoyment ( ~ give joy) 1\ilf.(lof-
Do you get much enjoyment out of that?
hf'l )1C 1111- J'ilf.ilTYA 1
have the enjoyment (of) +m+oo
The son now has the enjoyment of his father's
car. A)l: hv-"i 'I'l-l> ouh,.,- '-m4'"'1A
enlarge (vt.)
I. 1\111.1. Let's enlarge the photograph! It's
so pretty. C:.,_..,&-4- ilii"'LL'?"C h..-IIY:1tJ>o
2. 1\M-. They enlarged the house by adding
a bedroom. ou~;J- ILT oou..,ouc IL;l-
'l'tJ>o"i ' l\(14--r
enlarge (vi.) -t-M-'1-
The city gradually enlarges. h-1-"''tJ>o 4'il
04'il '-il'i-'1-A
enlarge (on) 1\il'i-'1'1' 1\1..
He enlarged on the matter in his book. hA ' ..,.
-'If. oouwm4- tJ>oil'l' 1\M-'1'1' Ill..
enlargement
I. ( ~ to enlarge) "''il-1-T. The enlargement of
the house took two years. IL-I>"i "''il'i-T
IJ-IIT 'touT I..'F..
2. ( ~ to enlarge) "''ll!."'. An enlargement of
390 enormity
the photo will cost two dollars. C:.,_..,&-4-"i
11"'11\f."' IJ-IIT 11C '-/.JfA
3. fof-4'mll. The bedroom is an enlargement
to our house. rou~;J- IL-l> OIL;J-'f"i II
'- fof-4'mll )tJ>o
enlighten 1\il~-'1
Can you enlighten me on this subject? '-ll"i"i
)1C A;l-il~-'1~ T'fllllll 1
enlightening h"''f
He found the lesson very enlightening. T?"IIC
-l>"i 0"1!1" h"''f IJ''f" h1"ftJ>o
enlist (vt.)
I. ou11ou11. Today they enlisted 300 men for
the army. ~"' 1\d>;l-f.C)T V'ilT ou.p.
(19'";(- oPIIOUI\-
2. 110. The Red Cross seeks to enlist the
interest of all. 4''- ou{l4'A fiJ-11-"i mil
11 11ou1111 '-I..A:>A
enlist (vi.)
I. 1'1. He enlisted in the army two days ago.
hv-IIT 4'"i O.LT ID;l-f.C)T 1'1
2. of-4'm~ I of-ODH10. He enlisted in the navy
two days ago. hv-11-r 4'"i O.LT 'l.hC ..,
'-A tJ>oil'l' of-4'm~ (of-""H10)
enlisted man 'Ill 1\.'1 "''M"'
He is just an enlisted man, not an officer.
'Ill 1\.'1 "''b~"' h"i;( ""h-"i"i h'-1.11!1"
enlistment
*His enlistment was voluntary. m;l-f.C)T f
1'1tJ>o 01~ 1..:1'11- )0C
enliven
I. l\1.""4'. He enlivened the party by telling
funny stories. f"'LL'1"4! of-~ofo";f """"1C
:rcttJ>o"i hf.ou4'
2. 1\"m. Flowers enliven the room. 1\0P";f
h'i'll-"i h1..mtJ>o;l-A
enmity m'IT)T
There is no enmity between these two countries.
O)H,II IIIIT h1C''f outthA m'IT)T
filii"
ennoble 1\ilhO~
A good deed ennobles the person who did it.
'No ?""''IC l\J':tl-1,tJ>o"i J'ilhofl&-A
enormity (enormities)
I. 1\(l:J'-I:)T. The enormity of his crime shock-
ed everybody. fa>"i"F..II- 1\(l:J'-I:)T IJ-11-
'l , flm- r h.il:~)1m
enormous
2. h'i'-t-'1H. The enormity of his learning
surprised everyone. fO'I'of:H h'i'-t-'1H
IJo/lo") I h/11t':OD
3. ..,If:.~ oSJ.lolt,.. Hitler's many enormities shock-
ed the world. f'l.'I-1\C "l'i'.,.. .,_.I!~ ~II
M t.lrflt:ID"
enormous
1. hlf:. 1 lA. This project requires an enormous
amount of work. ,_11 1."1-.(-- ho;: fl\ P'
.l- ,_m,.?A
2. fltiJ!I" '1-A-l-. An enormous stone blocked
the road. fltiJ!I" 'I-A"'> 111'1''1 oo")1-'J.")
H;>ID"
3. fl"'~ "'',.,..lf:.. Long ago enormous animals
lived on the earth. hilll" uoo.,.-;r. fl.l-'1- fl
!1".(--C II,_
fltiJ!I" "lffo'i' 1-"Jilltl":f ,._
'f~ ~fiC
enormously 7.~"1
The need for raw materials has grown enor-
mously. 11'1'&. 1.? fi\ID" 'i'l\1'1- 1.~"1
1-fflq 'tJ1,.A
enough (adj.) flo!:
Do you have enough money? Oct 1 1'1Hofl. :
hl\11 l
enough (adv.)
I. ( ~ adj.) f"'Lfl?. Have you had enough to
eat? f"'Lfl? !l"""ofl M111 l
2. f"'Loi.I\11D"") fi1A. This room isn't large
enough. ,_11 h'i'A f"'Loi.I\11D""J fi1A
1'1.1. t.M'.I\11"
3. f"'L1QID"") fi1A. The government cur
tailed the student's stipend because he wasn't
studying enough. -t-"761D" f"'L1QID""J f
11/A 11111\m.,.. OD"J"IP'-f, +llflo"J "'t:mfl'l-
4. ,._11., fi1A. Are you simple enough to
believe everything your neighbors tell you?
1-t:ll.-l':f-11 n1~11., .,.11- I\"70D"J ,.11.,
fi1/A of:A ~11 l
5. fii."Jofl. The meat isn't cooked enough.
P';JID" fii."Jofl hAfll'll\11"
6. 7,")1:>,"). He is willing enough to work.
1\00P'.l-'1- ' 7,")1:>,") ' .1.?1.'1 ' ~ ....
*You're old enough to know better. 1.")1.
b.("'"tl1 htl'~ hH.11 fflllm "70J"l> ~fl
t:ofll1
be enough fl:l"
Will that be enough? ,_fi?A l
be enough for hm1fl
Your answer wasn't enough for me. oPAfttJI h
'lm1fl'19"
391 ensconce
have about enough of fl:l"(m-)
+I have had about enough of your impudence.
n-t- i1A.,.,.., """-~'"'"'
well enough ~~'i
She talks welJ enough for her age. fiH.I1 b
.("'"t'l' ' f.W ' t.~"J ' ol.;t-1\:f
[See also 'about, just, old, sure')
enrage
I. fltiJ!I" t....-u. Teasing enraged the dog.
--~-~1:>.11-1'1- ID"lfiD"") flt1J9" t....-1.1-0Jo
2. t.ll.,.IIJ. His failure to observe the pro-
prieties enraged everybody. P'~ P'C~'I- "7
'il./lo IJo/lo")!l" hll"'"'
enrapture ou(lm
Their music enraptured the audience. oo-tt..+:f
liJo I }1~""'} I ih1J-fl I oP{lfnliJo
enrich
I. hfll\111. Grandfather's property enriched
the whole family. f f ;t-'fOJo "Jilt:'I- 11.-1-
l'lflo") ' fl .... /lo hfll\111
Education enriches your mind. -r~uc+ h."-
!l"l!"t ffllll\':>A
2. h'lflt:. The rotting leaves enrich the soil.
ffll'lflll-'1- "1-mll-:f hoi.~") f'lofl~;t-A
3. h.i\ou~. Decorations enrich a room. 1."1 1
1.'1' h'i'A f<"l!l"<l-A
enroll (vt.) oon1fl
The supervisor enrolled students for a special
class. -t-"'IIJIIJ60Jo -t-"76l":f"J 1\AI' '1-11"11
C'lo ODH1fl
enroll (vi.) -J-OOH1fl l -t-+mt:
My brother enrolled in the university. tD'l.e-ol 1
fl\<~liCI'I.of: ' ID"/1'1' ' of-ODH1fl (-1-+mt:)
enrollment f-1-"76 "'"'c
The enrollment at our school increased this
year. fiH.I1 ~-'~- fi'I-!1"11C'I- IJ.;t-:f"J
f-t-"76.,. "'"'c liQ.!I"t::A
*Enrollment in our school is not open to
foreigners. 'I-!1"11C'I- IJ.:t':f"J f.,...,_. M
C -t-"76l":f"J t.,_+fiA!I"
ensconce, "' oneself
I. -1-l.fl+ 1 -t-lrlr1. The boys ensconced them-
selves in a cave. A;l=ti ".,~ 1 m-ilT 1 T
l.fl .... (-t-lrlr1-)
2.-1-1.'1.(--11- -t-+oom. He ensconced himself in
a comfortable seat. fl!l"'ll OJ")fiC -1-1. II,_
11.(--11- -t-+oom
enshrine 392 enterprise

enshrine entail mf.J>

I. o:r>-'1.11 ' 11<;:.:. ' hii.J>oum. They enshrined Your plans entail great expense. 7-.:r>.r.:fu 1 '1-
a fragment of the cross in the cathedral. .,., A:r> <D""- 1 .J'.m.J'.:l'/1-
!l. ' OD/I.J>/1-'t ' OIJ-1:.(-<l-11- ' ID"/1'1' ' :r>-'1.11 '
/l'i'<lo ' J\/I.J>ODtn-'1-
entangle
I. 1\.J'.<D.(- hil~Q. They entangled me in the
2. .J>t:K. They enshrined his memory in their
hearts. f()-'t 'l-11:1' OA<J'flD" ID"/1'1' .J>t:l\. plot. Otl.<l-ID" 1 ID"/1'1' 1 liArD.(- hi11R-'t
2. J<.QQil. His interference further entangled
enshroud lf.l.) the dispute. fC()- ' "'A:J' I OD.,QT I m()-'t '
Fog enshrouded the city. .,..oo- = h+O"Jm-'l 1 )<,QQ(llD"
If.I.) 3. ( ~ pass.) i"<DIIiln(O'l-). +I entangled my
fishing line in the reeds. '\"1 "Y'J'OD)I" 11
ensign il't!l.:r> '\1\"Y &. i:m"YID" 1 ID"/1'1' i"<DIIilOofl't
The ensign of the United States has 50 stars.
beentangled +toltltfl I + ,.t'fl
fh"161J il't!l.:r> '\1\"Y M"ll l>h!l:f
Your fishing line is entangled in the weeds.
l\11-0'1-
f'\"1 I "Y'J'OD)I" I IJCU I Oht:V" I ID"il'l' I T
enslave <Do'til!J.A (i".J'.!f.A)
I. Q&.l' h!l.t:~. The Romans enslaved the
conquered people. t:"YlD"J"t fi"iH4-'l-'t enter (vt.)
.h"llll:f Q&.l' h!l.t:"l- 1. hll1Q. Enter these names in the list !
2. ~~.Fear of poverty enslaves him. f.(-"JH'l- MIUJ't il'l":f "IIC"II~ ID"il'l' hii~Q:flD"
'i'CV'l- .J'.~~'I'A
I entered my son in school today. A:('t
~&. ' '1-V"UC'l- ' n.'l- I hll~q.,.
be enslaved by 2. ( ~ intr.) ~Q. He just entered the theater.
*She was enslaved by her work. P' &.'I' = JvVl -1:.1''1-C 0.1< I ID"/1'1' ho-'t ' ~ .... ' ~q
aul'l-V" 3. ouu~O. Did you enter the last bill? .I'II.I.ID"
't .r.Aofl 1 OD"II.,01i'I'A 1
ensnare Jlmoo.t=.
The boy ensnared birds in a net. A:( 1 tot:: 4. h+l.fl. The injured man entered a com~
';f") I (}ODl,1l I JltnOD.t=, plaint in COurt. f+1--'}aJo I (t(l)o .1 l'\fi:CX" I
!f.T I IJ/1 I J\.J>t:0
ensue -1-h-1"11 5. fH. A dictionary enters words in alpha~
A period of chaos ensued. f'l-CV"il '1.11. betical order. """11~0 1 :1'11'1- :1'11'1-'t O.t.!l.
-i"h-1"11 A I i"<l-.J'..J'.~A

*When those two women meet, a battle of enter (vi.) 1Q

insults ensues. o-111< rl.-1"-:f tl. ~..,.1' fil.(- Everyone rose when the professor entered.
ofl OD'\T ' .J'."I-C4-A Tt:l.il~ tl. ~q 11-11-V" of-),..
As the days ensued, he recovered his strength. I am not going to enter into details on this
"h.l'!l.C "hfOt::l' 'til. matter. flH..tJ I .,..)}f. I it.f. I 1fC1fC I aJo/l~ I
l\A~QV"
ensure enter into 11.)..,
I. ht::>1m. A letter of introduction will We will enter into the question of taxes at a
ensure your acceptance. fM&-. 1 .t=-11-'lfl.m- = r future time. f;l'hil-'t "1-'I.J'. ID!l..t.'l- "h.,.
"7.<1>011-U ' ODI/").'t .l't::>.,TAVA )"''l'll't
This law ensures more freedom of speech. [See also 'plea']
.h"l- f't.,.,c )l\)'1-'t OOIIm .l't:;J.,"'A
2. h!l.t:~. Careful planning ensured the enterprise
success of the PartY T't:l'-1: foui\O'l- "II I. f't.,.(- .(-C~'l-. In this country, there is
.,~ .,ofl"1f"ID"'t "h't-'I.IIIJ h!l.t:~"'" not much private enterprise. flH.tJ h1C 1 m-n
3. l.-'1. Proper clothing ensured us against ... ' oflll- f.,A ' 't.,.(- I .(-C~+ ' fiiV"
suffering from the cold. ~ll Aoflll 1 OofiC 2. P'&-.. Catching crocodiles is a dangerous
_(- I 7-.'t'l'toP:J'.J'. I t:'l't enterprise. hfl 1 "?~0111: 11.1.1~ 1 P't,. 1
[See also 'arrival'] )ID"
enterprising
*My brother has a spirit of enterprise. m1.J:-
"' I F&. I AOD'i!tnC I 'l-lr ~(1)-
enterprising :r:r&
He is a very enterprising businessman. fitiJiP"
;r;r& ' t:>.l'. ' ) ....
entertain
I. hil.,.'01JI. I :>RH. They entertained a large
number of guests last night. '1-<;'1'1-<; ..,;r
1111" "h'I"IP."f- hil.,.'01JI. (;>RII")
2. hilJ/.1'1.,.. Television entertains children.
1:/l.ii.'IM A}!:"f-'1 J'ilJI.il:J-1\
3. h.fiO. We have never entertained any such
proposal. "h'IJI.ILIJ J'll hlt-fl hilR'I h
.,..,.:,.9"
*Even after failing twice, we still entertained
a hope of success. o-ll'l- '1..11. hmJ/.:,0'1
R:\1\ 1.'1\\ Y.lti!A<;A f"'ll'l- t .,.M.
Rl:'l
entertainer h"'i'l'"f-
Eddy Cantor was a famous entertainer.
1\Jl. 1!'11'C 11)';' h"'i'l'"f- tRC
(be) entertaining hilJ/.1'1.,.
Shows are very entertaining. '1-c~"f- n
"19" ' J'ilJI.il:J-fto
entertainment
1. "'-1':1". Who's going to provide the enter-
tainment? ..,.,;l-..,.'1 f"'l...'H;>)!..,. ...,)..,. 1
2. ..,il.,.'01.J:-. The hostess devoted her time
to the entertainment of her guests. q{IIJ.;t 'I.
11.'1''1 R..,.fto "h'I"IJ'.!l!'l ll..,il.,.'01.J:- h
'I' liT ....
enthrall OD(tm
The speaker enthralled the audience with the
story of his travels. +'i;J6tJJc r ill\ r "l-fltJJc :
(tOD<;1C I 1\~"""'fl'l I OD(tm
enthrone 11"4-'1 1\Y. hil4'""m
The Muslims sought to enthrone one who
would protect their faith. "hilll'l"'fl "h9"t;l-:f
...., f"''.m-fl:,OI\'1'..,.'1 n..,. 11"4-'I 1\Y. ll
..,(t4'0D'I' I d.{l.,.
enthuse Jl.il .,....,.
All the neighbors enthused over the new baby.
"!-l:IJ.1: I IJ-fto I 1\JI.(t I (t{l.,.dJ{IJ/..... I ift7') I
Jl.il '.,. ... ,.
enthusiasm
I. OD'Id.il 1 il"''.r. Continued failures damp-
393 entirely
ened their enthusiasm. -1111" 1 '1..11. 1 ltY.ItiJI\
"'"'" I OD:,0l:-IJ I OD')d./t'fiD-') I (il"'/.;l-TID-'1) I
J
""'""'""'"
2. "M-'1-. He did not show enthusiasm for the
trip. ll.,.,..,. 1 9"19" .,..,.:r- hllo'tf9"
3. '1-:>'1-. He did not show any enthusiasm
for his studies. ll'I-9"1JC-I> 9"'19" '1-:>'1-
Mltf9"
fan enthusiasm 11.~"1"1
He tried to fan enthusiasm for his proposal.
{1..,.,,.,..
114'l:RID- ' dto't-fl ' .J:";J'i: ' I l'll''"f-'1 '
ll"'t"'"''l- 'l"hl:
show enthusiasm .,.J1.)4'(R'I-) I h.J::<;-1''1- ho'tf
He did not show any enthusiasm for my plans .
(11.:,0.1'. 9"19" hA.,.JI.t4'R'I-9" ( or ll"h
:,0.1'. ' 9"'19" ' h.J::<;-1''1- hl\ltf9")
(be) enthusiastic '\'\
I am quite enthusiastic about the forthcoming
trip. mJI.d.'l- ll"''.J1.t:1m- .,.,. R"'9" '\1'
!f'llv-
enthusiastically R:>ll il"'/.'1-
He called out to her enthusiastically. R:>ll
il"'/.'1- m<l-'1-
entice
I. 1\qnll. The crook enticed the children
with candy. h:J-111' ihY'0-1>'1 flhl:"'/.1\ h
qnl\'1'..,.
2. ltR. The smell of food enticed the hungry
children into the house. f9""111 7i;J- f.,.
<1-11-'1-'1 A}!:"f- mJI. 11.-1> o"tq'fm-
entire (adj.)
I. ~1. The entire town came to see him off.
~') Ih.,...,.,_ ' ll..lf"fiD- I OD"J
2. ""'~ The accident bereaved him of his entire
family. 1\JI.;>m- ODI\ II..,. 1'111-1 ho't"JID-
3. ( = adv.) R....fto. He lost his entire fortune.
O-fl-1>'1 O..,.fto h"'
He wrote the entire novel in only six weeks.
ODJI"dt4-1 ' (tao-(lo ' Ril.J:-il'l- ' lt9"1'1- ' ,.
il'l' '-Ill"' ~\kiD-
entire (adv.) 1.1-'lll
The crown was recovered entire. Hm-JJ."} ~
'!-'Ill ' hil....lll'l-'1-
entirely
1. fl'i!ll-9". The two are entirely different.
o-ll-1> R'i!l\.9" f.,.llJ'I' <;'l'm-
2. d.ll"'l". The news came entirely unexpected-
ly. mo~.m- ' d.ll"'l" ltY.:J-1'111 Jl.l:l'l
entirety
3. oo-fr fl60-fto. The committee is made up
entirely of students. f!l.C.,. t.QII-'f """il-
ll .... fl- ' .,...,&1"'1' ' <;:fw-
entirety ( = adv.) ll..,.fi-
He devoted the entirety of his life to medical
research. ihf.a>-l:"t ll..,.fl- ll<hh!l"<; '!'<;
,. ' h'l'/1
in its entirety OJDot\- I l\1".';1\
The bill was rejected in its entirety. fa,.,. <:
-t:t> ' 11 .... (1- ' (7."t.llll) .,..,.q,.~'f-"t h"'
entitle
I. ""il'l- am. The law entitles every crim-
inal to a trial. a,.,. /l"l<;:fw-!1" m"t;(ll
>;' 'i'C!l.' IL'f- fOD:t-<:-11 ouil'f- ,l'.am'PA
2. ofiA- = m&-. How does one entitle a king
when speaking directly to him? h"t!l.'. aw-'
h"t.,.P' ;>C 1U;>~C !l""t ill\" f.
m&-'PA?
*Their age and experience entitles old people
to the respect of young people. t.~w-"t'l-"t II
~!l:"7.1'l'w-<; IIA!I"!I"JI:fa>- m"'ofo'f 1."tJI.
1hila::fw- f.~QA
be entitled
I. P'A"'"t hila>-. The nurse is entitled to
administer drugs. ~C!l. OOJ!.';lot'l- /IODIIm
:,. ' P'A"'"t ' t.'l'l-
2. .,.Q/1. A book that explains words is
entitled a dictionary. f:J-'1'1-"t 'i''f f"lJl
... ""~~""'-;: ""11~11 :1"'1'1- f.Q'IA
entity (entities)
I. ll"t!l.'~'l- 1'1'1- Me. The United States
is an entity rather than an association of states.
t."''.&lt t."t!l.'~'l- 1'1'1- Me 7."tl[ fl1~t:
,. ' ..,-11<:'1- ' hf.!l.ll'l'!l"
2. h ItA. Physical entities are perceived by the
five senses. "111-'i' t.ltll-'f"t Q!/"111: ill'!'
'1'1- /l"lm:t> 7."t'f'lll't
entomb
I. 4'11<:. The slide of rock entombed the
miners. f.,.<;!l.w- l\11'1- "l~!l."t t.w-m
l"'lh ' 4'11&-:fw-
2. ( = pass.) .,..,.11<:. +This church entombs
many great men. 1111_11 IL.,. hCII1:1't it
11- :J-l\'l:t> al"'f _,..,.ill:'PA
entrails t."t;('I-
Only a dog eats entrails. ll"t;('l- f"tll'l w-
lf ' ilil' ' ~w-
394 entrenched
entrance (v.) """m
The music entranced him. oo-ft.4"m- oo(tmm-
entrance (n.) """111.1
Where is the entrance to this hall? f11_11 h
Jl&-11 """'tl1aJo ' llf'l- ' ~w- 1
*The actor's entrance was greeted with
applause. .,..,..,.\<
il:t> ItA ll"l"ii"""Q
.,..,.llfi-'1-
*Entrance to the college is by examination
only. 1>11.)!' f"t~Qw- 11.1..,.<; ilil' ~w
gain entrance i\OD..,f}T US: 1t11"
He gained entrance to the palace. IL.,. """t
"'P''I- IIOD"'Q'f- .1.:1"!!.' M"f
entrant l\.11.11 ~II.
A medical examination is required of all
entrants. l\.11.11 ~tll"'f IJ-tl- fm.<; !I"
COD&- 7."t.ll.!l.l:"''l:faJo ' 111.1.A;>A
entrap (entrapped)
1. llm""!!.. The bunters entrapped the jackals
in nets. ll.ll'l''ll 4'11C:l"'ll"t ll""l:il t.m
ODJI.
2. ll"'QQ. She sought to entrap him by telling
him her parents were wealthy. m'I}I:!J! 11-II:J-
!1" <;:fw- ll"l/1'1- A:J'"'QQw- .1.111'1'
entreat II""~
The criminal entreated the judge to show
mercy. m"t;(ll':'w- C..,&-"1. 7."t.ll.!l.<:"'ll'l-
Jl>;'aJo"J 0 /IOU~
entreaty (entreaties) Aou<;
The warriors paid no attention to their cap-
tives' entreatieS for mercy. rcf\~;.;':fm- I r
ill<:'l- ' 7."t.ll.!l.l:"''l:fw- 14'<:11-'1-"t A""
<; t.cn'l''ll h!l""t!l" t.A<!Lm<~-'1-!1"
entrench, """' oneself
1. oolf~. The soldiers entrenched themselves
near the enemy lines. m:J-!l.C:'Il hm'l'l-
"'"tQC llm~il oulf.,.
2. P'C a!l.!l.. He strongly entrenched himself
in the company. IIIJ.Q"t1a>- a>-11'1' 11"1!1"
P'C a~A
entrenched (adj.) P'C fa!l.!l.
It is difficult to change entrenched habits like
smoking after meals. h!l""'il 11:\'1 .,..._11
"t foo'latl- P'C fll!l.JI. A"ll'-'f"t /IOD/1
m'l' t.ll:f.:>& ~w-
be entrenched ooif'J
The enemy was strongly entrenched on the
entrust
other side of the barrier. m~:,. 01,_11- ~
'lf1e 0,_11"11 ou'111 )Oe
entrust
I. l\11"):,. "'ll(n:,.), Can I entrust you with
this task? 1111.11 P'&o l\11")1:') o!\'l'o!\11
II l\:f-~1111- l
2. M&o llm. While traveling, he entrusted the
children to a nurse. 0"'1.~110:,. '1.11. o!\]t.
'Jl') 11.,..,11...,. ~,_&- llm
3. h.l\4'oPm. We entrusted our money to a
bank. 1')Hq:f')') q')h ~(14'<"1'')
entry (entries)
1. h.1llfl. Their entry into America was
illegal. tD,_ ~"'L&II ~1qq'f'..,. m1 tD'l' )Oe
2. ( ~ to enter) _..,q:,., Entry into the U.S.
requires a visa. ha-ult r i\oP'"IQT 1 'ii:.tf : 1
ll.t..o!\;Jo!\
3. r+ouH'lR :J'A. How many entries are there
in this dictionary? 011.11 OD1110 :1'~:,.
tiJoll'l' 11'):,. fTODH111- ' :1'~:,. ~II- l
4. fTOOH10. The last entry was five dollars.
nou..,.:'lf fT""H10tiJo ~11"11:,. 11e )tiJo
5. +mo'l.'fi~. The horse race had nine entries.
f.t...:fl. l\'11:,0.1':.1':11" Hm'S TID"l"l&l":f )
no~-:,.
make its entry 1tl
The army made its entry into the town un-
opposed. fl'-1- l}~')"l:f T:l'tiJo'l" h.,..,..,.
tiJoll'l' 1q
entwine, ~ around hOD
Roses entwined around the little cottage.
..,.')](') 1]t. lM. .:.o; h!J,;I-o!\
be entwined 1-moPmoP
+The poles are entwined with ivy. dt~.,. a /J
')..._:,. ~,1'. Tmll"'l'.,o!\
entwine hands l\;Eo lll\;Eo T41.~114-
They entwined their hands as they walked.
1\6-0D-'1. l\;Eo lll\;Eo T4r.~o!\.t.,t1Jo ' )0e
enumerate
1. tf&ml.. Can you enumerate the times the
Emperor has gone abroad? 1'1-"' ~1P''fz a
..,..,.. Me rJ~.q'f'..,.') 'I.H.l":f o!\..,.
4r.'J'e :,.:t-~1111 l
2. u.:u.:. He enumerated the capitals of the
fifty states. f...,ll"lll"'Jl') "'~of-:f 'I'<; hT
.,,...,. n.:n.:
enunciate
1. T'i'lt':.. The student enunciates his words
clearly . .,..,&..,. :1'~1o') O"'o!\K" ,1'.<;1&-o!\
395 envy
2. 'liUt The scientist enunciated a new
theory. f/1,1'.')(1. 11.+ ~.11.11 i')ll dtll
11 111ll
envelop
I. m.,llll. The mother enveloped her baby
in blankets. l\<;:,.\"'1' mY).') 011e.l': o!\
illl m4'1111":ftiJo
2. if .t..). Mist enveloped the town. hT"7tiJo')
.,.11" if.t..)tiJo
3. hOO. Our troops enveloped the enemy.
m:f',.l!'iJ':f') m~n hna-:,.
envelope ~II"Po!\h
I need an envelope for this letter. 1111.11 ,_11
"10. ~II"Po!\h l\.t..o!\?1111-
envenom ODt'.lf
A deadly gas envenomed the air. oPCH;;; ;
.,_./1 I Jtfo;.') I oP,llf(l)o-
enviable f"''..l'll4'<;
He has an enviable school record. ratt.YII+fJ' 1
v:,.rue:,. ..,.tiL..,. ~~~..,.
(be) envious 4'<;
He is envious of my good fortune. flooAlJ.,.. r
11.1':11. ,1'.4'<;o!\
environment ~l}qn,
The environment of the new school will make
the students proud. f~JI.(l. :,.rue:,. n.
:,. ' ~l}qn, ' T"7&l":f') ' .1'1>&-o!\
Scholars investigate the social environments of
different people. O'l'<l!l":f fo!\1' o!\1' lll"
:f') ' f').(!' 0 ~l}qO, ' ,('.OD~II"&o/1-
envisage
1. 11/r> 1 h.il:fl. Do you envisage a raise in taxes?
"111e ' ,l'.<l>oOD&oo!\ 111111 ;1-llqllll !
2. 0'1,1'.) 'rll.<; MID. The scientist envisaged
the happiness his invention would bring.
f/1,1'.')(1. II.+ 'i'o!\l'l'f.tiJo II"') .l'llo!\ '
,_II,.. l\'),."'1..1'"""1 n'l.l'.) ..,~~..,..,. ~lln
envoy ooo!\l\hT>:'
The President sent a special envoy to the
Emperor. '1"~ff...l;1''il tDF.. ~1~ .,..,.w
.,. o!\1' ODo!\l\hT>;' 'Ill-
envoy extraordinary A~ 1 ouAllbT;;;
The envoy extraordinary was received by the
king. ,.,..... o!\11. DPo!\l\hT>n I .,..,.Oil-
envy (v.) 4'<;(n:,.)
They envied him his success. lliiT:1'<;11:,. .,
'l-0'1-
envy
envy (n.) :,0<;'1-
Envy devoured him. :,0<;'1- ~S'.IIID-
*She was the envy of the younger girls in
school. m"''l- A)f~t,f.:'f-"t o-11- n '1-II"IIC
+ n.+ fll":rn"'" ) nt.:f
ephemeral '11\.t.
Man's life is ephemeral. f(lfD< a.r.m+ 'l
1\.l. ' )ID-
epic (n.) f)';1't)'l- 1'1'9"
The "Iliad" is an epic. h.MY: f)';1't)'l- 1
-rr )om-
epic deed )';ofl-'1.
Flying over the Atlantic for the first time was
an epic deed. Rh'l-ll't1:h 1\f. IIOD)';OD&f
'1.11. ' ODofll.C ' ~')S'. ' "'""' ' f"'l. ...tnC ' )0C
epidemic -1-111\.t. nii;r
An epidemic of malaria is reported from the
southern provinces. rmll 1"1\1\.t. O'li;t- =
RS'.IHI m:,OI\f. 1~.Y.:f ~ ')S'.-J-{1&-"'- -1-
)~l.
epilepsy f"'l.'l'A nii:r
Epilepsy is a disease of the nervous system.
f"'l. 'l'A oii;r nc.o nii:r )"'"
epilogue :,....,,.
He added an epilogue to his novel. RAofl mil
.II. ODJI'do'i! o :,O"'f. o "'-ODl.O'l-
Epiphany f'l'll""''l- R'lA
Epiphany is celebrated in Ethiopia. Rh.'l-1'-k
f f'l'll" ... 'l- R'lA f.hR&-A
episode
I. 9"b&-'i'. The year he spent in Franoe was
an important episode in the painter's life.
RLt.'t<'lf. h~C f<'IIILID- 'lOD'l- Rw'lll.
ID- a.r.m+ ID-il'l' ;r11:,. 9"b&-'i''t ffH
)ID-
2. h'i'A. The story was divided into different
episodes. :r&h- RAI' AI' h'i!ll-:f f-1-h
Lll )OC
3. Y:C'I.'l-. She remembered the episode of
the drunken butcher vividly. f(ltt.:- I";J
lf"l" Y:C'L'l- R'l-11:r '1-A.Y. :rf'l-
Eplstle ODA~h'l-
Paul's Epistles were written in Greek. f'-ID-11-
il ' ODA~h.Y.:f ' f-J-l\4-'l- ' Rll'~ ' )OC
epistle S'.ofl-'111.
The Emperor's epistle to the Pope was brought
by the ambassador. h't"l-w )~1"-1: 11'-'-
396 equal
(l- f-1-'lhm- S'.ofl-'111. Rhii"IJ<'IS'."- h"''l"tf.
)')- ' S'.t.(l
epitaph [illl ".'l.'ll f"'l.'i'~C OoP:I'ofiC 1 S'.'t'l.
f ' 1\f. ' f"'l. ... l.JI' ' h"l"C ' OD111"'ij
epithet :,Ox-A illl"
In "Richard the Lion-Hearted", the epithet
is "the Lion-Hearted". &if'CY: AR h'tR
It I Ootl\fDo I aJoiliJ' I -l-K"A l'lODo I A
R h'tR<'I f"'l.IIID- )ID-
epitome 9"<'111.
Samson is the epitome of courage. <'lll"(o't f
)':1'))'1- ' 9"<'111. ' )tJJo
epitomize R- -t-ou(lll
Samson epitomizes courage. <'lll"(o't RY:'i!t.
')-' f.OD{l'IA
epoch
I. HOD'). The epoch begun by the atomic
bomb has not yet ended. fh.Y."'Lh (19"ofl
HOD') ' ho-')9" ' hl\11 ... 9"
2. ll"b&-'1'. The first earth satellite marked a
new epoch in the study of the universe.
fou)';oo&fiD- (liD- we,ii "'-l.:l' RtnL
C 'l''i''l- ID-il'l' h-'l.il 9"b&-'i' hL-1-:f
Epsom salts ~'t111.11 """'"
Soak your finger in a solution of Epsom salts !
f".'l. ".'l. ' ~')111.11 ' """'" ' ID-il'l' ' "1'1-ll't ' 'th
""'"
equal (equalled), v.
I. hhll. The gains will never equal the losses.
'l-c4- h.<'I&-ID-'t h.Y. hfhA9"
2. l..h-A )m-. Sixteen ounces equal one
pound. 01"&- ilY:il'l- hfl)<')il tt'tY: ;r
ID-'tY: ' ;JC ' ~II-A ' )ID-
3. II') I )ID-. Four times four equals sixteen.
l,&-')- I 'I., II. 0 h&-')- 0 01"&- 0 ilY:il'l- 0 f.IJ'
'i'A ' ()ID-)
4. S'.t.(l(R'l-). You can equal my score easily.
flr.'t 1ofl 0 ...'111- A'l-S'.CilR'l- 'l-:fl\1111
equal (n.)
I. ~h-f i hif'. He is my equal in every respect.
R"''"t'fm-9" t.~Y: ~11-ftL (hil'\lo) )ID-
2. OJS'.C. In reading, she has no equal. R'tiJofl
OJS'.C fll'l-9"
equal (adj.)
I. ~11-A. The two nobles are equal in rank.
o-11-1: ' OD\o,')')')- ' R"''bt.1 ' ~II-A ' ""'"'"
2. ~11-A)'l-. They started out on an equal
equality
~--~--------------------
footing. ~9"~ Ol\h-ol\)'1- '-"-"If 'If.
)0<'.
3. 1\'tJ.': 'tf.)'l-. Equal pay for equal work.
'l'tJ.': 'if.)'l- P'&- 1\'tJ.': 'if.)'l- '-
'1"11
4. -1-oo>/tilf.. The two students are of equal
intelligence. 11-111 -1-'"hll''":f -1-0D/t/tf. fl\
l\9"1!' ' "lf-11-:t- ' 1\l'l'w-
be equal to ~:,.,.- ltAm-
I am not equal to climbing that hill. rn I>
t'.-ll;t- {IOOfD"I'IT 'i~9" fll'f9"
[See also 'quality, term, turn']
equality l\11-M'I-
Equality between men and women is hard to
bring about. Oa>'t.P-:f<i" Ol'l..f"lf ooiJbol\
l\11-oi\)T't t\OO'i!tnC 1\illf'.:>tl )CD-
equalize 1\!l-1-IJbt\
He equalized the pay of his workers. fJP&--1-'l'
..., ' '-'1"11 ' 1\!l-1-IJbt\
equally
1. 0'1-bbol\. In a partnership, the partners
share all liabilities equally. 011Cb'i' -1-lf&-b.
l""lf ' .,'t'i'CD-'t9" ' aJ~'i' ' h.lt&- ' 0'1-h
hoi\ ' f.IJ.I.'III-
2. l\11-ol\. He divided the bread equally.
hfr ' 'l(lCD-'t ' l\11-ol\ ' bol.t\CD-
This dialect is equally removed from German
and English. f.U fW't!t !IA'I- b;ecoo't'i'
f"'l.llf't YUA bl\'t"lll.11'i'9" f.t\J'ol\
equate l\11-ol\ AJ.':C1 Af
Many people equate wealth with happiness.
-1111- (ll"":f U-11'1-'t b'-(l:f" :>C l\11-ol\
AJ.':C~w- YYII-
equator fi"'J.':C ,...,.,,...
The word equator connotes heat. f9" J.':C oo
.,.)'1- f"'l.IICD- :I'll\ _.,.'1-'t Ylt!IQA
equestrian
I. f ol.t'.(l'i')'l-. His equestrian training helped
him become the best cavalryman. Ool.t'.(l'i')
T ' OOIPol\tn). ' 9"C'l' ' ol.t'.(l'i' ' IIOOII"t ' t'.
'ICD-
2. Ool.t'.!l 'If. Yll. An equestrian statue of
Menelik stands in the square. 04.<'.(1 'If.
Yllw- fl"'tAh thCD-A'I- A'-qq,e 'If, 4'
".7.11\
equilibrium
I. "'l,q't. The circus clown keeps his equilib-
397 equivalence
rium with a pole. f(ICbfr -1-'P'i' f. "'l.'f).'t
OH't"l A.,IJJ!.)'I- f.tn-fl:I'A
2. foP'tol.(l l\C:>:t-. The extremities of the
situation caused her to lose her equilibrium.
fll-~:f"CD- bAh .,11'1! f""'tol.(l l\C.:>
:f"'P't ' l\'tJ.'::f":I'CD-!1 ' 1\'-t'...:>-1-
be in equilibrium .,.DPfiH't
Scales are in equilibrium when the weights
on both sides are equal. "'l,q'l''ll 011-ll.,l"'
wn Yllw- h-11'-'1- l\11-A n..n )!.ODq
H'i'll-
equinox
*The equinox occurs on March 21. l\11-A (J
11-1- ' f"'l.U''tO'I- ' .,.'t ' a>'- ' OD.;JflT ' fli ' ~
,.., ' )!.CD-'111\
equip (equipped) AH.:>;e.
They equipped the ship for a long voyage.
ODCbll-'t ' llt'.]!:9" ' ..... ' AH.:>")f.
be equipped
I. :t-m.,.. The soldiers are equipped with
modern arms. a>:f"'-C''Il H""'i"'! ftnC
OD"ftlYl""lf ' :f"'I'.,.'Pol\
2. 1\ll(w-). Our planes are equipped with the
latest instruments. ACD-C'T'I'l';Fl-'t H""'i'
'I! ' OD"ftlYl"":f ' A!l,...,.
equipment
1. OD"ftlY. The factory has modern equipment.
4.-lltliJCD- ' HOD'i'' ' OO"ftlY ' AileD-
Hunting equipment includes rilles and spears.
Y'-'t """ftlYl"":f moo't7f't'i' tnC't y.
...9"&-11-
2. '1-'1'~. The equipment of the soldiers was
carried in trucks. fiD:f"'-C"'i T'l'~ OODIJ.
.. ' -1-""i)
equitable
1. '1-hhll'i'. They came to an equitable
decision. b'l-hhll'i' CD-/tt. '-<'-fr
2. ~fl. The division of profits among the
partners was equitable. fQII'I'~'I"'Il f'I-C
'i! Abof.ol.ol\ ~fl )OC
equity '1-hht\'l')'I-
No one questions the equity of this trans-
action. fiLU't 1iY"P '1-hhll'l')'l- f"'l.tn
&-tnC fill"'
equivalence l\IJ.oi\)T
The equivalence of the two currencies is
threatened by inflation. fll-ll.,'t ~'tHII"lf
l\11-M+ ' f1'tH-II ' ODCb!l ' Y(I:>'I'A
equivalent 398 err

equivalent (n., adj.)
I. -t-oo~~'t. These two objects are not equiv-
alent in weight. MIW v-ll.'f- ~:J>l"'f
Oh-111-.'f- -t-oo~~'t hl/.1-11-9"
2. -t-oonrnr't. He asked for 50 dollars or its
equivalent in gold. ""-?"''- -oc m~r fl
mc:J> -t-oonrnr1''t mf+
3. -t-ool)/)1/.. Is there an equivalent for the
English word "home" in French? lfr a f
"'LIIlD- a"t"lf1.11>;' :J>IA 114-<:'tltY.>;' -t-
ool)l)Y. hlltD-1
*What is the equivalent of an American dollar
in Ethiopian money? h'tY: fh"'L<Ilt -ac
Oh_.'f-I'"A-.1' ~'tH-11 ?"'t fi!IA Y.ll'<;IA 1
be equivalent to f - - ftJA ~m-
Nodding your head is equivalent to saying
"yes". <1-il't 1-9"011 +<; "''Y:t:"l ~l( f
"''ll.'f- ' J'IJIA ' )m-
equivocal hm<l-"1<1
He gave an equivocal reply to my question.
IITJ'of:'l- hm<l-"1<1 oofAll l'lm
equivocate hll-1!' -t-<;1<:
He would rather equivocate than give a direct
answer. +T-t->;' oo(Ail hoollm.'f- 1/.IA:J- h
11-C' 1/.<;1<1-IA
era
l. lfoP"t. The Christian era is 622 years earlier
than the Muslim one. fhCll.'f-<; HOD't h~
iliA?"<; ' HOO't ' OilY:il.'f- ' OD-1' ' 'If ' v-II
.'f- o '\OO.'f- Y.+Y:"''IA
The use of electricity for power marked the
beginning of a new era. 01\,fl,h.'f-<lh ~.e
/A ' oom+9" ' fll..il ' HOO't o OOtf4,iJ' o I)')
2. f"l;.l"'f't M.'f-. Julius Caesar died many
years before our era. I'IA I'll of:ltC h"l;.l"'f't
M.'f- h-1111- '\OD;.l".'f- Ool..'f- '1"-t-
[See also 'bygone')
eradicate
I. hm4-. Vaccination has nearly eradicated
smallpox. h.'f-IJ.'f- 4-'t"'"''t II.J'm4-m-
9"'t9" ' htA+<:m-
2. hilm~S'-. The gardener eradicated weeds
from the garden. h.'f-htA-t->;'m- lt.'f-h/A-1:
(l:f" ' h<:oo-"t ' hilfD1J'..
be eradicated mf.
Sickness can be eradicated by drugs. 011;.1"
ooY:~~.'f-. ll.m4- Y.'fiiiA
erase (vt.)
I. 4-+. He erased the signature. oi.C"''m-"t 4-+m-
2. m<:1. Will you please erase the board?
. ..,.c .(lfi,Jim-"t ' 'l'l:1lD-
erase (vi.) II++
This paper erases easily. 1/.IJ mt:+.'f- O+il
II- 1/.II:J>IA
eraser IIA.il
I bought two pencils and an eraser. v-ll.'f- ~
Cltil<; h'tY: IIA.il 1~v-
erect (v.)
1. h.r.oo. They erected a monument to Mene-
lik II. IIJI"I"'''I! 9"~/Ah dtm-/A.'f- h4"..,..
The workers erected a telephone pole. o><l--t-'1'
,.; ' fil/Ah ' b't.,.,..,_ ' h4" .....
2. 1\:l:*ou. The conqueror erected a new
government. f:IA hY:<I-1..lD- hll..il OO't"f
P'.'f- M:!f/oo
3. o><l-. They will erect a new building. h.llil
.h'tl\ ' Y.o><l-11-
4. 111Jmoo. When the missing parts arrived,
we erected the machine. f'I-S'-11-.'f- ~:J>l"'f
fl.oPtfto I oPh}i"fD-"J I 111Jtn9"""J
be erected /IOD
A monument of Menilek was erected in the
city. fh\ ntAh dtlD-IA.'f- Oh-t-"''m-
lD-il'l' ' 4"".7./A
erect (adj.)
I. ( = gerundive) +T -1111-. Please stand erect
when talking to the Emperor! h't'l-oP )11"
1: ;JC 09".'f-);J~CO.'f- 1..IJ, <t'l' -1111
IJ ' <1<9"
2. ( = gerundive) h<l<'l". The cat faoed the
dog with fur erect. Y:oo-J: l\'l-;,:'t h<l<"''
m-lfm- ' ol..'f-' 4"oo'f
hold erect +'i 1\F..l."l
The child held her head erect. .nt-"- <1-!\,'t
+<; M<:1'f
erode ll'c:ll'c:
Rain and wind eroded the hillsides. 11<;-11<;
4-il ' lt<:-ll;.l"tD-'t ' ifC:lfc:m-
erosion ooll'cll'c
Trees help prevent the erosion of soil. ~G:lo
14-C't ' oall'cll'c ' Y.hilhilll-
err
n I. hm4-. He erred in stating that I would
come. illll-. OO?""f.'f- ooo<;1~ hm4-
2. -t-ltlt-t-. He erred in his youth and later
regretted it. 0/A~H -t-ltil-1' 0:\11 -t-llll-t-
errand
errand ooAl'.I1'1-
I have a few errands to do. f"7f.CI'ItD- '
111 ' OOAl'.l1'1- 1\II'S
run errands ..,.~1\.h
I've been running errands for my mother all
morning. 1\1.-1:1 fl,...ll- IIM"-1: 1111~11
)fiC
errant
I. 1"H'I"P&. The errant outlaws were caught
by the police. 1"H'I"P&!P'Il 11'1':t"!P:f- fl?"ll.
1\ 1"J'Ifo
2. 11A:Jwoo. His errant behavior was censur-
ed by the teacher. MA:J"GootD- mill' oo
I"'IJ'I- ' H<l.tD-
erratic
I. J'A1"1\1"1Jhll. The erratic course of the
plane showed that the pilot was inexperienced.
J'tD-1!'"1"~). ,I'A1"1\1"1JI111 fiG<l- )j[tD- A
'1".1': ,I'A)fiGtD- OOIJ").1 1\<\f
2. f"''.'I'AA. An erratic mind jumps from one
idea to another. f"''.'I'AA l\1.9"1': ,1'1\tD-
(ltD- IJ1.11. m<\1! tf. ll.~iD" ~H~A
3. AI' mil~ ,1'1\tD-. When I laughed loudly
he was surprised, since I appeared to be
erratic to him. h-l- = 11\t. 0oP'1if A~ m
~~~ ' ,I'll'S ' 001\\1. ' 1\1\:J"fiJo'l- ' 1"f.)oj>
erroneous f1"<\<\1"
He made an erroneous statement. f'+illt..,.
l\l\1",1'f'l- l'lm
error
I. l\ih1"'1-. His speech contained several gram-
matical errors. 1"'1"'1.,_ fiCh'l- ,I'll- fl'l'l'l\
.... l\ih1"4'-:f- )fl'l-fl'l-
2. "1-.1':11'1-. The controller checked the accounts
and found no errors. 1"<fl"'"'&tD- .h.<\11-
1 OOC'/"1': 9"19" "1-.1':11'1- 1\~11'1"
erudite
I. I"'IJoC. My teacher is very erudite. 1\1\1""7&
\1. fl"''l" 'I"IJ-C ""'"'"
2. f'I"IJoC. He gave an erudite lecture. f'/"IJoC
1"'1"'1C l\f.G1
erudition ~..,._,.,..
The teacher is a man of great erudition.
oo'I"IJ'I- fmll+ ~..,._,.,.. ,1'1\tD- ..,..,. )tJ>o
erupt
I. 4.)'1. The volcano erupted today. l'.<\1" 1
'l"<l-tD- ' q;~. ' 4-M
399 escape
2. 1"11."1. Her skin erupted when she had
+ measles. 11-'I''S ~q+ 4''1'1' -l"<fl"'
3. 1")"1. A serious battle erupted yeSterday. +
..,,..., "l~ll'i' tpC)'I- 1")"1
4. W"'. Burning debris erupted from the top
of the volcano. f"''.:J'mll- 'I'CI\<l-ll":f- hl'.
fJ:+ I 1'f"&-aJo I -tj: I 1\..e. I ~dJifl< I ~0C
5. ( ~ active) 1\1'1"7. His patience finally gave
way, and words of anger erupted from him.
fiOOQ;I,Glf '1-~"'IP'-1: 1\A<I' fofl"' .4'~'1-
,1'1'1"7 )fiC
eruption
1. oo4.1'1'1-. The eruptions of the volcano
came about one hour apart. fhlJ.T 1'1"&-
..,. oP4.1'1'1- fll\1'11.1': 1'1-t'l- Af.)'l- ~f.
Cll )fiC
2. flf:11'1- oP)"''I-. The eruption of violence
was due to religious rivaJry. fofilf'1lm- 1 R.t:'1'
1'1- oo)"''l- 11?~"7'f'l- 4-1111C f1")
"' )fiC
3. oo11."1'1-. He treated the eruption of her skin
with an ointment. 114''1'1' oo11."J'I- f-1-IJ
'1- oPf:;)).'l- l\f.G1~'1-
escalate (vt.)
l. +mil. Because of the strike, the stores
escalated prices. fiP'<l- .,..,,... 1\.1':"7 9"11
1.1''1- oPf.oflf':'ll IJ-1\< '1':> .,.ml\<
2. 1\IJIJI'I. The raids only escalate the level
of violence. m~t-OJo rm&1' 1 oPm") I'IJ.
1li'I'I'A
escalate (vi.) 1"fJ11(\ 1"1\Wm
The border clash escalated into a war. ff:1fl'l-
"'1~'1- 1"1Jofl(\ Wf. tpC)'I- 1"1\Wm
escalator 1"1.,.<\.4'11 f.G7f
The office building had both an escalator and
an elevator. foPP'6,1' 11.-1> ih1ll 1"1+<\
:1'11 f.G7f" I\<\11'1C )fiGtD-
escape (vt.)
I. 1\oollm. He escaped the police. 11?"11.11
ftooflm
Nothing escapes her. '1"1'1" )1C 1\J'ooA
"''l-l"'
2. '!).He escaped defeat by a narrow margin.
11'1'4:'1- 11""lH'I' 'I)
3. ."f-11 1\'11\dl-'1". Her face is familiar, but
her name escapes me. ""A'>.1 1\II:J"tD-<\11
1Jo "'11 ll".'t '1-11 1\~II'SI"'
A scream escaped her lips. <\:J"IIfltD- '-""1i :f-
escape
escape (vi.)
1. }toaAm. Two prisoners have escaped from
the penitentiary. v-11'1- llll~'!':f hiDIIt
0.'1- .1\!I"Am'I'A
2. 4'11 0+11 ID"'. Gas was escaping from
the pipe. o-;1- :n1 h!l."t!J.CD- CD-11'1' +II
0+11 f.ID"' )0C
let escape ll+4-
Make a hole and let the water escape! 4'-'1-'1
t.ofl~<; w-;>CD-"t A++..,.
[See also 'notice']
escape (n.)
I. "711"11'1'. The climax of the play was the
prisoner's escape. f'l-Cllf.1> h'i'-1-':' h'i'
A fl\11~.,...,. "711"11'1' )OC
2. f"79"1\"'i H1.. The prisoner designed an
intricate escape. l\11~':'.,. f-1-11-4'+ f"7!1"11
"'i ' "'" ' t.+f.
3. f:f-IC "71l~lf. Movies are her escape.
h.t"7 f:f-IC "71l~lf'l' )CD-
make good (one's) escape h.ODI\tn
The thief threw off his pursuers and made
good his escape. 1\.QCD- f"''.h;l-1-11-'l-"t Ill"
:f t.;l-11- t.oul\m
[See also 'fire escape, narrow']
escaped (adj.) foul\m
An escaped prisoner is likely to be a desperate
man. foul\m l\11~':' 1-M Oou.,...~-r
"7"t':'CD-"t9" )1C ' h"7.1:"~"1 ' hf.IIPI\119"
escarpment +-r fi\CD- 1f.A
The escarpment runs along a desert valley.
+-r fi\CD- 1f.A f!l".l:"~ 0-'ICD-"t ifll
ol' f.'l'll<;A
eschew
I. +~(0'1-). +You should eschew wine if you
wish to stay healthy. m.'i""7 lf)ll 1\0D'l"
C hd.l\"111 ' IDf."t ' m~ ' f..:J-Coflll
2. h - - - II-+. A saint must eschew evil
thoughts . .:J-'1.11 hh4- dtl\ofl oullo.:Jo t.IIO'l-
escort (v.)
I. if"f. Who will escort this young lady home?
A1(1>"t "7"t f.if':';I-A 1
2. 0;1';0. Warships escorted the troopships.
m;l-f.C ffH-'1-"t oucbtt:f fi"C ouc
htt:f O~O'I''f'I'A
escort (n.) t.ofla!'l- 1'.1. 'If.':'
Her escort to the party was a tall, youngman.
400 essence
IDf. ;rC-I;CD- t.ofla!'l- f~f.CD- '11.':''1'
~HI'" ' fl\ ID"''l- ' )0C
escort of Oll"lll":f
An escort of soldiers preceded the Emperor
down the street. OD"t1'1. 'If. Oll"lll"'fl
ID;I-f.l::f ' h"t1-"' ' )1P'1> ' 1-'l- ' 1-'l- '
1-'111"
escutcheon [t.C"7 f~"il\0'1- :>lf]
especially O-J-1\f.
The poor especially suffered a lot. 01-11
" .l:""ti :f ' of! II" """':J>f.
espionage 1111'1
He was found guilty of espionage. OIIM
ID"t;t';A 'J'of.-J-1;' lf'l" 1-d.~f.O'l-
esplanade
[01-1\f. Om~4- -'IC!f' fl\ 11C"' f.A-'1
" ' (l;l-]
espouse
I. -'1~. He espoused his daughter to a noble-
man. ol.'l- AlP 'l"t.l:" oo\>,"t"t'l- -'1~
2. -t-+011. Late in life he espoused a new
religion. Oo).t:-1. h1of. 0:\'1 h-'1.11 ?f."7
'l"'l- -1-+011
3. 1.1.1.. The people espoused the freedom
movement of the patriots. <h11tl- t.co'!':f
11.~1-'l-"t f)lU'l- ll"t.:Joll:J>ol. 1.1<1.
essay (v.) 'I"M
He essayed to cross the river on a log. OJ"t,.,."}
O"'"t.l:" I\OOlf1C 'l"h~
essay (n.)
I. .I:"Cil'l-. He likes to write essays on Ethio-
pia's literature. liCil- Ill\ 1\..'l-f-*f P')
wm.'i' .l:"cll'l- ""ll'i' f.ID-'IA
2. 'i''li'l-. His essays at friendliness were met
with suspicion. 1\0D'I--'I"f'l- f/ICD-"t 'i''li'l-
01'C"'ol. -J-t1P/Ih1>'l-
essence
I. """'~'1-. A friendly attitude is the essence
of peace. fiD-'1~)'1- OO"td.ll 1\MII" """'
~'1-' )CD-
2. 'i'<!o )1C. The essence of his speech is
contained in the last sentences. 'i'f"t"'"'""
.1. )1C 00DQ;l.~lfl"'Jl O~'i'-1- )1::f
CD-11'1' f.1':'A
3. q.ncf.. The two things are the same in
outward appearance, but different in essence.
essential
----------------------------------------------------
11-/11> ' )1C':f ' RtJJo"l" ' ODoi\IJlftJJo ' h"tY: '
t'l.ll'l- RIJ.hC,I'. "l"t f_,.llff. o;'t'tJJo
be of the essence OIIJ9'" h.il.fA."L
In chess, cool nerves are of the essence.
R(l"tmt:'fr ""''l':f" 1.11. :f":J"liH R"'
'I" ' hn.l.l\1. ' )tJJo
essential (n.) <po; )1C "'"a'
You can learn the essentials in an hour.
401 esteem
new bouse. ho-"t IJ'l(l. tl.;f"':f"t fDoilT R
"'1.1'1 _,.!'.1\Y:/\o;A
J ~m- establish oneself ,&.(1..'} h.S'.. ~1
He established himself as the leader of the
party. tl-(1-'t ' f;rC-f;fDo ' OOtl ' h.Rl:1
A new doctor has established himself on
this street. h'lil "'h.'I" Rll.tl 1-'lo; '11,1'.
f .nhro; n.+ h'i!:tA

ff'i" I 4p'i"m-'} I ~1C I II'}~ I il'lT ; ID"ilT I 1\oP establishment

"''C ' '1-:f~/ltl
essential (adj.)
I. .,.L~1.. The body of the book contains all
the essential facts. fODK" m+- 'f''i" ht;:A
_,.L~1.l"'fi"t 'i!.:O )1C'':f R..,./1- MI~A
2. <po; <po;. He changed the report in
order to clear the essential points. 'P'i tf'i",
'fi"t o Ml'"':f R"IAll" 11"'1:,..:-11 ti?"C-I>"t
1\mmm-
3. R"''l" hilL~1.. Fresh vegetables are essen-
tial to health. '1-h-il :,.m~ :,.mol\ 1\mS
R"''l" hilL~1. )tJJo
4. f"''.filLA"I )1C. Limit your expenditures
to what is essential! m"'.U'l llti?JllLA."'
)1C ' -rt!J' ' Wil't
essentially Roowt:-1>
Essentially he is right. RODwl:-1> 1.(1- Ah
)tJJo
establish
I. 1'.!119/oo l oow,:.,., He established a new
government. h'lil OD't"IP''l- h!l/9/oo (oo
....
,:.,.)
2. li..Y.oo. He established his son in business.
A)l:"t R"t"IY: P'tl- ~f. h~ODtJJo
3. hoo"J. He established a
h'lil ' h-Ill: ' W(l") 0 I'.OO"J
4. hm"l. He established the rule that mathe-
matics should be taught in the sixth grade. dt.ll
11 ilY:il_,.'i' h'i!A 1."t'l(lT t'I.A .R"t-11
hiD"!
5. hilhRl:. The Romans established order
in the countries they subdued. C'"''tJJon
11-'1- MC tJJoilT 1\T;f-"t hilhR'I-
established (adj.) f:f"ID4'
Criminal jurisprudence is an established sub-
ject of study. fiD"t)';A .h"l 'i!Ail<;:o; f;f"
,.,. ' '1-'l"tJC'l- ' )tJJo
be established .,..R~.R/1
We are now comfortably established in our
I. (verbal noun) "'19191'1". The establishment
of the business took several years. f1.,+.,.
P'tl- ' 1\"'19191'1" ' 1111- ' 'tOD:f"'l- ' L)';
2. oo~c~c. The establishment of a new
town will help to promote trade. f'lil
h.,..., -~c~c .,.,_...., ll"''il4-4-'l- f.t:'IA
3. oo.R-rtc. That clothing establishment bas
been on this street for 60 years. f r fA-flll
oo,R-rtC llilY:/1 'too-l- RII.U 1-'lo; 11,1'. 4'
,l'.:f:A
estate
I. Cil-l-o; "t-rtt:+. His entire estate went to
his oldest son. Cil'l-'i' "t-Ill:-!> 11-11- IIR1lc
A)l: .,.(lm
2. "t-Ilt:+. He left his estate to one of the
charities. "t-lll:-l>"t ll"tY: f01 hY:tl-'1'1-
Y:C]IJ'l- ' '1-.f- ' .,._,.
3. ell.-,.. The minister lives on a large estate
in the country. "''.kil-l-'1- R1mC (l.C. Cil
'I- ~f.f.'fti-A
4. MA oo.:-'1-. He drives a car only within
the bounds of his estate. R"IA oo.:.-1> hA
A ' 11,1'. -rt!J' ' ODIJ... ' ,I'.MA
man's estate f\.)ooP ' h.';9""
A boy attains man's estate at fifteen. A]IJ 't
new record. :,.oo h'l'l" f"''..RC(lfDo ROP't1- h'l"il
'1- 0 'tOD-f> 0 )fDo
esteem (v.)
I. hhRl:. I esteem his father for his wisdom.
ill\ TOR- hiJ-I>"t hh-lltl-1111-
2. 7.,R).,., We esteem courage. )';"l"t)'l-'t 1.
a.r o;.R"t?ll"t
3. hY:C'I <&ml:. Men often esteem hap-
piness the greatest good. (ll"':f 1111- 1.11.
.Ril;f""t ho-11- fR/Im )1C hY:C1tJJo ,e.-a.
'1"'1-:f"A
be esteemed +mFJ.
Raw meat is greatly esteemed by Ethiopians.
T.:O P':J Rh.'l-l'"i\".J'fDon H"tY: R"''l" f
.,.,~' )ID-

..
esteem
esteem (n.)
1. h'i'-1-'f 11!1-1-,l'fT. He lowered himself in
our esteem by his foolish behavior. f.,1-.:q
mql' !llll'l- no.:'t't h'l'-1-'f 11!1-1-.l'f
,.. ' 11:,0 ' 11f..l:1tJJo
2. "19"T. She was greatly grieved because of
the low esteem he had of her. 0 !1. 1\1- Mil
tJJo 11:,0-J-'f "19"T 0"19" 11H)'f
3. h.flc. Courage is held in esteem. )>;"l't)T
h.flC )tJJo
hold in great esteem htt: J\X"C')
He holds me in great esteem. 7>CI'l- h'i' 11
f.."Ci M9"-1-'l'~
estimate (v.) 10D-f-
He estimated the flood damage at a million
dollars. 1-Cf. ,l'f..l:!ltJJo't 1-'IT q')f..-
"'1.1\.M .fiC 1""-i-
estimate (n.) "19"T
Is this a good book in your estimate?
~t) oPJt'dttt:
ll"t+ I "'I?""T I I
make an estimate "19"'+ 1 ~.,~
The painter made us an estimate. +ll9"'
4'1ltJJo ' "19"-l>'t ' )1l:'t
estimation "19"T
In my estimation, this book is very well written.
0~ ' "19"T ' 1-U ' ODK"dt'i' ' '1'1- ' -1-K"j,~
The high estimation in which he is held by his
friends flatters him. 'if..'!'.,; f"''.!lm-T h'i'
-!-If "19"T ,1'1>&-'1'~
estrange
1. 1111,1'f. Her peculiar behavior has estrang-
ed her from her friends. 7>'t"l>l mq1-'l' h
m>l}(!f! 1111.1'.1"1
2. 11&-4'. He has estranged his friends by
gossiping. Odt"'i.;l-tJJo 'if..'!'~ 11&-:J>'ftJJo
estuary [tD't11 wf.. q.nc f"''..I.!IO.r !lof.
,I'll I OD1'i"'f)
etc. fou/'1(111- l mH-1-
1 hate to pay duties, fees, etc. "l.fiC'i" .,.l:'l'
fou/'1(111-T't )11!''f ' (IDH-1-) ' ouh.l.~ 11~1D
f..-9"
etching
[h11C"I -o.::,. f-1-.,.l:K I"~~ t1-9" 't
f..-'1']
eternal
1. .HII'\11.,'1!. The Christian religion promises
eternal life. fhC!IT'i" ?1-.,'I'T fHII'lll.,
'I! ih1-IDT -1-!lof. 1-!l"'~
402 etiquette
2. f.,,I'~:,O. Stop this eternal chatter! 1-U't
f.,,l'~:j> ' ID~ ' 11"'9"
3. ODIPl:;l-'1!. This sect adheres to the eternal
principles of the church. 1-U 7>9")T fll.
T hCM:,I''t't ' ODIPl:;l-'1! ' 'll\., ' 1-h-1-1\~
eternity
1. Hll'lll.,'l! ih1-IDT. He will spend eternity
in paradise. Hll'lll.,'l! ih1-IDT't Oou't"ll"
-1- !l.,,r:,. ,I'll~<!-~
2. Hll'lii9")T. Eternity is timeless. Hll'lll9")
1 "JoP+
T ' f1.rt. ' tD(I't ' flltJJo9"
an eternity 1\.iltt- ~ 1..r&.
The injured man waited an eternity for the
ambulance to arrive. f+.,..J;m- 1 (UDtL 1 J\9'"
11-1\'tl'l- 7>ilh.f..Cil ll.flll' 1.11. mo.,.
*It seemed an eternity to her before she learned
of his safe arrival. f.."r'i" OD"Iq-J>'t 7>!lhT!l
., 1.11."'" 11~1<!- 1111:,.
ether
9"'C'1' ~m- l
I
[0"7.-1-).I.!IOT ' 1.11. ' f"7.,1'f..)1111 ' OD.(-;'~T]
ethical
1
1. fdt.,.'h.r. Ethical behavior is required of
lawyers. hm0$'f fdt.,.'h.r 9""1qc 1-.1.11
;J~
2. ( ~ noun) I") 9""1qc, It is not ethical
for a lawyer to reveal secrets. mn..+ 1 lf'f 1 r
ilm.C"t I OtJm-liJT I ~~ I 9'""'1QC I m-tiJ,I> I
)tJJo
ethics fl") 9""1qc .r9"uc.r
He studied ethics in college. 01>11.)!' fl")
9""1qc T9"UCT -1-.,.:
Ethiopia h.Tf'ti:,l'
Ethiopian (n.) h.Tf'ti:.l''l! (pl. h.Tf'ti:,l'tJJo,l"t)
Many Ethiopians study at the University of
California. OIIII.G:CV l'~iiCI\.1: tJJo!l'l' l'
f"'L"'"~- .fill' h.Tf'ti:J'ID-J''t 1111-
Ethloplan (adj.) f}\.Tf'ti:,l'
He studies Ethiopian languages. fh.Tf'ti:,l'
!1/'t!lll"'f ' ,l'tn'i"~
ethnic group 1-1'1
Nigerians are a mixture of severa1 different
ethnic groups. 'i"Wf..6,1'1D-,I"t f.flll' ~I' ~
I' ' 1-l'll"'f ' f..-11~:,. ' 'i"'fiD-
etiquette /") I"C'lT
Etiquette requires a man to rise when a
woman enters the room. 1\.T 1 il.-,..,Q 1 m"tX"
l>'t-'1.)"1 F) FC'lT ,l'il1f..'f..'l'~
etymology 403 evaporation

etymology (etymologies) oow;:-J- hODIIJ'l' evade

P'C:tJJo I. hoollm. He tried to evade the law. b.l."l
The etymology of many Geez roots is not yet 11"79"11'1' 'l"ht:
known. f11H- f"M11 :J'~'t- oow;:-J- t.oo 2. lflf. He will evade the question about
"1'1' ' (P'C:tJJo) ' 1'i' hf.;ND:,.'}" what he has done with the money. "l1Hfl"'1' 1

9"'t ' t.'t"'S'.t:1tJJo f"''.4'C:1111't-'t 'l'f4: '

eucalyptus Q.l.C: ~<;: 1Nr f.lflfA
The eucalyptus tree was recently introduced 3. hX'-0{10(1:. An equivocal answer is one
to Ethiopia. Q.l.C: ~<;: mS'. h..'t-1'-kf f that evades the question. h.m~liJ6 1 DDAi'l 1
ODII)C& I O~C11 I "LtL I ~aJo
)1C fl'.-01'111/IA
eulogy (eulogies) 11'1"1- (ltJJo f4't:O tJJoJI(I, *There are many words in the language that
The priest's eulogy was written in Geez. evade definition. Olt'tlttJJo tJJoil'l' 'i!:Y.. II.
4:(1- 11'1"1-0Jo (ltJJo f4't:OtJJo tJJoJI(I, f (IIIJ:fm- ' f"7f.:Y..ir 1111- ' ,.~,. ' hir
1-ll.l.tJJo 0"1~11 )0C:
evaluate
deliver a eulogy ,_:,:..,. h.ooil-,tf .,...,~ I. t.oo~H). It is difficult to evaluate the
The director delivered the eulogy at the funeral importance of today's happenings. f'HoP)t) 1
of his employee. 'l.t.h-K- ow.:.-J-l;'tJJo P'C: S'."C:1.-f.:Y.. t.il4.~1.)'t- 11"7oo~H't hll=f:>
~1- ' 4'11C: ' ~f. ' "J.'Ii"J ' hOD{l"!'l' ' -J-'i'1t: 6 I ~liJ-

2. 10D1oP. Critics evaluate the new books as

eunuch )i''tl'.t:Q
The messenger of the Queen of Sheba was a
eunuch. f't"IP'i" IIQ ODAhh-J-l;' )i''tS'.t:
q ' )Ot:
euphorbia .,AltA
The euphorbia grows in many parts of Ethi-
opia . .,AltA Oh..'t-1'-kf tJJoil'l' 01111-
il'i!<~- 1-o:,.~A
Europe hOJoC:;r l hOJoC:~
evacuate
l.b-- -aJIIJ. Shoppets had to evacuate the
burning building. 1011-'l':Y.. h"t::'mllm-
.l.'tll oPtJJotiJ't- ' .,_,_, ' lf)Q:ftJJo
2. II_. aJIIJ. They evacuated the city. h.,...,..,.
,. 1\+tJJ- rom
3. t.~m.:. The government evacuated all
foreign residents from the war zone. ou")..,P'-1:
fm-"1/" h1C: H.1:Y..'t htn'l- bAA t.~m;:
4. .1.1111 hlll\4'4'. The government evacuated
the area threatened by the fire. OD't"IP''t- f
hilT ' hS'.:> ' f(l:>tJJo't OD')J'.C .1.1111 hll
114'4'
5. t.!lm"'. If poison is swallowed, it will be
necessary to evacuate the stomach.
1'1..'1''1' hli"Y: ' tJJoil'l' ' -fll- ' "7ilaJIIJ't- f
il.I.A:>A
be evacuated ..,.IBM
The women and children were evacuated to
the country. (1,.,.,.;<; .l.!'i'.,. mS'. Q~1C: 1-
mf'l'l.
they are published. 1-'fl":Y.. h"l'l.ll ODI\.1.
'i!'t- t. 't S'. :1'1-.,.. f.10D"I"7 tr
evanescent
*I have evanescent memories of early child-
hood. fA;e.')'t- 1.11.1'- M-J-t:/1~ ~S'.
be evanescent 'h1'~' 1'1\ J +t:.
His fame was evanescent. 11'i"m-' 'h1'~'Pit +t:.
evangelist m't"INI!
Evangelists accompanied the Spanish coloniz-
ers in South America. m't1.~tJJo f't fhll:r~
:,.~ 111;l":Y..'t ' 1-h't-lltJJo ' aJS'. ' S'.R-11 ' h
"i6lJ. I oPffio
evangelize m't1.A f'IOh
The missionaries evangelized the population
of South America. "''.ill'"'i'tJJof't fS'.IHI h
"'Lt:lt't ' .1.1111 ' m't1.&\ ' 1'1011-'t-
evaporate (vt.) t.1-H
The sun evaporates water. Blh.Y. ' d)o;Y) ~
1-'i'A
evaporate (vi.) 1-H
The fluid has evaporated. 4./llf. 1-).A
(one's) courage evaporated (J)a~ IT~
ODC1f
His courage evaporated when he saw the lion.
h'tO/ItJJo't Qf 1.11. m-~ If)
evaporation
I. 1-'t. Evaporation reduces the quantity of
water available to the farm. 1-'t t.c:lf f"''.f
1TtJJo't ftJJo~ oom't f.4''tiiA
evasion
2. (f)tD-? oP-}-)"1. Milk is condensed by
evaporation. m+:,-. f"t~;JOJ- 1 m-;)m- 0
""T~). ' ~tD-
evasion
I. "7.1:"011011. His evasion of the question is
evidence of his guilt. ~~'} "7.1:"011011- '!'of.
.,.:;: ' 1\oPIJ'). ' oP~lf ' ~(Do
2. DPH'};>-l-. The employee was punished for
his evasion of responsibility. 1P&o+~ID" ~ ...,t\.L
~ ...'} ' OODH'};>i> ' .,..,."1
evasive f"7f...,O'I'
He gave me a very evasive answer. fi:2\..9"" f"''
f.""'O'I' ODAII llm'1
eve 'I'IL"7
Where will you be New Year's Eve? QJL(to
'!ODT 'I'IL"7 ' f-l- ' T1'i'IIIJ !
The eve of their departure has arrived. fou~lf
'ftD- ' 'I'IL"7 J'.C!).A
even (v.) hll.,.IJhll
She evened the edges by trimming them.
mCif"'} 0"".,....~'1' hll.,.IJhll:ftD-
even out hll.,.IJhll
We will have to even out these irregularities
first. oo)!.ou&f MH.Il'} f.Jqo- ~1C':f
"71l.,.IJhA Y..'l'C11<;A
even (adj.)
I. f.,.J'.'IJ'.II. He has an even disposition.
f.,.J'.'IJ'.I\ mllf. hl\tD-
2. .r..A-'It\. Let's rest here where the ground is
even! J'.A-'1'1 hll'~tD- hH.ll fl;f- l\'}~'1'
3. oo-tr. Two, four, and six are even numbers.
o-11-l- h&--l- l 11.<:-11-l- oo-tt- -k'I'C <;'ftD-
4. ltb-A. The two horses were even in the race.
o-1\i> .t.~(l:f Ol\1i-l-.<:-.<:-oo- M1-A ~0~
We are even in rank, though not in age.
Ob.<:-"7. 11'}1\fY..I"' 0"711~., MI-A n
5. :,.hilA. Check to see if the scales are even!
"''.q). ' ....hhA ' ODIJ').'} ' .,.....Ah-l-
The car goes with an even motion. oab.'i"'ID"
l\'}J'. tD-? Y...t.laA
be even ~~(1
The sand was even with the window. hif'fJ'ID"
hoolll>i> mC11 J'.C!).A
*If I pay you 10 dollars, we are even. OP'C 11
C hh.t.Ah-11 !1"'}!1" hY..'l'C11'11"'
break even
He is just breaking even. -l-C'i'!l" h.ta&-11"
fl\0-l-!1"
404 even
get even with -n.e-c 1 oaA(l
Just wait, I'll get even with you! m11:,0 1
11.1:".:0'} ' l\ODAiti\IJo
even (adv.)
I. l\'}\o,'} l l\'}\\ l ---II" l\'}\o,. Even a
layman can understand that. +&olD" ; (lm- ~
l\'}\o,'} Y.,tl'}'} 11.~-'ltD- Y.."f'IA
He was faithful even unto death. l\llh '1"-l-
.<:-~11 l\'}\\'} ;t-"7'1 ~oc
He didn't even open the letter. J'.11-'10.tD-'} l\
'}to, hAh.t._,.!l"
Even now, I cannot convince her. hllw"tfP s h
n, 'Ita!"'<;:,. M"fA!I"
2. l\'}\o,'} ta.e.+c. They confiscated everything,
even personal property. MA '}11~-l- l\'}
\\'} ta.e.+c "7'}'i'tD-'}!I" ~c tD-Cil h
J'.~?-
3. l\'}-'l.J'tD-11". You can read even better if you
try. 11-l-'l"hC l\'}-'l.J'tD-11" f_,.lfll A;f-~11
:,.:t-'11111
He is ready, even eager, to fight. Aou;Jmf" 1
11.,)1: 11!1' ltY.,II''} l\'}-'l.J'tD-11" 'i.,..;f-A
even as
I. Ah II + (imperfect). Even as I spoke the
warning, he fell into the hole. Ah "71lm'}+
4!ftD-'} 11<;1C ?-.<:-'ill- tD-11'1' 111
2. l\'}J'. + (perfect). He hurt himself even as
I had said he would. Ah l\'}-'IAh--l- 0&-11-
'IY.. ?--'1-l- hJ'.~II
3. l\f + (perfect). She answered even as
I spoke. Oou<;1C 'IY.. l\fi\IJo ODAII (lm"f
even at that y,. 1 ll.tr1'
Even at that, I would not pay more. YfD ll.tr1'
hH.f Y.,OA'I' hAh'i'A!I"
even if 11 + imperfect + II" l\'}\o,'} i 11 +
imperfect + II"
I will go even if it rains. ILH'}11!1" l\'}\o,'}
l\~-'11\!Jo (or ILH'}11!1" l\~-'11\o-)
even more fQ(l
You are even more stupid than your brother.
hw'}.t:-!1"11 f'lllh J'.J'.11 ~~~
even so CllY"t9"
Even so, I can't agree with you. ILII''}!I" I)'}
_,. ;>C hA(I"7"7!1"
even though
I. 11 + imperfect + II" l\'}\o,. Even though
he succeeds in everything, he is not satisfied.
o-tt-!1" ~c lltaiJII-l-!1" 1.'}\\ o:l''1 t.
Y..A!I"
2. 11 + imperfect + II". He went there even
evening
though I warned him against it. ll'tJI,I'.~.I:"
ilm~'l-+m-1"' 111"' 1111- ~1.
[See also 'not, now']
evening
I. 1"'11'1-. Let us spend the evening in the bar!
1"'11-t<'t 011-'i" 11.'1- M"<'IA'i!
2. "7 :1". Let us meet in the evening! "7 :1" 7.
't1'i'S
evenings "?:1" 1 fill ;l-
Is this restaurant open evenings? .e.u 1 ,.....,
of! n.'fo "'1:1" ..,:1" h'i!'fo ~..,. l
The evenings here are cool. ~H.tJ "?7 1 -7~
+11+11 ,1'.1\A
every evening -7~ "7 ~
We take a walk every evening. "''~ "''~
11c11c ll't~JIII't
get evening ODi'('
It gets evening early here. Ml.ll -F-11- y.oo
lfA
good evening! ll't.e..~ houlflll (for the sg.
2nd pers. masc.)
"Good evening!", they said as they entered
the house. l\)fto roF.. : R.4: ~"Jf.1flo :
ll'!.e..'fo hou!Pfoo- l hll-
late in the evening 0"11"' h1"'11-F- I (l.ou11
He comes home late in the evening. roF.. 1 R.T
f"'l.ounJm- 0"11"' h1"'11-F- ((l.ou11) ~..,.
this evening tf~ 1 -?:J'"
Are they -coming this evening? tf& 1 "7 ;r : ~
oP"'/1-l
[See also 'spend']
evenly
I. 7.11-A. Divide the apples evenly among you!
-t<of.m-'t 7.11-A _,.to.l.ll-
2. .,.il.,.tohll-. The paint isn't spread evenly.
+11.,.. _,.il.,.tohll- hA.,.+QI"'
[See also 'spin 'I
event
1. J!"C1.T. It was the most important event
of the year. qou-~o ID-il'l' h.,.f.t:?-'1- o-
Il- fOIIm .I:"C1.'1- ~oc
2. .,..-;.,e., He has a lively interest in political
events. ill\ 7"11-f:to ?-JII'-:f h'i! J'll
ii"'L'I- hllm-
3. f"'l.ll''t ~1C. We made careful plans and
awaited the event. 7.'1-P..'Il't O'l"t-"''1: hm-
'l'.,.'t f"'l.II'~ID-'t ~1C _,.mQO'I''t
4. o-~:1". The war has shaped the events of the
405 ever
q future in many ways. tnC)-h 1 011ft 1 oo")1
.1:" f<Df..l.'fo o-~:J"'t ""C:t:A.
at all events ftr)m- = ll.tr1'
At all events, she will take care of you until
you are completely recovered. ftr)m- 1 fltr"J 1
.1.11"'1" llilh'fo.l:''t .l:'t:il :J"il:J"I"'I"'?II:f
In any event ,..,.,.. 1 ll.tr1'
I'll be there in any event. Mil" O.ll''t MI.
J' 7l1'fllo-
ln the event of
1. (l.f.Cil. Iu the event of an accident, notify
the police. ht.;J (l.t.Cil 117"/l.il hii:J"
"'""'
2. hll'~. Iu the event of rain, the party will
be held indoors. 11'il"' hll'~ ;rc-t:m- 7l
1
11.'1- ID-il'l' ,l'.f.t.;JA
[See also 'chain, course, march']
eventful ofllt" .I:"C1.'1- f.,..l.l\oPO'fo
The eventful day left him exhausted. ofiH- .1:"
C1.'1- f_,..l.l\""0'1- +"t ou(l'). 0"11"'
ht.houm-
eventual ( ~ adv.) ooo..,..::lf
His eventual success is certain. OoP"'-l.'if = ]\
'tt."'l.+'im- ll....'t ~ ....
*His mistakes led to his eventual dismissal.
1 il.h.,.-r-'11 hF.:. llilh oom-nJ'fo ht.t:(l-'fo
eventually
I. Oou..,.t:lf. We eventually became friends.
oou .....::lf 'lt.'l':f ll"!'t
2. m-11- h.l:'t:. Eventually we will have to
agree on his proposal. m-1\'t h.l:"t:'t Oh
<'Ill- ooil"''"'''l- hllofl'!
3. l.J't.C. He was certain that the political
situation would eventually clarify. ]\flo 1 f?"lt
-t:tom- o-~:1" l.J't.C "IAII" ll'tf."'l.ll''l 7l
C"lm'f ~oc
*He will eventually arrive. f:\1\ : ~1\ 1 OD~IlJ-i: 1
h,I'.+C9"
ever
I. gerundive of main verb+ J'ID--"'A (or hJ'm-
'1-1"") occasionally reinforced by another word.
Have you ever been in the United States?
h"''.&to't Me ~t.u :J"m--"'1111!
Is he ever at home? (tootr). 1 AR.il 1 111.,. 1
J'ID--"'Al
Haven't you ever been there? Otj:Jt.~ 1 AHJ
~1.11 h:J"m-'1-1"' l
2. ?'"1'1.H.~A1'~. Won'tthisgossipever end?
,1'.11 h/1-QA:J" M1.11.1"' hJ'A'I' ll't.e.. l
evergreen 406 every

3. ?"'t1.11.?". This is the best work you have evermore trA'l.H.

ever done. 9'""t'l.r&.9"' 1 brP&-1im- 1 JP&. 1r
to- .J'.1i'fw- 0"1?" fO/Im )OJo
4. II-A1.11.. A mother is ever ready to help her
children. ~<;:,. A}I:!J!'t /IODC'l't- II-A
1.11. 11"1)1: .,,.
5. (zero). What did you ever do to make him
so angry? .J'.U't fUA f"'LJ'';'Y;Y; ?"'t
)1C h~~"l1iw- ?
*If you had ever before gone abroad, you would
think differently. tuf-"t +F-'r r mY. 1 ID-1!- 1
h1c ~~u run 'l'"C' hM1t1111u
Promise that you will evermore be faithful !
II-A1.11. ;1-.,'t ~'t~?"'t-ll''t ?A "lq
A't
every
I. ~f't'l'tY:. Give every child one! llf't-'l't-'1-
A~ h't'l'tY: il'l'
2. .,'t'i'OJo?". In every way our plan is better
than yours. O.,'t'i'w-?" ~1Y: f'f ~:,.Y:
h<;'t-t- f-1-lfll )dJ-
f-t-llf 3. oo-tt:. I have every confidence in him. Oft. 1

.J'.II''t )0C II.J'. ' oo-{0- ' ~?")'t- hll't

ever after bttf 1 0:\1\ 4. u-to-. I read every book on the list. 011C11~
They married and lived happily ever after. II.J'. f/lw-'t oPI\"dt'i' u-to- M011h-
1-:>11-t-w- hiU' 0:>.11 o~il?- 'l'"~
5. Of. He comes here every week. OfltSJO"J-J;
~II.U .J'.oP"'A
ever so RIIJ'r
The ocean is ever so deep. t~J4:,.J"iil 0"19"" 1
every bit OBIJ1'4j=m-r 1 Oh-A
Our food is every bit as good as yours. ?""lq~
'I'A.:,O ' )OJo
't O_,'t'i'w-?" Oh-A ~'t~';"t-t-w- ?"""
ever so much ~~"1
-fl I 'N- I ~(J)o
Thank you ever so much! ~~.., 1 hoP(l""lc;l\.r
if ever 11")~ .,.,. every day Of+).
Such things do not happen every day. ~'t~ll.
If you ever visit London, see the Tower.
U flo- )11!'~ Of+). h.J'.IJ').?"
h'tY: ' +'t 11-"!P.'t't ' il't-1-0't ;1-ID~'t '
~ 't Y; ;f-fIJ)o
I see him every day. Of+). hf'l'/111-
*She seldom, if ever, goes to the cinema. every few days hAC! 1 h.AC!

ll.t., 11't-~Y:?" ~'t\\ hAG: hAG: )OJo I go there every few days. hAG: hAG: ~II.
nothing ever ,..,.,.. 1 ~C'l.+ + negative verb f ~~-'l/111-
Nothing ever happens in this village. Otttl every now and then hAC! 1 hAC!
OD')~C OJoil'l' ' ?"'t?" Y:C1.'t- h.l'-4.1.?"?" He takes a drink every now and then. hAG:
than ever hoP=t:m-r hAG: .J'.m"'A
It is raining harder than ever. hoP=i:DJo'r fll every once In a while hAC: 1 hAC:
il O'l.J'.A .J'.H't qA He takes a drink every once in a while. hAG: 1

than ever before hoP=J:m-9" hAG: .J'.m"'A

The study of science is more necessary than every one of
ever before. fP') 'i''l'~'t- '!'';''t- hoolfw- I. ~'t'l'tY:. Every one of us received a
?" .J'.A.:,O hu-'t O.J'.OA'I' 1-4.111. )w- pack of cigarettes. ~f't'l't'l~'t h't'l'tY: ;r
[See also 'since, what, worse'] " {L:>t- 1-+0A't
evergreen .:,Omto- f.,.J'.~"I'i'
2. Ooo-to-. Every one of the children came.
A}('ll ooo-to- oum-
Evergreen trees grow in northern countries.
.:,Omll'l'w- f"'.J'.~"I'i' q,;:~ 011"'&';''1! every one of them 1Jolt:9'"
U1C'~ .J'.O'i>llto- Every one of them studies hard. o-lt:9"" 1 oc
't--t-w- fm';'to-
everlasting
every other day 'AYIPI\(t.
I. fH/1~/1?". God damned the Sodomites to
everlasting punishment. ~"IH.h11.h.C OIIP.., They have meat every other day. }...ftPI\(t. 1

w-n 11.1'- fnll~ll,. :,."':,. 4-~~q:r:w- P':> ' .J'.OIIto-

z. .,/1-l:f f/1./IOJo. I am tired of your everlast- every time (adv.) 11-A1.11.
ing complaints. B'J/\4!.1 fA./\m- 1 1'111'1111 1 Our football team wins every time. ~"IC \\
MA:Y..P.'i'A il !1-Y;';'~'t 11-A1.11. flf't<f-A
everybody 407 evil

every time (conj.) fl + perfect + "'"'C evidence (v.) 11\K

It rains every time we want to go out. mY. r His smile evidences his pleasure. L1..,;rm-
tD-1." oo'tY: flLII"l't "'"'c Y.H'tiJA. ~11;1-a>-'t jl.1A.KA.
[See also 'aspect, each, often, other'}
evidence (n.) "711l)f 1 oot:)i"
everybody v-11- {1m- He was convicted on false evidence. fldtl\+
Is everybody on board? v-11- {lm- .,...,..,;::A. ? "711<:)1" _,.Lt:~fl'I-
Everybody laughed. v-11- {1m- "1-1' The case was thrown out of court for lack of
[See also 'else, most'] evidence. ""t:li" fl"";l-"11o 1111- .,.{lt:H
Her smile is clear evidence of her pleasure.
everyday L 1"1;1-'1' 1\(ID~{I;f: .,.A.O "711l)f )m-
I. fHm'l-c. A person wears everyday clothes :fwf
be In evidence
to work. l'.'tY: {lm- 1\1"&- fHm'I-C A.11 He is nowhere in evidence. r+r I (l:f" I ]\
II f.II114A. f,;l-f,'}"
2. f.,.&-. The diction of everyday talk is
*A crying baby is much in evidence. f"'LYI\'1>11
different from that of the essay. f.,.&- 't"l
;r.n 1111.11-'Jl v-11- .,.11,..,_ n+1111- ,.
"!Co; fY:c(l'f- l'.RR'i' IIA.'I- f_,.l\1' o;'l'm-
;1-YA. (jl.;t-m:I'A.)
3. ( ~ adv.) flf-1').. Accidents are everyday
occurrences. J\Y-.;7 Of+). fOf..f.Cll ~1C s give evidence
)tD- I. l'.oPI\11.,.. The blood on the floor gave
evidence of a fight. flOJI\11- 1\jl. nnt:m-
everyone ~V" 'I'A. ll.'t~)flt: h""l\11.,.
I. ~'l't~ {lm-. Everyone has to fulfill his 2. (~passive) V"A.I1'1- ;1-f(fl'l-). He gave no
duties toward his country. "f"}I;'}JJ.. (lm- evidence of having understood. "'t1.1llm- 'I"
1101~ Yl\tD-'1 "!'I~ ""LK'l" 1'.1\fl'l- 'tV" ' 'l"A.I1'1- l'.A.;t-ffl'I-V"
2. "?'tfD. Everyone recognizes him to be an
authority on Ethiopia. ill\ 1\.'1-i'"I!;Y 0'1'4! evident
ODIJ').') 0 "7')'}" ' f,oJ>fli\'I'A. I. f.,.t::>1m. It is evident that he cannot come.
11""'1""1'1- hl\""!1'11- f.J-t::>1m )a>-
everything 2. "IA.K". It was evident to all that the project
I. "7'!'i'm-'J" )1C. This shop sells every- was a failure. ll.'lo~ m-Y:'Io oPIJ'). 1\v-11-
thing needed for camping. f,tJ ""~11C II V" "!All" )flC
lJ'J"T f"'LYIILA.1tD-'I "7'1'i'm-'!'J" )1C His good intentions are evident to all. ODA.lt
jl.if"'A. V" 1'.41U1o 11"7'1V" "IA.K" )a>-
2. v-11- )1C I )1C v-11-. He has mixed up
everything. v-11-'1 )1C l'.~fli\A.ol';t-A. evidently ( ~ adj.) "!All"
I will do everything that is necessary. f"'L He is evidently serious. hr'<;. 1 h'1"-11') 1 *'lA.
X" I ~(I)<
YIILA.1tD-'I )1C v-11- l'.~C:>IIv-
[See also 'else'] *It's ten o'clock. Evidently, he is notcoming.
OI"C {1~'1- II'~A. i 117.'1"1'1.0 OJ'I.U
everywhere f"'L"""' l'.jl.""IIII'SV"
I. flYIIfl'l-. Lamentations were heard every-
where when the king died. '!.,.,_ ..._'1"'1- flY evil (n.)
llfl'l- ll'l>f> _,.(1., 1. OD:,0tP!Ij:..-,... War is an evil. IPC)-1-
+I )aJo
ou:,0tP!Ij:.

2. v-11-'1" P;t-. I have looked everywhere

2. ;)m_l'.'l-. Sorcery is an evil. '1''14'1\ -lm_l'.
for that book. Y'l'l ""~~""'"' v-11-'1" P;t-
'1- )t-
Ll\"lv-'1-
3. flfP;t-m-. People passed out leaflets every- 3. 114-. He does not return good for evil.
where. (19'";f- flf(l;t-m- K"d>'i' 0~11- 114-'t flfl1 hf.""A.IIV"
4. ""'1'1.': )1C. The evil must be extirpated.
evict l'.IIOJ"' ""'1'6:t- )1C .J-)'1>11- """'A. 1'.110'1-
The landlord evicted the tenants. ffL1o "1.;1- 5. 114-'1-. Evil is the inverse of good. 114-'1- f
_,.11&-l'"'ll'l Jo.ilm"''l'm- ~"l)'f- .J-:1'&-t )a>-
evil
evil (adj.)
1. hf... His evil character made him many
enemies. h4- mql< .,..,. m'l-l- l\4.&-0-l-
The old man fell on evil days. 1i"''"/ll.fllo (I
(l)o{L I h4-- I .,.., I }t;JffiOD(I)o
2. ou... .:::. He was punished because of his evil
deeds. OoP'J'G: ?""/q-1- .,..,...,
3. f.,.'llt-<11.. His evil plan to defraud the
people was discovered . .b1111-'l 11"'1:1-IIA f
) Ol:fllo f_,.'llt-<11. l\,.'1- :J-a>.,.O-l-
4. '1m.h.,.'i'. He prophesied cataclysm for the
evil city. '1m.h.,.'i' h.,."'' 'If. """'"'"'-}-
f.a>CJIA 1111- _,.)Of
evil spirit l\Ch-11 oP'!ol.lll :n'l (pl. l\:>'1'1-l-)
The witch doctor exorcised the evil spirit from
her. hll"''_,.'i'..,. li.Ch-11 oP'!ol.ll ha>"'
'1-l-
There are still people who believe in evil spirits.
Ol\:>'1'1-l- f"''.J'!/"'1- M':f hll-'1?" l\11-
evildoer l\'1'.1.
The evildoers were punished by public whip-
pings. h'I'.Ll"'ll q.f.qqf. 0oP1l:'i' .,..,.m-
evil eye 11--'!
Even now, many people believe in the evil eye.
hll-'1?" 011--'! f"''.J'!/"'1- 11,. (ll":f l\11-
evi nee 1IU\.
His smile evinced his pleasure. d-1..,;1-(l)o S!.
II:J-....'1 1/ll\
evoke l\llh.,./1
His letter evoked an angry answer . .(.-fi.q{).lD-
f"'"' oP<I\.11 l\llh.,./1
[See also 'laugh, memory']
evolution
I. P') .,.4.'1'1!'. In biology we study the evo-
lution of animals. oqf"ll-l( fl\'lllil-l-'1 P')
.,.4.'1'1!' ll.'i'm'i'll'l
2. l\J'.I'.C f"''.oP"' lldJo'l'. In politics England
has preferred evolution to revolution. fi?"fl-t
>i <:1Y: l\'1"111_11 hov,.<::J-'1! lldJo'l' '
l\J'.I'.C f"''_oP"' lltD-'1''1 ODC"'II:f
3 . .,.II 0.,.11 "'1.1'."1. The evolution of the
flower from the bud is explained in this book.
yoq"'" hl\'111-'1')-l- .,.II 0.,.11 "'1.1'."1
OII_U OOf,-.h'i' ....11'1' .,.1<11.!\_A
evolve (yt.) ol.m<:
He has evolved a new method. h-'1_11 H.l'..
4.'1';,:<11.
408 exaction
evolve (vi.)
l. .,.II 0.,.11 ' l\.1'.1. A sycamore tree evolves
from a tiny acorn. fmctt tflj: b:t-'l7i tt:c'- 1
.,.II 0.,.11 J'Y::>A
2. TIJ.11(1. r .,.Arom. The dispute evolved into
full-scale war. mit .,.q11(o a>.l'. l\ID-)1'>;'
tnC)-l- _,.lla>m
3. oPIIJ. Man has evolved from a lower stage
of animal. (Ia>- f"""'"'" h11,..,.'i' .l'.<:)f
M0-1--l- ll.'lllil-l- )a>-
ewe ll.-l- 0"1
ex - hii_IJ .,..1'.?"
She tried to hush up the fact that her husband
was an ex-convict. q~ 1 htUJ ' +For ,.,.
ol.l:.f.OT ' W'l)';/1>;' ' OD!Y).'! ' ll"''llq011 ' 'f"
h<::f
exacerbate l\q(I(O-l-)
His nagging only exacerbated her anger.
'111'1,. ' 1111"1":t'l ' l\q(lq-}-
exact (v.)
I. l\111.1'..1'.. The creditor exacted full pay-
ment from his debtor. l\0-'!&a>- qMJ!..,.
J'IIO-l-'1 ooo-11- l\'1-'lh'i'A hll1.1'..1'...,.
2. mf.,.. If he does the work well, he can
exact payment for it. JP&.tD-") r 0"7.1fl hlP
&- 'I':> 11-mf.,.O-l- f.:f'IA
3. LA1. The parents exacted obedience and
respect from their children. A]!.;il''ffllo 'I'll-
?" ' :J-~'fn-l-'l'i' ' t.h11C"-l-1 l\'1-'lJ'ill''l''f
ID- ' a>~]!.:'ll ' 4.11'1-
exact (adj.)
l. -l-hhll'i'. Is this an exact copy? f.IJ -l-hh
ll'i' "/Aq"l" )a>- I
2 ( ~ adv.) 0-l-hhA. A scientist should be an
exact thinker. filf.'l(l ' "-"' 0-l-hhA f"''.
J'll11 (Ia>- """" l\110-l-
3. ( ~ adv.) :J>A ' O:PA. Tell me his exact
words! J'lla>-'1 :J>A O:J>A '11<:'1
exacting
l. 'J''I:J><fl f"''.ol.<l\."1. A doctor's work is very
exacting. fP..h.,.C P'&- .,..,. '1''1:1'., f"'L
4.<1\."1 ) ....
2. 0:1>'1 f"''f.A. An exacting employer will
find it hard to keep his workers. 0:1>'1 f"''f.A
l\u>& ,&-.,.'l''ll'l ' "''.f.f-l- J'II.,..,<:'I'A
exaction "''llhoi.A
The Treasury Department's hardest job is the
exactitude
exaction of taxes. f1'lH11 OIIJ..tll-J:C hQ"-
1"6-,. "111C "711b.I.A )"'"
The tenants protested the exactions their
landlords imposed on them. "PII'l''li QIIC!l
.f-'li ' .f~~q11 ' f"'II-Q'f,_"t ' "111C ' -l":f'ID"""
exactitude .:-t:J>H
The exactitude of the work makes it more
valuable. fl"&-,. .:-t:J>H '1':> f.""9"CII
:I"A
exactly
I. 'i'l\.9". That's exactly the same. .f 'i'l\.9"
l\"tf: ' ),.
2. 11\h. He came exactly at ten. 11\h Q&-'1-
(l't'l-' """'
That's exactly what I expected. 11\b fmR:J>rJo
..,.. I ~1C I )(Do
3. n'l-hbll\. Follow these instructions exactly J
f.ll"t"t ' 009"6.1' ' 0'1-hhll\ ' -f"b-1"11\
exaggerate
L h.Jfi-+. You are exaggerating as usual.
>."tF.-f"IIODY,,_ ;NI"t:f'llll
2. h.:>H (-f":>H). Your admiration is exagger-
ated. l\f:'i-11'1-tJ f-f";>)) ),.
*Those shoes exaggerate the size of her feet.
"'i"7'1' ' >."l<::"t ' 'I-11\:J- ' .fiiODilll'l'll\
exaggeration oP;>)"t
His story is full of exaggerations. 7'6 b-
"":>n rn~n'l- ),.
exalt
I. l\ID.<'.(l. They exalted God in their hynms.
0oP11 ....6-'f,. ' >."IH.l\1lm.C"t ' hiDF.(l.
2. b'i' hf:C'I ""t:m. The people exalted him
to the office of President. ih1111- wF. "1'&.11.-'1
"t'l-)'1- F.t:)i' b'i' hf:C'I ou.:m,.
3. h'i' .I'll II"'L'I- h<V.t:O'I-. The lyrics of
Shakespeare exalted the audience. fithii1:C
"1'1'9" Oh-'1"7"""'1i ~f. b'i' .I'll II"'L'I-
)\f(Y,,:q'f,.
exam &.+'i
The exam was easy. 4..+'im- +ilA i'OC
examination
1. A..T'i. The examination was easy. LT'ifD"
4'~11\ )ftC
2. 'rCoPt-. The examination of the witnesses
lasted two hours. f9"11hl!''li 9"coo&- rJoll
'1- ' (l't'l- ' .!.'f.
409 excavate
put through an examination oP~ODl,
The police put him through a seve~ examina-
tion. ?"ll.fo'lic 0'1'11:J> oo,:oo~'I-
[See also 'medical']
examine
1. L+i'. We have to examine our students in
Amharic. .,..,t.lPil''f"t"t Q"7C'i' """--~"
"t ' hllil"t
2. OD/.OD/.. The doctor examined me thorough-
ly. doh...,. F."r'i hf:C'I oo,:oo,:'S
I'm here to examine the books. Mlll f"""'ll-
:,. I ODK'tftf:=Ji'} I i\ODODCoPC 1 ~CIJ-
3. mr+. The judge examined the witness.
.<;>;',. 9"11h~"t mf4'a>-
be examined ;1-r
The contents of your trunk have to be examin-
ed. >."!'l'"ttl ,.11'1' .I'll"'" >.? oo:J-f'l-
hiiO'I-
example
1. 9"f(l\.. We all followed his example.
1Jo~:f"t9" f(l."t 9"f(l\. -f"h-I"A"t
This is an example of the way they do things.
OM 'tf.~'l- h\\:\"t >."tF-"7."'~ f.tJ
9"f(l\. ' ),.
Examples in arithmetic are explained in this
book. f.,.'I'C 9"f(l\. OII.IJ oPK'do'i' ,.
11'1' -f"~Ali.A
This painting is an example of her best work.
.eu 1"1111\ fl"&-'1' 'tf.)-f"'i',. 9"f(l\. ),.
2. hCh.f. We follow the examples of great
men. f:J-~~:,. (llP'f"t hCl\.f >."tb-l"~ll"t
You should set a good example for the others.
111\.fro'li ' ...~ ' hCh.f ' ODIJ'"t ' hlliltJ
3. """'"'"" The judge fined the speeder as an
example to others. >l'i'a>- ooh,<; R'i''l')'l-
f)-'la>-"t II,. 111\.fro'f ou4'"l"'i f.ll'"t H"t
f:' "'"'"'"
fol" example i\?"'IJ.i\. fiJA
Let's take Russia, for example. Arlti\. fiJIA
~{t.f"t ' >."t,.l\f:
exasperate 0"19" hOf(..,
Herfolly exasperated him. ~11\);t 0"19" h.
Of(...ID-
excavate
1. 1Ltt:C" hatliJ. They are excavating the ruins
at Axum. fl\h(l.9""t 'i'&-JI'';f 4>'i't:,. n
"'"'""'"" ' ~~- ' <;'fw-
2. -t..c..:. They excavated a cave in the hill-
side. lot:il:J-,. '1-"t ~.e h"tf: 'l'lf 4&.1.~
excavation
excavation
1. Excavation was carried out by a
41~.
modern machine. cfl.t..~tiJo 1 flHOD'I'f! ODUf6
y .,.ht;m~
2. f.,.ot.L<: 1-~'l~. Theexcavationfilledwith
water. f.,.'kl.~tD-") 1 .,....e-;}_e- m-~
exceed
I. Ullm. Addis Ababa exceeds Harar in size
and population. h-'1.11 hnq dJ<:C") nllof..
'!-<; U,MI11 11~'1- Y.UAm'I'A
2. hilL 1 h - - - hilL. Do not exceed the
speed limit! f.,.m{l)m-") 'i''l'~'l- h'l-11'1'
The director exceeded his powers and was
dismissed. 'lt.h.,.-1- hP'A"'). 0"'1114- h
P'&- .,.811Y..
3. h -- - n11.e ~m-. To lift a heavy trunk
exceeds a woman's strength. '1-A:,O 111''1.
:,. ..,.,...,'!- hll.'l- 'l:,O!'" OilY. ~"'"
exceeding
*She is a girl of exceeding beauty. 11.,1'~<;''1'
mY..c f/1.11'1- AYf<:~ ~:f
exceedingly l\~"1
She is an exceedingly beautiful woman. h.!l
~~~., f.,.'l'n:f ll.'l- """
excel (excelled) Ullm
He excels all others in mathematics.
11-1\- RdJ.lt11 Y.UA"''f'I'A
excellence
I. h'i'.,.':' 'f-11-;J. He received a prize for
excellence in Amharic. llh'i'.,.':' Y"'IC':'
'1'11-:rm- 'liA"'I'I- .,..,.n11
2. I'"C'I'~'I-. The restaurant is famous for the
excellence of its food. 1'""111 !1.-1: Ul'""lll-
I'"C'I't'l- f;J-m.,. tm-
Excellency, His - hn-c
His Excellency the ambassador came to the
party. hll-C hl'"qltY..-1- mY.. :rc-tm- """'"
Your Excellency hll-C~'I-l"
Your Excellency, may I have the week off?
hll-Ct'l-l" i flt1'"1''1- L:l' ~ f.{lm-':'A ?
excellent ll~ U"'l'" - 1 h'i'.,.':'
He is an excellent ball player. l\~"1 R"'l'"
- \>,(l ' .,."'1.'1''1' ' tm-
Having such an exceJlent teacher is to your profit.
l\")Y..H.U Yll h'i'.,.':' ' ""I'"UC ..,.,.,..'1-
u 111'.,. '1':,.1'" ' tm-
410 exception
except (v.)
I. m-"1!" hY-.<:1. I cannot except you from
the provisions of the law. ,n.,.. hO?..L-l-~m- s
tJJo"fl" IIY..C"IAU hA'fA!'"
2. J\atlfJ. He excepted their names from his
'f"ltm- list of guests. hl\1'"11'-'ll Ill'" 11C1fC m-11'1'
f)(l-") Ill'" hm"'
except (prep.) h - - nM.,.c
Everybody believed it except him. h(l- nll.,.
.,.c '!Joll-1'" ' hoP).'f-
except for h - - - Oil.,.+C
I like the book except for one chapter. IJ")~
1'"6&-'1' 0111-.,.C ""X'dJ4-1' l\mY..'I'IIrJo
excepted h - - - 0111-.,.C
Present company excepted, I don't like visitors.
liH.U IJIItJJo (lm- Ull.,..,.C l\1'"1'1 hAm
~I'"
excepting h--- 0111-.,.C
Everyone, excepting myself, applauded his
speech. h~ Ull.,..,.C 11-11-1'" ' 111'"1"1-1- ' h
""'"""'11-
exception
*This rule does not allow for any exception .
.eu Y-.1'11 11"'11'1'" f.,.llf .e~:r hf.{l'l'l'"
be an exception to ltA.,.h.,.hiJD
t\.~'l
This is an exception to the rules of grammar.
.eu f(l'l'llm-1' .1.1'1' hY.h1-AI'"
*I don't want to be an exception. At!- hil.,.
Yf'l- l\1'-'I.Y..<:"IA't hALA"II'"
make an exception ~")fl-") hA.,.h.,.hr
He made an exception and allowed him to
enter school without a certificate. ~")fl-") q
llooh.,.A Yll !l"(lhC m<:.,.'l- '1-I'"UC'I-
!1.'1- l\1'-'1.,q ' L.,.Y-.11'1-
make no exceptions
All of you must be here at eight; I can make
no exceptions. v.~tl-o-9"" 1 Oo-A.)o 1 h.H..IJ
""11'1- hllq:fu- I l\1/1. h1/l. fl'"llm- fill'"
take exception .,.~moo
He took exception to my description of Addis
Ababa as a small towo. h-'1.11 hnq '1-1''11
h1-"'1 <;'!- 11\1. YAh-'1-1' 1-:J>moo
with the exception of h - - - Oil.,.+C
I like my studies, with the exception of German.
h)!Coo")';' 0111-.,.C '1-!I"UC-f-'li") l\mJ!IIrJo
without exception ]\")_e-go 1 lrJ!.+C
Every student, without exception, must be there.
exceptio nal
.f-16 0..,.11- h'!Y:9" ltJ.'.f>!: MI.J' oo
11"-l-' hl\0-l-
[See also 'rule']
exceptio nal
l. mY..c fA.llfD-. Sheisanex ceptional student.
a>!l.C fl\.11-l- 1-"76 'i'-l-
2. f-t-1\oofl. hJ.'.!l.l\9". This weather is excep-
tional for June. 7.'!!l.IUI Yll YfC v-~:1"
Dl'lt f-t-1\oofl. hJ.'.!l.l\9"
excerpt 9"'!q11
He read an excerpt from the Bible to the class.
!JODWJt'i' ' :,0-'1.11 ' f-J-UJ(lfl. o 9"'!q11 o 1\h'i'
11-Mnn
Where did you take the excerpts from?
9"'!qll'fh llf-l- h11""1i'fm- !
An excerpt of his speech was printed in the
paper. '!"1"1'1- Oll.I.A ;>IL"' IIJ.'. :1"-l-
.,. )DC
excess (n.)
1. 11A1. There was an excess of imports over
exports last year. ttA.r.m- q.oo:,. m,g_ r 1t
1C I aJo{l'J' I f1tt:r- I lt,:J"SJ";f- I tD~ I tiJ"fiJ!" 1
h-t-1111--l- 11A"'i )0.:-'fm-
2. -l-C'i'. Pour off the excess! -l-C4-'! h'i'11(lm-
3. 11~-l-. His teeth were harmed by an excess
of candy. Dht:"'l.ll 11~-l- f-J-)"1 'I'Cfl. -t-
1-Y:.f- )0C
4. ( ~ adj.) IIAh YIIL. He has an excess
of energy. !JAh YIIL 1-AD-l- hi\<D-
5. ( ~ adv.) !Joom'! OIIJ.'.. The doctor ad-
vised him to avoid excess in eating. th tL_. r
hoom'! 011).'. 7.'!JIJ.'.OII )1t:m-
*The excess of 7 over 5 is 2. (lq-}- 1)9"11-l-
f"'LDAmm - Dv-11-l- )m-
in excess of h - - - 0"\,..
The supply of cars was in excess of the demand.
111DY f"'Lof'CD--l- ooll_'i'l":f ll"'LLI\1
<D- 011).'. )OC
to excess boom1' r 01\1--
She is generous to excess. hoPm") 01\,.. lt;J
11'i'T
J\'}J;1'~
*I drink sometimes , but not to excess.
'I..IL ' 7-m"'l\v- l "''! ' hAll- hiiA'i'9"
excesse~ commit .- "'J"i: r LV.OD
The enemy army was charged with committing
excesses. fmlt+ m;J-Y..f:";f- "'lf:
1 nooL~"7
'fm- ' -J-11(1(1.
excess (adj.)
I. -l-C'i'. Pour off the excess fat ! -l-C4-'! :,.q
-l- h'i'111'lm-
411 excise
2. h-1-m(l)m - OIIJ.'. flf). You have to
pay 5 dollars a pound for excess baggage.
h-1-UJ(l)m- ' 011).'. ' 1\lf) ' '\11 ' 07.1'!JI'!-' l. '
;rm-'!Y: ' li ' 11C ' ODhLA ' hl\1111
excessiv e boom'} 1 Ot\,_ 1 fll'~
I won't pay these excessive charges . .eu'l'l ;
!Joom'! 01\J.'. flf) 'I':> hAII'i'A9 "
exchang e (v.)
1. Amm. I want to exchange this book for
another one. .eu'l 1 oox-m'f: 1 OA.t\ 1 11.oo11.
W'l' 7-LA:>IIIJ-
2. 1-1\'l'mm. John and Mary exchange books.
l'"dt'!11'i' ' "7C19" ' ODII.lo'i'T ' J.'.I\'I'W"f/1-
I have been exchanging ideas with your friend.
11'\!l.>;'U ' ;JC ' dtlt11 lldtlt11 7.'!1\'I'W'l'
)0C
[See also 'blow, word']
exchang e (n.)
1. AliND'1'. Is this a fair exchange? ,e.u 1 11...,
Q11 = fii.ID" I AID"ID"'1' I ~m- ?
2. OD/1.-Pm...-. Exchange of ideas is necessary
for development. fdtl\11 1 oP/I.ffOJ'f' 1 f\11-..t.!""1
-r I TLil1. I ~1C I ~,..
The Red Cross arranges for the exchange
of prisoners. fof'J.'. oo11of'A "7-)0C f7.
11t:'l':f'! ool\'f'W'l' Y!l..:-1f A
3. f1'1H11 9"'!~6. Control of foreign exchange
is the duty of the National Bank. f<D-'i" M
C ' 1'1H11"t ' 9"'!q6 ' OD<Ir."fmC o f11dt.MJ! o q
'!h -J-"'qc )m-
4. f1'1H11 """"'IH6Y fl:l". The variations in
the value of the world's currency are posted in
the exchange. O'tl\9" 111- 1'1HII:f f'l' :>
Al'-t-l- ' 01'1811 ' ODoP'!H6Y ' 11:1" ' 1-1\'I'~A
in exchange for 01\dJ"m-
He's giving her French lessons in exchange for
English ones. 7.!1.. 7.'1"111..11>;' 11:1"11-1-9",:
<D- ' 01\<D-m- 7.(1. Lt:'I<'IJ.'.>;' 111-t-9".:-:l"A
rate of exchanae f9"''llf6 -P;J ! f9"''llf6 1
"'-<'111
r The rate of exchange is 2 1/2 Ethiopian dollars
to I American dollar. fM~6m- 'I':> (.b_lt
11) II'!Y: fh"'&&l) 11C v-11-l- 1-h-A
fh..-l-1'"9;1 ' 11C )<D-
excise <tu:tn 1 JrtmlfJ
The surgeon excised the tumor with no difficul-
ty. f4'1'- ' '1'1'i'<D- ' dtll_9" ' ll_'!:f"C'-1>'! ' 111
'!JI:f :f"'c <lr.Ctn hmar
The censor excised two paragraph s on page
excitable
four. lt'IIH- '1&-H'm- 11\" o-11'1- h'l.,.
l<'f- 'I&Ctfl htD"'
excitable fi.,.lt/1- f'"l.lffiC
My brother is an excitable person. ID1'X"OI fl
.,.ill\- f'"l.lffiC (ltJJo )tJJo
excite
I. ii"'L.,'I .,. ... .,..... The President's speech
excited us. fT~H.-'1'1., '1"1"/C ii"'L,.'f-'1
'I .,. ....,. ...
2. -1--1-.,h-11. Do not excite the dog! m-lfm-'1
h'l--1-..h-1\tJJo
3. h-!-t:4.(11'1-). Her new dress excited envy.
h'l.fl. A11!1. ,.,..,_ h-!-t:4.it't-
be excited
l.ii"'L., -f-4'(14'(1. I'm excited because I just
entered the competition. nm-x-~~ 1'1' r noo
"'Q-1: ii"'L-1: -l-4'il'l>!l.A
2. fi'l-'1-r OD'I4.fl. -1-.,.il.,.il. The children
were excited by the Emperor's arrival. fl'l1-
"' )11".,. """""'"' A]<'f- ' 01-1-'1- OD'I4.lt
.,..,. -f-4'(1.,.(1
3. +~(t+. Everyone was excited by the news
of the victory. 0..(-A-- H.'i' rrtr'r +1..11-f
)fiC
4. :J:J. Everyone is so happy about the picnic.
but I am not excited about it. itA = 7ic1i~ rr
II- iltJJo -1-S'.il:t:A l h~ "1'1 hA'l'lo-11'1-ll"
get excited -1-lffit:
Don't get excited! I will find the books sooner
or later. h'l-lfnc ho-'lll" If) /1./t 'L
H. ODI\".hl::'ll'l h1''iA?I\1Jo
excitement
I. ii"'L'I-. He tried to hide his excitement.
ii"'L"''I 1\0D.J'.fi'l> 'l"ht:
The incident created a lot of excitement.
.I':C'L_, f1111-tJJo'l ii"'L'I- 4'(14'(1
2. 7i11C. The excitement will die down in a
fewdays.1111<~- hT<t'l- 4''1 fi:\lt 1 hfmof.
,l'.'t'IA
3. ..,C""IC. Wait till the excitement settles
down! "/C"'-1- hilh.t:.:>.:> .l':t:il ~,I'.
4 . .l':'l.:>m. His heart thumped with excite-
ment. All- r fl.(-'l;Jm. hOC" oP;J-
5. ODS'..,1'1'. The declaration of a state of
emergency caused great excitement. fhll.:f\l..r.
'Lit. ' 0'1']'} """"IDJ>} h'i! Yll I oPf...1'1''1
4.mt:
6. ff.il,. 11~'1-. Her eyes sparkled with ex-
citement. hf.li;J- 11~'1- 1 ~J'.). -1-1111""11..,
412 exclusion
exciting
I. .1'.11 f"'I..M"i l ii"'L'I-'1 f'"l.4'il'l>il. That
'1 f'"l.4'{1'1>11) 1 ,.,~h ~nc
was an exciting story. S'.il 1 f"'L..'il"i (ii"'L't-
2. f'"I.Yilf.il't-. The discovery of gold is
exciting news. fmc-1- 1 oo1TT fOfJMil
:,. I QJ~ I iotD-
3. f"'LL'IIS'.'I'I>. Our encounter with the famous
actor was exciting. f~m+m-'1 +'P'IJ.'.. OJ!"
'11'1- ...,.,,,.-;y., I f"''..Yilf.'l'l> ' )fiC
1
exclaim
1. O~il~ +'11t!. "I've passed the exam!" he
exclaimed. "-""""'"'~ 1 hll'i!h- I 1111- Of.
II,. -!-"1t:
2. fioof.)'!> mf.,.. "Haven't you done that
yet?" he exclaimed. hill}!Jo'l ,I")'J hAw
&.'JitJJoll" l ' 11/1- ' fiOD.J'.)'!> ' tnf4'
exclamation
I. :1'11 h;>'l'. "Oh!" and "Help!" are exclama-
tions. .h >> t;1 '' 1..~ :l-It ' ll.;J'i 'i':fm-
2. J!",-6. His exclamation of surprise was
heard by the teacher. foof.)'!> .V:ll"ll-'1 hil
.,....,,~..,. .......,....
3. "'o'Ji't-. The speech was continually inter-
....1i,. .
rupted by rude exclamations. '1"1"1-1- 011A.,.,..
1111- I 'Lit. -!-!1/Ctfl I )fiC
exclude
I. hil4't:. The speaker excluded the unnecessa-
ry material from the report. -1-.,..;>&tJJo h&.T
<~- m-ilT -1-4./t'L YAlY'i-'1-'1 )11!''1- hil.,.t:
2. h"'ll"'l- tJJo"f!' 1 hS'.t:1. He excluded the
possibility of an error in the date. 04''1 h
'l&"'tnC li""AQ'f- ll.'l'C f'"l.'f-1\tJJo'l ila.
T'f- I h"/ll"'f- 0 fD<"f!' 0 I\.J'.t:1tJJ-
3. hllhll. They excluded . him from member-
ship in our club. fhOQ'f-'1 l;qA h'I'IJ'.lf'l
hllhll-'1-
1 exclusion
I. DDhAhA. Her exclusion from the club
,...,,.
hurt her feelings. hhnn- oohAh!l hil.,.
2. h-kTC hil-Y..,QT. Exclusion of minors is
a good policy for us. it'll\ ODm'l YAS'.t:
(l.'f-'1 I 11\A ' "'/.l':t:"/ I 1\ll"'!h-f-1\tJJo' ~it"'/ '
.,.~ ' i'aJo
to the exclusion of others fi\.fte~'l ' :,..,.
He considers only his interests to the exclusion
of others. f/1.11-l-'1 '1--r- f&.fl.'l T'l>ll"
11!1' YIIQA
exclusive 413
exclusive
1. f"'IA flY~. We have exclusive rights to
this invention. 1111.11 'i'Ail'l- Mll:f-'t fll"
~ ooofl'f- 1>1\'t
2. ( ~ adv.) ,..11- o-11-. The director has
exclusive control of the company. Jl.~h#
ll-IJ't.l'fDo't ao-tr Oao-tr ,_<t."Jm&.A
3. (~ adv.) flao-tr ' A-R. He manifested an
exclusive devotion to his work. fl,..,.A- Aofl
P'<!-fDo't ' oPdJoi'JI.'t ' I> <'If
This is quite an exclusive club. ,_II 111-IDil'f.
ill":f- -R!I' fi'L_,.F. hO-R ~..,.
exclusive of lJY.okmC
There are twenty-six days in that month,
exclusive of Sundays. "hdt-.1': <\,.<t.mC 0
11..1' ' IDC dJo!l'J' I 7.1' !I.!':!IT ' .,.'l':f- hir
exclusively -R!I'
That selfish girl looks out for herself exclusive-
ly. .l''f ' &.!)_'t ID-'1.1': A]f11..1': ' I\&.!)_ ofl!f'
;1-!lflll:f-
excommunicate h.ID1H
The archbishop excommunicated his oppo-
nents. ~~_.,. j!.j\(1- 1'?'l'"'l..l"!l''ffDo't hiD11f"
excommunicatio n dJo"""'HT
Excommunication was not widely practiced
in Ethiopia. fDo"IH'I- 01>.'1-l'"k.l' dJoil'l'
Oil"-..,. l>""'&.O'I-!1" ~oc
excrement ll-!1
They make use of the excrement of bats
for fertilizer. fll.ll-'1- wc::f-'t ll-!1 1\oP.I.
'1- "1-'10&.1' ,_m.,.ao-0;1-A
human excrement q.y.~ trY:C
The Japanese use human excrement as fertiliz-
er. ]f;r'l':f- 'l,_~ !I".I':C't IIDP.I.T "1
-'106.1' .l'dJoii-;1-A
excrete IIJA
The cow excretes dung. 11!1" "1>0'1- '1-'1'111\:f-
excruciate h.w?r
The headache excruciated him. &oil !I";1-'l-
hOP?ffDo
excruciating f"'i....'"'-"""
I had an excruciating toothache yesterday.
:,.<;'t:,. f"'l....'lP:J',_ f'I'Cil iftoP'J" ~01.-R'S
exculpate
The judge exculpated him of the charge.
'l'ffDo I ~~~ I 11.,..,...,.
execrable
excursion 1ic1ic
Let's go on an excursion to Entotto! tDJ!.
"h'tfllfll 1ic1ic "h't't.l':
excusable f"'l..;;-11'1'
The error is excusable. !lilti'i: f"'l..;l-11'1'
~..,.
excuse (v.)
I. ,.:,.c;t- l>F.t.1(11'1-). Please excuse my bad
Amharic! MA-t-"1<!-dJo h"1C'fl'- ,_:,.c;t-
h.I':C"IA'S
2. ( = pass.) :I"IIL. +Nothing can excuse such
rudeness. h'}J!.If.tJ Yilt- oflA"'I'i" ~C(l
11-:1"1\'1' ' l>,_:f-A?"
3. ?"h't.l''l- .,.~..,.. Sickness excused his ab-
sence from school. oo ;t-ooao- h'l-!I"Uc-r 0.
..,. ' 1\oP:tt.-r ' !l"h't.l'..,. ' .,.~..,.
4. lfL~. She excused her own faults by
blaming others. 011.11-:f- II,. Ooollhh f
&.!)_'t !lilt-t-'1- lfL~:f-
5. 1><\110. He tried to excuse his lateness by
claiming that he had been ill. DPH"Ifi:'t Oilt
oo,- 11"1<\0-R 'l"ht.
excuse me ! y.:,.c;t-
be excused "h't'I_.,.C 1-L.,.F.II'l-
He was excused for the afternoon because
of a headache. &.il-'t ii'IDPDPdJo hil'l-r
0:\11 "h't'l_,.C 1-L.,.F.II'I-
You may be excused from the table. h10;1-11Jo
II,_ IIDP~"l:,. 1-L:ti'-AVA
excuse oneself Y.:t>C;t- = mr+
She excused herself for being late. H"l,.;l- II
1\DP"':f- ,.:,.c;~- mf.,.:f-
excuse (n.)
I. 04: ?"h't.l''l-. That's no excuse! 04: ?"h
't y:,. h,_F.II?"
2. ?"h't.l'-r. His excuse was pure fiction. fit
m..,. !l"h't.l''l- '1'1\.'1" Lm&. ~oc
*Please give him my excuses for being absent !
illl.,.t.u- ,.:,.c;~- "h't'l.I'F.C"IA'S 't1t...,.
asklfor an excuse from
The child asked for an excuse from gym class.
A)!: hil..,.~'l- "1m'th&.l' -rruc'l- 1100
:tt.'l- ' d..? .I': ' lllf.,.
make excuses r"h1Y+ Lm~
He is always making excuses for being late.
1\DPH"Ir-1 11-A'LH. 'l"h't.l':,. f.LT&.A
[See also 'lame')
execrable
I. l>il?4:. His execrable wickedness has gone
 execrate
down in history. h!l:N:m- hof.-1> 0:1'6
h m-il'!' T""ll"l!I.A
2. Y.!l f"lf.A. Wearing a purple tie with
a green suit shows execrable taste in clothes.
q,:'H.<'. A11!l ~f. m9"tl-'l! htl-'iT
"l!lC q(lqQ{l Oil-A Y.il f"lf.A
9"C"'i YliYA
execrate Jr..m1H
He execrated all who opposed him. f+ :J>mo--
.-,...,. I flofto I J'taJ1If
execute
1. LKOD. It is your responsibility to execute
all orders. Th~fl:f"l 1Nr ""~K9" Y"IT
"1~4-~T ' ~m-
2. OP'&- ; 1\,.e. ~ ll.'Fll. We are going to execute
our plan to dam the Awash. h'P1i"t I\OD1S'.11
Yl\"t"t h;r.J:- OP'tl- 'If. A<;m-1\m- ~m
be executed. ..... by hanging +fl+ll
The murderer was executed by hanging.
~'I'll 1.111' .,. ....,."
[See also 'shooting']
execution
1. h.IP&-C.. His intention was good, but his
execution of the plan was unsatisfactory.
J\ftfr' I op.;. I )'flC. j )''JC. I ..,.,. I J'tiP&-?- I J't'f";J
ll hA~0:9"
2. f"l.M9"0T f'I"T 'i'CJ:-. The plotters
are in jail awaiting execution. r\.l.'i1':fi mu
1 O.T tnm- f"l.~K9"q:fm-"t f'I"T
'i'CJ:- o""mqo+ ~f. <;:fm-
3. f'I"T ;r."'T. At what time will the exe-
cution take place? f'l"-1> +"'T f"l.~Kou
m- O!l"tT !l'tT ~m- !
put Into execution OP"&- 1 1\,.e. 1 lt'Fll
He put the emergency plan into execution.
f"l.Yil'flti\ID-"t h;r.J:- OP'tl- ~f. h'PI\tJJo
[See also 'stay']
executive (n.)
I. qi\P'A"'"t. The delegation of duties to
others is part of an executive's job. "1"A.)o.:'f."} 1
"lhof.~A hqi\P'A"'"t T"/qc 11"1'.11-
~ ....
2. hl'l+J;S:,t. The executives met to discuss
the company's policy. OIJ-q-,.ym- "l-JIJ'. ~
f. (lou~:nc h!ITJIJI69''1l TI'IO(ltl-
executlve (adj.)
1. .:'f.).,fJ1f ~ fODllm+. The administrative assist-
ant has executive powers also. l.-'5+ 1 h.ll+Jiilli
6tJJo '!-11~11 fODilmT9" P'A"'"t ' }\1\ID-
414 exercise
2. YilTJIS'.C. He is highly appreciated be-
cause of his executive abilities. flllT-'I~C. 1
:ftt-:J'ID- 0"19" J'.Y.~:l'A
executive head 'F'i 1 fih"1 1 h.i'lL"'O{
The President is the executive head of the
nation. TMI.JI"t-1: 11~ 'P<; fih"l hll~
"'6{ I )'(Do
exemplary hchnT Yl\tJJo
The boy's conduct was exemplary. fA: mil
,. hchnT Y""'" ~oc
exemplary punishment OD+"I"'"l 1 fD?.trt 1
+"'T
The director administered an exemplary
punishment. -'l.&.hT~ ou4>"l"'i f"l.ll'"l ;r.
"'T !lm
exemplify (exemplified)
I. hChY ~.,.. These soldiers exemplify cour-
age. MH.U m:I'Y.r::f f)';"l"t~T hChY
9':f <;:fiD-
2. houl\hT. This picture exemplifies the
artist's style. J'.U P'l>A f"''t/I.ID-"t !IA'I-
youl\h:J'A
exempt (v.)
1. ~K hY.:1. They exempted him from
military service. hm:f'Y.tl-'1! h1A"/ftoT ~
K hY.t:'lT
2. h"t.l:' + negative imperfect + ~4>Y.(I\T).
The teacher exempted the student from the
test. ODji"(J~ ' T"'I61D- ' ~Tt;ID-"t ' h"tJIJ'.W{l
.1:' ~4>Y.I\'I-
exempt (adj.) ~K
The school property is exempt from taxes.
fT9"11C'I- 0.1: "1'11<:'1- h"l11C ~K ~.,_
[See also 'tax']
exemption
I. ~K "'1.1:-t:"l. Tax exemptions have reduced
the amount of revenue. h"l11C ~K "'1.1:-t:"l
f11l1D-"t oPm"t .,..,.,..,.A
2. aJo"'- ODtr). Military exemptions are
granted only for deformities. hm:I'Y.tl-'1! M
A"/11-T ID-A\ oulf"t f"l.~4>J:-i\:fiD-
}11]1\ ' 1-Y.tt-:f ' 1111' <;:fiD-
exercise (vt.)
1. OA9"9"J:- hm~h.:. Exercise your weak
ankle! Y.IJ"ltJJo"t 41c-J.>II""l""'l.TU"t OA9"9"
.1:- hm"tht:ID-
2. hi\"'I""S'.. The cavalry troops exercise their
exercise
horses every day. ol.<:ll'l''ll Rf.,.l- .1.<:11!1''1'
,._, Yll..,'l"llll"
3. h.i\f. He exercised his patience while
arguing with his wife. h"''..M :>C (l.h.l-
hC :,.b"IP':,.'t l>ltf
4. 1\IIOJo. What others think exercises a great
influence on most of us. 1\.11-:f f"''..YIIflo:,.
R11rt-l"il':f't '11- h"i' Yll .,_,_.b'r l>
1\IJ)o
exercise (vi.) ~'/"o;llth P'.l- l IA'I"'I"f: 1\S'.
<:1 l IIOJo).,') ' 1\<;::J-:J-
You have to exercise every morning. &A"L
H. 1\1.:,. 1\1.:,. ~'/"o;llth oop>,:.:,. l\111111
The athlete exercised to keep himself in good
shape. 1l?"C.,.,.,. IIOJo).,'t R"''..1q 1\DP
mfl:fo IA'I"'I"f: l>S'-<:1
He spent all his energies exercising. ..,.Afl1J:'l 1
IIOJo).,'t ' ""'<;:;1-:J-..,. ' 11!1' ' ....<:IIOJo
exercise power flP"AilJ'l 1 1tf i flP'AtJJ'l 1
.,.m.,.oo
The dictator exercised absolute power. h9'"Q 1
1)1- '!'~'/" fill') P'IA"l't 11f
The governor exercised his power to call out
the militia. 11COJo RP'IA"'l- .,.m:f-'1" 11
.h.<l-'1! ' jll-1-'t ' 1\llh.,..,.
exercise (n.)
1. """'""~~" Exercise ten is difficult. OP'<:,.
dJ4 I oP/J\00)1' I hQJ!" I )(Do
2. IA'/"9"1:. Military exercises are being held
now. a>;J-S'..l-'1! IA'I"'I"f: l>IJoo't floPS'.<:
"'J I 1\f.. I )(Do
3. P") P"C'l:r-. Our graduation exercises
opened with a song. f'l"<:,..:f't P') P'C'l
:,. floP1f.,..C .,.h.,_.,.
4. fiiOJoH )..'t:f-11,..11.. He believes in a lot
of exercise. 1111- fiiOJo):,. )..'t:f-11,..11. n..,
f:<:"l ' Y'l"o;A
*The exercise of patience is essential in diplo-
macy. :J-:>7i onll"t 11/l.'l"~fl. P'<l- n
"1'1" ' l\11<1.'11. ' )IJJo
exercise of the body f(lm-):r- 1 lt,"}:,O,ll:Jt(l.
Exercise of the body is needed for health.
fiiOJo)..,. ' )..'t:f-11,.. .... ' lim.'t)..,. ' l\11.1.'11. ' )IJJo
physical exercise f{lro-):r- O?m'lh~l' 1 /AtJP
'l"f:
I need more physical exercise. .,...._..,,: fiiOJo
):,. ..,m'th6Y IA'I"'I"f: Yltoi.IA1...1A
exert n - - - .,.m.,.ou
A ruler exerts authority. 1'fr RP'IA"''t 1-
m.,...,IA
415 exhausted
A clever fighter exerts both strength and skill.
11/All 11-m.... 01-/Afli>'l" RH.O..OJo'/" 1-
m.,...,IA
exert oneself T~:r- 1 h.F-.~1
Exert yourself to finish the job on time!
P'.l-IJJo't 01.11. 11"""".:11 '1'.::,. 1\f:C"I
[See also 'effort']
exertion
1. Aof..:r-. He was panting from the exertion.
h/A<f.:,. f.,.)"' oflo; oflo; ,_.,.)'I'll )ftC
2. 1:11'1". His studies require little intellectual
exertion on his part. :,.'I"IJC-1: )..~"!'/" f
)\),.'/"(! ' 1:11'1" ' fllfl..,.,.
3. oom+,... Exertion of authority is not always
appropriate; persuasion may be better. &A1.
H. RP'IA"''t 11!1' oom.,.'l" .,.11l l\1-1'.11
'}" j ....,qq:,. ' 1-"ifiA ' '-~~'""'
exhale
1. a>S'. IJJo'f!" .,.).1.11. He exhaled the smoke.
.,...,...., ' "'"" ' ,..,... ' .,.).1.11
2. }loo)Q;L., Flowers exhale sweet odors.
)\ftqjl':f ' "14-'f!" ' OD'llf ' YOD)"'iflo
exhaust (v.)
I. l\".7./A-r- 1\.,..,._ Her book about roses ex-
hausted the subject. 1111 l\'1.<:/l fl\ol.:fOJo
"""'"''~' ' 1-lll''t ' l>".tiA.,. ' )\.,..,.
2.....-,..-,. l\1'.<:1. Theclimbuptheh illexhaust-
ed us. to.:11;J-IJJo't oPIJJo"':,. ... .-,..-,. t.S'.
<:1't
3. 'l"hl: 1\R,... I have exhausted all possibil-
ities. f.,.ii'IIIJJo't IJooflo 'l"h.:O l\11:f'ii'II1Joo
4. qp.. l\11.,..:. Theleakexhauste dthegastank.
.,.llllOJo fiJ.'tH.l-'t RC"'&A qp.. l\11_,..:,.
5. ..._.:11. I have exhausted all my money.
1'tHIJ.'t ll-11" ""Cifllll-
I have exhausted my patience. :,.ll"'P'-I:'t ...,
C!fllll-
exhaust oneself &-(l-'l hF.,hoo
I have exhausted myself working. .l-(1.'t RP'
.:. ' l\S'.h'/"11-
exhaust (n.) "1!"11
Exhaust from cars pollutes the air. fonh.'i" "I!"
II l>fC't 1-""CifA
exhausted (adv.) S'.h'l":,.
He came home exhausted after the long hike.
h.:~'l" 1.11. 7ic7ic R:\'1 1'-h'l"..,. )..IJ.
..,. '1q
exhaustion
be exhausted
I. 0.1:-lJII" ....:,.:,. h/1. I was completely
exhausted after that long trip. h~~ "1-
~ 0:\1\ fl.l:-119" .... :,.:,. liAh-
2. llh-tou. His longanimity was exhausted by
her endless complaints. ;f-;>"IIH 0"7J'l\'C'I'
't:,.c~o, hh-tou
leave one exhausted (UD-~1:1' 1 h~++lD"
"19" ' h~hOD
The grueling contest left him exhausted.
0"19" h.<:'lJ"''. flf~IIJo 'l-JA (UD~i>'t h
~.,..,...,.
The eventful day left him exhausted. -1111"
.<:'C1.:,. f-ti.Jiouo:,. +'I oou.ro;. 0"19"
}>.<:,hODIIJo
exhaustion
I. .1:-lJII". Some of them dropped from ex
haustion. h'l-'1'11'-~ h.<:'lJII" f-t~"' w~4t
2. "7Hl. The exhaustion of the water supply
caused the municipality to ration water.
Vw-;>w- "7Hl "7H;>lf fl.-1> ' J'/IIIJo'l ' w-
;> >..r-t.mo >..'1-'l.f.<:-A hll1AAw-
drop from exhaustion .1.h'l" m.F.+
Some of them dropped from exhaustion.
h'l-'1'11'-~ ~hou..,. w.<:.4t
exhaustive f-1'".7.'1
He published an exhaustive study of Roman
civilization. 1111 1:"711JoJ''I f'l''l:,. P'A"'1
f-1'".7.1\ 1\".b-'i' hH;>}':.f hfl-tou
exhibit (v.) ll.ftlt-11 hilf
The artist exhibited his paintings. lP'\t\,aJ- 1
P'~~'l ll.ftlt-11 ' hilf
*The child exhibited a bad temper at an early
age. Ail: 1<; flA;i':~-1> f4tm-~:,. mttf.
f.;f-f.O;f-A
exhibit (n.) :,.c>..f.:,.
Have you seen the exhibit? :,.c>..f.i>'t hf.
+YA I
exhibition fP'~A :,.c>..f.-'1-
The art school holds an exhibition every year.
fh.~ '1'0-11 ' :,.9"1JC:,. n.:,. flJ'ou-f>
fP'~A :,.c>..f.:,. J'fiJ'A
*His exhibition of strength impressed us.
J'ilfiiJo '1''11-t<l. hlt.<:.~+"t
exhilarate
I. .<:.It Ml"f. The news that he was admitted
to college exhilarated him. toll.}': f++nll-:,.
OUif'i-'t ODit"7i> .<:.It Ml"fw-
416 existence
2. M-"'-"' The cold weather exhilarated the
children. +11 ,..~..,. J'fC 11-1;1- A,l>:~'l h ~
"'"'"'w-
exhort
I. h'l'-ll.f> hilllO. He exhorted his listeners
to give up smoking. h~t.'"-~'1 lUI"<~- "7
....It >..'IJI.J'.f>..... h'J'-fl.f> ' llillltt'l'w-
I 0
2. M<f.ol.~. He exhorted his troops to attack
the enemy. ml\:,.'1 >..'I-'1Jm4t w;f-.<:.1:~
h~<f.ol.~
exhume -t.o;:e hw"'
They exhumed the body from a shallow grave.
hllh<l.'i-'t 'I'A:r> lJAif~ "1-.l:-l\.1:- <t.'i'
aJ- h.mm-T
exigency (exigencies) hil'l'l>.f.~:,.
The exigencies of business kept him from
leaving town. fP'<I-IIJo hil'l'l>.f.~:,. hh+
"7 >..'t-'lf.W"' ' h.<:.~111Jo
exile (v.) li;>H
The governor exiled the disloyal official to the
provinces. :f-"7'H:,. f"l-.<:./lw-'1 u>.:O-t'i' ll
'J I 'J1ClD" I aJ.f. I 'JffiC I }\;Jfl"+
exile (n.)
1. "'I fiT The guilty governor went into exile
0
for ten years . ..-4-+~m- 1 11C AOJPC q.ou
,. .,~,. 11J
2. 11.<:.:,.. During the war, many people were
in exile. fltnC~-1> 1.11. -1111" ltl":f fl~
:,. , ...,. ~no;.
3. ~-t'i'. He is an exile from the East.
fii"P'.:O:r>. ~-t'i'. ~w-
exist
1. ~aJ-. That exists only in your imagination.
~1"- J'/1..,. Rmil-1111 IIJoit'l' -nil' ~w-
2. If. A man cannot exist without air 0
(liiJo J'/1 hfC II.'l'C hf.:fAII"
3. ll/1. War exists in many parts of the world.
0-fllf"IIJo f't/19" h'i'A tnc~:,. h/1
*Belief in magic still exists. fl'l"'.f>l\ ~<loll"
f.;f-ou<;A
existence
I. 'i-1:. He leads a peaceful existence in the
country. IJI\1C m-It'!' ~'I' J'/1 'i-1: f.
'l'<I-A
2. ooLmCo He is not even aware of my exist-
ence. ou.t.m<l.'Ill" >.."tl>. hy..,.;r.,-
3. .ftf.w:,.. There may be existence in the
universe other than ours. h'i' 't/19" IIJo"l/'
existent
01\.~ ' 't/111" ' 6Joll'l' ' "'""'"'" ' w:c '
<;(A
4. oP'iC. The microscope reveals the existence
of many tiny things. "7f.hC'lli>T f1111- 'I'
,.,:,."t )1C':Y."t oo<:c YltYfA
*This is the oldest Ethiopic manuscript in
existence. f.tJ hh. 't-1'-A-Y f11t-<; K" m.t::
:Y. rHt- t:HII" Yll 6~"'L Yil"'" )tiJo
be In existence trt
This company has been in existence for fifty
years. IJ.q"ty,. All"lt -too't- 11'-:':l'fA
be no longer in existence +t:
Capital punishment is no longer in existence
in England. Oll"t"l/1.11 A?C ID"t)';ll'f"t
O'l"'t- ou:,OIIJ't- 4'C;I:fA
come Into existence 1-Lmt:
When did this world come into existence?
.eu 'lAr 011:,; +4-mt: ?
lead an existence 'it:
He led a miserable existence. n':f..,c r 'it:
[See also 'go out']
existent qu-l- '1.11, Yll
The existent traffic conditions have to be
changed. qu-). '1.11, Yll-'t- f't-t-ol.h u-
~:f'jP:f ""IIID'I' Allq'f,.
be no longer existent m4-o
Dinosaurs are no longer existent. J;f.'ii'-C m
'I';!:fA
exit (v.) "'"'
They exited through the backdoor. O'lC' n
C mm-
exit(n.)""m-1
Where is the exit in this building? fll.tJ .lt"t
~ oP~m- or..,. ntt-A t 1
exit permit ff.Att: mt:++
Each emigrant must have an exit permit.
M<;."t 't--1' f"'f.'/.~ {ltiJo ff.ll'i' mt:4'
't- "7"17't- AIIO't-
exodus
*Every summer there is an exodus from the
city. OfO;>tiJo {ljP:f hh+"7 t1Jo"l!' f.'I-Cof.ll-
exonerate 9""tll" m"t)>;fA ll"t.llfAIPt- I.
(.J'..
The judge exonerated the accused man.
Jl'ftiJo' +hltlf.' II""J9"' ID"t)';fA' l\"JJlfAIPt-' ol.
(.J'..
exorbitant
1. 0"111" "'"~ He asked an exorbitant price
417 expanse
f-11' for his land. II""&."" 0"111" ,.~ fll') 'I'
:> mf4'
2. h""m"t O~f. fll'). I could not accept
his exorbitant demands. h""m"t O~f. fiT
) 'l'Y4:6Jo"t fA4'0fA AfA!I'fAIJ.II"
exorcise Am"'(ll't-)
The witch doctor exorcised the evil spirit from
her. llll"7+'f,. l\Ch-11 """tl.ll 1\ID"'~'t-
exotic
1. fq6~ A1C. Eucalyptus is an exotic plant,
qa.c q'i: fq6~ A1C 66 )tiJo
2. ll"t"l-'l fll'). We saw many exotic plants
at the flower show. qnq,. 't-Cllf.'t- ~
f. 1111- ll"t"l-'l frTl- 6o'l''t- An
3. 't-"t"IC't- Y/ltiJo. She performed an exotic,
Spanish dance. 't-"t"IC't- Yil"'" fll;r'S -'l"t
II Altf:f
expand (vt.) Allof.of.
We are going to expand our business next year.
i\"'1."""1"'" ' """"'" ' "t"l.ll:Y."t"t ' ll<;llof.of.il"t
He expanded the short story into a novel.
A~"t ' ;hlh ' IDS'. ' fAD ' ID/1~ ' :l'&h '
Allof.of.t1Jo
Heat expands, cold contracts. oo-++ 1 ~
llof.of.fA 1 :,.,,~~, Yh-"7't-t-fA
expand (vi.)
1. +llmm. Tires expand when air is pumped
into them. '1-"7 1Ui-'t- f.llm"'fA
2. +llof.of.. Metals expand when they are
heated. 11t:'t- ll."lfA f.llof.of.A
3. +mmt:. A balloon expands when it is
blown up. o!.'i l).)of. f.mmt-IA
4. mn.;."t Allof.of.. Our country has expanded
many times. A1t.:f"t 1111- '1.11, mn~"t
Mof.'i':I'II:Y.
expand on }tof):,e..,e..
Please ask him to expand on that statement.
f111~6Jo"t .t.lt11 ll"t-'1..1'11&t-6Jo mf.4'6Jo
expanse AltfA
The Pacific Ocean is a vast expanse of water.
f;rll.o!.h ,.:,.Y'l'll {lol. ft1Jo:' AltfA )tiJo
expanse of the field
*The expanse of the racing field was completely
covered withpenple. ""~"'"' fl\1i:,O~II"~..."t
"'1.'1 {ltiJo AfA11j\'t- )fiC
expanse of the plain "1..11
The broad expanse of the plain was dotted
with trees. AT YlltiJo "'1.'1 AfAt:: AfAt::
q,;::Y, ' f.:l'f.fi:l'fA
"
expansion
expansion "7Mof.T
The expansion of France towards the south
was one of Napoleon's policies. .t.l."Jllf."J 1m
F. F.IMI "7114-4-T h'i"?"II.M ~~"7jP:f
h'IJI. ~oc
(be) expansive foollof.of.T mqr. hAw-
Gases are expansive . .."Jfll- 1 fouil4-4-T ' m
qr. h~'f'w-
expansive stretch of Af\of.."} ' f""l..;t-h:,.
An expansive stretch of desert can be seen
from the mountaintop. h-1-t-t-w- '"i'i' ~f.
(L.foo- 1\~f.'l f"7.:f"l1T !l"t:G 0'1 f.;f-
'"'
expatriate (vt.) ll1C w-"1!' hiD"'
Foreign companies expatriate their profits
thus impoverishing the country. ftJJolifl" h.1C
1!-q'!,l":f .rcof.'f'w-'1 ll1c w-"1!' 0"7
ro-ar:,. Mtl_,'l ,,_1i,ll-
expatriate (vi.) h1o;.."} 1 Acfo 1 aJIIJ
He expatriated before the war. hfi'C~., Ool.
,. ' h1-:.'l ' 1\.f ' "'"'
expatriate (n.) fiD-"1!' Me (liD-
Many expatriates live in this country. 11ft' 1 f
ID-"1!' h1C (ljP:f 011.11 h1C ID-11'1"
Wft-11-
become an expatriate 111-;.. mil)
The writer became an expatriate before the war.
F.t-il.ro- hfl'c~., oo~..r ll1-:. 1 "'"'
expect (vt.)
I. mO+. I expect him at three o'clock. OHm"i
(1~:,. )'.OO"'/11. -1111- llm-114"1'1\11-
2. 4..1\1. Does he expect a tip? "H:lf )'.4./1\
;J/11.!
3. -t-llof.hF.G1. I expect you to doagoodjob.
.,..;. P't- l\'IF.P"T"'t- -1-114- hF.C;JI\11-
expoct (vi.)
I. hi'IO. I expect to be back on Sunday,
ll ....t:- ' 1\00001\ll ' hllqi\11-
I am not surprised at his refusal. That's
exactly what I expected. l\!1"0. 0"71\-1> h
AF-~~9" ! All ,(1-flh-T ~ro-'i"
2. mO+. You're expecting too much of her.
h!l. fii"Tm-ll+ro- h"7.1q o~r. ~..,.
3. ooM(ro-). Will he be late? I expect so. f.H1
)'. )'.If'! l )'.oolll\'1/11.
expectant mother ~'i'l'l m-e 11.-r
Expectant mothers should see a doctor regular-
418 expedition
ly. ~'i'il I m-e I ol..f-:f Of1..11."'" ' .hh.!l" ' H
'! .(- 0 OO't.(- 0 hi\ q'f'w-
expectation "'II"T
Your work falls short of my expectations.
P't-11 h"'ll"-1: O;J-:f ~.,.
*It doesn't come up to my expectations.
,{1-flli-T'I ' ,IIA ' hf.F.l\9"
contrary to my expectation l\"}.';(1-flh-T 1 t\
""'~
Contrary to my expectation, the experiment
turned out well. l\'l'll'l-1111-T ~f.IY'I oo-
ht-w- ' -t-1111
have expectations +il<f.. r 1\Y...l-1
He has expectations of money from a rich
uncle. hll-ll;f-9" h'l-., 1'1H-II h11;'1\ll-
-1111- -1-114- ,F.C;J/1\
in expectation hil(l
He ate a light lunch in expectation of a big
supper. octt;J- llt--r Aoo-a~:,. , hllll +~
AII"IIO~
*He sat on the edge of his seat in expectation.
mii"O-:. "'i'i' ~f. -t-+ll"fl' -t-mqn+
expectorate ?"t-~ #
You will expectorate when you chew tobacco.
(1-G:,. IIT'I-CII !l"t-~11'1 .r-t-of.l\11
expedient
I. m:l'"7. oollll- f;f-fro-. In times of war,
governments do things because they are ex
pedient. Ofi'C~-r 1..11. OO'!"'P':f"T m:l'"7.
OOIIII- ' f;f-,'f'ID-'1 ' ~1C' ,F.c;JII-
2. ll"'ll. The telephone is an expedient way to
deliver messages. ooAllllT'I 1\"711-1-~1\'i'
11/1\lJ ' ll"'fl ' flft ' 00'!1.(- ' tiD-
*Jn a crisis, much that we do is merely expe-
dient. R:f"ic 1..11. f?"'i"F.C11D- t1C -II
,...,. A1..M'E '1"~9" (LqA tro-
expedite hof.m~
Let's work to expedite progress1 l\..e-1T'l 1
1\"74-m'l li'IP't-
expedition
1. =I.e-. There is a scientific expedition in-
vestigating the languages of Ethiopia. fh.TI"*'
n ' !t'lotl":f ' f.,_,m .. ' h'lt: f(L:l'ro-
'IT 'It: hi\
2. HOD~. Napier's expedition succeeded in
releasing British prisoners. f~fC 1 HOD~ 1 f
l\'1"111.11'1 lliiG'l':f 1\"7111\+~ ii'A
expeditious
3. ""'i11. An expedition to the North Pole is
an adventurous undertaking. mY.. (l"'IJ'fm-
.,.,.,. ""'i11 ~1111. ro~o'l- .1:-C'I.'l-
)fDo
4. 'i'TH. He has completed his work with
expedition. 0'1!'1')'1- P'tl-ID"'t hm<;++
expeditious
I. f-l"of.m). He performed the task in an
expeditious manner. JP&-~&7 01"4-m)' o-
~;to ' hh'i"ID)
2. +AtiJof.. Our office has an expeditious filing
system. ILC"'I':fo't +AtiJof. fll') f0011~11
h1111 P'C'l'l- hllfDo
expel (expelled)
I. h!IIDIIJ. The director expelled three students
from school. 'lt.h-1"<- 1"11'1- 1""769':fo
h'l-!1"11C'l- 0.'1- h!IIDIIJ
The army expelled the invader from our
country. flf1C llt:-'1!., mll'l-'t li~tl-:fo't
hliiDtiJ
2. hiiL)mt:. This gun automatically expels
the cartridges. f.l1 moo't)f htl-11- +1111 1
IIL)'I'tl-A
be expelled 1-q.:,:
The unruly student was expelled from school.
o.,.q.., 1""76 h-1""76 o.-1- 1-q.:.:
expend ..,..:11
They expended all their ammunition firing in
the dark. TJ'.;l-:ffDo't o-tr 0"'-11"7 0""1"
h-11 Q;l.G/1-'l-
[See also 'effort']
expenditure m..._
Limit your expenditures to what is essential!
1D"'-11't II"YJIILA"I )~C 11!1' IDII't
expenditure of money dJQOl.
This job requires the expenditure of much
money. .eo JP&- 11fto CD"'. .em.e~A
expense
1. mm... Owning a car is a great expense.
qii.,..IJ.'i" ' ""ll"t ' 1111' ' ID"'- 1li1Dt1JA
He made the trip at his company's expense.
f-i"'iHfDo OIJ.q't111Jo ID"'- )fDo
Don't go to any expense on my account!
0~ ' f-f")"f 1"")9" ID"'- h;l-.1:-C"I
2. '1-'1'1-. This victory was won at terrible
expense. .1:-11- f-1"~1'.,. h'i! 111 '1-'1'1- h
~~~ 0:\11 )fDo
at the expense of
I. ""P''I'b'l- h.!:"C1. He became a brilliant
419 experienced
scholar, but only at the expense of his health.
-flAil ro-c Aootrt vo.+m- m. n-~;., .
""P''I'1H h.i:"C1 )fDo
2. 0 - - - '1-hlf. He aggrandized himself at
the expense of others. 011.11-:f- '1-hlf tl-11-
't ""~~
expensive m-Y:
This house is too expensive. f.tl n..-,. h
oom") = 01\,.e. r m-Y: )fDo
be expensive 11ft' r to"'.. mf+
Purification of water is expensive. m-;Yt 1 "71lJ
t:-'1- 1111' ID"'- f.mf.-"'A
experience (v.)
I. h.;>moo(fDo). +I never experienced anything
like it. h't-'1.11 111 )~C h.;>T'I""t9" hi\.,.:,.
2. ~.:11(0'1-). He experienoed great pain last
week. qiiLIIJo 't!l"'t'l- h'i! 111 F-"'f.
~.:110'1-
3. -t'OD{I_ Young as I am, I have experi-
enced life. ID"''l- 11ll''t9" ).l!"'t +ll"lt'PIIIJo
experience (n.)
1. AVOS:. I know from experience it won't
work. hA9".1:" h't'l~"fo-'1- f.l1 h't~"7
Y.v>tl- ,...,.,.IIIJo
2. AVOVOY:. He had no previous experience in
that field. hlf.l1 .,.~,.. 011.1 'lf.)'l- P'tl-
A9"!1".1:" hA)0GfDo!l"
3. fP'tl- A9"9".1:". This experience should
enable you to get a good position. ~tJ 1 f F
,:. ' A9"!1".1:" ' ~')<; ' ~.:)1' ' 1\f. ' 111JoA?A
4. h.;>"'"''.. Being lost in the desert is an
unpleasant experience. fllY m-ll'l" 1 OD'l1Y: 1
ODt'\ol- I OdlJ"f:: I }\,:Jtl)"'7,. I )oaJo
5. 1 .;>moo.,. )~C. They compared notes
about their experiences in Ethiopia. Oh.'I-f'A"
1 111\.;>m"Y:f.,. )~C 1'\:ffDo't "7ll:l"
mlf hll-1"1~
6. bfDooJ>'l-. The abstraction of philosophy con-
tains the essence of human experience. t''f:A
ll'i!'i" t:-J::,0)-1- flloYt A"P; bfDo+'l- 'I'
t. )~C f.!I.A
A trip around the world gives wide experience.
'lll!l"'t OOfiC IlL b-'1- J'.lltiJA
have an expe.rience )o1C h;Jmoo(m-)
I had a strange experience last night. '1-ll't'l-
11.11.'1- h't.l:- h't"l'l )~C h.;>mou"t
experienced (adj.) All".I:" 111.,.
He is an experienced driver. AVOY: 1 Yllm- 1 )o
7(. )fDo
experiment
experiment (v.) 'l"ht:
I experimented with the ilew colors. Cl.tl(li=Ji
4'11'1"'1' 'l"hCh-
experiment (n.) ,.,.h<~-
The experiment was successful. CJO-h&-m- f+
" " ' If)
experimental
1. ,.,.h.:. f"'Lfi1.1./A1tJJo. Chemistry is an ex-
perimental science. h."'l.ll'l-<1 ,.,.h<l- f"'i.
Yll.i.IA1w- . <'tf.")ll )tJJo
2. 1\.,._h<l- YUIA f-J-J'.t:1. This trip is only
experimental. f.U 1-Jf 1\oo-h,:. YUIA f-1-J'.t:
"J I ~tl)o
experimental stage fou-h&o : S!..'1{
It is stiii in an experimental stage. 1'i ' ncro-h
,:. ' J'.t:"fi ' IIY. ' )tJJo
expert (n.)
1. 0'1'4:. We will have to get the opinion of an
expert. fO'I'4: hii-1-Yf'l- "'1"11'1- Y.'l"C11<;/A
2. 1\_:J-. I have never laid claim to being an
expert in geography. l'i[l'>"l<l-.1. 1\_:J- )'S
11\1. ' hiltJJo:J-9"
3. fJ'.t:Yf /ltJJo. A game between an expert
and a beginner is one-sided. OJ'.t:"li /ltJJo<;
0)!"'1<1 1 ool}hfA f"'l.J'.t:"l "l'l'"'i.Y f"'IY.
ODIIJnt"J I ioaJo'
4. OP'<I-tJJo 1 f~PIIm) /ltJJo. Only an expert
knows how to deal with that problem. II'1'"1
-(.. 1 ""'~''~-"'- f"'i.Y17tJJo OF<I-tJJo f~PI\m
) ' /ltJJo ' 11!1' ' )tJJo
expert (adj.)
1. mii:Jo 1 Yll. I need some expert advice.
mii:Jo 1 Yll 9"hC '-.i.IA:>I\o-
2. -r/A:Jo. His expert knowledge is very useful
for us. '1'/A:J- fll') btJJo+1> 11'1 0"19" m
:J-'1"<;/A
3. flllou- .r. He is considered an expert mechanic
for this job. RILU 1 P'& 1 '-""J'. IJII,.._Y 1 "''.tt
th 1 Y.4:.m<I-/A
expiate
I. hllro.:F.. He tried to expiate his sin through
penance. ;)m.h1>") O")ll.lt 1 II_YIItDCY: 1 'I"
h.:
2. ( ~ pass.) -1-ll.:f(ll'l-). +He expiated his sins
by doing good works. ootAI)9" 1 P',:. ooo
p,:_')- I "1fll.h1> I -f-(l.:fj\')-
3. J'.OD/1/1. The thief expiated his theft by
giving back the stolen amount. fllt:<J>tJJo") 1 1
")H11 I OODODI\11 I MU1>") I J'.OD/1/1
420 explanatory
ex pi at ion IICf'l-
Expiation can be granted only by a priest.
IICf'l- ' 11_/1'1' ' f"'l.'f-lltJJo ' 0'1:11 ' 11!1' I )tJJo
expiration '1'~"'1.
The expiration of the UN session coincided
with the arrival of the Indian President.
f-1-fJO-(..')- I OD")"IF:t-'1- ' 1111/lfJ ' '1'1\"'L<; I
fU")J': I Ttl,ll)l")')- I OD9"fl)')- > -f-1"1ffi""
expiration of air ID1.. ID"~ oPT"JLil
Expiration of air is hindered by diphtheria.
tDJ'. ' tD-"fJ" I OD-f-").1.11 I 01-1!'1!' ' O"li:t- I
9"h")Y'J- Y.:t-rotttA
expire
1. "LR h.A+. When does your driver's license
expire? foo")"fi .l.:l'Y:U 1 1..11. 1 f"'i.YIA+
I& I oP:ri I ~aJ- 1
2. ht:.l.. He expired on the spot from a
bullet wound. 0-rY.'l- 1 -f-OD.f- tD'I..I'tJJo)-
ht:.l.
3. -J-).1./1. At night, he appears to expire
deeply. 1\.11_1>") I 0"1Jl./A I f"'i.-f-)'1'11 I Jl.OD
MIA
explain
1. 9"h") ,,.,. I nm j 9"h"),,.,. I )1t:. Please
explain your actions of last night! :,..,-,:,.
"'l:t- ' 1\IP<I-"IitJJo ' )1C I 9"h")Y'J-U") I 11'1'
Can you explain your absence? f+t:UO'l-") 1
9"h")Y'J- ' IAH"It:") I '1-'f-IIIIU 1
2. hllt:-'1. I explained to him the obscure
points of the contract. hm-1\;t-m- BJoil"l"
1\0Dt:-'IT I f"'l.Yil'f'"lo(..')-") 0 )'l'(l'f- I hllt:.<lu-'1-
3. h11<1-<l-. Explain that again; I don't get the
drift of your words. ,., 1 h")J'.1<; 1 h11<~
<l-tJJo l M"I"ICU") I h11"'1"'LY I h/A-1-t:-'lu-'1-9"
4. hll. How can you explain such a silly
remark? h")JLU 1 YlltJJo") 1 ~/A 1 hii-1-Yf'l- 9"
") I 'J-1\'1'1\U 1
explanation
1. "'111.:-<IY. Not much explanation will be
necessary. 1111- 1 "'111&<1Y 1 hY"if9"
2. h1illlll'. His explanation was lucid. Millll\.
"1/AI\' I )OC
3. OD"II\Ai. The explanation of the theory
covered many pages. f-tl"<ltJJo 1 """11\Ai 1 011
Jl- I 11\' I f-f-~.1. I )0C
explanatory(~ noun) "'111<1-<IY
This book has many explanatory footnotes.
Y.U I ""ll'do'i' I OCh'l- I Yll- I "'111<1-<IY I
MC1. I "'111;1-tD"/fl"'f- I hll-'1-
explicate
explicate t..il&-&
The teacher asked the students to explicate
the text. OD?"U-1- ~.h-4-'t ll't'l..l'il<l--1- -l-
"76"''6't ' tnf.!l>:ftD-
explicit "1&\~
He gave the servant explicit instructions not
to let strangers into the house. ll't"IP..:f't tD
J'. ' 11.-l- ' ll'tll.l'll1'1 ~'lih-1- ' "1&\~ ' -l-ll
~11 ' lltn
be explicit R"'AX" ~1l.
He was quite explicit on what he expected
us to do for him. ?"'t &\'toPt-1\-l- l\'tJ'."''.L
&\"1 ' 0"1&\~ )1~'t
explode (vt.) hL)II
The French exploded an atomic bomb in the
Pacific. L~'tili'":Y. O.TII.Lh ID"T.l''l'll
tD-11'1' ft..-f"''.h (l?"il t.LM
explode (vi.)
I. L)ll. When the bomb exploded, many
people were hurt. 1'?"!1- /I.L)II illl" (l,..
:Y.-t-1-JI.
The speaker's mistake was so furiny the au-
dience exploded with laughter. fofo<;;>&ID" ilih
-1--l- f"'U'I"T ilo\)0~ t.ll..,""''li O"'T
L)JI.
2. .,., t..o\. He exploded with rage when
contradicted . .hil!l-'t ll.!l>tD.,..-l- 0"1 -1>
., ho\
3. hoo'fitD-?" f.0&\'1" ..._....~.World popula-
tion has exploded in recent years. f'h\9'" s ih.ll
i1 il~-l- OTCil ~oo;J--l- <D-il'l" hoo'fiw-
?" f.0&\'1" ' .... ?"<::&\
help to explode h't-1> 1\..,Y:~"I ~~~
Columbus helped to explode the theory that
the earth was fiat. l>o\?"Oil oo.:..r 11C"I
):f f"''.o\<D-'t .,,..;>; ' h't-1> ""'Y:~., '
~
exploit (v.)
I. f - - - "1-&\0-l- .l'~"l'lil 0~. The coloni-
alists exploited the natives in order to get rich.
T~ ' 1"1C,..:f ' o\ODO&\l\"1 ' /1.11- .1'1-1-'t
-1-tD~}(:Y. ' "1-&\0-l- ' .I'~"IIJil 011-
2. -l-11l IJ&\11) DD't1Y: -1-m<l'ooO-l-. He
exploited the child's ignorance in order to take
money away from him. 1'tH!I-'t h&\"Jt o\OD't
m:t II.&\ f&\"lt't t.A..,w:t -t-11l q
&\11) OD't1Y: -1-m<l'ooO-l-
3. M&\"111--l- ~f. t..'l'o\. The engineer ex-
ploited the water power of the river. DPV"J.Ilfto;
421 explosion
ftD'tll"'t ftD-;) ..,,.&\ ' h1&\"111-l- ~,. ' h
'l'o\tD-
4. O'J'T?" ~f. t..'l'o\. We must exploit
our natural resources. f-1-L'I"C' oii;J-:Y.'t't
O'I'T?" ~f. ..,'1'&\ t..o\il't
5. 4'-L~. They exploited the mine for its gold.
wc:t 'i'o\:> ..,i>Y:'I-'t "'L"~-
*He exploits the workers. rv&.+~:,i") F-.'1"'
hilh.-1-4- J'oP<!-:f'l'&\
exploit (n.) )!iiJI.
He never stops talking about his exploits.
ill\ t-(1- )!iiJI. h..,tD-<1-T t..P*C'l'?"
exploitation
*It is difficult to dissociate imperialism from
exploitation. h.?"1:C.I'fl.11?"'t 011.11-:Y. Oil
-l-<; "1-&\0-l- t..~"IIJil houm<l'?" o\ODo\f
-l- t.ll:f :>& ).,.
exploration ODLI\"1
The exploration for the bullet had to be done
by X ray. 'I'J'.-1> 0<1-~ ooLo\"1 )0~0-l
*The exploration of Sidamo province was not
undertaken until recently. llllh TCil 1..
H. Y:~ll f/1.11'1 ffiT~f. "1~-l- -f-DDC?"
C' t..&\-1-m<;?" )OC
explore
I. hf-1-H'I'tD~ ,..,-}- t..f-~1. The expedition
is exploring Ethiopia looking for gold. 'lJI. w
CT o\ODLI\"1. Oh.-l-I'"A-.1'' ID"il'l'. hf-1-H'I'tD
~ ' '1'<;-l- ' O..,Y:~"I ' ~- ' )tD-
2. Li\1. The Ethiopian government gave the
Sinclair Oil Company a concession to explore
for oil. fh.-l-I'"A-.1' DD't"II"T All.'thi\.C
h-IJ't.l' )II~ HJ'.-l- f"7.1~R-l-'t ll'i't-
l\'tii.L&\"1 ' L.!l>Y: (lm
3. t..tD-'1'-l' t.tD-CP.. 'l"h~. We explored all
the possibilities. fl.tJ''t f"''."li'-1\ID"'t ""'t1
Y: 11-11- ' h.,.,.-1-'t htD-CJ'.'t 'l"hC't
4. t..f. The children explored the new house
from top to bottom. &\}('6 t..ll.(l-'t 11.-l-
hiiC l\llh IIC t..l'--1-
5. ""~""~ (-1-oP~oo~). The lunar landscape has
only recently been explored. f..._~_. 1~ f
-t-oo~oo~w- o:tcn- ).,.
explorer t..il'li
Amundsen was an intrepid explorer. h.ODo'l.("(l
't f.'f.C t..il'li )OC
explosion
I. L 't"l[. The explosion destroyed the building.
L 't"l[a>- 11.-l>'t o htDf.ODa>-
explosive 422 expound

2. ft. 't:( Y:9"6. The explosion was heard a 5. S'-~~- The vendor exposed his wares.
mile away. ft.'t:(m- Y:9"6 h'tY: "''J'.IA If"" ' .,.,......'t ' S'-~S'-~
c<l' J'.fl"'' ~oc *Don't expose your skin to too much sun-
shine. <l'lltJ't hDDm't O~J'. 9.hJ'. h:/"
explosive (n.) t. 't:( IIDD;/"
The explosives are stored in an underground
be exposed
room. t.'t:(l"'li "h'I"Y:C IL-l- h'tY: h'i'
1. +;>lim. Soldiers in an open field are
lA lD-11'1' -1-h"'':f+'I'IA
exposed to the enemy's fire. Ot.m-~'1 "'L!I 'I
explosive (adj.) J'. ID;/"S'-C':f lim~+ 'l'J'.-l- J'.:>IIIIJII-
1. t.'t:( f"''.oP.!-0-l-. This chemical is an ex- This chemical will fulminate if exposed to heat.
plosive substance. J'.IJ h."''. II/A t. 't:( f"''. J'.tJ h."''.IIIA 11_.,.+ f+:>llm "h'tS'-11'~
oP.!-0-l-' ~ .... J'.t.MIA 1(1;1!1'
2. f"l't'i'IA~-l-. The irritable old man has an 2. .!<l'l-'t h;>llm. By playing with John, the
explosive temper. 04'~11- f"''. 'OS'-Y: ' 11"7"1 children had all been exposed to the measles.
ol. M't'i'IA~-l- mQJ'. hlllD- hf".h'tll ' ;>C ' OOO"'iiD-l- ' IA]I;'Il ' 11-11-.!-IJ
3. 1\1'.'1~. Riots caused an explosive situation. 'fm-'t II h-'i''S h;>llm-
11'1'1lm- ' hS'-1'0' ' ~~-~,.. ' hS'-~(l
exposition
exponent +'t:I-'S 1. h.hll;r!LI\.f"'t. The exposition contained
He is an exponent of modem music. flfoP'i"~ exhibits from many countries. h.hlt?"tlft.f"~
ou-tL-"' ' +'t ,r'S ' ~..,. ~J'. f11H- h1C -l-C"hY..f-:f ' ~0~
2. atofl&-~1'. His exposition of Hamlet was
export (v.) IDS'- m-ov- h1C ~h
helpful. illl ?'l"ol.-l- f(lmm- "'111.!-&f m-"'
Ethiopia exports hides. h.-l-f"kJ' IDS'- ..,..,_..
"'1. ~oc
h1C <1''1 -l-IAIJII:f
expostulate .hiJD-'t "h't'l.lllD-'1' II""~"'"
export (n.) I expostulated with my friend who intended
1. mF. tJJo'? h"'C oof\h. The government to drop out of school. h-1-'l"tJC-l- n.+ II
has stopped the export of coal. OO't"JP'., f
OOlD-IIJ-l- ' J'flOlD-'t ' ~S'-'O'IL't .hiJD-'t "h't
Y:"J;J~ I h(IA. I tJJF., I tJJo'? I Jr.."JC I oPt\h I
'l.lllD-'1' ' IIDD'th--}-
h-1!.,_/A
2. IDS'- m-"V" f"''.~h If 4''1'. What are exposure
the chief exports of Ethiopia? hh.-l-f"kJ' I. DD:f-ID:,O. The exposure of the real criminal
IDS'- o m-"V" ' f"''.~h- ' '1''0 ' '1''0 ' 1f4'1P:f ' 9" cleared the innocent man. f"hm-~+'O'm- ID't)!
'tY: ' <;'I'm- 1 11'0' 00;/"ID:,O ID't)!IA J'/At.f.DDlD-'t (lm-!L
be In export business I\ h.. iotJJo ~, hS'-~1 ....

He is in the import and export business. 2. t.lloos>-o:,O. Hisexposureofhisangershocked

1.(1- t.lloom<; ~h_ ~..,. the company. -I!IIJlD-'t hii""S'-0-1! h11~m
+ no~+'t fll":f t.ilS'-~111J'fm-
expose 3. dt?oCfJ 1 tft"-C. In ancient Greece, weaklings
1. 111m. The informer exposed the conspiracy were left to die of exposure. 0'1''}:/"'1!-l- ' "I&
to the police. ]/;I!' mlllD- hY:"''lD-'t ll;r h S'-IJ"'' ;..,<;-}- h.h~C<; h.,._C f+~
/Lil 111m "' "h't-'1.'1"., J'.IIJII- ~oc
2. h;>llm. The official bought off those who *Exposure to the rain has spoiled this table.
might expose him. QIIP'IAIIJ). f"''.J':>lAm-+ J'.tJ m~A.~ 11'09" illl"":/""'" +O'Ilf
't fll":f 01'tH11 S'-ll~'fm- *This room has western exposure. ,..11 1 h"i:A 1

3. 1110m. He exposed his chest and dared 4f,..fl I aJF., I rf\&-ofl I )oaJo
the enemy to shoot him . .r.t:-f:'l 1A1Jtn m
~_,'t +1N111'S "hfll OY:'i'~-l- +'01~ expound h11~
4. IIJit. The general exposed the troops to He expounded the theory of evolution to the
unnecessary danger. :(~.!-11- ID:f-S'-C''Il't crowd. f P'~ +t.'l'C''t 6'tfl .hiJ11 II
hll4.~1.. J'IAII'~ hS'-;> ~J'. IIJ~'fm- +flOflOm- ih1111 h11.!<.!<
express
express (v.)
I. .,..,11:. He expressed his opinion freely.
m<'ltl-'t O"'AK" _,.o;,.-;
Did he express any wish? ?"'J l\'tJ:."7.oi.A"'
.,..,11: 1
2. 11111. He expressed his dissent when asked
if he agreed with the speaker. h.,..,;><Ia>- ;>
C f.ll"''"'' l\'tJ:.tr) ll.mf'J> hiiODII"'/"'1
1:'t 1ill\
3. h""ilh.,.. A smile expresses joy. 4..1"1;1- .<:.
II;Jo't ,I'IIDilh:JoA
4. O'i''I'H 1\h. The company will express
packages to any destination. 11-Q"J.fOJ- mY.. +
Li110'1- II:Jo v-11- '1''1>11-".f't O'i''!')'f-
f. AliA
5. """""' He expressed the juice from grapes
to make wine. fmf.'t m:t' ii"''H;>J>;'I-
fm,e.)."J 1 tt=t'.. 1 Q;t.oo+
express oneself tbllflo"J = 1hg
He is able to express himself in Amharic.
m<'ltl-'t IJ"''C'i' oP"'iiK" f.".fiiA
express (n.) L"''t IJII-C 1 04''1';1- f"'L'Ml:
IJR-C
The express is expected at five o'clock. LliJ). s
1111-C OOF<I- h'tf: (l't'f- f.J:.C<'IA
A local train takes twice as long as an express.
Of"'ll.,l'a>- f"7.-l'll" IJII-C 04''1';1- h"'l.ltJ:.
a>- f.A'I> 6'1''1' 'I..IL f.a>II.IIA
express (adj.)
I. f+hf. We have an express purpose in
being here. MI.U foo"')m- il.,.ilf 1-.llf.
)<D-
2. 0<1-6. An express bus passed the local bus.
0<1-<I<D- hiD-f-11-11 fh-t-"''<D-'t h<D-f-11-11
4'J:.IIDID-
3. "'lA&". His express wish was to go to Ethi~
opia. "'AK" '1'111-1> mr. li..'l-f"k,l' oo~t
1: )0C
express (adv.) Ohll'I'I>J'. ;rll;t-
Send this parcel express! f.U't't 'I''!> A Oh
11'1'\>.f. ;rll;t- 1\h
expression
1. hQQA. There is no better expression
for it. hiLU f.,.lfil hfJIJA fii<D-11"
2. MlliiK". His forceful expression of ideas
was admired by the audience. f m<'lofl Mil
ill\. ~f.il'i')'f- IJ-'1"'1'"",; .,.,.).,.
3. 9"'Ah."f-. There was an expression of dis-
content on her face. OL;I: 1\f. f'l>&.;t-
II"Ah'l- f.;Jof. )OC
423 expulsion
4. 4.'1- I hll.,.,l'f'l-. His expression showed that
he was not happy. 4.-1> hiiOOf.(l-f>'t ,1'<'1
f. )OC
He construed from her expression that she
was furious. hhll.,.,l'f:t f.,..,."'".f ""II"~
10fJT
.,. I
5. oo""Jit1. This note is an expression of my
gratitude. f.U "'111;1-mlf ilml!';t-~ """'ii
"' f_,.l\L )ID-
6. ll02.+. His face lacks expression. tnJAh- 1
?"'til" 11"'1.'1- hf.;Jof.O'I-11"
7. 11"'/.'1-'t f"7.)li M>.:\'t. She sang with
such expression that the audience wept. {loy.:,..
't ouli h\\:\'t lliluoot:".f hf:"'''"'"
,; hil4'fl-
8. 11"'1.'1- f"'f.{l'J' h\\:\'t. Try to read with
more expression l fflhm ll"Y.:,. 1 OOf.(lT 1
h\\:\'t il"'''tOofl 'l"hC
[See also 'placid, somber']
expressive
1. '1-C"I-11" ,l'ii<D-. Charlie Chaplin's gestures
were very expressive. fil'CII. il'TII.'t l\'t
'I>II:J>(l.l"".f 0"111" '1-C"I-11" ,1'1\:fa>- )0~
2. ( ~ n.) """'ll". "Alas" is a word expressive
of sadness. << mf" ! fthH"t tnJ"'IIt-J. 1 :J-A
)<D-
be expressive ll"Y.:,. 1 1/tK
His gestures are very expressive. f(lm-i-1: 1 A
't'I>II:J>(l.l"".f 11"'/.'1-'t 0"111" f.1Al\ll-
expressly
I. O'!'ofl'J>. You are expressly forbidden to
touch it. l\'t.ll'f-)lim- O'l'ofl'J> _,.hAhiiYA
2. O"'AK". She told us expressly to come home
early. 4'f.9" oflll't l\'tf:'tOO"' O"'AK" )1t':
".f't
3. 0.,.1\f.. This is a dictionary expressly
compiled for students of Amharic. f.U 0.,.
1\f. 1\"''C'i' *'t* -t-"''&l"".f f_,.H;>J>;
11D1110 .4'11'1-. )<D-
expropriate O.lt1- oou>t:'l- mUt
The mayor expropriated land to build a
hospital. h'ttfJa>- mh.ll" 11.'1- il"''u><l-'1- ""
t'..-ll"J I Oih1- I ODaPt:..,. I aJl:(l
expulsion
1. ODIJt':C. The expulsion from the club embit-
tered him greatly. hhOil- ODIJt':~ of!JI<
h<;f.f.<D-
2. "''llm"''l-. Expulsion of water from the
lungs of a drowning person will save him
 expurga te
from death. b{loum {lm- '11"''1 m-11
T m-;)'J "7111D"'T h'l"+ $S':)'f'A
expurga te f"t.1'11bof.m-'} )1C
ii~H
The censor expurgated the latest novel. lt11t~ r
i}.tt,(l. I A11 I lD/tF: I
ODg"tftlj! = m-ilT I f"7..
$1lbof.m-'} )1C l'l~H
expurga ted (adj.) f:Jo~ou
The expurgated edition of Shakespeare has
no offensive passages in it. f ;r~ODm- rith
11"I;C T$TC Oro-11m- f"t.1'11hof. h'i'A
fiiO+I"'
exquisite
1. fltiJ,..; fBII.F..}:'f>. She has exquisite manners.
0"11"' f"7J:.):,O mfl.r. t.'l+
2. lD"ofl. This is an exquisite rose. .e.u':f : ar11 :
1M. ~'I .,..,.
extant
1. 11.1'1 f.,.f/'11. This is the earliest extant
manuscript . .r-11 11.11'- h.,.f/'11-+ fou)!ou&
YOJo If-flt:.'i" I K',Ja.'f: I )'(Do
2. t.o-'J $11. He restored the original text by
careful compariso n of all extant copies. t.o-'J '
YII-+'J ODlf>"mt::."fo OT'J:Jo<l: 0"71D'I.<'.C
fOD)!OD6$lD-'} l'>"..ft.'i' t.'}.<'.)O~ t..<'.~1
be extant 'i ~
Some ancient fish are still extant. t.'JJI'}S': f
,.,.-,. , 'i"ll""fo ' t.o-'JI"" Wl'&-11-
extempo raneous $11 11"1~+
The director gave an extemporaneous speech.
'I.C:.h-K- $11 11"1~+ 'J"I"IC t..<'.~1
extend (vt.)
1. IU.;J. He extended a rope between two
posts. Oo-11+ !1"(1{>9'"{- oul)bA 10DS':
H~:>
He extended his arm to catch the rope. "JoPJJ.
'} ' IIODf1f ' t.)l:'} ' H~:>
2. .,.mil. They are going to extend the railway
to Arba Minch from Addis Ababa. f m'I.JI.'}
ODFODC ' ht.-'1.11 ' t.OfJ ' h11h ' t.Cfl ' !"''}
"f." ll.of>TII-+ )m-
3. t.11of.of.. The European powers extended
their authority in Asia. ft.m-c:;r ')f'l'}
FA"'<;'fm -'} Ot.11f t-114-4-+
4. l'lm. The bank extended credit to the
farmers. fi'Jit- 1110C:.l""f- 11S':C lim
5. 1t.f..~1. This organizatio n extends help to
poor people. .r-11 S':C~+ IIS':~"fo hC'I:l"
$.<'.C;>A
424 extensiv e
They extended a warm welcome to the director.
11-'I.C:.h_,..,_ f:>ll t.of>fJOA t..<'.~I-IIT
6. t.~Hou. The ministry extended his visa. "'U
11-1;.,_ li.~m- f"''..,.J'.O+ 't 1.11. t.~n-11+
Can you extend your visit for a few days?
'HJ'STU'J liTo!!+ of><;+ A:1"~111"' t.+"f-
1>.1"'1
extend (vi.)
1. ~Yr = ~m- J t:uoo. This road extends for
miles and miles. .e.u 1--'='i" r OllJ9"" r t::W?" r
)lD-
The beach extends for miles in both directions.
tn~f. 011-lliol"' t.:,O"'"'i 11,_ "7.r.A _r.
~11"7/A
2. .,.H~;>. The dunes extend for miles. fif
'I' IJI"'C 1111,_ l"'b&-'1' ' _,.HC"I;l:A
3 .fof. The conference extends from Wednes-
day to Saturday. 1111111Jro- h~fl-b h11h :,.
'1"'1. .r..,.fA
extensio n
1. -l>'r1. The extension to our house will soon
be finished. fO.:l""fo'J :,OT$ 0:,0C11 YA
?A
2. ( ~ to extend) "7114-+. Extension of the
road is needed to make it usable. h1A'1f\ot: r
h'}'l.fi"'C OD'}1JI.'} "7114-+ t-111..'11. )m-
3. ou11of.of.+. He is studying the extension of
foreign influence in Africa. flhtt:.&l) = tD-itT r
ffJb.<'."'} ' .,.lf>"b'l' ' OD11of.of.T ' 0"7T<;T 0 1\_r. '
)lD-
4. faJoil'l' = oo.J-UuoC. I am speaking to you
from the extension. f"7~;J""ICU r Om-liT : oo
JPOD~ I )l~J-
ask for an extension A"}JlQ;~.DDCI\+ mf+
He has asked for an extension of his leave.
f'iODT l.:l'JI. h'}JI.....ODCIIT mfof>
give an extension QoP,t:
He gave me another week's extension. 1\"};- r
'li"''J+ ' --~A'S
extensio n courses f.-,.C'i: r ttl. = +rucT
The coHege gives extension courses. l"ti\.)1: r
+c'l' 1.11. +l"'uc+ .r.l'l"'A
extensiv e
1. (1,1... An extensive park is located in the
western part of the country. OM&;l: l"'b&-
11 ' b'i'A ' {14. ' fOD<;J.."/f (l:J" ' t.ll
He has an extensive knowledge of Amharic.
l'l4. f"7C'"l ' "f-tt.-:1" ' t.llm-
He wants to have extensive political influence.
extensively
ild. f?"lli:lt .,_il"'l.H A1"L'l'~m- Jl.t.IA
:>A
2. ~'f';'F'. This book has an extensive preface.
Jl.ll ""ll'm'i' ~-,:r """111..1' l'.llm-
The author describes in this book his extensive
travels. Y.&-il.m- ~'f':'F' 'l-flfD-1 fiH.Il oo
ll'm'i' m-IlT .I'II~'IA
extensively flild.m-
He spoke extensively on the subject. 1111 I'.CA
111: flild.m- .,..,1~
*He traveled extensively. 1111- 1'.11: I'.Jl.;t:IA
extent
I. oPm1. The extent of the damage caused by
the war is considerable. tuC~.JJ y~~(IID"
..,._q:,.I O'Pffi). I 11ft' I ~Q)o
2. h'i'.,.':'~-'1-. His mind couldn't compass the
extent of the disaster. )'Y.;>m-1 h'i'.,.':'~-'1-
1'.1..'/"t:m- II.1'1"'1- I'.AEJ'II'F'
3. ilof-'1-. From the roof we can see the full
extent of the garden. "M.fm- ~Jl. ll'n f
1'.'1-hA1:1 ll'i'tl- uo-fl- M-'1- 11"7f'l-
1..1'1'-~111
I was amazed at the extent of his knowledge.
fl~m-<t1: 114-'1- ' .,.y_~:,.,.
to a certain extent
I. OoPm).. I agree with him to a certain extent.
hll- :>C floPm'l- 7..11"7"71111-
2. q1.e- flh-A fl.;J-i111 ! flhd.A. To a
certain extent he is responsible for the disaster.
q1_e- flh-A fl.;J-(111 (flhd.A) 11'1'4-1:
.,.111.1'4: ' ~..,.
to some extent Oh.l.A
To some extent, he feels it is his fault. fll-
'1'4-'1- DDU'). flhd.A Jl.II"7'1'A
to what extent f'1:'l IUA.
To what extent are you prepared to help us?
f1:1 )'IliA A'l-~'11 .,_H:>'f';.,.?A 1
extenuate
I. flhd.A 'F'h1.1''1- II'~. His faulty educa-
tion extenuates his faulty pronunciation.
f.,_fl~jfm- 'I-'F'IlC1: ' 11.,_<'1<'1.,_ ' 1'.~;>1<;.
flhd.A 'F'h1.1''1- li'}.A
2. '1'4-.,.':'~'1- <tM. Nothing can extenuate
his bad conduct. '1"1'1" ~11: llh4- .,."'q
'1- 1'4-.,_'i'~-1:1 11.4'11111'1- I'.Jl.'fA'F'
exterior (n.)
1. w-"l. The exterior of the house is in bad
shape. fl.1: ..,...,_..,. .,.M1i;t:A
425 extinction
2. ( = adv.) ~Jl. ~1'1. She has a pleasant
exterior, but inside she is tormented. 1\Y.. I\ f.
") I ~.... ; I :,..oo{lt\1\1- ! DJ-1\T I DJo{ltno"} I ..,
1 .,.fl<'l'V';t-11'1'-
exterior (adj.)
1. fiD1.'". The exterior covering is made of
iron. rm-~m- r Afln r b-fl~T f..,..IP&- )m-
2. llm-'V' f"'l.ll'1. This store sells only ex-
terior paint . .e.u OD.e..1Jc 1\~ 1 fOJ.tr") +
ii'F' 11!1' Jl.if"'A
3. hw-"'1'" 1 fooiTJ. Exterior fore~ destroyed
the country. hm-'V' foum-'1- ..,Jl.fr>'f M
&1:1 l'.m~'l-
exterminate
1. _e.oo(l{l. They exterminated their enemy by
heavy bombardment. flhq.e- fll'/"11 Y.-11
y_q m~;t-:fm-1 ' Y,oo(l(l-
2. hm4.. The workmen used poison to ex-
terminate the ants . ..,tl-.,.'1',; 'l-1JI'l',;1 fl
DDC'II l'.m~:fm-
external fm-'V'
War affects a nation's external trade. ,nc~+
fll1C1 fm-'V' 1"1Y.- WI-JIIA
external appearances DDAh
External appearances are often a poor guide to
character. oo{Ah 1'.11~':'m-1 1.fL llmq
Jl. f.,. ...... .,. DDoPH';' ~,_
external sign rAhT
Red spots are an external sign of measles.
<I>.I'Jl. 1i'i';J-l"'f "'" ~Jl. f"'l.;J-1' fh-'i'
'f 'F'Ah.f-'f ';':fm-
for external use
*This alcohol is for external use only. .e.u 1 h
{A!>{A ' IIOD.(-..,t'f-~'f- ' h1l( ' fiODffi'P ' f"7Jl.
tJ"") ~ ~aJo
extinct
I. f<J>~. Scratching one's face at the funeral
is an extinct custom. (lm- fl. 'P'-T 1 .t..:t-1' 1
OD1<U.'I- f<t~ ' A"7Y.' ~..,.
2. t.1Y.-.f- .1'114'(11'1-). Zuqwala is an extinct
volcano. 11lli~ t.1Y.-.f- .1'114>11'1- A<'I.,. 1
'l"tl- ~..,.
be extinct m4-
Thls kind of animal is extinct. fH.Il f7.111<'1
HC m'i';t:IA
extinction
I. ""'1'4-'1-. The extinction of the lights left us
in total darkness. fou11&-1: ""'1'4-'1- 'i'l\.
,. ' <U.II"7 fD-11'1' 1'.114'~1
 extinguish
2. "7'1'of.T. Physicians are working for the
extinction of diseases. mll.'l"l- 01i:f"'J 11"'1
'l'of.T J!.:f"1'111-
extinguish
I. hmof.. He tried to extingoish the fire with
sand. l\l)-1>') Oh if'I' il"'l'l'of.T 'I" h.:
2. ( = intr.) mJl.oo. Failure to succeed at all
extingoished her hope. 9"'1!1" M&\-l'l)IJ'IT
J''IT 1'itof. m!l.oo
extirpate 1.~'1" hit+<:
The new laws will extirpate the use of certain
drugs. hJI.{>'Ii ih1:f Q'))!')Jl." oo!f.-lt-f
:f oom+!l"') l.~aow- J'it+t~-11-
be extirpated +~:,.0Ao +IIJA
The evil must be extirpated. OD"'J'f::aJo
1'~-l-11- OO"J&\ hiiOT
extol (extolled) 0"7'1"1it 1'<;1<:
The priest extolled the virtues of the deceased.
"'it- f?.'li'J !l."I~T l\.1')...,. 0"'1'1"1it
.,. ..1~
extort (money) hithl.il
They extorted money from him by threatening
to bum down his house. 0.-1:1' AOJ:J"mA 0
"'litl.ii-6-T 1'JH11 hithi.H
extort a confession }ll}OD)
The police used torture to extort a confession
from him. ll"'ll)oo') 71\.(>'fi hw :l>f.T
extra (n.)
1. +"'-..-,~ w.&.+~. The grocer hires extras
to work on Saturday. 9'""111 ?f'IILll ol-..11"'1.
-1-'1"1 ' -l'"lo"'l& ' Wi~-T'J':f ' J!.+'l'il-&\
2. -l'"l."'l& :>11"1. An extra was published
when the war was declared. tnC~-1> O:f"m
J': 1.11 -l'"l."'l& :>11"1 ,...,..,. ~oc
3. ( = adv.) 0-I'IIJ!.. Her regular school fees
are 500 dollars a semester; music and dancing
are extras. ooJ!.o'fw- fT!I"IICT .h.l)11
01\00itTC ' M"itT 00-f I 11C ' ~(Do ! -
H..+<; '!')it "I'J 0-I'IIJ!. J!.hi.&\Q'f'l'&\
extra (adj.)
1. +Al.DY&! .:'f-C'i:.11 want extra pay for extra
work. IITC'i' 1"6-. 1'"l."7& h'i'J' 1.1.&\
:>liP.
Because of the declaration of war they publish
ed an extra edition of the newspaper. t'tnC~-1:1'
OD:f"tDJ!': !l"h'JJ'T 0"7!!."<:"1 1'"l."7& '
f :>11"1 l,T!I" hmm-
Do you have a few extra pencils? TC'i' 1.Cl)(>
:r- hil-11 1
426 extraordi nary
2. &\f.. Extra services are charged for, of
course. II&\ f. h1&\"III-T J!.hl.'l&\ ao~9"
extra (adv.) houm') MJ!.
He needs an extra strong box to pack it in.
llll.:l't- OOJ'"If" hoom') O'IJ!. m')IJ<~-
flY) "f'J") J'itl.&\1'1'&\
extract (v.)
I. ~+II. The dentist extracted his tooth.
mll.oo- '!'Cit-') ~+IIIIT
2. hm"l. The doctor extracted a bullet from
his leg. mll.- hl\"1~ t-it'l' 'l'J!.T h
tD"'IIT
He extracts oil from olives. ~(t- = hm.f,.&. H~
TJ'tn"l&\
)1C 1
3. oPCifl ' hmnJ. The student extracted from
the book passages dealing with history. 1'"7&
w- 1 hoo~m4- "'"it'l' itll :f"&h f"7.<;1~:,.-,
!I"')Qfl:f ooctn ' hm"l
extract a confession
He extracted a confession from the thief.
1\.Qt-') O"'lit1!l.!l." t,l)OD~
extract (n.) f-l'tD-"1"1 !I"'JQ11
Read these extracts from my poem! "-)'fllJ'}
h"l'l'"i ' f-l'tD-"'m- 9"')Qfl:f h'J1111
extradite m!l.J'1~ aot.(> 'lh
In accordance with the treaty, our government
will extradite all foreign criminals. Om-1\o uow
,::,. oo')"IF:f":f' ) ft-"1!' Me tD')~il
'J':f') ' tD!l.J'16-'ft- ' 00&\{> J!.&\IJ&\
extraneou s
*Sand or some other extraneous matter had
gotten into the butter. +-a.m- m-C.T hi'f
'I' tnJ/.9" h'J!l." 'lf.~T 1-Jl."'i' 111-f-O:f"&\
be extraneous 9'""}9"" r ..,.,.~)':,.. = fltliJo?'"
His questions are extraneous to the dis-
cussion. If',14:tD- h"l-.lltl ;JC ,..,.,. COJ'l~
~..,. ' fll"'"!l"
extraordi nary
1. ,YA+ItooK This rainy weather is extraor-
dinary for this time of year. ftr). 11'i?" r
OH.U J 'Lfl. r ,YIA+fluoJ?. ~m-
2. "-~""1 ' .,..011. Only an extraordinar y woman
could accomplish all that. }")') ilaP/"6-T
f!I"Tl-llw- lll!:'"l 1-011 vrr~:r- fl...,. 11
!I'' ~:r-
3. 7..;E-"'7 r boom'} ' Of\.e r ,llltD-. Einstein was
a man of extraordinary abilities. h.~'Jli:J'~'J :
1.3!':"1 hootn') O'IJ!. l-11-:f" J'lltD- 11
m- I )o0C
extravagance
4. lA (!.. Extraordinary powers are given to the
President in wartime. fltflC~'I- 1.11. 11"1'<1-IL
-'l't-1: AI' FA"''t .f.llm'l'ol\
[See also 'envoy']
extravagance ~'tH-fl hfJIJ'h't-
His extravagance kept him always in debt.
~'tH-fl hfJIJ'"h-1: IJ-ol\1.11. hM 1\'t-'I.('.ID
"' ' hS'.t!~ID-
extravagant ( ~ adv.) fl"7:>~'t
People laughed at the inventor's extravagant
claims for his invention. LIAII~fD4 1 llllLilil
LfD4 I ~1C ; 0"'/;J~"} I 00t;'1C I ihllfl'
.,.fl,.
be extravagant
*A dinner for four people costing 60 dollars is
extravagant. 1\6--l- itfD4 1 ~6-T 1 llAlt 1 -o
C I "'/fD411JT- I 1-1fl I ~/Arf'~ I QJQ;l. I )fD4
[See also 'spender, spending']
extreme (n.)
I. -1--"'.!-t. Love and hate are extremes.
<;::,>co; '1'11!1' -1--"'.!-ti":Y. "'~'"'"
2. f-1-.!-.!<.,. mil-fl. We must seek the mean
between the two extremes. ho-11-1: f-l-.!-.!-4!
milll:f h"7IJI''t mll-fl oo<~.ll"l hll-fl't
go to extremes
*The director went to extremes to make his
position clear. -'l."-h+o;.. 1 Jrt*ou-"} 1 floP..,fl
II' h"''.J'il4.ol\"l fill.('. 11C"IfC h.,.t!fl
to an extreme boom"} 1 01\f.
The director is cautious to an extreme. Jl"-h+
-1- hoom't M.f. m't-"'-"' ~,.
extreme (adj.)
I. h<;: Ylll h<;:-1-.,. He shows extreme patience
in dealing with pain. F-"'.f. fiS'.t!llfl'l- 1.11.
h<;: Yll '1-6"11"'1- YIIYA
He was rewarded for the extreme courage
he manifested in battle. fltnC~.,. ID-il'l' il
llilfiD- ' h<;:-1-"' ' J':"l'tt'l- ' of-IfIIOO
2. foo..,.:lf. Death is the extreme penalty of
law. '1"'1- fou..,t:lfiD- f<;:CS'." :,0"1'1- ~,.
These are the extreme limits of the town. f,.tJ 1
fhof-"71D- oo""t:lf S'."'tfiC ~,.
3. foo..,.:lf '1'11:,0. We had to resort to ex-
treme measures. fooQ;t.t,7ffD4"} 'f'1l:t- : ~C9'"
ll" ' OODJo{lf." ' "If." ' 11'~-fl')
4. ~).. Extreme conformity often prevents
original thought. Jl'). fll'~ fl'tf." hil-t-
ltil11 I ODoP6-T- I ofltf" I 1.f'L I }l,Jl{l I tftlJ
11 ' h"7<;:11:,0 ' Y.,-'1<1\
427 extricate
5. '1.('.11.,. She lost consciousness due to
extreme heat. h-1.1'-11.,,. ..,..,.,. f-1-~"1
~<;:!).'t ' 11-t-:Y.
6. hol\h f"'l.YA<;:. He holds extreme political
views. hol\h f"'l.Yol\f. f?"lltiJ milll
:r-' hll-'1-
(at the) extreme end 61-'IJ~ID" 1 tnCll 1\f,.
Their house is at the extreme end of the island.
fl.;l-:fiD- hf.{l.-1: mP,J.,,. mC"If 11.1'- ~,.
extremely 7.)';"1 fl"'ll"
This news is extremely sad. ,t'.tJ 1 fLfj 1 ~:Eo
I .., ., ' fl"'ll" ' hii~'S ' ~,.
extremity (extremities)
I. ""1<;:. The extremity of the flagpole is pointed.
fll'tS'.:,O ' 'lii"71D- ' OOii.,.Y ' "'i'i'' il'A' ~,.
2. ~'l:t-. People on a sinking ship are in
extremity. fl"'l.ll'l'9" ooch-fl 11.1'- f"'l.
11' lll":f "1/"'t:,O .1'-fl~fJ'I"Pol\
3. foo..,.:lf S'.t!ll". That poor family is living
at the extremity of misery. l-"1.:'1',; fl.-1-1111
:Y. fou..,.:lf r..:ll" fill'~ r.-1H'I- ,.
il'l' ' .1'-'l'.!-11-
4. hol\h "711<;:. The extremities of the situa-
tion caused her to lose her equilibrium. fo--~;1-
,. ' hol\h ' "711<;: ' fOO't4.il l\C;>;I-'I''t
h-"'mllfl'l-
extremities lt.~t;' 1 ~..,l!''f
His extremities were numb from the cold.
7.)>;<; l\"11:,; ' h-fiC-'1- f-1-~"1 S'.'t11H'I'ol\
be forced to the extremity of ..,.f: : rr~o-r
The soldiers were forced to the extremity of
firing to scatter the mob. m;J-r.~:,; f"'l.t!-fl
lfiD-'t ' .b11-fl ' IIOOflof-') ' of-ti"'il ' OOh4.'f- '
.,,.. ' ll'~fJ:ffD-
go to any extremity f""l..!FAm-"} 1 &tr 1 h.r.t:..1
Parents will go to any extremity to feed their
children. mll;(:f A;(JI':fiD-'t 11oooo~-n
f"'l.JI'II:fiD-'t o-11- YS'.C:>II-
in the extremity of
*In the extremity of his misery, he sold his
clothes. :f"IC fl.m<;fl'l- ol\1111-'t lfm
extricate hll.,..,.
John extricated his brother from the barbed
wire fence. f"th.'lll ' m"}.f:oo-"} 1 hllAif& =
f'li(l h'l'C hll++
extricate oneself ~ft."} 1 i'tm"'
He extricated himself from the difficulty .
.!-11-'t hl-"lc hm"'
 extrinsic
(be) extrinsic to h --- m-"1!" ~m-
His questions are extrinsic to the argument.
'I'J"<l:l"'fl hhch<- m-"1!" <;'I'm-
exuberanc e
I. 11~'1-. The exuberance of the area's plant
life is remarkable. fJIIIJilm- J'lltD-
'1- 11~'1- t..IIJ'S4: ~m-
2. f.,.~ :I':I' ou"J.t.ll. No amount of discipline
could lessen his exuberance. r+i-:J>.+m-.,. r oP
'JL<\-"J ?""J9" J"UA '1''1'C l;.f..,."J{lm-?"
exuberan t
l. 01J)r' r f:JA. They gave the victorious team
an exuberant welcome. ~it'i"Lm- : R-.e-'l 0
"'?" f ;.II I;..,.IJRA M'..t:"l-11'1-
2. RJ'.II;I- f.,..,.'l. The exuberant crowd cheer-
ed the Emperor. RJ'.II;I- f.,.'l"'ltD- ih1111
.,:.,..,. ~~P'__,"J R'i!"11<tLIJ _,..,.R'I'I'm-
exuberant vegetation AiJO~""L
You will notice the exuberant vegetation of
the jungle. f"'!IJm-"J A?"'l"''. ;1-J'IIU
exude .,."J'II.t:'ll.t:
Sweat exuded from every pore. hoP~ 1 ftm-iorf:
'111 f.'J'II.t:'II.C ~RC
exult
I. L~mn. He exulted at the success of his
experiment. ..,.h&-m- 1111.,.:1''011'1- L~mn
2. L ~ -"-"'. The team exulted at winning the
game. 11-J'."). J'."A"J Roo.,.>:)!.., "-~-"-"'
exultation "-"Jmlf..l'
There was exultation over the army's victory.
tn-1- J'.A Rou9";1-'l- L "Jmlf..l' II'~
eye (v.)
I. t..f. He eyed the food on the table with
loathing. mt:A.~m- 'If. J'llm-"J 11""111
R'l''lil' /;.fm-
2. t..'I-IN!' .,.oullh.,.. The children eyed the
stranger. A)('fl 1."J"'-'IIll-"J {lm- t..'l-11-.:m-
.,.oullh..,
[See also 'longingly']
eye (n.)
I. 'tf.'J. He is blind in one eye. I;."} .I'." 'tf.).
;1-m-t::A
2. "'"'~"'~ The eye of this needle is too small.
fff.U I oPC4 I +,t;;J; I {IIIJiJO I mQofl I ioaJ-
an eye f0:r an eye f"lF..A .f.clP'-T
An eye for an eye is required by the ancient
law. f'I'"J'I- ih"' f~J'.II f...,.-1- f.'IA
428 eyeglasses
cast one's eyes down oPAhT 1 ~t..1
Shecasthere yesdown the page. ~1\."J ouAh
'1- t...r.-:1'1-
have an eye for oP,..t....- r om+
She has an eye for antique furniture. f'I'"J'I-
f~8'1'
).:J>l":f"J OD9"t:'l' ;1-tD-:I'II:Y..
have an eye on 'tf.)."J "'II(R'I-)
I have had my eye on that for a long time.
J""J"J ~~C 111111- 1.11. 'tf.~"J '1'1'-R'I- ~RC
in one's eyes Oft. 1 lJ.f.'l
You are only a child in his eyes. R<\- 'tf."J
t.."J.,. ~" A~ ~u
(be) in the public eye
Hes always in the public eye. hftm- 1 lt~
l;.f.t"'?"
keep an eye on
I. mR.,.. Keep an eye on the children while
I'm out! mF.. 1 m-"1!- ll:%.e- : A;:ri.,. : mofl:J>
'l'm-
2. R'tf.~ <1<&-'i' .,.oullh.,.. They kept an eye
on the stranger who was acting suspiciously.
1;.\o,:>,). htn&-"1& fll'~tD-"} )."}"1-'1 {ltD-
r R'tf.~ <1<&-'i' _,..,..llh-Jo-1-
keep one's eyes open nr
Keep your eyes open or we will miss the tum.
).J'fU l J"IIRIIII.J' oo;f-m.LJ'm-"J I;.'Jil;I-II"J
meet (one's) eye lt.;JmoP(m-)
A fearsome sight met the policemen's eyes.
?""1\.r\'li"J 1;.{1:1'4: '1-CI;.f.'l- /;.;Jtn"'/'I'ID-
see eye to eye +ll:"7"7
We don't see eye to eye on the Vietnam
problem. Rli.f'l-'i"?" -..-'If. t.."Jil"'/"'19"
set eyes on hr
I hope I shall never set eyes on her again.
JI"'OD'i'
> I;.'JJ'."'/'IJ''I- ' .,.II<(. ' /;.J'.C;JIItl-
wJth an eye to O..Yt\9""
The Italians occupied Eritrea with an eye to
the eventual conquest of Ethiopia. Roo<tL,:!f
t....-1-r-A-n llooJ'11 R"'/119". t...."'II.J"'l':f. to.
C'I-&-"J 'I-'S t..J'."~m- ~RC
[See also 'bat, blind, downcast, drop, open,
run, shining, strike, wide']
eyebrow 114-11<;:'1-
His eyebrows are very black. 114-11<;:-Jo R"'
r 1 ..--t~c , iom-
eyeglasses -~li"C
He has worn eyeglasses since he was a young
man. hA~~-Jo )!?"I!' oP~li"C J"J'.C;JA
eyelash 429 eyewitness

eyelashn~ofl *The house is within eyesight. 0.11 '\,_')' r

She darkened her eyelashes. :,.~~!l~ I>.II:Y. 11.1,.,..,.,.,,. O"''.:Y.A c+'l- 11,1'. ~,.
poOr eyesi1ht f'lf..") I OO:f"aJtJ.
eyelid f'tf.~ 114-~ l f'tf.~ <l'ofl
His poor eyesight disqualified him from par-
The doctor operated on the eyelid. P.h-1-or f ticipating in the Olympic Games. f'tf.). oo:J'
't,l'.).~ 114.~ (<l'ofl) +P. m1~
<Dh ' Ol'oll.9""!;h ' Q;l,'J':J' ' hOD'toi.A ' l'oll+
~,.
eyesight
1. 'tf.~. His eyesight is very poor. 'tf.). 0 eyewitness f'tf.~ 9"ilhc
"19" ' ,...., ' ~ .... t\~;Jm-
He was an eyewitness to the accident. =
2. f'tf.~ ofiCY~. His eyesight is gettiog dim. f'tf.~ 9"ilhc ~oc
f'tf.). oflcn l'oft.hoo ooo~~ 11.1'- ,
~ ....
fable
fable ft.'i' :l't<h 1 1-t:'I-
There is a fable that a serpent once ruled in
Eritrea. hM:l''l- h"tY: .J>"t ~q11 li.C'f.il-
"t f.1~ ~"tf.)flt: f"'U1C fh'i' :l't<
h ' hi\
He wrote a fable after the manner of Aesop.
fli.JITI hllll'i' flODh1-A h"tY: 1-t:'f. 114.
fabric
1. Q;tC:t>. Wool makes a very wann fabric.
f<\-'1' Q;~.C~ fl"'ll" f.'I":J>A
2. t.!l/9". The proposed reforms will affect the
very fabric of society. f.J>t:flm- oolflfA f'"r
-o.: ' (tfl-'t ' oo"'t::l'' ' t.!l/9" ' Y.)IJA
fabricate
1. w&-. They fabricate airplane parts in Cali-
fornia fliJII.G:CV' ft.m-C"T'I1- oPI\'f'<D
""1 ' ~:J> ' _e.....:.tr
2. ol.mt:. The child fabricated a story to
explain his tardiness. A)l: I l\ODH"''f1: I rh
1-.1''1- ' .l.mt:
fabulous
I. ~"t.l'-1-t:'l- l ~"tf..ftAll". The story of his
finding the treasure is fabulous. fTF..O+m-1'
011'1- f"7"11"-l> m.:. ~1-f.~.::,. (~"tf..ftA
9") ' )lD-
2. .eo )m- f"7Y.QA. He earned fabulous
wealth in his business. h't""l~ .e.u ~m- f
"7Y.QA 011'1- h11"
facade "-'~- 1\.L'f.
The facade of the building is made of white
stone. f.ft1-llm- .L'f. 1\.L'f. fl)"l" Y:"t:>Y.
f+rP& I tQJo
face (vt.)
I. .,_.,.,. hl't:. Face the wall! .L'I-111- mt.
"'Y:"l'lm- hlt'C
2. t.f. Face me and tell the truth! <Df.~ ~
ftJ ' ~.,.)_,..,.,."t ' "t1t:'t
3. 1m"". They faced the enemy armed only
with spears. tnc 11!1' .enm- m'l'l-"t 1
m,...
4. .L'f. .Jiou. The cat faoed the dog with fur
430 face
erect. Y:oo:t: K'l--~'1 h<l!"'' r OJ-i('mo A.
'1-.Jioo'f
5. f.t:(t(fl'l-). The troops faced severe privation.
m:rt.t:~ hQY: 'f"lc f.t:(tQ'fm-
6. 1-!1/!1/oo. He faced the dilemma with courage.
fo-11'1- hi- li"C""lm-"t flY:'i't:'l- 1-!1/!1/ou
7. .L'f. 1\.L'f. 1-11". He lives in the house
that faces the theater. flt.I''I-C fl.-1> .L'f.
1\.L'f. fl"'1.11"m- 11.'1- lD-{t'J' _e<; il-A
8. 1-DDI\h1-. Let's face the facts! ~m-)-l>"t
)1C l\"tDDAh'f.
*They faoed their house with red brick.
ffl.;l''fm-"t ' .,.,. ' 1\.L'I- ' m-Il ' hllfl<\-'1-
face (vi.)
I. h - - - '1-Y.f. )m-, Our room faces on the
street. h'i''l'f"t hOD1-1'1- '1-Y.f. )m-
2. flll1---- flh-A )m- I flll1- -- - )m-,
Our windows face south. DD!II>:l''f"t flll1-
f.fl'11 flh-A )m-
Tbeir home faces west. ffl.;l''fm- flt:-'i'J fl
111-ll"~il-11 ' )ro-
be faced with t.;>moo(m-)
+He is faced with the necessity of giving up
his job. ...-.:.m-"t l\"t-'1.11~ f"''.fll1Y:Y:
Y.~:l' h:>'l''l":l'A
*The building is faced with red brick . .81-llm-
h.L'f. 11"--~> n.J>.e m-11 f.,.,.,:. )m-
race up to ll.lfhll" !I'll
He couldn't face up to his responsibilities.
"l'I.L~-1>1- ll.lfbll" t.Ail'llll"
[See also 'downwards, whirl']
face (n.)
I. .L'I-. His face is sad. .,_., 'IF- .hH"t .e:rfA
Tell him to his face that he's a liar. m-lf;r!l"
ODIT)'t ' l\.L-1> ' 't1t:lD-
2. 1X'. Many animals have disappeared from
the face of the earth. 1111- 'tY.)'f. l\1lllrl"
'f hii"Y:C 1X' m'i'1-'I'A
face to face 4-:t- 1 1\4-:t-
He brought the enemies face to face. mfl'l'~
"t .,.,. 1\.L'f. ' h1""'"'"'"
fall on {one's) face Qfi: 1 m.ou- 1 T,gt(.
He tripped and fell on his face. 1-f.<;~G: q
"'m..... 1-f.'f.
facetious
in the face of OJ;:a..-ou,.r
She persevered in the face of many obstacles.
-fill" :f-Ie !1..1':>'1'"1'1-!1" m.l'. :>.'1 A'III:Y.!I"
on the face of It ,._,. 1\.tl"J {tftl+
His evidence is false on the face of it. 1\.e. 1\
1'-'t lt.l'l'-'1- "1/ll:lfm- dt{l'l- _&ouMA
keep a straight face
*Try to keep a straight face when he talks to
you. ()..l');.>"letl ?"'t?" 'l_&)'l- 11"'1.'1-
A;Nif<D-
Iose face T"P ~
He will lose face if he admits he was wrong
and the child was right. A)!: Ah ll''l" ll
{1- o OD/1/1.,') o l)ou) o _&'1'.!-'IA
make faces h.l\1m
Children, stop making faces at strangers!
A]t.:Y. ! Oll't"'P.:Y. '1.& A:l''l"lm-
make (a) horrible face Mt-111"1!
He drank the tapeworm medicine and made
a horrible face. l>('om-'t ().m"' .,_.,'t Mt-11
1".!
show one's face :l"f
He is ashamed to show his face at the club.
OhOII- <D-/1'1' llou:J'f'l- .l''i'&-A
[See also 'bring, impassive, open, sad, save,
scan, smooth, solemn, sour, straight, tum']
facetious fl..11
A facetious remark about old men enraged
the teacher. 1111 1i"1"11\.9':Y. f-f"{lmm- fl..11
A/11-.l'f'l- ' OD!I"tl<lo't ' A<;.l'..l'.m-
be facetious hi'"L
Don't be facetious when you speak about God.
1111 li"'H.A-fl.t..e ll'l-<;1e A;l'll''i'
facial fi-'1-
She uses facial cream every day. Of4'l- fl.
'I- ' :j>q')- ' 'l-4'QII:Y.
*He suffered facial wounds in the accident.
Q.I'.;.><D- ' !l"h't.1''1- ' """' ' 'I&{Ill
facial expression d.T
His facial expression shows disgust. .1.1: s
AIIOD.I'.{l.,') ' .I'II.I'A
facile
I. 4''1A. Translation is a facile task for him.
f'l-e-..!1" 1"&- 11{1- 4''1A )<D-
2. 4'A"'of.. A facile writer produces many
books. 4'A"'of. .1'.&-lt -fill" ""llih'i''l-
.&.!'.ellA
431 faction
A pianist must have facile fingers. "C$'r +
"'i'I':Y. ' "'"' ' 4'A"'of. ' ODIJ''t ' AIIOl-
facilitate A:J-1111
Modem inventions have facilitated travel.
HOD<;' ' t;:A{lof.l":Y. ' ... ~') ' A:J'II'I'A
The customs official facilitated the visitors'
entry. f.,.?"<~oh- 11'11" .,..-fl'tl"'li A1e
<D-/1'1' f"'1.1li-O'l-'t H.l'.. A:J'IIM'I'm-
facility (facilities)
I. iltn:l'. He has great facility in learning
languages. l\e{l- '1-A-l> fl\"1111 ou"1e II
tn:l' Allm-
2. :j>A'J"i'<;. She dances wiih facility. O:j>A'I''i'
<; ' '1-.l'.'tiiii:Y.
3 . .l'."e)(''l-. The facilities for study are very
good here. hH.U f"''.1'F'l- fou"1t..l' .1'."
e)('+:Y. 0"1?" '1''1- <;'l'm-
facing
*The facing of the house is red brick. 0.-IJ h.L
1
'1- ' 111-'1- ' hm--fl ' f-1""'&- ' )<D-
fact
I. )1e. That's a well-known fact . .1' f-1".!:>
1tn I ~1C I ~lD-
2. f.l'.l:{l )1e. The facts corroborate his
account of the accident. fY.t!.l\m- 1 ~1C 1 '1t.
{1- il'l.l'.:>m- f1"<;1l:<D-'t .l'l::>"l"'A
3. l\<D-)-f":;' )1e. That doesn't correspond
to the facts . .1' hl\<D-)1-:;'m- )1e :>e
A.&/1"1"1?"
4. llm-H. This story is based on facts. .&11
;l't.h ' Ol\<D-)'1- ' fl.& ' f-f"OD ... l:-1" ' )<D-
5. 'i'&. )1e. The body of the book contains
all the essential facts. f""ti'dt#- 'I'<; h'i'
A 1"1-'11..9''1?t 'i'&. )1t!':Y. o-11-
A11~A
6. "1/ll:lf l ooGif. Why don't you present the
facts as they really are? "1il.!lt9''1l't (ou.!lfl"
'll't) ll't-'111- liM A:l'+eq:fm-!1" !
in fact ll'tl!..l'm-11"
In fact, it was a wonder that anyone came at
all. ll'ti!..I'<D-!1" ' A't.l'."?" ' {l<D- ' l\1''>. ' OD?"
"1_, f"''.1e?" ' )<D-
the fact of the matter is '1t.C'"Im-'l 1 ADD'i1C
The fact of the matter is, I did not go. l\C"lm-
't 11oo<;1e AA~.I'."h-11"
[See also matter']
faction mn
The party split into three factions. f?'lltltm-
;ret 0?'11'1- mn 1-h'i'~A
 factitious
factitious fllfl"'
We saw a factitious smile on his face. flt.OIIJ
.,:,.,hnn'i'
factor
I. ll"h'tJ''i'. Lack of money is the main
factor in the failure of his business. 1\'l"'J~
ouh(lC 'I'<; ?"h'tJ''i' fll')m- f1'tHofl
7."'"' ' )m-
2. ~1C. Endurance is an important factor
of success in sports. T"}lJ&. l\C.;rc.r s oP(J.lt
'i' hilof..l\'1. )1C )m-
factory (factories) <f.ofi&IJ
There is a shoe factory on the edge of town.
flhT"7m- JlCil' h'tX: f""l"7 <f.ofl&l) hi\
factual 7.m-)'i''t fJ'H
His reports are always factual. 6?"C..r-:li rr
A.'l..ll. ' 7,m-)'i''t ' fJ'H- ' ""'"'"
faculty (faculties)
I. il,..:t". He has a faculty for learning lan-
guages. m,r: foP"7C il"':t" hllm-
2. hiJA.. The faculty of sight is God's most
precious gift to us. f"7f'i' hiJA. 7."/ll.hofldo.C
hl'lm't IJoll- 11"111" f~.,. K;J )m-
3. h1.?"~. Though he is very old, he is in full
possession of his faculties. 11"111" IIJ'G;t'll"
h1.?"~m- fT",7..~ )m-
4. 4.11-A.t. There are four faculties:at this
university. 1111.11 f.tliC{l,t m-11'1' ht:.'i'
4.11-A.tl":f ' hll-
fade (vt.) hf.fiHH
The bright sunlight faded the curtains. fBml<
~1-11'1 .,._.,_'i' oP;>Glfm-'t M'.. fiHHm-
fade (vi.)
I. m<DI\1. These flowers faded very quickly.
Mll.ll hfll':f -foil- m<DII?-
2. 7.f'I"T 'U'... The music faded in the dis-
tance. 7.ft:.4< {l,ltJI. foo-fl.:l'm- x.-?"6 M
.,..,. ' ltf.
3 .,.1111" 11.,..,., My socks faded in the wash.
f7."1C IF-MI. {l,:J"mofl .,.110... 11.,_.,_
fail (vt.)
I. <Df..,.. Two students failed the exam.
o-11-'i' T"769':f A.T'i<D-'t <Df.4<
2. ?-X: hf.G1. When we needed him, he
failed us. flll"'tof.A.1<D- '1..11. ?-X: hf.G1't
3. h - - - h.+T(m-). They failed to reach a
conclusion on building a new bridge. h'tX:
432 fail
h-'1..11 'X:A.Xo-1- 1111 oPI"t:.'i' .,..~~,.' hm-4~.
ooX:Gil h.+;t-'fm-
4. .,..m, When his friend is away, he never fails
to backbite him. f:,.Cofl <DJI)I: fll\.1111-'i'
7.(1-'t .,.,.,.'t ' d.fr'l" '
*I won't fail you. fl~ 1-o-'tofltl
h,..,..,.,..
fall (vi.)
1. mF..+. Five students failed in arithmetic.
h9"il'i' T"769':f fi4<'1'C <Df.4<
2. OJ-x_-:,. II'). His experiment failed. oo-h.:.
Ill- ,..x_-:,. II')
3. h't.,. ll''l' .,.G l h't.,. II'). All our efforts
failed. 'I'G:t":f't o-11- h't.,. ll''l' .,.G
Mark well my words; his plans will fail.
ll"'t ' hi\ fill'S l f(l- 7,:,.1'-:f h't.,. 1-11'<;11-
4. hif A.. The intrigue to get him out of his
job failed. hF&.m- 11"7A.<;.,.A. fTf.G1m-
T'tb-A. hifd.
5. 41-'1'"1 .,.G. The plan was unsound, so it
failed. 7.:,.,11., fT",7..~ MA.)fiG 41-'1'"1 .,_G
6. hA.T41JII'i'll". I tried to pacify her with
promises, but failed. :J'A. 1\0D"/Q-'i' ~qofl~
'i' 'l"h&. )fiC l "''t hA.T41JA.'Sll"
7. 41-41JII'i' .,.G. They failed in their attempt
to climb the mountain. Ttl-tl-ID-'t 1\oP<D-aJ
'i' J'f.G?-'i' ..,..h.:. 41-41)~'1',_ .,_G
8. m<f.. The crops failed because of drought.
(loflll- fiX:c.,.'i' ?"h'tJ''i' m<f.
9. .,..,.){l. His health failed after the operation.
h.,...... '1'1'i fl:\1\ ' m.'t).,. .,..,.)(l
10. TJlhoP. He is failing fast and may not
survive the night. 11"111" iiiiT'lh"" 1\.{1,.,.
't hJ'X:C?" 1-ll''iA.
fall to
1. II +negative imperfect + .,.G. He failed to
follow our advice. ?"ht:.T't't 41-.,.fiA. .,.G
2. (negative verb). The insult failed to ruffie
his composure. llx.-11- 7.C;>;Joo<D-'t h~'i<Dll
Ill'?"
*Don't fail to go there! 7.11..1' 4-'i'ltX: 7.'t'l
"'"'c
fail to come off laY,illt 4'~
The conference failed to come off. ilofl(lq,_ 4
1-41J .,_G
fall to go off (gun) hifd.
He pulled the trigger, but the gun failed to go
off. 9"~lo't llilfi<D- '1',_.,. hi\'A.
(his) courage failed ..,.,..,. A.(l(l
His courage failed when he saw the police-
man. ?"ll.l'l-'t IIJ'1- ..,.,..,. A.(l(l
fail
words failed him
I. oao;~c h:l'.,.,.. He was so shocked at
what he saw that words failed him. flrm-- ~
1C OIIJf"' lJll,g\'1m OD'i"1C h.rJ>Tt-
2. :!'A hm<:tJJo. Words fail me when I try
to express my feelings toward him. iliiCII- f
ll'h 11"'1.;,. IIOD"JIIII' il'l"hC :!'A f
'1'<:'1/ll.
[See also 'doom1
fail (n.), without
*Be there at 6 o'clock without fail! fJP't.
II;,. ll't;,. h't.tl;,.+c
failing (n.) "1-~11;,.
We all have our little failings. v-1\:f'tll" ff
t.<'l:f't "1-~11;,. .IIMI't
falling (prep.)
*Falling good weather, the party will be held
indoors. ff~ mfJY. h.,.Mif ;rC1:tJJo
1.11.;,. tJJoll'f' f.JI.<::>A
*Failing payment, we shall sue. IJA.,.h.l.ll 1.
'tMII't
falling this f.U IJA.,.<'IIJ(II;,.)
Failing this, we'll have to draw on our savings.
f.U IJA ... <'IIJA't fil+oa'f')tJJo't ~'tllil
"'"'""'"'" hllil't
(be) failing
I. Jl.h"". His eyesight is failing. 'tf.). MJI.h
OD I ~S'.
2. .,..,.)11. His health has been failing for the
last two years. '1114;,. v-11;,. 't"";.t-;,.
liL't)-1> hf...+)ll ~.I;.A
*The sick man's heart was failing. fR1i.,.'1tJJo
Ail ""11";.1--l>'t Rf1.litJJo ~C'f' )OC
failure
I. flloo<'IIJ;,.. Success came after many failures.
"J1f 0 f ...JI.<!:IItJJo I b1Jfl' I 1.fi 0 fiiDD<'Il);,. I
0:\'1 )tJJo
2. il +
negative imperfect + DD:r-<:-'1-. Her
failure to answer my letters worried me.
IIJI.il.tlll.\1. """'-il 1\;,.Ah oo:r-<::1: h
<'IIIR'f
3............-...The failure ofhiseyesightprevented
him from reading. f'tf.). ""'1'4-;,. 11"7't0
11 h'tJIY.:fA hll.<:~tJJo
4. oa;.t-mh. The failure of his health made
retirement necessary. f'tn."Uo-1: ou;t-mh m-
<:;.1- h't-'1. ~fJ hJ!.<:~tJJo
5. """'"JI.:r-. His failure in the history examina-
433 faintest
tion discouraged him. R;.l'&b .,_.,.., ""
tJJoJ1.4l .,.114- 1\il<lll<:m..,.
6. 'i'<l. !Lil I ..,.~. It appears to me that the
program was a failure. ~")"-i. Tf!"1&-ou- 'i:
<1. !Lil (..,.~:r-) flf) f.oailii'1A
7. oan'llf;,.. A mechanical failure caused the
plane to crash. 1\tJJoC'T'I). m~-' ll.llfJRC
f!f'll ..... h'l"- oan'llf;,. ,.,.).., ) ....
8. "J-~11;,.. Because of a power failure, the
station went off the air. Rl\.1\.b'l-&b "1-~11
v-
;,. f+)"f "'!Lf..,.
.,.lt<:m
be a failure 1\A.,.<'IIJII" I hA.,.<'IIJII'I-11"
The campaign was a failure. JIOD!f'..,. hill..,.
ltiJ9" )RC
As a businessman, he was a complete failure.
R't"'~ Rh<A R'i'K-9" hA.,.<'IIJII'I-11"
*I'm a faililre as a teacher. oa9"UC)-'J- hf.
lf'tA'f9"
end in failure h'11: If)
His effort ended in failure. ~".,.. 11-11- h
...... If)
[See also 'power']
faint (v.) )'i'/1-'t 1\.,.
She fainted from fright. hm:>liL f.,.)..,
'i'jl.'t .......:f
faint (n.), fall in a - .lof.m-l>'t il-l'- mil.+
On the receipt of the news, she fell in a faint.
m.:...,... il'l-11"7 .lof.aJ:I:'t il;.l' mll.+:f
In a dead faint
She lay in a dead faint. .lof.al:l:'t ~II"
il;.l' ...'1:f
faint (adJ.)
I. fOD)OD). There is only a faint hope left.
fll"" .,.114- foa)oa) )..,.
2. :r-ilil fll I ""1\f.. I heard a faint noise
in the dark. tAll"'!..,. ..,.il'f' :r-ilil fll ~
11"6 (~11"6 oa<'lf.) 11"'111-
3. ( ~ adv.) 0'1'4:;,.. I have a faint idea of
what he wants. f"t.I.A~,..'t )~C 0'1'4:;,.
"""-"'1111-
4. ( ~ adv.) """"'- There was a faint smell
of incense in the church. 00.... bCil1:f't
..,.il'f' fb"''t 'li;.t- 1\00/ll. )OC
[See also 'speD']
(the) faintest
*I haven't the fairtlest idea. f"'t9" ,.,..,..,.
..,. )~C filii"
..
 faint-hearted 434 fake

faint-hearted 4.6 fairy tale 'i"t.'I-

The faint-hearted soldier was criticized by his That sounds like a fairy tale. of-t.'l- 1 f-""11
superior. u m;J-~c Ql\:J'm- +1tPK IIA
fair (n.) '1-c~'I- faith
Let's go to the agricultnral fair! mf. l'.Clf I. ?f-"7'1"'1-. I don't know what his faith is.
m- '1-c~'l- 7.-ttt ff-"7'1"-Jo I 9"'t I l\'tf.lf') I l.lltiJ-;r.l"'
He became a convert to the Christian faith.
fair (adj.) fhCll'J-'i't I ff-"7'1"'1- I of-4'01\
I. ""m).,., His knowledge of Amharic is fair. 2. l\l"'t'l-. I lost faith in him. Oil- 1 Ill!- 1 no
MC"' ':f-11-:J-m- ODmH' 1 )ID- (.'S I l\I"')'J- I Ill-f.
2. '1-hhll"'. A fair judge is greatly appre- Failure to appear would be breaking faith.
ciated. '1-hhl\"' ' I Jl"'
0"11"' I f.OD{I1<;A O+mt:" hi\DD1'f'l- 1 l\l"'t'l-'t 1 "71'1-A 1 f.
3. f.W. That's a fair price. f.W 1 'I':> 1 tm- If'<; A
The weather will be fair today. hf-1- 1 lftl. 1 3. DD't4.11. He acted in had faith. 0-l"'th-A
1.-,<; ' f.lf'<;A DD't4.11 I IP6o
There is a fair crop of wheat this year. 011.11 1 We acted in good faith. o;r.'t I DD'tLII "'
'tOD'I- I ~....... I fll'tf. (lilA I All 6-'t
4. h11Jil. That wouldn't be fair. 1!-11 1.111
have faith ftoo)'
il I l,f.f.l\1"'
She has blind faith in his talent. fll-'t 1 ':f-11-:J-
5. -1"111.. Make sure each boy gets a fair share
O"i"'i''t I :J-1"'<;1\':f
of the food I ~'l'tJI. A'/!': 1 bi"'1D- 1 -1"1
[See also 'profession']
fl. I ~ClftiJ-'t I "71'f-Jo't 0 l,l;)1"f'
6. h11Jil Yllm-. Is this a fair exchange? 1.1 faithful (n.) l"'l\DD't (pl. l"'l\OD<;'t)
IJil ' YI\ID- AID-ID-1' I )ID-1 The faithful meet outside the church every
7. )"' Yll. The American girl has blue eyes Sunday morning. l"'l\DD<;'t 1 l\m.~ l\m.~ 1
and fair hair. h"'6lt'l!;t 1 Aif1t.~ 1 ll"7Y 111-'~- 1 bo.-1" 1 hcll-tn 1 tD-"i" f.llOiliJII-
'f! 1 'tf.'t<; 1 ) " ' 1 Yll m'l-C 1 1.11'1-
faithful (adj.)
[See also 'bid, play']
I. :J-"7'S. He is faithful to his wife. II"'LII-Jo 1
:J-"7'S )ID-
fairly
I. 0'1-hhA. The money should be dealt out A faithful friend is more valuable than money.
fairly to the needy. nuo- 1 ll':f"lt.V''Jl 0'1- :J-"7'S I 'Jf."' I b1'tUofl I f.QA"JA
hhA I OD:J-f.A 1.110'1- 2. :J-"7'St'l- fODIIO'I-. He was justly rewarded
2. 0""m'i-. He is fairly good in Amharic. for his faithful service by being given a pension.
IJ"7C"' ' 0""m'i- I f.-.<; I )ID- lflol.:J- I 00D11J'I- I :J-"7'St'l- 1\0DIIO'I- I h1A
3. 0-1"111. 1 M>.:\'t. He allocated the money 111--Jo I 0"7,.11] 0 (IJ(.:J" 0 Th4.1\ID-
fairly. 1'tHo-'t 1 0-1"111. 1.\\:\'t 1.111.11 3, '1-hhll.,., The newspapers gave a faithful
account of the accident. ;>11tll'll Mf.:>m- 1
deal fairly
'1-hhll"' I 11<; I A+t.o-
*He dealt fairly with the child. II A )I: 1 f"7..1
This is a faithful copy of the original. 1!-11 1 f'P
q I hYnt I hf.t.111'1-
'itD- '1-hhll"' 1AIJ"i" tm-
fair-minded f"7Y'III 1 (1m- 4. ( = adv.) bAil. They are faithful believers
An arbitrator must be fair-minded. hii:J-6-4: 1
all. 11-1\-1"' I bAil I l."77f'':f I <;'ftD-
f"7Y'III I (ltD- I ODif"t 1.110'1- She's very faithful in her work. I" 6-ID-'t 1 bA
!1. 'I-1P6ol\':f
fair play faithless l\l"'t-1" 1 11.11
we must uphold the principle of fair play. The traitor was faithless to his country.
'!"~- f"7,.YII4.A1tiJ-'t o ODIP(.:J-'f!
o ....<p:J- I I
bdaJI.ID- I 1\111'1- I l\l"')of" I fl.ll ' )0C
f.'til ""mo;r. 1 hllil't
fake (v.) ou(lll
fairy [Qof"(.-r-':f 0 ..-II'J' I (.4:;r. I l,ll"7of""' I Beggars often fake blindness. illf-ID-'J 1 '1.11
flf''). I 'i'lfloC"':f] 11"77f'':f 1 bm-c ""111\m- f.lll"''ill-
fake 435 fall
----------------------------------------------- ------
*He faked a report showing non-existent His writings fall into two types : novels..and
profits. f/1.11;1 -l-C'i' 1 f"'l..l'""llh-1- 1 fm-if-1- plays. K".ft.t::'6 1 OIJ-1\-l- ,P.hLI\11-. 1 Aofl~l ID
&rc-r h.,..:n 111.- :f"tll>:f-'i" -t.l'-l-t::f-
11. 'I'll. Christmas falls on a Monday this year.
fake (n.) OH.U I 'ioP-1- I ~. . I llV" I 11-l- ,P.m-1\A
I. hllf.. He is not a real doctor; he is a fake. *When night fell, it grew dark. ;etnc 11-l-m
1,(1- I fh<J)o)-1- I """1 I t.q_e > .fth.9" I )<J)o A-l> I hf.U.I\oP 'tf..
2. 0"'/lloP(IA 1 f.,.>Pt-. The dealer sold a fake *The President fell from the people's favor.
as a genuine painting. 'I:Jiot& 0"71\DP(IA -rt.IVI11: fih11fl-1 I 'i'-l>C I htiJ
fTIP~dJo'} I P'IJI.\ I 1\BJo'l+~ I 'IBJo I -fll\- I
fall apart
ifm I. L<:ll. This monument has long since fallen
fake (adj.) fdtll-1- apart. f.U I dtm-A-1- I hLl:(l I U""1 I fi\<J)o9"
These documents are fake. 7.)11.11 {1)1'-:f- 1 2. IDI\11+. The stool is already falling apart.
f dtll-1- .,.,..,. nc.....,..,. IDI\AitA
3. .,.OtiJmll. The shoes he bought were so
falcon "l"Ad.-1- shoddy that they fell apart when he got them
Wet. ""1"'/<J)o I .......... I 111\)0<; I 7.C'J'0-l- I {1.)1)
fall (fell, fallen) ..,. 1 .,.OtiJmll
I. IDS'..,.. Many trees fell during the storm.
0~f.I\'1<J)o I )'f.il I '1.1 I ofllf- I ~t:::f- > IDf..... fall back hL~L~
He fell from the ladder. houMA- 1 1\,P. IDS'..,. Our attack was so strong the enemy fell back.
The conservative government has fallen. Am- .ff..l:"I)<J)o I "'/'J':J'-1- I 011J9" I ~f.l\'1 > Ill\
'1' Mf.LA~m- oP1"1P'-l- IDS'.+ )0<: 1 mil-l- 1 hL~L~
The city has fallen into the power of its n - - - +tn4"0D
fall back on
enemies. h.,."'/..,. 1 Oml\-1- 1 h)(' 1 IDS'.+ We can always fall back on our savings. 9""}
The responsibility for the office fell on me. "119" 1 OM"''"" ~1uq:f-1 A1m.,.9" 1 h
fP'ilo<J)o > ~1\d.)ol- > 0~ I 1\f. I IDf..+ 1:f-'1111
Their choice fell upon him. 9"C""l'fm- h fall behind IDS'. 1 :\11 1 .,..:
(1- I 1\f. I IDf...,. He has fallen behind in his work. OP't-m-
2. .,..,._ Many soldiers fell in battle. of!H- 1 ID:f" IDS'. I :\11 I .,.C:I:A
f..t::f- OIDC) ... I 1\,P. .,.., *We fell behind in the rent. m-11'1' 1 h.t-f.
3. <:~L. Because of the drought, the leaves Mofl1
are falling from the tree. 01.-C.,. 9"h1.1'-l- fall (down)
"l>mll-'li M4- 1 11.e 1 .e.:"l'i-11- I. IDS'.+. He fell down the stairs. hf..l:li""'"
The blossoms are falling off the tree. h011'6 1 1\,P. ' mf...,.
h~4- > 1\f. I f.l:"l'f.l\- 2. ID<:f... The cataract falling down the
4. "'ll. The rain was falling steadily. 11'i"fl- 1 mountainside is quite attractive. hT~m-
il.fl'lC'I' f.'I'A )OC 1\f. I f"''.IDCf..fDo I ~~-J: I 0"19" I .fllf..ll:f"A
5. 0.:1.. The temperature fell rapidly. _.,.., 1
*I hope he won't fall down on the job. P't-m-
O'i''l')-1- 0.:1. 1 I Of..1ofl I h1f.."'L>Pilo > .,.ll'f. I hi\'{
6. 11"1> 1 hll. Prices are falling. MO.!' 'I';J 1 fall for O'i'ol>C 1 .,.)f..L
11"1> I h.fl\ I U
He fell for her as soon as he saw her. 7.1'1.1'-l-
7. f..<:ll. His beard fell to his chest. m.- h O'i'"l>C I .,.)f..L
f..: ... I f..C!).A
The estate fell to the eldest son. Cll., 1 1\0'li fall In .,.f..<:oo(l
c I A)l: I 1..:(1 The roof fell in. aJt-m- .,.f..<:oo(l
8. hll"". His face fell at the bad news. o'J't::m- fall In (with) .,.11"'1"'1
1 I IDt, I {1.{1"'/ I d-1: I h(l.... They fell in with our plans. Odt..,q:f-1 1 .,.II
9. .,.1\IDm. Her voice fell to a whisper. 1..-9" "'/-
!I. I IDf.. I JF.hJF.h:f" > .,.1\IDnt fall Into
10. .,.hLI\. The subject falls into four di- Do not fall into bad habits! ""'l't:: mq,e 1
visions. "1-11\ll Oht--1- 1 .ehLIIA h-1-A""f..-
fall
fall off
1. w.r..,., The lid fell off. ODhY."'w- w.r..,.
2. WA4' w.r,..,., The ring fell off his finger.
.,.110.,. h"l.,. wA4' w.r..,.
3. .,.HI. Receipts have been falling off lately.
h'1'4!'1- ' '1.11. ' W"'.U ' ~lltD- ' M.,.M ' %
J.:,.A
fall onhm.4'
The enemy fell on them suddenly from the rear.
m'l'l- ' nm~:r- ' h:\'1 ' hm.4':fw-
fal .. on one fo\o "l'lol.t'l- )OC
It has fallen ori me to support the family.
IL-1"1111') """-1'1' f~ "l'lol.t'l- tHC
*Our choice fell on him. 9"C"'ll-1 1.1\-
U")
faH out '
1. ~1.1.. His teeth fell out. 'I'Co\o ~~.!.
2. .,."1'1 l .,...,......,.,.. The two men fell out.
,.:r- ' .,."'ll-
11-11... ' ...
They fell out over the placement of the fence.
1111 h-N- mac .,...,......,.,.
3. .,.t:r-11- 1\11.,., All his hair fell out. m'K-
... ):r-11- ' 1\11.,.
fall through
1. I\A.,.ft>t9". The plans for the picnic fell
through. f'lie'li-1- '1"'1'1 I\A.,.ft>t9"
2. .!.~h. The deal fell through. so we didn't
sell the property after all. f'liJ'"" w-A II
II.!.Gh '111~_,'1 ~<; 1\Aif'l')lD-9"
fall to a---1.~' w.r..,.
The entire province fell to the enemy at one
blow. OD'ItD- m:r-'1,1'. "Jq'l- Q'l.l:" '1.
11. Hm'l'l- 1.~ w.r..,.
fall under 0 - .. ~ PC ~m-
His case falls under my jurisdiction. fo\o M
J'. R~ P'A"''I P'C )tD-
fall upon am~:r- ' hm.4'
The enemy fell upon the sleeping settlement.
1-'f_,.w- f)R-1-'1-'1 OD'IY.C.,.'l':f m'l'l-
am~'l-hm.4'
*Darkness fell upon the town during the
eclipse. aK-'1- '1.11. h_,..,J'."" a=11
., ' of"''m:f
fall upon the Idea dlftll- """1(11'1-)
I fell upon the idea while looking through a
magazine. ""K'dl.'l- ft1'1il'l' dlftll- OD"J
A'S
fall upside down .,..r,.of.
The box fell upside down. "1'1'\>o .,..r.of.
[See also 'asleep, dead, disgrace, disuse, due,
436 false
face, flat, knee, line~ love, piece, prey, prostrate,
short, star')
fall (n.)
I. 1\w.ll.r.:r-. His fall was dangerous, but
nothing was broken. 1\m.ll.r..,. h"-~"'. tn
C "1'1 hA+ha~9"
2. ODIJJoJ/.~. The decadence of morals was one
of the causes of the fall of Rome. fC:9" ""
w-.r,.;r. 9"h'IJ''l- htr\>o'l- h'IJI. f'f"&.A
w-"-""''1- tac
3. RA"'. Fall is one of the four seasons of
the year. RA"' >t&.... J'OD'l- h'i'll-:f '
h'IJI. ' )tD-
*I'll be back next fall. ODilhG9" 1\mQ
l.ODIIfti\11-
*He hasn't recovered from his fall yet. IDY.-4'
l.'IY.:f"ODOD o 1\A.,.lfllw-9"
*There has been a fall in the price of grain,
f'l'&-'1'~ 'I';I 11:r- 11~A
falls ~~1:
Have you seen Niagara Falls? f'O,I'1&-'I ~~
1: 1\,1'.1"'/Al
fallacious ,.,.,.,..,.
It is fallacious reasoning to base a rule on only
two instances. arJ-11'1- 9"ftllo,.:f ilil' ""
P'C.,_ 1\'IY.'") )~C .,,.;'1 f_,.ftft_,. 1\{1_,.
ft(l11 ' )tD-
fallacy (fallacies) f.,.,.,..,. .hft11
This is a statement based on fallacy. J'.U '1"1
"'C a... ftft_,. d1ft11 ' IIJ'. f_,.,.,,..~_,. )tD-
(be) fallible
All men are fallible. (lw- tr'l" f.,J'.ftft'l-
fll9"
falling star .,.mC'I'& lohofl
There are many falling stars at this time of
the year. RILU '1.11. 1111- _,.mC'I'& h'l'h
11'1-1\11-
fallow land 7.JI& l J'Y.~ ,.;~'1-
The farmer plowed the fallow land. ~n~w-
1.-'l&w-'1 1\Ghw-
The fallow land is overgrown with grass.
J'Y.Gw- oo~'l- a"'C _,.w-tj!A
false
1. rw-lr'l-. It was a false alarm. f.,llm'1.,.4!J'
w- .1:"9"6 fw-lr'l- )RC
2. f.,.,.,..,.,
He had a false idea of her char-
acter. hll!l. tfiQJ'. f.,.ftft+ 1\h.,.J'f'l-
ta&w-
falsehood
3. ( ~ noun) dtll'l-. Is this true or false?
f,.tJ l\CD-~'1- I ~CD- I IDf,.l\ ' dtll'l- l
4. '1-hhA YAIT~. He gave me a false pic-
ture of the situation in the country.llll M&-1:
u-~;t- '1-hhA YAIT~ """11\"'i lim'S
5. dtll-1-,.. A false friend will tell your secrets
to your enemies. dtii-J-,. ~~~'I' 1\mll-f:f
tJ ' ll"llm.C ' Ytn"HHVA
6. h"t-io. He deludes himself with false hopes.
Rh"t-io -J-114- .&-"""t Y:J-AIIA
7. 1\"1-A. False pride kept the poor man from
accepting money from his rich
.<:-'lim- {lm- htJ11;t-9" tn"t.r:- 1"tH11
1\"t.llf,..,.RA 1\"1-A b-.&-'1- 1\111: YHCD-
8. 1\CD- w,&.'II. Many people have false teeth.
1111- lll":f 1\CD- P',&.'II TCII hl\'l'm-
*He was false to his word. :J>A 1\fJf. ~nc
[See also 'alarm']
falsehood dtll'l-
It is hard to disentangle truth from falsehood.
l\m-~'1-"t hdtll'l- oullf'l- Y-'1"/:J-A
falsify (falsified)
I. h., ;t-. The merchant falsified accounts, so
he wouldn't have to pay taxes. "'iiC 1\"t.llf,.h
'i'A II.A ~:>F.m- fdtA11 11~-'l."t h
.,;t-
2. 'l'if. He falsified the history of his family
to conceal his bumble origins. h.<:-'li ODIDI\
.11."t 11ou~n'l- fll.-J-IIfl'll1 ;t-&h 'l'if
falter
I. -J-~'i'.,.L. The army advance faltered under
enemy fire. fl'1~ tnU'l- DP"/4-'l- Om
11'1- -J-IM +~'i'.,.L
He faltered for a moment, but continued
speaking. 11'1'-t'l- '1..11. +~'i'.,.L'i' 1"1"1~
"t .,.mil
2. -J-1-J-IJ-J-0. He faltered as he tried to find
the right word. '1-hhii,.CD-1 :J>A 11.,"11
'I- II.'l"hC -J-"t-J-IJ-J-0
3. 1\'l-"7"7. He faltered at the door wondering
if he should .go in. 0~ 'If. -''1" A"'
fJ 1\A"/IJ 0.,11'1- 1\'l-"7"7
fame 11'i'
His fame as a poet didn't come until after his
death. M"'"'l.~-io 11'i' 111111.'1"'1- .(-1({1 1\A
;t-tn.,.ll" ~nc
famed f:J-tn.,.
This :r:egiment is famed for its courage.
flfii:J> ' "'C ' 0)':"11~-fo ' f;f-ID.,. ' ~w-
437 family
familiar
I. f-J-11""~. Men in uniform are a familiar
sight these days. fJtJ-1- '1..11. f~9"11 Ail
II filfl"" lll":f .,f'l- .f-J-11""~ ~1C ~w-
2. f"'l.Ya>-"''1-. It's good to. see a familiar face.
f"'l.Ym-"''1-1 llw- .,..,..,,.. - ~..,.
3. f"'l.YCD-.,...,.. I recognized the familiar voice
on the telephone. OIIAh- CD-11'1' f.,.....,.
..,.., ' .1:"9"6 ' 11.,.,.
4. f'l-C11. Familiar friellds know each other
very well. f'l-C11 '\~'l':f 0"19" ~tJJ:J>II
brother. ~French was as familiar to him as English.
L<(11\f.,. fll1"111.11'1'"t YtJA f.:fA ~nc
be familiar
Her face is familiar, but her name escapes me.
oPA\\"t ' h!I:J-a>-1\i\tJ- ' "11 ' 11".7.. ' '1-11 '
1\f.ii'S'I"
be familiar with
I. O~"t11 OlD.,. I DID.,.. I am ilot familiar
with that. ~1~1 ' n~"til ' hl\a>-.,...,.9"
I am only familiar with electronics. 'Ai. f"Jto-
.,...,. 1111 .t..ll.h'l-ethll 11JI' ~..,.
2. -J-1\oP~. He was not familiar with local
conditions. Y,~"t u-~;t- 1\A-J-1\oP~a>-9"
be on famlll ar terms
Are you on familiar terms with your boss?
IJII:J>tl :>C fK" '1-"1"11\:fu- l
get too familiar .,.JeLl
The nobility does not like their servants to
get too familiar. DP\\11-Io h'ilhe;J''I'm-
1\"JJI.JIL~'I'm- hf.LA"l-9"
familiarity f.1'i' h.<:-C1 "7tn'l-
His familiarity with Ethiopia surprised me.
h..'l-l'"kn ~w 1'..<:-c-t .,tn.,. J<.II~~.,.'S
*You shouldn't treat her with such familiarity.
f.tJ1 YtJA 1\;t-:,.cfJ'l-
familiarize 1'.11-J-'I'tn.,.
The radio has familiarized us with many
foreign countries. t.JI.I'" h11H- faJo41!" 1\1
e";f :>C hii-J-'PCD--''i'A
familiarize oneself with Tl\tiWJoPF..
He familiarized himself with Amharic before
going to Ethiopia. tnf. h..'1-l'"kY hOD'tJI.
OL'l- h"''C'I' -J-1\"''oPf.
family (families)
~IJ I. 11.-J-IIil. He has a large family. 1111- 11.-J-11
11 ' 1'.1\CD-
famine 438 fancy

He's a man of humble family. h.l:"'li 11..,.11 h'l'l''fi "''.'!ID-1 0 ....1\- 1\.,'lt:ll .,.O:f"
ofl I fi"lDM I {I(Do I ~(J)o .,..,. I 0 0 I

2. A]t.l-. She brought up a family. A}t.!f! [See also 'enthusiasm']

1 ' hilf..~l-
3. Hou.l:". Has he any family in Addis Ababa? fan (n.)
h-'1.11 hOq ,.,.11'1' HoP.(- hi\,.,. I I. .,&-~11.,1'. The fan was made from a palm
leaf. .,&-~11.,1',.,. I hH1qq I f.,.IP<lo I tm-
of good family
2. tof..ll ODII"'i. Tum on the fan ! tof..ll 1
I. houAIJ9" ll..,.llil fOD"'. Parents like oPII""&ID-1 I hllt"fiJJo
their daughters to marry men of good families. 3 . .,.0,.. My brother is a movie fan. ID1.(-"''.
m~]t.l- 1\'l- A]t.!F'I',.,. houAIJ9" 11._,.11
f/1.~., ' .,.0,. I tiD-
it foP"! II,.,. l\1-'1..1'111- J'.I.A:>tr
2. h...,'l' ll..,.llil. He is of good family. h..., fanatiC (n.)
'I' ' ll..,.llil ' t,.,. *The religious fanatics attacked the police post.
man of humble family h..e-"11 {L-f-(111 fODIIJ '\J'.<;'fm-1 0 ....'i'tiD- I f"'LJ'oP/Ah-'J- I f?"l\.
Though he was a man of humble family, 11-1 1 "111.,1' hm41
he became prime minister. M'r ~11:\. h.(" fanatic (adj.)
'Jj (J..,./Ifl 0 foP"J 0 0.11'1
0 I tn~I\J'. I "'U I. ( ~ adv.) '\J'.'i-1 Q;l.'i''l'. They have a
11'1-C ll't fanatic belief in witchcraft. '\Y.<;:fm-1 Q;L'j!
[See also 'relationship, tree'] tm- 0'1'1~11 Yll"<;tr
famine 2. ( ~ adv.) hAh Yl\1.. She is fanatic about
I. t:;)il. Since there was a drought last year, cleanliness. 1111\".1.<; 1 hAh Yl\1. 1 '1-mt.,.
we were beset by famine. llill.DJo "'oo:,.. :J>I\l-
.1:-C~ 111\tOt: t:;)-11 h'l'~.Y.<;A fanaticism, religious -
2. f t:;)il 1 H""1. Many people died during the *He was accused of stirring up religious
famine. Ot:;)ll- HDP1 illt' 1 ll,..l- hl\41 fanaticism. '\S'-1 1 ""''i''l' 1 f.,9"1\h1 1 l\9"
t'l- O.,t"'"''l- .,.hllll
famished f.,.&-0
The famished dogs were fighting over a scrap fanciful ilA"l"A"l"
of meat. f.,.&-11-'1- 1 ,.,.ll"l- 041&-"1" P' :> ~ His fanciful dress made everyone stare at him.
y. 1 Y.<;hll- toe ilA"l"A"l" 1 Ailll- u-trll" nm- l\1-'1. ...11
famous
h.,.,.,. ' hf..t:~

I. 1ft .... His book made him famous. fl\1.,.,. 1

be fanciful h.ftA!I" 1 ll.~tnC !I'll
""ll"m'i' 11t,. hf..t:~m-
A story about a trip to the moon is no longer
2. r:t-m+. The town is famous for its hot fanciful. hl\1"1-'l.U ID-'l.Y IDf.. 1 ""'t::J> f
springs. h.,..,'l' O'i'A m-;)'1' f ,..,.,. "''J'.t:~m- ' '1-P I h.ftA!I" ' 11.4'.tnC ' hY.l-A!I"
l- I <;'J-
fancy (fancied),v.
fan (fanned), v. I. oP/11\(,.,.). I fancy he'll want it. f"'L.t.A~m-
I. h&-~0. He fanned the fire with a piece of J'.oPili\...A
cardboard. llil-1>1 q1.1:- 1 fhC;f-11 41&- 2. mf..f... Which dress do you fancy most?
"1" ' h&-~0,.,. f'l-,.,.,., ' Ailll ' OY.OA'I' ' TID-'11\U I
2. t.qq/1. His attempts to conciliate the two *Can you fancy yourself on the moon?
fanned the flames of the argument. u-11-1>1 ....t::J> 1\J'. l\1'11\U h.I:"C~U A;f-llil '1-
1\.,ll:f"t:~ ' Yf..t:~m- ' -h&- I "1"~"1"411 I l-~1\U I
t.qql)m-
fancy (fancies), n.
fan oneself d.-k1 h.&-10 I. fl.tn&- l-11-:f". Such strange tales show
She fanned herself with a sheet of paper. a lively fancy. ll1f..H.U Ytr l\1"1'1 .,.,.:.,.
.1.;1:1 1. om.:.,.+ h&-~ol- l- ' hllf..<;<f! ' fl.tn&- ' l-11-;f-1 I YilYtr
fan out .,.0;1-.,.t 2. m...il. Is it my fancy, or do I hear a sound?
The hunters fanned out to cover the whole field. .1:"9"6 1 fll"ll.,,.,. Omilil tm- mY.II n,.,., ?
fancy 439 far

3. <hA'I". His head was filled with fancies. 2. 11"1'1". He is far taller than I am. b~ 1 .
11h1.,..1\- I ffliD- I .fo<'j11 I IJoj\o I <hA'J" I 11 l1t1J'J" I .f.~1f.,A
iJ' I ~11C This idea is far better than your suggestion.
.f.IJ I .fo<'j11 I h1-f" I tt.J>~1Ih1D- I 11tiJ'J" '
have a fancy for tDU
He has a fancy for bright ties. F-011l!> 1 111- 1 f-f"lffl I ~~~~-
h&-li.f.'f- I .f.IDJIA be far &-+
take a fancy to tnU Nairobi is far from Addis Ababa. 'i"J.'.C'Il. 1 b
He takes a fancy to walking barefoot in the h-'1.11 I hi11J .f.C-"'A
streets. OQP.. A.""lo;.. OD'l1~ t\f. oo't~ be far away fltiJr" ~+
.f.t'JJIA Is Harar far away from Addis Ababa? do~C 1
take a fancy to each other hhJI.ll ' hi11J I 11t1J'J" I .f.C,t-A f
They took a fancy to each other. h1J'.0111'J'. be far from
F: I 11fi1'A He is far from satisfied. ""C" hA-1-J'-111-'1"
be far from each other T&o&o+
fancy (adj.) The farms are far from each other. ., ...,.'li 1 f
I. 11A"l"A"l". She doesn't like fancy clothes.
1-&-&-.,. ' 'i"'fm-
11A"l"A"l" I A11ll I h'I-IDF:'I"
2. mF.C 1 fl\.fltD-. He charges fancy rates. IDJ'. far above fltiJgot htt: 111\-
The bird flew far above the mountain. ID~ 1
C 0 fl\.(1111- I . .,;J I .f.m.f.,t-A
h-f"&-&-111- 0 l1t1J'J" I b'i' I 11fl I 11~~,.
fang 'I'Cll far and away the best h - - - IJolr OtrJr
The tiger's fangs are strong. fio-flC 'l'Ch ~
fil+
.f.fl'f I ~Ill- He is far and away the best student we've
fantastiC had. Ml1-:-1 1-.,&,.'1'- 1 rrll- 1 11"1'1" 1 fil
I. Q;l,C(> 1 f., 1-;1-0111. He told me a fantastic + I )(Do

StOry. Q;l,C(' I f.,.f.;1-0D1 I ;1-&h I ~1~~ far and wide

2. M.f.:1'0111. We have made fantastic strides 1. h1C 1 M:ctn. He traveled far and wide in
in the study of space. llt11 mi.C 1 'l''i"T 1 f., f. search of his missing son. fm4-m-1' A~
;1'0111 hC'I")I" I hJ'-~11 'i'fl:> 1 t.1c M:ctn 1 1-'\u
3. 11.:1'""1 f.,.f.ii'A. He spends fantastic 2. ll1C 1 hlli11C. The news spread far and wide.
sums of money. 11.:1'""1 f.,.f.ii'A 1 11H mt.m- 1 111C hlli11C 1 1-ll<l-""
11 fm'I-A far away.;..:,.
4. 11"1'1" 1 AI< 1 flf~ li-cK" fflm-. The The mourners' dirge could be heard from far
firelight cast fantastic shadows on the walls.
fh<'l... I 11C'/1 111F:1JIID- I il.f. I 11"1'1" I A
away. fA:I'llf 1 ..,II" 1 ho:-ll> 1 1 ~nc ,_II.,
far back h~1 +F-'1" 1 1111-
\< I flf~ 0 lJ>CK" I ffltD- I 'J'fl I .f.I.'J'&-A The coming of the South Arabians to Ethiopia
took place far back in history. fJ'.IHI 1 o~P'I'-
fantasy (fantasies) li-11''1- IDJ'. o h.Tf"Wf I OD'J"ti)'J- I fl;l-&h I 111-ll'l' '
He lives in a world of fantasy. 11ll-11''1- '\ h~1 I .J>J'.'J" I 11flo I flf~ I ~1C 0 ~Ill-
(I'J" 111-ll'l' I .f.'r~A
I
far be It
Indulge In fantasy ll.,t-'li" 1 <;~
He indulges in fantasy dreaming of the day
*Far be it from me to criticize you! ~.,.F....,. 7,
~ 1 h11"1 Mll>'i'?flrr
he will become a prince. AD-A 1 f"''..lf111'1-1
1.11. o 11., (I'J" I 1\.,t-'fr I f.<;~A far from +cof
Far from admiring his paintings, I dislike
far (adj.) o:-ll> them very much. 1"~11-'61 .,F:H: 1 +c-1'
He came from a far country. ho:-ll> 1 Me 1 11"1'1" 1 hmil'f1'flrr
ODtl) far side )'.'CIJ
far (adv.) We can see the near side of the moon, but not
1. C.J. Don't go too far from the house! the far side. f~-"'1 .1.:1:1 h1"1[ )'.'CIJ1'
hiL_,. 11"1'1" C<l>ll h'I-'I.F: 1 I .,f,. ' h1'1'-A'I"
faraway 440 farewell

(on the) far slde of h --- "''P. on the far side of h ..... - ayp..
Our house is on the far side of the river. Our house is on the far side of the river.
IL;f-':f't ha>'ttJ- "''P. ~m- IL;I-l-'t htD'ttl- "''P. ~"'"
as far as (prep.) Mlh - - - .1:-<:h that far
We walked together as far as the gate. l\hh 1. l\hhiLU. His memory does not go back that
0~ .1:-<:h ,MI<:'t ~.1:-'t far. l\hhii.U '1-11 hY.htD-'1"
as far as (conj.) 2 . .l"t .I'UA. I can't walk that far. .l''t .I'U
1. l\'t.l'. + (relative imperfect). As far as A Ol\"1&. A~.!:' hArA9"
I know, everything is all right. M l\'tJ'."''m- [See also 'afield, ahead, concern, few, how,
+m- '
2. l\hh
,.tt-,.
+
' ~,c ' J'."''i' ' ~ ....
perfect +.1:-<:h. As far as I could
old, so, this, thus')
faraway~:,.
see, everything was covered with sand. 'l~~
l\hh,.,..,.,.. .1:-<:h
if'i''l' ~oc
,.tt-,.
~,c qif'l' .,.
He went to a faraway place. l\"" mll't.l:'
:,. 11;1- ~J'.
~

*A faraway look in her eyes showed that she

A dollar doesn't go as far today as it did was daydreaming. 119" ill\ hTit-6- "''
20 years ago. h't.l:' oflc h?.l' 'i""+ 0.1. f;t: ' O.h<\ofl OD'i'fD!l't hODhhT
'1- ' .M~ f)O<:m-'t .I'UA ~&. hY.,~!I"
farce +A.!:-
as far as he cai1 r+~Am-'1 ~IJA
The last League of Nations meeting was a farce.
He will help you as far as he can. fTil'Am-'t
fOD<U.l:!faJo > f'il\f" 0 OD't"'P':J-'1- > "J-QJ.. 0
.I'UA Y.<:ll?A
hiiiiQ .,.A..:- ~oc
at the far end of ~ - - - om.v~m- I T""" fare (v.) "'iiC 1Q
There was a picture at the far end of the room.
l\h'i'lt- tD-h'l' Oa>'lJ':;<'m- '1'"1 h't.l:' They fared sumptuously. Ollol.m- "'iiC ,!1-
JP~A ~oc
*How did you fare during your trip? 001-1~
l\'t.<'.'l- ' h.l'.<:,u 1
by far the best hiJoft-9" fTifA
This is by far the best hotel in town. OhT"'' (it will) fare hard with IDI'-1\'1-
m- tD-h'l' hiJoit-9" fTifA !Y-I:A Y.U':'m- ~m It will fare hard with the thief if he is caught.
1\.QtD- ' fT.I'U ' l\'tJ'.IY~ IDI'-1\'1-
by far the most O.eOAT
fare well in +ltltltT
He is by far the most famous man in town.
OhT"'itD- tD-h'l' OY.OA'I' f;l-m+m- +He fared well in his profession. P&-tD- +It
IJA'I-
l\"" ' ~ ....
fare with
from far and near IU'AO+
They came from far and near to hear him. How did it fare with him? l\"" l\"I .I'.'I- .r~ I
f""'t 't"'"'C 1\0Dh"'''l- h.l'l\0'1- oom- fare (n.)
go far~+ l. 'I':>. What is the fare? 'I';>m- h't'l-
Don't go far! You'll lose your way. h'l-&-:,0 )m- I
OD't,/l. ' Y.mof..?A 2. f"''.h'i'AtD- nu-n. Have your fares ready!
*The loan will go far in overcoming our ff"'l-h'i'll-'1-'t nu-n hll:>lf.
financial troubles. il.l:'~ f,'tUil l-"1&-l-'t 3. DD-fiA'i" oom-r. How is the fare in the
't ofltl- .l':f>AAA'i'A hotel? f!Y-J:ft-' ODofiA'i'' ODffi'J' 'l\'t.<'.'f- ~tD-1
go too far hAh 1 1\1\L Far East ~:,. '1"1"&-:,0
Don't go too far when joking with your boss! Japan is in the Far East. 'i(;r') ff"'l-,"fm- .
IJA:f>U :>C h'l-:f>h.l:' hAh h'l-h'i' o~:,. , !1"1"&-:,. ' ~ ....
go very far farewell (n.), bid - Tll'i'OT
*He won't go very far without an education. He bade his friends farewell. '}J'...,.'Ii't Tll'i'
.I' A ~+rue+ r+r II.J'.Ch hY.l-Af" 0;1-:fm-
not be far off +:J-~0 make one's farewell
The holiday is not far off. 'iOD'I- O'ift- They made their farewell and left. J'."J'i' II
T ...C!I.A 'til-l> ' ill\tD- ~P,.
far-fetched
~~~~---------------~--------------------
wish farewell .,.tl'IOT
They came to wish me farewell. II.(I<;O.,.'S
"""'"
farewell (adj.)
.,,...,
He gave her a farewell kiss. 1\00MIJO!J' II
farewell!
Farewell, dear friends! mJ!]':'f! ! J'.W {I'J11.,.
far-fetched f"7Y.II"I ~1C ""!Ill-
The idea of bringing oil across the desert
seems far-fetched. OC:'/tJJo't t.!tctn HY.'I-
M9""1.,. "'1111 MY.II''t ~1C OD!III-
Y.:f"YA
farm (v.) hC:(I
He is farming in our village. ODP't .<'.<1-:f't ,.
11'1' YCIIA
farm out t.h4.4..11
The contractor farmed out the construction of
the buildings to different companies. JP ~
Nt<l-""' f<h'tl\tJJo't 1"<1- 1\A\!- A\!- IJ.
IJ't Y9':f t.h4.LI\
farm (n.)
I. "711. The two farms are far from each other.
11-1\.,. "7119':f f.,.~., """""
2. l\Clf. My brother has a large farm.
ID't .(-'"1 (14.. l\Clf t\1\tJJo
farm (adj.) fl\Clf
Farm implements are sold in our store.
fl\Clf OD"'t.Y9':f 00D.<'.11<1-:f't 1-if"'ll--
farmer 10.:.1 t..:.11
The farmers of this region are poor. fllO +
01\. 10c'-f .(-"Jl :f <;'t'tJJo
Some farmers still use wooden plows. h'tJ!'t .(-
t..:-1"(- (10<!.9':f) h11-'t9" O~'t""'l- "7
.:If YCIIII--
farm hand '1-'I'C A<~-'ii
Farm hands are needed at harvest time.
'1-'I'C t..:-1"(- ooo'Jic 1.11. Yiloi..A;JII--
farming (n.)
I. l\Clf. There is not much farming in this
region. 011.11 .,.01\. 1111- l\Clf fl\9"
2. f"'11C<; F <1-. Do you find much pleasure
in farming? 0"111C<; I".:. 1111- .<'.11:1"
;1"1'SO:f"illl 1
3. "111C<;. He earns his livelihood by farming.
f"''..,.J!.<'.C:tJJo 0"111C<; ~,.
farming (adj.) fl\Clf
A model farm was set up to spread new
441 farthest
farming methods. h-'1.!1 fl\Clf Hl.9':f't
11"7{1<1-Q;I.'I- 9"111\. f"''.ll''t h't.(- l\C
If .,.!t,.....
farmyard f10.:. h'l'C "10.
The farmyard was full of chickens. l\10.:.,.
h'l'C "10. tJJo!l'l' P..1':9'l- 'I"A.,.'I'A
far-off~:,.
He likes to visit far-off places. f~'l- Mt'::f
't o OD1-11'f'l- f.WJ!IA
far-reaching 0"19" (14.. l (14. PI\
The invention of radio has had far-reaching
effects. f<l--'1.1'" OD.I../A(I'i' 0"19" (14.. .,.R"~'l'
hlltJJo
The students' manifesto demanded far-reaching
reforms. f.,."7t.9':f OD"II\"'i (14. PI\ oo
lflflA l\'t'I..<'.C:"I mf.,.
far-sighted t.c-1' t.ii.,.1'Y. fll'~
Far-sighted observers foresaw those difficulties.
t.C-1' t.II.,.'I'Y. fll''i- (19':f l-"l~'t .,..._
9" 111\tJJo .,.1't110tJJo;f"/A
*My sister wears glasses since she iS far-
sighted. l\'"11: h~'l- l\'tl[ h'I-C11 "7f'l-
!111"7'1-:fA DP~R"C :f".<'.C;JI\:f
fart 4..11
Don't far! in public! O(lm- ' oo'f{A h'l-'1'11
farther (adj.) ftJ!.Y>;'
The farther side of the mountain is roeky.
f.,.<l-<1-tJJo ftJ!.Y>;'tJJo h'i'IA .(-'t;JY"7 ~,.
farther (adv.) <1-'1- 1111-
You will have to walk a little farther. '1'-1:'1-
<1-'1- ' 111\11 ' OD't.(- ' t\1\1111
farther than h - - - fOltm C.f
I cao swim farther than you can. h't.,. h9"'1-
'l"ftJJo fOAm c-1: ""'l''f'l- l\:fJ\1\11-
be farther than h - - - &-.+
Three miles is farther than two. hll-11'1- "71-
IA 1"11'1- "71-IA Y.C?IA
on the farther bank h - - "71'-
They saw an antelope on the farther bank of
the river. ht'tll- "71'- ti;JH't hi!-
farthest
I. hll-11-- f.:..,.. Our house is the farthest
down the road. 0.;1-:f't 011.11 oo'J1.(-
IIY. ltll--'1- o.-r-:f rrll-- f<l-.,. ~,.
2. hll-11-- Y.OIA'I' C-1'. Who cao run farthest?
hll-11-- Y.OA'I' C4' OOI':'l' f"''.l-IA "''~tJJo 1
fascinate 442 fasten

be farthest &-+ fast (n.) '/1.'1"

Which is farthest from Addis Ababa, Harar or The fast of Lent lasts fifty.five days in Ethiopia.
Gondar? hh.ll.il t.nq f"''.C4'aJo f.'f-'i' f!J-'1.1'.. '/1.?" nt....'f-i'"kJ' ..,.il.,. ")'J"il
aJo )aJo i du~C tf.il ' ,_'tf.C l h?"il.'f- 4''l':Y. f.oi'J'A
the farthest hC-1' keep the fast ,_oo
They wanted to see who could throw the Are you keeping the fast on Wednesday?
farthest. hC-1' f"''.<~aJo~aJo "7't "h'tf.IT ~(J-I)'J ' .'f-'/1."71\tJ l
) ' 11"7f.'f- ' .1.11"1-
fast (adj.)
fascinate I. I.."J't. The fast runner got the first prize.
I. "7~h. The actress' beauty fascinated every- .1."1). ' ;J:'i/" ' J''tf.'O').'f-'t ' 1ill<"7.'f- ' h~,.
one. fof-'l''i"f..,. aJoO.'f- rJ-11-'t?" "7~h He drives a fast car. ol."''t ooh_'i" f.)'IA
2. hoi.IIH. Snakes are said to fascinate small 2. fAofl. They have been fast friends for years.
birds. 7.q(l:f .'f-'i"'t11 m,;::f't J'ol.ql\o f. hofltl- ' ~-,...,. ' "f..?"!': ' fll\ofl ' 'lf.'O''I":Y. ' ..
q'IA
be fascinated +oofttn 3."'"
"'colors.
f"7f.ll:,.. Good cloth is dyed with fast
The entire audience was fascinated by his story. T<- Aoflll f"7f.ll:,. 4'11'1" f.)h&-A
h-'1"7 ... 0'1"'1 0;1'611- of-oollm 4. (~ adv.) O'I'Y:oi.J'. They ate a fast lunch.
'l"il'faJo't 0'1'Y:oi.J' Oil-
fascinating hllf.'i"of: fast (adv.)
This is a fascinating book. f.tJ hM'i"of: oo I. ofll- ofll-. Don't talk so fast! "h't.ll.U of
ll".h'i! ' )ID" II- ofll- h.'f-'i"~C
fashion (v.) u>&- 2. O'i!'l').'f-. The train is going fast. qn-<- O'i!
He fashioned a chair of bamboo. hlf?"Ool' 'l').'f- ' f.'}qA
moe "'&- 3. O'l'ofl:,.. The car stuck fast in the mud.
ouh.'i"m- ,.,...~ID" m-n...- , ....,. , o.,.-o.:,.
fashion (n.) of-J'H
I. 'I"Y:. Is that the latest fashion? h.ll.ll- 'I"Y: be fast 4'f.oo
f.tJ ' )ID" l My watch is ten minutes fast. it'l-l: OP'C
2. ODA.h. Submitting reports in this fashion f.of::J' ' 4'Y:"711:Y.
is not recommended. OH.tl ooA.h t.;rc
go fast 4.m)
.,:,.~-o ' f"7f.f.~'i! ' )ID"
The train is going fast. qn-<- f.oi.T'i"A
after a fashion 1\"t~M,.. oflh-
hard and fast f"7f.lfC f"7f.lltD'I'
He can speak and write Amharic after a
fashion. h"7C'i''t "h'tf.?"'t?" oflll- ll.'i"~C In this case, you can't make hard and fast
rules. "h'tf.II.U 'Ill )~C f"7f.lfC f"7f.
'i" ' ll.ll"'i! ' f.:f'IA
so (be) out of fashion <~.,.
hllo!.(O.'f-)
11<'1' .h"' ll\;1-t"' h.'f-"'fA?"
make fast
Green clothes have gone out of fashion.
h~'t'l.l'. Aoflil <~_,. hAG:O;J-11\ I. h'l'ofl-1' hll~. He made the boat fast to the
dock. "f..Aq,.-, h<f.ll- ;JC h'l'oflol' h
fashionable ~~~ ....
I. n.m. The fashionable woman attracted 2. hm04'. Make that rope fast before you
CVCtyODC'S attCDtiOD .f"',tn~(l)o I ll\-l-f" I ftJo~ leave the boat! "f..Aq,.-, .'f-of-U hoo~Y:
't ' ~~-'t ' "7~h:Y. u n.c..'f- ~-...., t..,.-o.,...,.
2. of-ID-'1~. Long dresses are fashionable this stand fast
year. Oll.tJ ~-:,. ~~?" 4'"'1.11 of-<'1~ *He stood fast in the face of enemy attack.
IT.).A llm'l.'f- ,.,_y t.An~c hll
[See also 'asleep, rate, thick']
fast (v.) ~"""
The Ethiopians fast several times a year. fasten
t....'f-l'"kJ'"'"J"t n~oo:,. ,.11.,.
-on- ,_ I. hill. To what can I fasten the string?
II.' f.'/1."711- fl.q~,.'t 'l"'t ' 'If. ' AII~ID" ?
faster 443 father

2. 1\J'J'H, He fastened the sheets of paper
together with a clip. m~+-Hh 01\"1.1-'i'
1\J'J'q'f..,.
3. Thil. The dog fastened his eyes on the
stranger . ..,.'If..,.
l\"t"l-'1..,. ~f. 'lf.)."t .,.
hi\
faster ol.m"t 1111- I +A-
Can't you walk faster? ol.m"t 111\U 1>..-,...1-
oo~ 1\.-,..l-1>.9" l
You get older faster if you work too hard.
I" .I- 0"19" IJOqu +A- :J-~)1'1\U
fOD"-..,.. OD"t+'l'+'l' 1-e'i' 1\"tOnJ'i' ' /1.
11-l- ' oP:f>oP'I'+l- ' 11161: ' "" ' ~~{1-IJ..,..
2. .,..-,.., Doctors are trying to reduce the fatal-
ity of diseases. dth.'l"l- 01i:J-l"l- f"'l.J'~e
(1-.-,.."t .,...,.. i\OD+)II f.'l'.!-k
3. 1\.hf.m.-,.. 1\~1'1).-,.., The fatality of cancer
has been reduced. fiJ"tlle 1\.hf.m.-,.. 1\~
1'1)..,.. ' #"tjl.l>.
4. b~l>.. We struggle against fatality in vain.
hb~l>. :>e Oh"t-1: ll"t:J-1~1\"t
*The last earthquakes caused many fatalities.
f{td,.ID" I foPt.T- I oP1'+'1'cpT 1 -flft' I tlt1f-fl I

(be) fastidious ""ell.l>.

He is fastidious about his food. 09""111- fatally
~1~ ' l\{1-"t ' "711~(1..,.. ' 0"19" ' J'il'l'"l.!-1>. He was fatally injured in the accident.
~~~ .... ' 9"tl"t J'..,.. ' .,..,.
fat (n.) '1".1-
The cook cut the fat off the meat. m'f' O.:t fate
'I" .1-fDo"t hi"_,..,. ~f. 'IL~ml- I. fli"IH.e 'i'C)i'. Fate decreed that they should
fat (adj.) all die. rJok9" ll"t"l.'l"-1: fli"IH.C 'i'e
I. fD'i'.!-9". A fat person cannot walk fast. )I' ' If)
fD'i'.!-9" ' ....... ' O'i''J't..,.. ' fi...!-OD~ ' 1\f.l-1>.9" 2. bnJ. It was my fate to be sent to the country
for the winter. Ohl.9"'-l- I tDF., r Ql\1C I ODI\tl I
2. ~1>.11! ~"t'l'i'. The ox is fat. """"'" ~1>.11
(~"t'l'i') ' tfDo bnJ\Io ' If)
3. ,;a,.,. Fat meat is served at banquets. 3. fmU.-,.. b~l>.. A judicial decision will
(;&0"'1 I":> 0"111e 1..11. f.+efll>. decide his fate. 'i'e-'1- fm~.t..-,.. b~k"t f.m
11<;1>.
get fat
*What was the fate of the ship in the storm?
1. tnl.l.. He has gotten fat and cannot run.
0"7b0k 1..11. ooebli' ll"tY..-,.. .r'f f.
fD'i'Z:I>.'i' ' fi..C''I' ' 1\f.l-1>.9"
lf"t l
2. ~110. The ox has gotten fat. """"'" ~1>.!,1.1>. [See also 'irony']
[See also 'roll']
fateful
fatal I. "'~"-.-,.. b~k"t f"''.mll"t. Mussolini's
I. 1\~1'1. That was a fatal mistake. J' I\M'1 decision to ally himself with Germany was a
ll.h.,_.-,.. )Oe fateful decision. f-j\(1.~ ' .1-(1-"t ' b)!:eoo"t '
2. em'1. At last the fatal day for the contest :>e "71-'l'f.-,.. mU.-,.. b~k"t f"''.fDII"t
arrived. ooo..,~lf em'1..,. M'I'"''.J' +
"'""~ toe
"t '~~~~ 2. .hf.fD.-,.. f"'l.J'mof.. The fateful explosion
3. .,..-,.. J'llhTil. The fatal accident was due killed the inventor. .hf.m.-,.. f"'l.J'mof...,.
to the driver's carelessness. ,-:,. fllb+AaJo ol."t:( ' ol.l>.ltol.fDo"t ' 1~lt.
"1'1".-,.. ~ell fi/'iltJJo Ot:(..,. 'I'I>.T'h His fateful prophecy marked the end of
..,.. ' tfDo peaceful times. h4- +"t f.ODnJI>. 1111-
be fatal ll"t~ T)OffDo fM9" '1'11"'1. If)
I. N"t 1\llhTil. The blow was fatal. 9"
father (n.)
-1: '1".-,.."t 1\llhTi\
I. 1\IJ.-,.., My father left for Harar . .t.IJi: m
2. +"".
The loss of our money was fatal to
~dt~e~~
our plans. f1"tHIJl-"t oo.,.of..-,.. ll:f>'ll-"t"t
.,......... God is called Our Father. li"IH.I\11dt.e 1\IJ
:J-l-"t llfTIJi\ f.m.!-1>.
fatality (fatalities) 2. 1\IJ. I talked with Father Giyorgis about
I. "":f-"''1'.-,.., Earthquakes, floods, locust inva- the church. Ill\ II.T llelltJ'). h.t.IJ 'l..l"e
sions, and other fatalities befell the country. 1..11 :>e .,.)_neb-
 father
father (v.)
I. m/IF.. He fathered three sons. 1"11-l- A]t.
":(- ' ID/IF.
2 .t.q-r HI<:. Edison fathered many inven-
tions. .t...ll.ii'J f11rt- 'i'Ailof.9'l- .t.q-l- toe
father-in-law l\"7-l- l h"7":f-
uHe is my father-in-law," said the woman.
l\"71; <;:ftD- hill- <l.-l-1'"'1'
"He is my father-in-law," said the man.
h"7'E <;:ftD- hil .....,.,...,.
fatherland .t.1e
The fatherland requires each man to sacrifice
himself if need he. l\ild.'\1.. 11'<:' i1_1'f
l\1e l\.1''},11'}'1. {ltD- t-(1.'} OOJ"'I'IJT
l\'}JI..I'~C"' -l-mY.:I'il":f-
fatherly M;l-'1!
He gave the young man fatherly advice.
iltD"l1> {ltD-tL .t.q;l-'1! 9"he ilm
fathom (v.) -i"<:.tl
I cannot fathom the mystery. 9"1lm.-1-'J A<:
"'tD- hA!I'Ah-9"
fathom (n.) [il.!!'il-l- ""'1"7 .l'iltD- fq.t.e
'I'A4'-l- OOil 11..1']
fatigue (vt.) l\~hoo
This work fatigues me. Y.tJ l"t- J'~h
'1A
fatigue (vi.) ~hOD
He fatigues easily. 01'-11- Y.~h"7A
fatigue (n.) .I!'IJ9"
He suffers from fatigue even after a short walk.
'1'4:-l- l\'}1>, Ol\"K- ii_V..i!' .i!'IJ9" f.ii"7'1'A
drop from fatigue l.h'l" IDS'..+
During the long march, seven men dropped
from fatigue. O<:)!.'DD- 1-11 1..11. {lq-l- ill"
":f- ~houtD- m~4r
fatness tD-of.t.
His fatness prevented him from running fast.
tD-of.t.tD- O'i''l't-l- l\'}.tlf.l!''l' M<:1tD-
fatten
l. t.mtl-<:. Eating all that candy will fatten you.
J"}'} 1Hr h<:"'L'I ""11'1-l- .l'm'i'eVA
2. h~iiO. The farmer fattens the oxen by
feeding them properly. 10t.tD- {l'};>l"'ll'J
0~'}11 4'Afl .I'~AqA
fatuous f)!.'A
His falnous remarks embarrassed me. f)!.'A
hil-i"""" h ... tl-<:'f
444 favor
faucet !1.9"!1. m>htl-!1'
The faucet controls the flow of water. !1.9"!1.
oohLil'tD- ftD-;)ID-'} OOtD-<:.1!' Y.41"1m
cl-A
fault
I. ilih-1"-l-. There are many spelling faults in
his essay. 0.1!-eil., tD-11'1' 1111" f.u'.A
il.l.-1"-l- hil
2. 'l"f.-l-. It is not his fault. f(l. 'l'of.-l- hf.
~i19"
3. tiD-C. Inhospitality is considered a fault by
Ethiopians. l\'}""1,11'} .t.iloo4'0A O.h_-l-1'"*'.1'
tD-J"} H'J.I!' l\'}~ ttD-C Y.41mt-A
4. 1-..!!'il-l-. Forgetfulness is oneofhisfaults. h"l-
.1!-il., .t.'J'I- -e.-.-r t..,.
His wife fiods fault with everything he does.
"7_111> O"tOPcl-tD- ' U.ir 1-J:'il-l- l\;1-
"10-l-9"
be at fault
I. -1"?mil. My memory was at. fault. f"7il;l-m
11 ":f-11-;1-tL -i":l'tD-(1 toe
2. fe(l. 'l'of.-l- ttD-. As far as I am con-
cerned, he is at fault. l\'}~~ hll't fe(l.
'1'4--l- tiD-
find fault with 'l'of.-l- tl-1110-l- i 1-.l!'il-l-
l\.1'"10-l-9"
He is always fioding fault with me. l\e(l. "'"'
1..11. 'l'of.T f.LA"111'1A
have faults +4ft..,.
We all have our faults. IJ.'I":f-'}9" l\'}..,..,;1-il'}
faulty
I. f-i"O'Iif i '""""-~" His faulty education
extenuates his faulty pronunciation. r+nl\if
tD- -l-9"tJe_, il-1" ...... -1" M;>1-l- Oh.l.
"' 9"h'}J'-l- II';I.A II
2. ilih-f"-1"'1. His logic is faulty. l\11-i"MII-
il.l.-1"+'1 tm-
3. ( = noun) 11A'ii-l-. The car crashed because
of a faulty steering wheel. hoo&tD- 11A11-l-
f+t"f ooh.<;tD- + ;>Alo
be faultv 11A11-l- hiiO-l-
The light is faulty and will not always turn on.
0011cl-1> 111\11-l- MilOT l1-A1..11. hf.
Ocl-9"
fauna l\'}11..,-l-
The fauna of Ethiopia is not well known.
fh_-l-f-k.l' l\'}M-l- 0~9"11 hf.;I'ID4r9"
favor (v.)
I. Jr..,g,l\. When it comes to giving promotions,
favor
he favors his relatives. f.O.al" ~.1:-1-l- 11"'1..
h'I'R-l- 1.11. llnouP..'Ii Y.O.ill!l
2. hu-11- MJI/ljll m.......He favors the
youngest child. '""""t:lf A~"t ' hil-A- h
111/ljll . J!.IDIII!l
3.. hfiilllm. A father should not favor one child
above the other. hil-l- 1\1/1."t A~ IJ"t/1.
.,01111'1' fllfi-l-1"'
4. t.oo'f. The weather favored our trip.
Yf'r 11-l!.:t" ll'lie1i<lo:f1 t.oo'f
5. .0.1.1.. We favor his plan for lower taxes.
"HHe ~111.-tHl 1-tt:n..,.., "'"-a
~-.
.0."1-f.ll"t
6. ""i:m. The Russians favored the use of
heavy artillery. ""llltqm-n ohq..:- ,....,
/.Y I oum+r-J I ODt:al.
*Favor us. with a. song! ~qhu 11.1."tl!l"t
favor (n.)
I. m-11;1". I could not deny him such/small
favor. f."'fl"' ID-11;1" 11''0 A~.;;.-~ h
ALA"II"'
2. h.I:"AI1'. He obtained his position by favor
and not by merit. ll:f"IJii"t f1"'i..,. Oh.lt'A
,. h"tl( ODDAIJI"' P'<l-ID- hUIII"'
3. 'I':J-9". He feigned friendship to obtain
favors. II'I':J-9" II.A 11111~ oo(tll
4. oom-.o...:-. He insinuated himself into the
minister.'s favor. +ll.,l"'jll f"'UII-l-'r"t oo
w-.o...:- 'M"'i
5. llfl':f". Everyone at the partY reoeiyed a pen
as a favor. o:rctm- ID-11'1' not:m- (I
..,. 11-11- h"t111.1:" fili>C lljll:f" t.1"'i
be In-- favor +mU
A fashion in favor this year may be out of favor
next year. flH.U 'tOD-l- ,.,...,....._..,. , 'r".(' ,
O"'i.oP"'ID- . 'tDD-l- ,.,,...,."..~:" f.II''OI!l
be In f-.vor of F..~L
I am in favor of immediate action. h.u-'1-'t-
'-CI"'li" (lm{t.l:" h."..,of./1.,.
be In one's favor m+OD I F.."IL
The rate of exchatlge is now in 'our .favor.
fl"'"tq6m- "'-"'" t.u-1 '-o:'"t ,l'.m=t""'i"lil
Several potent arguments were in his favor.
f"'L$11_,..,,...,. ill!- .,llaf11'"'f .....,.~.....;t-Ill
be in someone' favor +mJ;~ ~,.,.
He is high in the Emperor's favor. 01.,.,. )1
,.,., H"t.l:" ~~ +mil~ )m-
be odt of favor +4'ffO"
He is out of favor with his employer. I)IV61D-
.:>C #ff..,l!l
445 favored
do a favor A~ 1'l\
He has done me many favors. 11ft' A:J-
m-tt-l!l>:'l!l
look with favor on .e.n 1lfloT i ..,.+OAm-
The bank looked on my plan with favor.
q1lJ- Till!."t .0.11 itfto-l- #OIIID-
show favor A.e.4\
He shows favor to members. of his own family.
110.+(111- f.O.ill!l
speak in one's favor
I. .0.1.1.. That speaks in his favor. f.U ~(1-1
f-.0.1-f.lil ~-------
2. 1-il1f'OID-"t ""11~(11-l-). The fact that he
tries hard to do the work speaks in his
faVOf. JP&-tiJ-"J I (lot_"JQ I flODJP/ro+ I ODtl)
'r ' 1-il1f'OID-"t ' f.OD{IhCII;t-l!l
view with favor fl"'-"'1 1 +oatth+
The teachers did not view with favor the plan
for changing the teaching hours. f.,ll.,..,6f
1.H.I1':f1 /IOD/IID'I' f;t-4'.0.1J1i"t <hl\il h
11+.,611''6 0.0.., hlil+""llh.,,.
win one's favor ODAltr 1\ll+~f+ 1 hll"JY
An able speech won the king's favor. f+.O.t:1
tiJ- I 1)4f I "J""J""JC I n~NJ...,") I oPAit,.. I 1\il
+ff-l- hll1"'i
[See also 'court, decide, prejudice, weigh')
favorable
I. f"'i.ll.,.,. He bought the house on very
favorable terms. O..,"t 0"'1.11.,.,..,.. m-Ill
1qiD-
2. f"'l.Yoo"'f. I am ouly waiting for a favorable
opportunity. f"'i.f""~"t i>.I:"A )ID" f
l"'mil-tm-
3. f"'l..".1'i'. He sent a favorable report of my
work to the director. P'<l-'-1 . f"V'..,'i' 6
?"'Col- llll.&.h# ilh
4. 'l''r. A favorable wind soon brought us
to the port. 'l"r t4-ll IDII.fiD-'1- m.o.o- ,
~"t.l:-1.".1:11 h.".t:1"t
make a favorable- Impression 1..'1~ oo(ltt
The new secretary makes a favorable im-
pression. hll.!l lldt.l. .O."J<; '1-D"MII"'f
favorably, be - received
I. +-tqf.)M h1"'i. The plan was favorably
received. '-+JI. #qf.)-l-1 t.1"'i
2. 1\.I:-'O.f-l-"t M"'i. The play was favorably
.received. -1:1-l-'r h.I:"'O.f-l-"t M"'i
favored (adj.) hu-11- fOAm f"''..ID."...:"
Her beauty made her the favored child.
 favorite
41'}~'i''P hu-11- fllllm f'I"TWF.S': A~
1\U.:>'t-
favorite (n.) QII".7.A
He is a favorite of the Emperor. n-..U'
P'i> ' QII".7.A ' )tJJo
favorite (adj.) f"''.WF.tJJo
This is my favorite pastime. .e.u ff"'mR.w-
f"LI1 "1/J.I\4-Y )tJJo
*Dessert is my favorite part of a meal. lfl/tiJIIJ
"'LY ' h'l""'ofl 11-11- 1\of!A_. l\W-'11\11-
be a favorite (with)
1. 1-tD-'l~ ' ~m-. He is a favorite with every-
body. 1111-11-'1" H'}S': .,.W-'1~ o )tJJo
2 . .,.mJI~)T 1\1\tJJo. This book is a great
favorite with children. J'.ll ODJrdo'i' IIA.'
"{- H'JS': 11"1'1" _,.WJI~)T l\1\tJJo
favoritism l\S':AfP
Favoritism will harm the administration of an
office. l\S':A.I" fODP'6Y tl.'t-'} l\11.,.-'IF.
c ' J'.'I-'IA
fawn [fl\:>H'J "IA1A]
fear (v.)
1. 4..6-. You have nothing to fear. M'l" ou
'i'&-'t- fll-flll'l"
2. ll:>. We feared for the baby's life. /lilt!).
ihJ'.WT ll:>'J
3 . .,.m&-m~. I fear he has failed. m:11A of!
tL llm&-m&-1111-
fear (n.)
I. 'i'CV't-. He does not know the meaning of
fear. 'i'CV't- M li'JF.II") 1\YtJJo't'l"
2. OD'i'6-'t-. Did you notice the fear in her
voice? ou<;:&-:J:'} hS':'I"!I. Aofl l\F-~"1111
for fear of LC-f
He took the taxi for fear of missing the train.
QfK. l\'}.IIYODAmtJJo LC.f 11;1-hll. F.
in fear of
The thief passed the day in fear of discovery.
1\.QtJJo ' +).'} -~~- ' l\!1-'} ' Ito-'} .,.,1'1111-
l\YII ll.ll~"l"l 'I'll
fearful
I. 4..6. He is a very fearful person; he is always
worrying about something. l\1\- 11"1'1" L
6 (ltJJo 111111") 11-A"I.Ii J'.""):i'A
2. l\llL6, The fearful storm panicked the
children. l\llL6tJJo 11'i'ofl A~ l\lfll
6-'fm-
446 feat
be fearful
1. 4..6-. The believer is fearful of the Lord.
'l"l\OD'} 4.."16'} J'.L&-A
2 . .,.lfll~. He is fearful of all sorts of minor
I ~1
dangers. II+~A l\F.:J 11-11- J'.lfii&-A
3. 11"1'1" ll:>. My mother is fearful about my
health. l\'i'-1: ill\. m.'})-1:. 11"1'1" ' 't-ll:>lll-
fearless F.o(.C
The fearless traveler crossed the desert.
F.o(.-1- OD'J1F.'i' II~VtJJo'J l\l!'~m
fearsome l\ll:l'<l:
A fearsome sight met the policemen's eyes.
?"ll.li'll1 l\ll:1'4: 't-CliJ'.'t- l\:>m"1'1'tJJo
feasible 11./J.It f"''.l-A
The committee selected the plan that seemed
most feasible. F.C1- 11./J.It M:fA ODilll-
f;l-fa>-1 l\'1-S': ou~m
Is it feasible that John is wrong? .'1 ODIJ.IJ.
i> l\tJJo)'t- )"'" 1
feast (vt.) "1-fiC l\11~
The king feasted his favorites. 1'1-,... Ql\".7.
l\-'ll1 "lof!C l\11~
we feasted our eyes on the sunset. 8doJ'.
ll't-mA't l\Yf1 11"1'1" .,.F.ll't-1
feast (vi.) II~
We feasted well at the Emperor's banquet.
1'1-w )1P'i> QF-~'1-T "lof!C ~J'. F.'l'i'
l\S':C11 11~1
feast (n.)
1. S':"lll. The wedding feast was splendid.
fllc-1- S':"lll "1'1-'1" )IIC
2. "1-fl""lf" I "1-fiC. They prepared a feast to
honor the Emperor. 111'1-"' )1P'i> hoflc
"1-fl""lf" hn:>X
The king bade the nobles to a feast. 1'1-,...
OD\\11i>1 ' "1-fiC ' m-1-'P'ftJJo
Jive a feut S':"lll l\11~
He gave a feast to celebrate the wedding.
1\llc-1- ~ll l\11~
[See also 'nuptial, wedding']
feat
1, ~-fl-'1-. To cross the desert by car was quite
a feat. ll~ftJJo'} I IIODIJ.'i' I "1!!'~'1' I :J~'t I
~-fiJI.' )IIC
2. h'i'.,.'i' -Y. Arranging the treaty was a
diplomatiC feat. il'/"'/")i>1 I "1H;J~i> I h'i'.,.
';' I f.II..TII-"1(1, I -Y I )IIC
 447
feather
feather 11q
The crow has black feathers. 4t&. '1'4tC 'I
q ' 1\/IQ)o
*Birds of a feather llock together. uou.J:- hH
1\l)f ' ..ODJI.
ODJI. I
a feather In his cap fOOU'lt~ )o1C
Getting a scholarship is a feather in his cap.
na '1-,..uc'l-
[See also 'tuft']
.,.,'f
1> f"t..'lt&. )~C ).,..
feathery 'lq f"'/.OUilA
The feathery leaves of this tree give it a strange
look. 'lq f"''.ouillltJJo fiLIJ ~<;: :Jom
A ' M4- ' A" ' ODAh ' l'l'l'+:t-A
feature (v.) R..,.llf. ~Ill\
This book features a description of the schools.
Y.u oux-m'i' n..,.11,_ '1-,..uc'l- IL+:f"t f.
~AliA
*This film features a new French actress.
liiLIJ I-A,. Q)oil'l' 1\1-'1.'1- 1\-'l.il Lt:1
il''1- ..,.'l''i'f-'1- 'I'<; IJ''i' '1-:J-.I'IIl-
feature (n.)
1. ouAh. Her features are feminine. fl\'1-)'f-
ODII\h ' 1\'\'f-
2. fl-'1- :JoCK". Her features are regular. fl.
:t :JoCK" f..,.il..,. ..h/1 )Q)o
3. 1-A+ f"''.;t-Y. h'i'A. The Mercato is the
dominant feature of Addis Ababa. 1\-'l.il h..,.
., hi\JI.il 1\Rq 1-A+ f"'/.;1-ftJJo h
'i'A' )Q)o
4. )~C. Your plan for the picnic has many
good features and some bad ones. f11C11'1-
l\:J-.(-1) 0 .filf< 0 'l''l- 0 )~C':f<;" 0 1\1111.(- I 00')'
1:. ' )~C'l- ' 1\11-R'I-
The latest cars embody many new features.
n:Jocn- fmm- ""'h.'i'l"l- 1111- 1\11-'l.il
)~C'l- ' 1\'\:ftJJo
5. 1H:t-. Nationalism is one of the charac-
teristic features of our age. 11do.&.'! il"''.'l-
"l.H..I':f"t ' h"''.llf.q'f.,. . ' ....~:t-l"l- ' 1\1-'1- '
)Q)o
6. 'P'i aoltY. Veneration of saints is a feature
of some religions. 1\1111.1:- 'lf."1<r+l- :J--'1-
'111 .,hRC 'l''i' 00/lf:ftJJo )tJJo
7. ~K". The terrestrial features were obscured
by clouds. f""'4.-i> AI' AI' ~ll:f R.I'.OD
<; ..,.if<;:)Q)o )RC
8. I-A,.. They are showing a good feature this
week. RILIJ iiM'I- '1"1- I-A,. filfii-
[See also 'prominent']
feed
February f"-1:'~
fecund
I. lll'l.l:'. Rabbits are fecund; they can have
several litters a year. '1'1'1'11-l- lll'IP.l- 1'1.
11'). R'tou'l- tJJoil'l' 1111- "'A~II-l- Y.m
Allll-
2. -o..;..u. This scientist has a fecund mind.
f.IJ ' ilf-1-l:il'l- ' 11'1-IJ ' 1\li,.C' ' 1\lltJJo
fed, see feed
federal f"111t:'l- ""1"11"'1-
In America, coining money is a federal power.
Rl\"'1.6..1 MC ~1H11 .,..,.,.. f"'11t:of>
""1"11"'1- FA"'1 )tJJo
federation
I. .u"-&.1'1.1'"1. The Federation of Ethiopia and
Eritrea ended in 1962. fh.C'I-&.<; fi\.'1-I'"A-
.1' I..S'.&-1'1.1'"1 R!lif~ 't. '" .,..:
2. IJ."-111. The Ethiopian Sport Federation
was founded many years ago. fi\..'1-I'"A-.1' fil
?"C'f- ' IJ,4.111 ' h..,.ODoPt!..,. 1111- 'tODof>
)tJJo
fee
I. 'I';>. That's a reasonable fee. oum)'i' 'I'
,;J I ~d)-
2. ~1H11. Did you pay the fees? ~1Hil-1 h
LAh!
3. f"''.hLA 'I':>. A lawyer's fee is quite
high. mR-"' IIOD"'~'I- f"''.hL/IQ)o 'I':> h
<;: ' .I'll ' )tJJo
feeble
I. ff.hoP. A feeble old man came to see me.
1\1.(- 0 ff.hOD ' 11.,"1/1. ' 1\.mf..,.'S ' OD"J
The old man spoke with a feeble voice.
11.,"1/I.Q)o l'ltJJo\L R.l'.h"" I\1.1'.R'I- ..,.~.:
2. ( ~ adv.) f"'.J:-. The sick man made a
feeble attempt to smile. R1l..,.'i'.,.. f"'.J:- L ~
., ' 11.,11'1- ' 'l"ht:
feeble-min ded 1\li,.C' ......,
Feeble-minded children are care4 for in a
special home. 1\l\,.C' ......, 1/l-,::l- RA
f. .,ll,l'.."l.f IL'I- '1'1-"'<1< 1-.l'.t:'l'l'f'I'A
feed (fed), vt.
I. ;>RH. She fed her guests the best food.
l\1"11'-!f!'t ,.C'l' ,."111 ;>RHlo
2. 1\R'I. The farmer feeds grass to his cattle.
~R4..,.. h11-Mi1 "'C .I'R'IA
3. -I'IIR. The farmer fattens the oxen by
feed
feeding them properly. ~0"-tJJo II"J:>l"'ll"J
O~"Jil +All .I'~AqA
4. oo~o. She is feeding the chickens. P.C''Il"t
't-OD"Jqll':f.
The mother feeds her child five times daily.
l.'i''t-1'1' A-g,_"J O+"J l\P"II't- '1.11. 't-oo
"10'1'1\:f
5. ..,oo~. We fed the stove with wood. P"Y:)f
I& I dJo/lT I ..,..~ I Q;I.ODC'}
6. l\4>011. This machine feeds paper iJ;lto the
printing press. ~IJ OOUf6Y llawt.,.OJ..ftD-
DD"'&.I' m~++ .r+-n~A
*Pritise fed his vanity. O"'il11'i'tJJo .....,1\
J\ll}tJJo
feed (vi.) ;Jm
We put cows to feed i1:l the pasture. OooiiiJ.
. ~.r. 1\"t'l"'m- ~'l":f"t II+M
feed on 0~
Cattle feed only on grass. f+"J Y: hil-l':f
"'C ofl!l'. .r.o~ll-
.,. fed up l$'1" {11\'f(,.)
+I am fed up with this whole busiJ:less. J'.IJ
~~C 1$'1" IIA:f-1'"/A
feed (n.) P""lil
We can't get enough feed for our livestock.
llh-ti-I';J':f"J Rot P""'il l\'i'~'tP"
feel (vt.)
1. Tll"7(tJJo). +He felt the cool breeze. +11+11
.1'1\tJJo f~of.ll 1itJJo;f- Tll"7tJJo
2. 1\1}, The doctor felt my pulse. .hh.- 't-
C:f"llo"J 1\1}
3. '1011. The mother felt the child's forehead
to see if it had a fever. 't-11-1\'t- 1\"J'IIIO't-
l\"7m~ l\'i'-1:-1> fA)I:"J "'"Jqc 'IRII:f
4. 'IIIII. Feel this cloth! J'.IJ"J 1 ~~ 1 'IMtJJo
feel (vi.)
I. hilT.rr+ l\1\tJJo. How do you feel about
the war? Ill\ tRC~-1> P""J l\IIT.I'f't- l\1\IJ l
2. l\f, Feel bow cold my bands are! 1.)('11 1.
"JF..-1- l."t.r."''.+ll~,. 1..t.
3. oolll\(tJJo). I feel that we shall wiJ:l. fP"'i'if"J
'i' J'.ODIII\'1'/A
4. ~oo.,., John felt that two years' seniority gave
him the right to advise his brother. 10 h
m"t~ Ru-1\'t- 1oo't- .-ol\m- m"t~
"J 1\0DP"bC f"'L..'II:fl\tJJo ODIJ')o."J ~-.,.
feel for
1. l\11~(1\'t-). I really feel for you. hAil l\11
.."'A.YI\u-
448 feign
2. &-1:-. She feels for all who suffer. IIT'f-1~
u-1\- 't-t:-t:-1\:f
feel like l\ll'f(tJJo)
+I don't feel like dancing. oo.r.~ll l\~ll'f'tP"
*I feel like working this morning. q"- qt.
't- P'l:- iiii-'1'/A
*I felt like laughing. "'~ "'~ l\11'1
*I felt like running. <!-'1' '1-'1' l\11'1
feel up to l\ll'f(tJJo)
He didn't feel up to going to the theater so
soon after his recent illness. o~co- ;f-'1"
OD'I)o. 111111'~ m~ -I:J''t-C IL't- ooY,Y:
Mll'ftJJoP"
feel (one's) way 0'101\ Y..r.
He felt his way to the bed when the lights went
out. ooiJ&-., {l.mof. m~ l\A;JtJJo 0'101\
y,,r.
not feel well
He doesn't feel well. ~1"t~'t- l\J'.II"7tJJoP"
[See also various adjectives and nouns, such as
'angry, cold, pain']
feeling
1. ll"''.'t-. He bas DO feeling for music. r-11..
:1' ll"''.'t- fl\tJJoP"
2. fll"''.'t- 1J'.~'t-. Joy, sorrow, and fear are
feelings. ~ll;f- I .hll"t'i' 'i'CY't- fll"''.'t- 1J'.
~,. 'i''ftJJo
3. oo"J.f.ll. There was a brotherly feeling
among the boys in the class. Rh'i'A tJJoll'l'
q11-'t- A]!Zf ooYbA rm"JY:"7"7:f~'t- oo
"td.ll ~R~
4. l\11.,..rr+. What is your feeling about this
idea? 111\lf..IJ .hl\il P""J l\IIT.I'f't- l\1\IJ l
5. "71\ll"t. He spoke with feeling about their
suffering. Ill\ :f"'t:-'ftJJo 0"71\li"J ~~
6. oo-'!1111. By feeling, we tell what is bard
from what is soft. Roo'lllll m"ti}&-"J ~~C
hll11'14tJJo 1\"ti\J'I\"t
have a feellns.oulll\(tJJo)
I have a feeling (that) be won't come. f"'L""
"' l\J'.ODIII\'fP"
(not) have feelins In .r.~llll
+He bas no feeling in his fingers as a result
of the accident. l},r.;JtJJo fT~"' "1-l"'l 1 ~
"t11li'I'A
(See also 'burt, lacerate, prickly, straoge1
feet, see foot
feign f+ verb + IIDIII\
Some animals feign death when in danger
feint
h1.tl1.!:- ' 7.1/ltt'l- ' f)~ ' '1.11. ' f'l"11 ' ,.
OOii'\/1-
*He feigned friendship to obtain favors.
1\'1':,0?" n.A ' Ol.tl;t' o ODfll\
feint :J'"'
The fighter feinted at his opponent with his
right hand and struck with his left. 11-ln.~..,.
o.,.'S 7.1!: :t''I'.P. 01.1- 7.1!: 1"01M<I..,.
1" I OD:f"tJJa
felicitate
I. 7.1'>.1 f.h fi\IJ hi\. I felicitate you
on passing the examination. LT'iw-"J O.,i\
'i'IJ 7.1'>.1 f.h fi\IJ hA?I\o-
2 f?"h<~o":f- hi\..,.. I felicitated him on the
birth of his child. 011.1:- A:t' hl\1"011\f.l\
'I- f!l"h<!-":f- hAh-'1-
felicitous 11'1.11...,. 1"h"7"'l. fll'~
A felicitous phrase is Churchill's "blood,
sweat and tears". f'I'C'!;A f.!l" l 1\ofl'i' 7.1
fJ f"'l.A..,. mG1 ll'l.rt...,. 1"h"7"'l. fll'
~ hfJIJA ~..,.
felicity
*His domestic felicity was increased by the
birth of a son. 011.1:- A:t' OODOII\.0:. '1-.tl
~ M'l".,. f.h:J-..,.!1" hf""""G 'tf.
feline, with - movements 7.11. .<:-oo
'1- M1"il0
The hunter approached the deer with feline
movements. h.t11' h1f. .<:-oo-1- hf1"il0
011. h:>D'I- 1"tn:>
fell, see fall
fell "'ll
The lumberman felled the tree. cl1""'1- ~
"" ' '14-1 ' "'ll
*One blow felled him. IJ1.1:' 11-m. .,,..,.
fellow ll..,.
He is a nice fellow. ~ ltm- ~.,..
Who is that dumpy fellow near the door?
y o~ :1 Yll h'V'c m'f:t-r llCD-
.,~ .... !
fellow (modifier)
I. fF<I- 1\f.~. He and his fellow teachers are
meeting with the president of the university.
hll-'i' OO!I"IJ<!-1 fF<I- 1\f.'l''ll hl<tli
en.-1:..,. T .tl.ll..tl1'1- :>C f.1'i'~ 11-
2. oollt~- fll'~. My fellow guests and I like
449 feminine
this hotel. hk'i' ODilA-'11 fll''l-'1- h1"1P.
":f- f.IJ11 11'-f:A h101f.'l'l\1
fellow countrymen 1 Y"J/. ,ft1fof1: IT~!
Fellow countrymen, now is the time to unite!
f1.tl. .b11ofl ll'f. I l\1.1:- fOOII''i'":f-1
'1.11.' h1Jo1' ~ ....
fellow student f'I-!I"IJC'I- 1\f.~
He forfeited the good will of his fellow students
by reporting their activities. f'l-!l"tJC'I- I\f. 'l'
'll f"'l.,.~'l-1 0"7i1R-l> 'i'-l><!-'1'..,., 1\"1
poor fellow I !l"hh.1
Poor fellow! He does not even have a penny
to buy a notebook. !l"hh.1 1 l\f.ofi1"C ,..,.,
..,.. ' '1.1'>. ' 'i'<!-1h ' fl\ ....!1"
fellowship
I. I\f. 'S~'I-. The Boy Scouts promote good
fellowship among boys. "" ' 1\hli..,..,..,. ' 0
A'jl.":f- ""iihA 'I'~ 1\f.'S~'I-1 f.tlofl<!-11-
2. fDD"7<1f hC.ti:J-. He received a fellowship
from the government. hOD1"1F'I- foP"7<1f
hC.ti:J- M'f
felon 011~11~
Murderers and thieves are felons. ~'I'll 1'11'"
.,..,. ' 1\.(l":f- ' 011~1\'l'":f- ' "'"'....
felony (felonies) hfl.<:- 011~A
He is accused of a felony. OhfJ.!:' 011~A
1"hM
felt [hll-'i' ' Olf.!l" ' hR"I-C ' 00D"'0-l> f"'l.U'
<!- Aoflh]
felt (v.), see feel
female (n.) ll.'l- ! l\111'1-
This basketball team consists of three males
and two females. f.IJ f-l-C""l-1- '>.h 11-.1:-1
V'h'l- 0111'-":f-'i' o-11'1- ll..P.":f- (or, V'h'l-
1"1Jci.P.":f-'i' ' IJol\'1- ' h1h.P.":f-) ' hll-0'1-
female (adj.)
I. fl\'1-. Sewing is usually a female occupa-
tioo. Aoflll ll<t.'l- hofl'f'l'..,., '1.11. fl\'1-
.,_.,IJC t..,.
2. 1\'l-. This is a female mouse. f.IJ":f- ll.'l-
1\f.'l'' "'""
feminine (n.) h1h:J-f. P.:J'
Geez has a special form for the feminine.
Mcl11 ll'l'h..,. l\h1h:J-f. P.:J' AI<
.,.,.Ah!l' hi\..,.
..
feminine
feminine (adj.) fii.'I-
He has a feminine voice. fll.'l- Y:'/"6 hllm-
Her features are feminine. fll.'l- ooA.h hilT
feminine gender, see feminine (n.)
fence (v.) hm<:
He fenced the pasture to keep people out.
nm- h"J'1.e1qn:,. 1tplf.") hm<:m-
fence in hm<: (;1-m<:)
The pasture land is fenced in. f"ltplf. oo,:.
,. ';I"'';::A.
fence (n.) h'I'C
There is a hole in the fence. h'N- .,.'1'1 )m-
put up a fence fttn~
We put up a fence around the house. fl..,") ll-
61m-") hmC)m-
fencing flfl'll 1'1'"7..1
Fencing used to be a gentleman's sport.
flfl'll 1'1'"7..1 f.U.'I' hli?'C'I- )flC
fend, ~ for oneself <l-(1.") !I'll
When his parents died, the boy had to fend for
himself. mll}>;'ll (1. .,.., A )I: <lo(l.") ooiJ'
A )11<:11'1-
fend off ooh.,. l .,.hllhll
He fended off the blow which was aimed at
his head. 11"1'?~11., f.,.MH<:m-") '1"'1-
oo>h.,. (.,.hllhll)
fender l.<:of..")')
The fender on my car is dented. fouh.o;!L
l.<:of..")') ' _,..U.'i'A!tA
ferment (v.)
I. PIJ. When the dough has fermented, we
will bake it. ll.m- 11.1'\J 1."1;>1<:'1'11")
2. 1.11. The beer is fermenting now. mllm-
flOD'i'IIT 0 ll.e 0 )dJo
ferment (n.) hclf
Ferment is added so that the dough will rise.
11.'I' 1."J'I.PIJ hclf ,e..u.oocn;J-A
be In ferment
*The whole nation was in ferment over the
election. 'I"C"'im- f..l.11fl-") 11"7.'1- .,.(l.,.
(1m-
ferocious h/11.6
The lion is a ferocious animal when it is angry.
1\")fl/) ' (l.-1'"1 ' h/11.6 ' )dJo
ferocity
I. hm-t:-)'1-. The hyena's ferocity is well
450 fervent
known. f~il hm-t:. )'I- l1"7..1q f ;1-m.,.
)IJJo
2. h/11.6 rH;I-. The wolves attacked with
ferocity . .,.!foil-'ll 111'.111.6 rH;I- .,..,..,b-
11-'1-
ferret out 1'.1;'1" 1n
The police ferreted out the criminal. ?"11.(1.
m"J)':II'I'm-") hf;'l" 1n
ferry foooolllllf ;p:o~~.q
The ferry crosses the river twice a day. fuPou
lllllfm-' ;p:A,q ' fl.,.") ' rJ-11'1- ' 1.11. ' OJ")If-") '
f!tCtiJA
fertile
I. II'/" l 11'1"11'1". The soil here is very fertile.
MLtJ ,...,:__, 11"1'1" 11'1" )m-
The hill declines to a fertile valley. lt<:il;l-m-
mi. 11'1"11'1" If11-1' 1<&1\4"-'\A.
2. miiY:. Fertile cattle are needed to improve
the breed. H-1-"J 11"'/lflfA miiY: f.,.")Y:
hil'l- 1/II.A;>A
3. 1A1"'1. Chicks hatch from fertile eggs.
"'i.....,_:f IJA1"'1 h"JI!IIA .el.ll'i'llll-
4. hoo"J"'-. Thomas Edison had a fertile mind.
.,...,11 h.Jl.(l") }',oo"Jm hh'l"e )fl<:m-
fertility
I. ou.:.q'l-. The fertility of rabbits is amazing.
f'I'"J'I'A ""<l-q'l- 1111C"'IA
2. II 'I") 'I-. The fertility of the soil is necessary
for good crops. 11.C 11'1")'1- 11-N- (lofl
A h/11.111. )dJo
3. A.'/"11"7.. The goddess of fertility was wor-
shipped in ancient times. 11'1'"1'1- 1.11. (ll":f
fA'/"11"7. ' h"J/1'1- "'J'T 10DAh- ' )flC
lose fertility OOJ-ftl: 1 ft.foo
Women lose their fertility after 40 or so.
M:Y. nhcq m.e'l" nhcq '\"""" 11.
. . , 0 ODtD-IIY; 0 1-l'"'/1\-
fertilize h-'111<:
Farmers fertilize the soil with dung. 1flt:.l"'ll
.,.,,:_.,-, ' .11'1'1 ' 1-'lil<l-11-
fertilizer foot:-'1- "'1'11161
They make use of the excrement of bats for
fertilizer. fl\.11.'1- m...::Y."J h-11 11oo.:.'1-
"'1'11161 .em.,._fl;I-A
fervent
I. h'i' 111. He displays fervent admiration
for me. 1111~ h'i' 111 hY:o;-1''1- hllm-
fervid
2. ( = adv.) Aofl 1 oult 1 rH:J-. The mother
made a fervent plea to the judge to spare her
son. -,...,.,., 1 "~"'"'" 1 A'J!..") 1 h"t.II..I'-1-C'i''l:,. 1
Aofl I O"''..)lt I ,.~,. 1\0D)".f
fervid
I. f.:>ll. He manifests a fervid love for his
friends. 11'\1..~,; 1 f;>ll 1 'i':tC 1 YIIYA
2. K").. He manifests a fervid hatred for his
enemies. llm'I-Hi 1 K"). 1 frf) 'l''l!l'"t 1 Yll
YA
3. il"'l:,. 1 f"Ult. His fervid oratory aroused
the crowd. il"'l:,. 1 f"'Uit 1 "t"'"'~ 1 .h1111-"t 1
M"'"'
fervor
I. 1\.l':o;4>:,.. She showed great fervor for his
poetry. 11111 "1'1'... Y'l:,."t 1 h'i' 1 Ylll 1\.l':o;.f
..,. I 1\/lf".f
2. ( = adj.) f :>II. The patriot's voice trembled
from the fervor of his love for his country.
11111~ I ltlltrJo f;>ll I 'i':tC I f-1-)"1 I 1\CO ...
m-1 {1.:1' 1 yum-
fester OD"'A 1 YH
If the wound gets dirty, it will fester. 4!1111- 1
h<flflf I OD"'A I f.f.~A
festival
I. O'tA. Every year the city has a music
festival. OYoP-1> 1 Oh.,....,,. 1 fOD<H.:J' 1 O'tA 1
I-I.<'.;> A
2. P'C't-1- :tJir\. The solemn festivals of the
church were gratifying. ftl.-1- hCil-l:n 1 'I"
111 I YlltrJo I P'C't-1- I :tJir\ I oP")I.il I f"''..
Y<'.lt I )OC
festive ff.ii:J-
We were in a festive mood that Christmas Eve.
OH.Y I fM..,. I '1'11."7 I Ol.ii:J- I oP")I.il '
)OC")
festive meal X""''ll
The champion was given a festive meal.
1\lfo;M~Jo I J.':"'il I -l-f.1r'll\..,.
festivity (festivities)
1. "'-ff:J-. For Coronation Day, many festivities
were planned. IIHtrJo.l': I O'tA I n I ... ,. I ....
'I':J-!P".f I :J-:tl.m- I )OC
2. P') 1 O'tA. Many guests came to partici-
pate in the schOOl festivities, fi..,.P"IJC..,. I fl,... I
P') I O'tA I 'If. I l\oP1'f..,. I ... ,. I .,."t"'P.".f I
........
451 fever
festoon (llr'IC"'o; 1 111\.fro".fP" 1 01'1:,. 1 '1.11. 1
1\'J.'I')..,. ' h")JI.Y,I\"'A I 1\")J.': I '\f. I :J-ill!' I 7.
")f. I r'l"tr'lll..,. I f"7."ttnlltnA I Yfifll .,.").,."))
fetch
I. 'tP. 1 mil-. Fetch the doctor at once! 'ti'.IJI
mh.oo-") 0 0'1''1')..,. I 'l'ilot~Jo
2. 'tP. 1 1\"""1. The chair is in the garden;
please fetch it! ID"tO~ 1 11.-,.hA:,. h'i'&. 1
tiJo(l'l' I )fDo j 'f.f.IJ I 1\P""'fDo
3. 1\ID"'. These eggs will fetch a good price.
MH.II I h"tof!'lfro".f I ... ,. YID"'/1-
fete (v.) .:>OH (-1-.:>0H)
The engaged couple were feted by their friends .
.,.'""~,; I OIDJI;I(!I''J'm- I .,.;>OH-
fete (n.) "'ofl"lf"
She is holding a great fete for the benefit of
the hospital. lldoh.P" 0..., 1 hCJI:J- 1 1\oPr'lofl
r'lofl I :J-'1:,0 I ..,.....,. I ;J-f.C;>II".f
fetid "'P"
The dirt has a fetid smell. <flflfm- 1 "'P" 1 11
:J" I 1\1\tiJo
fetish [fl\11"7.-,. ~f.A 1 1\llm- 1 f"7.f!A 1 f
b") .... ..,. I :tCK' I foP/1{11\ I )1C)
fetter (v.) Oh"'C 1 '""-"" 1 1\r'l<'.
The policeman fettered the criminal to a post.
?"11.11- I ID"t)!;ll .......") I Oh"'C I ... .,_..,. I h"'"t.l': I
;JC I 1\r'l<'.fDo
fetter (n.) fh"'C 1 '""-""
His fetters clank when he moves. (l.):Jo):,01 fh
"'C I '""""" I f.:I' ....'IA
fetus, see foetus
feud -I:P" 1 O.,.A ! mofl
There is a feud between these two families.
0,.11... I 0.-1-r'l(l".f I oPithA I -I:P" I O.,.A I
(mofl) 1 1\11
feudal ffl'lfl:,.
The feudal system was dominant in the Middle
Ages. 0DDithll';1m- 1 HDD't 1 ffll\11.-,. 1 M~11 1
r'l'i'"l' I )OC
fever :,.11-11:,.
Tbe fever nearly finished him. :,.11-11.., 1 11.1.1':
1\fDo I MP" I 1\A.,.<'.
A fever of anxiety infected the candidate's
family during the election night. OP"C'"itrJo 1
1\.fl...,. I fh- I -1-IJJJIJI<ItrJo I tJ.-1- I (l(l".f I h'i' I
y111 foP"tl.il 1 -lfoc 1 f.!l'l'.,. 1 )OC
feverish
have a fever l,.Ntol'l(m-)
+If you have a fever, don't go to school! liTIN
II t l'.'Jl'.lf) 'I-9"11CT 11.'1- ll'l-'t.~
run a fever liTb-l'l(m-)
+He's running a fever, and we called the doctor.
ili\Tb-l'lm- .hh.9" m.:.'J
[See also 'hot, ill']
feverish '1-11-11'1- f"'i.Y'"'"'"
Feverish patients are made to stay in bed.
'1-11-11'1- f"'LJ"''I'I'm- 1'19':f l'.'J'I.T1'
1-l'.~A
feverish activity T Y:.L~
Why all the feverish activity over there?
1-11 rNr -r~I-Y ,..,~c )m-!
feel feverish '1-11-11'1- ' Tl'l"''(m-)
+He feels feverish, and we called the doctor.
'1-11-11'1- iliiTI'I"''m- .hh.9" m.:-'1-
in feverish haste 1\!J!tt-tt-
He packed his bags in feverish haste. lf't"'m-'t
llil'll-11- liM
feverishly, work - on ll"'l'-4.
They are working feverishly on the new proj-
ect. ll'l.ll-'t l'.:fo~ Y"'~4-;1-A
few -r<t'I-
Few people come to see us in the summer.
00:> ll.mf-4<') f"''.oum-'1- 1'19':f -r<t'l-
""'"'"
few and far between T4:+
Honest people are few and far between.
.t.+'i' 1'19':f -r-t-r ""'"'"
a few
1. '1-'t"li. There were a few clouds in the sky.
l'l"''f. t 1\f. T'J"Ii t l'.ODt; t )0C
2. -r<t'l-. May I ask a few questions? -r<t'l- 'r
Y419':f AmY.ll-1
a few times l;."}Y.. ti-A-i:
I saw him only a few times. Yfu-'1- li'JJl.
u-11-1: )m-
be few in number 0-kTC -IJ:fm-
The days in which there is rain are few in
number. 11<;-11 f"'i.H'Joflq'l'm- +'f:f 04<
'rC ' <;'l'm-
every few days hAt:: hAC!
We go to see him every few days. liAG: ll
All: .l'.'tmf-+'1'11'1-
no fewer than b ...... f...,n(t-
No fewer than twenty workers were absent
452 fictitious
from illness. hiiY f"''Y'tll- ,.,,:..,.'l':f
O.boo!l" 9"h'tY'I- t +CTm- )OC
quite a few OCh'l- Y/r
Quite a few people were present. OCh'l- Y
II- 1'19':f T1"iTm- ) OC
the few -r<t+:f -11!1'
That music appeals to the few. 1-11 ..,.H.:l' 'r
<t+:f'J -11!1' 1-MA
[See also 'moment']
fewer Mil Yll-
1 see fewer stars now. llrJo't f"''Y'I'm- h'l'h
-11'1- Mil Yll- <;'l'm-
Fewer of my friends have had colds this year
than last. H't~l!' .,.,.4-.,
fYQ'I'm- 'il'.'l'
'li h'tll"t; Mil f-1\11-
(the) fewest nn
Which of you made the fewest mistakes?
hu-1\:fu-9" Y)l'l il.bT'I- f"'.:. "'''t )m-!
fiance, fiancee ""'""'
John is Mary's fiance, and Jane is my fiancee.
""'""' .,.,..
}('t f"'L& ""'""' )m- 1 ~,. F-"1'1" n
fiasco m-~llo
The play was a fiasco and closed. """'
;1-m- ' m- ~:fo illllf) .Jou
fib (fibbed) 'I' if
He fibbed about not taking my pencil. l'.CIIIl.
') l\Am~h-9" -1111- 'I'll"
fiber
1. :1'-&. Rope is made from fiber. 1""~ h:l'
-& ' y.,.,,:.A
2. ou.,Llt He was a person of strong moral
fiber and could resist temptation. m'tiJ.:. ou
'J"-il Yllm- nm- illllf) f"'L"-:1-.,.)m-'t
)~C Ml!t"''A
fickle Mil-l-
He is too fickle to be relied upon. l'.ilil'l- 1111
If) t 0/1- t ODT"''OD't t l\f-!J'AII"
fiction
I. A-ll Wll~. He prefers history to fiction.
hA-ll Wll~ Y.A:fo ,..,.).,..,. ;1-&h't
f-ODC"'A
2. Lm&-. His excuse was pure fiction. ffamm-
9"h'tY'I- t;:Jt-9" 4.m.:. )OC
fictitious
I. O.hll-11 fT4.m~. The students enjoy reading
fiddle
about fictitious heroes ...."'ltlfl''ll Oohltofl
llr\...d.m-1- ' llr\:f"tll>:f ' "'l'tOofl f.ID,Illl-
2. f .&.mtl-. He took a fictitious name to hide
his identity. "'l't~-l>'t r\oPf.O:f> Od.mtl-
M" ...m.,.ou
fiddle (v.) .....,,...
He was fiddling with a piece of string. Oof1"17i
(LIIi f.""liD'I- ~oc
fiddle around tD/fJ tD-\.U 1u\
Stop fiddling around and get to work! ID,Il,J'
ID~U"'Ir\""'t'f-...UFtl-~rc
fiddle (n.) f.Lt.'t'J!: "'I(L'toll
[See also 'second']
fidelity l\rH
He shows great fidelity to his principles.
O"'LJ'r'tO'I- ~1C m'tiJtl- l\r~'l- 11
r\IJJo
with fidelity 0'1-hh.l\
He reported the news with fidelity, IJJ&,jl)o't
0'1-hh.l\ ' 114'~0
fidget ....,...~m~m
The boy was fidgeting in his chair. A)l: OtD't
0-1- 1\f. ,..,...~m~'l' ~oc
fief.,.II\'1-
My grandfather was given a fief by Menelik.
w'tY: 1\J'-1: hrtll\h .,.A'I- ...11"1'1',.
field
I. "'llt. Keep your cow out of my wheat fields!
11ru hll'tS'. "'llt\1. l\'t"l'l-111
I saw many farmers working in their fields.
ofllfo 10&-fl':f O"'llt'I'IJJo 1\f. (Lw>~o 1lf1Jo
2. "'VI. We walked across the fields. "'VV11Jo't
O"ltl-:f't M:~'l"t
3. f""1':f" "'VI. The teams are coming onto
the field. 11-Y:'l''ll IDf. ""1';1-.... "'VI 111-
4. ll'i'tl-. An oil field was discovered in the
desert. orY:~ o.o;,. ""n"' fHf.'l- 11'1'
tl- ' ...1,.
5. 'Mr. Einstein was a famous scholar in the
field of physics. 11f.'tll:f"f.'t Ol.ll.hll 'tAr
f1H ll.:f> )0~
6. IID"'Y. Every scientist must learn the nomen-
clature of his field. "'l't'l':fjDoll" fltf.'tll II.
:f> ' fUOOJ'IJJo') ' oPtloh: :1'1\'J- '"'l'l''i''J-' 1\r\O'J-
7. '1-ruc'J-. He has published several studies in
that field, llr\II.J' ' '1-II"UC'J- ' 1\J'fl, K'""lo'!
:f 11:f>C!I.II\
453 fifth
open field 1\IJJol\1\ "'VI
Soldiers in an open field are exposed to the
enemy's fire. 01\IJJol\1\ "'VI 1\f. m;J-f.efo
r\ml\'1- ' 'l'f.'l- ' f.:>r\"1/r
fiend 11~""t
The fiend stabbed the baby with a knife.
11~""t11Jo .loY\>o't 0"'~<0. fD;JfDo
fierce
I. "lf.r\'l'. The heat is fierce today. ~&. -
.,..,. ' "lf.r\ 'l' ' ~,.
2. f"'L..'IId.tl-. He tried to panic the child by
making fierce noises. f"'L..'ll.Ltl- Y:rll 0"'1
/1"'1'1- .loY\>o't II.J'IIf.~"l'l' 'l"h~
3. f ;Jr\ I 11!1.&.tl. The enemy's fierce attack
finally breached our lines. f ;JiiiJJo (1111d.tl
11Jo) fml\'1- "'1'1':1''1- ooo..,~lf,. "l'tlltl-
:f't't ' "J{I
4. h'i' J'r\, He made fierce efforts to get ahead.
r\""lflf A h'i' J'r\ 'I'~'I- 111.~1
5. fh~~. The deadly enemies have a fierce
hatred for each other. 0 ..."'1~'1- ' 111\;Jtl-fl':f '
ouiJhll\ fh~~ '1'1\il' hr\
6....'i'IJ11. Fierce dogs keep burglars away.
...'i'IJ11 IJJoil':f 0.'1- (lClttlfl':f't 1\J'IIf.C(I.II"
fiery
I. f;Jr\. He made a fiery speech denouncing
fascism. f'l-lt:!l'l-'t l\r~'l- OOD't4''i' f
;Jr\ 't"I"IC 111.~1
2. f_,m-~'1-. A fiery temper only causes
trouble. '"''"'~"" mllf. h:f"lc 1\f. f.'l'
1\11\
3. l\lt'l- f"'LJ'oP~"P. The fiery explosion was
seen for miles. l\lt'l- f"'LJ'oP~..,,. .&.'tl(
h>~-:f> f.:f"f. ~oc
A fiery sunset was to be seen behind the sea.
hll.lo-1- "'II'- 9.hU 11'1-mA:f- 1.r
""ill\ '1-:J-f. ~oc
fiery glowing tj:.f'" foP(U\
In its primeval state, the earth was a fiery
glowing ball. 0""~""tlJ'IJJo f.~ll' oo&-'1-
'l'r foo{IA:f Y:ll-11\11-11\ 111!11\ ~o~:f
fifteen OFtl- 1111"11'1-
fifth 1111"11 ......
Payments are due on the fifth of the month.
f"''.hd.r\fDo IDC 0111 1111"/1...>;' 4''t ' ~IJJo
a fifth IIrll'l- h'tY:
He got only a fifth of the estate. hell"" ,
1!11"11'1- ' h'tY: ' oflil' ' f.~{IIJJo
fifty
fifty M"<'l
fig 01111
Figs grow in abundance in our country.
Otn&-'f't 01111 Oil~+ f.O:,O~A
fight (fought), vt.
I. 1-'1':>. We fought a difficult battle. hQ.I:'
<D-'1..1 ' 1-'1';>'t
2. 1-Mhll. Fight disease by getting rid of
flies! 11'tll'f't 0.,'1'4-T 01i;f-'t 1-h~hA
3. l\ll1D7S'.. You have got to fight that habit.
f.U't A"7.1:' "7ll1D7.1:' l\lliiU
4. l\m'l-. The civilized world must fight
ignorance. fwllm~m- '1-llf'" J.!""t-t:C'it "7
'1'4-T l\IIOT
5. 74-(o+). I'm going to fight this suit.
f.U't ' hll I M'I-O;f-1111-
fight (vi.)
I. 1-'1':>. The rebels fought with government
troops near our village. oooB'l''li hOD't"'P'
T ID;f-J'.t!'f ;>C l\OO'tJ'.&-'f't ' l\m7
il ' 1-'1'...
The patriots fought for freedom. l\CO'l''li ll~l\
~,.' 1-'1'...
2. 1-"1~. When dogs fight, they use their teeth.
m-ll"'f ' 11."111- ' f.<;h<'lll-
3. 1-<ll.:J'.,.. The partners were always fighting
over money. If&l>'li 01'tHil 9"h't1T II-A
"LH. Y.~o:J>~o"' ~oc
fight against
I. 1-~~oo. He fought bravely against despair.
-1'114- oo.,...<:'l''t 0-lf.A 1-~~oom-
2. J'.OOIIII. The orator promised to fight against
poverty. -J-<;;>&a>- .1:-lH+'t IIOOJ'.!/"IIll .+
/A I "JQ
3. 11"711.,.<:+ :f-711. He fought against the
innovations which had entered the church. 011.
of- hCll-l:.f't ' ID-11'1' ' foo"JIJ)o't h.-'1.11 h.
U'&-C 11"7ll.,.l:T :f-711
fight It out l\'l'il.,. ' -J-~o:J'<ll..,.
He refuses to accept my plan, so I have to fight
it out with him . .h<'lll.'t MA-1'.,.011 l\'l'il
<J: I OOQ;l.:J'Q;l.:,0 I "/f.:f" I IJ'~il't
fight (n.)
I. mil. When the police arrived, the fight was
already over. ?"ll.ll'li (LJ'.CII- mit- h.
oft:,O+ ~flC
2. "''I'"''.J'. The boxer was badly hurt in the
last fight. ooo~o<:lfm- "1'1'"7.1 ~~- 11-m.
'I'm- ' hf-'1' ' 1-'1-.11
454 figure
3. oo;>m9". The contestants shake hands before
the fight begins. 1-tn-'1-'l&l"'li hoo;>m"7'1'm-
floi.T fll~ 11~9";1- f.II'I'ID"'II-
4. noo!J'. The fight against malaria was
successful. aurt llOII~J>of.T f+,_t:.,m- noo!J!
'No m-m.+'t ' l\1171"
5. "11":,.'11":,.. She starts a fight every time she
phones me. llAh flJ'.IDII 'fA't "'"'c "1/":,0
'11":,. +)!9"&-ll'f
have a fight -t"'~
He had a fight with his wife. h"7.ll1> :>C 1-
"'A-1' )flC
put up a 1ood fight
I. l\'l'il.,. 1-~~oo. The enemy put up a good
fight. m~+ l\'l'il_, 1-~~'t ~flC
2. '1'<1- -J-""lm-1'. The losing team put up a
good fight. f-J-lf)l.m- 11-~'t 'No T"'iiD-
+ )flC
[See also 'lose, spoil')
fighting (n.) ID-"L.f
The fighting destroyed many villages. <D-'1..1
lJ)o I ofl,.. I OD')I..C"if') I h_tD1!oP
prone to fighting .4-ll~
Don't anger him; he is prone to fighting.
h.;f-<;J'.m- I .11.11'1' )ID-
figurative flHf.ll. f-1''1"~
He has a figurative style of writing. l\l\l\f.
flHf.ll. f-1''1"~ )a>-
figure (v.)
I. fl"l9"T oollll(m-). I figure it is about
five-thirty. fl"l9"T OP'&- l\'t.l:' 1-h-A f.
UOllil'fA
2. l\1\11. I don'tjust guess, I figure. l\'t.l:'
)7C ~~- f9"J'.CIIm- fl"19"T <'lf.ll''t h.
llA'Ii )ID-
3. 1-m.,.ll. His name figures in the news.
II.,.. :>11."1 ~~- f.m.,.<'lA
figure on l\llfl
We did not figure on having company. ll't"'-'1
f.OD"JA 'illl't ' l\~llil't9"
flaure out
I. l\1111. Figure out how much it will cost!
9"'t 1UA ll'tJ'."7.11D"' l\1\11
2. U'&-. Can you figure out this problem?
f.U't .h.<'lil ATU'&-ID- +'f~IIU l
*I need time to figure out a rebuttal. hCh
<1-'t 11"7'1'<:11 f9"H:>~flT "LH. 1lii.A7
'I'A
figure 455 fill

figure up F.,.oot. 2. hll1'1. I tiled my application today.

Did you figure up the first column? fo<>Y..oot.Y "7o<>Ah!J'II>"t If.!. hll1'111-
aYI ' 'til"J:' .<'.DDebiD" l 3. O.<'."t-R hll+oom. Did you tile the letters?
be figured .,.,.(.. .1'.-R.IIIJ,l",.;"t ' O.<'."t-R ' hll<I'OD'J'h l
The idol is figured as part mao, part heast. 4. h'l'<'.. He filed the document in the Foreigu
"'J'-1> ' .,.,ii ' . . . . '
"1"771 ' hiD".!. ' ll''l' ' .,. Ministry's archives. (1).4-'l htD-"? -M.e
"''.tlli:e 00111-R IJ,')- h'l' <'.ID"
"'e='=A
file out fl(lAt;:. m"'
figure (n.) The students filed out. T"7t.l",.; 01\A'i' IDIJlo
I. .,.'!'e. Add up these figures! MH.IJ"t "'"'C' be filed 4-,I'.A ID"ll'J' 1'1
l- ' .<'.?""""'"'" The letters have not yet been filed . .<'.-R.IIn.l",.;
2. do.to-R. Check the figures carefully! do.lliYt 1'i' 4-f.A ID"ll'l' hA111-9"
0'1'"t-"'4l ' h"'(..
be filed off T'l"<'..<'.
3. f1"tH-R Ah. The outside figure given
for the cost of the new school was $1,000,000. The rough edges were filed off. lf""""'" me
11 ' .,..,..,....
h-'1.(1- '1-?"Ue'l- IJ,'l- f"''.oi.Y..ID" h'i'T'i'
fnH-R Ah h"tJ:o "''.II.M -ae ~oe
[See also 'claim']
4. ~CK". Circles and squares are geometrical file (n.)
figures. hOfll-'i' ht.-+ "7ll11'l'l- f1[1;"1.'l-t. I. ODP'OJJC. Line up in single file! fl'l~ ODJP
+e~<l- ' ""'"'"
in the painting are well
ooe Tl\1\f.
5. 9"1\A. The figures 2. 'i-f. A. Do we have his application on file?
composed. Ol"c)ll- ' 11,1'. Yll-'1- ' ?"1\tt-l- ' f(l- "7ooAh!J' 04-,t'.A ID"ll'l' hi\ l
0"'1.1'1 fT<I'~'l0-1- 'i':fiD" 3. 'I"<'.J:'. You need a fine tile for that silver-
6. JP/JIA. This note refers to figure six. ~IJ work. 1\II.Y f-Re ll-"' h"tY: ' +"'n ' 'I"
"""11\"'i l"bA llJ:'ll'l-"t ,l'.ool\h;I'A <'.J:' Ylloi.A"IYA
7. fi\ID"~'l- +eK". She has a nice figure. '1'-1- You need 'a finger file for it. 1\II.IJ f'l''i'e
fl\,.~'1- :,.e,.- hll'l- 'I"<'.J:' Yllo!.A"IYA
8. h"tJ:' 'tf.~+ +eK". I saw a figure have on file UDU10
approaching me in the darkness. flQ;L/\"7 m- We have his report on file. ~(t- f(tmm-')
ll'l' h"tJ:' 't,t'.~'l- +eK" 1\.<l'eO'S hfo- oP"II\"" oP11"10'i'A
9. fmf<I'ID" '1':>. His figure for that house
is very high. 1\II.Y n.+ fmf<I'ID" 'I':> 0"1 filial
?" h'i'T'i' ~,. *The children treat their parents with filial
10. ?"1111.. She is the figure of distress. lie!).
respect. A}>:,.; AY: "7Y:<'."I ll"t.<'."''.1'11D"
CDII}>:!J':fiD""t I Yh-Rt.-11-
fl-"le 9"1111. ~lo
ll. (1(1)-, He is a mighty important figure in filing (n.) 4-f.A hYY11
this town. OII.IJ hT"7 ID"ll'l' 0"111" f:l' Filing is a clerical task. 4-f.A hYY1l fl!.
m+ (laJo )m- .J,ol.l"l- ' ,.,(.. ' ~,.
[See also 'round']
fill (vt.)
figurehead 1\ll?" fTll"oo 1. '1"~. Fill this bottle with water! f.IJ"t me.,..
The prime minister is only a figurehead in {l I aJo:- I ~d)o

the government. Ooo"t"IP'-1> ID"ll'l' m+llf. 2. <I'll?" hm"'. The students fill their pens
"''.tll~ fTll"oom- 1\llll" 11!1' ~,. before the exams. hoi.T'i' o.r.+ T"7t.l",.;
-Rc)C'iJ':fiD""t <I'll?" Ym"'ll-
figure of speech Hf.IJ, 3. l!.ol.. Fill your name in here! ll?"IJ"t liii.IJ
'As brave as a lion' is a figure of speech. 11,1'. l!.'i'
ll"t.<'. h"tOII .<'.4-e f"''.I\ID" "t.,.,e 4. 1\m. A druggist tills prescriptions. o<>JI:;>
H,I'.IJ, ' ~ID"
t+ ' lf<IJI ' O'l-l\'111' ' _,,_+'
""Y::>t+' ,1'.
file (v.) I\"! A
I. '1"<'..<'.. I have to file my nails. 'l''i'.l."t """" 5. 0-"'. Cao he fill the position of treasurer?
<'.Y: ' hii-R'S 111"tH-R Y'fn'l- 1\.0-"' ,l'.l--1\A l
fill 456 finalist

6. h"J.'\. Tills history book fills a great need. filling (n.) 'I'Cll "711.-'1'1-
,.,.....,..
f.IJ ' f;f-6h ' ODJI".h'i' ' f'1..11.CJYt 0 'i''\1'J- ' How much do you pay for a fillmg? 'I'CIIIl"J
11"711..'1'1- ll"J-1- .l.)!oflll 1
fill (vi.) .....
filling station fiL "JH."J "7~
The hall filled rapidly. h'l&.lf. R'i'T)'J- '"" Where is the nearest filling station? :r>cn-
*Her eyes filled with tears. 'tf.'l"!f! 1\"Jq fiL"JH."J .,~ f-1- ' )IJJo!
h4'l."'-
be filled film (v.) d.A.9" M"'
1. '"" +The hall was filled only with women. They are filming rural life in Ethiopia. fh.'l-1'-k
h'l&.if."J 11.-I':Y.. oflll' ..,._.,.,.'!- )flC f"J f1tnC ).C' f"''.fl)f. d.A.9" 7>f)
,..... ~ll)oo
This tooth has to be filled. f.ll 'I'CII ""'""
'I- hi\R'l- film (n.)
2. .,.,H. The position is filled. fl;t-m- .,.f.!lA.
3. .,.H;J)!. The order hasn't been filled yet.
f ;1-HHm- 1.:1' 11CHC 1<; hA..,.H;J)!9"
.,.,If,.., """~"
I. d.A.9". Put the film in the camera! 6:-l'"'&.'i'
-'ln-1-
Did you see the latest film? n:r>cn- fm"'m-
be filled to capacity m.9'" of1i\- 'PI\ -, d.A.9" hUVA.!
The hall was filled to capacity. h'l&.if. m.9" 2. {)Lif:. There is a film of oil on the water.
oflll- ..,.__,. )flC nm-~m- 'If. fHf.-1- l'l.l.'i' hi\R-1-
fill in
filter (vt.) h"'&.
*The assistant filled in for his sick chief at We have to filter this water. f.ll"J ,.~ "7
the meeting. l.JII-1: n~ooouaJa hl\?m-
"1&.'1- ' hllofi"J
9"-l-h Rllofl(lqm- 'If. -MT
filte (vi.) .,.(1&...,
(be) filled in The news filtered through town. mt.m- Rh.,.
1. .,.~4.). The seams of the boat must be filled "'fiD"' I l}ol\- I +{),&.Q;L
in if they leak. f)!A.qm- OO;Jtn"''.f li.l.l'l
(I 00~4."J hi\R'l- filter (n.) "7"161 l "7'1'1\f
2. .,....... The ditch has been filled in. 1-.l:"l\'1- We need a filter for this muddy water. 1111.11
.,...A.;I:A. .1:-'i'Cll ' ,.~ ' "7"161 ' fil.I.A.1<;A.
fill out '1"1\
She clears the water by means of a filter.
R"7'l'llf ,.~,.-, ;1-"1&.1\:Y..
Fill out this blank ! f.ll"J qp.. fl;t- ......
fill up filth <l<lflf
1. '"" He filled up the glasses. ofiC"!."ol''l?t The poor dog was covered with filth. 9"1111.).
m-lf R<l<lflf .,.Rhll- )flC
'"""'"'"
The theater was slowly filling up. tf-1-C IL
., 4'11 R4'11 f.'"'l )flC
(be) filthy 4'1flf
Your hands are filthy. Wash them at once!
2. ( ~ intr.) tn1R. +The cookies filled them up.
7.}(-fll 4'1ilf'I'A. 1 hll-"J ;1-mofl
Roflllh-'1- tn111-
fill (one) with h<U'.l.(R-1-) fin h"J'i'
The darkness of the room filled him with fear. Remove the fins of the fish before you cook it!
fh'i'll- oo..,l\9" 'i'CY-1- lv'l~l.R-1- .,..,., hDD'I'flllll Rd.'!- ' h"JG:'Ii"J '. 'i<l.'l'
[See also 'capacity, disgust, repulsion, shoe'] <; IIJA.

fill (n.) oo...y final

The new building requires 3000 cubic yards of
fill. h-'l.(lo .lt"Jll 1"11'1- I( h-ofl fCP..
:y.. - - , fii.I.A.1'1'A.
eat (one's) fill 11'.11-"J '""
He ate his fill and left without saying thanks.
11'.11-"J . . .,...,. ....,,.. ....,., It~
1. foo..,t.lf. Is that your final decision?
f.U. I fODQi,l,,l 'if I aJ-fti.U I ~d)o 1
2. 'i<C'I' 111. A flat refusal was his final answer.
.1:-e:r> fl\ 7>9"R.;t- 'i<C'I' fll ouA.(lo II')
finalist [R"7"16f m-.J:-.1:-C 11!-1' ll""""l.
lfm- ' m-.J:-.1:-C ' 1\DP;r>t,o(l ' f.,.oPl.tnj
finality
finality ( = adj.) foo..,.:?f
The finality of the court decision was accepted
by both parties. f'i'CI: IL-I>"J foo..,.:?f
"'"'\~ 11-111>9" fD1'J'T 1-of>OII-:,.
finally oou .... .:?f Jl':\11 ' :\11
What kind of employment did you finally get?
Ooo~?f (1':\11 :\11) 9""1 'H'~:,. F&.
li17U l
finals fou..,.:?f <1.-f"<;
I took my finals in algebra today. ~&. fl\A
~;0&. fou..,t:?f <1.-f"<;(I."J 1"<1.1-"JIJ.
finance (v.) "'""- h<l.ll
Municipal bonds will finance the new water-
works. f"?H:>lf IL-l> P"JP..:f 1\.>l.fi-"J f
fDo;) ' "711&-"'i > fD"L ' f.b'i'IIII-
*He financed the building with his own money.
.O"JllfDo"J 01~ 1"1Hf!- 1\>P&.
be financed 01"JHil ' 1-'IJ'.t:
The school is privately financed. :,.rue:,. IL
-~> O"IA nuil f"''.-1"-'IJ'.e ~,.
finance (n.) rnuil 1\,l'.r-tf
He is an expert in finance. 01"JH>fl l\,1',1'11
Oil-A 0'1'4: ~,.
finances f1"JH>fl f.l':i'
The university's finances are in good shape.
fi'Uieii.>J:fDo f1"JH>fl f.l':i' 0'1'~ v-~;1-
llf. ' ~,.
Finance Minister f1"JH>fl "''.t!l:,.e
The Finance Minister went abroad. f11'H-fl
"''.til:,.~ mJ'. ID"'l" Me ~.~~.
financial
I. f1"JH>fl. The financial affairs of his com-
pany are in good shape. flJ.q"J,I'fDo f1"JHil
1--'lf. '* ' ODAh ' f.!l.A
For financial reasons, I must say no. 011'Hofl fP
h"J,I':,. l\9"1L "?11:,. 1\llii'S
2. f1"JHil ~h 1--'lf. v-11-. Addis Ababa
is the financial center of Ethiopia. l\.>1.11 to
oq rt..:,.r-kf rnuil ~h 1-.llf. v-11-
l\9"ile:,. ' <;:,.
financially 01"JH>fl ' OIJ.A I 01"JH>fl
I'm financially dependent on him. 01"JH>fl 0
II-A ffi-"J l\~ l\,l'fo- l\'1'&olio-
The government supports the national theater
financially. OD"J"IF-1> ildo.&.'ffDo"J >J:,I':,.e
onuil lf.t:'IA
457 findings
financier f1"JH>fl F&. 0'1'4:
The financier formed a new hank. f1"JH>fl F
&. O'l'<l:fDo l\.>1.11 q"Jh l\!1/!1/ou
find (found)
1. h.1'l'. I found a coin in the street. DD'l1"'-
1\f. ' <;:&."Jh ' 111711-
We found him to be dishonest. f"?f.:i'OD"J II'
'I' l\17~,.
2. 1\""~. Do you find that honesty pays?
:1'"?'1~:,. l\"JJ'."''.m:J-9" ;J-9"<;110 l
3. 1-ll"?(fDo). +He finds this music abominable.
f.U ...H.:I' 1\!lh.l. 11''1' f.II"7'1'A
4. om+. She was vexed to find the baby bad
spilled the syrup . .nn lf.C'"J"t "7<;:11{1-"J
qmof>:f ' 1.11. ' 1-<;J'.J'.:f
find oneself ODtJ").1 ~ +~}J;
When he came to, he found himself in the
hospital. ~<;:{1-"J qmof> 1.11. 11'117:;1-A ,.
il'l' > ODtJ')."J > of"t:JI
find out
1. om+. It is such a deep secret, I can't find
out anything about it. 'l'ii:J> 9"!1m.e !Ill
II'~ 1111~1~ 9""J9" ll"?m:J> l\A':fA9"
2. II"?ID:J> 'l"ht:. I will find out what is behind
it. ou~?ffDo"J ll"?m:J> l\'l"h&-1111-
3. J'.t:ll(o:,.). I found it out just yesterday.
fJ'.t:!lh-0..,. 1<; ' ..,.<;"1..,. ' ~,.
4. mfof>. Can you find that out for me?
,I'"J"J A:,.mf.:J>A'S :,.:fi\1\U ?
5. l\17. I have a better system for finding out
information. oo,:)f 11"7"17:,. f-1"?1"11 H.J'.
l\11'1
(be) found out ;1-mof>o:,.
He tried to conceal his thefts, but was finally
found out. l\e{l- 11.-IU-I>"J IIODJ'.O:J> IL
'l"he9" 0""""t:?f ;1-IDof>O:,.
For fear of being found out, hefted the country.
f.:l'm:J>ii':'A >fill- <~oeof 1I1e m"'
not find hllJ
The child bawled because it could not find its
mother. A)l'. l\<;-t>"J 1111"1 !I:J>:J> ill\"
l\llof>(l
not find one's way OD1'"JJ!" m4.dJo
I never can find my way around here. fH.U
1\l}q{L ""111: M1.rt.9" f.mof.':'A
[See also 'fault, guilt, hard, pleasure']
findings rreou&. ,.m.:,.
The committee reported its findings to the
governor. 1..CJ. ; r9'"COD6-(I)o') I 6Jotn.+ t l\1
'JCfDo l\of>t:O
fine
fine (v.) "'"'
The judge fined him five hundred dollars.
Jl ...tJJo M"ll'l- ouof ofiC _,."'tJJo
be fined OD.,.""i ofoiDI'I)O'I- ! ofo.,."'
He was fined for contempt of court. 'i:C.t!"
~~..,., OOD;>'f.., _.,.""i ofoiD(l)O'I-
The company was fined for adulterating canned
meat. 11-fl't.l'tJJo ~;f-lf1tJJo F:> tJJoll'l' f.,
,.,<:fJ P' :> OOD.,.'\.,.11- ofo.,."'
fine (n.) """'""i 1 1'JHofl
He had to pay a fine. """'""i DPhoi.A )0<:0'1-
Perjury is punishable by a fine or imprisonment.
Oml'l'l- ODODllhC 01'JUofl mwr I O~llt
:r- J'll.,."'A
impose a fine on +IIJ
The judge imposed a fine of 500 dollars on the
guilty man. Jl"'tJJo '1''1-ofo':'tJJo't iltJJo M"
ll'l- ouof ofiC _,."'tJJo
fine (adj.)
I. f.:l':,.. The sand on this beach is very fine.
011.11 fJ.ihC JIC!J' J'iltJJo lllf'l' 0"111"
,,..:,. ' )tJJo
2. .,..,..., . The pen I bought has a fine point.
f1'111-'l- ofMC _,...,..., ""i'i' 1\1\tJJo
3. llA. Is the knife fine enough to carve well?
O.'l'l'tJJo flou'f.-1:.1' 0"111" llA )tJJo l
4. llll. Where did you get that fine cloth?
,._II'J'J llll ..,c:,. hf'l- 111'f'litJJo l
5. f<:.,..,., That's too fine a distinction.
J' 0"111" f<:_,._,. AI')'!- )tJJo
Everybody praised her fine singing. f<:.,..,.
1\U'f.ol.).'J ' 11-11-11" ' 1\f.).,.
6. ..-.;... The weather in California is fine in
July. Om?"l\. fltll.t::Ct.r J'fC mfl,._ 'I'
... I )Q)o
His son is a fine young man. A~ ""H-
"'"" ' )tJJo
This is a very fine painting . .eo OIIJiJD '1'
... I JPIJA I ~m-
7. 1\llf.lll-. We rebelled at having to stay in
on so fine a day. O~'tf.H.J' .I'll 1\llf.lll-
.,.., MJ.'I- OD'I'/1-'J 1\AIDf.f:)tJJo?"
8. f"''.J'.,?"C. Our town boasts many fine
parks. hofo"'/l-'t fl!l. '1- ofl,. f"''.M?"~
fOD<;,I.'/f I ll'i't-JP:f I '1-h-t-1\:f
9. f;t-~oo. His fine manners show he is a
gentleman. f:J-lOD mtlt!. ~'P ODIT')..,. s
.I'll.!' A
fine edge illl.-,.
The fine edge of the razor is protected by a
458 finger
piece of leather. f?"'l"ll llil'l- O.f.JI .,.
t-"1." ofolf'i').A
one fine day lt"J~ +'l
One fine day, he popped up again. 1\'Jf: .,..,
~'tf.1<; Of:'J1'1- ofl:,. 1111
fine (adv.)
1. Of.'Jofl. That will suit me fine. J' lit
Of.'Jofl ,._ll.,_,':'A
2. 0<:<1::,.. He writes so fine, I can hardly read
it. 0<:-1::,. llil"''.ll"'i' _,'tOil .I'JI"'ofo...A
feel fine .f.~'i"' )m-
Thanks, I'm feeling fine. 1\oP(I"'<;I\v- ; f. 'I<;
)'S
[See also 'choice, print']
fine arts P') TOil
Do you prefer fine arts to sports? hll?"C'I-
P') 'I'Oofi'J '1-ouC"'illl l
finer,.,..:,.., (pl.)
They dickered for hours about some of the finer
points of the contract. I>'J'I-.1-.,'J 0"7.""
ilh., ' 'I',..:,.., )1C'l- '~"' 1\ofl,. ' ... ,.,.,..
ofoht-h~
finery fh'l- Aoflll<; '1."1'1.'1'
She wears her finery only on Sunday. fh'l-
Aoflll,'J<; '1."1'1.111.'J ~m.f: ~m.f: il!l'
;f- f.C:> ill-
be dressed in (one's) best finery +ii+~+~
The girls were dressed in their best finery.
A!f1<:P..'Il ofo'li_,.c:,.<:tJJo )OC
finesse
1. ofiAY'I-. The shopkeeper shows finesse in
dealing with customers. flill'lo.,. f.'JO'I''Il'J
OofiAY'I- ,._,._.,tt.
tD 2. f<:<f>.,. :f~;J-. The artist shows finesse. "'
'tll.tJJo f<:_,._,. l-~;J- J'I\J'A
finest hv-11- fOilm tJJoofl
This is the finest house in Addis Ababa.
,._II 0.'1- ll'l.ll 1\0fJ tJJoll'l' h"7.1't''l-
fJolr 1 fOAm 1 (l)o-fl )(Do
finger "1'1-
The fingers are: thumb, index, middle finger,
ring finger, and little finger. f"'ofl- ll?" 1\tJJo
t- "1'1- 1 fl,q "1'1- ()'I'm"') l fou'ljA
"1'1- I f_,.IIO'I- "1'1-<; '1-'t'li "1'1- <;lf'tJJo
little finger '1-'t'li "1'1-
The girl hurt her little finger. fA~ '1-'t'li
"'"" ' ofo'I-JI
fingernail 459 fire

middle finger fou"liA. IIJ+ The painter finished up a can of paint . .,.11'1"

,.,..
I hurt my middle finger. foo"Ji ol\ "1-l:'t 'I-'I "'IL"'" h't.l': -I'C-1'1!' .,.11'1" ,;g,,:(l
finish with
rins flnser f.,.IIR'I- "1'1- I finished with that crowd last year. hHI.J'
He cut his ring finger. f.,.IIR'I- "'"" Tot<:m l l'll":f :>C f)R<:'h "l't1')'1- Qll4.fD- 'l
[See also 'bum, index finger, lift, sticky'] ;'" oo'l- ' M'<:'l'h-
. [See also 'halfway']
fin gern ai I 'l''i'C 1 f"''l- 'l''i'C
Since my fingernails have grown, I need some- finish (n.)
thing to cut them with. 'I''N!. (f"''l- 'l''i' I. ou,;g,,:?(. The audience stayed to the finish.
<~.) MJ'.1 f'l''i'C ,..,....<:"'1 "h4.oi\..?II1Jo h.l':"''ll"':r; "hllh oo,;g,<;?(tD- .1':<:11 -l'f-
2....11. Watch out! You will ruin the finish on
fingerprint t.?(t-1 f"''l- to "I( t- my car. Tm't.,.'Jo foohSII-'t '1-il :1'0~
His fingerprints on the window incriminate 7(1111
him. nooill_, ~f. Yllat- h.?(t- '1'4-T'f)_, [See also 'start']
't Yoollh:1'ol\
His fingerprints were visible on the glass. (be) finite ml'l't t.llm-
f"'_, h ?(t- OiiC"'"ol'at- ~f. f.:1' f. Human understanding is finite. fflm- "-"'9""e
)0C m(l") s 111\,.

finish (vt.) fiord [O'l'C'Bf. h1C f"'l.11"fD- 0"1'1" <:

I. "'-lt'l. Have you finished the job? Ft-tD-'t ~'1"'0 mQil fll')m- fQ.hC Mm.]
"'-l:llh !
When he finished speaking, the crowd applaud- fir ['1-mtr 4.'1;:'l" f.,f.l:"l'i' h'lou'l- 'lDD'I-
ed. 't"l"l-1-'t 1\"'-CII .1.1111- h"'-0"'-R fol:')'\.<', ' OD/I{tr> ' f"'l.;1'f. ' f~'i' ' 'lf.)'l-j

The child finished a glass of milk. ol\)1: h't.l': fire (vt.)

iiC"i"-1' aJT'I- .,.,<:(1
I. hF t- hila>"'. Why did the boss fire him?
2. "'q The carpenter finished the desk in hll:l'tD- liM hFt-m- hlla>"lm-!
red varnish. M"m.tJJo m<:A.~tD-') .,.,. .,.II 2 . .,. ....,. .... Stories of adventures fire children's
'I"' .,.qtD-
imagination. f)!il.ll- Tl:-I':Y.. f.h9'0'1-'t
finish (vi.) hll.,. 11"'1.'1- ' ,..,. ...'1-tatr
The classes finish in July. '1-'I"IIC'I- Om'I" fire (vi.) Th-l'l
1\. ' Yol\:l'ol\ The soldiers fired. m;1'J'.I!':r; Th-(1.
be finished, he'll be ""'
be fired
I. ,..,.,<;?(tD- )m-. If he gets drunk again, 1. TmO{l. Pots are fired to make them hard.
he'll be finished. "h'tJ'.1'0 hl'lh<: ,..,.,<:?(
lfh~l":Y.. "h'tJI.m)h-1- f.mRltll-
dJo I )fD"
2. hFt- TaJ1J'. 1 hP't- a>"l. On account
2. f(l. )1C hhToP I f(l. )1C hR:l'.
n") of that, he was fired. flff.J' = f..,.).., hJP&.
If he dOCS it Oflce ffiOte, he iS finished, I
TaJ1J'.
hJ'.1oP f(l. )1C hhToa (h.O:l')
It is beyond me how he manages to keep from
finish off being fired. hFt- "h't.<'.'l- "h'tJ'."7f.a>"l
I. ""l:l'l. Finish off one job before you start I\1Q'f ' hol\!1'11'1"
another! 1\.~ P6- s hoo)!oocU n.c.+ 1't'l set fired hP't- ' t.llmm-'1-
.11-'t .,.,ell
I will get fired if I am late. fH1f!Jo "h'tJ'.II')
2. 4.'1;:'f" hmof.. This spray will finish off the
hP't- Yllmm-'fol\
bugs. f.ll "".I'::>\ 'I- '1-:\'l':Y..'t 4.'1;:'l" Y
mof.ol\ fire (n.)
J. 1.<'.11. The fever nearly finished him off. '1- 1. >.4'1-. Has the fire gone out? >.ta., m'i'
tt-ta., ' 11.1.1':11tD- ' 'J"')'J" ' hoi\.,.<: ;to!\!
finish up mol,(l 2. ?mitt'. We had a big fire in town last year.
Finish up before the bell rings! J'.mtr houf.m Qll4.fD- ' 'lOO'I- ' Oh.,..,tD- ' tD-/1'1' ' """'"'
?mitt' )0t:
II-' """""' ~~~
~fi~r~e~a~r~m~--------------------------4~60~--------------------------~f~iring
3. +lt-11. They opened fire on the truck with
rifles. R""h.'i"m- 11.e. fm"""tll" +li-11 hL1:
4. 'I'.e. 'I-. Soldiers in an open field are exposed
to the enemy fire. Rl>fD<I\11 "')l 11.e. m:J-
S'.I::f Amll'l- 'l'.e.'l- .e.:>AnJII-
5. II"'L'l-. Their hearts and minds were full
of patriotic fire. Aq:fm-'i" AM"t:'l':fm- 0
u1c .;::Joe II"'L'l- .,.,..,. ) oc
6. m-c~'S. He resigned under the fire of
criticism. hH~:J- m-c~'S f+)"' 1"&-m-
.,. 0.1..4'-'1- A++
be on fire ,.:t"mA
The house is on fire. 0.1: M+:J>mA )m-
catch fire ++nJmA l 07.<'1'1- +J.'J.'H
The wood is so dry that it will catch fire easily.
~.,...,., OnJ?" h,...:-~ ,.,.).., o+ll
flo .e.+nJmiiA
The hay caught fire . .1:-c.,.lr- OM'l- +J.'J.'H
light the fire 7.<'1'1- M.I'J.
The room is cold; will you light the fire?
h'i'll- .e.ocJIA 1 7.<'11:1' :1-H'.m- ?
make a fire "ll+ 1 h.H~~
If you are cold, I'll make a fire. hO~Il
7.<'1'1- l>MAv-
put on the fire lfJY..
Put the kettle on the fire! ~O'i"m-1' nJ.<'.m-
put out the fire }..lt-1- hmf.
The fireman was injured putting out the fire.
fh<'l'l- l>.<'.;J "'&-+'i'm- hlt-1>1' {IJ'm<f.
.,..,..~~
set fire to
1. A:J>mA. He set fire to his house. f&-a-"t
0.'1- A:J>mAm-
2. 7.<'1'1- A++(O'l-). The children set fire to
the haystack. A)('ll f"'"-1" h?"C 7.<'1'1- A
+o'l-
set on fire h:l"mA
He set the house on fire. 0.-1>1' l>:J>mA
start a fire 7.<'1'1- l>J.'J.'H
Will you start a fire in the fireplace? h?".1:"11"
,. m-11'1' 7.<'1'1- :1-J.'.e.~Ail ?
take fire II"'L-1> ++{1+11
Everyone who heard him speak, immediately
took fire. {IS1C J.'JIODmfD< IJ-11- IDJI.J.'fD<
). II"'L-1> -J-+(14>{1
under fire +li-11 hfiD~O'l-
The soldiers advanced under the enemy's fire.
IIJ:f"S'.f:'Jl I fml\'l-1' I +lf-11 I hfiD~q:ffD< I
IDJ'. I .f.'!- I 1#-
(be) under fire 0'1.e.A 1 +)+L
The school administration is under fire for its
policies. f'l-?"IIC'l- 1 R.-1> AII+JI.<'.C 1 IIA 1
;>'/1./I.ID- I 0'1.e.A I Qou)4'<;: I iiJ.'. I )fD<
[See also 'iron']
firearm """'o'.J.' 1 -11~'1-
The troops had firearms. m:J-.<'.t:'ll """'t.J.' 1
(-fll:'l-) I )06-:ffD<
fire brigade fh<'l'l- A.<'.:J +hlllt.e. '1.1:"
The fire brigade puts out fires. fh<'l'l- l>f..;J 1
+hl\lt.e. I '\J:" 0 .,..,q"' 0 1.<'1'1- I "'i'J'<f.'l- I )fD<
fire department fh<'l'l- l>.<'.;J 1 ouhllbJ.'
ODP'(.J.' ' 0.'1-
lt is the fire department's responsibility to put
out fires. :J>mll-1' "'1'1'4-'1- fh<'l'l- l>.<'.;J
oubllhJ.' oop>(.J.' !1.'1- '11\.t.)'l- )m-
fire engine fh<'l'l- l>.<'.;J ou!J.o;
The city bought two fire engines. "'IH:Jll" 0.
-I> ' IJ-A'l- fh<'l'l- l>.<'.;J OO!J.'>l":f 1~
fire escape hh<'l'l- A.<'.;J .,?"A'"I
A fire escape leads to the ground from the roof.
bh<'l'l- l>.<'.;J "'i?"A'"IfD< hnJ&-m- ID.<'.
?".1:-C 0.'1- .e.mcJIA
fireman fh<'l'l- 1 l>.<'.:J +hlllt.e.
The fireman saved three lives. fh<'l'l- AS'..
;J +hlllt.e. f!PII'l- lll":f .n.e.m'l- l>JI)
fireplace V".l:"ll"
There is no fire in the fireplace. ~Y:YfiD" ,..
11'1' 7.<'1'1- fA?"
fireproof
They made the building fireproof. ih"tliiD-1'
7.<'1'1- h"tJI.e.O"'~m- l>.I:"C11D- "'"-'~-
firewood "'111'-
He broke up the boxes for firewood. "''l''l''ll'l
A.,1P.. {tqo&-:fm-
fireworks c:f'l-
There was a fireworks display on Coronation
Day. fH<&.I:" O'IA M'l- 1 c:f'l- ++tl-
(1 )0C
firing (n.)
1. +li-ll 1 ""hL'l-. The soldiers were forced to
the extremity of firing to scatter the mob.
tD:f-.<'.t:'ll f"7.~-fliffD<'I .011-11 AODO+"t '
+lt-11 I DDb.f.'l- ' "/J:" I IJ')q:fm-
2. hP'&. ooq~c. The reason for the strike is
firm
the firing of two laborers. liP'&- "''~fl" fl"
h't.l'-1- fll')<& fo-11-1- f.,.'t w&-.,.'T''f
hP'&- ouq.:c )<&
firing (adj.), ~ squad .,.\\'11 li.l!"
A firing squad shot the deserter. .,.\\'11 'i.l!"
hdo-'l.<&'t O'I'J'.-1- ~f..l\<&
firm (n.) &q't.l' I M"l.l!" .I!"C~-1-
Wbat firm do you represent? ff-1->;'m- &q't
J' IDh.A )II 1
The firm went into bankruptcy. M"IJI. .1!-C~
-1- hAG
firm (adj.)
1. '1'11~. The government took firm measures
against the bandits. OU't1P'-I> O'ii'i'-Al 1\
f. ' '1'11 ~ ' 7.Cfl")l" ' "'(If..
He is firm with his children. 7.C(l- OA)('Ii
1\f. ' '1'11~ ' )I&
Firm ground is needed to build the bouse on.
0.-l>'t 1\0DP'&--1- '1'11~ oo.:.-1- J'rtLA:>A
2. fmO.,.. They forged a firm bond of friend-
ship between the two countries. Oo-1\-1> 1\11:
'f ooiJbA fmO.,. IDJI~)T oow<:-1>
3. ~).. He is as firm as a rock when danger
threatens. hf..:> O"'LJ'{l:>0-1- 1.11. 7.'tf.. h
11-1- ~> )m-
4. f"''J'IDI\<&A. We must maintain a firm
attitude. O"''J'IDI\<&A oo'tLrt oo~r.r hi\
11't
5. of:CT 1ft. Their price is firm; it is useless
to haggle. 'I':>'I'm- .,.C'I' .I'll )<& I oob
&-he h't-1> )m-
His purpose is too firm for you to change easily.
'tl\"71& .,.C'I' .I'll 01\11') 0.,.1\11- A-1-11
m-mm- h-1-'fAfl"
6. Rf..'t11 f.,..,.hll. The strong wind did not
loosen the firm posts of the fence. bqJI. )<f.
n o1.'J11 r.,..,.hll--1-'t .1''1'"-'t *""-"'
'f M):J'):I'lfm-f!"
*I'm a firm believer in it. )~'1-'t h'l'il<lr h
fl"'tO;f-1111-
be firm l\t; I mt;
The man is firm in his belief. {l<&\lofD- OY f.
"'''l'-1> ' fll,t; ' )I&
The baby is not very firm on its feet. ihf).
'f" 1\0D't.l!" ID~R- ~..- hAmt;f!"
become firm
1. f.<:.,.. Wait until the cement becomes firm
before you walk on it. 01\1' 1\J'. boo't.(-
11 OL-1- l\."7_'tof 7.rth.f..C~ .1!"<:0 ~f.
461 first
2. mm<:. When you fry an egg, the white
becomes firm. 7.'t ...I\A 0-1-m110 Iff- J'.m
'1'&-A
firmament A"''J'.
The stars in the firmament were brilliant.
h'l'h11-1- OA"''J'. 1\J'. 11'1-11 II')<& f.;f-1'
)OC
(be) firmer fOIIm mO~ hi\
The ground is firmer here. oo.:.-1> 7.11.11 f
01\m mO~ J'.I\A
firmly
1. "0'1'11~. The post is set firmly in the ground.
fl"(l(l<& 0'1'11~ _,._,.h!I.A
2. 07.C"I'I'. I'm firmly convinced that she is
innocent. 'tll-ih ooll';._'t 07>C1'1' hf!"t;l\o-
firmness T11-l- oPtf~
Parents' lack of firmness is the cause of much
trouble today. ~.:. fiDI\}('f '1'11~ hl\ou
ll''t 1111- m't~ .l'llh-1-1\A
first (adj.)
1. f"""l:."""-.1'. It's the first house around the
comer. boomfi"HV<& 1\f. J'l\<& f"""l:.
ODo'.J'f& I 0.T I )I&
2. h'tf..>;'. He was the first in his class. hh'i'll-
h'tf..>;' )0C
3. h't.l!". What day is the first of June?
(l). h 't.1!" .,.'t ou'fi f.ID-1\A 1
4. J"tf..>;')-1-. The fast runner got the first
prize. LIIJ). lJ.."f!' J"tf..>;')-1- 'iiA"''-1-
h~T
5. .,.'1"7'1!. The present Emperor is Haile
Sellassie the First . .I'll-). 't-,.w )~P'T .,.
'1"7'1! ')f.(\ ' 1"1\r\ ' t;lfm-
first (adv.)
1. ""1:""6.1'. First, let me ask you a question!
""1:"""-.1' ' h't.l!". '1'.1'4: Amf.~ll
When did you first see him? ao"~:aod.J' .l'f
"lim- oo'fi )<& 1
2. 1\P""I:,.<'-.1' 1.11.. I saw him when I first
visited Italy. IIJA.I"t't 1\IID-y_ao.-..v 1.11. n
.,_0~ MTII-T
~ *I would die first rather than give away a
secret. fl"rtm.c h"71DIIJ hrt.,.f..""''. 11'f"-1-
J'.7fi\>;'A
L
be the first one f"7_.,..(-aDID- fllfl"
He's always the first one to complain.
I\"'1"7GC 11-A'I.H. f"7_.,..(-oPID- fllfl"
first aid 462 fit

first of all oo-,:oo&$ ~1C revised. f1J16.,. f1"1H11 h$$11 ?'lL.lL.

First of all, you misunderstood me. ou}!ou6 aolPfA t.liO'I-
$ ~1C 0~"111 t.A1-<:.'11i'SII"
fish (v.) 'i"' t.moo~
at first ooo~oo,ty
Do you like to fish? 'i"' "!-rooY: '1-m.'I
I wouldn't believe it at first. ooo-,:oo&$ to~
1\1} !
OD"!h-'l-11" ~oc
fish for
come In first +Y:'I" r 'JQ
I. fiOO.I.fl"l 0<:0<:. He fished in his pocket
Which horse came in first? f'I-"'ID- .l.t:it for a quarter. itoo-~ flao.l.l\"1 11.1\-"t O<:Ol
4':.,. 1q !
2 . .'IC .'IC toll. He is fishing for an invita-
from the first boP:P:oP,tfa-r tion. (loo;>011 .'IC .'IC f.~A
She was a nuisance from the first. hoo:t:oot;y fish out 0C111!' hW"'
ID-9" hit'l':>6 ~O<:'.f He fished a coin out of his pockets. hb.l\- <;:
on the first liAA:J- t-"th OC111!' hW"'
I get paid on the first. ~.,.H. "I f"7171D-
liA~:J- ~ID-
fish (n.) 'i"'
[See also 'hand, marriage, opening, place, sight, Do you like fish? 'i"' '1-a>.'II\U !
thing, very'] fisherman 'i"' h'l'"Y.,
first aid foo-,:oo&$ '-C>I:J- onhll"., There are many fishermen in the village.
OOD"I~-1- ID-it'l' 11,. 'i"' h'l'"YJ(':f- toll-
I gave him first aid when he fell off his horse.
b.l.t:l\- ' Ua>~oj> "LII. ' fOO"F..006$ '-C>I:J- ' fishing 'i"' "7-rDDY:
.nhll"... h~t:"lll-ll'l- My father likes fishing. t,q-1; 'i"' "7-rooY:
first aid kit foo"F..oo&$ '-C.'I;J- ooY:;>~'I- f-a> 'lA
1 keep a first aid kit in my car for use in an
emergency. ll:"111-'i' ~ '-"1.11.11'"1 0 fishing line f'i"' "7'1'"""/f he
"71\'1- ' fOD"F..006$ ' '-C>I:J" ' ODJ':;>~'I- ' 00
Your fishing line is entangled in the weeds.
b...\1- ID-it'l' hit-1'9""11\IJ- f'i"' "7'J'OD7f hCU"t h69" f.lf:J-A

first-born fOli-C A., I t."l:><f. fishy

He is the first-born child in that family. I. f'i"'. The fishy smell of the store nauseates
00.1- llll- ID-it'l' fOli-C A., (t."l:><f.) me. 01\--k ID-it'l' $1\ID- f'i"' hC<f.'l-
'-1\- ~ID- AO."I h'l'Wlla>li'S
2. ( ~ noun) 1-"tlt-A. There is something fishy
first-class about this proposal of his. $4't:OID- "'"11
1. t."t~'i' "7~C"I. He travels first-class. f"t~ t."IY: 1-"tlt-A hiiiD-
~ID- q"j~.... "7~C"I ' ~ID-
2. h"l~'i' ~<:7f. The Hilton is a first-class hotel. fission DDhof-.I.A
'tA-1-"1 h"l~'i' ~<:7f 11'-I;A ~ID- The fission of cells can be observed with a
microscope. fi\A oobof-.I.A 0"7f.hl!'itl>
first-hand bll""t"" f-1-17 "!" a>-it-r li.:J-f. MI'IIA
The information is first-hand. m&.m- h,..-,'"' r
f-1-17 ~ID- fissure it"t'l'l'
Water comes from a fissure in the rock.
first name fao-,:ou&$ itll" I foom&$ itll" a>-;> blt-r'S ll"t-r."l> f.LA:l'A
What is Mr. Smith's first name? "'Lit-1-C '-it
"t11 foo"F..ou&$ (foom&$) i t - "7~1D-! fist 11-m. 1 ato""
I hit him with my fist. 011-tn. (Ofllo'") ""
first-rate h"l~"' ~<:7f :J-o-'1-
This is a first-rate hotel. f.U h"l~'l ~<:7f He shook his fist at me. '-lt-"1 <Q.(Ijll ~1-
11'1:A ' ~ID- 11'1

fiscal f1"1H11 h$$11 fit (fitted), vt.

The fiscal policy of the country needs to be I. hit-1-lthll. The tailor was fitting a suit for
fit
a customer. &\.1lll (l~tiJo r f"-1fl~OJ-1
A-1111 .1'111-lJhA )IIC
2. h1q(ll-l-). He fitted a new knob to the door.
1111~ ' hJI.II ' h)';;f- ' h1qll-l-
3. hll1q, He fitted the picture into the frame.
P'Mr"t ooll;t-m-1- m-11'1' 1.111q
4. lf)(m-). These shoes don't fit me. f.IJ "'i
., ' hf.lf)'19"
5. 1moa. Does this light bulb fit the socket?
1-11 h?""I:A hoollhJm- f.1'1'"7A l
*The coat fits me perfectly. ""' Ab. )OJo
*The dressmaker did not fit her dress properly.
A-1111 11"-0Jo A-ll(l."t IIA\o. hA(lof.~
-l-9"
fit (vi.) 1moo
This door sticks because it doesn't fit well.
1-11 IIC IIJ'."t-11 1111"71-1'1'9" f.)h
... A
fit In 1mou
My plans do not fit in with yours.
lJ"t-1- ......-a ;JC hf-1'1'9"9"
"'"II.
*She does not fit in with that crowd. bh)fl..l'
(ll":f ;JC oa'f'A (l;f-'1' hf.f-119"
fit out f"''..t'IILA-,.-1-"t )1C':f hH;J)';(II-l-)
He fitted him out for a long stay in the desert.
IIIIG?m- OJoll'l' G-,9" 1.11. IIDD,f.f-1-
f"''..t'll.t.A-,.-1-"t )1C':f hH;J)';II-l-
flt together (vt.) MnJmoo
The carpenter fitted the bits of wood together
skillfully. h'i'm.m- 11'1'1111- f6"t.,.,-l- 41C
'l'~'fi"t MnJmoo
fit together (vi.) .,...,tiJmoP
These parts do not fit together. MH.IJ AI'
A I' )1C':f hf.1nJmooo9"
be fitted
*They cut back the stick until it could be fitted
in the hole. b.,..o;.o;m- h"tJI.1q 11"7F:G"I f
-n.r~.., ' "'i'i' ' hll-1-lJhll--l-
fit (n.) f"''.'I'IIOJo 1111;1-
When he has a fit, he falls on the ground and
foams at the mouth. f"''.'I'IIOJo 1111;1- IL
)"111-l- Y.mri'i' hG'i- f.J'.'i':I'A
have a fit bm- r All
She had a fit when she saw the bill. ""-"11-"t
qf:f ' 1.11. ' bm- ' hll:f
in a fit of
*In a fit of anger, he hit his friend. UF:"t11-'l'
"t1.-l- ' 'IJ'.'I'OJo"t ' Od:f"
[See also 'coughing, depression']
463 fix
fit (adj.)
I. 1-11"7"'1.. We must decide on a fit time and
place for the meeting. 1111-ll(lqm- 1-11"7"'1.
1.1f.'i' o (l;f- 0 OUOJ(l"t ' hl\-ll"t
2. 1-10.. It is not fit that you laugh when your
brother is ill. OJ"t F:9"11 :1"'1" .t'"t-1- ......,
~ ' 1-10. ' hf.J'-119"
be fit for
I. 1-11"7"7 (with noun). What sort of work is
he fit for? II,..., 'lf.)-1- P'&- Y.II"7"7Al
2. !I'll (with verb). He is now well and fit for
work. hv-"t -t-1111-:f"A 1\.oP&- Y.:f~A
3. If). This permeable soil is not fit for
,.,..,,..
plowing. OJ? f"''.OD'I' oo.:,.r llhCll' h
be fit to trio
This wine is not fit to drink. Y.U fmY.1
m-, IIODm'J' hf.lf"t!l"
keep fit (lOJo)-l>"t mO.,.
We have to keep fit to stay healthy. Om."t)-l-
llou,f.f-1- (lm-):f":f"t"t oumn~ hll-ll"t
look fit
*He looks fit again after his illness. ;f-'1" h-1-)
"' 0:\1\ ' (lm-)-1> ODIIII ' -II!).A
see fit +10. ouil~ ;1-fiD"
He did not see fit to accept my suggestion.
.t'.,.G-IIIJ<-1-"t ' .h ...-11 ' """'0A ' 1-10. ' OOIII\"
hA;f-fm-9"
fitting (n.) TC'q
He went to the tailor's for a fitting. IITC'q
OJJ'. A-1111 (1"-0Jo 11.-l- '/.f.
fitting (adj.) 1-10.
This is a fitting moment for prayer. Y.U ll~
11--l- ' 1-10. ' 1.11. ' )OJo
five 1.9"11-l-
five o'clock OJP&. 1\'t~ (aq.:,.
We drink tea at five o'clock. UOP'&- h"tF:
(I'l-l- li'Y. h"tmnJII"t
fix
I. m1). Can you fix the typewriter for me?
fl'O.b.t.-1- ouh.'i'OJo"t A-l-m.,..,A'1 -l-:fl\1111 l
2. hll-1-lJhll. Fix your tie! h&->i'IIJ"t hll-1-
lJhA
3. h(l'i'JI. I have to fix supper now. hv-"t
h&--1- ' "Y(l'i'JI-l- ' hll-11'1
4. 1-hll. He fixed his eyes on the beautiful
girl. 'lf.'l'lfi"t U,f."t}t'l' A)f1GF: 1\f. 1-hll
The sailor fixed a new mast on the boat.
fixed
oocbft'fw- lAqw- ilf. IVI.il flf &-
?"ilfl _,.bA
5. 011'1). At each meeting, they fix the time
of the next meeting. ftl\,t'"t'l't-'1. il1ll'tq f
"'l.oJ>'I'Aw-'t fil1ll'tq 1.11. f.Oiil<;tr
He fixed the price at one dollar. 'I';>a>-'J q')
Y: 1 1J.C m{l)
6. l\F-~1. She fixed the blame on the leader.
"'"'"'' ' ftoP&aJo ' ilf. ' l\F.~1"f
He fixed his attention on what he was doing.
doii!I-'J ' ft'l"il ' ft"'l. ...&-aJo ' 1"&- ' ilf. ' ll
F-~1
be fixed up .,.il.,.IJbA
Everything is fixed up again. rrll-?" )1C
l\'JF-1<; _,.il.,.IJb!\,A
fixed (adj.) f.,.OII't) 1 ooF.ft'f
He has a fixed salary. f-1-0IIU F-'1"11 l\Aw-
In addition to a fixed salary, he gets a com-
mission. booF.ft'l' F-'1"11- 11.11 1>"'1.1'1.1'
't ' $1'fA
fixing.,.,.,
My bicycle needs fixing. tl.l'l.b/1.1: '1'1<;
Yill-A:>:t-A
fixture li:J'!P":f
The bathroom fixtures are made of gold.
oo:t-mtJ.Yw- b'i'A a>-il'l' f"'l. 1"l'-l-
l\:J'!P"f b01c;r. ,.,.,.'~- <;'fw-
fizz 1( l\A
The soda fizzed when it was poured. Ma>- 1'1.
oJ>'I 1( liA
fizzle .,.., ......
Wet fireworks fizzle. l\C'I'-11 C"f-l- f.'t"'"'A
flabbergast ft"'?" liMH
His ignorance will flabbergast you. f:'J.,.c<;w-
ft"'?" YM'J;r.VA
flabby A'i'il'i'il
He has flabby muscles. m-'Jil'w- A'i'il'i'il )a>-
flag (flagged), v.
I. ll M. His strength was flagging. "lf.ll- liY
)(I f.V.f: )ftC
2 . .,.'lboo. My horse was flagging, but I urged
him on. l-~1'1. .,.'lb'l" )ftC )1C "''J -f
(I" ' l\')JI..'f,f: ' h-~ hocb--l-
flag (n.) il'tF.;r. 'tl\"7 l q"tF.&-
Fiags were flying everywhere. il'tF.;r. 'ti\"7!P
';f (q'tF.I!'-f) ftfll:f-a>- f.CDo/101\ll- )ftC
[See also 'salute']
464 flame
fl age II ate 1~L
They flagellated the thief in public. /l,qaJo't
qF.qqf. ' 1~4--l-
flagpole fq')F.,&- ooll+Y
The extremity of the flagpole is pointed.
fq') F.&-w- ooll+Y '"i'i' II'A )a>-
flagrant 1-Atl
Flagrant spelling errors are unacceptable.
1-Atl flf) foJ>I\"7-l- il.b_,.-l- .,._,.qf.)-l-
fAa>-?"
flasrant misconduct llilb.t. ?""'qc
His flagrant misconduct outraged the villagers.
llilb.t. ?""'q-1- OD'tF.C-1-'l''li'J l\1141-"''fa>-
flagstaff fq'JF.,&- ooll+Y
The flagstaff was bare. fq')F.,&-ID- ooll+Y
qr- )ftC
flail oow--tY
He broke his flail when he struck a stone.
oow--tYw-'J F.'J'I.Y n.oo:t-ft-l- .,.lift~
flair
I. .,.I'I'I'!P. He has a flair for languages.
flln!ll _,.il'I'!P l\Aa>-
2. HF.. The trader has a flair for bargains.
);>F.,a>- ftCIJ1i f"'1.1~ft-l- HF. l\Aa>-
flake
I. ;r.c'i't-.t.. The flakes of soap soon melt in
the water. fll-<; ;r.C'i'&-.t. a>-;) ID-il
'I' 1'1.1q 01-'I.YID-'l- ,..,_.,_A
2. ;r.c.t.+. Flakes of paint lay on the ground.
oot-1: 'If. foJ>A?" ;r.c.t.-l- l\A
flamboyant
I. 11A'l"A"l'". She wears flamboyant jewelry.
-IIA"l'"A"l'" '1"11.'1' :1-F.C:>A"f
2. ( = noun) f:?"oJ>-l-. A flamboyant sunset
makes the sky look like fire. f?"-l-mAoJ>ID- B
dof. ' f:?"oJ>-l- ' 11.,\l't ' F.?" l\ilODiltl-:f-A
flame (v.), ~ quickly 11"1 liA
The match flamed quickly. b-11&1: 11"1 liA
make flame up l\'tll1111
The gasoline made the fire flame up. II.'tiL'l-
l\111:-t li'JII11111D-
flame (n.)
I. -acn. The flame of this candle is weak.
fiLII If., -acn "'""' ),.
2. fl\1\-l- )ftAqA. The flame left black marks
on the wall. fl\111: )ftAqA "1!:"1-'lw-'t
lltn ...~ID-
flammable
3. tRAIJA. The flames consumed the wooden
huts. tRAIJ/1- 1~l"'l?t 1\:>J.''ftJJo
be in flames RA<\'1- 1-J.'J.'H
Soon the whole house was in flames. mJI..I'tJJo
IL-l: a-11- RA<\'1- 1-J.'J.'H
[See also 'burst, quicken, spurt, tongue']
flammable R+llll- f"'UJ.'11
Gas is flammable, so don't smoke cigarettes
near it. IL'JH.'J R.,.ll/1- f"'UJ.'11 !11\lf
t l\m11t- (IJf&- 1\:l-"1'!1
flank vt. ( ~ intr.) "/&-<; .,.'S n"f
High buildings flank the narrow alley.
'1-AA'I- <h'Jlll"~ flmiJR- OD'J1.1': 1&-<; +
'S. 1-1'111-
be flanked h1&-<; h.,.'S ;1-~R
The Emperor's car was flanked by guards.
""~-"' t1P'-I> ....h.<; h1&-<; h.,.'S
RhiJC HR'l'~ ;1-)!'(l tRC
flank (n.)
1. ii'J'I'. The stirrup bruised the horse's
flank. f.I.~/1-'J ii'J'I' ACitil 1-.1':-r-;f-A
2. fD1'). They are attacking our army on the
left flank. Mil- IP&-~'J'J R1&- fD1'J J.'m
:t-Il-
flannel [11!11111 .,...,.'!- J.'l\tJJo hil-'i' ,.,..,.
"". "'t:Ofo]
flap (flapped), vt. I\C1R1R
The chicken flapped its wings. P..C'I' h'J!f,'J
I\C1fl1R~
flap (vi.) 1-tD-1\RIIfl
A shutter flapped outside the window. oo :>~"If
m- bOD!II>-1> tD-"1/" 1-tJJoi\RIIR
flap away
The large bird flapped away. '1-A!I/ fD'i' h
'J!f,'J AJ.'&-1R~ R~~~
flap (n.) hJI'J
The flap on my pocket is tom. fh.4. h.ti'J
.,_.,.~A
Glue the flap of the envelope! fl\.,llAh-'J h
JI'J "711JR<I:J.' I\.I':C1R'I-
flare (v.) 111 1\11
The match flared and then went out. hil&-1>
111 illl- mJI..I'm- m'l-
Anger flared in his eyes. R'J1.'1- 'U'!o- S'.
'J" ' OD(ill
flare up
1. 111 1\11. The fire flared up when I poured
465 flash flood
some gasoline on it. IL'JH.') iJ,;u.9"cR'I- 1..
11. AII-I> 111 1\11
2. .,., 1\11. When he was accused of lying,
he flared up. tJJoif;f-9" ttl I'I.IJA -1>1 1\11
flare (n.)
1. tRAIJA. A red flare marked the spot of
the accident. .,.J.'. tRAIJA J.'S'.;>m-'J
(l;f- ' I\ODIIh1-
2. DDil&-'1-. They set up flares to guide the
planes in landing. 1\fDo~l\\o- I'I.J.'C'i' II
DD9"&-'I- """'"""" """""'" IIJ.'. 1\!l.,.....m-
flare-up ...,.,.!1.,.!1
A flare-up of violence brought police to the
riot area again. fil'l'ilm- .,...,.!1.,.!1 ;rll.(a'fl
A'JS'-1<; mS'. v-hof: !l'i'&- A'JJI.~ 1\S'-~1
flash (vt.) 1\R&-
He flashed the light right in my face. """'"-""
'J 11.,.'1';1- .l.of: IIJ.'. 1\R&-ii'S
flash (vi.)
1. iiA"P 1\11. A light flashed on the dark
shore. R""'ll"""'" m~'i' IIJ.'. iJC'/'J iiA
op 1\11
2. 1-1-h-1'1. Meteors flash across the heavens
every night. 1-BJC'I'& l>hll~ "7;1- "7;1- 1'1"7
J.'. 1\J.'.. J.'.1-h-llll-
3. 1\R&-. Her eyes flashed with anger. 't.J.'.'l'!l!
R'J1.'1- l\R'I-
flash by iifDo illl- 1\11.1.
A car flashed by. 1\').1': ODIJ.<; iifDo iJ
II- 1\11.1.
flash through one's mind iJA"P 1\II(R'I-)
A good idea suddenly flashed through my
mind.I\'J.I': '1"1- dlllil R.I':'J1'1- of!A"P 1\
llii'S
flash (n.) iiA"P;f-
Did you see the flash of lightning? fODiJ.:ofi'J
iiA"P;f- 1\ftl !
flash of temper <IIIIJ
A flash of temper shows that he is still angry.
oftnlfDo I 1\IJ-')9" r OD<;~') J.'IIJ.'A
in a flash hou'foJI"R'I-
It was all over in a flash. bODOfoi\"R'I- v-11-9"
t1C I 1-IJIOD
flash flood S'.&-ii tJJo;)
When driving in the desert, watch out for
flash floods! 9".1':~ RJI fDoil'l' !1'1-t.tl hS'.
&-ii fDo;) Tm'J.,.'fo
..
 flashlight
flashlight fJ."f-6
This flashlight gives strong light. ,1'.11 fJ."f-6
.,..,. oflc?'J f.fl"'ol\
flashy oflol\"'."ol\""'
He wears flashy clothes. -flol\"'."ol\"1." ol\ofl{l
,1'.11-fl<'lol\
flask 4-111>
The flask was full of wine. 4-111>tJJo Om,I'.'J
til~ .,..,.ol\;1:11\
flat (n.) h;rC1""'/
I just moved into a new fiat. hii-'J o'J>c
o- h-'1.11 h;rc....., tJJoll'l' 1'111-
have a flat roPJ'LIJ I 1-7 I 1-~L(t
On the way back, we had a fiat. II'Joollll foo
h....,.., 1"'/ ...)1..{1
hit (strike) with the flat of
*He hit her with the fiat of his hand. 0.+6.1'
'I'd. ....,...,.
*The officer struck the insubordinate soldier
with the fiat of the sword. oolt-'J). f"'/,1'.;1'
lllltJJo'J ID;l'.I'.C 01tl-F. 'I'd. OD;J'tJJo
flat (adj.)
I. 11'1' .I'll. His house has a fiat roof. 0.1: II
'I' .I'll "161 hlltJJo
2. "'VV"'/. The country is flat. Mol- "'VV"'/
)tJJo
3. .1'.11\.1111. They looked for a flat place on
which to pitch their tent. .I'."J\\.,'I'tJJo'J II""
."f-hol\ .l'.ol\.1111 ..,. 1..11.,.
4. tn'i"'J<f.. Some people still believe that the
earth is fiat. h'J"''J.I'." fi9':Y. hii-'J?" oo&,
:,. m'i!"'<f. )":f -fill,.,. 1'1""11-
5. 11C"'. A flat dish is used for serving fish.
11C"' <'l.ih'J ll't"' "'1'1><:0.1 .1'111"11111\
6. .l'.'i!"'"'. He has a flat nose. .l'.'i!"'"' h'i!
""" hlltJJo
7. oo.o.ol;' ofi;J'. We paid a flat rate with no
extra charges. ?"'J'I" .....,..,6 hW <'I,I'.II"J
oP.I'.Ol;'tJJo'J 'i':J ofi;J' hl..oi\'J
8. .I'."C'J> .I'll. A flat refusal was his final
answer. .I'."C't .I'll h?"O.:l' .,.C'I' 111 ""
ol\{1- II')
9. f"'/f'JMC't. The wall is painted with fiat
paint. "l.l'.""l.lltJJo f"'/f'Jl\fJC'J> +11'1" ......
ofl;l:ol\
be flat on one's back +~
He has been fiat on his hack for two weeks
now with that cold. O.,.'J<f.'J ,"hoP?" f ... )
l
466 flatter
.., IJ/14-."f- 11-ll."f- <'I?"'Jof-:Y. )';?"!!' ,.., ...
...... )tJJo
fall flat
I. -J-.1'.4-. He fell fiat on his face. fJ'i!
m.- .......4-
2. -1-11<:<:. He fell flat on his back. O)';CfJfDo
...11<:<:
3. .,.....,.. II'). His plan fell flat. h't-'1. .,.....
.... II')
4. /l.m)Q f."'fllol\. The best joke can fall flat
if not told properly. 0"1?" hP'4!'t fll')
m&. ..."1'1'1" IJol\...fDtl- /l.m)q ,I'.TI\ol\
get flat ......
Inflate the tire! It is getting flat. 1"'/tJJo'J 'J<f.
fDo I ...'t;t:ol\
have a flat tire ")611 +~L(t
I had a fiat tire and couldn't come on time.
1"'1'- 1111...)1..{1 01.U.fDo. oi\.I'.CII hoi\;J'ol\h-'1"
lay flat ...11<:<:
He lay fiat on the ground. oo&,ofo II.P. ...
H<:<:
taste flat
I. hllol\ 'J>mol\ hM?". The food tastes
flat. ?"""ll- hllol\ 'tmol\ hf.ol\?"
2. tJJo;) fDo;) hll. The beer tastes flat. mllfDo
tJJo;) fDo;) .P.IIol\
[See also 'hammer, smash1
flatly O'i!l\.?"
He flatly refused to go. O'i!l\.?" hoi\Y..I'."?" hll
flatten
1. ml..ml... He flattened the iron with a
hammer. ofl<:ofo'J OooP..lf ml..ml..fDo
2. 11.11 l\.1'.<:1. The hail has completely flat-
tened the wheat. O<:P..fDo ii'JJ'.tJJo'J 1111 h
.I'."C'):J'ol\
3. hii...!Jhll. The steamroller flattened the
road surface. -'1'/"mfDo oP&,ofo'J hii...IJhlltJJo
4. 11<:<:. You are no match for him. He will
flatten you with one blow. hh-1.,. h.P..I'.AII?"I
fJ'J.I'." ?"."f- .P.llc?ol\
flatten out .,.H~.?;J
The wrinkled silk will flatten out if you iron it.
, ... ..,..,.......,. .hC ll....lt-11 .P.li<::J;Jol\
flatter
I. Oh'Jofo fDo-'11\ .1'.1111 I Oh'Jofo hm.l'.(l I
.1'.1111.. He tried to flatter me. Oh'Jofo tD--'11\
11..1'.11\ll't 'l"h<:
He flattered his boss in the hope of getting a
flattery
promotion. 1.J:""J'I- 11"7"/i'l- .,./14. 0"7~
~"' hii:J'IJJo"} Rh"J_, hmf.(l
She angled for an invitation to his party by
flattering him. 7.1'1-"J Oouf.llol\ m.r. "111
.,. ' l'."J.II.tnc!-'1- ' oi\;1""/QQIJJo ' 'l"h~:f
2. hl>c!-. The high estimation in which he is
held by his friends flatters him. 'Jf.'l''j; f"7..1'1
m-'1- ' h'i'.,.;;o ' ..,,.,.. ' .t'l>c!-'l'ol\
3. R"'f" hiiJ'.I'I-1-. Your invitation ~flatters
me. "111.,.11 R"'f" 1\IIJ'.(I.fo';'ol\
4 .t'll""ol\11- ouAh l'ltniJJo. This photo
flatters her. .1'-11 C::ofo"lc!-'1' .t'IIODol\'>, ""
ol\h ' I'I'I':J::f"ol\
flatter oneself &.l"t-'1 h:f"i\1\
He flatters himself he is a good judge of
character. f(IIJJo"} mQ.t'- 1\IJJo:J'IIrJ- 7..1'11
c!-1'1-"J .t':f"AIIA
feel flattered +lf~111
She felt flattered by his remarks. l'.!l. R"J"'"l'l-
+lf~111:f
flattery
I. 7i"J111. I don't care for flattery from
anyone. h"7"Jf" 11"7..1'1~HC11'S 7i"J111 "'~
fii'Sf"
2. ~1111. He makes use of the art of
flattery. 0~1111 H.<'. Y.m+"7A
3. fh"J., aNII'I.. Don't let flattery turn your
head! fh"J., IJJoJI(I. Q&.t' h'l-rJ-"J
flaunt 11.1'-ll.,...ll hftf
She flaunts her riches before friends. Om.ll}(!l!
,.,.. ' 1111:J:"} ' 11.1'-ll....ll ' :f"ft.t'll:f
flavor (v.) h"'<l.m
Flavor the cake with lemon! b.h-"J 011-"t
A"''i'tn..,.
flavor(n.)
I. "16?". The coffee has lost all its flavor.
11-<;..,. "16.,..."} h'I':J:A
2. ~h~'l-. Stories about ships and sailors have
a flavor of the sea. (Ill oucb11<; ouChR'l':f
f"'U1'1-'I- ;t-&t>:f q;r.c ~h~+ hlllf..,.
flavoring "7"141.""1
Sugar is a common flavoring for soft drinks.
ll'>.C ' IIIIMft ' ODtnfll:f ' f-1-IIODf. ' "7"1
d..-1.. )aJ-
flaw
I. ll"J'I'~. There is a flaw in the glass.11C"'."4'..,.
(l"}ff ' 1\110'1-
467 fleet
2. -,.r:A:,.. There were several :flaws in our
plan. l'.~JI:f"J 1111' 1-~11'1- ~0~0'1-
flawless l'."Jh"J fi\.110'1-
His flawless English makes one think he is a
native of England. l'."Jh"J fi\.110'1- l'."J"/11.
11';'..,. fl'."}"l/1.11 ' -1-0JII).!' }'(IOD(III'I'A
flax -1-AQ
Flax must be steeped in water before it can
be used. -1-AQ 11?""111 a...~,. 11.1'- hou
'I'll- 01-'f- ODH'i'H'i' ' 1\110'1-
flea <lrt"'i
Fleas invaded the house. <lrt"'i O..,"J OJC'
;f-A
fleck
I. m11:f". A fleck of sauce showed on his shirt.
fOJ'I' m11:f" lf"''.ll' 11.1'- .1'-:f".t'- ~RC
2. 11..0S. A fleck of. dust is in my eye. fh!l.c!-
11<;'S 'i.t'-l!. IJJoll'l' 111:1:A
(be) flecked with "'A "'A 1\110'1-
The brown cloth is flecked with green. R-<;
'i.t'-~'1- A11!l. 1 h~"J'J.<'. +II?" "'A "'A
1111-R:f"A
fled, see flee
fledgling (n.) fOJ'i' "'i<Qo'f-
The fledglings looked over the edge of the nest.
fOJ'i' ""l"".fo:f R~}(IJJo tnC11 11.1'-
1\"}1;1-lf~ 11~ ' h~C11JJo -f-ODIIb.,
fledcllnc (adj.) .t'Am<;
The fledgling democratic movement was ended
by the war. .t'Am<;IJJo f.<'.'l"hc!-11. "J~<;<t R
...c~+ h-t-ou
flee (fled) lflf
The population fled to the country. ih1111- OJ
1. QII1C lflf
You should always flee evil. IJ-A'I.Ii bOD'J'
C:: t1C ""lf7i 1\111111
fleece fR"l 1!.1-C
She wore a coat lined with fleece. RR"l 1!.1-C
f-1-h.l.<l. ' 1>'1- ' 1111ftll:f
fleet ffiiC ""Chll:f
The Ethiopian fleet is stationed in Massawa.
fi\.'1-Nr.t' ffiiC ouchP:f 1'14-c!-lfiJJo
f"t'l' I~ ....
a fleet of oft,.
A fleet of fishing boats is off our coast. 1111'
fleeting
~"' "7'1'""11" )';AQI":f Otnl:of.:f"t h~
.1-IL.I' ' 1\11-
fleeting 11A"'I' Ill
The teacher's fleeting smile showed he thought
the joke was funny. fil.,..,<!:fD< 11A"'I' f
II .1..~"1;1-fD< <I'A-'1- 1\P'o!:'S ~1~0D/IilfD<
1\0Dilh+
flesh
I. P':>. Tigers are fond of flesh. )11C':f P'
:> ' Y.mi!II-
The spirit is willing, but the flesh is weak.
OD111.il o 11C-J> P' ;> "11 ~>t"7 )fD<
The flesh of the peach is white. flth P':>
)'? I )fD-
2. /lfD<H. My flesh crawled when I saw a
big snake. -'1-A~ ~q11 QfrJo 1.11. /lfD<)-1:
-1-lfOD<f'<f'
3. h>tA. Mental patients must be treated like
those who suffer from diseases of the flesh.
fl\hi'"C' .ltODI'"-1-'P:f 1.1~ 1\>tA 011
-1-'P:f ' OD:J-hl'" ' />fiQ:ffD<
flesh and blood
He's my own flesh and blood. f P':>'I- .,..!-"11'
1'1'1-1: ' 'i'l\"11' ' )fDo
[See also 'creep']
fleshy
I. ~11!<;. The fleshy girl had to watch her
weight. ~11!<;"'1' A]!: h11.<:;1:1 ODot."'mC
)Om+
2. fA<f'tJ>.Q;l.. We pick only thefleshypeaches.
fA<I'Il>.ll>.fD<1 lth 1111' ~111~"7111
flew, see fly
flexible
1. -1-11"7"11'. The stick we need must be
flexible. fMLA~fD< H1"1 -1-11"7"11' ODIJ"
11>110-l-
2. ~1~ hiiii.I\"U-1> f"''.ll'l'm'l'. A flexible
policy was adopted. ~1~ 1\illl.l\1.)-1> f"''.
ll'l'aJ'l' 1\0D.!-C ' fiODh-1-A -1-aJ/1)
flick (v.)
I. 1\&-~11.. He flicked the dust from his shoes
with a handkerchief. h!U-fD<1 h"'i"71"'1l
1\f. ' 00D.hl:11 ' h&-~11.
2. II''I' h~l:~. He flicked the horse with the
whip. ll.l:ll-1 Q/11;> 11''1' 1\U~
flick (n.)
*With a flick of his whip, he drove away the
468 flimsy
flies from the horse's head. Q/11:> 1111l'll1
hll.l:ll- ' &oil ' 1\f. ' hQl:l:
slve a flick II''I' ' 1\~l:~
He gave the horse a flick of the whip. ll.l:ll-1
Qf11:> ' 11''1' ' 1\~l:~
flicker
I. 11A"'I' Y:C"II'" 1\11. The light is flickering.
ODofl.!--1> 11A"'I' Y:C"II'" f.I\A
2. ( ~ tr.) 1\fD<liOIIO. +'The tongue of the snake
flickered at us. ~qo- 1'"1\11-1 hfD</10110111
flier hfD<C'TI\1 H[
He is a famous flier. f;J-m<l' 1\fD-C'TI\1 )
7(' ) ....
flies, see fly (n.)
flight
I. ~a. How many more flights do we have
to climb? >tu-1 m11..11 i11-l- ~al"":f
"""'""1-l- f.'l'C11<;A l
2. s:~. He lives three flights up.: hlLII ?'il
.,_,.,. ' S:~ ' 1\f. ' f.'l'.!-A
3. Ol:.!-. All flights were canceled on account
of the storm. q,.fl- )of.(l. l'"h1 1-'1- Ol:
.!-,. 11-11- -1-IICI' )OC
We watched the flight of the birds. fmS:'Il1
Ol:.!- -1-0D/Ih-l-1
4. 1111-l-. They sought safety in flight. 01111-l-
~ ' 11"71'"11'1' ' 11.111
downward flisht OD11oi'Aoi'A
The downward flight of the bird was graceful.
faJ.I.-1> ' OD11oi'Aoi'A ' ~il ' f.A ' ) oc
make a fllsht lflf
After a warning from a neighbor, he made a
precipitate flight. 1-l:0.-1> >tilm)<f'<f',.
0:\1\ O'l'Y:ol.f lflf
put to fllsht hlflf
We put the enemy soldiers to flight after a
hard fight. hhQY: OMJ 0:\1\ fml\-'1-1
m:ru-:r- hlflf1
take to .fllsht ~"Ito 1\m-..._'S hll
He took to flight when he saw the police
coming. f?"ll.ll-1 ""1'""1-l- 11.11- ~"Ito
-s '
1>........ hll
[See also 'rough']
flimsy
1. ~:J>:J>. The flimsy boat was crushed like an
eggshell. ~:J>'I' )';AQ ~1~ ~1MA
~C.I.-'1- -1-ll.l:>thii:Y.
flinch 469 flood

2. f"'' f.DDhA. This is a tlimsy excuse. f.U f 2. '1'1111. The silvery moon seemed to float
"''f.DDhA rh"t.f'l- tm- through the sky. -oe fr'l--hll..,. ""~""
Oh"''f. 1111- rr'I-'I'AA +-nA toe
flinch 'i'"th:f 1\11 3. tL(t. A nasty rumor about him is floating
He did not flinch when the doctor cut his arm. around town. l.(l."t f"''.ODI\h'l- OD'J'G: m
mh.oo- l.'l:"t fl.-temm- 'i'"th:f 1\'lllr &. Oh_,..,..,. f.t'i'<'IA
fling (flung)"'~"'~ float down 011-.;1- IDa
He flung his hat in the air. IJel-"1..,.., mi. She floated down the stairs. l.a(m-"t 011"1
(t"''f. ' "'~"'~ ;1- ' m~:f
flln1 about .,..,....tmtm (be) floated down
The excited horse flung about in his stall. The logs were floated down the river. "'"tl'-'ll
fl.t~m..,. t.~h l.;>m- "'"h'l' .,..,....tmtm a>"ttl- 'If. :t.fflild.f. 1\"t'l.a>e-'1. _,.~~
fling oneself (Into) TtnOD~
float (n.) OD"t<'ld.d..f
He flung himself into his work. OF&...,.
.,.mODI.
The child was playing in a swimming pool
with a float. A'~: Oou'J'':'fl>o h'i'&. ..,.h'l'
fling open ~~~~1.
oou"tlJLL.f f.""lm'l- toe
He flung the door open. Il-l-"t 0~~1...,.

fling out Ot!" mil) flock (v.) 1-~d.

She flung out of the room. hh'i'll- II&. m"':f The children flocked into the circus. A}!'ll m
I. heh(l. 1-~f.
flint IJA...'I- flock together 1\"tl.- 'If. .,..,_,_,
In ancient times, they used to shave with tlint.
Sheep usually flock together. -1111-tD-"t '1..11. 0
o1.-c- '1..11. OIJA... 'I- 11-11... toe
1:f ' 1\"tl.-' 'If. '1/."t;>;>ll-
flip (tlipped) flock (n.)
I. m~m~. He tlipped a coin in the air. il"t-1:.,.. I. ""1:>. They followed him like a flock of
"} I tJJ1.. I 1\~ I lDl,aJl,
sheep. :t."tl. 11"1 .,...,_, .,.h.,.II-'1-
2. fl'i''l't'l- ~'111m. The student flipped the We saw a flock of birds flying south. fa>'i' ""
pages of the book. .,..,&m- fODl\'"do4-"t ~ "t;> mi. 1.11--11 {l.Oe 1\f"t
ll.:f fl'i''l't'l- ~'111m 2. r:t.OD<;"t. The priest and hiS flock attended
flip back .,.L<;m~ the ceremony. 41(1.<; no8<;). OO'tll-
The branch tlipped back and scratched his face. P't FC't'l- ' 'If. ' ~"t'
:J-C"t""4- ' .,.d...'l'C' ' """"., ' !1.""~"'"
flip over ~llflm flog (flogged) U ..l.
He flogged the horse to make it pull the cart.
He flipped the book over to hide its title.
1\el.h.,. ' l."t'lf.:J-1/. ODI\'"dof."t ~110m..,. ;>&m-"t ' 1..,...1-'1-'1- ' II"''~..-~..,
~~LtD-
' . . ., .
.~.~

flirt (v.) .,.'It-

flood (vt.)
She flirts with every man she meets. tt~l:f..,.
I. 1\'1'11.,.11.,.. The river flooded our fields.
(t.... '1-'1&.1\:f
flirt with the Idea 1\:J-"'1"'1
,.,.,,. ' .,. .;r..,., ' h'l'll.,.ll.,.tJ>o
2. '1"'1. A blaze of sunlight flooded the room.
I have been flirting with the idea of going to
fm&.&. Ddof. -oen h'i'll-"t '"""'"
Ethiopia for a long time. mi. 1\.'1-f"~.f 1.~
flood (vi.) '1"'1
Poll,. :t..rAll- -1111- '1..11. 1\;r..,., toe
The river floods every year. a>"ttl- O.fou.,.
float (v.) f.'!" 'lA
I. .,..,<'ILL. He sWam for a while and then be flooded
floated. 11'1'4:'1- '1..11. 'I''S-r- hlf..l'r 0:\ I. .,.'1'1\.,.ll.,.. The whole street was flooded
'I 11r -1111- flitLL
...,.,~.o;. ooo-11- -l-'l'll;r.A4' toe
A balloon floated in the air. 1\"tl.- 1.'1 hf 2. ( = tr.) '"" +The room was flooded with
e 'If. .,.., ....~..~. light. h'i'll-"t -ocn 'I"A-r-'1- toe
flood 470 flourish

3. ( = intr.) .,...:.1.(11-l-). +we have been flooded flop (vi.) '-"JH'i' 1'.11
with requests for help. l'l\C'I;I- '1'.1'4: .r..,_c She flopped into a chair. m"JR~ IIJ.'. '-"JH
'i'A"J )RC 'I' ' t.II:Y..
flood (n.) flop around .,."JLtl-Lt.
I. .,_C'i'. Many perished in the flood. R.,_C'i' The fish that I caught were flopping around in
9"h"JJ.'-l- -1111" {ttJJo t.ll+ the bottom of the boat. J.' m"" ~\>.'I'IJJo 't"'
2. ftJJo:' ""'1'11-l-11-l-. A crook in the stream ,..:y.. lAfltJJo tJJoil"l' J.'."JL<l-L~ )RC
causes floods during heavy rains. Rhfl~ 11'i' flop down lffj: hll
-fl I '1..11. I fdJ'}ff"' I OfJatrH-Jr I fDJo;) I 0D He flopped down on the bed and went to sleep.
'1'11-l-11-l-"J J.'{thol-IIA t.A;JIJJo IIJ.'. H'i' IJII R:\11 '-"J-l-A
3. ftJJo:' ...11-l-. A flood threatened the city. lj:: mft"-w-
ftJJo:' ..,11-l- h.,_.,....., t.il"lofo;I-A
flora 6111'-l-
Flood f"l''i-T tJJo;i A scientific group will study Ethiopia's fauna
Noah made an ark for the Flood. 'l''\ ll"l''i- and flora. t."J~ r.-..r."Jil 1\.:l'IJJo"JT '\~
+ I Q)o~ I DPCh1l I IP6- rt...+I'"A-n ,..,il.-.+'i' 681'+ .r.-t.9".:-A
flood of .,"I'C f/l.lltJJo
The candidate received a flood of letters. florid H4'1JIJ
.,_ID'I'I&tJJo _,."I'C f/l.lltJJo .<'.-11-'IIL .<'.t. The teacher disapproved of the students'
{ttJJo florid writing. ""9"11~ ,.,..'M,..'Ii"J ,.,.
4-IJIJ ll"dto'i' )4-L
flooded (adj.) .,_C'i' .1'"1'114'11-ttJJo *Fever gave him a florid complexion. +tt-ta+
The flooded fields were covered with silt. .~...,., .<'.9" t.il-{1/liJJo
.,_C'i' J.'"l'll4'11:1''1'tJJo "''.JJ,..:Y.. .<'.IIA II
ofl{ttJJo )RC florist t.RIJ 11""11'
The florist does good business on Saturday.
flooding (n.) .,_C'i' t.RIJ II""" ol--'1"'1. ol--'1"'1. 1RJ.' l'oiiiJJo
The embankment protects the road from
flooding. "1.1:"-11 .,..-,,,o;."J .,_C'i' '-"J'IJ.'.m{l flounce, ~ out .,..,.'i'"I'C' "'"'
.<'.tJJo J.'.hllhiiA The girl flounced out of the room. A~:l; hh
'I'll-' IJJoil"l' ...<ll.'i'"l'tl- ID"':fo
floor
I. IDIIA. Children like to sit on the floor. flounder (v.) .,.'1'""'1'.""1'.
ih!'i'T RIDIIA IIJ.'. ""4'"""1' J.'.ID'I/1- He floundered in the deep mud for a while
In the Ethiopian countryside, the floor of the before getting out. h-7'1' aJoil'l' 1\oum-
houses is not made of wood. Rt...-l-I'"A-.1' 1m "'T ' .,_'~'""'t.""t.
C ffL-fo:Y.. IDIIA "'liJoll flltJJo9" flounder around ..4"011
They dropped their net to the floor of the He floundered around trying to find the right
ocean. ""t.IJ'ftJJo"J RtJJool-J.''l'il IDIIA IIJ.'. answer. -l-hhii,.,."J ""Ail ,...,.,.,-+ :l'RH
Ht.'l-
2. G:ol-. Our house has three floors. IL;I-:Y.."J flounder (n.) [f't"' 'tM-l-]
!Pil-l- ' G:ol- ' l'oiiiJJo flour -'1.-1:-l-
have the floor 1"~1t:. I want a sack of flour. t."J~ ]f:JJ.' -'1.-1:-l-
May I have the floor? ll""'i'1C J.'.L4'~A'S ! '-LA,;JIIIJo
take the floor +'i"1l!. [See also 'grind']
The chairman asked the opponent of the
flourish (vt.) I'.IJJoiiRIIR
proposal to take the floor. f'--l--'1- .,.:1'1'"'1.
fll'),. {IIJJo\1- '-Vl.'i'1C II.+ .,...,a~ m He flourished the handkerchief when he saw us.
(l.J.'f"J oPdtt.II-"J l'oiJJoiiRIIR
'"'"'"
flop (flopped), vt. MH"'/' l'o.<'.t.1
flourish (vi.)
I. - ll''l' R+ll. Oranges flourish in a
He flopped his books on a chair. ""ll"dtG:'f?t warm climate. -IIC.,IJ"J R'l":1'-l- il'i'tl-
ID"JRC IIJ.'. '-"JH"'/' 1'..<'.1'.1 -ll''l'J.'.R-l-IIA
flow
2. 011111. The kingdom of Aksum flourished
in the fourth oentury. .l'hll-9" ...,,...,_,..,.-,. fJ
&-.,.,."'" ht;:ll H...., OAI\'1 )0C
3 . .,.il4-4-. Business flourished this year. 011.11
'tOD:,. 't"'.l': .,.il4-t;::J:A
flow (v.)
I. .,..-,.t:Lt:L. Wine flowed at the feast. 0"1
-ll"lf"OJo 'IJ.'. fmY.'t tn~ .,_:,.,:t;:CG: )0C
2. mtJ.. Blood flows through a vein. !I'.V" 0
!1'.9" P'C OJoil'l' Y.mCJIA
The river flows through the desert m'tH- 0
t:"litJJo't hi'ICI" j.'.mCJIA
flow by'l-t:L
The crowds flowed by. ih"llll- '1-t:L
flow down .,.'t11"t:11
Her long, black hair flowed down her back.
.:~9"<; 'l'ofiC 1\.,.;:: ~CfJ'I' 'IJ.'. .,.'t11"C
"l'iA
flow Into
I. 1fl. The Danube flows into the Black Sea.
fJI't!'-11 m't"ll 'l'ofiC fJihC J.'.1fJA
2. '1"'1. Goods flowed into the store. If+"' If
+'I' 0 ODfl'.-11~') 0 '1"1\0Jo
flow over Its banks .,.,t\
The river flowed over its banks and flooded
the surrounding area. m'tH- 'I"A-1' 1\ltfJO.
tJJo't ' 1\TII+II+OJo
flow (n.)
1. ...,.,..'1:,.<; ""'I'!I'.A. They regulate the
flow of water by a dam. ftJJo;>OJo't ...,...'1.-,.
<; OD'I'fi'.A ' 0"1.1':-11 ' J.'.'lr."'tn&-11-
2. ODOJot!.l':. The fauoet controls the flow of
water. g,ru, ooh~tD- fm-~tD-"t DDt&
t:.l': ' J.'.'IL"'tn&-A
*The flow of supplies to our army has been cut.
llm:J-!I'.t:il'l-'t ' f"t'lh ' P''t:,O<; ' .-,.'1':,. ' .,.
*CI\l.A
flower (v.) 1\00
This tree does not flower until October.
J.'.ll ~t;: l'.ilh '1':,.,-:,. 1\.1'-11-IIVO
flower (n.)
I. 1\0fJ. There are many flowers at the end of
the rainy season. h.:vo:,. IU'O? -1111- 1\0
fll":f ' J.'.:J-.1'11-
2. 9"C'l' V"Cm-. The flower of the country's
youth was killed by war. 1116;1: m"!of:f
OJoil'l' 9"C'l' V"Cm- OtDC)-1> 'IJ.'. '1"-1>
471 fluffy
flower of life 1\0fJ):,.
.,..,.....
He died in the flower of life. 1<; 01\0fJ)-Jo
flower bed Jrt.RQ DD.(.it
The dog buried a bone in the flower bed.
OJolftJJo ' 1\0fJOJo 0 OD!)'.-11 ' OJoil'l' ' 1\'J''t..,. '
+o.:
flowery
I. fJOfJ .l'lrO.:+. The flowery meadow was
pleasing to the eye. fJOfJ .l'lrOt:+OJo ""
ilh ll'tJ.'.'t .l'il!l'.il:,. )OC
2. l\OfJ"7. He walked beneath a canopy of
flowery trees. fJOfJ"7 ~G::f '1''1 P'C
.,.6-0Dfl'.
3. me? mc:,O. Flowery speech is preferred
by Arab speakers. 'tt:-11,. .,.<;;>&l":f me
.4- me:,. 't"'"'C J.'.ODC"'II-
flowing (adj.)
I. HC4-4-. Nomads often wear flowing robes
on account of the heat. h ....,..-,. f.,.)"f H
'l'l':f 1\-ll~ ...OJo't 1.11. HC4-4- A-llil J.'.
11-111111-
2. f.,.'t11"t:11. The boys admired her flowing
hair. A~'li f.,.'t11"t:110Jo't 11.,.;::,. 1\!l'.)ofl
flowing water
Flowing water cools the machinery. fm-;)m- s
II.I',.C'I' ' ODOJot!.l': ' ODh.<;OJo't ' .I'+H:,OH'I'A
flu 1\.'t'i'll-'ll't~
She had to go to bed because of the flu.
h.'t'i'll-'ll't~ ' illl.l'~..,. ' .... .,.,...,. ' ..,..... ' II') fl..,.
fluctuate .,.ll'l'mm
Prioes fluctuate. f10.1' 'I'.:> J.'.ll'l'm"'A
fluency
*The orator had great fluency of speech.
f.,_<;;>&tJJo 1\'t!I'.O:,. C-lot! )OC
fluent ( = adv.) h+'I'I'G:
He speaks fluent Amharic. l\"7C,. 1\+'I'I'G:
J.'.<;1&-A
fluent speaker
The director is a fluent speaker. 'l.<!.h- 1\'t
!1'.0.,_ C-f>tl )OJo
fluently 1\+'ITG:
He has some acquaintance with Amharic, but
does not speak it fluently. l\"7C,. 0""tn
\>- .I'OJo?A l'.'t'l( 1\+'I'I'G: l\J.'.<;1t:OJo9"
fluffy IIMII
He likes to sleep on a fluffy pillow. llil'lll
:,.&oil ...,,..,.&oil Y.mJIA
 fluid
fluid (n.) .vail
The fluid has evaporated. .1.11n:. 1-S:A
fluid (adj.)
I. f4'11m. I watched them pour the fluid
metal into a mold. f4'11mm-1' il<:-1- :,0
CX" ""ll"'im- tJJoll'l' ll_Q;I,~ 1-""llh'l-b-
2. f"'l.'I'AA. The political situation in Nigeria
was fluid. f<;J'."f:.C' f?"M;I) 11-~:J- f"'l.
'I'AA )OC
flung, see fling
flunk IDY..4'
He flunked his chemistry examination. fh."'l.ll
T& ' "-"'""'".,. ' IDS'..4'
fluorescent '1'11-<:111''1-
1 don't like fluoresoent lights. '1'11-<:111''1- ""'"
<1-'1- hAIDY:V"
flurry (flurries) ofl<;'1
Snow flurries began to whiten the fields.
fR<:J'.. ofi'O'I':f "''..<;m-1' "'11'"1'1- l':""~
flurry of alarm X1-;Jm.
A flurry of alarm spread through the crowd
when the explosion was heard. .1.1')[m- 01-
11"'1 1.11. Y:1';>m. R.ft11R- """liA 1'/ltl-Q;I,
*His flow of words was interrupted by a sob.
1'"1"1~") o ll_,IDCJ'..tJJo /1,:1' OY;")~'J- ' h
*<:mm-
flush (vt.)
I. hmR. The nurse flushed the wound with
water. hii:J-"'1"'1.'1' .,1111-1' Om-;> hmR:f
2. m-;> 114'4'. Don't forget to flush the toilet!
"111''1- ' 0.'1- ' ~ofl-f-11 ' IITID"' ' m-;>tJJo") o
ODoi\4':Jo h'I-CII
3. h4''1. Fever has flushed her cheeks.
.,..,.'9..,. '
'1-h-11'1- ' h4''1m-
flush (vi.)
1. ~ J'..V" ou/111. The girl flushed when
the man spoke to her. llm-tlom- ~);>"1<1-'1-
Alh<:-'1.-1> .l.;t J'..V" ""1111
2. J'..- dA He flushed with anger. 01'.1'.'1-
F.,.oo- Ll\
flush into h'l'll4'114'
Water flushed into the room. m-;> h'i'll-1'
h'1'114'114'tJJo
flush (adj.) Ahh oflll- f-1-"'<1-
The door is flush with the wall. 0~ h"IY:"!JI
fDo I ;JC I Ahh I oflir' I f+IP&o I )dJo
472 fly
fluster "1<1- h.:>fl
His constant criticism flustered her. flfm-1-c
)4'4-m- ' "1<1- ' h;>fl-1-
flute '1'"111''1-
The melody of the flute is captivating. f'l'ii1'
-1>' 11."'1 J'."''CI)A
flutter (vt.) h"'l:J-
The bird was fluttering its wings in the cage.
ID;f, ' OID'i' ' 0.'1- ' tJJoll'l' ' 11''0 ' h1';f,1' ' :J-"'1
;l- )0C
flutter (vi.)
I. h1'4-1' h~R~R. The young birds flut.
tered to the ground. fiD'i' "'i"'*:f h1'<f..'f
tJJo") ' l\.1'~0~11- ' IDS'. OD&.'J- ' ID.I:JI.
2. '1-c '1-c All. Her heart fluttered when
the car skidded. ""h.'Om- ll.1'1f<l-1''1- 1 A!l. 1
'1-c-1-cAII
3. of-C~R1R. Her eyelids fluttered as she
awoke. 11'1-):J- "114-!1. 1-C~R~R
4. ofom-110110. Flags were fluttering in the breeze.
....,.,.:,. ' 't'l"'ll":f ' O)<f../1- ' iim-;J- I tJJoll'l' ' J'.
m-1101111- )0C
flutter about '1-~ "toY: hi\
She fluttered about the room trying to get
ready for the guests. l\1'"1/'.'li1' 11""4'0A .,.
Y:' "1-Y: ' hill-
flux, be in - 1-ll'l'tDm
After a war, conditions are in flux. htnC'tT
11:\'1 ofiH- )~C J'.II'I'ID"'A
be in a state of flux ~r;l'- h.IIJ
The country was in a state of flux after the
revolution. hiiofl~ 11:\'1 h~M li'I':J-
h"':f
fly (flew, flown), vt.
I. )JI. Can you fly a plane? hlii-C'TI\1' ""
1'-'1'1- '1-:f-'11111 I
2. hm-c-rl\1' )JI. They have to study naviga-
tion before they are allowed to fly. ha>-C'TI\1'
1\").IJ.)JI. 0 bDD.I.4'JI. 0 lloi.T ' h:Jo"J"'i") 0 f
""llf-1- '1-V"IIC'I- "'1'1''0'1- hllfl'fm-
3. htD-11111111. They like to fly kites. IDI\1'-'1 "'l
ID-IIoflllofl ' J'.ID-'111-
4. llhtD-C'TI\1' ID{IJ'... They flew the merchan-
dise to Addis Ababa. l\.!l'a>-1' llhtD-I!'TI\1'
ID.I'. h-'1.11 hfifl ID/1.11.'1-
fly (vi.)
I. 11<:<:. The birds are flying south. IDC:'Jl
"''- ' J'..R-ofl ' J'-11<1-11-
fly
We are flying to Paris tomorrow. t~ tD!l.
;r<lh 1\"tR&-i\"}
2. -l-h4'i\. Our llag flies every day. (I"} !f.~ 'til
"7~ Rf4'). f.1'14'1\l\
3. 'I'll\~ l\11. A moth flew into the flame of
the candle. fl.<\'1- 1.&-'1- lf"7"'" tRI\QI\
"'"h'l' 'I'll\~ ' l\il":f
4. C"m. How time flies! 1.1 1\"}Y..-1- .ec-
~A .
He flew to her aid. boo~x-n+ 1!.<:1'111'1-
fly about
I. tDI',J tiJ-'1.11 R<:<:. The bats flew about
to catch insects. fi\.11.'1- tDC:.":f t'i'<\'1- II
ooJ'1l tDI',J tD-'1.11 R<:-1-
2. Rfh'i'o!-"'" -1-R;f--1-t. There are many bits
of paper flying about. 1111" ftD<:4''1- "'&-
t;""";f Rfh'i'o!-"'" -1-R;f-'1-t'f'A
fly around Oh.aJol!"Tt\"} fll;
He flew around the world in ten days. Rl\,.I!"T
II"} 'ti\M ROP'C 4'"} ,.h'l' If<:
fly in the breeze 1-aJot\OflO
The flag flew in the breeze. (l"} !l.~ 'tl\"7
,. Rtol.h "'"h'l' _,.,.1\Ri\R
fly open -!-R<:1!l.
The wind blew, and the door flew open. to(.(lo
tU'i'h R-1- -1-R<:1!l.
fly overhead Rill' 'If. Rl!" l\i\1.
A squadron of planes flew overhead. l\"}J': 1.
h\o.J':C""} l\"'"I!"T'I"} Rll.l'":f"} 'If. Rl!"
l\i\1.
[See also 'flurry, passion, rage, temper']
fly (!lies), n. 11"}11
There are many flies around here. 1\H.II 11!.
., ' 1111" ' 1J"}fl";f ' l\11-
flying colors
The debating team came off with flying colors.
fhCh-1- 11-J':"} J':l\"} -1-4'11)1."
fly swatter "1"&-
The priest's fly swatter has a handle made of
hom. <1:(1- f"7..f.lf"'l- "I"&- 1.)1.";1-,. .,..,
J': t ....
fly whisk "f."&-
1 need a fly whisk to chase away flies. 1J"}fl'fl
-, ' ii"7Q<:<I.I' ' "I"&- .l'hi.A~>:'I\
foal f l.<:h ,.C"J"f."'l
The foal was still unsteady on its legs. f 1.<:(1-
~"1"'1 ~<; 1."1-1- l\l\mtb<:9"
473 fo~
foam (v.)
I. l\<:4. tD~. She beat the milk untilitfoamed.
l\<:4. 1\hb.tD~ J':<:h tDi-1:"} <;m";f,.
2 .l'.tol.. He was foaming with anger. R"}Y.'I-
f.!f.to(. tRC
foam at the mouth h.t:4- 1..L+
When he has a fit, he falls on the ground and
foams at the mouth. f"7.'1'il"'" R1i;J- ll.t
"'R'I- f.tDJ':~<; l\<:4. f.!l.'i':I'A
foam (n.) l\<:4.
There is more foam than beer. bll&-..,. f.l\
~ l\<:4-..,.. .en~A
focus (v.)
I. n-11- ' l\-1-lto<:. They focused their attention
on economic problems. dlt\q:fm-'l fitJD!~
R9"~~ 1111-l- ":f"!C 'If. l\-1-lt--1-
2. l\<\<:1.. With a magnifying glass, he focused
the rays of the sun on a piece of paper. 1\Cft-
q-, J': ' R"t..'"l-11 ' ODj\;f-tD'I- fBdtf.., '""
&- ' Q"}J': ' tDl:4'-l- ' 'If. ' l\<\<:1.
focus (n.) [b""h:f"tD'I- btm<: R:\'1 f11CY
., ....<:c f"7.~<;~n+ fl:f"]
focus of attention
*The speaker was the focus of attention.
.1'.1':"7~ rr/1- dtil11 R-1-<;:><1"'" 'I
f. tRC
be out of focus l\l\-l-h-l->tb/19"
The camera is out of focus. c=:.,...,&.'i! ""11-i'f'
,. l\A-1-h-1->tbi\9"
fodder J':C-Il1i
He gave fodder to the cows. il'l'l"lfl J':Coll
1i ' "~"'"'"
foe mil-l-
He considers him his foe. 1\"}!l. mil-t: .l'f'f'A
foetus 1iA
The foetus grows inside the uterus. 111\ f"7..1'
.1':1..,. n.,.,n "'"h"'
~,.
fog "I":>"1 l 7-9"
A dense fog shut out the view of the mountain.
'1'~'1'~ ' .I'll.... J "'":>"' ' of-&,&-....., ' bill\....
Planes need radar to navigate through
thick fog. '1'~'1'~ Qi\..,. 7-9" tiJoh'l' i\oo
11<:C h"}-'l.":f-11- l\..,.C"T'I'l'":f &-IIC .1'
hl.l\:>lf'I'A
be In a fog 00"}1.(1- -1-lfR<:
The survivors were in a fog for days after
foggy
~~------------------------------------------------
the catastrophe. IJF.;>w- f-1-.:4-'1- 11-lllf<
"1.11. ' OO")LII'I'w- ' -1-if-IIC' ' HIC
foggy
I. "11":>"1 fR~R'I-. The foggy weather kept the
airport closed. "l.II.IJJo "'I":>"1 111\R~R'I- yw-
C''f"ll") "'ll..l'w- -1-H"Ifo toe
2. .("-fl1f1f Yll. He has foggy notions about
the situation. 1111 v-~;f"w- .(--111f1f Yl\ hll
-1-Yf'l- hllw-
be foggy .,..;>"I ' a~
It is foggy here in winter. Rht:l"''l- 1.11.11
.,.._,., .en~A
foil
I. hhifL. The police foiled the students'
attempt to demonstrate. ?"11./l'li -l-"76l"'li
ll11"7'C llA'i' 11"71:.:"1 nn&-lfw-"J dtll
-II ' hhif4-
2. h""'i'1L. The hero foiled the agent's plan.
~"l'i'IJJo fMI<"J h:J-1: h""'i'1L
fold (v.)
I. h"'oo.:. He folded his arms. h)I:"J h"loo.:
2. OmL. Shall I fold the letter? S'.-IIJIILIJJo"J
AmLw-?
3. O"lmL. She folded the clothes and put
them away. A-11{1-"J 0"1'1''1. hll<!>ODm':f
4. m+llll. He folded the pills in a blue paper.
h.t'f'li"J Rll"7Y'C m.:+'l- m+llll
fold In one's arms ~+L
She folded the child in her arms. .ftU"J
:J"<I>L':fw-
fold up (vt.) O"lmL
He folded up the letter and put it in his pocket.
S'.-IIJIILw-"JO"''I'~Rh.(l-h-1--1-
fold up (vi.)
I. OD:f"-f-.,.. .foo. The newspaper folded up
}ast year. l)9"'1j I 'j!IJD~ I ;Jfi,IIJ(Do I oP;f"-TfJDot
.foo
2. hllC' 1"6-IJJo") h.foo. The dress shop
just folded up. fA-11(1- (1-:J> R:J>CII- hill!'
JP~iD"~ I ll. ... OD
fold (n.) t!'I''!.'I-
Cut along the folds ! t!'l"!.-1> 'If. .,...:mw-
fold t!'l"i'
He got a threefold return on his investroent.
YID"'IJ)o") ' "'"'- ' 1"11'1- ' t!'l''i' ' hi:C-) ' 001\(1
folder "7'\S'.C I hC:J"Il
The copies of the letter are in the folder.
474 follow
fS'.-11-'IILIJJo "IAQ'""':f "7'\S'.'I- (hC:J"{I-) '
IJJoll'l' ' 'i''I'IJJo
folding chair :J"''L mi"'RC
He gave the new arrivals folding chairs to sit
on. 11-'l.ll':f h"J"II'-"f I\OO<I>DD4'i :J""'.L
IDI"'RC ' (l"''f'IJJo
foliage :J>mA
This plant has abundant foliage. f,IJ -1-hA
-1111- :J>mA hl\w-
folk (lw-
Is there more honesty among country folk
than among city folk? hh-1-"7 (lw- f.A:J>
RQII1C (lw- H"JX-' fRI\m :f""7'h'l- hi\?
folks noop..':f I (L-f-(lll':f
How are your folks? HooP..':ftl h"JS'..'I- 'i'
'l'w- l
Will your folks let you go? IL-1-Illl"fll h"J1:
'1-1: f,L:J>JI.AYA ?
folklore -1-t:'l-'i' 1"'1111.
He is studying Ethiopian folklore. fl\.'1-f'kf
"J -1-t:'l-'i' 1"'1111. Ym'i'A
folk song Qllii'C nL"J
A group was singing folk songs. h"JX-' '\X-'
QIJII'C HL'f':f f,H'i'"J tRC
folk tale -1-t:'I-
The old man knows many folk tales. 11"7"111.
w- -1111- -1-t:fo':f Yw-:Nt
follow
1. ..,..h+A. You can leave now, and we will
follow later. h"J-1- hv-"J 'f.X-' 1 h':' '1'-1:
'I- .ff.-1-"J h"Jh-1-AYII"J
Follow these instructions exactly! f,IJ")")
""1"'6Y R'l-hhA -1-h-1-A
Misery follows war. ooh&- fRCt'I-"J f.h-1-IIA
He is following in his father's footsteps .
fQ-1>") hChf f.h-1-IIA
2. -1-h:f"-1-11. He spoke so fast that I couldn't
follow him. R'i''l't'l- f,'i'1C 111\tRC A
h;f"-1-1\IJJo hA!I'Ah-1"'
3. O'tf,") -1-h-1-11. I couldn't follow the bird's
flight ID!f: ' 11'1-RC ' """~ ' Ah-1-11'1- h
A!I'All-1"'
4. f - - - hhQ6 tw-. The people of Ethiopia
follow ancient traditions. fl\.'1-f'kY .ft11-ll f
'I''J'I- QIJA hhQ6 tw-
5. 1Q(w-). +no you follow my argument?
hChd. 1Qil?
follower 475 fool

6. ,I'H. He expects to follow the profession foment M"'"'

of law. f'MI'I'<; ,..., 11"".1'11 ,l'hiJA
*The speech follows the dinner. h&-'1- 0:\'1
'J"'"'C f.S'.G;JA
follow (someone's) example
Agents are fomenting rebellion in the outlying
districts. M"'l(JP";f &-'1' IJ{I,'J- htD<&-)fl"
,.,,.
";f ID<h'l' ii'MI'I' R"'i~"'"''l- 'If. <;

I think I'll follow your example. l\'J'I'J.,. hS'.C fond fo;:'l'c

;>II!Jo A fond look appeared on her face. f'i''I'C oo
follow throuah on hfi:H.DIJ. ~(I Ah 0.1.:1: 1\f. ;J-f
He always follows through on his plans. be (become) fond of mu
l\'I'JI.'J IJoA"I.tl. h'i'l\"7. ,I'S'.CilA She is very fond of children. A"fl.l- R"''l" '1-
tD'IIIl-
follow up R'I''J ,..., .,.h;J-.,.11
We tried to follow up e:very complaint. We are fond of music. _H.,..
l\'JtD'III'J
l\,I"J'I'JJI.'J hll.-11;1- O'I"J,..., IIDDh;J-.,.A
fondest f'}'}(ll'l-)
'l"hC'J
Her fondest wish came true. 0"1'1" f'}'}".fll
be followed by '1-' '1"'1':1:' .,.UOO'I'l-
*The hot weather was followed by rain.
oo-_,.1> IU'O"' 11<;-R "'ll fondle S'.IJOII
The mother fondled the baby. l\<;'1-1'"'1' ihYI-
It follows
'J S'.IJRill-tD<
*From this, it follows that the contract could
not be concluded. r.u hll'~ ll't .r: tD<{I, 11. font
l.'A'I" l\'JS'."''f.l-A "'A'A" ~ID< 1. 'A"'I'. He took some water from the font.
it reads as follows l\'J-'I.U f.'IA
h'A"'I'tD< aJoh'l' '1'-1:'1- tD<~ milS'.
The letter reads as follows. S'.ii'IR.tD< l\'J'L 2. M"'.". He is a font of knowledge. f6tD<.,.'l-
'I"'J"'." ' ~ID<
u """
[See also 'heel, lead, suit'] food
follower .,.h;J-f. 1. '1""1-R. Our food got scarcer and scarcer.
He is one of his most faithful followers. 'l""'lll-"J VY.c 1.na 'tY.
2. oo1JA. The food was plain, but substantial.
l\{lo ' l\~"1 ' ;J-"'i'S ' hll'l-'1- ' .,.h;J-~ '
h'JJI. ' ~ID< ooiJ{I, ' .,.&- ' f.IJo'J ' l\'J"l[ ' RCh'l- ' .I'll '
tRC
following (n.) .,.h;J-f.
food supplies +tt-fl
He has a very large following. iiH- .,.h;J-f. Our food supplies are diminishing daily.
hlltD<
_,.Ml-'J Rf_,.). l\,1'11_,. f.'t'IA
followlna (adj.) +~n
go without food
1. f"''.h.,.{l,. I need the following items. I had go to without food for nearly three
f"''.h.,.{l,'l-'J l\,..l"l- l\l.A;>IIo-
days, I was so poor. hlllf~~'S V'h'l- .,..,
2. f"''..,.'I'A. The following week, a show will
,I'UA _,.&oil 11-
be held in the theatre. O"''..,.'I'IIID< ' 4'/"'J'l- ' 0
-1:.1''1-C 11.1> aJoh'l' OQ.'f';J- f.;J-.I'A supply food hRII
[See also 'day, morning, nose'] The father must supply food for his children.
hiJ'l- A"/l.'ll't "7-Ril'l- hiiO'l-
folly (follies) [See also 'mouthful']
1. ~A~'l-. Her folly exasperated him. ~A~:I:
R"''l" hOilOQ.tD< fool (vt.) h'I"T 1 h;J-1111
2. hih.,.'l-. It is folly to build a factory far They tried to fool him. IU''I""f.'l- '!"hoi-
from the source of supply. '1'.!. l\,.. h"''.~'S His apparent sincerity fooled us. ;J-"7'S oo
o'l- &-'1' -RII- <1--R&IJ "7!11!11'1" hih.,. '1"1111- ' h;J-IIII'J
'1- ~ID< fool (vi;) .,.""1...,.,.
3. h'J-11~'1-. She reasoned with me for hours You will get hurt if you fool with a loaded gun.
about the folly of my plans. f<hilR.'J h'J-11~ R.,.~il moo'Jlf il'l-""'.m'l- A'l-.,.'1 '1-l-IIIIU
'1- ~H'I" 'Ill "1.11. hh~'ll-'S 1 was only fooling. l\'J'L,I'aJo .,.,_,_'J ~oc
fool
fool around
I. )ltlt. Don't fool around with that radio
while I am gone. 0/1.1111-0'1- <1-'LI"'f.") t.
'1-)ltlt
2. ..,.").,..,1111. This student is not serious; he
just fools around. J'.tJ ..,..,6 '1-.,.IJ hf.S'.II
'I" I l\"t'U'fDo J'."t4'.. MA
fool away Ob"t1: t.m-1-
He fooled away the whole day. 4''f."t uo-tr
Ob"ti> t.m-1-
fool into thinking t.;l-1111
He tried to fool me inlo thinking that he was
a scholar. '1"11-C )'S 1111- IIJ;I-AII'S 'I"
bt:
fool (n.) -tA l ~A
He is a fool if he believes that story. rn :1"
6b l}ou) oi:A (~A) )IIJo
He is nobody's fool. "7")'1" t.Y;t-AIIIIJo'l"
feel like a fool h~L.
When I found out he was a Frenchman I felt
like a fool for belittling his country. ol.t:"tlt'l!
ODIJ''f.") ltm:J>o- o:Vo ' t-1~") 0"7")1;>,{11\
t.oi.Cb-
make a fool of oneself ~()-"} h+llll
If you do that you will make a fool of yourself.
l\11-") IJJ'.t:"IIJ <1-IIIJ") ;1-4'A'IIIIJ
make a fool of someone J\'Pl
He won't make a fool of me a second time.
11-11..,.'1 hY'I"-r'S'I"
foolhardy t..,.A
The man made a foolhardy attempt to go over
Niagara Falls in a barrel. OO~A IIJoll'l'
ll''l' O'i'Y"I<I- .i:.i:-1: 'If. IIODlt.l:' IIIIJo!L
. . I lt..,..A I OD-he? I Mt.1
foolish
I. 'I"'S. He is foolish and does what anyone
tells him. 'I"'S 111111') f)~-1-'1-"t 11-lr Y
!f.C:>A
2. f"7J'.t:IJ. In the heat of the debate, many
foolish things were said. bCh-1- #'i''l" lt
II 1111' f"7J'.t:ll- )~l!''f _,.IJ/r
3. f~A. Stop that foolish chatter! J'.IJ") f~
A "t"I"ICIJ") t.4t'l"
4. ( ~ noun) ~A)'!-. It is foolish to court
danger. t.!f.:>"t OD;>ol.'l' ~A)'!- )IIJo
5. ( ~ adv.) h""<!.'l- ..,.)1"-f. He scoffs at
her foolish fears. b""t.-1- ..,.)1";1- 1111'1"
'1-1.<1- Y'il"'i'IJ:I"A
476 foot
be foolish 4'1111
Don't be foolish! h'I-:J>IIA
make look foolloh ODltlloi:Y h!f.t:~
When he spoke, his ignorance of the subject
made him look foolish. lt~C '1.01\<") hll"7
molt oottll-t h!f.t:~.,.
foolproof
.,.,.
*This plan is foolproof. l\:J>Jl. l\"th"t fll
foot (v.), - the bill !I'll I a><R.IIJo"t bol.ll
Who is going to foot the bill? dJ.ltl!-") "7")
ll.'fA )IIJo l (or, IIILIJ 11-lr a><Q.IIJo") f"7.
b'i'A "7)11Jol)
foot (feet), n.
I. l\"IC. My foot is all sore. l\"14. ot.M.A
We had to cover the rest of the way on foot.
f4't:fDo") 00")~.1:'. Ol\"1<1-'f") OD'tJ:'. )0611")
2. ""i"7. She's only five foot two. oJtOD;t h'l"
11'1- ""'"' bo-11'1- h.")lf' 11!:1' )IIJo
at the foot of
I. "IC'I.. The chest of drawers stands at the
foot of the bed. IJIIODltfl..l' 41'1" "f'l''f. h
A,:J~ I 1C1. I )dJ-
2. b - OII..,..,C'I.. There was a note at the foot
of the page. b~K- OII..,..,C'I. "711;1-mlf
)0C
3. I"C. The child crouched at the foot of the
wall. A'l: "1.1:'"1-'lfDo I"C 4tm.T 11'-A
be on foot floun;(i!-l- I\,. )dJo
A project is on foot to build a darn. h"t.l:'
"1!1.."11 IIODI"<!-'1- l\:J>Jl. flODH;>~'I- 'I
~I ,.aJ-
be on (one') feet
*In this kind of job he is always on his feet.
1"<1-IIJo 11-A'I.JI. l\"t'Lf.'l" Yil1.1:'!f...A
be under foot
*The child is constantly under foot. A)!: o-
A'I.JI. b(IIIJo l\"IC I"C t.J'.m-1-'1"
put (one) back on his feet
A good rest will put him back on his feet.
!f.'\'i' ' bt:'i''l- ' OJ!f.C"I ' UO>/r ' RL"))-f>
,.....111111;1-A
put one's foot down IJ'Cft."} )oh{l 1 IP~
Discipline will not be restored unless you put
your foot down. 'J'Cltlf'o-"t ihltlf'o- ItA"'
<~-lf'o- no.:.,. F) l"c-t-1- hf.ODIIII'I"
football
rise to one's feet 1-~Uf
He rose to his feet and addressed the crowd.
T)P'+ 11-1-I'IOI'IOm- .h11il "t"l"le M'.&1
set foot1q
No woman may set foot in this monastery.
l.H.U 1'19" dJ<il'l' 1\.'l- AhQ 1\'l-l-Af"
set foot on ~"ltn
Never set foot on our property again! 11-1\-J-';'
"""",..,..,., ' l."t'l'l-0:"1'1'
stand on one's own feet ~fto'l ' :FA
He is old enough to stand on his own feet.
&-1'1-"t 1\oo!J'A bJ!:<"'.m- f.l)l'~l\;t'A
[See also 'cold, hard, leap, spring, stocking']
football 1?.'1e l>.ll
He likes to play football. l?."le l>.ll OD"'iLW
'1- f.W'IA
foothold OD.:;J1"'iL
He lost his foothold and fell. ov.:;>1"'iLdJ<")
1M- ' WI'..,.
Assab was the Italians' first foothold on the
Eritrean coast. Oh.e'l-&- ml'l' "111.1'l'"'f
Oov~ov&1 fffi'T 1\(1.(1") )Oe
have a foothold PC a (lF.Y..
It is hard to break a habit after it has a foot
hold. Fe hi'IS'.S'. 0:\11 mQf.") .,llw1~
bQ~' )dJ<
footing
I. ov,:;J1"'iL. He lost his footing and fell.
OD0:;>1"'iLdJ<") ' II+ ' WI'..,.
2. S'.lK. They started out on a equal footing.
ll.~f"'l- OMI-A)'I- S'.lK )0'1-
be on friendly footing -1-W'I~
He tries to be on friendly footing with his
neighbors. h'Jo&(J,.folll :>e 1\ovw.;~-r Y.
'l"b&-A
footnote f"lc-1 .,ll;t-wll'
This book has many explanatory footnotes.
"" ' ODX'.J.'i' ' oeb'l- ' 111- ' .,il&-&1 ' M
c-t .,ll;t-wll'l""'f 1\11-'1-
footpath l?."le ov"J1~
Only a footpath leads to my village. WS'.l<
OD"JS'.e ' f"''.WiiS'.m- ' 1\")~ ' l?."le ' OD")1
~' ii!J'' )dJ<
footprint Jl.lt
I saw footprints in the mud by the side of the
road. 0"""t1'1. 'le Qllm- "P:I' dJ<il'l'
Jl.lt ' 1\fll-
477 for
footstep
I. l?."le 1>-t:. I heard footsteps outside. 1?.
"le M hm-"P ll.,ll-
2. l\el\1. He is following in his father's foot-
steps. 1Q.,., l\el\1 Y.h-1-IIA
for
I. (zero). He walked for a mile. 1\"t~ .,,_A
07."1'1- -1-'\H
2. II. He has to work for a living. 1\'N:dJ< oo
P'&-'1- 1\110'1-
lt is quite warm for January. 1\'l'e we Y.U 0
"'f" ' .,.:1''1- ' )m-
Aspirin is good for headaches. 11&-11 f" ;t-'1-
I\liT&"t '1"1- )m-
What do you use for firewood? 11.,11'- M
;t'MIIU 1
There is not a house to be seen for miles and
miles. llillf' .,,_A f""tf" f"''.;t-Y. n.
'1- fllf"
I have not heard from him for a long time.
1\illf' ' 1.11. f(l-") W"- 1\A{l.,ll-f"
He is tall for his age. IIH.U b~"''.m- 0:'/:f"
)dJ<
3. 0. He danced for joy when he got his
check. '1111-"t Q17 1.11. RS'.Il:r "'-1.&
These oranges are eight for a dollar. MH.U
ile...lt'l'"'f Oile IIM'I- 1>1~11-
4. h - - - ~9"1':. The treaty has been defunct
for the last three years. ltlll.m- 1"11'1- 't""
'I- ~'1"1': m-11- OF&- IIY. 1\A'I'IIf"
5. 1111. You may take my word for it. 11111'1-
0~ f.ll-"tiiU
6. llllell- bile. A party was given for him.
111\ell- hiiC :re-t +1'.1.:1
7. llillf'. His decision agonized him for weeks.
1S'.0:1dJ< ' .......~ ' llillf' ' ..,,..,.,..,. ' 1\ll"'-
).,.,.
8. Ill\ + (verb). He was punished for stealing.
llllll&.,. ' "'""'"'
9. WI'. - - - f"'Lt~. The train for Djibouti
leaves in five minutes. IDS'. l[IH: f"'Ltl'.
, . ' Qfi-C ' Qf"ll'l- ' 1'.4::1' ' dJ<il'l' ' f.)
"'A
10. II - - - ill\". He married her for love. 11'1'~
e ill\" ,MQ'I-
11. 0--- f"h"t1'1-. He was sent to prison
for stealing. Olle4>'1- f"h"t 1'1- l.lle 0.
'1- 1Q
12. 1'.;>1.. There were 20 votes for, 60 against.
Rf"C- 111 S'.:>l.l"":f P'~<'o -1-:1''1'"'1.
l"":f ' ~0'1-
 forage
It is warm for April. 0"'1..1'11..1' ll"tS:.II.IJ .I'll
-++ .l'&vlii""S:. ~,.
*For an American, he speaks Amharic well.
li"'Ult'l! ll.ll'"t?" li"'IC'>' '1'-1- f.<;1tl-A
'They left him at the battlefield for dead.
'l":t:A 11ilm- hfi'C "'LJ!m- 11.1'- '1-+m-'1-
~JI.
for all
'For all his wealth, he is not happy. .1' 1Hr
1111'1- li.I'IIID- S:.ll+'>' liJ'.S:.il?"
be all for F..1L
I am all for an early start. +S:.?" 1111- ""~"'
-l>"t ' lls:."lol-i\11-
be for S!;JA. ~m- I Y..1L
Are you for or against the proposal? ii+~R
.... ' dt/111 ' S:.:>.L ' ~II ' .,.:J''I'"''.. l
I am for a change in the administration.
Qll+-'IS:.-1- ' ID-11'1' ' 11"'"'1' ' ..,,.~.,"t ' ll
S:."14-ilo-
[See also as, know, what']
forage ?""111 'i'il:> R~R~
The soldiers forage in our village. m;t-s:.t::r;
?""111 'i'il:> """t S:.tl-:Y."t"t J'.R~11tl-ll-
foray, make - m~~
The soldiers made forays on the villages and
took away cattle. m;t-s:.t::r; oP"JS:.t::r;"t m~m-
f+"tJ:'' h11.f:Y."t. """". ~
forbade, see forbid
forbear (forehore)
1. +m. He forebore to press his claim. J'.1Q'>'
"' ' "'111-l>"t .,.,
2. liiiAil: l'lm. He forbore his claim. OD11-f>
"t liiiAil: l'lm
I must ask you to forbear a while longer.
11'1'4:'1- ' 1.11. ' :1'11"
'The boy forehore to hit back because the
other boy was smaller. 1\.llm- A;t' +"t11
1111)0~ A)l: """'(\ 11.1'-"":1'"" +~
forbid (forbade) hilhil
He forbade his daughter to marry me. A)l: ll
"t-'I;I-1Q'S ' hilhi\'1-
God forbid!
God forbid that we have an earthquake!
ll"lll.ll11dt.C hODt.'J- ~+'1'+'1' o f.l'lm-~"t
forbidden hAhA
Smoking is forbidden in the library. RfL+ ""
Aih'i!'l- m-11'1' "'i""il hAhA )m-
478 force
(be) forbidding llll~
Today's clouds are forbidding. f~t.m- S:.""
<; S'll~A
forbore, see forbear
force (v.)
1. llll1AA, You cannot force me to eat the
fish. 't"'m-"t ll"tJ:'RII A;l-ll1Y:S:.'1 ll'l-'fA?"
2. 1'111t: 1Q. He forced the door. ""111..1'm-"t
1'111t: 1Q
3. llll1Q. The doctor forced air into his lungs.
dth.- ll"tQm- m-11'1' llfC llll1Q
force one's way throu1h T ."~ hftd..
He forced his way through the crowd. R+I'IRI'IR
, . ' .b1111 ' OD'IjA .,.:>'i'.f ' liM.
force a smile ~m.(:' L 1"'1 ltll
Ruth forced a smile through her tears. 'to~-+
il;l-ii:J>il ' 11'1-IDY.' tl.1"1 llil'f
be forced
1. "IY: 11')(0'1-). The soldiers were forced to
the extremity of firing to scatter the mob.
m;t-s:.t::r; f"''..~11ll'm-"t .b1111 iiDPRT"J
+It'll oPhtl.'l- ..,,. ' II')Q'fm-
2. R.,.AR'I- +hL+. The door has been
forced. ao~- a.,.t:.a+ +hL+
be forced upon one
'They said that the war had been forced upon
them. mil+ 1'i!.f ilil"""l ""'I':>'1- ..,
Y: ' 11'~11"t liii-
The food was forced upon him. ?""111-"t R"l
Y: liRII-'1-
[See also 'hand, passage')
force (n.)
1. 'lf.A. We had to use force to get the chi!
dren to leave the room. A]F:'h hh'i!A m-il
'I' 11"'/lliD"''I- R'lf.A ODm+?" )0~11"t
The enemy attacked in great force. mil+ h'i!
Qil 'l J'.A llm:J'
The storm has not reached its full force yet.
-tm-11- )of,,.,. 1<; h..,il- 'l.l'-11- liA
Ul'l?"
Force won't get you anywhere. 'lf.A 11!1',.
"t liS''I'"'IJ?"
2. .,.AR'I-. He used all his force in opening the
window. Qil .,.ARofo ""lll>ofo"t btl.+
'They felt the force of his argument. 'l.l'-11'>'
hCh-1- +1'1"'/'l'm-
be In force II<;
Is that law still in force? a,.,. llo-"t?" ll"tS:.
ll<;)m-!
forced
by force of will ROD"t ol.ll ofiC:J-'1-
He overcame the desire to smoke by force of
will. f"7 ...ll't 'i!lli'l- ROD"tol.ll- ofiC:J-'1-
l>if)ol.
from force of habit bA"''.(- fi"~-1
Though he has giveu up smoking, he still
reaches for a cigarette from force of habit.
(IJI"&- "7m.ll IU'.J?"?" hA"7.(- fof-)
"I ' l>rJ-'t?" ' (IJI"&- ' (Lff. ' l'.)i:'t J'.Ut.:>A
in full force Ylt fl\.1\tJJo
The police came out in full force. fA fA.A
tJ)o I ,rA,ll I ODII)
[See also 'join, spend, vital']
forced (adj.)
I. bl>'t1'1- OilY. fll'). He gave a forced
smile. hl>'t1'1- OilY. fll') .1.1"/:J" l>ltf
2. ( ~ adv.) R.(-'t1'1-. The airplane made a
forced landing. l'ttD-C'"l"lllo- 0.(-'t1'1- t.t.ol.
*The road was built by means of forced labor.
OD"t1.11. f-1-oP<!-ID" oP<!-of-'l':f't ' 0"7111.1'.
.(- )OC
forceful
I. tn'tiJ&-. He is a very forceful person.
fliiJf'" I m"}tt,&. I (ltD- I ')aJo
2. "1f.A>;'. The director gave a forceful speech.
P'<l- OD<'.tD- "1J'.A'l' 't"'"'C l'tf.t.1
forceps, pair of ~ 1-tn'I-
The nurse handed the doctor a pair of forceps.
t.ll:J-"7"'1..'1' A.hh.... 1-tn'l- .t..,.OA:ftD-
forcible
I. f"1Y.A. The police took forcible measures to
restore order. ;r(Lll .lt"''t A"7ilbRC f
"1J'.A l'.CI"'))" ao(lf.
2. ( ~ adv.) 01-AR'I-. The police made a
forcible eutry into the room. ?"(L{I'fl 01-
AR'I- l'.b'i!ll- tD-ll'l' 111-
ford ooAIJ
If the river is full we will cross at the ford.
al'ttl- R.'l"ll?" OODAIJID" l'.'tii"1&-A't
fore 4.-!->;'
The second class passeugers are not allowed
on the fore part of the ship. frJ-Aof->;' "7/Jt.
"' -1-ltoi.<'.S":f noocbll- R4.T>;'tD- b'i!
A l'.'t-'l..,.oom- l>Y.ol..,..(-ll'fiD"?"
come to the fore +.t:;Dt'):'t- FH
Economic problems have come to the fore
receotiy. fll11'1- ?""'~ :f"'c n:toc11 1..11.
.,.-'1"'1..)'1-'t ' f.II.A
479 foregoing
forearm b't.(-
An ancient unit of measure was the. forearm.
'1'"1'1- b't.(- ODAb.f )OC
forebears l>f'l- :f'.(-oo l>f-1-:f
His forebears came to America in the 17th
ceutury. .t.f-1- :f'.(-oo hf+'ll ROP'&- ll
qof-'l'tD- h'i!A uoo't 'If. m.r. .t."'<'.1!
"""'"
forebode oo?"IOJ-1- .t.ooAb-1-
The black clouds forebode a storm. f ...Aoo
ID" o ,1'.00<; ' "1J'.A'l' ' 11<;?" ' OD!/""1-Io't ' f
ODAb:J-A
foreboding
*He has a foreboding of disaster. hi- y.ou
"111'l'A 1111- fllqA
forecast (v.) All.,..(-'I" t.ll:t-m.,.
They forecast cooler weather. l>f<l- f"''...,.
U:f-11 ODIJ').'t .t.ll.,..(-ODIJ)o fii:J"tD-:1'11-
forecast (n.) '1-'tR.'I-
His forecast turned out to he wrong. +'tn.-to
ltf.11A'I- .,.t.
foreclose .t..Joo
After an hour, the chairman foreclosed dis-
cussion on the matter. 01--'lf. 'If. f"''..f.t.1
ID-'t tD-f.Y.-1- A..,. .
OO'tO<I- IJ't.(- ll't
+ R:\11 l't.JOOtJJo
forefathers .t.q.f-:f
Our forefathers came here to protect their
freedom . .t.q.f-~ )l!.):J"'fiD-'t Aoobllh
A (LA- 1.11.11 """'"
forefinger ~~oq "1'1-
He pointed at me with his forefinger. ~~oq "11:
't .,.llt.ofi'S
forefoot f4-'1- l'."'C
The cow injured her forefoot. fll"'- f4-'1-
l'."'C of-.,_.(-:J:A
forefront "''tqc
The forefront of the struggle is whore the most
danger lies. f'l-111- "''tqc hf.:> y.oqo:t-A
be In the forefront -nqc 4"F..'r ')m-
He is in the forefront of the civil rights move-
meut. IIA 1\ID- A'/('f 0011'1- O"''..f.t.11D"
't:f><;<J: 7.11- "''tqc .,.f.?" )ID"
foregoing hll.ll OilY. fA
The foregoing quotation is from the Bible.
 foreground
hH.IJ ' RIIY. ' flit- ' '1':,011 ' hODll"dl'i' ' :,.
.0:.11 f_,.tDII~ tm-
foreground ( = adv.) hd.'l- 11.1.'1-
The foreground of the picture shows a pro-
cession. l"i>lr hd.'l- 11.1.'1- llA'i' I""U'ft
.e.' tm-
He manages to keep himself in the foreground.
l\"J~9""J9" oflll- l\t-1'1-"J "I"JQC 4'~9"
Y.IY"JII:l"A
forehead "I"JQC
He was hit with a stone on the forehead.
"I"JQ-1- 1\Y. RKt:>Y. _,..,..:1"
foreign
I. ftJJo'P h~c. Do you speak any foreign
language? ftD-'P Me :In~ 'K"'t-1111 1
2. fQb.l:" h~C. Foreign habits don't suit us.
fQb.l:" h~C A"''.l:" ll'i hY.II"''"''9"
3. ftJJo'P. He visited many foreign countries
in his youth. RA)!'t-1: ofl,. fm-"1!" h~C'
:f"t ' .,_01'
4. fQil.l:". The admixture of foreign words
makes the language hard to understand. fQb.l:"
:1'11'1- ' ""+114'11- ' ~"J~m-"J ' /IODC:.'I'I- ' fll'f'
"It-A
5. l\"J"I'I t~c. Stealing is completely foreign
to his nature. IIC4''1- 111'1- 'i'l\.9" l\"J"I
Jl I )1C I ~(Do
foreign body.,..~
There is a foreign body in his eye. R'fM m-11
T -,..,e-fj:. l'u\
[See also 'part']
foreign affairs ftD-'P '1-'IY..
The President is in charge of foreign affairs.
ft-"1!" '1-'l.f. r '111.1.)1:"J "r&.H..'I"J-1: ,f.H'PA
Ministry of Forel1n Affairs f8Jo1.1t ~.,e.
"'l.tM:C
The Ministry of Foreign Affairs is located in
a new building. ftD-'P '!-'If. "'LtM:C
l\'1.11 .b"Jl\ m-11'1' ~ofl;tA
foreign-born ftD-'P 1 h~C .,.,..'1)!'
A foreign-born citizen is ineligible for the
presidency, ftD-"f!" I l\~C I .,.IDI\)!' ' fl)") '
"J'&.II.'I"JT I {IODI)""J ' ODoflo}o ' fflfDo9"
foreigner
I. ft-"1!" h~C llm-. Before the war many
foreigners carne here. hii'Ct-1: 1 Rd.'l- ofl,.
ftD-'P I h~C ' lll"lf ' l\H.IJ I ""'I'.,.'PA
480 forest
2. ftD-'P 1 Me II.;>, Foreigners are ineligible
to own land. ftD-'P 1 h~C 11.-tlf OD&,o}o
l\"J'l ~,. hf.L4'.1:-I\'I'ID-9"
foreign minister ftD-'P 'I-'IY. "'Ltll'I-C
The foreign minister left for Paris. ft-? '1-
'l.f. I "'LtilT-1- ' ID~ ' :r611 ' ~
foreign office ftD-'P '!-'If. 1 "'LtlloJ:C
He works in the foreign office. tD-"1!" '!-'If.
"'LtlloJ:C t-11'1' Y.oPt-A
foreleg f<l.'l- 1 l\"IC
The dog put its dirty forelegs on my coat.
m-l[liJo ' R4'll'lf. I fd.'l- ' l\"IC'lj; ' looJ:"J '
<:~m-Il'S
foreman (foremen) f,.t-.,.>:'lf hll:l'
The assignment of the various jobs in the
factory is taken care of by the foreman.
Rof.ofl61Jm- ' 11'1' I AI' ' AI' I 1"<!-"J ' f"'L
~11.1:-A ' foPt--1->:'lj; ' l\11:1' I tm-
foremost fll+
He was the foremost painter of his time.
RHOD)o. ' fl\4' ' ,.,11. '
tRC
forenoon hll'f'l- 1 R<~.'I-
This flower blooms in the forenoon. Y.IJ l\R
q I hll'f'l- ' 0.1.'1- I ,f.LMA
forerunner, be a .....,
1. ""9""1'1- l\ODIIh.,., Black clouds are fore-
runners of a storm. '1'41C I..OD'i ,-,M~
'H<;'9" OD9""11:"J ' fODIIh:l"A
I
2. +~9"'1-t'l-1 hilt-, The chariot was a fore-
runner of the automobile. :>6 hl\,..,..,.11.
A ...~9"'1-t-l- hAm-
foresee (foresaw) 4'~9" oflll- ~tHR
Far-sigbted observers foresaw those difficulties
long ago. l\C4' I l\ll.,.'f',f. I fl)")o. I lll"lf ' lf"I-1-
"J ' h<:'l(9" ' "1.11. ' R.I.+ I ...~.,. ' ofllldJo I .,.
~"J'HRm-;l"A
foresight l\C4' hll-1-'f'M+
He showed great foresight when be got that
insurance. n"J '1'11-l-<; RoP"IQ-1: hC4' 1
hii-I-'I'M1:"J hftf
foreskin foflA'I- 1 11'11.1.+
In circumcision, only the foreskin is removed.
R"ICH+' "1.11.' foflA-1: I 11'11.1.-l- I oflil' I~
"'A
forest
I. ~"J. This forest stretches for miles and
forestall 481 forgo

miles. f.ll J'.'t Mitt- "''f.A. f.'t"'MA.
2. '"'ill. The children gathered wood in the
forest. A.]>:'fi b""ilJ b't<Q.'J- 11-t-
[See also 'virgin1
forestall h - t.>a
His quick stop forestalled an accident. ""b..,.,.
't -f-11- """- >tJ'.;.l h'lttJ>o
*He tried to forestall any questions about his
policy. o:r.J:""''...' ODA.ll O"''H:>)!+. 1111.
t,OD,:..;. f"''.oJ>eiJ-'J-'t 'l'foJ:fl''{- ' ll"''hl\"
'I' 'l"hl:
foretell (foretold) T)Of
The seer foretold a long war. '1-'tO.T':'tJ>o
U.]!:'l" 1.11. tnet'l- ~'tJ'."''.t"' T)Of forgery O"''ll""(IA. fTo!>-'1
forever
1. v-A.1.rt.. He is forever telling that same story.
1J-A.1.1i f't). "'"" l\ofJ'.;>10D f.'i'1tl-A.
2. b~tJ>o't ,_II-. I am afraid I will be
stuck in this place forever. /1..(-0'j.f-1' """ir
li.H.Il fl;l- TID'l-<l. l\o't'IA.ote ~.t.t-llv-
3. IIHII'tll'/". The pyramids were built to
last forever. -r:t-"'1.1'-':f f.,..,.._+ IIHII'tll'/"
1\o't-'l.'l'.;... )tJ>o
forewarn hllot,._..,. hllmtotot
I forewarned him of the danger on the road.
00D't1'1- ' 'If. 0 1111"'1..1';J'J'ODtJ>o ' hJ'.:> ' h!l
ot~ hllm't:r.oJ:1'11v-
foreword ou:r.J:"r
In the foreword of the book, he praised his
teacher. 0""11'do4- ou;r.J'."'I" 'If. hilT
"''&tJ>o't h'1"1(1
forfeit h"'
He forfeited the good will of his fellow stu-
dents by reporting their activities. f'l-'/"tJe+
'IJ'.'l''fi f"''..,.;.'l-'t O"''<'IO:r. 'l::r.t.'ftJ>o
't h"l
forfeit the game l\o'tJ'.Til''i'l- _,..ml:
The team failed to show up and forfeited the
game. 11-J'."). <'lf.OD"' ' llllo!>l: ' ~'tJ'.Til''i'
1- T'kml:
forgave, see forgive
forge (v.)
1. t.lloullll- .t.l:ou. He forged my signature
to his petition. "''""A.hil'tJ>o 'If. f).'t 1-
e"'' ' h!IOU!II\- 0 <ILl:OD
2. """'l:T. They forged a finn bond of friend-
ship between the two countries. Ov-11-to h
1f!"':f oulJhA. fmOoJ> ID'I"J!:t+ """'
l:-lo
3. o!>fftn P'tl-, He forged a chain from
several pieces of iron. ofllt' f+t&&-~mo -fl
l:-r-':f't ot'l':r.tn (l't(lll'l- P'tlo
forae ahead
one runner forged ahead of others and won
the race. ~'fi h't-'1- l\o'tJ'.'I"'t'l" -1111-
11.11-':f't oj>,....,.,.,. . hll't.r..
forge (n.) -Ill:+ "'':r.ll""i
The blacksmith used a forge to heat iron.
-Ill:+ ol>'l':l'.,_.. -fll:-lo't 0-fll:'l- ..,;r.ll""i
h:>lltJ>o
The signature on the check was a forgery.
O'lib- 'If. flltJ>o 1-C"'' O"''(IOD{IA,
fT-t-'1 toe
forget (forgot) l:<\ 1 nt:>
She has forgotten all her lessons. fT"''l:':ftJ>o't
v-11- l:ll;l-ll':f
When he is playing football, he forgets his
studies. l>.ll 0"'1.""ifD'l-0'1- 1.1i +rue-to
't ' J.'.H);>A.
forgetful 11't1-
He is very forgetful of things. 0"111" 11't1-
)tJ>o
forgetfulness 11't1-t+
Forgetfulness is one of his faults. h'I-J'."II.f-'fi
t.'t-'1- 1t't1-t'l- ttJ>o
forgive (forgave) J.'.:r.e;J- hJ'.l:1 1 J.'.:r.e h
IIIJ.'.:r.eQJ.'.q,.
He will never forgive you for that. IIH.f hJ'."
.:.~+11 "-~~""" J.'.:r.e:~- hff.C"'A.tJV"
He forgave his enemies. mt\~") .e~c
h'l'ftJ>o
Only God can forgive mortal sins. hQJ'." -1
m.t.'l-'t J.'.:r.e QJ.'. 7.1n.t.-om.c -oil'
)tJ>o
forgiveness
I. V"ihl:'l-. He asks forgiveness. ll"ihl:'l- J.'.
mJ.'.:I'A.
2. ~e "711'1-. He showed true greatness
by his forgiveness of his enemies. m<\-Hh
~e 0"711+ ~,.t.,.':' ;1-'l:r.t-ll't t.<\f
forgo. (forwent)
I. 11-tot. The prince had to forgo his privileges
in order to marry a commoner. +~ ~:,.. A"7

81
forgot
~~------------------~-------------------
"IQ'I- ill\~111 AtHI- h11'1-'t rNr ooA
4':J> ' hlln'l-
2. 111 - - - """='C 1\oof.. He will have to forgo
good food while he is in the army. 0/PC 1'1&.
"+ ' .......... ' Ql\0-l- ' '1.11. ' 111' '1"1- ' 9""111 '
"""='C 0041\0Df: hl\0-l-
forgot, see forget
fork (v.) -1-h~ll
The road forks beyond the village. ""'t1'1. ""
'tf.'l-'t hAC: f.h~IIA
fork (n.)
1. if.lt. Could I have a knife and fork, please?
0.11'1'., if.lt '1-ilm'S l
2. Qll. He laid his coat in the fork of a tree.
l>.,.'t ~4- Qll llf. h'tmllmllrJJo
3. ""'t;l-. He came to a fork in the road and
did not know where to go. OD't ;1- OO't1f: II
f. r'l.f.Cil f'l-:;'rJJo't 7.'tf."''..MI 'Mt:rJJo
forked (adj.) oP't;J-
Snakes have forked tongues. 7.Q11 OD't;J-
11"1111 hl\rJJo
forlorn
1. f',.IIJi\. The kitten, a forlorn little animal,
was wet and dirty. 1'f f-1-"11\'f "IA1A
f:oP'I- 111'1' 4'1111"" C{l )0C
2. h.,. A forlorn old house stood in the
middle of the fields. 1t:"f. h., n.+ 7."7.
.<lrJJo ""lthA f.:l"f. )OC
feel forlorn 11'1''1)'1- -1-l't.,(rJJo)
He felt forlorn after leaving his friend. h~f.
....... ' h-1-1\f ' 0:\11 ' 11'1"1)'1- -1-1'1., ....
form (vt.)
1. 1'101'10. He formed a class of beginners in
Antharic. h.,C'i''t O"f..,&)'l- 1\0D.,C f"''.
~A'l-'1-'t of-"Y&jP'f 1'101'10
2. """'t:-1-. The clergy and the nobility formed
a coalition. 1tu.,.,.., ""1>.'t't.,. "i11t:+"t
ODIPt!ofJ
3. h!l/!1/oo. The financier formed a new bank.
f1'tH11 1"&. O'l'<l:rJJo hll..il Q'th h!l/!1/oP
4. Mil. Discipline helps form a child's
character. /") I"C't'l- fA)!''t mQf. II
.,)II" ' f.t:'IA
5. h~. Form good habits while you are
young! OtD"''I-)'1-U ""Ait11" mQf. h'i'&.
6. II'). Parents and children form a family.
mii]C'f.. A]C'f h'tf: fl.-1-1'111 f.li'"II-
Water forms ioe when it freezes. rJJo;) r'l.4'H:J>
11 o;:"" f.li'"A
482 form
7. )rJJo. Drill forms an important part of learn-
ing Amharic. 41\11"1/"f: lt.,c'i' """"&1
Hl'. l>'t-'1. '1'.. h'i'A )rJJo
*How do you form the plural in Amharic?
Q.,C'i' :1'11'1- tDf. 1111" .,.'I'C f"'/.1\tDm-
+ 7.'t1'.-l- )IIJo l
form (vi.) -1-~mt:
Clouds form in the sky. f.""" Oil.,f. II
f. f.~m&.A
be formed TIP&-.
Some rocks are formed by accretion. h.'l-'1"}~ r
!1/'l''l''f f"'/.P''I-'1- O'I':I':J>'t hltll-'f ""'I'
dtf: ' )IIJo
[See also 'opinion']
form (n.)
I. _.CII". Circles and triangles are forms.
h11 .. "'il-l- .,7.H't 111:frJJo )11!''f :J>
cr.'f ""'"'"
2. _.CII" "'"'"'"' You need a form for ice
cream. 1\l>f.il h&11" :J-ell" "'"'"'"' 1
il~A"IVA
3. )1C. A dark form could he seen in the
distance. h'I-:J> 'I'.,.C )1C f.:l"f. )OC
4. hllll'i'. These words are different in form
but the same in meaning. MH.U :1'11'1- 01>
111\'i' 0.1111'11" 0'1-C'l-11" l>'tf: ""'"'"
5. 'tf.)'l-. Algebra is a form of mathematics.
hAJ':11&. fdt.o'l11 'tf.)'l- )rJJo
6. ooAh. The form of prayer used in our
church has not changed since ancient times.
Ofl.-1- hCili:1~'t rJJoil'l' f"'/.P'&-0'1-
1111-'1- ""All- h'l''t'l- '1.11. "f.11"1!' I>A
of-l\tJJm9"
7. filrJJo)'l- 1>!1111". Athletes exercise to keep
in form. 7.il?'C-I-'1''f fl'trJJo) ;1-:frJJo't 1>!1/9"
1\oPmO:J. A11"11"f: 11-C:>II-
8. tD"I" A.,f:. They observe ancient forms in
the coronation ceremony. OHm-.(:' fl't& h
hQOC 1\f. f'l''t'l- tD"I" A.,f:'t f.m11:1'11-
9. C:C11". You will have to fill out this form.
f.U't't C:C11" oPov-11'1- 1>11110
*The devil appeared to him in the form of
a snake. l'lf."''t 7.Q11't of-oPilll- ;1-frJJo
be in good form
1. ):J' ):J' hll. I am in good form today.
~" ' ):J' ):J' ' 11111,.
2. l'trJJo).,. Of.'t11 of-m04'. If your horse is
not in good form, he won't win the race. A.t::l'l
u ll..,.).,. Of.'t11 ltA-!-m04' 07.1i:J>f:
f:a- ' l>if"" ' l>f.ll"t11"
 formal
(a) matter of form il,_"J(to ftJA
It is only a matter of form, but you have to
hand in an application. 1\~'JR- YtJA flll'1
,. ' "70DA.h!l'w-"t ' oy.:J-.:11 ' hll11tJ
[See also 'serial']
formal
I. fl~'t11
fTmfl+. A written contract is a
formal agreement to do something. flll'm.f.
Yll w-A. "YY:O:"' fl~'t11 fTtnfl+
ilii"P"H ),.
2. fP') fl'lA. Formal dress is required at the
Emperor's banquet. ")-,.fJ.I' i''lP"-It Oot.VY..C
M "111'0f' 1\.f. f P') fl'tA. A11il YilL
A.;JA.
3. ou~fl.... He had little formal training in
sociology. fl(>ll.f"II-J( ou~fl"' '1-P"tJC'I-
llf"11qf" ' hA.T"70:9"
4. ( ~ adv.) flt..L(LA.. The ambassador paid
the minister a formal visit. M"ll<'l~'l- ''U
il'l-'l-'t fl)o.L(LA. '1-fl"f,.
formal dinner f&o+ "'il"lf"
A formal dinner was held in honor of visiting
heads of state. fl"HI'S'I- 1\.f, 1111-'1- Y
1C' OD&l"'f h11C f&-'1- "111'0f' .,.~0:1
be formal P') P'C't'l- ThTII
You must always be formal when addressing
the Emperor. fl't.,..., )1P'.,. t.'l- 't"'"'C
AAO:"l 1J-A.1.H. P') P'C't'I-'J ""hTA ,e
111A
formality (formalities) P'C't'I-
You have to comply with all the necessary
formalities before you can be admitted to
Ethiopia. Ill.!'. h.'l-1'-k.l' l\'JY:'I-111 d.~Y:
h"7"11'1-tJ flt.'l- hilL'I1.l"'lh 1 P'C'tof'f
fl .... l\o .....~.,.,. ' hll11tJ
You have to submit an application, but it is
a mere formality. oyouA.h!l' "711111'1- hl\11
tJ )1C "''t 1\~'JR- YtJA. )w-
format
1. h+&-.:11. The book was republished in a
new format. oPl\'dof. 11.11.11 h+&-.:11 ll
't~1 .. ' ,..,....
2. .f.I':J-<; h+&-.:11. The format of the news-
paper was changed. f;Jti."'IJ>o .f.I';J-<; h+
&-0:11 ' .,.1\,.tp.A
formation
1. flA'i'. The planes flew overhead in forma
tion. hiJ>oC'TI\'I''Ii flflA'i' IT)IJ>o 00:'1-
483 formula
2. hL"'mC. We studied the formation of the
tooth. ill\ TCil hL"'mC ' T"7C't
3. ( ~ verbal noun) "7)11'. Formation of
character requires much effort. mllf."J "'U
II' 11,. TO:'I- .f,m.f,~A.
formative, - years f"Y~U -tou;J-'1-
The formative years of youth are very impor-
tant. fiii"'T f"Y~U -tou:J-'1- 0"19" 'I'
;J 'hi\'I'IJ>o
former
I. ft..,..,.. The former owner left the city.
ft..,_.,...,. llll't110:'1- hT.,..,.'t MIA
2. fY:I!'. The house showed nothing of its
former splendor. lL-JJ Mr f~~ma m-o+ r
hA.:J-fO'I-!1"
3. f+Y:'I". His former friends assassinated
him. f+Y:'I" '\~'l''ll 1~11-'1-
Who was the former President of the
United States? f+Y:'I"..,. ff.<;.f.'I-Y: llil-11'1-
il '1'"-IVI't'l- "7't )0C!
*He raises horses and cows, the former for
riding, the latter for milk. J.O:{>'i-<; ll'l"'f Y
O:IIA l LO:(>'Jh 1\"'A.Il..l' ll'l"'ll't lltT'I-
former days ......,..-,.
Ships of former days were built differently.
fT't'l- ODCh(l'f hP'&-&-'I'IJ>o ' fTIIf ' )OC
in former times n+J!"'fP I HOD')
In former times, Ethiopia was much smaller
than now. O+Y:'I" """' h.'l-f't;y lt!J-
). O"'P" ;J-"til )OC
formerly +Y:'I" l Y:l!' l Jl.l!'
This was formerly the business section.
+Y:'I" (Y:I!') .f.tJ f1"1Y: fld.C )flC
1
formidable
1. hJI;J'f. To climb the mountain was a
formidable task. T&-&-IJ>o't """'""~'~- hJI
:J'f )1C )flC
2. h'i' Yll. There was a formidable opposition
to the proposal. II+O:OIJ>o do<'l11 h'i' Yll
T~IJ>o'l" )flC
3. f"7.f.1f.'l-. He is up against a formidable
opponent. h"7.f.1f.'l- 111\;J&- T;J'i'tJI.A
4. fToPfl1). He has a formidable knowledge
of history. f:J-&h ,.,.....,..,. fTDDfl1) )IJ>o
*He is a man with a formidable appearance.
{IIJ>o\LIJ>o , "IC"! '1"111 Yll..,. )IJ>o
formula
1. oPP"&Y. He invented a formula for making
 formulate
soap. ll... 'i" 11ooP'.:.'1- f"'l.J.'111111w--t
oort:J.' .l.mt:
2. """'t::f"'l! .<'."til. They tried to find a for-
mula for peace. il'\9" 11.1'"t f"'l.:foli\11'1-"t
"""'i::l"'l! .<'."til ll""'i'mC 'l"h'l-
3. AQQA. "How do you do?" is a polite
formula. 1\"t.<'.'l""t AIIU "711'1- f'l-ih'l-
'i" ' AQQA ' )CIJo
4. G:COD<II. Algebra uses many formulas.
AA:(.ilil- illf" G:Cau-'1 AIICIJo
formulate
I. .<'.)11. This country formulates laws
according to its constitution. ~IJ":f 01C
flih1 I OD"J1P'-I: ' """'<':"" I ih1":f"J I '!-.<'.)
"I;JII:f
2. hH;J;. They formulated plans for their
business. ll"t1.1!< P'.:.:fCIJo l\:,0.1!- AH;J)f.
3. OG:Cau-'1 t.m"'. The physicists formulated
a new theory of gravitation. foi.IJ.hll l\.:t'CIJo
'"" fllll'l-"t t.-'1.11 nil mllil o,;:c-
,._ hmm-
fornication lJau-'1-
Fomication is sinful. 11.,..'1- "1m.A'I- )CIJo
forsake (forsook)
I. 'I'll- mof.. He forsook his wife and children.
"'1.11-l:"t'i" A.t('li"t 'I'll- mof.
2. 'I'll- .<'.. He has forsaken his country for
an uninhabited island. A1'1-"t 'I'll- iiCIJo m
.<'."7,1'.'l'CI1'1-' .<'.11.'1- '.<'.
forsook, see forsake
fort '1""111
They decided to defend the fort. 'l""li.,."t II
ODb'\holi\ I 4\i:tn-
forth :t:rr:
From this day forth I will be on time. M&.
:t:rr: Oil% M'O'IIv-
[See also 'and, back']
forthcoming
I. o:J>co- f"'l.DJIIJ. He sent me a list of forth-
coming books. fl:J>Ctl- I f"'i.DJm-'1-"J ' ODII.lt'i''l- I
f"'l.J.'/1,1'. 11C11C 'lhA'"t
2. o:J>co- f"'l.h'i"m"t. We put notices of forth.
coming activities on the bulletin board. O:J>
co- f"'l.h'i"m).'l-"t .<'."C"L-1'-:f"t f"'l.J.'IIY.
.,ll:l"mof:J' 11"711:f"m4:,1' ii/I.JICIJo 'IY. II
m'i'"t
484 fortress
3. m.<'.~'l- f"'l..<'.t:1. I am quite enthusiastic
about the forthcoming trip. mu'l- h"'L.<'.t:1
..,. .,.Jf 11"1'1" ,'I'.!J'IIv-
be forthcoming fl+LA"J r "l.tL +1"f
Money for the project will be forthcoming
when needed. IIP'il-CIJo hll.l.'\1.. fii")CIJo
1"tHil 111-.1.111 "I.R Y.1'0'A
forthright (adj.) 'i'C'I' J.'ll
His forthright reply to my questions made me
respect him. IITJ.'4lll''li filmCIJo 'i'C'I' J.'
II ""oli\11 1\"t'lhilt:..,. h.<'.t:1'"t
forthrightly mv..,.
He told us forthrightly just what his objections
were. f.,Y.II"7"711'1- !l"h"tJ.''I- 'l""t 1\"t.<'.ll")
DJ.Il.J.'CIJo' )1t:"t
forthwith m.ll.J!..,.).
Do what I told you forthwith! f)1Ch-U"t m
.ll.J.'ID").h.<'."C1
forties, in his -
*He is in his forties. 6.\!'Dim- h.Ctl tJJo{)T
)CIJo
fortification
I. 9""111. There were traces of an old fortifica-
tion on the hilltop. Ol>t:il:f"CIJo "'i'i' yr:
'1. 'l""li1 Cllil-'fr ,1'.;1",1'. )flC
2. 9""111 oop-.:.'1-. The general was respon-
sible for the fortification of the town. h.,..,
.... ' CIJoll'l'' l"'"li1' IIODP'il-'1-. "1~.... ' :(.~
11- toe
fortify (fortified)
I. oo>lf1. The soldiers fortified the island. m;l"
F.r:'li ' .<'.11.1: '1,1'. ' oolf.,.
2. hm)ht:. Vitamins help to fortify us against
colds. li.;l-"'l."t iiCIJo):f":f"J"t t.m"thr: .,.
"t-f-1 7.1'1,1'.111 ' Y,h'lholi\oli\<;';i\
fortitude m"JII.:.t'I-
Her fortitude enabled her to endure the pain
of a broken leg. m"tiiil-t;J; f-1-illlt:w-1- l\
1a:1 ' ....... ,. ' 7.1.<'.-'l-:foli\ hf.t:;J'I-
fortnight UP'&- h'l"ll'l- l>"t
He went away for a fortnight. IIOP'.:. h'l"
11'1- ' +"t ' .<'.
fortress '1-A:J- l"'"li"l
There is afortressnearthemountain,.fl.,.&-6-lD"
Am1il A1.<'." '1-A:J- '1""111 hll
fortuitous
fortuitous h.'J"'"'l.
A series of fortuitous circumstances advanced
her career. OAf. AI' h;J"'"'l. iJ!!:A '1-
C''I' ....._,...~,..
fortunate
I. iJt:ll.>;, He was very fortunate in his life.
tnC"w- 11"19" iJt:ll>; ~nc
You were fortunate to escape being injured
in the accident. flh.I'.;Ja>- lt't-'1-.11 11"79"11
'I'll iJt:ll.>; ~~~
2. ouAttr. That was a fortunate coincidence.
ODAIJ9" h;J"'"'l. ~II<:
less fortunate /J~(to 11:t- YA
He has pity on people less fortunate than
himself. iJ!!:~'fw- hfl. 11:t 'Ill- ill""'f-
nt<;A
fortunately h1S'. iJ!!:A ll''f
The lost battle was fortunately not an impor
tant one. !!:A fll'~fl't- tfiC~'t- h1S'. iJ!!:
A ll''f h<;:-t->; 'I';J hA~flt:a>-9"
fortune
I. V11't-. She inherited a large fortune. 1111-
IJ11't- ID&il"'f-
2. 1111- IJ11't-.Hemadeafortuneinh is business.
111"1!!: 1111- IJ11't- h-1-U.
3. l>h11. I had my fortnne told the other day.
l>h11 'k"'&a>- q{ld.a>- +1 l>hiL1 '
'km<:A'S
4. IJ~A. Fortune_ was against us; we lost.
iJ!!:A h!!:-1'1 -t-lf~<;:1
make {one's) fortune rJofl;J-r I If~
He made his fortnne in oil. IIH,I'.'t- 1"1!!:
IJ11;.1-9" II'~
fortuneteller l>h11 'k"'&
There are many fortunetellers in Ethiopia.
flh.'t-1'-k.l' a>-ll'l' 1111- l>h11 ' 'k"'& ' hll
forty t.cq
forum lf1i
The United Nations is a forum of world
opinion. f-t-qno~-'1- ou1"1P';.I-'t- "7~11C
f'til9" lf1i ~w-
forward (v.)
I. hS'.<:il(il't-). Forward the message to the
minister for me! il"'l.tll't--1- ""Ahh-1>1
h!!:CllA'S
2. hll-1-'lild.. Please forward the request to
the proper authorities! '1'.1'-l:w-1 h"'q11 'I
Ita>- q{IP'A"'1 hll-1-'IA<;:
485 foster
3. 'lh(il't-). Please forward my mail to my new
address! S'.O.IIILl"'li1 q'l.fl. ht:&-1\L 'lh
A'S
4. h1'1.ltiJ h.l'.<:1. He is always ready to
forward his friends' plans. f'iS'.'l''ll1 h:tP.
";(- h1'1.lth- 11"7!!:<:"1 1JoA1.11. 11"1)1:
~w-
be forwarded
I. -1-'llld.. The letter has been forwarded to
Ethiopia. S'.11.111La>- IDS'. h.'t-1'-k.l' -1-'1
A~A
2. -1-'lh(ll't-). Your mail will be forwarded to
your new address. S'.11.111LU IDS'. h'l.fl.
h!!:&-l11 f.'lhAYA
forward (adj.)
I. 't,l'.1 ha>-"1. People criticize her because
sbe is forward. 'tf.1 ha>-"1 llilll'~l- il
l"l- ' M:t~:t'A
2. ( ~ adv.) IDS'. .L't-. Their forward march
was blocked by a river. IDS'. .L't- f"'l...'S'.C
1-T 1-~'l''fa>- q11: ' ID111 ;.1-"lP. ' ~
nc
*His speech took a forward look at the coming
years. 1"1"1-1- IDU't- f"'l.oom-'t-1 <tou
,.,.,.. ,.~,.,. f"'l.""llh't- ~nc
forward (adv.) IDS'. .L't-
He moved slowly forward with 'his hands up.
h)':'ll1 ' IDS'. '1,1'. ' (l:j-11.- 1111"1;.1- ' lDS'.
,.,.. ' 'tS'.
forward part ..,.,.llC
The captain stood on the forward part of the
ship. IJ"t-1;'1- flouChlt' "11qc Oil-A .f.".'tA
from this time forward hh1"1'1.11 lD-'1.11
From this time forward I will come regularly.
hh1"1'1.11 IDJI.IJ lt'I....C'I' hOD"'II.IJo
[See also 'come, lean, look, march1
forwards IDS'..LT
Go forwards and do not turn back! roU't-
'(.!!: h11( lDS'. :\'1 h't-ouilll
[See also 'backwards']
fossil :t&-t- hiJA
Fossil plants were discovered in the rocks.
flhll-l"'l a>-/1'1' fiJO'I''t- :t&-1- hiJA
-1-17
foster
I. hll<l-4-. Iguorance fosters superstitions.
!!:"t4:C<; h1-A h9"~'t-1 .l'll<I-<1-A
His Majesty has fostered education in Ethiopia.
 foster child
"IC"7' 't"l-"' ~11"'1- Rl>.'l-I'"A-,1' dJo!l'l'
'1-II"IIC'l- h!lof.'i'-1-'I'A
2. h~-"'-"' The children's concerts foster an
appreciation of music. filt7'i''l- l>'t!IC'l-
, .... H..+'t ll"'L'l- n-"'-"'A
3. hR<::l':l'. This plan fosters community
development. J'.IJ M.J:- f'"r11<: !111 1.
.J:-1'1-'t ,I'R<::l':l'A
4. h/1.1'.1. Not every person is able to foster
a child properly. A)l:'t R.l'.'t11 11"7/).1'."1
f"'l.."fA rNrll" hJ'-.1'.119"
foster child f"7.1'.1 A"/':
The foster child is well treated in this family.
J'.ll IL-l- !111 f"7.1'.1CIJo't A"/': R"t1Q J'.JI
:l'A
foster father hl)ll1.
The man is his foster father, not his real one.
{ldJo\LfVo ' hl)ll1.fVo ' 7.'t:( ' 7.fVo~i-'f ' hQ-1> '
hJ'-.1'.119"
foster mother h/)111. 7.'i''l-
My foster mother is very kind. hl)ll1. l.'i'-1:
R"'ll" ' .1'."1 ' 'i''l-
foster parents hi)II'IJ":f
Those are his foster parents, not his real ones.
Mlf..l' hl)ll1.l",.; 7.'t:( ml\,t>::r; hJ'..I'.II-9"
fought, see fight
foul (v.) Rhll
Mud fouls things. "fl"-"' 1.-"''t J'.RhiiA
*The sloppy sailor fouled the rope. 'l''t-"'4:
f1-.l'.llfVo oochO ... f1ooJ1. 't fVoA hm
"'"'"
foul (n.), be declared a ~~'I'll- f.c1i II'~
Though the ball landed in the goal it was
declared a foul. \>.!1. "Ill- 11'1-1QII" ~'I'll-
f.c1i ' II'~
foul (adj.)
1. f-1-0IIlf. We opened the windows to let
out the foul air. fi-01\lfdJo't hfC 11"7!1
aJ"''l- oo{lto.f-:r;'t ho!.'l-'t
2. OO'J'&:. Foul weather delayed the plane.
OO'J'fl: ,l'fC rH:l' hdJoC'"rl\1-'t hH1f
Themeatleft a foul taste in his mouth. JP;JID-
hf. ' 1\J'. ' OO'J'fl: ' "'M" ' hii+<:O'l-
*She uses foul language. h~ Qll'l. ~..,.
foul means +'11lA
He is going to succeed by fair means or foul.
Rol-'t~'l-11" II'~ Ri-'ti>A I)J'.I)l)ll'l- h
J'.+CII"
486 foundry
foul play i-'ti>A 1 M'i' P'&.
A man was found dead in the street, and foul
play was suspected. 1t"} ~ tam- oo"}1"'"
1\J'. 7"-f- !llli-1T Oi-'ti>A (R"I'i' P'
&.) fi-.1'.<:1 J'.ll''i'A f"'LA 'I'C"'<l. ~RC
found, see find
found
1. 'IL<:ot<:. Menelik founded Addis Ababa in
1888. 11"1"7' ll"tAh hll.ll hRQ't nrtfii"
't.ll". ot<:'IL~
2 .Mtli/DP. My uncle founded the bank in 1888.
h1-l: ' nrtfif 't.II".Q'th-'t ' hll/1/oo
3. oowt:T. He founded his claim on facts.
J'.1Q"'A QJ'.~-t:'t 07...,.~-J-"' ~1c IIJ'.
O'DIP(!..,..
foundation
1. ODPt:+. His religious faith has a firm
foundation. Y~Uf/'f..JJ m"}l)~ ootvt:.+
hlldJo
The foundation of a house is built first.
0.+ : (LIP&- I OOrv-J: I OD"J!OO~Y I .eiiJt\A
The foundation of the United States began
in 1776. ff.'i'J'.'l-.J:- !li:'l-!1 """'<:'1- f
-J-"111,. nr~ftt <t. II". ~.,.
The Haile Sellassie Charitable
2 . .J:-C"/':'1-.
Foundation has done much good work.
f+-'1"7' '1J'.II 1"1111. R1 h.J:-&.1'1- .J:-
C"/':-'1- 1111- M i-"IQC hh'i'm-t><A
lay the foundation OOIPl.T 1 IIJA I oPIPl.+ 1
h'l'<:
They laid the foundation for a new hospital
last week. Qllol.fVo I)II"'J'l- .l'll.fl.'t mh.ll"
IL'l- ' ODP'l:'l- ' "'ll- ' (h'i'~)
founder (v.)
1. (lmoo. The ship foundered. ooch!). ' !lm
oo:f
2. I)J'.I)l) +<:. The project foundered because
public support was lacking. f ilt1111 .J:-;>'i'
MII'IT 7.-l-JI. I)J'.I)l) +t:
rounder (n.) 00/"&.:f
Who is the founder of the Besse Company?
fR.!I ' h-Q't,l' ' 00/"&.:f ' "7't ' ~ .... ?
foundling -J-mAP.. fi-"111 A"/':
The foundling was given to a nurse. +mA~ 1
fi-"'IIOJ- A"/': llil:l'"7"t i-!lm
Foundry f11<:'1- "7-l-11""
The foundry makes parts for motors. f11<:'1-
"7-l-ll""aJo ' f7"i-C':f OOII'I'aJ"" J'.P'&.A
fountain
fountain !l"'t"'."
The fountain stood in the middle of the garden.
1/"'tQ;lr C!ThAi: ~~~ ODI)IIA ~flC
A library is a fountain of knowledge. fL+
""llm'i'T fbtJJo4'T !l"'t"l" )tJJo
fountain pen 116C
I like to write with a fountain pen. fl116C
001\'i' ~dl-'l/111-
four h6-T
four o'clock O,IPC (t~-1-
He left school at four o'clock. hTII"IlCT
II.T flOP'C ll'\T dl"'
fourteen 01"6- h&-T
fourth
I. l\6-H'. Who is the fourth boy in the group
over there? ~H.J' II_...,.T A]t."lf ooltiiA
h&-.,.>;'tJJo "''~tJJo !
2. h&-.,.'1 4'"t l l\6-T 4'"t. He died on the
fourth of this month. f.ll mel fl1CJ fll\6-.,.
>;'tJJo 4'"t .,..,.
I'll be there on the fourth of March. oo;>R.T
h&-T 4'"t ~H.J' M>;'llo-
3. h&-.,.'1!P"lf. Only one fourth of the students
came early. II.,."''&!P'Il h"t.l': h&-.,.>;'!1'
o1i I 1t!f= t -t1..tr I 1JA6J'o 1 00111-
fowl fM'I''i' ID1"t
Ducks, chickens, geese, and turkeys are fowl.
>lh\1-!P:f. P.r:"lf 1111-!P".f<i" fi:Ch P.
C:!P"lf ' fl\b'l''i' ' ID1"t <;'ftJJo
fox 4'flC:
He caught a fox in the trap. h"t.l': 4'flC:
fliD"J'OD.I': J'H
fox hole [llm'IT /IODh'lhA ~"tJI.l:-'1
:l'Y.C f"'1.1f1f"lflT "1-.l':'l.l':]
foxy .,."tll/1>;'
Don't deal with him! He is very foxy. fl"'ll"
.,."tll/1'1 111111"~ hll- ;>C hT"Imll"
foyer f1:J'TC ,..,.'1/ld.J'
I was in the foyer during intermission. f16L.~
T 1.11. fl1:J''K- ,.._,.11/ld.J'tJJo 'If. )fl
Ch-
fraction
I. h'i'Aof.Y.. Leave out the fractions and give
me the round number! h<;>Aof.l'"'ll"t T-I-ll
..,.11- f.,.m;>;>tJJo"t -I!TC "t1l:'1
487 fragrant
2. T<I!T h'i'A. Only a fraction of the
regiment came back. lltn'l- T<I!T h'i'A
11!1' .,.,../Ill
3. ( ~ adv.) flhd.A. He got only a fraction of
his problems finished. "'i-"1<~-"t f-1-aJ"'tJJo fl
lld.A )tJJo
fracture , vt. ( ~ intr.) .,.llfll:
He fell off the bicycle and fractured his arm.
hR.IIIl.I\.T ............ ~)l:"t ....... fll:
fracture (n.) 11116-T
The fracture is healing slowly. 1111&-1: 4'11
fl4'11 M1m"" )tJJo
fragile f"''.llflC
Be careful with that glass! It is very fragile.
ooii:J'm-to fl4''111- f"''.llflc 111111") m"t4'
:J> flA
*He is of fragile health. 4'1'111.,.'1 ~"'"
fragment
I. 1111CCJ&. She dropped the pot and swept
the fragments into the street. "''llC:tJJo"t T
II R.llflCCJT lloflCCJ&tJJo"t IDS'. oo")
1-'1- ml:1"lfaJo
2. "1"'1.1':. They enshrined a fragment of the
cross in the cathedraL 1"71.. DDll+&'l 0
lt-1:.1':6-11- tJJoii"J' :J>JI.II ll'i'&- l\114'00
tn-T
3. h'i'A. A fragment of his last novel was
published after his death. IIDDI\'dt4- h"tJI.
h'i'A ~ll- 11'1"_,. fl:\'1 ,r_,.ou
fragments ( = adv.) dJ.'j:. RJ.f."}
He could hear only fragments of their con-
versation. IDd.J''ftJJo"t "'i'i' "'14-"t 11!1'
/10011"'/T ' Jl'/1
m fragmentar y J'ol\.,.".7.'1
He gave a fragmentary report of the event.
1111 "J->11' J'ol\.,.".7.'1 &?'CT h4'l:fl
fragrance ""'\'1
The fragrance of the flowers could be smelled
from afar. J'flll'll"t OD'\'1 h'I-:J> 11"'1'11.,.
T Y.ii'A )flC
(be) fragrant
1. IIJ~ OD'tff JiAm-. This rose is very fra-
grant. f.ll 1\""il:>l fl"'ll" IIJof."'." 00'\lj
l\lltJJo
2. "1"1- OD'\'1 l\lltJJo. This herb is fragrant .
~U I /)/J I If'~ I OD,.IJ I JU\dJ-
 frail
frail
I. ......, . A frail old lady was trying to get on
the bus. h'M.'l- .._..., QAi:'l- h.....,.ll-11
'If. 1\ouw-nJ'l- f.'l"h~ ~nc
The rope was too frail to lift such a heavy
weight. f.IJ')'J h1J1." h,. 11"7'J..,'l- 1
ou-'1. R"'9" ......, ~nc
2. -1-I'IIJ&. This chair is too frail for a large fat
man to sit on . .eu mroc O+il& +(tQt;
1'11111'~ m't'.:.9" n ~~..,..,.,.,.n-'1- hf.l-A9"
frailty (frailties) .._ ...,~'1- I mflf .._...,~'1-
Ignoring one's own faults is a human frailty.
ftl-I'I'J ' '1'4-'1-' l-'1. "711'1-' l'loflh'l! ' ......,~'1-
~
He is very tolerant of other people's frailties.
fii.II-T't mQf .._...,~'1- hU h'J'l'lf J'
Ad..'I' A
frame (v.)
I. ou(I;J-m'l- tJ>ollT h11J. Please frame this
picture! f.U"J'l tp/JIA oo(l~ro+ aJoiiT r
h.,Q,..
2. h.,..,n.:. John framed his reply carefully.
f'm'Jil ouAI'I-'J flT'J,.of: h.,.';'fl&
3. Juo~r~. The parliament framed a new
constitution. :rcAay h.Jl.ll :t.1 OO"t"'P"
'1- hm"'
frame (n.)
I. hd..'i'. I would like to have a frame for
the picture. 1\P'lJtr hd..'i' h.LA., ~fie
2. ""J''lf'. I have broken the frame of my
glasses. fOU~K"&.'J 0 ODJ"'f' 0 (lflCh-'1-
J. oumm&J'. He distended the skin over the
frame for drying. <l''ltJ>o h't.IIJ'.C~ nou
mm&J'tJ>o 'If. mm&tJ>o
4. .,.....,..;., "'&J'. The frame of the house was
finished in two days. fiJ.oJ: .,.._..,..;., "16
' nv-11'1- n hll.,.
5. htJ>o;J-C. The frame of the umbrella is
covered with cloth. fli''JT'ItJ>o htJ>o;J-C ""
c~ lloflltA
The skeleton is the frame of the body. OK"9"
1\l'ltJ>o~'l- ~CK" f"'l.I'IT htJ>o;J-C ~""
6. hT'J'l-. The athlete has a large frame.
hll?"C-1-:;'tJ>o h'l"J-1- I'I.L ~..,.
7. P'C~'l-. The constitution established our
frame of government. :t..1 ou'1'"1P".fl foP")..,
P':l'T't'J P'C~'l- ou,.:-1-
frame of mind DD"}Lll
He was in a cheerful frame of mind. fl.l'.ll
,. ou'Jo~.ll ~nc
488 fraternal
framework
I. htJ>o;l-C. The bridge has a steel framework.
f1."A1."fl. htJ>o;l-C h06ofl 116'1- f-1-oPtl-
~
2. "'&J'';' .,.....,..;, The framework of the hut
is made of sticks. ftl.-1: flJ&fCi "1.(-o'l.ll
hlJ'J ....-'1- ' f-1-oPtl- ~
France 4.6'tft.l'. l 4.6'1ftf. h1C
franchise Afl. "-"'1."
One must get a franchise from the government
to operate a television station. f-I:A.ii.h
"'fl.J' 11"7<119" "7'19" ........ ' hOD'!.,P''l- '
Afl. d..,_1." "7.,'f'l- hllfl'l-
frank
1. "'lAX". His criticism of my work was frank
but absolutely fair. Ill\ P'tl-Y.. fl'lm'f hll-1-J'
f'l- .,Ax-" '1-hhl\'1 ~nc
2. ( ~ adv.) hAofl. Is that your frank opinion?
foil hll-1-J'f'l- hAoflll ~..,. ?
to be frank "-m-~-111' l\OD'i1C
To be frank, I dori't know. hm-~1:'1 l\oP';'1
c h'laJo~9"
frankly .,A.,. h1."C1
Why don't you tell me frankly what really
happened? flC'1'1' N.l'.61tJ>o'l 119"'J .,A
'I' h1."C11l h'l-~.,6'f9" 1
frankness
I. 'i'C'I' h1."C1 htJ>o~oJ:'I oo';'1C. The speak-
er's frankness disarmed the angry mob. f+
';';J6DJ< 'i'C'I' h1."C1 hm-~1:'1 00';'1'1- f
.,...,......,.') ' .h1111 ' hfl61.lD'
2. f'l'll ooli"J. His childlike frankness wins
the heart of everybody. h'J.I'. .nn f'l'll
OUIJ'). ' f"7'J:;''I'lD''19" ....... Aofl .1'."7C
.. A
frantic f"'n.,.-'1-
We heard frantic cries for help. f"'/''1.,.-l- h-
h-;J- ' ....,')
make frantic efforts hf..~ r ~"'-~QII.~
He made frantic efforts to free himself. tl-1'1-'1
}1\ ' 11"7tJ>o"''l- ' h4-... "'"'"".:"".:
fraternal fm'l.1'.'9"~-l-
Fraternal affection caused him to help us.
fOJ'J1."9"~-l- ' "'~"" h't.O:.&'I't 14-4-m-
He has a fraternal affection for Hailu.
'lf.tr'l Ah h '11. m'l1.".,.. h1."C1
,l'.m.I'.'I'A
 489
fraternity
fraternity (fraternities)
I. m'! J:""/"7:f~T. The French creed is "Li-
herty, Equality, Fraternity". fL~'I<'IJ'. l\.9"~
T ~~~~T 1 ll.h-AH- 1 m'IJ:""/"7:f~T
f"7_&\ ~ ....
2. fm'IJ:""/"7:f~T tiR11. He joined the best
fraternity at his school. OTII"IJCT 0.-1>
fD<ll'l' II"C'l' tilf~m- fdl'IJ:""/"7:f~T
tiR11 ~q
fraternize -t-m'l~
We did not fraternize with those who con
quered us. !!:&\
l\&\of-dl'l~'l9"
~~.,_., Rl":f ;>C
fraud
I. "7'1/"RCRC. To tell country people that
copper is gold is common fraud. oo,t.;11'1' me
:,. ' ~ .... ' li.J'II- ' IIQ'I~C':f ' oPlf'l' f-1-IIODf. '
"7'1/"RCRC ~..,.
2. f"7'11"RCRC till. Do you plead guilty to
this fraud? 0"7'1/"RCR-1- till 'l'of.+'i'~TIJ
., ' :J-9"<;111) l
perpetrate a fraud on 1\;J-A/\
He perpetrated a fraud on his own people.
f~q ' dl~\>-'1 l\:l-1111
fraudulent fmi'IT
His fraudulent claim to be a nephew of the
minister was soon disproved. f"'-tllT-1- fl\1
T &\7!: ~'t f"7_11m- f mRT m.!. mlif
.... ' m-lfT ' ODif). ' +f-~RRT
(be) fraught with
*The expedition was fraught with danger.
.,_~..,. 1111- l\f.:> 1111' ~oc
fray ( ~ intr.) ~+R
+Constant wear frayed his shirt cuffs. l\Hm-T
C' ' ROD&\RR- ' flf"7_tl- ' l\.7!:1. ' tiL'i' ' ~-~-R
get frayed +n.:n~
The border of this rug is getting frayed.
fl'-ll M"''i' tnC11 -1-Ht:H~
freak "1-!!:
A five-legged sheep is a freak. l\ll"llT li."IC
fil.tiJ- I fl.., I ?-Y: I ~(J)o
freckle m:l'm.,.
She has freckles on her face . .1-:J: 'IJ'. m:l'm
.,. ' l\IIQT
free (v.)
I. l\C~T l\mnr. He freed the slaves. QC':f
'I l\C~T l\mnr'l'm-
free
2. L;l-. The sailors worked to free the tangled
ropes. oPCtiO~ f+m<'l(IRm-'1 ~""!!:
lloP'i';l-T ' :l-~11-
3. 114'.,.. The Americans freed the prisoners.
l\"'UII'l",.; ll.ll.:'l',.;'l ' 114'_,
4. R~l\ 114'4'. The lawyer adduced a decision in
which the judge freed a man charged with
robbery. tnR:I'm- 0.1-T Jl'i'm- RHt:of. f
+hRRfD<'I Rm- 0~1\ f114'4'0T'I m-<'1~
m4'R
5. l\mnr. His inheritance finally freed him
from debt. m-eR- R""I:A.~lf hMm- l\m
, ....
free oneself bft.') ' ~K hmiiJ
He made frantic efforts to free himself.
<1-R-'1 ~~~ 11"7fD<"'T ti4-'i' -J-o;:,;u.~""'t:
be freed ~K mlfJ
The serfs were freed by the order of the king.
~q(!',.; ' 0'1"1-IP- ' Tll.q1J ' ~~~ ' dltn-
free (adj.)
I. ~~~ 1 h4't:'l' ~~~ flf~. Free trade between
nations is hindered by regulations. floo')""',V;J-
T oPIIh&\ 1\.'l"C f"'L~qm- ~~~ (h.,.~
'I' ~~~ f"'Lif'l) '1"1!!: Rf.'IP'f ll"ti'lf
T +Mh!l.&\
The countryside is now free from malaria.
Q'l~-1- l\u-'1 hmQ ~~~ ~..,.
This item is free of custom duties. ll.:l'm- h"l-
9"-1-ti ' 4'~'1' ' ~J\ ' ~ ....
It's a free country, not a colony. i'~ h.-JC }..
'!"![ r:,O't .,qT l\J'.f-11'fll"
2. ~J\~T fliRT. I can say what I please; it's
a free country. fLII"IrJ-T'I &\<;~c ll.'f'lll
u- t ~~~~T fliRT MC ~..,.
3. ( ~ adv.) 0~11. Admission free. OD"IIIJ' 0~1\
4. flP... There will be no rooms free in this
hotel until after the holidays. R'lil- ll.lliiii
"- ' !!:t:ll ' 011.11 ' lf-1:&\ ' Ql'- ti'i'&\ ' l\
J'-1'19"
5. ( ~ adv.)ll.'lf.&\11-lll.'lf.&\11. We were appall-
ed at his free behavior. ll.'lf.&\11- ODif\>o l\ll
.l'.'l"ltn'l ~RC
Cut the snake bite so that tbere is a free flow
of blood. f.oo- ll.'lf.&\11 l\.'1/iLll li.QR-
f~hRIJ'I P:J- .,....:mm-
*This is a free translation of the Amharic book .
J'.ll II"7c'i'm- ODK"m'i' :1'&\ R:I'A
f++~.,..... ' l\J'.f-119"
free (adv.) 011'\11 I 0~11
I got it free. 011'111 l\1Yu-T
 freeborn
Smallpox inoculations will be given free.
fd."t"'"' h'l-11'1- R~l\ f.l'l"'A
free speech ,,..,..,C ~"' ~:,.
Without free speech, there is no real democracy.
f't"'"'C ~~~~'!- hl\.11 1\a>-H'f Jl.'l"h~
II. fll'l"
be free
I. "I..H. hila>-. Will you be free tomorrow?
~~ "I..H. hllll l
2. 9""t9" P'~ flla>-9". I am free all after
noon. hl'l'l'l- R:\11 9""t9" P'~ fii'S9"
3. hA-1-.1'119". The telephone line is free.
fllAh- aopaoC hA-1-.1'119"
4. -1-11.,..,.. Will the room be free tomorrow?
h'i'll- ~~ f.ll.,.:t'A l
As soon as the bird was free, it flew away.
ID~ 1\"tS'..-J-II.,..,.":f- IDJI..f'a>-). O&&":f-
5, 11'11. You are free to go at any time. 11.!.11"1
"Jiw- "I..H. lloP'lo~ '1-":f-111111
6. ao-o'f- hila>-. She's not free to marry
anyone she wants. f.!..,.S'..":f-a>-"t f"7"11J'I-
ao-fl'f- ' fll'l-9"
be free from pain ,laoo.,_. A++m-
1 am free from pain only after swallowing this
pill. f.ll"t"t h.~"t h'f''l'h- ' 11:\11 ..,.. _ _ '
II.,..,.'S
be free of fllll'l-9"
The highway is now free of rocks. Am-&- ou'}
~.~~. ho-"t ~"t:>f. fllll'l-9"
be free with one's money 11Hll-'l fl\ dti'l
11 hiD"!
The reason he is always broke is that he is free
with his money. 11-A"I..H. f"'l.'l"''&w- n11
11-"t .I'll m<'l-R llll"'l...'m"' ~w-
let free 0~2\ A++
The police let him free. ?"ll.to":f- ll~l\ 11.,..,_,.
on one's own free will fl11J L:J-IJ.
He did it on his own free will. ~~~~ .!.:1'.11-
hS'..&~w-
set free 0)2\ ll++
He set the prisoners free. 1\ll&'l''ln ll~l\
ll.,.:t''l'w-
[See also 'charge, pretense, rein, tax']
freeborn ~~~
He is a freeborn person, not a slave. ~2\ (laJo
J\"t)( IJ&.I' hf.S'-119"
freedom
I. ~~~~'!-.The fight for freedom is on. ll~l\~'1-
f"'LJ'.&~..,.
'I-"'A -J-~9"a:A
490 freeze
He championed freedom of speech. ll"t"'"'C ~
~~~,. -1-:>S'..II
2. ""11'1-. Censorship impinges on our freedom.
<'l"tii-C ao-fl;f-":f-"t"t f.~IJA
*The tight coat hindered his freedom of move
ment. miJ-fl 1>-t. 1\"tS'..A-fl hlllla>-ll hlldJo
*The clerk was given a warning about the
freedom of his manner with customers.
If"" hS'..'III'I',; :>C 'I'~ .!.~~ Mil~
"7llm"t.,.4:.1' -1-l'lma>-
The guest has the freedom of our home.
1\"t"'Jim- IIIL;I-":f-"t 1\"tS'..b<ll- ll.ll'"t f.":f-
IIA
give freedom from +hilblt
Screens give us comparative freedom from
flies. oo:>&"/fl"":f- 11"t(l":f-"t ooom). Y.M
Mil-
[See also 'press, regain']
free-for-all h9"'1'il!'
The dance ended in a free-for-all. 'l"tll-
llh9"1J'iC' -1-.f.l\oP
freely
I. ll"'b<ll". He admitted freely that he took it.
7.11- oPdJo(l.ll-"t II"'AII" /',OD~
2. .I'll .,'I''I'C. You can cross the border be-
tween the United States and Canada freely.
llh"'l.&IJ"t'i' IIIJ'i'JI OOIIhb< .l'lla>-"t ID
l'l"t .I'll _,'I''I'C 11"711'1' '1-":f-<'11111
*You can speak freely. 1\"tS'...!.II"'U -1-'i'~C
freeman ~X. 1 (ltD-
Freeman means a man who is not a slave.
~~~ (ldJo ' '1&.1' .!'All'~ "711'1- ~w-
freethinker
*There are many freethinkers in this country.
ll?f."7'l''l- .:~~ fl~{)'f'dJo hll-J-{)(1-fl f
"'l.oP'I- -Rtf- l'll"":f- Ml.ll h~C /'oil-
freeze (froze, frozen), vt.
I. 1>.,.11.,.11. He froze vegetables to keep them
from spoiling. -1-m'l -1-mll-,; 1\"tJIJ'.II'Il.
h.,.ll.,.~'l'm-
2. h1S'... The government has frozen all
foreign accounts. oo"J..,P"~ ftD-tif!" 1 A1C
m.AP":f-"t o-11- h~S'..
3. oo;t-. The cold froze the buds. 7.9"11-m-"t
lD-C11" I OD;J-tD-
freeze (vi.)
I. &:>. The water in the pitcher froze during
the night. 1\.11.'1- "7f'lC'a>- a>-ll'l' f~ll&
(Do I (Do;_) I l_,;J
 freezer
The pipe froze and then burst. !1.9"!1.llJo tJJo
liT YlltJJo tJJo;> lllll;> !l.ll"!l.tJJo ,u.tl
2. R&P.. 1ft. The plant froze during the night.
/1.11.-l- liP. R&P.. 1ft
3. oflc.<:- h'i'.cl-OD~(tJJo). +we froze all winter
long. hl9"1o1 0.,..11- ofJC.I:" h'i'.cl-OD~1
4. 0.1:-1 1ft. He froze with terror. R.l:-1;>m.
0.1:-1 ' 1ft
freeze off O~P.. 1 lf~
My ears nearly froze off. ;.>:1!'1'- R&P.. ll.lf
1 ' 9"111" ' hll\-l>ltJJo
be frozen
I. +H+H. The meat in the icebox is frozen.
RlP.. "1'1'1 tJJo/1'1' YlltJJo I";> +11~!1.111.
2. RlP.. 1ft. The pond is frozen. h-6.tJJo
R&P.. 1ft
be frozen hard 1:1;J~ 1 O~P.. 1 lf~
The lake was frozen hard . .hS!-41 .1:"1;>f.
n&P.. .r-r tnc
be frozen to the spot 01:"} lf~
He was frozen to the spot in horror. hi:"J ,;J
m. fTt"f 0.1:-1 1ft
freezer "7+11+"11"
Take something out of the freezer for supper!
h"7+11-l>"lf"a>- tJJoil'l' h1i: t1C lll\cl--1-
htJJo"'
(be) freezing 0"19" 0~
It is freezing today. '16. 0"111" S'>OC.tlll\
freight (n.)
1. ":J>. The train conveys both passengers and
freight. QIK- lltJJoll" l\:J-9" f."f!"<;ll\
2. l\:Jo /IOD'Ih 'I';>. How much is the freight
on the train? OIJrt-C 1 ":J> 1\.oP"h 'P;J
111-1- ' )lJJo l
3. "7'1'1"11". The goods were sent by freight. if
+tn'll 0"7'1'1"11" Tlll.h'l'll\
4. "f!"t-1-. They trucked the freight to the ware-
house. ~~11'1 1 mF.. = oP;JH"J OoPh..'i 1
IDIIJI.-1-
frelght (adj.) fl\:Jo "7""'11111"
The freight train was late again. fl\:Jo "7""'111
lf,. qo-c ho-111" H1f
by air freight QfC
The box is so large. I had to send it by air
freight. "f'l'). 0"19" "1-111.~ lllllft Qf
c' oP'Ih ' "1.1:- ' lftofl'f
freighter f"f!"t"'- ODChofl
Freighters carry our products to foreign
491 fresh
countries. f"f!"t-1- ODChlllf f1"1.1:" l\:Jo:f
11 m~ IJJo"f!" h1C Y'I1''1.11-
French
I. .1.&111'1!. He looks French to me . .1.&111'1!
f.OD/1/1'111\
2. .l.l111S!-'1. French is taught in many high
schools. Oofltt- o-11.,.'1 ~&Jf -l-9"111:"1-
n.-r-'f ' a>-11'1' ' .l.l111S!-'1 S!-11"111\
Frenchman .1.&111'1!
frenzy "1S!-11'1 ll""-1-
The speaker roused the audience to frenzy.
T<;;>&tJJo Q.l:-"7,;o>'ll 'If. "1f.ll'1 11"""1-
+11+11
be In a frenzy "ofll: II'\'
The woman was in a frenzy because of the
missing child. ll.'l-f-'1' hll\~'1' ""Tof-T f
.,.t., l\ofl.<:- .r<; t oc
frequency (frequencies) ~'l"ii
What is the frequency of the Addis Ababa
radio station? fh-'1.11 hOQ 6.-'l.f" "'ll
Y ~'l"lf. 9"1 Yllll\ ttJJo l
*We are alarmed by the frequency of fires in
the neighborhood. QIJQQY:f-1 ~.:>"1'1" l\11
,. ' """)"f-lo ' ~)1'1'1
*The frequency of earthquakes in Addis Ababa
is low. Rh-'1.11 hOQ f"""-"~- OD1-I>T+T
ofltt- "l.H. hf.~C/19"
frequent (v.) hHtTl
He no longer frequents bars and coffeehouses.
""mTII.-l-<;R-<;II."'-1"7Ha>-TC~A
frequent (adj.)
I. hHtJJo-1-f!' f'"U~C"'. His frequent trips
cost him a lot of money. hHa>--1-f!' f"'LY~
C1tJJo ' .,.p 11ft" 11Hofl .1.)>;0"1-
2. fT~1"". The frequent mishaps boded dis-
aster. f.,.~_,.,.,..:,. h~l"lf fOD'\-1- 9"
Ah-r-lf tO~
be frequent Olf
Storms are frequent in the rainy season.
Ohl9"T ' IDcl-"1- ' "1f.ll'1 ' t-1-11 ' f.R'IIl\
frequently ofltt- "l.H. I hHm-"1-f!'
I see him frequently. 11ft" "l.H. h1"f'l'llo-
He drives frequently. hHtJJo"'-1!' S'>t.tlll\
fresh
l. -1-11-ll. Are the eggs fresh? l\141'111-'ll -1-IJ.
ll ' <;'l'tJJo ?
 freshen
This newspaper prints only fresh news. ~u ;J
H.nJ 'l-11-11 mt.l":f't 11!1' ,fmnJA
Where can I buy fresh meat? 'l-IJ.il F ;J
A1~ f'l"":fllm- f'l- )Ill" l
2. J'A'I'II .f'lf.t.. Please get me some fresh
vegetables at the market! h10.f J'A'I'II .f
'If.(. h'l-hA'l- h'l"nJA"'i
3. h-'1.11 f.,.4'm.C.. There is a big demand
for fresh fruit. h-'1.11 f.,.4'm4- 'i'&.'i't.l"":f
1111- 4.'11. h'l'fm-
4. .,.oi.A-f J'AI/>f. I drink only fresh coffee.
.,.oi.A-f J'AI/>f a-.,.. 11!1' hmnJIIu-
5. h-'1.11. Take a fresh sheet of paper and start
again! h-'1.11 mt.4''l- m-!IF:.,.. h"lf.1.,.. )';'I"C
He presented a fresh approach to the problem.
ll:f-l-1- ont;:'l-m. h-'1.11 Hf.. ol.mt.
6. "llt-.h. Let's go out for some fresh air! hilt
mnJ 1111"1 "llt-.h hfC h"14'0A
7. 4.<\11. The water of the pond will stagnate
if no fresh water flows into it. fb-t. m-;)
h.l.<\11 m-;) IJA.,.4''1+11 11111/>on Mf;f-A
fresh complexion fd.:'f- T&-:r- I ant
Her fresh complexion is due to her good health
and her youth. f.l.;l: 'l'&.T (m!l) hmnJ'l-
);1:.,.. hm."1);1: f.,.)., )Ill"
fresh kid mmm.
I cannot stand that fresh kid. ,f"l"l mmm.
A;f-1"'111" hA":fA'/"
(be} fresh water Al.DJo r fAO.:t-9"'
Most lakes are fresh water. h11~'1l"'li m~
1/>":f ....m- f{lq'fm-'1"
be fresh '1-A-f ;1-fm-
The memories of the war are still fresh in my
mind. ffi'C).f> 'l-11;1- hu-"1'1" Ohh'l"~
\1. 111"11'1' '1-A-f ~;J-fl;'A
be fresh (from) .,'i aJIIJ
He's just fresh from school and has no ex-
perience. h'l-9"UC'l- 11.'1- ,.,.. DDIJionJ-1>
)m- I '/""!'/" A'I"'I"F: flltD-'1"
feel fresh ~ ~ hi\
The old man feels fresh after a nap. 11"7"1/1.
m- hlf/111;1- R:\'1 ~:1' 11!1.A
get fresher
*He gets fresher by the day. 11A"'.,..m- Of
+1- ' M""'""l. ' ~~A
freshen ( ~ intr.) h"lll&.&.
+we need a good rain to freshen the flowers.
hOql"'li h"l.ll.nll&.-1- OCh'l- .fll 11 ....11
h"I.I.A;J/1"1
492 friend
freshen up i'-1'1.,.-(l Aofl(to'} 1\mm
After the long trip, we all freshened up. ht.~
,_ .,.,. 0:\'1 _,."1'1'0"1 Ail<\:f't"l 11m
'1'"1
fresh man f"":l':""t.J' '~""'~- .,..,~.
My brother is a freshman. m"lt.-1 f"":l':""
(.J' 'JoP'l- .,..,~. ~m-
fret (fretted), vt. llCR-~ hmnJ
The stream fretted a channel in the rock.
~t.-1> F:"I;J\<"1 llCR-~ ll~ hmnJ
fret (vi.)
I. .,.)""')""'. A baby frets in hot weather.
a.n o,....,.+ 1.11. ~~""'~""'A
2. .,.n<\ ..... Don't fret about things you can't
change! A'l-llm-mm- 0"7'1-":fllm- ~1C h
'l-R<\"1'-
(be) fretful .,...,~.,.
She is fretful about the coming examinations.
1111"7.""m-+ ol..,..,..,.,":f .,...._"1:1'/l":f
friable 0+'111- f"7.4.t.IJhll
There is a lot of friable rock in this region.
011.11 +Oil. 1111- 0+'111- f"7.4.t.IJhll F:
"!;JJl. hll
friction
I. "'~"-""''~- Matches are lighted by friction.
h11t.'l- f"7.""'t.m- 0"74-.... 'l- )tD-
2. "1"1'-'l-. There is friction between the two.
011-11-1> ""IJhA "1"1'-'l- hll
Friday 'IC11
fried (adj.), - chicken fl'-~ Tilll
I ate fried chicken at lunch. 11'1"<\ fl'-1: 'I'
1111. 0'111-
frlecl eggs '1'1111 h"I.,'IA
In the morning I eat fried eggs. IP.T IP.T
'1'1111 h"I.,'IA hO'I/111-
friend m-'1~
He is a good friend of mine. 'I'~ m-'1:( ~m
*They parted good friends. nt;:;r.c .,.ll.ff.
close friend r:r.cil '\1.>;'
The two are close friends. 11-11-1> r:r.cil '\
1.7f'":f ""'Ill"
become friends .,.m-'1:(. 1 m-'l)(":f 11'1-
The boy and the girl became friends. A"jf..,.. A
~ .,.dl-'I"Jf.
Please settle your differences and become
friends again! hqiJ":fu- :f't."'" h"lf. F:~'l'":f
"" dl-'l)(":f 11-1-
friendliness
make friends tD-'1~ hfll'
Do you make frieods easily? ft.,.l\11-
;Eo "70~-1- -l-:f-111111 1
[See also 'bosom')
friendliness fOJ'I;E-~-1- h.,.t-~-a 1 .,...,'l''f~-1-
His friendliness charmed the audience.
fOJ'I;E-H h.,.t-~-a hY.:"'',;oo'ln "7~h
His only redeeming feature is his frieodliness.
"'"l't:: m<ll<.,. :f-'1 f"'LJ'{t'M-1- .,...,'l''f
~-1- ' -Ril' ' ~ ...
friendly
I. {tdJo OJ'IJ:'. He is friendly by nature.
{too ' ft.,.oi.'I'C" ' {tdJo ' OJ'IJ:' ' ~ ...
The employees of this bank are friendly.
fll.ll ' q-,.h ' 11'.!-.,.>:':f ' {ldJo ' OJ'II':f ' 'i':fdJo
2. OJ'I;E-. The defector sought refuge in a
friendly embassy. h'l.,_'l'.,. ftOJ'I;E- h.?"<l{l.
dJo{t'J' ' 'M'S~-1- ' 4.111
3. fOJ'I;E-~-1-. She has a friendly smile for
everybody. llrrll-?" fOJ'I;E-~-1- 4.1"1;1- ;1-
llfll:f
There are friendly relations between these
two countries. 0~11.11 rrll-1- h1C":f ouuh
A fOJ'I;E-~-1- .,-,.'f.~-1- hi\
4. fOJ'I;E-~-1- ouAh f"'LJ'll.e. He looked
at the friendly stranger with distrust. fOJ'I;E-
~-1- ooAh f"'LJ'llf.,.-,. ~-,."1'1 ft'I'C"l
ol. ' .,.....llh.,.
5. M"7'e. Don't be afraid! He is a friendly dog.
h-1-'i't- M"7'e .,.lf ~.,.
our dog is very friendly . .,.lf:f-1' {1.,. h
Y.1"'i'lt-A?"
friendly relations ID.Il~Ft
The government is trying to maintain friendly
relations with all countries . ...,.,..,,...,. hrrll-
?" IJ1C":f ,;~c OJ'I;E-~.-1- 11"7ol'f-1- ,_.,.
ht-A
act friendly
He always acts friendly. 11-A'I.H. fOJ'I;E-~-1-
m<t.e fllfA
In a friendly way ftOJ'I;E-~-1-
The argument was settled in a friendly way.
hch~ ftOJ'I;E-~-1- .,.~.~~....
[See also 'footing')
friendship OJ'I;E-~-1-
Friendship between people of different reJi.
gions is not rare. RVY."7"1"-1- ft.,.llfl< M'
:f oP'IiA OJ'I;E-~-1- hY.mof..?"
[See also 'tie')
493 fringe
fright .1:'1-.;Jm. I 'i'CV-1-
OJ'I Fright showed in her face. 4.;1: 1\f. J:'.,.
,;Jm. ' ('i'C?-1-) ' ;1-f
take frlsht ft"l?" 4..!-
He took fright when he saw the snake. ~<ttl
.,. ' {l.ff. ' ft"l?" ' .!..!-
f(to. '
frighten (vt.)
I. hll.l.t-t-. You always frighten me. 11-A'I.H.
;1-ll.l.t-t-'l'llll
2. hllft~11. The battle cry of the patriots
frightened the enemy. fCft>:''ll .,.~Cofo
~C
ml\-1-1' hllft~11dJo
3. hll.l!.~1m. Don't let that frighten you!
' ' hfll.l!..,..,'l'll
frighten (vi.) S'.~1m
He frightens easily. 0.,.1\11- 1-S'.~"I"'A
be frightened L~
Don't be frightened! Nothing will happen to
you. h-1-'i't- ' ?"")?" h.e~IJII?"
frightful
I. h{I:J'4:. I saw a frightful accident on the
road. 0"".,.1-'1- 'I.e h{I:J'4: h.J'.;J hfrr
2. ~.ell 'l'. There was a frightful crush at the
gate. nn~ 11.e ~.ell'l' "11-1 ~nc
frigid
I. ft"l?" .,.'11:1'~. A frigid climate prevails in
this region. ftll.ll hiJ<IIl ftiiJ?" .,.'II:J'q
hfC hi\
We received a frigid welcome. .,.'II:J'q h+
<IRA .,_S'.~1A"t
2. rna<. In the frigid zone, plants cannot
grow. ft'tll?" fft~l'o hft-R l>B'I'-1- h.e
ft~ll-?"
frill -RA.,_..A"l"
The new cars have many frills. h'l.f\'ll oo!J.
'i'9''f -RA.,_..A.,_.. f.ftq:f'I'A
fringe (vi.)
Bushes fringed the road. 0DD"J1-'I- 'IC'i' 'I
C -k'rl.'tn ft~!I.A
fringe (n.)
I. JIC'i'. There is a fringe on the curtain.
"";J~)fdJo IIC'i' hl\dJo
2. '1'11-1-. She cheapened her dress by adding
a fringe to it. A-R!I. 'If. '1'1\T +'I'll hftl\
lf'f...
3. mC'II. The fringes of the leaves turned
brown. f:,0m(to I mC1J I IDf. I ft-ti"7 I +AdJffi
 frisk
4. -'IC -'IC. One sees deer at the fringes of the
forest. O""l.IJtJJo -'IC -'IC h:>H't 1-:1-YIA
5. wn. In Latin America, the radical fringe
is trying to take over the universities. Ot\-1:1'
h"UIJ -1"&-"711: wn l't1iCfl.-f:tJJo'} o
l\il: fi"7S':t'."' 1-'l"h&-IA
frisk 11<'.4'
Our puppy frisks all over the house. n-:Y.~ :Y.
't 11.'1- tJJo()T 1-!l.C:I"IA
frisky -f"""l.'P:Y.
A frisky kitten was playing with the string.
T""l.'P!f! ' fJ';ODT ' "'IA~IA ' h~OD-'1. ' :>C '
'1-""l.w."f- ~oc
fritter , - away 0-1"~
He fritters away his money. 1'JHII-'t 1-0."f-..-/A
frivolo us
I. hll-f"ll(l!l- 4'~/A fll'~. A thought ful book
will not be appreciated by a frivolous person.
hll-f"l)( lll- ' "'~"' ' fll'~ ' ....... ' "'"'"" ' -~
m'i' hYs>."t"Jo9"
2. ( = adv.) Oh'ti>. He likes to make frivolous
remark s. flh1'1l DP'i1C ~ ,e.mJ;A
fro, see to
frog l\'t41U 'I-
There are many frogs in this pond. OH.tl h-
&. tJJo()T ilfl< l\')41&-&'f- hfl
frolic (frolicked) 11<'.4'
The children frolicked with the puppy. IA}I:'Il
hii-:Y.~tJJo :>C 11<'.41
from
I. h. I received a letter from my brother .
hw"JY:"'L Y.il-'111. S'.t'.ll'f
He was tired from overwork. liP&- 11~'1-
s>.h'l"'l- ~oc
What prevent ed you from coming ? hOD9"tJJT
9"') ' h~S'.IJ 1 "~'"'" , t'.Y:'il 1 #9"m 't ~oc
2. 0. My brother is suffering from a cold.
a>'}~ O.,.'t'f..'t f.<P:I"YIA
3. 0 - 9"h"JY'I-. No fewer than twenty work-
ers were absent from illness. hiJY f"7n(l .
oP&-i"'f':f 0.ltOD9" 9"h'JY'f- 4'C-l"11Jo '
~oc
4. 0 011-IA. I saw it from the window.
Ooullt>'l- .011-IA hfll-'l-
5. h Col'. I live ten miles from the city.
hh-1""7 OP'C "71-IA C<fl M'&-1111-
494 fronta ge
*He is from Harar. fdtl:C limo )m-
*Where are you from? h1CIJ fT )om- 1
from what he says l.(t- 7.1'R.CJif.A6Jo hlfi'
From what he says, it must be very interesting.
l\(1. ' l\')S'."7..11tJJo ' hll'~ ' ~~-~- ' 0"111" ' hll
J'./):'f I ODU") I l\110T
[See also 'aside, now, nowhere, then']
front (v.)
They decided to front the building with
bricks. f.lt'tl\IJ)o') .t-'1- 11.1.'1- Olfh~ 11"7
<P&-'1- ' OJ{l).
our house fronts the lake. 11.:1-:Y.'t h.hf.
41 ' '1-J'.I' ' ~ ....
front (n.)
I. S'.]f'l'. The front of the house is painted
white. ffl.i> ZY-ll''l' ~'? 4'1111" -1"4'11:1:/A
2 . .1.'1-. Sit down, you in front! l\'t-1" l\.1.'1-
YlllitJJo I -f"4'0D'J'
3. OD'P.ou&Y. The table of contents is in the
front of the book. "711Jo""l.11Jo ' o-~.!14- '
ou'P.ou&y f.~'I'IA
4. ftnC "'"tqc 1 ftnC~'I- "''}qc. The cap-
tain was at the front during the campaign.
lf9"011- ' OHOD!J'tJJo ' 'I.IL ' Otn-1- ' (OtnC~i>) '
"''}qc ...,_ ~oc
in front of
I. .t.'l- 11.1.'1- 1 h - .t.'l- 11.1.'1-. Let's meet
in front of the post offioe ! ?"li:J- fl.i> .1.
-r ' ll.t-'1- ' l\')~..-'5
He has a bed of flowers in front of his house.
hfl.i> .t.'l- 11.1.'1- yoq oos>.iJ All..,.
2 . .1.'1- .t.'l-. He marche d in front of me all
the way. l\llh """'-t'.lftJJo 1 .1.'1- 1 .t.-1: 1 +'IH
3. S'.]f'l'. Mendicants are forbidden to sit in
front of our hotel. 11"7'1':Y. 11'-l:~:f't .<:11"'1'
l\'t-'lf.+ oom- -l"h/Ahii'PIA
front (adj.)
I. .t.-1"'1'. We had seats in the front row. O.t.-1"
2. f.t.'l-. He bit his lips with his front teeth.
h'JI..-1-') 0.1.'1- 'J'C(l. ~h(ltJJo
3. fou'P.ou&Y. Our teacher made the front page
of the Amhari c newspaper. DDP"IJ&-:f't q"7
c'l'..,. :>IL"' o-'P.-& Y 1 ~~ ~,_
[See also 'pull up']
w"'
fronta ge
The frontag e of this propert y is 150 feet.
oP')
1,.IJ,. I .tiC I YAtD- I f0D4.+ C1fOD:,0 I _.,. I
l\9"/) ' ""1."7 I )tJJo
frontier 495 frying pan

frontier dlll't frugal

The frontier was closed. dill). 1"H"I.fo )0C I. ..,_"'ll. She is a frugal housewife. ..,_"'ll
fO.:r. l\ouo.:r. <;:r.
front line ftnC "l'tqc 2. +IIA. He ate a frugal supper. +IIA l\6-
More soldiers were hurried to the front lines. :r. 011
dill. ,..~ "l'tqc ... ..,.'111 di;J-!l.t:lo 0
'1''1') ..... 1"1111- fruit (n.)
I. 'i't.. Papaya is a fruit that is grown in the
frost Awash valley. ;r;ry Oh'l''li Ifil-l' f"'l.O
1. m-e.,_.. We will have frost tomorrow. :,Ott."'"'. )IJ>o
)1 fDoC'fl" f.II'<;A . His invention is the fruit of much effort.
2. tt.oo.-s.r.. There was frost on the trees. ffl. 'i'AII-1- fofllt' 'l't::r. 'i't. )ID<
~G:l- 0 llf. 0 hDP'lf. 0 )0<; 2. '1'6-'i't.. Do you have any fresh fruit?
frosty, - weather ID<C'fl" J'A'I'II J'll!l.<: '1'6-'i't. hl\11 !
The crops might be damaged by frosty weather. bear fruit
l\1111- OID<C"'.'" !l"h'tJ':r. f.m-1- f.II'<;A I. 1\1.6-. This tree bears no fruit. f.l1 ~'I'
hJ'I..:-!1"
froth 2. 'i't. lim. I hope your hard work will bear
I. h<:-1-. She beat the milk until it was covered fruit. ofiC1: 1"6-11 'i't. l\'t!l."'l.ll'l' 1"11
with froth. h<:-1- l\llh.'l"llfll< 1'.'<:11 dl1"1: "" hi\>{
't<;ml-ID"
fruit (adj.) f'i't.
There was froth on the mouth of the child who Fruit trees are cultivated by the farmers.
had eaten poison. oocu fOI\aJo A'~: 1t 10t.l"l- f'i't. h:r.ht.:r. .1'11"711-
4- llf. h<:-1- )0<:
2. 1111"1.'". If you see a dog with froth on its fruitful 'i't.f"7
mouth, don't let it bite you. 1\IJQ;lo') f"'LJ"H His research into plant life proved fruitful.
<:hCh fll<lf l\'t'lf.)h/111 1"m't+:,O Ill\ M'l':r. .ftf.dl:r. J'!l.l:1fll< !I"C!I"C
'i't.J'"7 II'<:' 1"1'f
frown (v.) "l'tqc !1/m<:
Why are you frowning at me like that? liM fruition
l\'t!l.H.I1 "l'tqC11't :r.!II'I'Cofl>;'l\11 ! After much labor, he finally brought his idea
frown on mit to full fruition. hofiJto !!.'II!/" 0:\11 "'"
He frowns on gambling. .,..,C't f.miiA II- "'"' hll1'fll....
frown upon ll+ fruitless 'i't. llll
He frowned upon our scheme. l\:,O'll-'t't He made a fruitless search for the lost money.
<;+ofl't fm-1-fll<'t 1'tHII-'t 11"7"1'f:r. 'i't. llll
frown (n.) o~.:r.'t oo!l/mc 1 "l'tqc't DP!I/'J'C '1'1\;J h!l.<:1
A frown marked her displeasure. 1\1\0D!l.II:J: frustrate hhlfI.
oL;J:'t ("l'tqa:'t) hDP!I/ma: ;J-dl+ Our army frustrated the enemy's plans. tnil-lo't
froze, see freeze fmll:r.'t l\:,01'.' hhlfl.
be frustrated ( ~ active) hOq..,
frozen (adj.)
He is constantly frustrated by his lack of skill
I. f<:;J. They crossed the frozen lake easily. f
in sports. Oll7"c:r. :,Ot-'1''1'<; "7"11: Hdl
<:;Jfll<'t ..,,.:,. 0+1111- 1"lf1~....
:r.c yoq..,'f'A
2. OofiC!l.' f!l.)HH. His frozen fingers are insen.
sible to pain. OofiC!l.' f!l.)HJto "!.,.,.; .nou fry (fried) mOll
!I" hf.ll"7'f1D"!I" Shall I fry the fish? '\"'ID<'t A'I'OIIID" 1
[See also 'freeze, solid']
frying pan DD'I"Olf
fructify (fructified) 11"7 Since I had no clean pot, I heated the sauce
With careful tending, the soil will fructify. in the frying pan. 't~Wft ofl<::r. !l.'ll:r. h'l'
O'l"t:l''ll h1"J'H hi.~ f.II"7A If dlffio't OOD'I'Olf h'I":,Ou-:r.
fuel 496 fully

fuel M~ thing in it. Uf'f'). ao-tr lll\lYt Mr' t1

Coal and wood are used as fuels. bl'lA'i' 6
"t""'f- ~")~ ).II~ j.'.OP<!-IJ'f.. A
be fuel to ,h!J(l(R'I-)
His insults were fuel to her hatred. f(l. ii.J!"
ofl ......., ..") ' hiJ{liJ'f-
fueling ~.~~~ _.,..,.,_
Fueling of planes can be done in mid-air.
Rl'l"7J.'. ' 'IJ.'. ' J'tD-I!'"f"'l"t ' ~.II~ ' llon.,..'l'f- '
J.'.ii''IA
fueling station n-'1~ "7~ "111..1'
There is now a fueling station for ships at
Assab. htJ."t h(lofl m-IlT foncbll:f f~
.~~~ .,~ "111..1' hll
fugitive
I. fb-RIIII. They caught the fugitive convict.
fh-RIIIIm-"t f-1-.I.<:~R'I- m"t)';ll'i' .I'H-'1-
2. f"'l.llii (lm-. He is a fugitive from the law.
~ ..... b.l."l f"'l.lf"li ' ........ ~ ....
3. 'l.li.l". His fugitive pleasures consisted of
drinking beer whenever his wife was absent.
"'l.ll-1> n11.11:rn:,. 'l.li .,.tt- 'l.li.l'' ~
11?-m- m'l ""m"''l- ~nc
fulfill
I. .1.11"". He fulfilled his promise. f11Jm-"t
:l'A ' b.-'l"t .I.IIOD
2. mR+. An honest person fulfills his inten-
tion. ?-"7't (lm- :1'11-"t ~Jolt- J.'.mofl:l'A
be fulfilled -1-bR<:
The specifications were not fulfilled, so the
contract was voided. 11C"IIC:'Jl ~"till- MA
-1-bR~ m-tt- .1.<:(1
fulfillment
I. :l'A"t onmn:t. There is always a lag be-
tween promise and fulfillment. -1-llof. onllm'l-
'i' :l'A"t onmn:t h"tf: hJ.'.M'I"
2. '1'11"'1.. He finally witnessed the fulfillment
of his dreams. non ....<:lf f'J"'I'-I>"t 'I'll
"'1. ' of-ODIIbofo
full (n.), in - n-tt-
I paid the bill in full. m,l)ll-"t n-11- b
.!.All-
to the full
*She enjoyed life to the full. fA!I."t J'IJ
A ' -1-~ll:r ' 'l'<::f
full (adj.)
I. ....11-. The box is full; you cannot put any-
C A'l-b'I-R'I- h'l-:fA'I"
Give me the full figure, and omit the fractions.
b'i!Aof.l'"t '1--t-IJ -11-"t 41TC "t1<:'t
2. f-1-":1.'1. The papers carried a full account
of the incident. :>li"'l"'ll 1111 f:C'I.i> f-1-":1.
" dt-t-:1" t.1111m- ~nc
3. f:ofiAofiA. This girl has a full face. J.'.IJ:f
A~ f:ofiAofiA .1.'1- h'l'l-
be full m1R
I cannot eat anymore. I am full. llllm11lb- b
11.11 R'IJ.'. AR'I hA:fA'J"
be full of '1"'1
The book is full of mistakes. ""l'i'dt#- ll.l.-t-
'1- 'I"A-I'R;l-A
be completely full m.r" oflir" 'l"t\
The confluent is completely full in the rainy
months. ~<:-1> Rh<:'l"'l- mt-'1- m.'l"
1111- J.'.'I"'IA
full (adv.)
I. ~lib h'i' 1~4-. Fill the pail full! IJA'Lm-
"t ~lib h'i' ' 1~4- ...........
2. ao-tt- 1\0""11-. The ball hit him full in the
face, \\(to I ,.tAJ1" I IID<-/r I l\OD-1\* I OD;J-tJJ-
full well R~"tofl
You know full well what I mean. 'J""t "711
1: ~"t~rr"t R~"tofl ;l-tD-:l'IIU
[See also 'blast, force, growth, length, life,
speed, stop, swing1
full-grown
I. o ..<J:. Only a full-grown man can lift this
heavy stone. J.'.U"t"t biJf: ~"t'l..l' IU'~
"' f"'l.:fA 0"4: oflil' ~m-
2. '1-A:t. Full-grown elephants eat more than
young elephants. '1-AA"''Jl 111f'l':f b'l-"t"t
lf'Jl fRIIm J.'.R'III-
be full-grown A~ I o.+m-
The dog is full-grown. m-lfm- hf:1 R:t-1'
;l-A
full moon ...11- ""0::1'
Tomorrow is a full moon. )1 ao-& 41.~
J.'.:l".I'A
fulltime ao-tt- +"t Iao-11- 'l.li
Are you working fulltime now? 1t.1Jo'l oo-
11- ' +"t ' ('l.li) ' '!-OP<!-IIU 1
fully
I. R~"tofl. He described it fully. ll.R"tofl 1111\tD-
fulminate
2. O'i!l\.?". I am fully resolved to do it.
.,. O'i!l\.ll" of&C'"iii!J-
be fully aware m"}.:'fo.f. 1 om+
Are you fully aware of what is going on?
?"'t 7.'t1."'/J.~"' m't:,04'u :f"aJoft'IIIJ l
fulminate .1.~.11
This chemical wi!l fulminate if exposed to heat.
f.IJ ll."''.ttA 11..,.4'+ f-t-;>llm 7.'t1.
II'~ 'S'-oi.~'IA.
fulminate against 1'tto1H
The newspaper fulminated against taking
bribes. ;>IL"'dJo "HI ' 004'0A't ' l>ID1H
fumble, ~ for
I. 0~0~. He fumbled in his pockets for the key.
.,A4-'t ' 'i!ll;> ' h.o\-'t ' 0~0~
2. 11"7"17'1- 1-'t1~1H. He fumbled for the
right expression. -t-11"7"'1....., l>IJIJA 11"7"17
'1- 1-'t1~1H
fumble one's way 'hf-1-if.llhllh ' 'tl.
He fumbled his way through the crowded
room. ih1111 '1':,.'1':,. IJIIO'I- h'i!A m-11'1'
'hf-1-if.llhllh ' 'tl.
fume (v.)
I. "'-l'l. Something is fuming in the fireplace.
?"J':"Ji ID-11'1' l>'tJ': ~1C S'-"'-ltA
2. 1. H-. He fumed because the bus was late.
l>ID-.,_11-o\- IIIIH1f f.H.
fume (n.) m.ll
The fumes that escaped from the bottle were
poisonous. hmc_.(to ftoll)(J)o m.il ooc11 ~
~oc
fumigate om~
They fumigated the room by burning sulphur.
J':'S 0"7"'-11 h'i!ll-'t om
fun
1. "'-'I';J-. Let's try just for the fun of it!
7.11-1: 11""'1':1" .filA 'h't'l"h~aJo
2. 1.11;1". She has spoiled all my fun. 1.11
;J-\L't ' 11-11- ' l>Mlf.f.ti'S
3. 4'AJ':. I only said it in fun. 114'AJ': ~.,.
,rAh-'1-
be fun 1.11 1>11 I 1>111.{1-f-
Fishing is a lot of fun. ~..., ...,..,.oo
Y: OIIJ
?" 1.11 S'-~A
A picnic would be fun. 1ic1ic .flii.II;J-A
for fun tt+AY: oflh-
I just did it for fun . .fl.~"lo-'1- 114'AJ': 11
"' I )aJo
497 fund
~I.C"I make fun (of) 1>~1m
The children made fun of the beggar. ihY<;-1:
011"71' ' 1>~1 ....
[See also 'poke']
function (v.) u>&.
The radio doesn't function properly. &-'!.\").
01.')11 ' l>S'-u>&.,.
The editor functions as a reporter as well.
f;>IL"'aJo l>H;>~ 7.'t1. tL<; 1>4'1Jf.?"
11''/'S'-oP&..<l\
function (n.)
I. P'&... What is his function in the office?
llr::' ' aJoll'l' ' P'&.m- ' ,.,J':, ' ~ .... l
The function of the stomach is to digest food.
f""'l&. ' /"&.. ' ?""111't ' "7'1'doJ': ' ~ ....
2. hw~c. The teacher's comparison of the
heart to a pump helped the student to under-
stand its function. l>II1-"7&1D- AD-'t 117'?"
T ;>C "7~l\l\'l- 1-"76!1',; l>u>&-'1-'t , 7.'t
'I.~JI.+ ' m4'"7'faJo
3. ~~.,. The function of education is to make
people think. f'I-?"IIC'I- ~~., l'll"'f't
'h't.ll..fllll- ' 11"7J':~"' ' ~ ....
4. 1-"'IJC. It is the function of the newspaper
to publish news. m~"} "''+ou- f;JILtiJfD<
1-"'IJC ' ~..,.
5. P'~ P'C~+. The Emperor attends all official
functions. ,..,.,.. ~1P".fl lt..L('V\'e {)If).
P'~ P'C~.,_:y. ~f. o-11- S'-1'1'11-
[See also 'vital1
functional
*The functional design of this building shows
its purpose clearly. l>1A"'-'t hT~). 1100
~.11'1- f"''.!f'A ih'tl\ ~~_,...., O"'A.l\'
.flt.rA
functionary (functionaries) "'&..1-'1'
My brother is a functionary in the Foreign
Ministry. ID'tJ':"''. ' 0......,.. ' 1-'IS'- ' "'1.\11-I:C '
m-{lT I 1P&.+~ I ~Q)a
fund (v.) 1'tH11 1>17
They will have to fund this project by selling
bonds. 1111.11 T~ ll'tJ': Ooolf'l' 1't
H11 "7"17'1- S'-'l'Cfl'f'I'A
fund (n.)
1. ootf'~. Howmuchmoneydidyoucon tribute
to the library fund? 1111.1- OOI\lh'i!.,. oo'!'t;a
'1"'t .fiJA 1>'1''1'1-VA l
2. f-t-oof.O. The school has a fund of $1,000
with which to buy books. .r,-uc+ 11.-1:
..
fundamental
IIODI\.ft'i'-l- OD"'"If" f1oo~o l\'}f: I( fie fur
l\IIOJo
3. oom'}. His fund of knowledge is amazing.
fbm-+-1> oom'} hltF.'i'4! tm-
fund offlll'
There is a fund of knowledge in a dictionary.
0""1110 :1''1-l- m-IlT fill' bm-+-l- f.1>;'A
funds
I. 1'}Hfl. We are short of funds and cannot
buy anything for a while. nH-11 ll'lm~'}
111.li.OJo ?"'}?" A'}1~ l\'}>fA?"
2. l\e'l;f-. He is soliciting funds for a new
building. 'l'l.ll .ft'}l\ "1u>t.Y l\e'l;f-
ooomf~ 'If. tm-
fundamental """'~:1''1!
That's a fundamental difference. 1 OOIP~~
'I! A\lt-l- tm-
funeral +fie l Fe't.,. +fie 1 f+fle F
t Fe't-l-
1 have to go to a funeral. +fie oo'f.f: l\llfl't
The question was whether to take the children
to the funeral or leave them at home. )-1.;..
A}!.,;'} w~ Fe't_,. +fl~ (f+fle P'
t Fe'tor) o f.fl o OD'/.f: Wf.?" l\tl.T '
,....,.m- toe
funeral (adj.)
I. f+fle. A funeral march is very slow.
f+fle "1e1i 0"1?" 11"1 Yll tm-
2. O+fl~ 'If. f.,.~~1. We listened to the
funeral oration in tears. 0.,.11:.;.. t\f. f+
~~1m-., '}"'"'e l\'}Q linn l\'loo'J"}
[See also 'cortege, oration, procession~]
funnel "11'1\Y
The funnel is too big for the bottle. "11'11Ym-
llme-1\- f-0~0;1-A
funny
I. l\F<I!'t. That's a very funny story. Y 0"1
?" hF4!'t ;1-t.h tm-
2. l\'}"1'1. I heard a funny noise during the
night. 11.11.-l- l\'}"1'1 1:?"6 ,.,..,..,.
You look so funny. Is something bothering
you? ..,.~;1-u l\'}"1'1 IFtfl't t f'l'1~u t1
e' l\11 l
3. f"''..Yll1e?". I had a funny dream last night.
+...,+., ..,;~- h'}t: f"''..Yil1e?" a.A?"
l\fl}o
sound funny fUtff.ODilbt. lr'f ;1-f
His explanation sounds funny to me. f(lmm-
?"h'}Y-l- M f.oo(IA IF'l" ;1-f't
498 furnish
I. ll.,.e. Our cat has beautiful fur. t:oo;f-";f'}
.f.'}}! 111-1: l\'1-l-
2. f~JJ4~ K.'l-C. Indians used to barter fur
for rifles. U'}J'..";f Ym-t. ll.,.e OmOD'}lf
Y.llm-m- toe
3. Qlll\.,.e A fill ! fll.,.e A fill. We put our
furs in storage for the summer. IJ:AK"l-C
(fll.,.e) Afl{)";f'}'} IIO;>m- 1.11. h_,.-l-tm-
furious
I. f.,.'i'Jl.Jl.. The cashier tried to calm the
furious woman. 1'}H-fl .,..,.Q\l f.,.'i'Jl.Jl.>fm-
., ll.or 1\,YOef: 'l"h~
2. "1f.ll>;'. A furious storm blew down many
trees. "1f.ll>;' to(.ll fill' ~c:";f 1M~II
3. hQf:. They smashed the enemy in a furious
attack. hQf: "11':1'-l- hf:C1m- m'lor'} 1:
?"'!'"1m-'} hm4-+
be furious flt1J9'" +'iU
My boss will be furious if I don't come.
I}AOD"'IJ- l\11:1'11- 0"1?" f.'i'~A
furiously
I. 0"11-A. The wind was blowing furiously.
to(.l\- 0"1f.A f.t'i'll toe
2. l\{)or llfl(o. He entered the office furiously
and began to shout at everyone. l\{)or llfl(o
m~ fl..C"aJo 1'1'1' ov-.& ttm- 1\f. oo~
1i l""~
furl m+llll
The boys broke camp and furled the tent.
A}!.,; 'i~'fm-'} 11"1'}"1-l- f:'}l>.'i''fm-'}
m+lltr
furlough ~:1'1."
He is on furlough, but will return to his battal-
ion soon. OL:J".(" 1\.e )a- ""11' o:,.c-o
1.11. W~ lfii:I'OJo f.ooii{)A
(be) furloughed ~:I' f." .,.,.,m
The troops were furloughed after their stay
in the desert. w;f-Y.<:,; ?"1:~ 0'1 m-(1
1' h-1'1' 0:\'1 4.:1'1: ' .,.,.,"l'I'OJo
furnace ?" f:ll"
There iS 00 fire in the furnace. fl9".e-){tJJ- I
OJoll'l' ' l\0\-l- fll?"
furnish
I. h+~O. Who furnishes supplies to the army?
lltn-.. +T~'i' ,....,~ f"''..Y+eom- "1tm- 1
Can you furnish proof? "11l~ll" ..,~~fl +
>fi\IIU l
furnished
~==~----------------~--------------------
2. '1"~. We will have to furnish the library
with books. 0.-1- ooll.ft<;:-l>'t ""llih'i''l- oo
-~+ hll.il't
3. 1..!1' l\!11Q. I have not furnished my new
apartment yet. ~-'1.11- h:rC-1-"7\1. 1<; h
? . h~ll1QII-9"
4. (lm. The sun furnishes heat. O.bf. ....,.
+ 'Jo{l"JII.l-
furnished room h'i'A M.,..ll- l\?IJJo
I want a furnished room. h'tY: h'i'A M
uo-11- h?m- l\LA;>/1.11-
furniture fO.+ h?
We still have to buy some furniture. 1<; fO.
'Jo ' l\? 0 OD"'q'Jo ' J\r\iJ')
furor
1. 1i11C. The news caused a furor. m~~& 1i
iiC LmG
2. v-h+. Despite all the furor around him,
John remained calm and collected. 1111- 11-
h+ llhRm-9" ;f:'t tl-11-'t 1-1' 119"
l\11.
*His new book caused quite a furor. h-'l.(t. 1 ou
K".bf. filii- (ll"'f't ll"'L+ .,. ....,. ...
raise a furor J\h4\IIJ
His appointment raised a furor in our office.
f/1- ootr9" oop-&y O.;f"l-'t't hll""l
furrow (v.) l\1'""7-1-G
Trouble had furrowed his brow. l-"'c "''tQ
~'t hh-"7'1-C':f"A
furrow (n.)
1. TA9"". The farmer sows seed in the furrows
of the field. 10<1.1D- 0"70\m- ID-il'l' Qr\ID-
'1-A!I" 1\f. HC f.Htl-A
2. ""*me. The furrow of his brow shows
that he is deep in thought. f"'')q~ ""*m
c O.b0\11 OD'J'm-'t YOOII.h:f"A
further (v.)
I. l\'t-'l.ll'i-4- hf.G1. The United Nations is
trying to further the cause of peace. f-1-QO~+
OO't"'F:f"'l- M9" h't-'l.ll'i-4. 11."7Y:G"' '
fiOD"J{; 1\f. )ID-
2. M&-'J'... He only furthers his own interest.
f1q 'i'l\i-f>'t 11!1' YS'.tl-)iA
further (adj.)
I. 11..1\. The bank refused further credit to
the firm. Q'th- A't"'-'1. Y:c)('+ 11..11 ilY:
c. hll.hll.
499 furtive
2. -~""""'"Do you need further help?-~""""'
t. l\C-'1:1" '1-LA;>II.U l
3. ( ~ adv.)Oof-...,"7&. For further information,
write to the director. 0-1-"""7& r\ODG-'1'1-
11.-'l.<l.h~. ll'i!
4. (~ adv.) htLU a>V. Further meetings seem
pointless. bH.tJ m!IJ ou{toflfl11 'f':J Yttm-
l\f.ODilt\9"
5. ( ~ adv.) htLU9" o f.OA'!'. Does this mean a
further delay? htLU9" o f.OA'I' o f.H1YA "711.'1-
)ID- l
*This store will be closed until further notice.
11..1\ """'"""' l\llhof-(lm Y:Gll f.U ODS'.il
C 11"1 f.IJ'<;A
further (adv.)
I. mS'. .&.+.You'll have to walk a little further.
T-1:'1- mS'. .&.+ OD'/.Y: YllLA"''IA
2. htLU9" 01\J'.. Further, I want you to leave
at once. htLU9" 01\f. O'i''J')'Jo h'tY:'I-'/.
Y: l\LA;>r\11-
3. Of.OA'I'. Inquire further into the matter!
llll. -...111' OJ'.OA'I' mf.~
4. f.OA'I'. We need go no further into the
matter. tD~ )'I.;.. f.OAT mAn OIJCfiQ
+ ' l\YllLA1't9"
5. htLU ROAm. Let's not discuss this mat-
ter further! f.U't't -..-'If. htLU OOII.m
l\'t);>1CO'Jo
6. O(l.&.m-. He spoke further about his plans.
llll. l\~.11. fi(l.&.m- -!-<;1<:
further on mS'..&.+
The road gets narrow further on. OD1''JJJ.. m
U'l- MmOO f.'/..IIA
any further h'1""1"LtJ ID/tf
I don't want to pursue the subject any further.
)1~'t h't"'-'l.U a>V Ah:f"-1-r\IJJo l\A
LA"''/"
furthermore htLU 01\f.
Furthermore, I would like to add htLU '
01\f. A""9"CO'Jo f9"LA11JJo
furthermost hll-11-9" c" f"'1.1'S
The furthermost house belongs to my uncle.
hv-11-9" c"
f"'1.1'fm- o.+ Yi-1: )m-
furtive
I. lf.hh Yll. 1 fY.-11~11~. His furtive man-
ner aroused the policeman's suspicion. if.hh
Yll. (fY.-11~11~) 11-t.;f"IJJo ?'11.11-'t 'I'C"'
~ l\0\S'.GO'I-
2. (~ adv.) (IG~ l\Y:Ci. She threw a furtive
glance at him. (1<:~ hY:C;> of-ODII.h-1-l-"'"
fury
fury
I. 'H',.'I-. He tore his hair in a fury. O't.<',.'l- II
"K-'t ' ~"'"
2. 'lf.A. The fury of the hurricane frightened
the townspeople. Y<-~ H-fl. 'lf.A f
h.,..,<-'t l'll":Y.. hilS'.~1m
*In the fury of battle, many soldiers perished.
01-of.of.oua>- tnC~'I- <-il'l' >fill- m:t-s>.
r::Y.. '
'1"1:
if., hA
fly into a fury 0"}1...-,. t
When he heard the news, he flew into a fury.
m.:.<D-"t l'l.il., O't J'..'l- 1:1 h/1
fuse (vt.) .t.:,OAtn hYYH
He fused two pieces of wire together. 11-11-i:'t f
1111 41<!-f."":Y.. .t.:,OAtn hYY~'f<-
fuse (vi.)
1. ~lim. At a relatively high temperature, the
metal will fuse. h'i' fill -~:,. 'lf.A
>fl~'l- f.~A"'A
2. 1-'l'.bJ'.. My ideas fuse with his.' .hftiL h
fl. .hft>fl f.'l'.h-'IA
fuse (n.) flAil'\
The fuse blew out. flAil'\<- 1-:l'm/1
fusion
1. ODJI+A. The fusion of Hamites and Semites
has produoed the Ethiopian. fii9"'i" fl'l.9" ~
11'-:Y.. ' ODJI~A ' h.'l-1'-kY'I!'t ' hil11
2. .,'l'.hS'.'. High temperatures are needed to
produce fusion of the two metals. 11-/1-i:'t >fl~
.f:Y.. 1\.,'l'mS'.' h'i' Yll -~:,. Yili.A
;JA
fuss (v.) 1-~Q~H
She fusses about her work. OP'<1-'1' 'If.
Hq~q/I:Y..
fuss around +1''1/taJ.(.
She has been fussing around in the kitchen all
morning. htli.'l- ~9"<1- .,S'.'IL'I- <-il'l'
'1-'t1'1aJ-'III:Y..
fuss (n.) 'I-C9"il
What a fuss! And it is such an unimportant
thing. l\'t'LU 'Ill ~'lA ~1C f.U 11-11-
'I-C9"il M S'.'~<- l
make a fun
1. 1-~Q~H. His wife is always making a fuss
about the windows having cracks. "'Lil-t: ill\
ODil!>.f'll ' ODil~m:,O > II-A1.fl. ,. T~Q~If/I:Y..
2. .,.co_,.o.,.. When the Emperor paid a visit,
500 future
the minister made a great fuss over him. fl")..,..rv =
~11"1: ' 1-R't'l- ' 1.11. ' "'Ltil'l-'1- ' 0"19" '
_,.CO-t-01'
3. l\ilhiLU h;JH. It's not worth making a
fuss over such a trifle. .e.uTt M f,t:,Q ~1
c l\ilhrtu .,;~n hf.1fl9"
fussing (n.) oo'f1C
All this fussing about such a small matter is
hardly worthwile. il/IILU 'l-'t11 ~1C f.
U't YUA ou'f1C '1'<1. ll.il ~<-
fussy 11>ftc:,Oc:,.
His writing is so fussy I lose the thread of the
story. hAAf. 11>f1C:,0c:,O illllf~ f:J-&11-'t
:,OS'-9" 1-h-t-A hAY1!h-'l-9"
be fussy
I. <-;) ~m~ f"'LA. The waiter dislikes him
because he is so fussy about his food. ill\ 9"1
II- .,.;) ~m~ f"'LA illllf~ hft'\4.<-
f.m'I'I'A
2. .,.~"'1~"'-. That sick child is always fussy;
nothing suits him. Y 011.,.'i' A;E- II-A1.11.
f.~"'i~"'iA i 9"'t9" ~1C hf.il.,.,<-9"
3. h'i'-t-'i' 'l''t:l'41 mf~. Watch repair-
ing is a fussy job. l'l'l'l- f.,S'.il P'<l- h
'1'1-'i' 'l''t:l'ofl't f"'Lmf.:,O ~,.
4. boum't O'lf. .,.m~~~. The house is always
neat because she is a fussy housekeeper.
boom't O'lf. il/19"'1-m~~:,. IL-l: II-A
'1.1 I ")&,.ih, I ~(Do
futile
I. h't-1:. He made a futile attempt to save the
patient. 0111-'i'<-'t 11.,-'l't h't-1: -h<l-
hS'-~1
2. 'i'<l. ll.il. His head is stuffed with silly,
futile ideas. hl\9"1:<- O.,f.~ll- '1'<1. ll.il
.hftll:Y.. _,.'I"A:t:A .
future (n.)
I. oo"'- 1 fmS'-4.'1-. You cannot look into
the future. oo"'-<-'t (fmU-t:'t) A:J-,.
:,. h'I-:Y..A9"
2. fwU'I- l'-1:. He was contemplating his
future. ill\ mu-t: l'-1:<- YMilA ~oc
3. fa>U'I- ~S'.'A. Don't build your future
on dreams! fmU'I- ~S'.'AU't Oh't-1: 9"
'1'1- 'If. t.'f-oop>C'f-
4. .,.ilof.. This job has no future. f.U P'<l-
.,.ilof. ' fll<-9"
5. f'l-'tll.'l- 1..11.. The future in Amharic has
the same form as that of the present. IJ.,C'i'
future 501 fuzz

f."f-"10.'1- ' '1.11. ' .rv-"1 ' '1.11. ' 'l.M."f- ' ODol\h ' future tense f."f-"10.'1- '1.11. i ."f-"10.;11! '1.11.
111\tJJo The future tense in Amharic has the same
in the future llmU-11 i mu:,. form as that of the present. q...,c,. f."f-"10.
., ...
In the future, come on time! lltDU-h Ofl'i ."f- ' (."f-"10.:1-'1!) ' '1.11. ' .rv-"1 ' '1.11. ' 'lf.)."f- '
oPol\h ' 111\tJJo
I'll buy it sometime in the future. ms>..t.."f-
111~1'1111-
fuzz IIM<'t fll') !Ill li'I-C
Caterpillars are covered with fuzz. 11q ..,
future (adj.) fOJU."f- 'ltl. liM <'I Rll') !Ill 11'1-C f-I-ll" .f.) )tJJo
He introduced his future son-in-law to me.
fOJS'..f.."f- ' 11"'1'1h ' 11ii-I-1'W+"t
[See also 'immediate')
gabble 502
gabbleMtun
The little girl gabbled her prayers and jumped
into bed. '1-11( A"J!: 1\11-;1:1 M111Q
hA:>'I' tJJo11T ~q:f
gadget """1&1
This is a new gadget for opening cans. f.U J\
Jl.11 0 f"J/1 0 fiOh,!.iJ' 0 OD"f&f 0 ttJJo
gag (gagged)
1. h<~.t (:l't.t). He was tied up and gagged.
:1'111!'11" :l''i''l"ll" tnc
2. 1:'1' hl'l"f. The medicine gagged him. on$;
"lk-1: ' *"' ' h(l"ftJJo
11 (vi.) 1:'1' hll(m-)
He took a bite of food and gagged. f9""111 41
&-11 ...C(o 1:'1' hAm-
gag (n.) "Yt.'l'
Take the gag out of his mouth! "Yt.'l'm-1 "
f. t ID"(IT I J\ID"n]l&
gaiety
I. -fof..il:ft-1-. Her gaiety was notioed by all
onlookers. ofof..il'ft;t1 (lm- o-floo ofooflhofo
2. $:11".,.'1-. Flags added to the gaiety of the
scene. ll1f..'i' '\II"Yl"'li ll'l-C).)'.of> $:9".,.
'J-' .U.OD~(I'J-
gaily
*He walked in gaily as though nothing were
wrong. 9"111" h4- t~c ),.")JIA.f..l:ll o-floo
ff..11:J'' OD{Ah '),.f:J'ffl'J-' Wf..' tJJo11T' ~q
*The gaily painted walls do not go together
with the furniture. f"'l.111fi.U.A.U.tJJo f"l$:"1
.II .,.fill" htL-1- ),.:J>m- :>C ' hi'-11"Y"Y9" gainful ,_..,.,
be gaily dressed S'..y:,. A-fill Afl(l
She was gaily dressed to receive her guests.
),.")"11'-!1!1 {IOD.,.flA f.."Y'i' ' A1111 ' {111/1 '
tnc
gain (vt.)
l. h17. He gained much experience as a
driver when he was in the army. ifl.C ll&-"1!.-,.
tiJo11T ntn.:n-1- "I.H. 1111- rll".t..ct-1- "' tm-
9"9"$:' h~"f
2 . .u.ou.:. He gained a lot of weight recently.
O'i'cn- 1111- h11f..'l- .U.9"a:A
gala
3. hofol:ll.. He gained strength by arduous
exercise. 11C1: flltiJot-1- )..1'1'11?11. O"Y
$;l:1 ' '1'1 ... &.") ' hofol:t.
4. ),. - - f..l:ll. The swimmer gained the shore.
'1'<;-fo'l'm- ' ),.tiJ")H- JIC f..l:ll
*How does he gain his Jiving? 0,..,. f.+-'1~
&-A?
gain (vi.)
1. ofoll"ll(tiJo). The sick child is gaining and will
soon be well. f:J"oooom- A)f: Af+ifAm-
11ll~'- n'i'cn- f.$:<;A
2. h11f..'l- .u.ou.:. When he found he had
gained, he went on a diet. h11~T ouQ;&.OD~
") ' QtiJ.,. ' "1.11. ' 9"111 ' OD.,.t11 o )!ODl;
gain (in) ,;u.oo~
With age, he gained in wisdom. ).fl:)! 11..~$:
~ .....,.""' .u.ou.:
gain (on) f..l:li(0-1-)
Can't you go faster? The car behind is gaining
on us. <~.m1 li"Yll-1- h'l-'fA9" ! h:\11'1'1
flltiJo ouh_<; (IJ'.C11111 tm-
galn over m~ft. ItO
He sought to gain over the church party.
ftL-fo hcll-l:ft-1 :rc-1: wf..n- fiOD/111
'l"hl:
[See also 'ascendancy, confidence, ear, entrance,
ground, momentum, time']
gain (n.) '1-c<;:
The love of gain caused him to buy that land.
'1-c<;: f"Y1"f+ <;:'i'c 111 on&.+ ),.")
Jl.~q ' hf..l:~tJJo
~n. f"'l.111~'S
He found a gainful occupation. S'.... 'i 1Q 1 f
"'l.1111 'S P'&- 1 H
gainsay ofo:J>wou
I cannot gainsay what you have said. h1-fo 1
AhtiJo") hlA:J'tD9"V"
gait hl:"Yo$:
He has an awkward gait. h.l.IPJODJJ. 1 mAlt-f.. =
gala 0'\A
The gala was attended by many dignitaries.
galaxy
1111- :NIII:t> (ll"'f 00,11- ~f. -M'S-1-a>-
)0C
be a gala affair ol'llm
The party was a gala affair. :rc-tm- f-1'1\m
)OC
galaxy h'l'h11.Y.'f
The retrograde motion of certain planets con-
vinced Galileo that the sun was the center of
our galaxy. ,I'"J.'l"t~ h'l'h11'1- 1':\A\'"11
l\'l:t-11:1'1\ D.hf. fh'l'h11.Y.!l''f"t M"11C'l-
OOII'S:"t ;J(I.I\.M ' l'\<'loP)a>-
gale
I. '"'"~~" ' Hil. The gale blew the roofs
off some of the huts. '"""~~" )of.(l. f"t
.'!")~ IL.Y.'f"t "'&f 1)"1mll
2. "7MA. The ship lost her masts in the gale.
h"7i>OA f-J-)"1 fOOChfl'" '1"(1(> -J-(10<:
gale of laughter "':t><; ' lD'"IJ:I'"
When the man came home, he heard a gale of
laughter. (la>-ttm- l\IL-1: {IJ'.CII "':t><;
a>-IJ:I'" (1"7
gall (v.) M<'I"'-
Discourtesy galls me. 11A1<; fO<'I"'-';'A
be galling(= tr.) hO<'Ial.
It's very galling to have a supervisor who is
not adequately trained. 04: '1-'l"tJC'l- fl\.
/liD'" 1-'k"'"'& 0"1'1" fO<'I"'iA
gall (n.) .h'l"'l-
Gall is used in digestion. .h'l"'l- '1"111"t 11
"7'1'.h~ Y.m:t-"7A
gallant
I. )!1<;. The gallant soldier was decorated.
)!1<;lD'" a>:f'"S'.C 1-lf/IDP
2. Q;a.tp, He is very gallant with women.
111\.Y.'f 0"1'1" '1' )iD'"
gall bladder f.h'l"'l- PI
President Johnson had an operation on his
gall bladder. T&.IVI"t'l- ]O(l"t f.h'l":l'"'flD'"
'I ' &.';' <I'J'. ...., .. ' 1-S'.l:"l-
gallery
I. (11)'J-. Our seats are way up in the gallery.
oo<!'oo"'i'f'l l\~J'. hM)-1: )a>-
2. fl"i>A h-'1&-11. Did you see the exhibit
at the gallery? 01"1>11- h'lt.-11 a>-11'1'
f/liD'"'I '1-Cl\Y.'l- .,..,.llh'l-h l
galley [oo:t>H&.f<; If&- fila>- <:'fr'l" <1'"11'1
f'l'"t'l- ooch11]
503 gambling
gallon ;JII-"t
One American gallon is not quite four liters.
h"t~ fh"'l.&IJ"t ;JII-"t Ah ht.-'1- 11.'1-C
hf.S'./1'1"
gallop (vt.) ;J/10
They galloped the horses. oi.Gl>'ll'l ;J/111'"
gallop (vi.) ;JI\0
The horse galloped through the park . .C.G(I.
Ooo<;,C."/flD'" a>-11'1' ;JI\0
gallop (n.) 1Afl.l'
The horse" s gallop is very graceful. f oi.G(I. 1
Afl.l' 0"1'1" S'.ll f"7..f(l'S )iD'"
gallows f(la>- ""11-l'f i>"t'1-
There are gallows in the prison. fl'lt.llC R.-1:
a>-11'1' f(llD'" oPII<I'f {)"tal.'!- h/1
galore 011~'1-
There were pretty girls galore at the danoe.
OJI"t(l. ~f. .f."t]l: A7f1GP.'f 011~'1-
1"1'S1-lD'" ' )OC
galoshes 1-S'.&-0. 11'"'1- "'i"7
We wear galoshes in wet weather. 0+11.4'11
a>&-'1- 1-S'.Ml ft-'1- "'i"7 l\<;S'.C;JII"t
gamble (v.)
I. <11"7C -J-"'ia>-1-. They were gambling for
high stakes. h'i' q/1 1"tH11 <11"7C f."'ia>
of> )OC
2. <11"7C-J-';' )iD'". He doesn't gamble, but
he drinks. <11"7C-J-';' hf.S'./1'1" 1"t m
t;Q. I ~fD"
3. 1-a>&-GS'.. I am gambling that he will come
tomorrow. ~., ~ ~ODIIJA -fltL 1 J,m&-l.-41UJ-
gamble away fl-ll"''C 1 at,(l
He gambled his whole salary away. S'.'I"H-'1
l\"t-'111 041"7C a!.G(l
gamble (n.) qm"' fa>-"!
Putting money into a new building is often a
gamble. h-'1.11 ih"tK ~f. 1"tH11 "7'i!(lll
qm"' fiD'""' "711'1- )a>-
gambler <fl"7c-J-';'
The gambler lost all his money. <11"7C-J-'I'm-
1"tHII'""t flo/\- 1-0~
gambling <11"7C
He spends all of his money on gambling.
1'1Hfl'"1 flo/\- O<fi"7C f.a!.C<'IA
gambling den f<fi"7C oP"'ia>!l' (l:f'"
The polioe raided the gambling den. ?'11.11 f
<fi"7C OO"'ia>!J'a>-"t (l:f'" 0~1T fHa>-
gambol 504 garb

gambol llG+ was a notorious criminal. fm'lO.r.,_,:,; oo6

The sheep were gamboling in the field. n~'ll f;I'ID4' ID"I)!II'i' ~fiC
""'~"'" 11.e. .e.llc-1< ~nc Don't get mixed up with that gang! They
spend too much time drinking and gambling.
game (n.) MH.U Jl.&!l.lPl- ;>C h'l-"ltn!l" 1.11
I. ""'I';I'. In the evening, children like to play
TtJio"l ' fiODtn'J' ... ' fi4<"7C ' ,I'QtJ...-1\o
games . ...,_,. ...,_,. A]f:'f- AI' AI' """'
;I' ' """"ID'}- ' Y.,ID'II\o gangplank oui;>1&,1'
We beat them in today's game. n~.:.,. ""'I' There is a gangplank from the ship to the dock.
_,. ' hif~<j:...-'ftJ)o oochn-"1...- mS'..II-"1 f"''.,l'1<;'{ ooif.:>1&.1'
2. Jl.Q;l..,.m..,., His game of chess was improving. h/1
ll"ltnG'fr h""'l'm-1> M_,.lflf/1 'tS'..
3. "I'I'"'LJ'. This newspaper gives a full story gangrene [fi.ltOU!I" !l"h"11'l- fS'..!I" oun'f'
of the game. ,.U ;JU.IIJ ill\ 1'1'"'/JID- ,.,.
me ;J-1?-
ilnll)
~ Oflm-)o+ m-il'l' = f-tilA oon
II- .,._,._,. Y..II"'A
4. "'"''i'I';J'. Do you sell any children's games gangster <DC'fill
here? fA]I:l- """"'I';J'lPl- 't.H.U '1-lf"' The gangster escaped from the police. <DC'fil\tJio
Ill-Il-l h?'fi.(I'Jj hoP/Itn
5. fhF..'J 1taJot'.. There's a lot of game in this
region. OH.tJ +tUb ofltfc fh..e.'l J\t&t'. gap
M I. qp. 11;1'. The gap has to be filled. qp.,.
6. +"tllA. He tried to trick us, but we saw "-"' ""'~"'~'~- ' hlln'l-
through his game. fW';f'A/1"1 'l"hG "1"1 2. 4''1'1. The sheep got into the field through
.,."11>11-"1 S'..G!I"In'l- a gap in the hedge. n~'ll ' Q'l'~ ' 4''1'1 '
aJ~ I "7.~ I 1flo
game (adj.) fhS'.."I 3. Al'~'l-. There is a wide gap between the
The game laws are very strict. fhf.'l tb..., views of the two statesmen. OtN\-1:1 OD~9J";f
fi"'!l". 'l'"fi:,O' ~,.
h<'t-11 outthA ill!- Al'~'l- h/1
[See also 'forfeit') *There are large gaps in his education. .-,.,..uc
gamut ., ' ,1'1:\.,.",7.11 ~,.
*In one minute I ran the gamut of feeling from *There is a gap in my memory of the war years.
hope to despair. Q"l.l:' 1.4!:1' tJio!l'l' .,.llof. !Ill tnC~'l- nou...-'1- f...,ll!l;f-tJio/l't'tJio ,
'll.c...- -1111"1"'1- 1QIJ- ~1C'l- ' hl\o

gander m"l.<:- 11Y.. gape h4-"1 h.t...,.

The gander rules all the geese. m"t~ 1ff, A deep hole in the earth gaped before us.
11.'1- 11\"l-"1 IJ-1\o Y..1~A h.t..'l- /ld.;l'l-"1 h4-"1 ' fh.t...,. ' "1-.l:''iS'..' ' h
f"l
gang (v.), - around o)!n gape at h4-"1 h.t...,.
The boys ganged around their leader. A]l:'li The country boy gaped at the city sights.
OU&J''ftJio"l ' O)!lt-'1- fQI\1~ A';: h_,."7tJ1o"l 11.1Y.. h4-"1
gang up on +'11lt!' h.m.4" h.t...,.
The whole class ganged up on the new student. gape open .,."-_,.
h-'1.11-"1 ' .,....,& '
fh'i'll- ' .,..,& '
IJ-1\o .,. The zipper gaped open. H. T~ .,."-_,.
QiiC' htn:l'tJio
garage .:>&-'fr
gang (n.) garb (v.), be garbed A-1111 /Ifill
1, =\.\!". Two gangs of workmen were mending
The doctor was garbed..in white. dt h.,.,. )oolf.lt
the road. fv-11'1- 'iP.l- w&-.,.'l'l- ou"J
A-1111 11-llji,A
1JI."I Y..m"l). ~nc
A gang of ruffians attacked a policeman. garb (n.) fP'&- A-1111
rm"lnf.lPl- 'i.<:- 7'11.11 '-"'-" The garb of a nurse is white. f)Cil f~~
2. <D"Ifif.lPl- ~JI.&II.l"l-. The head of thefgang Aoflil I)~ I )lD"
garbage
garbage 4'1flf
Garbage is collected daily. 4'1flf Of4').
Y,I'IIIMA
garbage pall 4'1flf "'lmt-4'"'/.J' fJA-'1.
Empty the coffee grounds in the garbage pail!
4'1flf "'ltnt-4'"'/.J' fJA-'1. w-11'1' fll-"w-
"J h-1-11 h'i'l'laJo
garble MfJ
The newspapers garbled the quotation. ;JII."'
..... '1'~11-"J h~fJOJo
garden (v.) MhA."f- -t-hll
She likes to garden. h."f-hA."f- ou."f-hA ."f-m
Jlll:f
garden (n.) .l'."f-hA."f- 11;1-
These flowers are from our garden. lt.~H.O r
h011:f h'f h."f-hA."f- 11;1- f-l-4'tn4-
""'"'"
[See also 'herb']
gardener h."f-hA-1-'f
The gardener is the one who planted the
flowers. hll11'1l"J f-1-hllaJo h."f-hA-t-'fw- )w-
gargle 'N!'t:aJo"J hmll 1 -t-'l'oumoum
Gargle every three hours! Ofl"lli> n'i."f- .,.
t:f:IJ") ' 1.tnofl
He has a sore throat, and gargles with salt
water. .,..f!f!tD-") lll\oPOOtD- r ID.m- 1 QAOT
tD-;)I,..,..oPmDDIIJ&\
garish oflA'I.'A"l'"
The mother disapproved of her daughter's
garish earrings. A~:l: .I'S'.~1:fw-"J oflt\"1'"
t\'1.' .,...,., ' 1...."f-1"'1' h'l'llll:ffJ."f-
garland .I'll 'I .,..,.,..,
They placed a garland on his grave. oou.-J>ofl-1-
IIY, .1'0'1 .,.~.,.., h'l"-1-
garlic )"1'" 'ii"JIJ.C."f-
When one eats garlic it bums. ~.,_. 7i1 b-e
."f- (1,011-."f- .1'.-J>'I'IIA
garment Aoflll
There was a tear in her gannent. Aofl!'l +J.;~
)0~ ....
garnish h:>1.tn
The cook garnished the potatoes with mint.
m'l' ll.i> Y:"J'Il"J 0.,., h:>1.m
garrison (v.) ODS'.O
The Israelis have garrisoned two battalions
505 gas station
in the Gaza Strip. 7-llt-lbll-:f 0;>~ fll\m.
tB-11'1' o-1\."f- lf/1.4' ODY;O'I'A
garrison (n.) fm;J-S'.t::f ftnC I'ILC
The girls went to see the garrison. t\ll"1~1'-'ll
fm;f-S'.t:'ll"J ftnC (ILC ll"'lf."f- 'tJI.
garrulous ll'i'll.t.
His garrulous wife annoys him very much.
ll'i'll.t. "''.lli> 0"19" ;1-0<'IQ;l.'l'll:f
garter IIIIth
The garter holds up the stocking. f1."1C ll'-
t-!1. mS'. ;t-:f 7-"JJ!.e.mcY: f"''..e.ll
IIIIth )OJ-
gas
1. .711. Turn off the gas! ....,,..,. 11,.?aJo
2. rooc11 m.il. Gas was used in the First
World War. oou)!ou&.f f'l/19" tnC)."f- 1.
H. I fODC'll I m.ll I hfi1Cio.:'f- I h1A..,ftaT I tD-
11- )OC
deadly gas oucn'f "1'"11
A deadly gas envenomed the air. oPCif~ -e-
ll hf-1-"J -~"
[See also 'attendant, poison gas']
gash (v.) <t.~m
The broken glass gashed his arm. l'lfJt- me
..,.II h"JJI."J "'-t:mw-
gash (n.)
*There was a deep gash in his face . .t.'IJ r "
Y, ' h4-'f -1-"'-Ctn )OC
gasoline II."JH."J
I would like fifteen gallons of gasoline. OF&-
h9"M :>11-"J II."JH."J 1-Lt\:>llo-
gasp (v.) h.-J>-1--1-
The sick man was gasping for air. fl"li-t)j'm-
/IOD+"JLil .1'.-J>."f-r ~oc
gasp out ."f-"Jof.ll'-"J "'C'I' "'C'I' hS'.~1
He gasped out an urgent message . ."f-"Jof.ll'-"J
"'C'I' "'C'I' 1..('1.~1 hll'f\>.Y, ODt\1.h."f-
-~-~~
r
gasp (n.), come in gasps -tc-r -tC"l' a hi\
His breath carne in gasps . ."f-"Jof.ll'- "'C'I' "'C
'I'. hll
gas station II."JH."J ' "lS'..I'
He filled his tank at the gas station. oohsw-
., II."JH.., "'IS'..!' II."JH.., '1"11
gate
gate
1. flC. Drive right through this gate! .,.'l':J'
fltUJ flC ~.1!-_,.11 7.1\'i'
2. f.,..,.. fl&-'i'. The dog was smelling at the
gate. tJJolftJJo htD-"1." fl&-'i' 1\Y. IJ''l' f)l.
"t'i' ~flC
gatekeeper fl~':'
The gatekeeper wouldn't let him in. fl~':'tJJo
hl\111119" ' hl\tJJo
gateway
1. DD"Jfl..l'. The gateway is closed by a wooden
gate. oo"Jfl..l'tJJo nn .... :r- OD1f1.f Y.H?I:\
2. flC. A college education is one of the gate-
ways to success. fl>/1.~ 'l-9"11C'l- M.<:-
1:\ ' OD/tfJ'l- ' h"tY..':'tJJo ' flC ' ~tJJo
gather (vt.)
1. 1\.,.oo. The children gathered wood in the
forest. 1:\}('ll b"'iiiJ 6"t...,'l- 1\.,.oo-
2. llflllfl. He gathered information for his
book. I\DDl'i"m4- oo~Jf llflllfl
3. """"~ The plane gathered speed, and took
off. htD-<!"1"1\l- 'i''l'~'l- M""""~ .,.~...,
4. moo mOD. He gathered his scarf around his
neck, and went out into the cold. h"t1., 1\Y.
1::11) I m?"'IJ'fJP I fl1J.C.IJ. I IDf. I (Do~ ; IDIJ)
5. .,.~'1. I gather that he is rich. 1/ofl;J-9" oo
11'1-"t ' .,.~'I!Jo
gather (vi.)
1. .,.llflllfl. A large crowd gathered in front
of the City Hall. ofllt' .ilt11ofl "7H;J1f fl.
., ' h'l&-11 ' 1.'1- ' 111.'1- ' .,.llflllfl
gather around (vi.) .,.llflllfl
The crowd gathered around . .ilt11fl- .,.llflllfl
gather In 1Hif~
The seamstress gathers the skirt in at the
top. 1:\1111 11.1.'1' 11.'1- 1-CJI."t .,."'LII
'1-lf~"li'i'll:f
gathering llofliiiJ
There is a gathering of scientists in the next
room. fl"'L.,.'l'lltD- b'i'l:\ tD-11'1' f,...P-'111
1\.:l'tD-"t'l- ' llofliiiJ ' hi\
gaudyofll:\"1."1:\"1."
He has a gaudy necktie. 111:\"1."1:\"1." h&-li
,. ' hl\tD-
gauge (v.)
1. 100+. It is difficult to gauge his intentions
by looking at him . .1.-t>"t fl"7f'l- "'"11-'1
DD10D'l- ' fll'l'-l&-1:\
506 gaze
2. 1\IJ. Radar is now used to gauge the speed
of automobiles. &-'IC IJ!Jol- 1.11. fDDh.'i'
l":f"t 'i''l'~'l- 1\DDI\IJ'l- .em:r-"71:\
gauge (n.)
1. ODI\h.f. The gauge that shows the speed
is broken. f'i''l'~-1> DDI\h.f .,.1111~1:\
2. oom~. Wire is available in various gauges.
1ill fll:\1' I:\ I< oom"t .P-1':'1:\
gaunt foo~on~
He is weak and gaunt after a long illness.
b~~9" 0 1.11. 0 $009" 0 fl:\1\ ' Y..IJ"7'i' ' f -~
OD)o I tr~
make gaunt }\OD~oo~
Hunger and suffering make people gaunt.
~..,ofl'i' ' :f"JC ' lll":f"t ' J'OU~9"'i'ir
*The disease left him with a gaunt appearance.
fl1i;J-tD- ' fl"'l"' ' hb ... tJJo
gauze lf1i
The nurse used gauze for the wound. ~C!l
_,1111-"t fllf1i hM:f
gave, see give
gavel f6"t""'l- oop..lf
The chairman rapped on the table twice with
his gavel. 1\.+ oo"}O""" fl6"}m..-,. ' oPfl.."iffDw
v-1\'1- 1.11. m~A.~tJJo"t oo :r
gawk h'l-11-C" .,.DDI\h.,.
The onlookers gawked at the arnvmg film
stars. .,.ou~>.IJ'fi f.l.l:\9" .,."'ii'i''1l'l h'l-
11-~tJJ- o .,.ODI\bof>
gay
1. f"'LJ'IIY..II'l-. I like to hear the gay voices of
young children. f.iltY'i''l-'1 f"'LJ'IIY..II'l- .1!-
9"6 ' DDII"1'1- ' 7.1D'II\1Jo
2. Y..ll fll(tD-). The gay young people were
singing as they decorated the hall. Y..ll fll'f
tJJo ' ID"'-I':f ' h'l&-if."t ' fl"'LJ''I.m-flT ' 1.
II. Y.H'i'l- ~flC
3. Y..ll f"'LJ'II'S. Gay music prompts happy
thoughts. Y..ll f"'LJ'II'S oo-ff.:J' fY..II;J- oo
"tl.ll ' fl.l:\:1'1:\
4. F..Dfl:t-. The room was painted in gay colors.
h'i'll- Y.."7:,0 _,.119" _,._,.IJ
gaze (v.) h'l-11-C" .,.DDI\b.,.
He gazed at the sea for a long time. 7.CII- II
oflft' I "l.fJ. I fDf.. I Qifl?o I Jt:t-11-t!" I .,..tiP
lib.,.
gaze
gaze (n.) '\J'.'J
His gaze wandered about the room. 'l.J!.lt- h
lj:j\o I ""OT I fth&..,..,.
gazelle f"'/.11 o;:fA. ! l>:>H'J
There is only one gazelle in our zoo. 11~ fA
'JO<'I+ 1 oo,ry ""0'1' l>'J.I': l>:>H'J 1 (f"''.
'I lj:fol\) -oil' 1>11
gazette, official - ~:>&+
:>rt."'
The official gazette contains a list of the names
of new appointees. ~.?&+ ;JfLilJ(I)o = h.IL
0 f-1-li"..,.+'J (IS":f M" 11C11C J'.!lA
gear (v.) 1>0"'1"'1
The factory geared its production to seasonal
demands. o(..fi&IJm- f..,.Ym"!:fm-'J t1C':f
h1.rt.m- rJok;}- :>C l>fl"'/"'1
be geared :1-+F..
Our training program is geared to produce
trained people we need for the job. TC'"I&."''
:f'J I IIJ",6.aJo I f"''.Y!ld.oi\1-'J'J 0 IP,6.of-'/'
:f 11"'/IP<I\m'J f?-+Y. tm-
gear (n.)
1. oPUf&,. A fisherman's gear consists of
rods, lines, etc. fq.pt hpD"J:fo ODUf61 H
'J"I ! (l.q~o; foo<'lflii--1-'J Ym:J'A'IA
2. "''C'ii. This car has four gears. J'.U ooh.o;
l>&.-1- "''C'ii hllaJo
get out of gear +fl'lbA
The pump got out of gear and would not run.
f'I"-K- !1.'J!I. !lll.,.(lo;bll l>J'.w&.'l"
put In gear "7C1i lt1fl
He put the car in gear and drove slowly away.
"''C'ii l>"l.fl.f. 011"1;}- 'tY.
geese, see goose
gem
I. fhO<!: .I':'J:>J'.. The gems were valuable.
fhno~- m:>r-:t- ho;:.,..,. '1':> tn.:.:fm-
2. 0"1'1" m-.r: fll'~. The gem of his col-
lection was a rare Ethiopian stamp. hc'lll(lllm-
rJott- 0"1'1" m-.r: fll'tm- -oc'J> fll. +
1'-kY -l:'l".flc ~oc
(be) geminated -1-mO+
In the Amharic verb, the second consonant is
often geminated. q"''c'i' "lfl m-(IT rJoll
-1-'i'"" .,_tqn.. .fill- 1.rt. J'.mO:J'A
gender f,;}-
It is hard to tell the gender of chickens.
f"'iQ;b.f.:f'J Y.?- oPIIf-1- Yll=f"lt-A
507 generalize
Many languages have a masculine and a femi~
nine gender in the noun .fill" 1 !1/'J!I/S":f fil
'l":f .,.q~;rJ'.o; M!l?-J'. Y.;J- M:fm-
[See also 'common, feminine, masculine,
neuter']
genealogy fHC l>m.:..:.r: 1 fHC "I'J.I':
He is well versed in the genealogy of his family.
fiL-1-flii-'J fHC l>.m&.<!:.l': OY.'J.fl m'J
'J>.fo Ym-:J'A
The appendix of this book deals with the
genealogy of the kings. ftLU 1 DDX'dttt:. 1 +"'-
1Pi6 I OD&OJI\-1 I ill\ I ~1P';J-T I flfC 1 ..,.,.
.r: ,...1&.<1\
general (n.) :(k&.A
The general was wounded in the battle.
:(k&.ll- OtnCti: 1\J'. .fol'lll
general (adj.)
1. m'l-'1'1. A general election is held every
year. oyoo-t: m'l>'l'l 'I"C"'i J'.Y.<!::>A
I have a general idea how planes work. l>m-C'T
'I'J , "-'JS'..-1- "-'JY."'LIP&. m'l>'l'l .h<'l
.jJ ' 1>11"1
2. f.b1t.fl. A government takes care of the
general welfare. oP'J"II"-1- ll.b1111- Y."o'J
t+' '1'1.1-. tm-
3. ( ~ adv.) Oflol-m-. Afternoon tea is a general
custom in England. "-'J"II\..11 l>1C hfl'l+ 0
:\1\ ~ ?f~ I oPtniiJ+ I O(t,C.aJo I f+AOD~ I ~(Do
il9"'
general term ftDA =
"Livestock" is a general term for cows, sheep,
and goats. b.fl+ M'l":f 1101:-f-o; ll'i'fll-
';fo I ftDA I i\9"' I ~(Do
in general Otn~l\1\aJo
In general, things are all right. Om'l>'l'laJo
'J~ I ~........ I ~(l)o
[See also 'consent, secretary general, staff']
generality, in generalities OJ',d.o;m-
He talks in generalities. OY.d.o;m- J'.o;1&.A
generality of l>.flq'i'SJ':f
The generality of citizens of the United States
eat well. )>.flq'i'S"'Jl Y"''.&IJ'J t'I'&S":f 1 'I'
<~-'l""".fiY1'i'll-
generalize
I. m'l>'l'l l>!l-1-Yf+ flm.Don'tgeneralize on
the basis of a few facts only! T-1:+ f-1-""0
m- ~1C':f -oil' ODIP<!:+ l>.I':C1U m'l-11
II l>!l-1-Yf+ l>-1-11'1'
2. l>M-4-. The doctors hope to generalize

generally
the use of the new vaccine. .h h.'l":f .1''1.1\-
"} h'I-IJ'I- ' 'I'~?" ' 11"7114.4.'1- ' -1-114. ' .1'!'.
e;J/1-
generally
I. l\11~"'w-"} 1.U. He is generally on time.
l\11~"'w-"} 1.U Oil't_, f,!'.e/IA
2. Oii.Lw-. It was generally believed that the
earth iS flat. 00~+ I 1fC"'J I iofD" I -MJI\- I
011.1.w- .r.:t-oo"J ~oe
[See also 'speaking']
generate
I. l\1111". Water power is often used to
generate electricity. l\11~"'w-"} 1.U ffJJo;)
"1f,A 11.1\.h'l-t<h 11"71111"'1- f,oPt-0;}-A
2. hLilcfo. He generates ideas that we all
should consider. v-'l:f"J?" A"JODIIh-1-w- f
"'1.11J .h/111 .l'.t.A:l'A
3. l\-1-t:.t.. A friendly smile generates good
will. fm'l)t'~'l- 4.1"1;}- ODAIJ?" 11"'1.'1-"J
.1'-1-eof.A
generation
I. '1-w-A.I':. His family has been in America
for four generations. fl.+ 1'\lt- -\&-+ s +m-
A.I': IJ"''.t<IJ w-11'1' 'l'~A
2. ( ~ to generate) "71111"'1-. Steam and water
power are used for the generation of electricity.
h"J-1.11-'I-<; fw-;) "1f,A tot."J-t 11"7111
"f'l-.r.m~/1-
generosity
I. II:JM'I-. His generosity is well known.
II;JII~.,. 0"111" f;}-m4' ~w-
2. Q;Lcpio+. He showed generosity in praising
his opponent. of-:l''l'"''.w-"J 0"7ooii1"J """'~
'1-"J ' l\llf
generous
I. II:JII I 'Fe. Don't be so generous with other
people's money! Oilw- 1"JH11 h"J'lll II
;~II ('Fe) ,..,.,."}
2. f!'."l~'l-. To forgive your enemy is a
generous act. m'l'l-li"J .r.~e "711'1- f!'.
n'l- -!-"IIJe ~w-
1enerous heart A.O Cl~t+
His kind acts proclaim a generous heart.
f!'."l~'l- -1-"IIJ~ AO e"1C"1~'1- .1'/I.I'A
generous aupply of RlfJr ofU,..
The store has a generous supply of paper.
OD!'.11~ 0"111" 1111- f"''.lf'l' m-:4''1-
l\llfJJo
.
508 gentle
genesis M"'.'
We can see the genesis of this novel in an early
short story of his. fll.ll A11 mll.l': :J-t<h
M"" h"J!'."''.;}-f"J 4'1'.11" ii.A f-1-1\.t.w-
l\"J.>e :J-t<h ~w-
genial
I. -1-""i'l':f. A genial host makes his guests feel
at ease. -1-""i'l':f :JIJ'fr h"J"IP..,; h"J'lll
<;o;. ' .I'!'.C:J'I''I'A
2. fm'l)t'~'l-. He gave him a genial greeting.
fiD'I)t'~'l- MI>":J- l\4't:OII'I-
3. lim. "J~'I- -1-11"7"'1. fll'~. Harar has a genial
climate. .ht:e lim. "J~'I- -1-11"7"'1. fll'~ l\
fe l\llw-
genitals
I. "1'i't:-f- F :J l l\IJII ue. The wild men's
genitals were covered by a cloth strip. fdJ.l] s
Ill".,; "1'i't:-f- ' F ;J ' (l\IJII He) O""e~ 41
&-? -1-lf'l''l' ~oe
2. 11A'I-. The animals had a disease of the
genitals. h"Jil/11".,; f11A'I- :t.oo?" f,!J. 'I'
'I'A
genius
I. 0"111" 11All. Many people consider him
a genius. 1111- ill":f 7.1\-"J 0"111" 11All
l\.I':C111Jo f,DDIIh ...;}-A
2. -1-il'l'/1. He has a genius for arithmetic.
fdt./111 ' -1-11'1'/1 l\llfJJo
genteel f""'I'~'I-
His genteel manners show he had good up-
bringing. f""'l'~'l- mfJI' 'I'~ l\11-1-'1!'."1
l\"J!'.~o.:w- .l'ii.I'A
gentility ""'1'~'1-
The gracious old lady had an air of gentility.
!'.efJIJ'I' ' l\C'1.'1- ' f""'l'~'l- ' ODAh l\'l'l'fJJo
gentle
I. 0"111" 1e I t::J .I'll. He is a gentle person,
particularly with children. 0-f-llf, IIAlf.'f-
0"19'" I 'JC I (llD- I )olD"
She has a gentle nature. .:.;~ .I'll IJ:t.6f,
M'l-
2. !'."1. The doctor is gentle with his patients.
P.h* ' II:J.OD?"-f-'1'.,; o !'."1 o ~fl)o
3. f!'."l~'l-. The gentle manners of the nurse
pleased all the patients. f~e!l. f!'."l~'l- ,.
~;}- 011-!-'1'.,;"} 11-11- ' hll!'.ll;}-'f'w-
4. H~H~ .I'll. The house is built on a gentle
slope. IL.,. H~H~ IJII 11'1'&- 'If, f-1-w
IJ..ri'Q)o
gentleman
5. 76-'1". This horse is very gentle. f,IJ LGit
(}tl)g" I 1,t..SJ" I )dJo
6. IIH11 111. There was a gentle breeze
coming from the sea. bq.lt'l- IIH11 111
'lifl>";f- f,~'i'it ~RC
7. llitllit 111. The gentle sound of music
doesn't disturb me. llitllit 111 f ...IL,.. 1:
'1"6 N'it'f"IG'S'I"
have a 1entle upbringing (}t;g,tf)+ J\S!1
This young man has had a gentle upbringing.
f,IJ m"l+ itfl>" RAl.'l'~+ 11.7 ~..,.
gentleman (gentlemen)
I. itfl>". Who is the gentleman in the comer?
lilLY '1"'1 '"""" ......... """"'"'" 1
2. Al.'l' itfl>" l Al.'l'. He is a real gentleman.
O~C1T I "", I (tBJo I )ID'
Fencing used to be a gentleman's sport.
flfl"l "l'l'"'LJ' fAl.'l' llitrc+ ~ac
aentlemen
I. hf!-6-'t. Ladies and gentlemen, please sit
down! hR-.:.'1-<; hfl-6-'t l\qt,:y..,. .,."!."
Rll-
2. 1.-f-:Y.. Gentlemen, please come this way!
1.-Hi t RILIJ RIJ.A 'i-
old gentleman
I. '11"'1"11\.. The old gentleman reconciled the
husband and wife who quarreled. '11"'1"11\.fl>"
f1"11Jll-'l-'t qA_<; "''..it'l- hit;I-G_,.
2. h~fl>"'t'l-. Ras lmru is a fine old gentleman.
6-it ll'/"'1- ""'" h~fl>"'t'l- ""'"'"
gently
I. RC;.t;f-. He knocked gently on the door.
oP1f"LJ'fl>"'t RC;.t;f- h't\>,\>,
You will have to treat him gently. RC;.t;f-
A.'Jof,Hfl>" Y,7qA.
2. +it R+it. The hill slopes gently down to
the lake. I>G11;f-fl>" 4'it R4'it IDS'. mY,
.,. 1..,11-r~.c..
gentry oo\>,'t't'l-
In certain countries, the gentry enjoys certain
privileges. q')-'!'tf: h7i::Y. fl>"it'l' oo\>,'t
't'l- AI' oo11+ h~'ffl>"
genuflect 1-'tRGbb 1 it7S'.
Catholics often genufiect during the service.
11-f-II.I>:Y. h11~ ...fl>"'t 1.11. RT-'IIl. ~y,
f,'tRGhl!A- (Y,it"I-'IA-)
genuine
I. l\fl>"~-1".,., Is this a genuine dollar bill?
f,IJ l\fl>"~-1"... 11C ~..,. 1
509 gesture
2. thlJO +'I. He is a genuine person, and
everyone likes him. thlJO ' +'i (l~ ll/ur
~ ' """" ' f,mf.'I'A.
3. hA11 foo~Al.. Genuine sorrow left him
unable to speak his grief. hA.11 foP~"""'"
mH'i- mH'i-'t lloP<;7C h~itil'llfl>"'/"
4. ( ~ adv.) RC"I'I'. This is a genuine picture
by Rubens. f,IJ RC"I'I' '1-11.'tit f"'.:.
1J1o I tp(JA_ I )aJo
5. ( ~ adv.) bA.11. His welcome was genuine.
h4'qRA- bA.11 ~RC
geography 7(t."lfi.L 1 '1-'l"tJC-1" 'l"f:C
geology 7(t.ll-7( J '1--'l"tJC-1" hll+
geometry.7t."'i+.:
germ(s) G<I:T .lt'l'lt+
Germs can be seen only with a microscope.
G<I:T .lt'l'lt'l- 11.;1-Y. f"''..:Y.ll-'1- Rh'NI.
oP~JI'C 11!1' ~..,.
German
1. )!CoP1'. There are not many Germans in
Ethiopia. h.'l-f"ti:1 fl>"it'l' 1111' )!;coo'f:Y.
fll-'1"
2. )!;Cou't.,., Do you know German? )!;CDD't"'
,...,.,..111) 1
Germany f)!;Coo't h7C 1 ~coo't
germinate (vt.) ll't-'I.RTA hf.G7
Heat and moisture germinate seeds. o-t-+'i
liC'I'R'l- HC l\'t-'I.RTA 1f.C;.tA.
germinate (vi.) 04'11
Seeds germinate in the spring. HC RKF.f,
f,RT~A
gesticulate ll)l:'t "'/~_,.~:,. hR~
The Italians gesticulate when speaking. h..t1JA1
'f:Y. it.<;1'1- l\ll''fl1Jo't "'/~_,.~:,. 1R~ll-
gesture
I. 'I"Ab+. Nodding the head from side to
side is a gesture of refusal. t-ll'l -.&.~ r
+'S -~:,.~:,. fl\'1"11.;1- 'I"A.b'l- ~..,.
2. ll.~;.t1C f"''..1f.C111Jo ll'tTit,..ll.. Her ges-
tures are very expressive. it 'I-~ :>1C f'l" ;1-f.C
1fl>" l\'t:,Oit_,.ll. 1111' ~1C f,7MA.
3. fit.,.~+ ll't:,Oit,..ll.. He makes many ges-
tures when he talks. 0"'1..<;1CR+ '1.11. 1111'
fit..,.~+ ll'tTit_,.ll. 1f.C;.tA.
4. h'>.:\'t. With an imperious gesture, she
ordered me to leave. l\116'1-- R-I"'I"~R+ h
1>.:\'t "'""' hii:Y.'S
get
5. lt~'rft.IA. His offer to give me a job was
just a gesture. JP&- Ail'l'll ""U\-1: 7t.1'Um-
iiJ'.'I"IlA HIC
get (got), vt.
1. .1\71. I could not get you on the phone.
OIIAh II7'1U .1\Aii'Ah-'1"
After paying five dollars how much change
did you get? .1\'I"IIT 11C h'i'iiU '1"'1 J'UA
out.ll .I\7TU1
You can get the answer by Monday. ODfA(t."}
Mh ll'f' A;M'1 Tl'lliiU
Can you get me another copy? 11.11 :,.;q:
A;I-7'1A'1 T:fl\iiU 1
2. hl'l11". The insertion of anadvertisement:ina
newspaper gets results. 0"1.1:" "711;1-m-t.J'
't 0;>11."1 "70Jo"'T OJom.T J'ii7>:'A
3. J'H. Get him before he escapes! IJJ'OOA'f'
J'HOJo
4. .1\ou"J. Get me a ticket, please! 1:11.:,. .1\'1"
"'"'"
Get my shoes for me! "'1"711-'t .I\'/""'A'1
5. .1\H;>)!. She is getting dinner. >,,:..:,. >.J'
H;>)!l' ' 'i"T
6. milS'. He is drunk. Call a taxi and let's get
him home! llh:A i ;1-hll. T&.'i" mY.
a.:,. ' >.'tOJollJ'....,.
7. 71J(OJo) i Tt:-'1. +I don't get you. Please ex-
plain again! J'AhOJo .I\A71J'1'1" >.'tJ'..7'i"
"liiii"A'1
+Did you get the idea 1 ..hl\11- 71JU 1
Explain that again; I don't get the drift of
your words. n . >.'tJ'..7'i" .1\11&.&-0Jo j fi"l
"ICU't MI"7"7J hATt:-'111-T'I"
8. ll"7. I didn't get your last name. J'IJTU't
11'1" .1\Ail"YII-'1"
9. J'..t:ll(OJo). +When did you get my letter?
J'..11-'lll.\l. ou'f J'..t:llU 1
10. T.l..t:J'..(OT). The accused man got six years
in jail. fThllllOJo llOJo ii.I:"IIT otou:,.
M&.T T.l..t:J'..OT
11. ou;l-. The bullet got him in the leg. TJ'.-1:
>."'""'t - ;1-0Jo
get (vi.)
1. Til.l..t:. He got on the bus to go to the
library. mY. IJ.T OUl\.ft'i'-1: {IOU~.!:" o .1\
......,..11-11 1\J'. Til.l..t:
2. m"l. He got on his horse and rode off.
.l..t:ll- 1\J'. m-r-r- :>flO
3. J'..t:ll.. I had to stretch in order to get at
the top shelf. >.1\J'.>:'OJo ou!f..CUJ' (lao.l:"t:
II DD'tm&.&.T t0t:11'1
510 get
I'll get there in an hour. >.11..1' IJ't.l:" (I
,,. >.J'..citilv-
4. 71J. How did you get into the house?
>.11.-t: OJoil'l' >.'t-"-T 71JU 1
Hold your temper in leash, or you'll get in
trouble. 't-"-TU't "1;1- 1 J'flll..l' :f"/c ..,.
11'1' T7fliiU
5. ~J'... I will hunt up some old books when I
get to Ethiopia. mY. .1\..Tf-lrJ' 11~.1:" .1\'t-'1
't.l:" .I\C'1. ODl\.h'i'T .I..A'I. >.7'11111-
6. "l't't'tT .I\J'..t:7. It was too late by the
time he got to the authorities. hfliii"A"''l"
:r; :>&. "l't'l'tT J'J'..t:70Jo 1..1LOJo ltii.I..O
:,. 0:\11 toe
get about
1. ..,..H'I'mt:. He gets about a great deal.
1111- ' J'.H'I'm&-/ll
2. ~J'.. l mi!J m-'I,U .1\il. The old man uses
a walking stick to get about. 11"7"11\.0Jo (I
..,.,. f"''.~J'....,. (mi!J m-'I,U f"''.iiOJo)
0'/"Ch-11 )OJo
3 . .1\J'..IJIJJ'.m"'.Itwassuppose dto be a secret,
but somehow it got about. ,..ilm.C ootr).
tnc 1 "l't IJ/.\;1-m.,. ou't7.1:" .1\F..IJIJJ'., "''~'
:!;Ill
4. ..,..ll&."". News gets about quickly. m&. -r-
11- J'.ll&."'lA
get across +if'1t:
We could get across the river here. aJ'llf""}
OH.U Ott-Ill lll'tlf7C >.'tl'llil't
get (a thine) across .1\llt:-'1
I was not able to get the idea across to him.
J'.U't't .hl\11 1\ilt:-'IOJo .1\lllif'lllh-'1"
get ahead
1. Hil.,.. You will not get ahead without an
education. J'fl T'/"UCT lilTHA:,. .1\Tl'lil'l"
2 . ..,..1\lt(iiT). +A faithful wife will help you
get ahead in life. :1-"7'1 "''.IIT H:'U >.
'tll..illt/.\U Tt:-'IVill-
get ahead of flAm
Tom has gotten ahead of the other boys in
class by studying hard. m'thl!' 0"7T'i"T -r-
'1" Oh'i'll- OJoil'l' J'II-T't lll}('f v-11-
Oil"''fOJo
get along
1. il'il. I will get along somehow. :t.'tJ'..'/"'1'/"
11\1. >.l'il'l'ilv-
2. II.'l"C il'il. He can't get along on his measly
salary. Oll.:f- QtiiT>:' J'..'l"11 ll.'l"C .1\
J'.:f-Af"
get
3. -1--'l.l'.l:. Their family gets along on very
little. fHl 0.-t- llil IJHl-1-'>' 1!1. f.-1--'1
.!'.Mil
4. 0011.1'." )';oPl:. I will have to be getting
along DOW. h.tJ-.'l I OO"J1.f: I OD~OIIC I 1\1\
-o't
5. 1-"'IIJIJ i -1-ll"l"l. We get along splendidly.
0"19" -1-"lflil-t-'i"A (-1-ll"l9"-t-'i"A)
get along In .I'H(m-)
+How is he getting along in France?f.l.l:1llf.
li1C l\1.1'..:,. f.~:t-A l
+How are you getting along in your science
course? fP'~ 'i''l'l::,. :,.go11c:r-v 1.1.r..:r-
f.~VA l get down (vt.) 'I'm
get anywhere h'l'"'(m-)
You won't get anywhere by writing such
controversial reports. 1-1111 foo(lll t.bt-
11<1 ' It"'""' ' """'"' ' h.l''l'"'ll9"
get around
I. ~l:. We got around a lot. ill!- ~C1
2. -1-H'I'CDl:. I get around by car. oooiJ.'i" l\
H'I'CD<!-1111-
3. -~-~~!-1-~""-1-. Bad news gets around quickly.
OD'J'C: ' CD&. ' 0'1''1'~..,. ' ,.~~A ' (f.~oP;t-A)
4. oofiJ""l hl\"19". A smart lawyer will find
a way to get around the law. il&\.11 mO:I'
l\1.1'.9"19" ' illl- ' Oih"l ' 0 11-A ' ODCD-""i '
h.l'"l9"
5. hl\.1.. He got around your objections with
r If'~ hchc
clever arguments. +..+m-'J'PU'l
O"?:,Ol:il hii.I.CD-
get at
~..,.!
What are you getting at? 9"1 "?ll:r-v
get away
1. OJilJ. I am sorry, but I could not get away.
t.ll'i"llv- 1 11 1\0DIIJo"'..,. t.A!I'Ail-9" ~oc
2. t.oollm. He tried to get away, but the crowd
was too dense. 11"?9"11'1' 'l"hC' ~oc l ~1
c 11 .n11o- '1':,.'1':,. illl- ~oc
The thieves got away with the safe and one
thousand dollars. 11.11,.; ltll'i"CD-1 lt1Y:
1.11 iiC :>C f.HCD- h""llm-
3. i-ll f. The idea of a vacation is to get away
from work. fbl:'i':,. '\1\"?CD- bP't- /loP/1
,..,. ' ....
~
get back, vt ( ~ vL) -f-oP/11'1(11:,.)
+Did he get his money back? 11HII- -f-oP<!\
f'll:t-A 1
get back (vi.) -f-OD/1(1
When did you get back? oo:r; -f-oP II lib l
511 get
I'll get back to the subject in a minute. b:r-111
1..11. ' 0:\1\ ' CD.I'. ' P'l: ' ~1'1- . l\00/lflllv-
get back at -t-0+11
He will get back at me for the wrong I did him.
IIM9"1l-O:r- O.I'.A f.O+ii'>'A
get by
1. hll.l. I 1Jm111- hll.l.. How did you get by
the guard? HO'>'m-1 1.1.r..:r- hll'i'bm- l
When I tried to get by him, he blocked my path.
1Jm111- 11"?11'1' ll'l"hC 0011.11-1 H;>il't
2. Hll+. I do not have much money, but
I think I will get by somehow. ill!- 11Hil
fll't9" ' "11 ' l\1.1'.9"19"' l\H<l\:,0 ' f.DDllii'>'A
The pill was so large that he couldn't get it
down. b.tl- :r-<~~.:,. llii~Ol: 1\.CD-mm- h
<11.!1'119"
get down (vi.) CDl;.l'.
She climbed the tree, but then couldn't get
down again. ~4-1 CD 'I' :t- oom-l:Y: h:l' :t-:r-
get down to
1. )';ool:. We must get down to business and
stop chatting. CD&.m-1 :r--t-1 P't- oP)';oo
c ' hllil1
2. llll--- -l-'i"1l:. Stop beating around the bush.
Get down to the subject! JIC -'IC t.:r-OA ' ll
II 1-'lf. -t-'i"1C
get down to work ~~ IP~
After the holidays, it is hard to get down to
work. hflbl\:r- 0:\1\ P't- ""P't-:r- hll
'1':>6 ' ~ ....
get even, see even
get going )';ool:
They wanted to get going on the construction
of the house. f0..,1 P'&- 1\0D)';ooc .1.
111-
get hold of h1"f
I would like to get hold of an Amharic diction-
ary. h1Y: .l'"lC'>' 001110 .4'1\:r- "?"I
,...,. ' l\.1.&\.;>1111-
get home 1Q
I got home early last night. IJII.I.CD- /1.11.:,.
01..n ML:r- 11111-
let in (vt.)
I. MIJ. Please get the clothes in before it
rains! hoo11~11- oo~.:r- Ailll-1 h"IIJ
2. (101'10. We had better get in the crops
before the rainy season. fll'i"ll- CDt-:r- 1\f.
oP"J l\UII-1 ii1(10llil Jl.!fi\A
get
get in (vi.) 1q
How did he manage to get in? 7."}1.'1- ' 1\.1
q ' !I'll l
get in one's way oP71.(" IJ."J(OT)
He got in my way, so I shoved him aside.
OD"}1J': ' ili\H:>ofi'S ' ID!l. ' .,.."} ' 1-f.rJ-'J-
get it over with
*I'm going to the dentist, and I will be glad
to get it over with. roY.. 't"Cil thh..r oP~
f. ' )a>- l h"}Jl.;;'\1."} ' fl.ID"'o!\'S ' f."ifll;;'o!\
get off (vt.)
1. t.mii<J>. I cannot get my shoes off. "'i"7\l-"}
1\ID&\:,. ' ho!\":fo!\.9"
2. M"'. Can you get the wrapping off?
11-f.)."} ' o!\;1-)"'IJJo ' +":f-111111 !
3. t.illl++. How can I get the dirt off my
shirt? 7.!!.+"} hif"7.H. 1\f. 1."}1.'1- 1\illl:r.+
,. ' 7.":fiiii!J-l
4. m<:1. How can I get the dirt off the wall?
o1'7f7fw-"} h"l!l.-1-'!BJo 1\f. 1."}1.'1- A.mC1
,. ' 7.":fiiii!J- l
5. (l!l.Jl.. Get the children off to school!
A,l('Ji"} ' W!l. ..,..,& '
fl.'!- ' il!l.J!'fBJo
get off (vi.)
l. m~l... You have to get off the bus in ten
minutes. IIOP'C ' !l.-1:? ' BJoilT ' hhBJo.Y.Itil '
ouw-t:Y: hllq":f-11-
2. 't!l.. Tomorrow I have to get off early to
school. )1 ' lltll.'l- ' W!l. ' '1-!I"IIC'I- ' fl.'!- '
"""'""' ' hllofi'S
*We get two days off at Christmas. l\1Ci
fll-11'1- <J>"} ~t:'i!'l- M"1':'11"}
get on (vt.) h!l.t'..1
Get your hat and coat on! We have to leave.
qc~tiJtJ"} ' t.Y:C"I 1 ou't!l: t.ll
1>'1-o"}o; '
ofl"}
get on (vi.)
1. 11'11{1. Time is getting on. 1.H.IJJo f.1{l"lilo!\
2. -t-lt't!l.. How's your work getting on?
P'tl-11 ' 1."}1.'1- ' f.lt't-'!&1. l
*How are you getting on in your work?
P'tl-11 1."}1.'1- f.IIYA l
get on In years 06~ '14-
rm getting on in years, and I can't walk that
much. n~J/:0'1. M1'1.11- !11\'t!l:h- ofl,.
OD"}1J/: ' 1\0D'tJ/: ' t.A":fo!\!1"
get on-well -1-!1"7"7 J -J-"Iqq
The three of us get on very well. lf'il:f'":f"} n
IIJ!I" ' 7."}!1"7"711"}' (1."}"1qqll"})
512 get
get on with +mA
Now let's get on with the discussion! h.v-1 w.
f.f.;f-":f"}"} ' 7."}<J>TA
get out (vt.)
I. )<J>II. I couldn't get the nail out. !1"!1"7'1-"}
A);r,l\w- t.A!J'A.h-!1"
2. h-1-U... How much money did you get out
of this deal? 1111..11 P'tl- 'J""} YIIA. 1"}
Hofl h-1-t:'i!h l
3. -t-m<J>ou. You won't get much out of this
course. hll..ll .-,..!I"IIC'I- M!l" YIIA. t.+
m<J>!I"!I"
4. h'l-'1" htD"'. They are getting out a new
book. h-'l..il ODl\".h'i! t.+ouw- 1\.YWm-
)a>-
5. <J>J!. If you tilt the bottle, you can get the
milk out. mC,.....{l-"} ofl;f-H)ofii\BJo 1 m-t-1o"} 1
A.'I-<J>J! ' +":f-111111
6. -J-).1..11. I was so frightened, I couldn't get
a word out. boPCf:&--1: f+~"'l ?IA'r A
-J-)'i!il hAil' A. h-
get out (vi.)
I. mt:!l.. I will have to get out at the next stop.
7."7.<J>'J'I\IJJo 0 0Doi'"7.Y 0 1\f. 0 ODBJot'.J/: 0 hl\ofi'S
2. ID"'. How do you get out of that room?
hh'i!ll- ' BJoiiT ' 1."}1-.'J- ' 'J-fDtiJI\11 !
Her secret got out somehow. !l"ilm..a: 1 7."}!!.
M'l" mtiJq'J-
3. -J-{1"7. I don't know how the story got out.
fD<{.IJJo ' 1."}1.'1- ' 7."}.1'..1-11"7 ' t.l\w-:,.9"
4. +<:. I wish I could get out of going to that
meeting. tD!l.lf..Y ilofl{lq hOD'tJ/: ou:r.t:+
ofl":fo!l. '1"1- )ftC
5. tl\ IT). In the new year, we hope to get
out of debt. qJ!..{l- ,.,....,.. hM )l\ II""IT
"} -t-il-1. 7.o;!l.C;>II"}
get (oneself) out ~(to") hmiiJ
You got yourself out of the sitnation very
skillfully. hH..Y ,..,."}:,..,. &-!Ill"} UHf.. h
IDtiJII
(let) get out
We mustn't let this story get out! f.ll"} 1 )1C
1."}-'l..;l-w:r. "7!1:<:"1 1 fllofi"}'J"
get out of the way
I. hilt1!l.. We finally got that difficulty out
of the way. IIOD<D.<:"if ":f"l'l-"} 1 hiltD1Y:
)IJJo
2. h -1-111111. I finally got those boxes out
of the way. Oou<D.t:"if 1 h)lf..Y "1-r'l"":f
-t-1111&\.h-
get-together
get out of my way! fiC OA
Get out of my way! I am in a hurry. fiC 0
A ! 'fit-filii-
get (over)
I. htl.l.. They caught him just before he
could get over the border. Ah m<:i-1- fl.f
A'i' ItA .1'11-'1-
2. h.if'~.l.. She cannot get over her shyness.
'if.'i"of.c):t"t A;J-lf"t'i' h'l-'fA?"
3. Hllll. I cannot get over this gate. It's too
high . .('.111-1- DC AHII<D- hA'fA?" i 0"1
?" <:'I'r?" )<D-
4. J\"}{l,t.&.. He never got over his financial
losses. bY.<:IIR'I- f11-Hil h.lt<l- ~'i" l\~1-11
<l-<l-?"
5. ~~1. She can't get over her sorrow. mn~ J
A1'<:1tw- l\'1-'fA?"
set over one's illness JU
He finally got over his illness and cao go to
work. ooo.,<:lf llll'a P'<l- IIUD't.l': .e'f~A
get (through)
I. hll4.. You cannot get through here.
011.11 Oh-A A;J-A'i' h'l-'fA?"
2. 11')(11'1-). I tried to call John, but! could not
get through. l"m"tll"t OIIAh ~);>"IC .,.
hell- "11- hAII')A'S?"
3. Hll<l'. Only hard study helped him get
through college. flt/1.~ 'I-?"IIC-1>1- l\1-'I.H
A:,0 f<:'lw- m"thl!" .,.,..,..-!>
1111' )w-
4 . .,<:11. John is ambitious to get through
high school in two years. :0:1- 11-111'>:' .1'.<:!1'1-
Ou-11'1- 'i""T llouQ;l,<:{l 0"1?" .('.oo>;'A
get through with Q;l.l,{l
As soon as I get through with my work,
I will join you. P'<l-f-1- l\1-.l'..,<:llh- l\1-1'
H"t .1': l\OO"JIIII-
get to one
1. hll<:-'1. I couldn't get to him that his idea
would not work. fll- mltil f.,f.ltlJ OPII't-
.,. 'lll<:'lw- l\Aii'Ah-?"
2 . .1'.<:11. The rebels are holed up in the
mountains where the police cannot get to them.
OOIDB'I''f ?"fl.{o'f fi..I'.Cll- O.,f.'"f-11-0T
1-~fl''f ~f. 1'lf11~1'A
get together (vt.) IlOilO
The leader could not get many people together.
oo,:w- 1111- {lw- fi.IIOllil hAil'll?"
get together (vi.)
I. 1'110110. We get together once a year.
qoo+ h"t.l'.. l\1-IIOllfJ/11-
513 gibe
2. +it.,..,_,. They never seem to get together on
anything. 0?"1-?" )~C 'I'~?" f"''.ll.,.,.,.
t,.('.OOll/1-?"
get under way oPw,t.-}o a S'H
The project is slowly getting under way.
l\:,0.11- <I'll O<l'll OOU'.l-T f.!I.A
get up (vt.) IlOilO
He asked for more time to get up the money.
11-H!l-1- II00/1111111 -f'Q;l,.,& ' 'UL 1.1-
'l.llmiiJo mf+
get up (vi.)
1. +~Pf. I get up at six every morning.
tll.'l- tll.'l- 'IP'<l- u-11'1- ll'i'l- M"'llll-
2. .1'.<:11. We got up to the last chapter of
this book. h""K'mi- ooQ;l,<:lf ?"iJ.l-'1'
.l'.<:ll"t
3. 11.1':"1 hll. He got up to ask a question.
'I'.f-ll fl.mf.:,O 11.1':"1 hll
[See also 'bed, best, better, credit, familiar,
flat, fresh, gear, touch, well']
get-together ll11llfJ
Our club had a get-together yesterday at my
house. '1-....,.'1-'i" l\~ 11.'1- hO'l'f"t Mill
fJ h.I':Ci )OC
ghastly M:l'4!
Murder is a ghastly crime. )'I'll OD"I.I'.A hll
:1'4! ID"t~A )<D-
Iook ghastly
The sick man's face looks ghastly. 0111->:'w-
f"'l:'I"T ODAh f.;f"f.O;f"A
ghost "1<:'1"'1-
You cannot make me believe in ghosts.
0"1<:'1"'1- A;f"lt?")'S h'l-'fA?"
He hasn't a ghost of a chance. ?"1-?" 1-M
fii<D-?"
giant
1. "'lft'fj:.. Compared to me, he is a giant .
h~ ;>C 1\.)U.C l\11- "111-'i' )w-
2. 'l.".l-:,0. Giants are said to have lived in
ancient times. 'l."<l-'1- 0.1':1!" Hoo"t f.'f
~ )OC f.fJ~A
gibber 1'1-""l'"i
Monkeys gibber in the trees. 111-~1!"11''1- ~
4- ~..... .('.1-""".""ill-
gibe h:l'llll l hi"4.
They gibed him for his mistakes. ll.n-1'+
ll/IU'<l- h:l'llll-'1-
..
 giddy 514 girl friend
My brothe r gibed at my efforts to paint a
gilded mc:J>"''
picture. m'JJ:-" 'l '1"~1:1 'fiOD"#f:l fi"''.RC1m-
The architect glorified the building with a
... ~+ l'oifd.
gilded dome. oou'JJI.(l. flmC:J>"'' .,.il:J-

giddy on'Jl\m-'J hil'l.mm -
1. m~H'. Nobod y can tell what that giddy
girl will do next. hlf.U 4''1'11- .l''f m~.,.o;o ginge r 11't}":ill:l
Some people like to flavor tea with ginger.
1:1}": f?";l-.RC1m-'J fl"''m- hf.il't:. ?"
2. f"''.J'IIC . He looked down from a giddy l'o'tii'JJ:- ill":f 7f.l''l'm-'t fl11't}":ill:l
"''
height. f"''.J'IIC h'i':J- 111/. rr<: "'"'"'" ' "'d.T f,m/1{1<
TODflh T
ginge rly 1\.d..!- ll.'l'c
make giddy ll.flt: She lifted the trap gingerly. mTooJI.'t Il-l-
Climbing ladders makes me giddy. ooMt:. oo d..!- ll-l-'l'c M"':f
......,+ .1'11~'11:1
giraffe.,..,..~
gift
There are giraffes in Kenya . flh. 't.l' m-IlT
1. iltn:J-. Thank you for your beautiful gift!
.,..,.~l":f J/.1'1 11-
ilfl T-1- iltn;J-U 'l'o"lll.l'oildo.C J/.ii'PI:
I~
2. 111 fl~h+. The ambass ador brough t gird (vt.) hflfl
gifts
from his couritry. h.9'"Qlt~"" h01"" 1K Mount ains girded the valley. Iffl.fm-'J T.!-
=
fl~h+ ,.,. _.., <1-l":f hflm-;1-t:.
3. Tfl'Pl" . He has a gift for drawing. fl"~l:l slrd (vi.) TII?J!

TflTl" l'oflm- The soldier girded for action. m;J-.R-1- IIT"'Q
Sive as a sift l'ofl~hT C TH?J!
She gave her golden dishes as a wedding gift. gird on :l"m+
flflC'i fmc- <l.n<::f l'ofl~h.,.:fll+ He girded on a sword, and left to fight the
gift certif icate f1K fl~h+ f?"flhc enemy. 1.!-S'. ;1-T mll-l-'J {loom- ?+
m~4'+
We received a gift certificate instead of a II.R
present. fliltn;J- .t.'t;J- f1K fl~h+ f?" gl rd oneself :l"m+
llhc m~4'+ Tflm't The soldiers girded themselves for battle.
gifted TflTl" .l'flm- m;J-.RC''Il lltnC)-l - :J-m.,.
H is a gifted boy. He can do anything. [See also 'loin']
TllTl" .l'flm- 1:1}": llfiiF) "'''t'i'm -'t?" girdle (v.) hflfl

)1C 11."'.!- 1/.:fllt:. Clouds girdled the moon. ,Roo<; ""~:l''l''t
gigan tic "111-'1' h!,l.;l-1:1
The Empire State Building is a gigantic building. girdle (n.) oo4'H
fh.?": rfc ll-~;+ .n'tll ..,,.'~' on'tll She is so fat, she has to wear a girdle. AC(I..
)m-
*He has a gigantic appetite.
oP{aofl ltC'"I"i: fl"'ll" ' m'l:.!-11" ' {I{IIF): f' '
)m- 004')-}- ' OD;J-m
- l'oM- l-
gf gantic size "1~):,.
He was impressed by the gigantic size of the girl
houses. fiL~ "111-'1')-l- l'oii.R)4'm- 1. t:.'li1~J:-. They hired a girl to do their
housework. fiL-l- 1".!- 'l'o'JJ:--l-"'<1-ll'l'm- 1:1
giggle T'thT hT lf1~ 4'm'I-
Girls like to giggle. t:.'li1~1'-:f ou'Jh-l -h+ Isn't she a pretty girl! m-il
t:.)f1~J:- hf..R
f,m/1{1<
ll:fll"l
gild )h~ 2. 1:1}":. Your little girl has grown a lot. -l-'t'!(
Swindlers gild copper coins with gold and sell t:.}":U II "'ll" l'oJ:-?II:f
them to tourists. l'o.,.fiCQO:l":f foolliJ <l't [See also 'office girl']
-t'l":f' t me- 'l'of)h-1- 111c 1-il~
girl friend fh't.t.C mil}":
l":f J/.if"'ll-
My girl friend and I went to the theater last
girlhood
night. l\~o;' fh"loi.C mJI:( 'l-11"1'1-o;' "'I
;J- ' dJS'. ' 1:f'l-C ' Y.S'.-"1
girlhood fA~)'l- """'
The old woman recalled her girlhood with
pleasure. hf!'I.:J: f.c\~)'1- H""lo:"l OS'.II
;J- hii;J-m(l":f
girth
I. 11'1-'1-. His girth at the waist is forty inches.
fm1o- 11'1-'1- hcq h."l":f )tJJo
2. tD-'1!<:'1-. In our garden, there is a tree five
feet in girth. q'l-hA'l- tt:J-":f"l tD-11'1'
tD-'i!<:-1 M"ll'l- "'1"'1 fll') ~'i! hi\
3. :,Oo;''l-. The mule's girth broke and the
saddle fell. fO:tll-'1' :,Oo;''l- 1-0'J'{l l>c!l'
w- mF..+
gist 'i!.!. )1C
Tell me the gist of what he said! f1-o;'1<:tD-"I
'i!.!. ' )1~"1 ' "11<:'S
give (gave, given), vt.
I. flm. Please give me my book! """""'"-"I
lim'S
The government gave $10,000 to the Red Cross.
oP"I"IP''l- 11-l'f. ""11-I'A OP'C 1( iiC
(lm
This farm gives large crops. f.U l\Clf iltl-
(liJA f.fi"'A
2. h-1'<:0. Please give her my love! ll!l. M
9";1-J."I h:tCilA'S
3. "'ll. The hen gave six eggs a week. P..r:'l'
O<'IM'l- 111'.'11'1- l\"I.,.IIA "11\":f
4. oi.<:S'.(0-'1-). The judge gave him five years.
-'~"'"'" h9"11'l- 'l""'l- o!.<:S'.O'l-
give (vi.) 1-hoi.-1-
The door gave uoder hard pushing. ""111.J'tD-
O..,f.A fl.14-'l- 1-ho!.-1-
The window gives on the sea. oPIII>-1: oq;,
~ h:t"l"'l' )tJJo
give {someone one's) arm h'l-4.'l 1 A~HtJJo
He gave her his arm when they crossed the
street. """11.11."I ll.lf1~ h"IJI."I hllf~'l
glve away
I. hm"'. Do not give away my secret! 9"11tn..!.
., ' h;J-tD-"'ii'S
2. 1\(ltD- l'lm. I gave my old clothes away.
hr:"l. Ai!Mh 1\(ltJJ- (lm:\'l'tD-
give (one) away hM:l'(O'l-)
His foreign way of speaking gave him away.
M;n~ ftD-"1." h1C (ltD- oPIJ').1 hll
):J'O'l-
515 give
give back DDl\(1
Pleasegivemebackmy pen! ilb.!-1 oPIC\IIA'S
give in (vt.) hlllhO
Please give in your exam papers here! f L+'i
m<:4';J-":frJo1 l\ILU hll<:hR-
glve In (vi.)
I. l\~ flm. The rebels were forced to give in.
0""6'/''ll ll)l"'f'tD-1 l\1.11..1'1m- ' 1'1S'.JI.
2. .t.'l- flm. The principal gives in to the
students too much . .11...!-h~ 111-"'IM''Il
h""m1 Ollf. .t.'l- .ei'I"''I''I'A
3. 114'4'. He is so bullheaded, he never gives in.
0"19" do<'IO "1'1-C 111\11') flltD-1 O'i!lt-
9" ' hf.l\ :,.,..
4. (= tr.) h'l"ll-1'4'. You give in to the child
too much. A)l:1 h""m1 Ollf. :J-'I"II:t
4''1'1\U
5. 1-4'011. He gave in grudgingly. l\f1'<:""<:
- ' 1-4'01\tJJ-
(refuse to) give In hA01C hi\
Though the enemy threatened him with torture,
he refused to give in. M9" l\11>.1 mil-l-
1\Jw:l'ftD- OJIIo!.tl-tl-tD-9" ' hA01C ' hi\
give off flm
This flower gives off a strange odor. "'tJ
h.O
q f-1-1\f 'lf.)'l- 1i:J- f.fi"'A
give out (vt.)
I. OS'.II. Who is giving out the candy?
h<:"'llltJJ-1 f"''.fi'.'A "'11 ' )tD- l
2. 11111. They will not give out the names of
those killed in the crash. 0"1"1."1> 1..11. f'l"
-t:'l-1 l'll"":f 119" hf.1Ait-9"
give out (vi.)
I. hl\4'. The candy gave out during the party.
O"lil..,-tD- oPI)hA h<:"'lllaJo hl\4'
2. '1-f.l' )tJJo. The window gives out on the
garden. ""111>-t: q'l-hA-1: ll'i!t:- '1-f.l'
)tJJo
give over
I. h~m<:. She gave over all property to her
son. 1-11<:;1:1 IJolr 1\A~'I' h~m<:":f
2. ""S'.O. The municipality gave over the park
for a building. "'IH.:>lf 0.-1: foPo;'ol.lf tt
;J-tJJ-1 11.n111 oPS'.O
(be) given over to
*The day was given over to relaxing in the sun.
4').1 emf. 111- o""""-11 ' .t.<'lll#-'1-
slve rise to hllh-1-11
The raids only give rise to further retaliation.
HoP!J'l"'li 1\.11 01\of. fllh'l-1\11-
 given
(be) given to tDS'.Y.
He is much given to hunting and fishing.
hS'."J<; 'i"' ""l~oo.~:- R"'!l" Y.tI!A
*He is given to bragging. .,..&- oo"}IJ.-,. AlP/
~I ).Q)o
give up
1. A.f.oo. I am going to give up smoking.
11.11'.:- ' ..,... 11 ' '14'!1" ' ~ ....
2. 114'4'. John gave up his job. \'"m"JII r>
.:-tD-"J ' 114'4'
The enemy gave up the fortress and withdrew.
m'IT 9"11"1-"J 114' hd.~d.~
3. TID. Stick to it; don't give up now!
R~~-~- "lof.a:,. h.-,..,_..,.
4. Tllof. 'll<:m. Make a stab at an answer
before giving up! Tllof. bou'i"C:'I'U ao~.:,.
ouAII lloollmT 1 'l"hC
They gave him up for lost. h"JS'.mof. 'll.m
-~o:,.
*I give up! What is the answer? 1t:J-+~ I oo
AI\- !I""J.I:'~ID- l C A;f-S'.C"IA~ TT'IIIU l RS'./1;1- I
give {oneself) up 7t~ (tm
He gave himself up to the police. h)t"J
11?"11.11 l'lm
give way J..t;:(t
Because of the heavy truck traffic, the bridge
gave way. ofiH- hll.l:- ouh.<;l":f 1111"7.""'1
111\-RT .1:-A.I:-f. d.C:I'l
[See also numerous nouns with 'give', such as
'air, notice, satisfaction']
given (adj.)
1. fTdll'l~. You must finish the test in a
given time. d.T<;ID-") RTdll'l~ '1..11. tD-/1
'I' ' OD . . . (;/1 ' 1\llofiU
2. f<I'<:R. What can we judge from the given
facts? h<I'<:RA"J 'i't. ~~c !I""J tD-it~ 1
A"JII'I' h"J:f'III"J l
gizzard <ID?/S'.7f
He cut open the chicken and removed its giz-
zard. fP..t:ID-") 11'.1:- 4-P. ou?ff,."/ftD-"J 1\dl"'
glacial ofiC/!"7
A glacial wind blew down from the mountain.
ofiC/!"7 ~of.ll
hT,:.,:.tD-
glacial l<>ok "IA9""'1.
Her glacial look silenced him. "IA!I""''.'I' 11!1"
1\(l"ftD-
glacier ["I"'C R<:P.. 1 ftD-C.,.. tD"J11)
516 glance
glad
I. f"'L.I'/IS'.IIT. The glad news made her happy.
f"'L.I'IIS'.IITID- mt. hild.~S'..4'T
2. fS'.Il;t-. The wedding was a glad occasion.
I'IC"l- fS'./1;1- '1..11. ~RC
be glad
1. .,.,.,...,._ We are very glad about it. R~~-~-
0"1!1" 1-S'.iiT<;A
2. d..4'S'.'I' ~..,.. I'm always glad to oblige
you. A;f-11110 !I""J'I..H.!I" d..4'S'.'I' ~~
3. S'.ll 1\ll(tD-). Glad to meet you! RouT'I'dl
.4'T'J S'./1 ofiii-'I'A
[See also 'tidings1
glad den S'.ll hilT
The present will gladden her heart. lltJI;f-tD-
S'.ll .1'1'1'1';1-A
gladly RS'.Il;t-
Would you do me a favor? Gladly. h"J.I:- ~1
glamor tD-RT
The glamor of the East has always attracted
me. fll"r>.:-:,. ID-RT !I""J '1..11.!1" h"JS'.
""IC:h~ ~ ....
gl a nee (v.), - about .4'T
The speaker glanced about the room before
speaking. .,...:><ltD- boo<;~-~- ' ao~.:,. ' h<;:
1\-"J I .4'"ftD-
glance at of-DDIIb-1- I hfT hS'.C:~
He glanced at his watch. ll'i.,"J TDDIIh-1-
(hf:,. 1\S'.<:~)
glance (n.) ooAhT "7.1:-C:"I
A glance at the newspaper is sufficient for
reading the headlines. 1\Chilof- H.<;l":f 1 11"7"J
Rofl ,;JII."'ID-"J DDAhT "7.1:-C:"I I J'-R.4'A
at a glance Q1~
I could tell at a glance that something was
wrong. 1\"J.I:- "1-.1:-IIT h"JI!IItD- q')Y, om:j>u-
cast a glance q._e..).") 1 mcmc 1 l't"-~1
He cast a glance at the pretty girl. diS'. 4'') }I;'I'
A)': 'i,I'.)."J tDCdlC hS'.C:~
~d.l'l give a CUUal glance at J\f+I J\f+ I l\"-t!-1
I gave a casuai glance at the newspaper.
.:>ll."'tD-1 t..v:,. hv:,. 1\S'.<:"tll-T
give only a glance 1tf+ 1 h"-~1
I gave the girl only a glance. A"J':!t'J hfT h
S'.c:-P.:,.
gland 517 glide

throw a glance h.f I +ooAh.... i ODAh-l- glassy ou{l;J-m't- 1 f"'LoullA

hJ'.~~ He likes to look at the glassy surfaoe ofthe lake.
She threw a furtive glance at him. (1~:,. 1 h: OD{l;f-OJT I f"'tOD{llltJJo"t I fmf.-1<1' I 1K' I

e:> I Ml-tJJo I (of-ODIIb-1-l-tJJo) ouor>Ab't- 1 f.a>J!A

[See also 'covert, dart, oblique, passing, shoot,
sneak, steal']
gland 7.m.
Certain glands are in the throat. h"t.'l"t: 1 7.m.
!l'l- I b'i'C'C' I Jfle I f.~'i flo
glare (v.)
*Put on your sunglasses when the sun glares!
f8mf. I .... ~e I {LOD;f-11 I f8mf. I OD)K'ell"t I
h:e"l
glare at hLmm(O't-)
Why are you glaring at me like that? llll""t
be glassy LHH
The man's eyes were glassy. (tm-,.m- o,e.).
L!lA
glaze
I. oull;J-m't- 1 hll1Q. They finished glazing
the windows in the new house. 1\Jl.f'\- O..'f- oo
illtT I or>{l;f-OJT I hil1ilof"tJJo I <Q.~(Io
2. hil~ll>&--t 1 oPAb 1 Rm. These ovens are
used to glaze the pottery. MH.II 1 11":!1'11'
l- I lllfbl\!l'l- I hil~.,.<!--t I ODAb I llor>{lm
T I .1'111"11\fl-
1

7."tJ'.H.II I ;1-L"I'il'illlll gleam (v.)

I. hO&-. His eyes were gleaming. 'tf.'l',; 1 .1'0
glare (n.)
I. tllil&-:,.. The glare hurts my eyes. tl\il&--1<
o~- toe
2. h"tl\Q~.,.. He polished the bucket until
'tf.~"t I )'.1-J!'f'A
it gleamed. QAJ!.m-"t 1 7.llh..l'"tl\QelJ> a>ll
2. ile?"t. The glare of the searchlight bedazzled
a> IIIII-
him. fQtJJo~IJJo 1 ile?"t 1 'tf.l-"t 1 h"I'O~O~tJJo
3. "IAII"""l. His glare terrifies the secretary. gleam (n.) "11'1\"t"'I'A
"IAII"""ltJJo I 1\.I,A.'I'"t I .l'ilJ'.t"I"J;I-A A gleam of light could he seen in the distanoe.
file?"t I "1/'1\"t"'/'A I b-1-.,. I f.;J-f. I tOe
glaring (adj.)
I. f"'L.f"tl\Qe:,.. How can you work in that There was a gleam of hope in his eyes. f-I-ll
glaring light? OH.II 1 O"'L.f"tl\Qe:,. ile?"t "' "11'1\"t"'I'A 1 f.;J-f.O't- toe
7."t1.T I llor>P"&-T ' 't-l-1111111 glean ll.,.or>
2. 0"111" 1 '!'All. He made a glaring mistake Ruth met Boaz while gleaning the grain.
in his report. 06?'C-J: m-OT OIIJ?"" ~ '1-A '1-T ' 7.11A I ll't-11.,.,.. I llhll"t ' hfl-111-
II I fiT) I ll.lr-1-T ' hJ'.~~
be glaring h"I'O~O~ glee J'.ll;I-
The light is too glaring. or>il&--1> 1 0"111" .1' She expressed her glee in shouts. J'.ll;l-'l'"t
TO~ii&-A
o=1i-r 1 ~lllll-
be in1lee OJ'.ll;l- 1 .r.tJ'..,.
glass (n.) She was in glee when she learned the news.
I. oo{l;J-m't-. The pitcher is made of glass. w&.tJJo"t 1 ll't-1'1"7 OJ'.ll;l- 1 LtJ'..,.l-
"7il~ll'tJJo I bor>{l;f-OJT I )IJJo
fof"rP<!-IJJo I

I cut myself on a piece of glass. fou{l;J-m't- glee club f,....H.:I' bOil

M6 1 'l:.~m'S The glee club sings Ethiopian songs. f,....H.:I'
2. -f1C"11"4'. There is a crack in the glass. Ill- ' bOil I fh.'t-l'"k.l'"t I HL'l'l- I f.H'i!<;A
ile"'/'ol'fDo ' ll"t"l'.,. I hlltJJo
May I have a glass of water? h"t: 1 ile"l"ol' glib hoi. I fl"'fl.
tJJo;) ' h1'illll- 1 He is very glib, and can persuade anyone to do
glass (adj.) boull;l-a>'t- 1 f-1-rP<!- anything. 0"JII" I hoi. I fl"'fl. I {lii!T) I "71'"tll" I
The glass dish broke. boull;J-a>'t- 1 f-1-rP<!-ID- (liD- I "7"t'illJ-"tll" I )1e I 7."tJI.U'<!- I {L.f"IQQ I f.
/t,'h"t I of-(10~ l-IlA

glasses or>tK"e glide

My glasses fell on the floor. outK"&. 1 7.a>llll- 1 1. of-1'lf&-of-of-. The children glided on the ice.
1\f.' WJ'..,. Aj(:r; I 0~/'.IJJo ' ilf. ' of-1'lf&-of--!>
glimmer
2. h'W1""1"". The kite glided downward.
a>l\'1-'lm- _,A_,A h'tr1oo1oo
slide by C'tn
The years glide by. 1..11.m- f.C'"'A
slide In hH+H+
The plane glided in for a landing. hm-C'TII 'l-
11"7~<;: hH+H+
slide out If-All illl- aJ"'
She glided out of the room. llll'i'll- m-IlT
If-All ill\ a>"''f-
glide past C"m
The years glided past. 1..11.m- C'm
glimmer (v.) iiA"'II" iiA"'II" hi\
The candle glimmered and went out. ~DJOJ-
iiA"'II" iiA"'II" illl- m-1-
glimmer (n.) "'1/"II'I"'II"A.
The lost traveler saw a glimmer in the woods.
OO"}"JX' ~ ftn4-(Do- I OU"}"J~~ ~ fi-A,l](D- I lD-l\
'I' fooil&-'1- "'11"11'1"'1/"A :f'fm-
The doctor's report gave us only a glimmer of
hope. fmh. .... DP"II\"'i f-1-11'1- "'11"11'1"'1/"A
lim 'I
glimpse hf
He glimpsed a man running quickly to the
back of the building. ml'. J.'ll\m- :ecq ll
m- m-Ail illl- li..I'A'i' hf
slimpse at hf'l- ' hf'l- ' hl'-~1
The buyer glimpsed at the painting and left.
11cm- 1"'~11-'1 hf'l- hf'l- hf:C1 'tl'.
glimpse (n.)
*One glimpse of her was enough to make him
fall in love. 1\:j.JI'O'l- 0..1'.1''1- O<;::j.C -f-)
l'.tl.
catch a glimpse of hf+ ' hF.1
He caught a glimpse of the girl. A~:t'l hf'l-
hi'.~:>+
glisten h'!Rq~+
The streets glistened after the rain. OD"}"JP..:ri
h1f<;!l- 0:\11 h'IM~_,
glitter
I. h'lllq~+. The snow glitters in the sun.
o~P.m- homf. ilcn f-f-)"1 .I''IMC
-"'A
2. ~'-"""" His speech glittered with wit.
'1"1"1"'- ' 0aJ"I ' fi'.DP+ ' )0C
518 glorious
gloat
I. tl.)l'.+. He gloated over my misfortunes.
OD'J': ~f:A M;>moo't tl.)l'.+
2. f..,.'l''t hi\. The miser gloats over his gold.
"""' me'! f..,.fi Y.IIA
global 'tl\9" h+<;:
This incident can create a global conflict.
Y.tJ "1"'11"'1- 'tl\!1" h+<;: '!'A l\..l'llh'l-A
Y.'f-IIA
globe
I. 11-A. A globe is useful for the study of
geography. II-A 1\0DAllh 9"Y:C '1-!l"tJC
+ ' '"''"''1. ' )m-
2. """'~- The satellite circles the globe every
90 minutes. (ttJJo 'U'&-l( ,;u.,.4> OfHm'im- a
1'.4:-"' ' """""" ' +~&.11'1-
gloom
1. DP-f-1111. His gloom made everyone feel
uneasy. f()-. oo-tb1t o-1\--"}9"' a ]\"}J.;,..1f'i).
hl'.~:fm-
2. l'.il~~ iiC?'I. He could not see in the
gloom without a flashlight. 01'-il~~.,. iiCY
'I m-IlT .I'll q'J-6 11..1'1- hA!J'I\9"
gloomy
I. +4-4-. Yesterday was a very gloomy day.
'1-<;'1'1-<; 0"19" +'1-4- +'I )OC
2. Q;LI\9"1111" .I'll. The child was afraid to walk
down the gloomy corridor. A)l: Q;LI\9"11!1"
Qi\DJo I OD+#t/l~.f I OJ-{l'f' I OD'tY: I d.&-
3. -1-11'1- f"''..l'li4'.C'I'. He gave a gloomy
picture of the economic situation. ill\ lbta'rot
.,. v-~:1' -1-11'1- f"''..l'li4'.C'I' hll-1-.l'f'l- lim
look gloomy
He looks so gloomy. fh-1-m- f.DPMA
glorify (glorified)
l.h'1"1ll. He glorified the patriots in his book.
oooll'm4- m-IlT hco'l''f?t h'1"1tt'f'm-
We sing hymns to glorify God. )."IH.hilm.C'I
11"7'1"111 oP1fDOoC ).'IH!I"&-11'1
2. hll1.m. The architect glorified the building
with a gilded dome. ODt)'j.IJ.(l. ' Oa>C-"'"7 '
<llil:l' J.'ll\m-'1 hll1.mm-
glorify one's name 11'1 1 h.T~L(i\:,.)
His deeds have glorified his name. frP&.'f'm-
1"'&.~'1- ,.... h-1-~4-11'1-
glorious
I. .l'lfn~+. The wedding was a glorious
event. liC"Jo .fifO~+ )OC
glory
2. :N\'1-. They achieved a glorious victory
over their enemies. Me"" Omll.f-;J':fw- II
" :1"11'1- .t:l>. #-'1)1:
3. f"''...'ll-&.. Ethiopia's heritage is a glorious
one. fh.'l-f"t.Y '1-Cil f"''...'ll-&. ~w-
glory
I. h11C. There is no glory in being a thief.
011.-tu't- h11C 1\f-1~?"
Edison's inventions brought him glory. f/\.-'1.{1
't 'i'Ail4-l":f h11C I\_,.G4-II't-
2. :1"11'1- h11C. Greece was in her glory many
centuries ago. h111f< Hoo'i"'t- 0.1.'1- "M
h 0:1"11'1- h11C IIY. )Ot;:f
3. :1"11'1-)'f-. The glory of heaven surpasses
description. f(l"'!f.'t :1"11'1-)'f- 1\oP"'I\ll'
:J-1>. 1\f-1~11'1-?"
4. ?"ll;J'i". Glory he to God! lll\"'ILI\11.h.C ?"
ll;J'i" f.Y:t;(la>-
5. ooh-&Y. The obelisks in Aksum are the
glory of Ethiopia. fl\h""?" .ha>-1>.-f-:f f
h.'t-f"t.Y 00 11-&Y 'i":fw-
6. w-n't-. The glory of the sunset filled his
heart with a feeling of awe. fB.hf. '1'1>.<1''1-
w-n't- Awt qY:'i".f.'t- 'l"llw-
gloss (v.), - over ifo(..f.)
He tried to gloss over his mistakes. ll.h.,..f-'li't
1\oPifo(..f.'t 'l"ht;
gloss (n.) a>lf
After a car has been left in the rain, it loses its
gloss. ooh.<; ll'i"?" a>-11'1' ll..f.Y. Wlf<
't ' Y"'l>.
glossary (glossaries) 1\"ll'C ""1110 :1"11'1-
Some schoolbooks have glossaries at the end.
1\'t-'l'tY: foo"'!&Y oPI\.h'i''t- nil_,..,....,.:
'/f:fw- 1\"'l'C oPlf10 :1"11'1- 1\ll:fw-
glossy AIIAII'i" 1\'tM&-4:
This paper is glossy. Y.u wt;-1''1- 1>.111>.11
'i" ' 1\'tM&-4: ' )a>-
glove fl\~ Jr.&.-o 1 'i't-1:
I lost a glove yesterday. '1-ll't'l- fl\~ Jr.&.
11 ('i't-1:) m4.11~
pair of gloves 'i'tt l fl\~ 11'-&.11
I bought a pair of gloves yesterday. '1-ll't'l-'i"
'i't-1: (fl\~ 11'-&.11) 1~.,.
[See also 'hand']
glow (v.)
I. 1\0&.. The hot metal glows in the dark. f?
1\a>- 11.:'1- 0""11"'1 a>-11'1' YR&-1>.
519 glutton
2 . .1.1: 1\R&.. She glowed with pride when
she showed us the prize. 11A"'I1z't ll:l"laf't
1.;1; Rh-&.'1- YO&. )OC
3. f.?".f. :'"f. Embers glowed after the fire
died. l\4'1- hm4. 0:\1\ .,...,. f.?".f.
:l"f
glow (n.) 11CY't
I can see the glow of a candle in the window.
noo111>1z f'lf"'! ' 11cn Y.:t-f>IA
red glow fY.'? a ootp(lA
The red glow at sunset is very beautiful.
Bmf. 11'1-mA'I- f(l"'!\< 1.?" oP?"IIA
R"'?" Y?" &.1>.
warm glow ,...,.:,.
He drank the arrack and felt a warm glow
inside him. hl.-1:~ tn'P+ {ltJJo\'., ID"lt
'I' .........:,. .,.(l.,w-
glowing
I. 11'1-U. This rainbow has glowing colors.
Y.U <I'll.,. f.oP'i" 11'1-U <1'11"'1'1- 1\11-'t-
2. II"''. 'I- f-1''1"110'1-. He described his plan
in glowing terms. l\:,0.11.'t 11"'1.'1- 01-'l"llq
:fw- :1"11'1- 11\ll
glue (v.)
1. 1\"10<1'. The cup broke and I had to glue it.
fl.ta>- 11111-llRG "'1"10:,0 )flt;11~
2. "'1"10-I:Y l\f.G1R't-. Glue the flap of the
envelope! Y'tlll>.h-'t h-'l't "'1"10-I:Y 1\
Y:C"'R't-
3. OOUo"" 1\"10<1'. He carefully glued each
page. l\Y't-'l't.ll.'t 111' R'l"t:J-4: OOUo""
1\"10<1'
4. 1-hll. He glued his eyes to the windows.
'if.'l''li't oo111>1: IIY. _,.hi\
glue oneself to '1'1l:t ftA
The child glues himself to his father's side.
1>.)1: /\ ....... IIY. '1'11.,. f-IlA
glue(n.)-
Glue is one of many adhesives. CJDooAi r h-fltf-
"'I"'R4:Y 'iS'-).f-:f 1\'t.ll. ~w-
glum, look - "'"'"' 1\1\(w-)
He looks glum. He must have failed the exam.
'1-'i''i' 1111-:1"1>. I R.C..,.'i" "Y.a>Y:'I- 1\S'-<i'C?"
glutton 11"-'1?"
Don't he such a glutton! l\'tf.ILU II"'I?"
1\'l-o-'t
gluttony
gluttony II'JI?"H
His gluttony is responsible for his obesity.
Pe""l?" fll'~w- hii'JI?"~-1: f-1"~"1 ~w-
gnari~J'.1
Wood with gnarls is hard to cut. ~J'.1 J.'flw-1'
1)1....'1- {IOD.,...:'1' ' h/l'f;J& ' ~ID"
gnash hof...,
He gnashed his teeth. '!'el\-1
gnat '1-1'f
Gnats like to rest on dirty places. '1-1'f <l'lf
lf (l;J- ~,.. "7:'1' '1-a>Jifl:f-
gnaw
1. '!&<:"!moo. The dog gnawed at the bone.
tD-'fi'lD" I }\'f"-,.-fl1' I tf&t:.IIJffioP(I)o
2. h~M. The lie gnawed his conscience.
f1"'01<:w- w-lf-1- ~fl.<;w-1 MMw-
gnaw a hole flellC' .,.JIJI ' hO)':
The rat gnawed a hole through the wall.
hJ'.f!l. O"I.I:""IJiw- ID-11'1' llell&- .,.JIJI
hn)'::f
go (went)
1. "/.!.. How long has he been gone? h"/.1.
?"1 .I'UA 1.11. ll'~w- ?
Let's go for a walk ! hilt Oh"l&-:f-1 'lie
'lie hTi..<:-
The bus has already gone. h.,..,.ll-1\- Y.Jl,.A
2. 1"~"1. The train goes at five. qn-~ OaF
&- h1.!:" 11~'1- J'.~"'A
3. .(.~{I. The wire goes to the basement.
'iiPw- h?".<:-e 0.'1- J'.f.ef(A
4. 1"11&-...,, The flu went through the whole
school. h.1'i'll-'fl1q n-1-rue'l- n.-1- u-11-
-l"fl&-""'
5. )':oo<:. Go when you hear the bell! f.a>A
ll'l-fl"7 )':?"e
6. hi\L. Winter has gone and spring is here.
h<:?"'l- hAl:: Kf.J'. 1"-i"II
7. ~-'1. Go slow, or you'll damage your car.
.,.II 11/IU 1Jil hllfl..l' ooh.'OU1 ;J-O~lf/IU
Do not go beyond the speed limit!
"'"'~"" n~J'. h'l-111
8. h/1.,.. Everything is gone. rr/1-?" ~1e hA
!II A
My money goes for food and rent. 1'lflfl. f07.
J.'A.,.w- n?""l11'0 nn.-1- h.&-J'. ~w-
9. h'Pll. +All his spare money goes for books.
'1-e'i' 11Hil-1 rr/1- /IODI\on'i''l- J.'ID-~A
10. "J."J.. The snow is all gone. 0<:1'-w- noo-
11- ' "J.?";tA
520 go
11. .,..:n. He went before the judge to explain
his part in the accident. he<\- llfl hf.:>w- nn
tt-11- , J.'/lw-1 ll"""lllll" Jl'fw- "'"" .,..:n
12. 'Ill. I do not want to go into details on
this matter. OflU .,...;,r. 1\.e liCliC m+~
ID-11'1' OD"!q'J- hAlf?"
Let's go into the house! mf. 0.'1- h1"1q
Go to the devil! 1f.A .,q
h"-""' 13. 1""7:. He goes to the University of
California. l)fi.E::eU' l'~liell.t ID-11'1'
J'."7&-A
14. 1"""&-. Do not go by what he says! hi\-
q11u h'l-ou&-
15. -l"h-l"fl. I must go by what my lawyer says.
m0.4'1'- f"''.fiiD-1' ouh-f"A hll11'f
16. mflf.. This road goes to Addis Ababa.
y.u , ""'11J!' m1. hJI.II haq Y.mlliiA
17. 0,.,.1\- ~ TOJ1K Corrupt practices must go
if the situation is to improve. v-~;:1-m- ' "-1-'L
lflf A h-i"ol.fl1 11All'- T"lqC':f 0.,..11-
ODUJ"lJ!: J }11'\t):fdJo
18. w&.. This clock won't go anymore.
(1~.., hh1"1JI.U a>JI,J.' hJ'.u>&-?"
19. ol.<:fl. This wall is so weak, it may go at
any moment. ~IJ 1 ""IX"""IP. = AlA = haolf). ; r+~
"' ?"1 1.1~?" 11.o1.e11 ' J'.:f~A
20. ~boo. His eyesight is beginning to go.
f~J'.l- 11en oo..:-hr ;er~A
21. -i"II"/.1.. That's the way things go around
here. hH.U "71'fw-?" ~1e f"''.IIY.f.w-
h1f.H.U ~ID-
How did the game go? ""''l';t-w- h1.<'.'1-
-f"l)~f. 1
22. -l"oi.K"". The meeting went without a hitch.
1111(lqw- J.'~'!JI:f :f"le -I".U.D"
23. ~w-. The song goes like this. HLl- h1JI.
IJ I ~(1)-
24. 1'1. A dollar does not go as far as it used
to. h'!.!:" 11e' f.I:"C'ID-1 J.'UA hJ'.1q?"
25. ( ~ tr.) M1'. +The first prize went to
Hailu. J.''lf.'f~-1:1 'iiA"7'1- "lJ'./1- M1'
h-f"a>(l~w- 26. 1"1'01'. After their quarrel, he did not
go with Mary anymore. h+lllll- = m.tLIJ h'"L
& .;~e hJ'.1'01'-?"
27. m<f.. The memory of the event was gone
from his consciousness. )-1~ r hd.ltll- m
'i':I;'A
*This book goes on the top shelf. ~~~ oPTim
'i' ' (l;J-ID" ~J'.'fw- oof.ef.~J.' ~J'. ' ~ID"
*He goes by the name of John. {IOJ)oo f-dl1ll r
~w-
go 521 go

go about w&- 2. -1--!-<;hoi\. The dog went at the mailman.

Go about your business, and leave me alone! OJ-lfiiJo I ?"11;1- I h-~~l.1 < T-fo<;hoi\IIJo
1.k1 I 1"111-<; I .f"tl-1)1 I .f"tl- 3. (IJ.t.(fl'l-). They went at the food like hungry
*You are not going about it in the right way. wolves. 1.'1".,11- 1 ~f. 1.11.6-0111- 1 -l-It~
}\1#6-Cll I R'l-hhil'i' I DD11J.': I hf.f.i\'1" iiL-1-0'1-
*How do you go about joining this associa- *You are not going at it right. h111W +h
tion? f"7"f0<1- I hqA I j\01111") I '/"1 I "7).':(. h&\ I hJ'.f.i\'/"
., I Y11LA;JA l go at each other TJ?.tl.Y..O
*If you want a job you have to know how to They went at each other furiously. O'"ff.A 1 .,.
go about it in the right way. 1"6- 1 11'1-LA., f_qf.n-
"71:1.., ' YM1111 I ~1C ' 0'1-hhA ' "71D!i- '
go away
hMlll
I. 'tf.. When did he go away? ao'f 1 ~m- f't
go after 1-IJ:I--1-11
f.OJ- l
He is going after that pretty girl. Y";f-1 1 .,.1 }1:
2. TiD. I wish this pain would go away.
A)i"1t.J.': I f.h;J-1-~A
f.ll ih""'l" 01-m't
go against .,.:J>l:.)
That goes against my principles. f.lJ 1 ~9")-t- go back 1-aoi\{1
1 I f,:J'(.<;A She went back into the house. m.e.. o.:r- +oo
All I 1q";fo
go ahead
1. }!oot::. May I start now? Yes, go ahead.
*Their quarrel goes back to a dispute over land.
fmq'f"'" 1 ou~lf fDD.l.'l- hChC ~"'"
hll-1 ' A"F..'I"C l hl"1 I "F..'I"C
2. 4'1."". You go ahead. I will follow later. *His memory does not go back that far. 1.11h
!i-f.'/" j 0:\~ I 1.h-fo~i\ll- ILII ' 'l-11 hf,i\111-'1"
3. 119'" 11A- +mil. He went ahead unmindful go back on Om~

of the results. f"''.Y11h'l-illll-1 1 ~1C llY11-f-t- He went back on his promise. _.,.i\-"} omL
A 11'1" illl- 1 -tmil go behind 0 -!-hili\
4. 1<1.. Go ahead with this work! 011.11 I" The sun went behind the clouds and the air
.:. '.,<1.0'1- grew cold. O.hf.'l' Of.ao<; 11'1-hi\A 1 hf-1-
lo along with 4'114-H
1. 1..1L. We are going along with his decision. go behind one's back 0.,.."} "tJ?.
fo\-1 ' 111-llk ' 1.11..,<1.1\1 After I refused, he went behind my back and
2. 'tf.. I'll go along with you. '11-1- ;JC 1. got permission. 1.t 1.'1"0. ltAh-'t 0:\~ fl
't'li\11- 1-1 ''tl'- I L:l'J.':. -1-4'011
3. Mll!''l- 'tf.. He will go along with you as
go beyond
far as the church. IL-l- hc11tY). J.':t.11
*You have gone beyond your instructions.
hill!'ll I Y,'t'IA
frP&-"JitD- I b.,.flffitJ ~ ODIJP6f I ~ I ~OJ-
go around
I. ~I!' 'tS'.. The bridge between Addis Ababa go by
and Harar is demolished, so we had to go I. hilL. Time went by slowly. "l.lt.ID- 1 4'11
around by way of Bale. Oh-'1.11 1 hoqo; O.h 04'11 hilL
(.C ' DDithA ' f~O(.III- I J.':AJ.':f, ' 111\J.(.{I ' 2. houllm(lll-). +I would not let that opportu-
oq/1. I 011-A ' ~(.1 ' ao'tJ.': ' ~Rt.il1 nity go by, if I were you. hk h1-l-1 1 1111'
2. -1-'lt.il. There is not enough food to go 1 1 y bJ.':A 1.1-'I.YDD&I.m't h~f.C.,'I"
around. i\11-11-'1" f"''.'lt.11 '1".,-R fll'l" ~or:

go as far as to say ltOhcPtf\T J ~l:,(l. go down

I will go as far as to say he deserves more
money. 1.t 1.1-'I.YIII-'1" fOAm 1 ?'l'Hil 1
Y,1q'f'A ' 1.11h"7il'l- I 1.f.Cflilll-
go at "F..DDt.
He went at his work with a will.
-11- Ail "F..""l.
1. tD~f.. Prices for grain have gone down.
f1.11A 'I':> IDC!;..&I.
He went down the hill on a mule. RR!i-11- 1 "'
A"'i\1:111Dt.f.
J-V&-m-1 0 2. m.e.. ;;t.';f mt.f... The elevator is going
down. hf11(1<~o 1 mf. ;J-".f 1 Mmt.f. ~m-
go
3. I>H4'H4'. The sun went down. )';'10.?::
I>H4'H4'":f
4. 11:,. 1>11. Infant mortality has been
going down. f"''.'l"., .nyo;:,.. 4!'1'C 11:,. 7.
Yll ~.!;.A
5. -1-'l'm. Some foods go down more easily
than others. 1>'1'1'1.<:- 1"'.,11 h/1.11 1"'.,11
f.&\:,0 04'~11- f.'I'"'A
6. 1-~ll. The water has gone down, so we can
cross now. (l)o~aJo lii\.,..Y..l\ r Ji.rJo'l A1'if
1C 7.'1-::f~ll'l
7. nou- -f-DDH1fl J ..,.DDH10. Emperor Haile
Sellassie will go down in history as a great
statesman. 4''1"'1'1! ..,,_11 1"~11. 1 7.'1'1'1
.(- 0 ;J-~:,0 0 OD6 ' il"'/'ffD< 0 0;1-&h
f.ODH1qA
His execrable wickedness has gone down in
history. I>I'I:J>-tw- hof.., 0;1-&h ID-/1'1'
-f-OD1f.,!J.A
8. 1>-t--t-. This history of Ethiopia only goes
down to 1936. f.tJ fl>.'l-f"lrY ;1-&h
h!llfl\':5 't.l"'. )';I"'C' I YIIID-'1 I 11ll' I Y'I-;1-A
*The army went down fighting. m;I-S'.C''Il 1 O.if
Hl"' I OD'f':> ;J-'I'w-'1 I 1>~!1.' <:m-1"'
go faster Lm'l hi\
Can't you go any faster in your work? hrt.O #
fOIIm 1 .l.m'l 1 111\tJ 1 1\0DF&-'1- 1>'1-":fAI"' ?
go (for)
I. ~S'.o; 1 m&-. Shall I go for a doctor? A'f..t:-
o; I .foh.l"' I &\'J'&- ?
2. -t-oollh-1-. What I said about him goes for
you. /IIIII- 1 f-t-o;1ch-'l- 1/>'1-t-'11"' 1 f.oollh;I-A
3. S'.14.. He did not go for my idea at all.
I> filL'I I O'i'l\.1"' I I>AA14.fD<I"'
4. WS'.S'.. It simply isn't the kind of life you
would go for. 1>'1-1- 1 fl"''l-mS'.m- 'tf.~'l-
).C' I I>Y.S'.III"'
go for nothing ODCi +,l
All his work went for nothing. P'6-0J-
ODCi I 4'l_
go forward T14-
The work is not going forward very well. P
6-fDo I 7.~.,1"' I />&\-f-1of.l"'
go In
1. 111. I didn't go in because it was late. H""l
U iiii~OC A1q 1>&\4.1\.,u-1"'
2. -t-lf<:h. Would you like to go in with me on
that deal? O'!.,JI. I h~ ' ;>C ' 1\0Dlfl:h I T
4.&\:>1\IJ l
522 go
go in for
*Do you go in for sports? 7.1l?'C'I- 1 '1-"'im;l-
lltJ l
go (Into) mA,f. ,q
We need go no further into the matter. mY..
~,~ 1 Y.OA'J' m&\4''11 ou.,q:,.. 1 I>Yil.l.&\1'11"'
*My clothes won't go into such a small
suitcase. &\11(\'fi'l 1 7.'1S'.II.IJ 1 Yll '1-'111 1
lf'I"J I />J'.":f~'fiD-1"'
*He went into the clothing business. A11ll
~;>Jl. I If~
*Three goes into nine three times. Htn~ i\Y"
/1'1- ' ll.lt.I.A I >"il'l- ' '1.11. I f.S'.CftA
go off
0 fD<il'l' 0
I. mof.. These goods have gone off the market.
MII.IJ 1 if4'tn:f. 1 h10Y 1 m'i'-1-'I'A
2. ~Ol. How did the performance go off?
-t:Y'I-~ 1 7.'1Jl.'l- 1 ~oc 1
3. Q<:4'. Be careful! The gon might go off.
mO'!lfm- 1 7.'1-'!Y.qc:,. -t-m'!4':,0
4. 4.~'1. The bomb was timed to go off at
nine. (19""(}- 1 f+tnOD~(Do OY"il+ 1 (l.q.+ 1
7.'1-'1.4.~'1 -t-Y.c1 1 ~oc
[See also 'air, fail']
go off with
l. ~fl 1 ~~. He has gone off with my razor.
7.CII- ' 1"'~-'1 I ,.,. I ~.!;.A
2. J'.I'O'I- 1 toOI\11. Someone has gone off with
his wife. 1>'1.<:- I nm- I "'1./1.,'11 f.I'O'I- I toOI\11
go on
I. 4'mll. If you go on like this, you will be
expelled. 07.'1-'l.IJ 'tf.~'l- 1 f4'mAh 1 7.'1S'.II'
~ ' :,..q.:&-1111
Go on until you get to page three! '/1-t-'i'm- 1
1lt I ~f. I 7.ilh'I-J'.C/I ' 4''1'&\
2. II'~. Don't go on like that! 7.'1S'.II.tJ 1/>'1-u-'1
He is going on twenty. VI q.oo+ 1 l\.ll")
iD" I ~d)o
3. ~S'.. Go on until you get to the post office
~tr and then turn left! 7./lh 1?'/1;1- IL., 1 .t:-<:/1 1
~J'.IJ I hfl..l' I OJJ'. I .,&- I ;f-mt;:
4. 0&.. The lights are going on. ou11&.., 1 oou
116-T I ~J'. I ~Q)o
5. 14-. As the months went on, his illness got
worse. 'UJ,m- 1 M14- 1 fl.~.<:- 1 011 ;1-m- 1 M
llo;O'I- I ~S'.
6. -!-S'.<:1. He took no note of what was going
On. J'.!f.l:., I f~Ol:fDo'l I IJ-1\- I &\11 I />~1\1"'
7. -1-lt~S'.. The debate went on for hours. he
h"- 0 1\11,. I (l't'l- I -f-I)~J'.
*What is going on here? ~10:. 1 rtJ!-1 )m- ?
go
go oniTdJo!
Go on, you're kidding me! -~""'" 1-Qhll I '1-
+AJ:-fl'i'IUJ
go on and off ofiA~ J!:c-19" hit
The lights keep going on and off. ""il<l-.,.,;
)'.~11-
iiA"l" F:C"IV"
go on and on llf+mll ~."..
The meeting went on and on, but nothing was
decided. hiJ(lq,. 1-foi'mll 'tY. 1 "l't V"'t
V" )1C hA-t-mMV"
go out
1. m"l. Tesfaye went out of the office angry.
-1-h<f..\lo ' hR.C"fDo ' fDoh'l' ' -J-<;P. ' m"l
2. miiJ hi\. Let's go out and visit some friends!
7oh1: m"l -111\'t m'I,-;;Fl-'t't 1-'tmf.:t
3. m<f... Suddenly the lights went out. ""il<l-
., flF:'t1'1- m<f..
4. hl\4'. The fashion for short skirts is going
out. .f"l"C oi'"''.h m<:'l- 1>11\ot ao'f.
... ')fDo
*The workers went out on strike for higher
wages. Y.'l"~'l'fDo 1-'t'I.""""C fl""mf:t
P'&--1-'l':r; ' P'&- ' h....
go out of existence +,c;,
Slavery has gone out of existence. qc~+ .,.
C:I;A
go out to one
My heart went out to him. hH't IN\+
go out with ;JflH
He went out with her only once. lt')S; : '1.11.
iii!' :>M'I-
go over
1. t1.. I am going over to his house for an
hour. ~'tF: h'\'1- .filA mY.(Io 11.'1- 1-'t
'11\fJ-
2. -1-""1\h(fl'l-). Let's go over the details once
more! 11C'H""'t h'tS'. 1-'t""llhfl'l-
3. -~A{o hf. I have gone over all the figures
but I cannot find the mistakes. F:v-c-:r;'t ""
~All: Qj'.V" h<h-1-.,'t 1\.,"l'f'l- hA
il'AhV"
4. fl,l,. He has gone over to the other team.
1-C(Io mY. 1\.~111' 11-F:'t Jfll=A
5. 1Q. He has gone over to the enemy, and
is now broadcasting against us. llm"+ 'J1l.Y.
M''t fl""-"'mV" fl&-'1.1" J'.<;1&-A
go (one's} own way
*He went his own way, as usual. l.'lS'...,..ltoo1.
,. ' 1\&-{lo ' f-(11\fDo't ' -1-h.,.l\
523 go
go (through)
I. ""l:""l:. Let's go through the arguments
again! hCh""'t 7o'tY.1<; ' lo'tODCV"l:fDo
2. fl'l"~ -i"""llh-1-. We must go through the
accounts. th.lUJ-~ r fl'l"i\. oPoPAbT hi\
il't
3. fl<:fl<:. His wife went through his pockets
looking for money. OIJ..ilrf: 1"JH1l 1\oP~fl
., !J.(lo't n.:n.::r-
4. ""l:h. How long will it take to go through
the whole program? "YC"""J&.~ floP-& 1\
""<Q.l:h V"'t .filA '1.11. J'.I.'JiA ?
Did you go through college? fl>llo~ '1-V"tJC
'1- <Q.C(l?A ?
5. 1<f..(fl'l-). He is determined to go through
with his plan. fl.h<'tflo II.~<f..fl'l- .,.CI\l.A
6. -t-<'t-1-.t.. He went through the whole cere-
mony without interruption. fiP"C'\1: "f.
111.,*<:'1' -1-<'t-1-L
7. l\!'.4'. The bill did not go through. f <h'l- '
<:4!:,0 ' hAl\!'.4'V"
8. -J-oj>Qj'. h1'f. His plan of improving educa-
tion will never go through. '1-V"IIC'I-'t II.,
lflfA .fl\fDo 1-:t!'.' fl'i!l\.V" .,_oi'QJ'. hf
1'SV"
9. 'J'{o 't!'.. He went through the signal.
f'l-&-d.h-'t V"Ah'l- 'J'{o 'tY.
*Do you think my application will go through?
.,.,..Ahil'\1-'t f"''.oi'flll-'1- J'.""hA?A ?
go through a lot 11ft oPht- h.r
The poor woman has gone through a lot.
V"hll.:;; ' ll.'l-1" ' -1111' ' ""hoi- ' hf.:t-1\:f-
go through with
You must go through with the course since
you have started it. '1-V"tJC.,'t h'tS'. 'f..V"<:
?A<; h"lll- ' "''F:<:h hll-1111
go to
I. 1Q. Where did all the money go to?
1'tHII- IJ-11- f'l- 1Q ?
2. !'.<:h(fl'l-). He went to a lot of trouble to
get you a job. ~'t-1- P'&- fl""LI\"1 ' il
"' :f-Ie Y.<:hfl'l-
3. mi'IF.. Where does this door go to?
J'.ll nc mF.'I- J'.mh'IA 1
*To whom did the property go when the old
man died? '11.,"11\.fDo 11.'1"'1- 11-ll.,'t "'''t
tJJ<:(l ?
go to and fro mF.~i\."i m"-d.T hi\
A rocking chair goes to and fro. f"''.'PAA
mv-nc mY.:\~c; mY.d.'l- ' J'.~A
go
go to pieces
I. l\'th'l-h'l- All. The car went to pieces when
it struck the wall. h"l..:-1-'lm- :>C 11-r--"""'
1..11. oull...-m- l\'th'l-h'l- All
2. AM"I!"m- -r-..-mm. When he learned of his
child's death, he went to pieces. l\CI\- fA)!:
't '1"'1- fill., 1..11. Al\9"1!"tJJo -r-..-mm
go together
1. +it"''"''. Your tie and your suit don't go
together. h&-'i'l-11..- A111ltJ AM1.,,..9"
2. -r-m-'1)!. They have gone together for two
years. 1111-11'1- -tou'l- -r-m'l;c!'T'I'A
go under
1. ,.~,. m-11'1" mA+. His head went under,
and he was never seen again. m-;)m- 1 lD"il
'1" I lt"}~ I mA+ I '+t.
2. llm"". The ship went under, and all aboard
were drowned. oPCh!l. ll'l-ll'l'9" fltJJollf!l. ,
f)fl<l-'1- 11-tr llm,..
3. hf'll:':. Business was so bad the firm went
under. 't"IJ.': 11"19" 1111-r--'lh"" 1!-q').1'
"'"'hilt:
He goes under an assumed name. fll\.1\ 1 ll
OJw nr ~m~IA
go up
I. mf.. 'If. m"l. Did you see him go up?
mr.. 'If. (Lm"l Af1im- l
2. 'I';>m- ""'""t:. Everything went up except
butter. h:,.n. ' fi.,.C 1Jolr9" )1C 'I':>
I& I Q',LOP{.
3. fllf. The patient's temperature went up and
he became delirious. 1111-r-.,.m- '1-h-o't-1> II
llfl~ .I':J''>I"'I'A
4. +w&. New buildings are going up every-
where. All.ll .b'tlll"":f fl.l'llfl'l- floPw&-
'1- ' "-"' ' ""'"'"
go (with)
I. -r-11.,.,. This tie does not go with the suit.
f.tJ h&-'i'l- hA111\- :>C ' Af-11.,.,9"
2. A111!" -r-ifm. Five acres of land go with the
house. A9"1l'l- :>~ ""tl.'l- hfl.-1> :>C A
111!" f.if"'A
as far as it goes ltilltflo"}
What he says is true, as far as it goes. ltl'l:lJIJo"t
,.,. ..1t:IJJo ' l\m-)'1- ' )IJJo
as far as that goes RHJ' l!.1X"
As far as that goes, he is right. 1111..1' t:1J.':
1.1\- '1-hhA )m-
as It goes along llY'-C
It may be hard at first, but it gets easier as it
524 goad
goes along. floP)!oP6J' f'"l..l'll:f"IC lllr't
9" l\J'f..C f..,.'IA
(it) is going on oo(f). ~tiJo
It is going on five and we have to leave at six.
0~&- I J\'}.f: I {tJt-1- I oPtr). I ~d)- ! }..~ J
flOP'&- 11-11'1- oP'/.J.': All11't
*How old is the child? He is four, going on five.
A)t ll't'l- 't""-1> )IJJo l A&--r-... 't""-l>'t
A9"11T ...m-'t f.!I.A
Q;l,{;{l
it goes without saying lt,tJDo'} ~BJo
It goes without saying that they will fight on.
oP'I';J;J-:fm-') ' l\'tf..'"l.4''1'1r ' l\,.., ' )IJJo
let go
I. 11.,..,., He let go the branch and fell.
f~f.'t :,.C't"'i'i' II.,..,.., mf...,.
After questioning him, the police let him go.
?"(LI\- hoot:ool fl:\'1 II"'"'"'"
I won't let you go too soon . .Y.~ All:,-119"
2. All.,fl-r-. He had to let his maid go because
he lost his job. IIP'&-m- 1111-r-ll..-n-r- 1t:'l.
') .,ll.. fl-'1- ' "IJ.': ' l)')fl'l-
3. y.:,.c;t- All.t.. This time, we will let you go.
'I!Jo). y.:,.c;t- 1...-A'i'YII1
4. ifm. I cannot let this suit go for less than
30 dollars. f.tJ't ,..tr A111l hw'lo't 11
C fi;J-":f AAif'l'9"
let it go hilL
I should punish you for this, but I will let it go
just this once. 1111..11 A.,."'IJ f.1q't )fl
C "l't .1'11-).'t AAJ..YIIrJo
let oneself go ~1i: 'tlttJDo'} 1 +m
Lately, she has let herself go terribly. h:,.c11
1..11. mll.tJ )1t: 'tll,..'t '1--r-'l'll":f
[See also various nouns with "go", such as
'bad, wrong']
go (n.), be on the -
I. w&-. He is on the go day and night. 11.'1
.,..,.') f.w&-A
2. ?-1: '1-Y: 1 hit. She is on the go from morn-
ing till night. hf!l.'l- l\llh ..,;J- -..J.': 1
J.':. '1-'lll":f
make a go of hllof-.4-
He made a go of his business. 't"l-'1.'t All<l-4-
goad (v.) 14-4-
Hunger goaded him to steal a loaf of bread.
t:""HI 'Ill l\')JI.{IC:,. 1'1-4-m-
goad (n.) H't"l
The goad is sharp. H'}.,.. 1 if.A 1 ~t&
goal
goal
I. 'ill.,. Matrimony is the goal of many
young women. f1111" IA'/f1<'.1'-':fo 'ill., ?
11!1' )fllo
2. "111. Our team made three goals in the first
half. 11-~':fo'J 0""l!:""&J'fllo "1.,11 ""'
'1':1' '11'1- "111 MQ
The plan failed to reach its goal. l\:t.ll. l\"111
<'l,I'.J'.CII -J>t:
His goal was Paris. 1\.'U: .1'-I>J'.fllo ;r.:
II )0C
goalkeeper "111 mQ4:
The goalkeeper kicked the ball. "111 mQ4:
fDo \>,!).') 11?'1-
goat 'i!f/A
My goat has a kid. 'i!fl\. h'JJ:" "'A1A h
Il-l-
goatherd l\t:>;'
The goatherd watches over the goats. l\t:>;'
fDo 'i!fll-':fo') .l"''ll/A
gobble '1''1' '1''1' hF.t:1
He gobbled his food. !1""111-') 'I'T '1''1' h
J'.t:11Jlo
go-between
I. hll:'-6-4:. He served as a go-between, but
was unable to reconcile the two parties.
l\')J'. hll:"&-4: ll''l" ll.J'11\"'A?" 11-1\1<')
ID1'f':fo ' 1\.,li:J-t;:,O ' h/Jo.!J'I\?"
2. h.,"'/', The parents sent an old man to
act as go-between in arranging an appointment.
m'l)l:':fo -J>mC'aJo'J 1\oom(l') h'JJ:" 1i
.,..,~~. h.,"'/' 'I"'
goblet MB
I drink beer in a goblet. m'l 0'1'')"'1. l\m
"11111-
god
I. h?"'lh (pl. h.,Ah'l-). In ancient times
people worshipped many gods. OT'J'I- H00
') ' (ll"':fo I 1111- h.,Ah.'J- o J'OD/Jo.ho o )
oc
He swore by the God of Israel. Ol\11&-lA
h9"'1h .,II
2.l\"'H.h11m.C. God is the creator of the world.
l\"'H.h11m.C f'll\9" L"'& )fllo
[See also 'forbid']
godchild fhCII.'J-'i' A'/5
I bought a shirt for my godchild. 1\hCII.'J-'i' A
:( 1f"'l.11 ,.,.,.
525 golden
goddess l\'JII'I- "'P'I-
The goddess of fertility was worshipped in
ancient times. O'I''J'I- 1.11. fA?"'I"' l\')
11'1- "'P'I- .'J-oPI\h ) OC
godfather fhCII.'J-'i' hQ.'J-
He has no godfather. fhCII'I-'i' hQ.'J- fll
fllo?"
godly fl\"1H.h11m.c
He is a godly man. l\(1. fl\"1H.h11m.c (lfllo
)fllo
god mother fhCII'I-'i' l\'i'.'J-
Her godmother died recently. fhCII'I-'i' l\
'i':1: o:tc11 1.11. .,..,.':fo
going
I. '1"'1-. His going was sudden. .,..,. J:"'J1T
>;' )OC
2. oo'f.J:". The going is hard on a muddy road.
IJ"'/':J> o OD')1J:" 0 OD'[.J:"' hil'f;;J& 0 )fllo
(he is) going to A + imperfect + )fllo
I'm going to bake a cake. h.h A?"'C )fllo
get going
*He tried hard to get the conversation going.
......,.fllo l\')ll.'l":t "'t:
keep (one) going h..,.f
This will keep you going until next payday.
,1'.11 ' l\llh"'l.'i>TI\fllo ' J'.'l"11 ' J:"t:ll .1'/f,I'.?A
goings-on J:"C'I..'I-
There were all kinds of goings-on at his party.
0(1. "11l'Jf '1,1'. Af. Af. J:"C'I..,_':fo J'.L
II.,.. )0C
goiter l\"J:tc.'J-
Since she has a goiter, her Jovely face is
ruined. l\"J:tc.'J- 111\m"'':fo t.IIF.'i'4: oofA
\>. T0111f
gold (n.) mc:t
Is that real gold? l\<JJo)T>;' mc:t )fllo l\(1. !
gold (adj.) rmc:t
I bought my wife a gold watch. 1\QI\0.1: fiD
c:t l'l'l'l- 111o-'l+
golden
1. fmc:t. She gave her golden dishes as a
wedding gift. 1\{IC~ rmc:t <'lih'l"T hO
t:hT':f-11'1-
2. hmc:t fToP&o. She wore a golden chain
around her neck. hmc:t fToP&o .h111A h
'I'A:I' )OC
goldsmith
3. roc:J-.,. She embellished her dress with a
golden belt. "'"'Lit1' roc:J-., 011'~ "'"""
All1.m:f,.
4. '!'~. Going abroad will give you a golden
opportunity to learn English well. mF.. tD--"ll"
Me oo'f.J/: 7.1'"111.11"' 0.<'.1'11 fl"""'
C ~ 1>.""1"'1. f.IY1'1A'IIA
golden color mc.7f>OI/
The paper has a golden color. rot:.,.., roc:J-
"7 I )tJJo
goldsmith roc:,. "'"'
The goldsmith made me a beautiful ring.
roc:,. "'"'"'" aJo11 .,.flo:,. u>~IA'S
golf [0T<;'1'1i m1'1J~ \>,II<; 01<; oo{)f.
H1'1'f 0.<'.~ f"''..<'.t':"l ""'1':1')
gondola [Oltkll llf. 1\f. f"'/.1'<'14..'1! ~~'/"
... .,..,..,. ~/AIJ]
gone, see go
be all gone hll+
The bread is all gone. Jl(lfJJo l>tl.,.
gong .<'.rotA
The gong is struck to mark the hours.
ti.,II;J'ro:,. .<',.ro(l f..<'.fJJ-1\/A
gonorrhea ""11""
Gonorrhea is a common venereal disease.
""11tn- f.,_~_.,_ .l'fltl HC O'li;J' ~,.
good (n.)
1. ouAJtf"" Qt"hCf.. There is some good in
everyone. "'l'l~m-9"' J flw- oPAl)?"" 1 QihCf.
l>f.;J'"'OT'I"
2. '1':,.'1". I am only thinking of your good.
.l'l'l11h-'l- 1\1'.,. '1':,.'1" 11;1' ~,.
He did it for the common good. ti;J~ '1':,.'1"
lt.A I f1P6ot& I i'1C 1 )(Do
3. i'1C. Men have often esteemed happiness as
the greatest good. l'll"'f 1111" 1..11. F.(l;J'1'
hll-11- fOtltn ~1C l>~C1aJo f.<t.~;J'A
good (adj.)
I. ~. He is a good man. 1\C(l.
tJJo I )CD-
He has a good life. 'I'~ 'l-1!" f.<:' ~A
Is this meat good to eat? f.ll P';J floP11/A
~~OJo!
His good name was ruined by one careless act.
fl1'~ 1..11. 111'.":1' ~ II- 1-.<'.4..
2. .,.11.,"'1.. It's a good day for swimming.
(1'1'<;' .,.11.,"'1. .,.,. ~,.
526 good
3. 1-011. He is very good at figures. 0.h.<'l11
1-011 ~,.
4. 1.,.~.,..,, It is hard to tell counterfeit money
from good money. fml'lT'11'H11 hl.OJo~.,..,
11'H11 (louflfT f{l:f"I~IA
5. f:,.c11. He is a good friend of mine. f:,.c11
roJI:( ~,.
6. ...,.11-, I waited for him a good half hour.
.,.,11 .... . ~..,. -~~- ' mo:,.u-:,.
7. (~ adv.) .<'.~<; l>~C1. The teacher gave
the lazy student a good scolding. ""'1"11~ (I
~4-1' .,_.,& .I'.~<; l>~C1 1u>~OJo
*She has a good figure. oufAh .,.., <;:,.
*Have a good time! "l.tLaJo fF..ll:f' f.IJo.
1'/AIII
*Put in a good word for me! llOJ.'l fioPAlJ.
'I" 1>1'"1/A'S
a good
I. 0..1'1'11 0..1'1'11. She lost a good three
pounds. 0..1'1'11 D.n(l V'IIT ;raJo1'~
.I'II/A ' hh11.<'.;1;' ' .,.-,.{)fl'f
2. 0.,.1\11-, It is a good three miles to the
station. 1\llh "'O,.I'OJo 0.,.1\11- V'IIT .,
f./A ' f.IY<;'/A
11~-1>1' a good deal .,..,.
He spent a good deal of time on it. 11H- '1.
H. l>'l''i!-I'O;J'A
a good hour 1>1'~ (l~.P
I worked a good hour on your paper. K'm.'i!ll1'
ll""tlhT 1>1'~ l'l~:,. l>m-1-u-
a good many
I. OChT .I'll-. There are a good many for-
eiguers in the hotel. 011'-1:11- OJoll'l' OChT .1'
II- faJo"l.> h1C (ll"'f 1>11-
2. 1111". I have been there a good many times.
1111" '1.11. MU' 't!l' till-
a 1ood way.fl,..
We have come a good way since morning.
h<P.T ~'1"~1' 1111- .,_'I'H<;A
as good as f .I'II/A .<'.~<;
My car is as good as new, even though I have
'I'~ (I
driven it 60,000 miles. '1"1''1" 1.1'\>,1' 11/A<'l
i( .,,_A ft-'1:\T 0.11'1''1" f). ooh.<;
fl>JI.II .I'II/A .<'.~<;' <;:,.
(is) as good as done
The job is as good as done. P' ~,. .,...,C-1'
7.1-Jitl.,. .I'II/A Y.<t.m~A
be good
I. l>1tl1tl. The passport is good until the
good afternoon 527 goodly

fifteenth. ;r11;rc., ~11bH.II me Ol"~ h make good on t.Kou(ll'l-)

?"11-t-:;' 4''1 .1:-.:11 .1'111"111A He made good on his promise to take her to
This suit will be good for many years. f.ll the theater. <D.I'. 1:!'1-C 0.'1- II.<D11JI'l- f1
Aofl11 lloflrt- ~oo;J-'1- .1'111"111A Qll'l-'1 :J>A t.l\oPII'l-
2. -t-oo'f. This cloth is good for polishing. (a) no-good f"'lf.t:Q
r.u ""col- lloP'J't:"' r.oo!:f'A He is a no-good liar. f"'lf.t:Q ,.l\';1-?"
3. 0~. Abstinence from liquor is good for )t&
health. b"''.f{lbC ' ODm'J' ' oumO.}o ' lim. will you be good enough
'1)'1- f.O)I'A Will you be good enough to come early?
be good and mad lPL ouAIJ?" t.:J> .1:"11 11'-:' 4'.1'.'1" oflllll '1-ou"J l
He is good and mad at the bad thing you did [See also the many nouns, such as 'form, mood,
yesterday. }11'1'1-'i OP'~'lit& oP'J't.': )1C taste' that occur with 'good']
tn~A
be good at ll"~aJo
good afternoon I ~'1.1'.'1"'1 'I'Ah l (2nd sg.
Are you good at figures? mAil f.ll''IYA l masc.)
be too good (for) goodbye! .1'.~<; v-'1 I (2nd sg. masc.)
*These shoes are too good for such weather. Goodbye! Have a good trip . .1'.~<; v-'1 .,..,
f.ll "'i"'l '1'1- 111111') 1111.11 hfC h 1JI.'I ~o}o .1'.1:-C"'AII
f-11''1?" say goodbye -J-{1<;"0-1-
do good m+oo John, did you say goodbye to him? l'-m'111
The vacation has done him good. .l'.l'.t:1t& 6 -J-(l'iofl-1-'li'I'A l
t:'i''l- m-l-'1";1-A
Arguing won't do you any good. '1'1-Ch 'I" good evening I ~'1.1'.'1"'1 t.oul\'11 ! (2nd sg.
'1'1" hf.m-l-'1"11'1" masc.)
Good evening! How are you? "-1~9""'l J\oo
for good }..ltb oPt;l;l.t,?fm-
1 am through with him for good. bC(l. :>C l\'11 ! .1'.~<;' )II !
~11b oo""t:!ft& -1-'II.~C"'illv-
(be a) good-for-nothing hf.t:Q'I"
He is leaving the country for good. h'l.l'.>;'t& That student is a good-for-nothing. .1' -1-"'1
') I V1~'iJ") I /t.J I OD't,~ I )aJo
(. ' hf.t:Q'I"
hold good h'l'"'
The argument still holds good. hCh~ hv- Good Friday f11-l-11'1- 611'1-
'1'1"' .I''I'"'A Many people go to church on Good Friday.
make sood (vt.)
f11-l-ll'l- bll'l- oflrt- 11,. m.r. 0.-1- he
1. h.::>1m. Can you make good your claims? 111:.1"1 f.'t-'IA
f'l"'l-11'1',.'1 )11!'l- A;f-t::>"''l' '1-l-111111 ? good-hearted .1'."1
2. m04'. He made good his promise. :J>II-'1 The good-hearted woman gave the beggar a
m04' dollar. .1'.'1 11.'1- 1111"'11' h'l.l:" of!C 11ml-
3. -1-IJ. The bank cashier made good the
shortage and was given a light sentence. good-looking
fQ'Ih- 1'1Hofl M.f. 1'1-.1'.11,.., 1111-1-IJ 1. oP/>.b 4''i. She is a very good-looking girl.
4'11A -l-"1'1- -t-m(I)O'J- 0"1'1" ooAb 4'<; A"!': <;'l-
2. ODAb ooAIJ'I". He is a good-looking man.
make good (vi.)
DDAh I oPAI)r" I {t(Doo I )(Do
1. bOt:. He went to the city and made good.
<D.I'. b-1-"'1 'tf'. bOt: goodly
2. f-1-ltiJ ,.m.'l- h1T. Education is necessary 1. ODAh ODAIJ'I". Only a goodly lad may
to make good in politics. OTM:IJ f-1-ltiJ ,. hope to win her love. A !I.'I 1\..1'1'S f"''.l-11
m.'l- 11"'/"'T'l- '1-'I"IIC'l- .1'114./>.:>A (Do I oPAh I ODAI)f'" I flY) I -o;r: I )m-
make good for +It 2. h<;: .I'll I oflrt-. He made a goodly sum of
I made good for the broken glasses. f{IOC\\'f money on this deal. 011.11 ""10.1'f'l- b<;:
,.., of!C"'/'..,.l- -1-IJv- .I'll (oflrt-) 1'1Hofl h-1-t!t.
good morning 528 gout

good morning! 7.'tS'.'I- h.I'.Ch l (2nd sg. gorgeous

masc.) I. faJ"'~'I- 4'1}$:. She is a gorgeous girl. fro
"111'1- 4'1}$: <;'l-
good-natured 1C 2. /IR-11 .(;"}:,0. It was a gorgeous sunset.
He is very good-natured; he does not get mad
f~ll~ 'I'Aof>'l- bR-11 S':'t:J> ~llC
easily. 11"11"' 1C 111111'~ 11+~11- hf>'O.I'.S':I"'
goodness c~.:.... gorilla [1&~ h11't;i';C' f"'l.'fODJ': 11"1'1"
'f-A:J> fll'~ flh ....,.,..,.. (ttJJo't f"'l.OD{I
She is well known for her goodness to the
A ' h1DD&.. 11"11"'. h<;: Yll 7.11111 ~liJo]
needy. 1\l-"lt'.'f'l- Y~'l- c~.:.... 11"11"' f
;J-m+ ' ~tJJo
gory f.l'.'l" oo'l.(tll f'l"~ll'I-
goodness me I ~F./} :I"/A His gory stories are popular with everyone.
Goodness me! Isn't he big? Y,.l'.'t:l'A' '1-A:J. fJ'.'J" ' OD'i.(t{l ' f'f"~Q'f'tJJo ' .,.,..,..,.. ' fl"7
hY,.I'.I\'1" 1.'t S'. l 't'l" H'tf: f;J-m4l <;'l'tJJo
for goodness' sake Olt."'JH.h1lrh.C
For goodness' sake, stop that noise! Olt."'ltUt11 Gospel m't1.A
dl.C ' n1 ""1i'l- h-Ill'" The priest read the Gospel during the sermon.
<l:l'l- Oll11h-1: 'l.tl. m11.A MilO
good night I .1'.~<; 1..1'.C (2nd sg. masc.) gospel truth rm1'1.A I ~A.
goods He accepts what I say as the gospel truth. 7.C
I. If+tnl-. The goods were sent by freight. (1- 1.~ fl"'l\tJJo't 11-11- 1.1.1'. m't1.A :l'
lf+tn'll 11"'1'\'\"lf" .,_Ah'I'A A Y>+ll~A
2. If+"' Ifof>'l'. The goods were displayed
in the shop. If+"' If +m- lll'l-41 tJJoll'l' gossip (v.)
ll.lt1Jofl 7.111.:1-Y> ~nc .,.,_c.., 1. h.m~. They were gossiping about me when
I walked in. {11q Ill\~ ym~ ~llC
goody (goodies) "1'1."1'" 2. h/1-QA.,.'i' ~tJJo. She is pious at church in
The boy finished the goodies on the table. the morning and gossips all afternoon. t(l.:'f-
llmt'.A.'ItJJo ~f> f~llt'.tJJo't "1'1."1'" A1!: 1.11..,. hclltn KY::J> ' ho't'l'l- 11:\11 .r.
.............. "1'1" h/1-QA.,_'i' <;'!-

goose (geese) 111> gossip (n.) m&. i hii-QA;J-

Do you like goose or turkey for Christmas? 1 wouldn't believe that gossip. n't ' m&.. h
1\A.I'.'I- ll'lA 111> PfA?A mY,Il f ~9"19"
-I:Ch P.l': l Won't this gossip ever end? f,U h/1-QA;J-
gore (v.) m;J Hl\'ll\'1" hYA:J-'1" l
The bull gored him to death. mf,&.'l- aJ"I an o(d gossip fBI~ I =t+
.,. 1.1'.1\liJo His wife is an old gossip. "'1.11.., fm&. *'~-
gore (n.)
*Her hands were covered with gore from
"""
subject of neighborhood gossip t'R-'i" ODffi"l
His doings are the subject of neighborhood
bandaging the wounded man. f4l.o'tlltJJo't o't gOSSip. J\.(;'t-')-Mi I IJo/t- I fflo'i" I ODffi-, I
tJJo 4lllA ll;J-IIC 7.}$:!)! 11.1'.'1" .,_llhlltJJo
II'~ 'I' A
~llC
[See also 'invite1
gorge (v.), ~ oneself got, see get
*The boy gorged himself with cake. A1!: 4l
't"''t 7.1lh.J'.HtJJo S':t'.ll h.h 11~ gourd :J>A
Gourds are used for making ladles. :J>A "1'"
gorge (n.) 1J'.A"'' faJ't11 lfll4' A'!. 1\DDP'.:O'I- Y,I\"I~A
The .river ftows through a deep gorge. m
'til- 111-S':'\"1 1J'.A"'' faJ't11 lfl\4' tJJo gout [fo'ttJJo~'l- OD;Jm"'l.Yl",.., f"'l.Y/111'1'
11'1' 1>4./IA fllii:l" 'lM'I-]
govern 529 grace

govern 2. .fH. He grabbed the thief by the collar.

1. 1tf. He governed his district with an iron {l.qfDo1 h1~ .fHtD-
hand. 1\ID-tl-)!'111-1 I KT I liT I nf:C~ I ~ 3. ml'l~. In a moment of abstraction, he
2. ro(l~. A subject governs the number of its grabbed the wrong hat. 01-oPIItn m-IlT
verb. oo<:'i'-1- )1C m-11-r q110.1> f"1~1 0)0<: 1.11. ' fA.I\ nm- qc~nl ' m{l~
_,TC J'.a>II<;A grab at
3. oow~+ t lf~. The financial report governed I. l\oP.f11 1\')1:1 H<:.?. He grabbed at the
their decision. /lt&ll).f:flD- oPw~."J flf~ rope and missed. 100-'J.'l /loP111 ~:q:.,
(Do I ltl\ I 'J'JH-fl I .,...;,e. I f.,..(lffiliJo I &-rc I ~Q)a
O.Hl:.? ' <\1-m-
be governed 2. <\.foo);.t- 1-<1'011. He grabbed at the chance
I. 1-.11~<:. The province was governed by a to go abroad. mF.. dJ-"iP 11.1C Auo'tY: f
cruel administrator. m:t--\,e. ..,.,.., fl"'-lJ. ;JffiOOtD-1 ' {)f:A <\.fOO~;.f- ' -J-<1'011
'1 111: J'.-1--'I~C )0C grace (v.)
2. -J-out~-. Don't be governed by what others I. '1"111 l'lm. +The queen graced the party
say! 11.11-'f O"tll-'1- /\'l-out~- with her presence. f'!"IF1:1> 001'f '1- II"loft
government
-.rm- '1"1il ttmm-
2. h<\oP<:. Paintings graced the walls. FiJtt-';f
1. oP'l"'P':,., The prime minister formed a
"lf:"l-'1111-1 ' h<\00-1-'1-
new government. m:J-1\J'. "ttll'l-'1- h-'1.11
*Will you grace our party with your presence?
OD1"1F'l- t.:l/!1/000
ouAltll" L,..f:ll IT'l" ;rct.f'f1 1\J'. '
2. 1\1111. Socialism is a kind of government.
'1-1,1111 l
Mf..l'l\.1111" fh1~11 'tJ'.)-'1- )m-
3. hii-1-.II~C. The government of the city is grace (n.)
the mayor's responsibility. fh-1-"'/m- hll-1-.11~ I. K.?. May God grant us His grace! n"IH.h
C ' fh11:q111- ' '11\oM'l- ' )tD- 11.h.C K.?ID-1 J'.llm1
[See also 'puppet'] 2. ~"1)'1-. It was only through the principal's
grace that he wasn't expelled from school.
government school foP1"1F'l- '1-II"IIC'l- h'l-II"IIC'l- 0.'1- hl\oPtD-"11> 0-'l.-'h-1''1-
n.-'1- ~"1)'1- ' )111-
Students do not pay tuition in a government 3. ll"o'lt<:'l-. By an act of grace, he was freed
school. 0oP1"1F'l- '1-II"IIC'l- 0.'1- m-IlT from prison. ll"o'lt<:'l- 1-~C111'1- hhiiC
1'"'16 11H11 hf.h'i'AII"
0.'1-. "'"'
4. M .fl\111- o-~;.1-. She danced with grace.
governor ~C!).. M q11m- o-~;.1- ~){l';f
1. h1~ s 11C. The governor visited our school. 5. 111-0'1-. We admired the grace of the statue.
h1<: 111:111- ' '1-II"IIC'l- O.;.l-'f11 1-01' f.mm-A-~>1 m-o-l- .t.~):J-1
2. 11C. He is the governor of the province. 6. qii",7.A)'l-. He fell from grace and was
fm:J-1\J'. .,~., 111: )m- exiled to a border post. bqii",7.A)1> mel'-
mY. ft'lY: m~'i! T.7H
governor general n'l~tl-11.
*Give us a week's grace, and we will pay in full.
The governor general is in charge of the
h1f: 1\11"1'1- ..,!I"CA1'i' 0.,..11- n1h'i'l\111
province. 1\1~6-ll.m- llm:J-1\J'. .,~., -11\
k I )o(l)a His Grace 11~{));.1-:fm-
His Grace is leaving for Europe. ofl~iJ);.I-:fm-
gown <l'"tll ! A1111 (IJS!., I 1\aJot::r I OOYJ'.=faJ- I ~(Do
She wore a pink gown to the reception. be in good graces
11"111..,-m- mll"tl-'1! <I'"'LII IIO{l';f *I wonder whether I am in the teacher's
Her bridal gown was red. f..,.'lit!- Aofl!l. <I' good graces. hiiT"'/6tD- j'.ro~'S h1~rn
f. )0C t.l\m-:J-11"
grab (grabbed) have the grace T.n+'i"' ltftf
I. oo)-J-L. The dog grabbed the bone and ran He had the grace to say he was sorry. J'.:J>C;.I-
away. m-lfm- hT'!-1>'1 oo1'1-11: C'm ooomf:J> '1-.lt'l-<; t.<\f

"
 graceful
say grace 'l"h;><; hJ'.<:f\
He said grace before the meal began. ?""""1-fl J oP
1111-1- h""J!""'~- n.t.-r 'l"h:><; hJ'.<:ll
with bad grace :,Oc )..ylt.aJ4
He did what I asked him to, but with bad grace.
fmf:J-11--l-'t hJ'.<:1 "l't :Joe 'hfllm-
tm-
wlth good grace ol-e ll.r.IUD-
She obeyed with good grace. :Joe tt.e'l-l- :"
HH'.f
[See also 'year']
graceful
I. II~ film-. She is a graceful dancer. 'he!!.
II~ J''l-l- 'l'tf\'i' <;-}-
She thanked them with a graceful speech.
II~ fJII<D- 't.,.,e hoPf\1til':fm-
2. J'.h f"''.J'f\~. She sent me a graceful letter
of thanks. J'.h f"''.J'll~ f'l"h:><; J'.11'1fl.
'lh'.fA~
The horse's gallop is very graceful. f.l.<:ll- "I
A!I.J' fi"''l" J'.h f"''.J'll~ tm-
be graceful Y.il 1 h.ll
The downward flight of the bird was graceful.
ftJJ.I.of, ""1i4'A4'A J'.h f"''.A tOe
gracious
I. J'."l. The gracious king declared amnesty.
,_.,. ' 't1-P' ' 'l"d.<:-l- ' hJ'.t:1-
2. ,.,..,. . Their gracious home is admired by
all. f'l".,. fi.:J''I'm- 011-11- J'.J'.t:l'A
3. 'I'C1lC1l. She is a very gracious hostess.
fi"''l" 'J'e1le11 'h't"l'l ofo.,.fJJ'. <;-}-
4. J'.efJ fl. The gracious old lady has an air of
gentility. J'.efJfJ'I' h1!"1..T f""'l't-l- ""A
h' h'l'l'tD-
5. 'I":J> J'll. She received her guests in a gra-
cious manner. 1l.'l..,~:ri'l ,..:,. Qt\ o-i.;t-
i'.,.nll'.f
be gracious tJPibl..:'f- h.Y..l.'l
Be gracious, 0 king! 't1-P' 11'.e I 'I"d.<:-l-
hJ'."C"IA't
*It was very gracious of her to come. DP?'"IlJ:f:
0"1'1" ' f"''.J'hoPf\"1<;-l- ' )<D-
gradation
*The rainbow shows gradations of color.
f.,.h-1' J'.oP<; .,.11"7-l- .,.h O.,.h IJ't'l.
tJJJ'. ' 1\.1\tD- ' J'.lf;>1tloll-
grade (vt.)
I. m-m.-l- f\m. He graded them according
to ability. 'h'tJ'.f'.fii-;J-:fm- m-m.-l- h"l'l'm-
530 gradual
2. h<:oP. When grading the papers, the teacher
took the student"s long illness into considera-
tion. ""'l"ll-1- m<:.,.of'll't li.J'e'l" <:)!''1"
1.11.' II:J'oPoP(Do ' 1'"7& ' hh-i'J'f-l- ' hJ'.<:1
3. II f. He graded the papers according to size.
m<:.,.+P't 'h'tJ'.foPm<;'l'm- IIJ''fm-
grade (vi.) .,.h ' n.,.h ofolltJJm
Red and yellow grade into orange. +~~ fl-L
.,.h O.,.h tDJ'. 11e.,lt't"7 J'.lltJJ"'/1-
be graded i'J'.IIJ'.II
The road up the steep hill was graded . .,.'1'
J'llm-'t 1><:11;1' f"''.tD"llD- ""'t1J'." i'J'.A
J'.'li.A
grade (n.)
I. J'.<:1l'. The rank of major is a grade higher
than a captain. flfii:J>t-l- "71><:"1 hl\''1"0
At-l- fJ'tJ'." J'.<:]f ,enA"'A
2. ~.et-l-. We buy the best grade of milk.
'/"em-'t ~.eH m-1'-l- 'h't1~11't
3. h'i'A. In what grade is yonr boy? A)!'ll
h'tofo'i' h'i'A tm- 1
4. m-m.-l-. He received the highest grades in
the class. hh'i'll- m-h'l' h'i'ofo'i'm-'t m-
m.-l-' h1'f
be on the downgrade llf++Hl ~1..
His health has been on the downgrade since
his illness. hifl.oooo- a m-t.ll m.'}')o-J: 1 71.f
1'.,.)... ' 't1.
be on the upgrade 7t.fi""l."l.+ 1 ')om-
Business is on the upgrade on account of the
opening of the new railroad. QJt.ft. ~ fQll-C 1
""P'""e ""He;>-l- 'l"h'tJ'-l- 't"l'l. 'h
f-1'?.?..,. )<D-
not make the grade hA+lliiA+r
It saddened him that his son couldn't make the
grade in medical school. A)l: d.h'l"<; -l-'1"
ue-l- n.-l- 1111' ftY.ftltll-l- ou:J><:_,
hftHtm-
steep grade .,.'1'
J'll '11-l-
The train went up a steep grade. llf"K. 1 +1'
J'll '11-l- ' tD"l
grade school h'tJ'.'i' J'.<:'lf -l-'l"ue-l- n.-r
My little brother goes to grade school. ;J-<;'li
tD'tJ'.""'L h'tJ'.'i' J'.<:)f -l-'l"lle-1- n.-l-
J'."7tl-A
gradual
I. ;>J'.A J'll. The hill has a gradual slope.
1><:11;J-m- :>J'.A J'll h"IJ'."oP-l- hllm-
gradually
2. ( ~ adv.) .,.II R.,.ll. There is a gradual
increase in the cost of living. f').t:' if':J + l\'tJI.JI4'A. _,.1111- h1-1'a>- ;JC f_,."'fl4'
II R.,.ll 1,fQ;J.ODt: ~.,.
gradually .,.II fl.,.ll
The economy is gradually improving. h.l>'l'"t
,. .,.II 11.,.11 M_,.lf!fll flou~~ 1\J'.
~.,.
graduate (vt.) 1\llout:.,.
The university graduated three hundred
students last year. f.tlicottw- 'lll"'i' 1"11
T _.,. .,..,M':f 1\IIODt:.,.
graduate (vi.)
I. .,._;:.,.. She graduated from high school.
ho-11_,.':' ~;:)1' '1-II"UC'l- 11.'1- _,.ou;:.,.:y.
2 . .,.II R.,.ll .,.1111.1.. These stripes graduate
from light to dark. MH.U ODFODf::f M"P
m~ "'"'c .,.II n.,.ll ,...,.11114-11-
graduate (n.) .,.ou.J.of! 1 11"-1-:f>
Most of our graduates have found good
positions. J'.RA.m-l"'li .,.ou.J.of!l"il':f't (11"-1-4'
i1':f't) '1'-1- ..,. 1\11-
(be) graduated
I. .,.h<f.t.ll. The ruler is graduated in inches.
"7FOD6Y.,. fll\.'t:f f_,.h<f-.1.11 ~OJ<
2. .,.~11~11. Taxes are graduated according
to income. .,.t:'l' 1\'t~f(l.,. 111. J'-~11~1\A.
graduate school
He hopes to go to graduate school. h'i!.,.':'
'1-II"UC'l- 1\"t{l'J'fl'l- f.tliCo\.1: 11oo,q
'1- ,t'il'IA.
graduation
I. fll"~ F~ FC'I'l-. His Majesty will
attend the graduation. "'C"7'1!~;f-:fw- fill"<:
:I'.,. F~ FC'I'l- 1\J'. J'-1'0'11-
2. .,.II VII oollm'l'. The graduation from
light to dark cannot be noticed by tbe eye. fofl
CY''l I tiJF.. I ,;Q.i\."7 I +It I VA ODi\6)'1' I A
'IJ'.'t 1\f.;f-J'.II"
graft (v.)
*He grafted a lemon branch on to tbe orange
tree. 11-"'LOI<'t hofiC-I>IJI- 11"7JI.,.A. fii-"'L
Ol<'t :f>C't"'i'i! 'lt.Ctn hofiC-J>IJI- ~'i! II
f. ' 1\"'R+w-
graft (n.) 1-11
The minister was accused of taking graft
from the contractors. "'Ltll'l--1- hF.l- .,.!t
.l-P"'Jl .,..... noow-~ .,.h/1 ~nc
531 grammatical
*The graft failed to grow on the stump.
.,. :f>C't"'i'i! ltJ'-11 +t:
grain
1. 'I'&- '1'~. Canada exports meat and grain.
IJ'i'JI F:J'i' 'l'.l- "'"' m~ W<"P '1-A.IJII:Y.
2. 1\UA.. Grain must be stored in a dry place.
1\UA. ~t::f> hll'~ ll'i!.l- ODh"7:f'f- 1\11
n'l-
3. ~- There was only one grain of wheat
left. f4't::Y. 1\'tJI.'l- fll'tll. 'i!&. oflil'
~n..::Y.
Give the beggar a few grains of rice! AA-117~
Tcf:+ I ""1JltmaJ-
I
*There are some grains of sand in my food.
1111""111. .,.11'1' l\lf1' 1\11
grain of truth
*There is not a grain of truth in what he says.
1\fl. fi"'LII.,. a>-11'1' :f>'t"''l- ;f-UA. 1\
w-~'1- fii:Y.R'l-11"
against one's grain
*The !bought of stealing goes against my grain.
IIC-1''1- f"tll-'1- ~1C o\.YA.'i!ll" 1\J'.~IJ~
with a grain of salt
you should take his promises with a grain
of salt. 1\fl. f"t(lmw-'t .,.114- R..,.ll- A.
ofl l\'l-4'RIIa>-
[See also 'parched, roasted, seed']
gram "'.l-11"
grammar (l'f'lla>-
Ambaric grammar is very difficult. I\"7C':' (I
'l'lla>- 11"111" 1\ll:f;J6 ~,;
*His grammar is poor. (l'f'll'l''l! ll.b.,.'l-
Y~C;JA.
grammar school 1\'t~"' ~;:)1' '1-II"UC
'1- IL'l-
My little brotber goes to grammar school.
:f"'i''li m't.<:-"'L 1\'t~':' ~t:)l' '1-II"UC'l-
IL'l- J'."7.l-A.
grammatical
I. '1-hhll':' fll'~. He speaks grammatical
Amharic, but has an English accent. '1-hhll':'
fll'~ I\"7C'O' II.'i'1CII" 1\ ~;J1-I- fl\ 't"'ll.
11'0' ~.,.
2. (11'111"1!. His speech contained several
grammatical errors. ,..,..,.;... I och..,. I Ylr I
(1'1'111''1! ll.b.,.-I':Y. ~fl-1-0'1-
~g~ra=n~a~r~y~----------------------~5~3~2------------------------~granted
granary .,..-t-il- grandiose 'lll.f,.
The granary in the villages is usually made of His grandiose plan was too expensive to be
clay. q1c o..r hil~':'w-") uL .,..-1-.:- f"''.. practical. 'lO.f. h~-'1.") 1"6- l\Y,. fl"7'1'
tPt-ID" I h1."'? I ~IJ)4 A boom") O~Y,. wm Y,.mY.:l'A
be srandiose ;I'll~ "IC"7 ~Ot:w-
grand
I. -1-A~. It was a grand idea. -1-A~ "'"11 The coronation parade was grandiose. rnm-
)0C Y: O'lll- (lA<;: :I'll~ "IC"7 )Ot:w-
2. ;t-Il~ (pl. ;1'~~~). The grand palace is built grandmother 11.-l- hf-1-
atop a hill. ;f'~4l 0.-J- OD")"IJPT f-1-,. My grandmother died recently. 11.-l- hf-1:
.:.w- Ol>t:il:f' ""1<;: ~y,. )fD- O~Cil "LIL '1"1>
The coronation will be a grand spectacle.
fHfD-Y: O'lll- ;I'~~ -l-Chf.-1- Y,.IT<;A grandson fA~ A~
H~ always entertains grand personages. U./.\1.. When the king died, his grandson succeeded
lL ;I'~~~ lll":f f.:>ii~A him. .,..,.,.. ll..'l"-1- fA~ A)!: hA;>w-
3. h!IF.<;<I:. There is a grand view of the ") ' Wt:(l
mountains from the windows. ooullM'-'Il ' 0 !J.
A h!IF.<;<I: f-l-6-6-l":f -1-ChY,.-l- Y,.;f'fA
grandstand an+
Grandstands are being built for the coronation.
4. f.,.ho.:. She is a grand lady. f.,.ho.::f
hOD(].-}- 0 ):f
5. "IC"7 '1"111 fttw-. In front of an au-
. ,....
ttuw-Y: O'lA (11~-f-:f Ooo,.&o-1- 'If,.

dience, her manner is grand. ll~P'":ri uP granite '1'4lC J':");>Y,.

IJhA OD<;'f' "IC"7 '1"111 ftlfD- ' )fD- Granite is a very hard stone. T-kC S:1;J~
have a grand time 0"1!1" m")IJ&o )w-
we had a grand time at your party. ;TCtll grant (v.)
h~"l h!IF.Il-f") )0C
I. l'lm. The government granted the school
[See also 'total1 10,000 dollars for a new building. ou")"IF-1-
grandchild fA~ A~ flT!I"IlC-1- 0.1> _,."""76 .h")l\ .,,.61 o
I have five grandchildren. M"ll-1- fA~ A ,.,cit1lc(lm
]f)f ' hll-'"'i 2. .,..,.Ott I .I.J\OU. He granted my request. '1'1
.,.,..,. ' -1-.,.0fl
granddaughter fA~ A~
I question the propriety of granting his request.
His granddaughter carne to visit him. fA~ A
fmf_,. .....,. ou.l.l\9" 1-10. oulltt- hA:f'
)1: A-1-mY,..,.w- OD"J:f
f'"'i'l"
grandeur 3. l\DD). I grant that I was wrong. OD..,..,-1:.,.
I. w-o.r. He was impressed by the grandeur h!l"<;ti!Jo
of the scenery. o-l-chY.-1> w-o.r -J-S'.").f> *Please grant me a favor I h")J': )1C hY:
)OC C"IA'"'i
2. ;I'~~)T. The grandeur of the ceremony [See also 'audience, inununity, permission']
impressed everyone. f F) FC'l-1> ;I'~~~+
IJ-11-") ' (lw- ' h!IF.).,.
grant (n.) hCJI;f'
He is studying medicine on a government grant.
3. CIJC.., ,.1ll. He was insensitive to the sea's
tJD")"IP'-1- O"'l.fS'.C"Ifl-1- hCJI;f' .hh!l"<;
grandeur. fqa.o~- "IC"7 '1"111 11"'/.1>") h
fm<;A
A~IJfD-!1"
4. -1-A~)T. His delusions of grandeur led granted hll')
him to disappointments. h")-1> f-1-A~)-}- II Granted that your statement is correct ....
"'L-1- hilll"'/'-1- 'If. "'flfD- fAhw- hfD-)T hll'~ ..
grandfather w")Y: hf-1- take for granted
My grandfather is ninety years old. m")Y: h I. !I"")'/" hA.,.m&om~!l". We took it for grant-
1-1: Hm<; 'ltJD;f''fw- <;'fw- ed that John would do well. 1'-.h")ll h")S'."''..
[See also 'paternal'] ..,ttfl-1- !1"")!1" hA.,.m&-mC"l-!1"
granulated 533 gratif~

2. }loo). He took for granted that he was grate (vt.) I..M.t'.

Grate some cheese, please! '1'4:'1- ~C.,}(
going with us. h:;' :>C f"''.'t.Y: oull').'}
M"'l' )flC I..C'I'CA't
crate (vi.) (l.m.'I' 1111
granulated f$:,0 M>.C The chalk grated on the blackboard. moPl.BJ'
The cook bought granulated sugar. dl'l' 0.
of, 1.?:,0 11-\>.C 1~
. ..,c . {l/l.'ltD- 'If. (l.m.'l' }\(l

grape dlf.'}
These grapes make good wine. .eu
'1'?- vror."J m~ f.dl"''I'A
graph "l.l-'1'
The graph of exports shows a rise in prices.
f"'/.1/tftD- ' "l.l-'1' ' 'I':>tD- h'l'
DPI\h;f-A
1.,II.,., .
dl1. OJ4I!' 111C fof-1111-'l-'J 11:t'l"':f
grate (n.)
I. f11t'.'l- ""h1.:;'. Somebody took the grate
1 my..1'
off the drain. f11t'.of,'} ""h1.:;' h1-C4- oP
llr.' (ltD-' }l'}p>-fo;f-A
tD-t'.li''
2. dl'JI.'l-. Since the grate is covered with
ashes, the charcoal in the oven does not burn
well. dl'JI.of,'} h""J': lll\1.1..)tD- .,.,,_
li'fD- ' 1\f. 11\tD- hilA 01.'}11 1\f.)J':!/"

grated (adj.) fof-l..t'.l..t'.

graphic '1-.11.11 He put some grated cheese on his spaghetti.
The soldier gave a graphic account of the !l;r'J.oJ:tD- 1\f. '1'4:'1- fof-l..t'.l..t'. ~C.,}(
battle. dl;f-1.?- Ill\ IPCH '!-All fll') oP"/ 111.t'.10'l-
i\1 (tm
grateful
grapple 1-<;H I. tD-1\;f- f.,f.t'.IJ.. A grateful person is not
The wrestler grappled with his opponent. often encountered. m-1\:f"aJo'l = fll? f.t;lt {ltD- =
;I- :>f. hoJ-:t''l'"7.fD- :>C oJ-<;)4' f"'1.1"ftD- 11A~ 11A~ )iD'
2. f!l"ll:><;. The children sent their uncle a
grasp (v.) grateful letter. .1\.}(:r; 111;.1-'ffD- f!l"ll:><;
I. 1H I """'" She grasped the rope with both 1.11'10. 1111-
hands. 1oPJI.'} 011'11'1- 11~'1' 1H':f (...,0 3. ;1-11:,0. The breeze is a grateful relief from
m:Y.) the heat. fH-11- 1ilD';I- 11..,4'., ;f-1\:,0
2. 1Q(fD-). +I do not quite grasp what you mean 11~;.1-' )iD'
by that. 9"'1 .,11'1-11 11'}1.11') 01.'}11 11 be grateful hoo(t1~
A1Q't!l"
I am grateful to you for your help. 111\t'.'l'li't
grasp (n.) f""Om I 111111 }\ .... (l.,'}?l\11'
He let go his grasp and jumped to the ground. feel grateful
ra;~.omm-1' """ r m'- (10&:,. r Hili\ I feel truly grateful. hA11 11""(1"1<;1\IJo
He loosened his grasp. h11rt-'J 1111 111.t'.1
*Victory was almost in our grasp. $:A = O" gratificatio n
!i'':f"J A<;I.C"I !1"'}9" 11A4't'.'J9" )OC 1. f.ll;t-. His success was a great gratification
have a firm grasp on OT1J.o}o 1 t;g.{lm to his parents. ll114'<;tD- dll\}(,.; '1-A:,O 1.
11;.1- ' of-(l.,'ffD-
The mason had a firm grasp on the hammer.
"l'}fl:;'tD- oPJ'.'iftD-'} 0'1'11:,0 ...-ntp:J. )0C 2. .,eli+. The gratification of every wish is
not possible. 9"~'1-'} 11'11- 1\.,Cli'l- 11
have a good grasp of mA.f ' Oro+ M'A9"
He has a good grasp of the subject. )1?-'} m
" " 1fD-4''1'A gratify (gratified)
I. ht'.li. He tried hard to gratify his child's
grass "'C
thirst for knowledge. fA:q:"J fblD'-1''1- 'I'
The Ethiopians cover their houses with grass.
!I" 1\_,Cli'l- 11"19" 'l"ht'.
11.'1-f"k1tD-f'} 0.;.1-'ftD-'} fl"'C f.hR;';II- 9"~:t'J
2. l..f..oP. He gratified her every wish.
grasshoppe r 4..'J"' 1}>1\-' l.,l!.ODI\'J-
The grasshoppers ate up my flowers. 4..'J"'l":r; 3. 11111.(lof-. Flattery gratifies a vain person.
1111Ql"'li'J ""C(ltD- Oll-11't h'Jof, tD-.>;(l. "11111 (ltD-'} 1!11.!1;.1-.1\.
gratifying 534 gray

gratifying f"''..l'll~ll-1- 1 ou"t.t.ll"t f"''..l't:IJ gravel mmc 1 h-.:-1-

The news is very gratifying. tL'i"m- OIIJ?'" f07.
.I'IIY.il-1- ~"'"
The solemn festivities of the church were
gratifying. ffL+ hcllt.f). '1"1il .I'll"'"
P'C't+ :,O.o;ll. ou"t.t.ll"t f"''...'t:IJ ~nc
The path is covered with gravel. f7t.CIJC oP'}
1-'l. mmc .t.I'>O;J-11\
A steamroller crushed the gravel on the road.
'19"mfDo DD"t1-'l. ~f. .l'llfDo"t h-.:-1-
h~4>4>fDo

gratis n~~ gravely

I will give you this book gratis. J.'.U"t"t ODJI" I. h4-.... He is gravely ill. h4-"' :l'"J.A
h'i' 0~~ 1.1'l'l'VIIv- 2. OdtH'J. When he read the announcement of
the President's death, he spoke gravely. fT.:OH.
gratitude 'l"t_,"t ~t:'i!-l- l'l.1All" OohH"t +<;1t:
I. 9"il:J<;. His gratitude kuows no bounds.
9"11;J<;fDo ' OJ(t") ' fllfDo9" graven f++.:~

2. fDoii;J-. In his gratitude, he made me a The Israelites were punished for worshipping
present of his book. fDoii;J-fDo"t ll......,llll" graven images. 1.ilt-liAfDo.l'"t 11+4>.:~ 9"
ODJI"do4-"t hOt:h+A'{ illl-":f- nou111>1'ffDo .,..,.'~'.,."'" ~ nc
gravestone foo.+-nc ~"t:>J.'.
gratuitous The gravestone has his name on it. ooo.+-a.;.. 1
1. ~~-
The lawyer gave gratuitous advice to ~"t;JJ.'. ' ~" it.... hll
his client. mO:I"fDo ll~"t""'"'" ~~ 9"hc l'lm
2. ( ~ adv.) bou.:.-1- +~P'-1'. His gratuitous graveyard ooiJt ou.+oflc
insult upset me greatly. bou.:.-1- +~P'-1' il The graveyard is not far from the church.
lll'l~n'{ ""'"' .,..,~~~~- -"~ ' OD:J"ofl~ hfL+ ' hCIIt.f). ' ~:,. '
hf.~ll9"
gratuity (gratuities) '1-Cll'
He received a salary plus gratuities. F..tf"ft'"}
gravitate
I. 4>11 04>11 hoot-. The crowd gravitated
h'I-Cll' ;JC +4>011
toward the main tent of the exhibition. itt11ft'
grave (n.) 4>11 04>il ' OJ~ ll."l110.1i). ...... ' ~,,
1. ou:J-1JC. He visits the Empress' grave every ,. , h.oo&o
Sunday. 1..,_~ 1..,_~ f1.-1:1.J.'..,"t ou 2. +laO. Comets gravitate toward the earth.
.+-nc ""~-""'A ~t-:1'9" "hfl":f- OJ~ ou,:.-}- f.laqtr
2. They have insurance from the cradle
tp'.-,., 3. H4>m. The sand gravitated to the bottom
to the grave. hA~-l- 1.ilh '1"-l- f<hf. of the bottle. hif'l'fDo mC.,..I'l- P'C H4>m
OJT '1'11-l-<; h~TfDo
gravitation nn.r
grave (adj.) Gravitation holds people to the surface of the
I. bq~. That's a grave mistake. bq~ il.n earth. nn.r ' l'll"":f-"t flou.:..r "" ' j.'.j.'.qll\
+-l- ~"'" gravity
2. hil1. His condition is grave. v-k;J-fDo hll I. h111.t-l-. He quickly sensed the gravity
"L I ~aJ-
of the situation. fo-k;J-fDo"t hii'I.~T OJ/lJ
3. h'i! .I'll. I have grave doubts about the use CJ)o I ..,.~~Q}o

fulness of his plan. illl 7,:,0-'J. m.+"''.~T 2. lln-l-. All objects fall to earth because of
b'i! .I'll 'I'C"'.:O h~C"ofl"'A gravity. Olln-l- 9"h"t.l'-l- .,,..,"'"~~" ~
4. "II:J-<1-. A grave person never laughs. "JC I mJ'.. I 00('!...,. I ~mS:~A
"ii:J-t- (tfDo ' .l.ll"'f" hf.P':,09"
5. '1'11\:,0. His grave thought is appreciated gravy oo,::,O
by those who kuow him. 'J'II\:,0 hil+lal'lD- He dipped the bread in the gravy. 'lflfDo"t ou
0"'1..1'"'""'-l- o-tr Y.~~.+A ,::,. fDoll'l' hm4>1'l
look grave llil+C h.ll gray (v.) lfn+
Everyone looked grave at the inauguration. His hair is beginning to gray. ""~+ 1 ooifo
n9".:.+"'" ~" v-tr9" "il+c 1111- ~nc -l- "f.9"t':-A
gray
gray (adj.) "It-'"'
Gray and red go well together. "It-'"'<;
, . I 01..')>fl Ml"7"7 A
gray hair 'lin-T
His gray hair looks very nice. 'ii0-1: 1 0"111" 1
l\ll"t: I f.:t-' A
be gray, turn gray
1 lf
I. lfo.,.. My hair has turned gray. l\.,.&.
11;1:A
2. hflf... It is winter, and the day is gray.
hGII"'I- I 111111') I .,..,. I f.h>fiJIA
gray-haired lfo.Y.
The gray-haired old man sat warming himself
in the sun. lfO.Y.m- 1 'ii"7"11\. 1 Omf. 1 f.'l"
:I' A
graze (vt.)
I. l\;>m. He took the cattle to graze. h11.Y.'Ii
') I 11"7;J'f' I fD(lf..
2. l\fl"7t-. The pastoral tribes of the mountains
graze their sheep on the hillside. .,.t-t-9''1- 1
~,_ f"''. oro;. h11'1- hell. .,.. ...,.,_ o~!J'
:fm-') f"''.ffl"7<;.'l- :>tom- P'C )m-
3. "'iG. The bullet grazed his shoulder. 'l'f.-1:
'1-hlfm-') "'iGfflo
4 ....Go!.. It was a close call; the heavy rock
fell and grazed my elbow. 1..-'):>f. h')f..')
>fi!J' ' ""CG:~ 0"7114- 11'1'4:'1- l\DPII'f'h-
graze (vi.) ;>m l .,.(1"7<!-
The cows are grazing in the fields. ~'l"'li "'LJI
.... ' ~,. f-"1"111- ' (f.fl"7<!-11-)
grazing (adj.) f.,.(l"7<!-
The shepherd sat on a hillock and watched the
grazing sheep. liG'i'm- 'l'>fl:t-m- ~f. .,.
+ll"tn f.,.{l"7<;.'1-') M'f- mil+
grazing land f"ltn'ii oo&-'1-
Nomads must always hunt for good grazing
land. H~'l":f 1 rJ.A1.11. 1 '('<;. f"ltn'ii oo&.
'1- ' ""4.11"1 l\IIIJ:fm-
grease (v.)
I. l\flfl. She greased the griddle and then
baked the bread. >fiG 'I- II""'JI. ') IJ(l(l:f fl
:\~ Jl(ldJo') :>1G'f-
2. ttfl'l- +fl. He forgot to grease my car
before I left. hoo'tf. 0.1.'1- oo!J.<;IL') :,.q
'1- <'lf..J>IJ'I- +G
grease (n.) ttfi'I-
Don't leave the grease in the pan! :,:Oq~,.
'l'fllfm- ~,. l\'1-.,.....
535 greatness
(be) greasy ttfl'l- 1 11!1' 1 tm-
+ The dishes are still greasy. <'l.:h'l"'li l\o-')11" 1 :,.
11'1- 11!1' <;:fm-
great
1. :,.A+. The noble lives in a great house on
the hill. oub-').,. fli>G1I:t-m- ~ fJIIm-
'1-A:t 0.'1- m-ll'l' f.'l" <!-A
The governor of this province is a great man.
flf.ll ' m:,O~f. ' "I~T ' 11C I '1-A:,O I (lfflo I )dJo
2. :r~:,.. The battle of Adowa was a great
event in Ethiopian history. fOJ!"If' tnC)'T
fll\.'1-I'"A'Y :t"<lh m-ll'l' :r~:,. ll"~t-'i' f.
!I. A
3. fl.l.. The great forest which once covered
the north was completely cut down. l\')1..- 1.
IJ. I {1"'/.')') I lf'f''l" ' f)flGdJo ' (l.f. ' ""1J ' l\!Jo
') .,....c ... I l\A1:A
4. K".,., He was in great pain. OK".,. P':l'f.
~f. )flC
5. h'i'.,.'i'. The lively boys have a great appe-
tite for amusement. '"' IA]t.:f h'i'.,.'i'
f ...'l':t" ' ...~~'1- l\~:fm-
great big 0"111" 1 '1-Att
I need a great big box to put the things in.
l\:J'dJo') f"7ll+ll"'l'fl'l- 1\')f.,- 0"111" I '1-A
:,. (l')JI.:,O filoi.A1'i'A
[See also 'dimension, ideal, many, majority,
occasion']
(the) greatest IJII-'1- 11-11- :r~:,.
He is the greatest singer of our time. lt~ 01.
H.f:f') ' IJII-'1- ' 11-11- :J-~:,0 H-1-~ )dJo
great-grandch ild fA)!: lA)!: A)!:
A great-grandchild was born to him recently.
fA)!: A"J!: A)!: Otten- .,_IDIIf..ll'l-
great-grandfa ther fiD')f..' :,Of.,-ou 1 1\f'l-
great-grandm other fll.'l- 1 :,Of.,-ou l\f'l-
greatly
I. 0"111". Raw meat is greatly esteemed by
Ethiopians. '1'&. 1 P':> lll\.'1-I'"A'fm-n "'
1..- 0"111" f.IDf..JIA
2. fll 1 tt'l'. She exaggerates greatly. Yll tt'l'
;1-;>')<;ll:f
3. Rh>fiC. Solomon ruled greatly and wisely.
(111-'f"') RhiJC<;' fl'l'fl-11 I 1~
greatness
I. '1-Att)'l-. The greatness of the Grand
oP Canyon excites admiration. M&.'l : 1 lt'lf"
"l ' '1-Att)'l- ' l\111..<;4: ' ~..,.
Greece 536 grieving

2. ;1-1\:J.H. He achieved greatness as an greet

artist. 111") Tl111 ;J-'I:J>)or't t-.1-t:.t. I. Mil";I- llm. She greeted me with a smile.
11.1..1"1;1- Mil";I- llm:Y.'t
Greece "l&h
2. Mil";I- h<tt:l1. We greet you on hehalf of
greed P'P'-1- the class. 11h<i:ll- 119" Mll";l- h..,.<tC111!\
Greed made him keep his money to himself. Vll't
P'P'T 11&-fl. 11il' 1'tH11 h't'l..l'h"'':Y. 3. ofo<tl111. The crowd greeted the President
hJ'.t:10Jo with cheers. fofo(ll1(lfltJJo ih1111 T~H.'I't1:'t
11hi!\I!\;J-..... 11"1"11 .... 11 ' ofo<ti1/10Jo
greedily 1-11111"111
He ate the food greedily. 11""111-"1 1-11111"1 4. 1moo(OJo). A strange sight greeted her eyes.
{l 114\0Jo h't"l-'1 -1-ct...e-r 't,l'.'f!f!'t 1m"''-1-
[See also 'nod']
greedy 11"111"111
That greedy fellow has eaten all the cake. greeting
.1' 11"111"111 (lOJo 11.11-'t 11-11- 11oM'-;J-I!\ I. Mil";1-. He did not notice my greeting.
M'l";l-11-'t 1!\11 h'l/19"
be greedy 1-11111111
2. h+llflA. We never expected such a warm
Don't he so greedy! h'tJ'.H.II horll'l11111
greeting. h'tJ'.II.IJ .I'll f:>ll h<t1JI11!\ J'.J'.t:"l
Greek 1!\....1!\ 11/l't 11<i:l\.9" h'lll11'19" )flC
1. "'16h. There are many Greeks in Ethiopia.
h,orf't;}' OJoiiT 1111' "l&l>:f ' hil-
gregarious
2. K"Cll. Paul's epistles were written in Greek. I. foo"t;> h'tlllt. Sheep are gregarious. M:Y.
foP't;J ' h'tllf\:Y. ....,OJo
fi!.OJoll-11 oPI!\hhofo:f fofol\4-or 111\'Ch )11C
2. hllOJo oo<t'l<tl!\ f"7..mY:. Gregarious
3. M&h <1/'t<ll. Greek is not taught at our
university. M&h <1/'t<l/ 11f.tliCil.-t:.I':Y.'t people like to form clubs. h(tm- oP-t4\+A
f"7,fiJJI, (l9':f hl11l:Y.'I "'1<1/<1/9" ,l'.fiJ-'1/1
OJoiiT h,l'.llTII"
green grenade ft.~ llll"ofl
I. ht:'t'i.l',. The color of my car is green. The rehel threw a grenade at the travelers and
foPIJ. ....\1- <t/19" ht:'t'i.l', )OJo killed them. 1i<i:;I-OJo ft.~ n9"11 fiJCOJot!" '
2. 119"119". The leaves are still green. :J>m,...,.; oP't1J'.'l''ll't ' 1J'.'I'fOJo
h11-'t9" 119"119" ....,OJo
3. T~. Eating green bananas gave him
griddle II""'Y:
She poured the batter on the griddle. ll.m-'t '
diarrhea. T~ ,.,., r oPfl~+ r +:,.0"7-r r
119""1Y: 'IJ'. hM-:Y.OJo
ll<t<tl1-1-
4. .l'l!\111lll. Don't eat green fruit! It will make grief .hH't
you ill . .l'l!\11{1/1 'i:~ h-1-11'1 .l'lt9"9"VI!\ She could not conceal her grief. .hH!<'t 1!\T
5 . .1'1!\J'.t:<t. The lumher is still green and J'.11:J> hl!\ii'II:Y.'I"
cannot be used for building. ~")Q;l.-Jl .,c; r il
4\1!\J'.t:<t O/lih'tl\ 0 ODJ"&}' ' {l,OJol!\ 0 hJ'.":fi!\'J" grievance :J>~;J-
6. hJlil. Green recruits were sent into battle. The workers presented their grievances. w~+
h'l.f\'ll 9"1!\9"11-:f mJ'. tnC)of> of-'111- 'l''ll :J>~;J-'fOJo't t,{lODo
7. h't"l-'1. He is still green at his job. hll-'t'l" [See also 'air']
itJP 6-fDo I ~1"1,4 I )aJ-
grieve (vt.) hfiH)
be green lt.OD/tOD
His death grieved the whole nation. ffl-
The vegetation is green after the rains. hlf'i(}- '1"-1- V1&:t't 11""'11- hfllf)
m&--1- 11:\'1 "'C :J>mll- 119"1!\":LI!\
1rieve (vi.) hH~
turn green (with envy) h~t: She grieved for the loss of her son. Oat1'Y:
He turned green with envy when he heard 1!\~'1' 'I"or hH) :Y.
I gat the job. P'&-OJo't "''"IT1:'t 11(1"'1 1.
11. 11:,...,.-r t..:.: grieving .hH't-t-'0'
[See also 'scum'] He consoled the grieving widow for the loss
grievous 537 grip

of her husband. <hH'tH''I''t 1).:,. ill\ grin (v.) .1.1"1 l\11

q,_ ' .,....,. ' 1\K"';"';"..,. The boys were grinning with delight. A}':'6
Of.il:l- 11.1"1 ofl/ltJJo ~oc
grievous grin from ear to ear
I. ;1-~:f-. His death is a grievous loss to the
He grinned from ear to ear. h.f. }!t:ID" 'hl'l
country. f{lo .,...-,. I\V1tl;l: ;1-~.:J. 1-.11:,.
ll.f.Cil "I-I'
~liJo
Wasting food when people are starving is a grin (n.) OU1Ail."l'
grievous wrong. (tPJlo 1 7tf+t-tt ' ,-,-o 1 " ' His grin revealed all his teeth. OD1A.t.ID' "I"
qh't ;1-~.:J. Of.A ~liJo c{lo't o-11- l\'lf
2. X"').. He was suffering from a grievous
wound. OK"). oflilA f.oP:I"f. ~oc grind (ground)
3. l\ll~'t. The grievous news upset the whole 1. .t."'-. You have to grind this grain very fine.
family. l\'IWf tDtl. 0.1-l"ltl-'t IJ-/1- l\lfOtl f.V't't hVA J\Aoo1i ""'~'"'-:,. l\llil1i
2. l\f.-1'-1'. His teeth ground the meat. O"J'C{io
grill (v.) I".:> liJo't ' l\f.-1'-1'
I. mOI"I. They grilled the meat on a charcoal 3. m+m. Grind the coffee finely! ftflaJ-1' ' h
fire. Ohi"IA l\'1:,. I" ;>tJJo't mO{Io f.".:J>-I'u tJJo-l'mtD
2. 0"1'.1'4: l\'l'hO. The detectives grilled the She ground the spices in a mortar. .)oooP-1' 1

prisoner until he finally confessed. ooc"7tll" o--l'"'"i ' tD-I'm:f

=6 ' l\iltl'i'liJo ' "l'of..l>'t ' l\illl..l'9"'t ' f."tlil ' 4. ttl\. He ground his knife to a razor edge.
0"1'.1'-1: ' 1\'l'htl-..,. (l')tJt.liJo') I V"~"'l/' 0 J\illl.IJ'') I <\1\liJo
5. l\~"'-. He ground his teeth. "J'C{Io't l\~"'
grill (n.) filtl:,. V" f."]f *Come here, I have an ax to grind with you.
The grill was red hot from the fire. filtl:,. tD.II.U ';" I fV"1AK"AU :t<~o;l- l\ll't
V" f.")jtJJo hl\'1_, .,.._,..-,. f-1"~"1 'i'".7.A grind to flour .f.Q;l.
They ground the wheat to flour. il't~tJJo't
grim
I. "'II'IJ~ f-l"'l"~(o:,.). The grim struggle between ~~. .......
the two men ended in the death of one of [See also 'coarsely']
them. OIJ-/1-f, l"ll":f oovhA 01"f.tl1l1Jo
"'1/'IJ~ f-1"'1"~0:,. .-,..,A l\'tf.>;'tJJo '1"1"
grinding noise J.C"'II'C"'II' f"7.A f."V"6
The grinding noise is made by friction. i'h.C.,_.C
2. f"7f.IJ''t. He made grim jokes about death {l"'tf.
#if!- I fD7.l\liJ" I 1:9""/J I f--t.,ODII)liJ" I
and suffering. ill\ s ttPT'l ' ill\ onh,e. 1 fDIJ
....... '~liJo
f.IJ''t't ' -I'Af." ' -1'/lf.
3. l\(1:1"-f: I f"''J'(I:f-:,0. He told a grim tale grindstone ""'1.1'
of the battle. ill\ tnC~of, l\1"1:1"-1: (f"7..1'1"1.:J> He sharpened his ax on the grindstone.
.:J>) ' ;1-tlh ' 1"';"1tl oP"J'tlll..l'tJJo't ' 000<\J'liJo ' 'Ill
4. 'i'l\.V" l f"7.1'tD~liJoA. He took up the task
with grim determination . .,_.,C}-;..1' ' {llj:~9"" 1 grip (gripped), v.
(0"7J'tD~liJot\) I 41.&-'1'~..,. o "f.OUL I. l\'t:fo l\f."C1 .I'H. The frightened child
be grim J.of,'t 1 l\lt-1"11-tl gripped his mother's hand. ff.~1mtJJo A'Jf: 1
Father was grim when he heard about the fl\';"of,'t h'Jf: 1\'t.:J. l\f."C1 .I'H
broken windows. foollfl"=1' 1 OD(tllC r 11(1 2. l\"l'il-1' .I'H. If you grip the side of the cart,
., ' "1.11. ' )\q-J; ' .1.-J,'t ' l\lt-1"11-tl you will not fall out. 1-).'t l\"l'il-I'U h.l'
1th h.:>tltJJo ~f. )<,:,.mf.":tV"
grimace 3. <h'ltl-'t "7tlh. An exciting story grips you.
*He made a hideous grimace. J.-J,'t l>fl l\il 11"'1.:,. f"'l.-I'I"I.:J>il ;1-tlh ' .h'loflU't f."7CIJA
00(11\
grip (n.)
grime ~oflo; l\!J.t- 1. hYI1f. His grip is tenacious and hard to
His face was covered with grime. t\.fifl J\9. shake loose. l\.1'.1'11' fmU-1'';" /l"''il/1-l':t
t- ' J.-J, ' ~f. ' 1";>"IC"O;I-A f"7..1'il:f"IC ~liJo
gripe 538 groove

2. ~~- The criminal broke loose from the one to help them. .,llll'l''li f"'l.t'.-'1'1',. h'l'
policeman's grip and escaped. m1)';11'i',. -!-,. hmS'..,O'I- If),. f:t'll-1: )OC
hr~II~~LA~hoollm
3. h..,.qo'l'. He has a strong grip. hQ;Lqom- groan (n.) "?:t'II'I-
;r.ll'i' ),. We heard the groans of the wounded man.
f_,llll'i',.1 II,. "?:t'll'l- 11"?1
come to grips tnC~+ 1moo-
The two armies finally came to grips. o-1\1: fTl grocer ?""If! ):>1'.. ! ?"""f! lf"f!'
.:"f. I ooua;a.~?[' I (PC)T I 1mOOo The grocer sells only food and not drugs.
come to grips with +!t$1:oP ?""If!' );>1'.,,.' (lf-) ' ?"""f!. f!;J' ' ~1)[ '
Failure to come to grips with the housing 001'."~\'f- 0 hf.lf'l'?"
problem will only make matters worse. grocery (groceries)
fOD<:' t'.f ' IJ.'f-1 ' :f'"IC ' /100!1/!1/?" o h/100 I. llll"""flif4'"1 if4''1'. I purchased my grocer-
'l"hC :f."l<l-1 WS'.C yqf]{l'f'A
ies in town. 1\~11 if+ll) if4'111"1' f1tfY.
have a grip on -1-t'.-'1(,.) ,. 'hh-1-"?' ),.
He has a good grip on the situation. lf<~;t-m-"} 2. f?"""fl ool'.f!C. You can find olive oil
0"'1.1q -1-t'.S'.".f-:J-A in any grocery. fmf.&. HY.'I- 0"?1"1,.11"
hold in one's grip 1'..~ h.S'..t'!1 f?"""fl ooS'.f!C 1>1"1A
The Roman empire held many small kingdoms
in its grip. ft:"? 001"1P''I- fl,. :J-<;<; grocery store fll""lfl ool'.f!C
11 001"1P':f""'f-1 ~~ h1'."C1 )OC The grocery store is closed on Sunday. frHt
oPf.ofiC I 1\m..- I lf"'J I ~lD"
take a good grip on 1tT11-' r IH
Take a good grip on this rope! .r.u"t 100
groin fl1111'1-
1'." ' h'l'fl4'11 '""'" He was wounded in the groin. hfl1111-t: 1\
gripe f. 1111- )OC
I. hOIIQ;L. Her criticism gripes me. )4'1,;J'I'
fOIIQ;L'i'A groom (v.) hO"'mt'.
2. If'1.1 4r.&m,.. This green fruit will gripe He groomed his hair and went to the party.
you. Y.tl '1'&. '1'&. lfl'.-111 Y.4r.C'l'VA l\1'1-1 hO"''I't: IDS'. ;ret,. 'tl'.
be groomed A'l"'r~ hY.~r
grippe h.1'1'11-'ll1q He was groomed to take over the manager's
They say that green pepper is a good remedy job. fll-1-'1'1&,.1 (l:f"" 11oo.I'll All"?"
for the grippe. :t'&f llh.1'1'11-'ll1q '1"1- 1'." hS'."C'iA
ool'."~\'1- ),. y.qi\A
groom (n.)
grisly hh1'.1:>"f!' I. oo-fi&.. The groom was splendidly dressed
The child dreamed of grisly monsters. A)l: in native attire. OD-7i&-m- Rri1C A11ll hil'
hll1'.1:>"f!' 11/llf). "f!'&.:f". h/100
f!C.f> )OC
grist f"'l.L"f!' ~IIA 2. qAS'.t'.-11. The groom made sure that the
Farmers bring grist to the mill in large bags. horses and mules were fed properly. qAS'.&-11-
10&-,..:f. 0'1-AA~ IIA;J',..:f. f"'l.L"f!' ~ L&ll'li<; 0~11-,..'li ' OP'C't'l- OOOD1fl'f,.
UA m~ tL+ fOOIIJ/r 1 h&:>1m
grit (gritted) )h{l groove
She gritted her teeth until the ordeal was over. 1. a-c.-..c. The door does not swing out, but
P':t'f. ~llll.J'A'I' 1'."&11 'l'C!J.1 )hll:f. slides along grooves in the floor and ceiling.
grit (n.) fhif'l' f!<;'S
0.;.. I tDF., I lD".,..
I }lf,hL+9"' ! ~1C I "'11 I

ow/It~-<; o...,.,_.,. q11-:,. n-cn-c:r. "'"II"'

Grit gets into the motor and damages it.
fhif'l' f!<;'S '1"-1-C ,.11'1' 1fl.fo fOI\if'I'A
groan (v.) h:t'II-1-
The wounded men lay there groaning with no
Y.1if&.-t-:f""A
2. "1-1'.-'i-'1 ll:f"". My desk has a groove for
pencils. n S'.llh II~CIIII "?114'0D"'i "1-
1'.-'i-'1 ' (l:f"" hll,.
grope 539 ground

cut a groove in (l~(ll. ground, see grind

He cut a groove in the wood. t\'}t;g.iJ"}
Ill
grope
I. JIRI'l. He groped for the door in the dark.
R.U.II"7 R~'t tj:II;J Jlfll'l
2. 11"7"11"-l- "16. She groped for the right
words. -l-llllll.,...,.'t :J'A 11"7"11"-l- "'G:f
3. 11"7"11"-l- tj:II;J h!'.G1. The detectives
groped for some clues to the murder. m"J)!A
OOC"76!1''1l ' 1111 ' "IY:fm-' lj:')"l"' 11"7"11"-l- '
tj:II;J h!'.G"I-
grope one's way O~Oll ; ~l.il
He groped his way to the door. RJIR<l lJR
~1'.61'1
gross
I. lJQY:. That was a gross mistake. f lJq
Y: llih-1--l- ) nc
2. 1-AU. Only the gross errors are noticed by
the machine. oolJ...,....,. IIJm-:J> f"''.:fllw-
1-AU flfi--l-'t llito-1-.f:f oflil' )ID-
3. mol-,_,t\, What was your gross income last
year? f'l"..,.. m:J>~~ 1R.U 'l"'t fUA )
nc 1
4. "'"' He uses gross language in the pres-
ence of women. Rll.-l':f t.-l- Kftj: 't"l"l
C 1'>..,..16-A
5. f/A.:J't:.oo. Her gross manners offended her
companions. fA;I"Goo 1H:1"'1' 'i!'."'l'!f!'t
h<lt-6-'fw-
grossly fii:J-'1'
That is grossly exaggerated. fii:J-'1' -1-;JS:A
grotesque
I. hP'4!"i..,.. hll!'...,..4!. His face had a grotesque
look. oofAIJ- hP'4!"i..,.. hll!'...,..4! )ftC
2. hll4>f"'L. The hunchback has a grotesque
appearance. '1-Q"'m- hll4>f"'L _,.,....,..
hllm-
grouch )"l"..,.."'i
Don't be such a grouch! 7.'t!'.11U )"l"..,.."'i '
h-l-o-'t
grouchy )"l"..,.."'i
They tolerate the grouchy man because he
is their employer. )"l"..,.."'iiD-'t o'lm- :fll
fil--l- 4>"16f'l'w- ' lllllf) ' )m-
be grouchy +)-J.)t.Q.
He is grouchy right after he gets out of bed.
l!A;Jw- ' ~f. ' ll_)"' ' f.)"'i)"'i/A
fll.
ground (vt.)
l. OOrPt:.+. The leaders tried to ground the
government on democratic principles. oot.1
'll ' OO't"IP'-f,'t ' RJI..'I"ll6-ll_' 00'/"6f!Pl- ' ~
f. ' IIDPOOP'G~ ' 'l"lJ~
2. """'6-1- m<lofl hll-1-"76. He grounded
the students in algebra. -l-"76!1''1l't fhAJ>;.
11.:-'t ,..,..:.,. m<lofl hll-1-"76-'fm-
*On what do you ground your argument?
9"'t f.HU )m- ' f9"-l-lJ6-lJGw- l
ground (vi.) out,-}- fH
The ship grounded in shallow water. ""ChR.
1; I 'J'Aol- I QAli")OJo ' (Do~ I dJoilT I 00~
-l- ' fH:f
be grounded
1. +oorPt:.+. His arguments are grounded on
facts. llcll~ Rl.w-)-1-.,. )1C ~f. f-1-oo,..:
.,. I )(Do
2. 7.'tJif.flC -1-hllhll. The pilot was grounded.
hw-C'T~'t )}(w- 7.'tJif.flC -1-hllhll
3. hARGG'I". The planes were grounded by
thick fog yesterday. 'J':J>'J':J> l!ll 1-9" f-1-
)"1 hw-C'T~'l":f -l-....'t-l-.... hARG~'I"
ground (n.)
1. oo~:r-. The ground is still wet. oP~"f: 1 Jrty.
1'?'" I lt.CT-fl I ~~
How much ground goes with the house?
hiL-J, ;JC f"''.if mm- out,-}- 'l"'t f
UA r ~~?
The plane hit ground. ha>-C'T~). oo&,o}- )t,:f
2. 9"Y:C IL-l-. A fire escape leads to the
ground from the roof. h7.11-l- h!'.;J "7'/"ll"'i
m- h"16-ID- t!'. 9" Y:C IL-l- f.tCJIA
3. P;f-. The forest was his favorite hunting
ground. "'ilia>- fl"''l" f"''.m!'.m- f"7!'."'
11:1" )ftC
grounds
1. "IR.. The house is small, but the grounds
are beautiful. 0.-t: -l-"}1i i'm- 1 ..,.,. 1 ""lfltD- 1
19"6-A
2. h.+l\. Throw the coffee grounds into the
Sink! fft'i"tD-"} I h.+l\ I lt_:J" I CJWimRJ' I ~fiT I
htj:{lm-
3. 'l"ll'tf-l-. On what grounds are you re-
fusing? 1.'/"R. f'l"-l-llm- fl'l"'t 'l"h'tf
+ ' )ID- l
4. R4! 'l"ll'tf-l-. That is grounds for divorce.
r.u 1\00'l.:f"-l- n4! 'l"ll'tf-l- )m-
ground floor
break ground f:tt'}~ ~&- )!oo~
They will break ground for the factory next
week. 0'"1."""1"'" o't!I"""H fof.11&.,a>-'t a.
'tll ' P'.l- ' WJ!'I".l-fl-
(be on) common ground +il"7"7
Here we are on common ground. lt.IUI "~
l\1-11"7"71\'t
cover ground
1. +~H. He covers more ground in one day
than most people do in two. 1111- Ol":f o-
Il 'I- ' .,..,. ' f'"l.dlll~q'fa>-'t ' '1-~ ' l\11- ' q
.,.~ ' .,..,. ' .l!.'l~&\
2. '1--'!.1!. l'un:l'l\11 l )1C l\m:l'l\11 ! )1C l\
.,..:0. He covered a great deal of ground in his
lecture. 01-"1"1~ <D-11'1' 1111- '1--'ll'":f't
l\m:l'l\11
The report covers much new ground . .l-7"~ 11
,. l\.'1.11 )1C .l'm:l'&\1\&\
He talked for two hours without covering any
new ground. 9"'19" l\.'1.11 )1C o't.I'.,.C11
1111-11'1- O't'l- T'i'1l:
from the ground up h.P"C )!,..1!'
He changed everything from the ground up.
hP"C "f.'rt: = v-&1'9"' ~ ~1C /UDmm-
gain ground
1. +floo~. The new teaching method is gaining
ground. l\.'1.11- f"711T"7C H!.. l\fTII
.,.,,_ ' l'!l..&\
2 . .,..,.q.e,)'f-1- l\17. The case for tax reform is
gaining ground throughout the country.
Ill\ ' ;1-hll ' -lflf&\ ' .1'1\a>- ' '1--'l.l!. ' 0;h11
0 H't~ .,..,.q.e,)'f-1- l\.1'17 l'!l..&\
give ground hL1L1
The army gave ground before the enemy attack.
tn~ hm'l'l- '1':1''1- fT)"' l\<1.1<1.1
hold one's ground
1. l\&\T):I').,.'I". The angry dog rushed at
him, but he held his ground. fT4'."1a>- ..,..
lf C'tn (lo<IJO'I-9" l\&\T):I')<J'I"
2. mo'tll-'l l\&>1\mm'l". Despite the arguments
that were presented, he held his ground and
refused to give in. f"'"Jr A'l\\'1 1llt' oo~
)fl":f ' ll.,.CII-11'1- mo'tll-'t o't.I!.II<D-'1' l\&\
01C9" l\11
3. 11;1-a>-'t il.l'il)" $f. Our troops held their
ground bravely. m;l-f.C'il"'f't 0)!:"11-)'f- P
;1-'fa>-'t il.I'IIH1- $1'
(be) leveled to the ground (JJJ',.OD
The village was leveled to the ground. oo'l ~"'-
dlf.OD
540 grove
lose ground qll(O'I-)
The patient is losing ground despite the
doctor's care. mh.,... llt:.llm-r r n'li+~tDo
l\fq(IO'f- ' l'f.
*Our candidate is losing ground in industrial
areas. Tdl'l'l&.l':f't Ol\.1-.t:.ll'l-& l\.,qll
f'"1.11' ' )'I'&l":f't ' ~:>'i' ' l\.1'"1 ' l'Jl..&\
shift (one's) ground dlllll-1' 1 Amm
He shifted his ground whenever it seemed to
his advantage to do so. o-t;l-a>- f'"l.m:,Oo
(Do I 000(U\lD" I cJil'f'C I fflflfl-1' I f.l\lD"'f' I ~0C
[See also 'breeding, hunting, sink, stand, yield']
ground floor 'I"~C IL'I-
Our apartment is on the ground floor. l\;rCT
"7:f't l\'l"f.'C IL'I- )a>-
groundless """'lT llll
This is a groundless accusation . .r.u oPwt!+ =
llll ' hll ' )a>-
group (vt.) of.O
Group the men according to age! f"'9'=ri'l r )t1'
f.fbf.'"''..l''fa>- ' .,.,~q'fa>-
group (vi.) Tl\000
The people grouped slowly. Ol"'li .,.II 0.,.
II Tl\01111-
group oneself around n - - - lt-~1 r +llnlln
The children grouped themselves around the
teacher. &>}('li qllT"'/&a>- 11-&.1' Tl\0011-
group (n.)
1. aJ"J'l. The Italians are the strongest group
in this city. OII.U hT"7 <D-11'1' .l'fl-'1- "1.1!.11
'l''li m1'l':f l\."'A.I''l':f 'i''fa>-
Wheat and oats belong to the grain group.
ll't!..'i' l\)f fl\UA m1'l':f 'i''fa>-
2. (zero). A group of children were playing
ball. &>}(:f ~~~ .l!.""ldl1> )OC
In small groups 11111111 11111111 111\a>-
People were standing about in small groups.
Ol":f 11111111 11111111 111\a>- oa>- )OC
[See also 'splinter'].
grove ""1.,
The guardian spirit of this grove is worshipped
by many people. fii.U't ""1., l\~qc 1111-
Ol":f J'oAh-;1-A
grove of trees b~1l fit- 1 ru:::l
There is a grove of trees around every Ethi-
opian church. 0"7't'1<D-'I" fl\.'1-1'-k.l' IL
1 .,. hCil-1:.1'1- 11-&.r bJ.\'11 .l'fl- ~~::
:f .1!.1'1fl-
 541
grow
grow (grew, grown), vt.
I. -1-hll. I grow roses. lM.VI h-t-hl\1111-
2. h04'11. Barren soil will not grow any wheat.
"l"'t"'l ou,:.:,. M9" ll't ... h,I'O:r>A9" grow up
3. H,&.. In Ethiopia, many farmers grow wheat.
111\.'1-1'-A-,1' ' tD-11'1' ' 1111- 111.:01":-f. ' ll't ... '
f.Ht-11-
ln Ethiopia, many farmers grow cotton.
111\.'1-1'-A-,1' ' tD-11'1' ' .flit- ' 111.:01":-f. ....... '
f.Ht-11-
4. ho\.1'.1. My brother grew a beard. ID't.i:""'
m.....'t' h{).<:-'IA
grow (vi.)
I. hf.1. Your boy has certainly grown a lot.
llhC"I'I' A~ll 11"19" h.<:-'IA
This tree grows only in the lowland. foil ~
<;: 11-1''1 11!1' ,1'.':-:>A
2. 114'11. Much grain is grown in this region.
IIILII 4'111\. 1111- hilA f.ll:r>'IA growl (n.) "71't:9"t:9"
There are only a few hairs growing out of his
chin. h1""' ' 'If. ' '1'<1:'1- ' l\'N!':f ' .fiJI' ' ll:r>
1\'f'A
3. hfllt:h-1- 'tf.. The crowd grew rapidly.
.ih1111- ' .Y.II- ' hfllt:h-1- ' 'tf.
4. hfll~ 'tf.. The need for raw materials has
grown enormously. 11'1'.:0 h:l' ,1'1\t& 'i''\1
"" ' h~"l ' hfll~ ' '/..0:,.&1.
5. -1-11'1-'1-. His business has grown fast.
f(l- 't"l.<:" II.Y.II- -t-11'1-<;::J;A
6. 1H. His fame grew. 11""'" 1H
7. -~"l""t:. Our friendship grew from a com-
mon interest in music. 'lf.'h;t-:f't f-1-l""t:
t& 11-ll;f-:f't9" .,..IL:l' IIODt&M:f't )t&
grow (Into) IJ')
It started as something small, but grew into
a big difficulty. )1C h'tf.'f'~ l9"C' 11"1
9" hq.<:- :f"lc IJ')
grow on one
r did not like the country at first, but it
gradually grew on me. 111<l:J;'t ll""l""<l.l'
.t.Arof..<:-'>.'l-9" )IIC "l't 4'11 114'11 M out to be malignant. so it was removed. 0."1-llif
fllf..':-'>.'1- Y..<:-11-
grow (out) of -1-.Lmt:
Most prejudices grow out of ignorance.
h.fl~"'t&'t 'UL '1''1!1' f"'L.Lmt:t& h.<:"'t
4!C... f-1-)"f ' )t&
*His troubles grew out of his carelessness.
:t-"1~ ' ff.t:llll'l- ' 11"1...111h1: ' )t&
My son has grown out of his clothes. A:(
Mf.1 A.fl<''li h"tllfDo;t-A
growth
grow together 1";JcnoP
The branches of this tree grew together.
fiLII ~<;: "1-C't"'lt:::f -1-;J'I'""'f'A
I. hf.1. The children are growing up fast.
A;l:.'li ' .Y.II- ' .Y.II- ' ,1'.<:-:>11-
2. 1"1Pt-. New cities grew up in the desert.
llllt:7fDo fDo11'1' ' h>l-'1.11 h-1-"71":-f. ' -~""'~
let grow J\~1
She decided to let her hair grow. l\1-.,:'t II
.,,..,_., ' fll(l):f
[See also 'rampant']
growl (v.) .t.'l'.:ou,:ou
The dog growled when he heard the noise. ,....,
(Da I ~fD/J I (\,(lD'f I }\'f.~oPL,_OD
The students growled about the poor food.
-f-"'/<li"'Ji' 119""111-' OD'!'G:)'!- ' h'l't:ODt:,..._
The growl of the dog frightened the child.
ffll<\ffDo "71't:9"t:9" ' Alf."t h11f.)1mt&
grown hiJII oum't ff.t:ll
A grown man is allowed to bear arms. hiJII
DPtn'l I fS'.~(l (lro- I ftnC I oP,6Y = ll.'l"l
1'-11 I'-.1.4'.<:"11;1-A
grown-up (n.) O'f'-1:
Children should keep quiet when grown-ups
are talking. o'f'-1: (IJ'rot- A~ 119" "711
"" ' hl\11'1-
grown-up (adj.)
I. ff.t:ll. She has a grown-up daughter.
ff.t:ll:f A~ hll!l''!-
2. (f)o'f'-1: ..,,._ He has grown-up manners.
11-~;1-t& h'tf. O'f'-1: llw- )fDo
be Jrown~up 'iotf!il : om+
Their children are already grown-up. A}F:.il''f
,. ' )<;:11 ' '"'"' ' ""'"'"
growth
I. h.flm'l-. The growth on his shoulder turned
,. 'If. ,l'f.t:ll'l- h.flm'l- hf.1"' 111\U') 114'
P,. I 'f1'i" I }l{l:aJIJ)aJ-
2_ h.<:-1'1-. Sunshine hastens the growth of
plants. fOmf. 11C?'t fbfl'f''l-'t h.<:-1'1-
,1''1-'I'...A
*This plant has had a slow growth. ,.e..o tftt: =
f.('.1aJ- I 1J"'J I oflfl- I )(~)-
childhOOd is a period of rapid growth.
A~)'!- .Y.II- f"'L;f-!1."111'1- ro:r>'l- )fDo
grub 542 guarantor

*There has been a large growth in population

this past year. Otltl s ClALm--
have a gruff manner m'lf. s ,.m- r 'iotJJo
r '\ooP+ fihll He has a good heart, but a gruff manner.
-II ofl'I'C fl"'9" """"~ Art- F.., }tJJo s mQf. ..,,. 1 4!m- 1 iom-
arrest the growth of il.-1~
grumble h'l'~oP~oo
Poor food arrests the growth of the children.
He grumbles each time he is asked to help.
OD'J'6: ' 9""1-11 ' IA}t;.":f-"1 S.."I.""".IA
l\CII;I- fll-mf-1' ofl'I'C Y'I'~ODC"?IA
full growth ltltfl oom'} The thunder grumbled in the west. ~1-Jl:'l!l:
He can marry now because he has reached hflllT ' 9"b&.ofl ' h'I'~OD~oP
his full growth. hu-"1 hl}ll ODm"l f.I'.Ml
llllll'~ 11.1'1Q f.":f~IA grumbling "7"7~C
thick growth of :f'i'"l Yll His needless grumbling annoys people. +~fl.
}'/All'~ "7"7~-1- (lm- Yfllt."'i.IA
A thick growth of bushes covered the ground.
";f<;:"l Ylltv- "'"'*"' '
OD&,-f,"l if<;:'l";I-IA
[See also 'constrain, retard']
grunt h'I'~-~-
He merely grunted when I asked him to come.
grub (grubbed) 'kd.~ l\"IJI.OD"l llmf.-tm- h'l'~-~-
Pigs grub in the forest for food. hlt."7lP":f
9""1-11 'i'll:> ""1.1} a>-ll'l' f.'k'i'&-11- guarantee (v.)
1. ~A 1 "lll. I guarantee to prove every
grudge (v.) statement I make. f+'i'~Ch-T"I ~~c u-11-
I. -l''i'(fl-r). I do not grudge him his success. 11"7~:>~'1' ?lA ' l\~QII!Jo
P'&.tv- fl.lt.l}ll:,. hiA-t'i'fiT9" He will guarantee us possession of the house
2. '1-c l\J'II<D- "111(11-r). The evil man grudged by May. IL-J,"I fl"l"ltlT oo""~lf 11'1 11.
his horse the food that it ate. h4-m- (lm- '1- y~m-CIA"I ?lA ~-11-r-IA'i'/A
c l\}'II<D- lld.~o'l- f"Y.Mm-"1 9""1-11 "'ll 2. 'l'llT'i' o'lm. This company guarantees its
11-r clocks for a year. f.U 11-Q"IY ll"tlf"''fm-
3. '1-c hll(m-). She grudged him even the o'l'l-r-:f u-11- ~-, Jl: 'loo:,. 'l'llT'i' f.o'I"'IA
small pleasure of a night out with his friends. 3. 'l'llT'i' hllm-. Aflluencedoesnotguarantee
h'l.l'.'l''ll :>C Moolf '1-C h~T happiness. 11-IIT .l'.ll;l-"1 1\"?ll~'f.r 'l'llT
'i' fii<D-9"
grudge (n.) <1:9"
4. l\C"Im'1 ~m-. I guarantee that you will like
The grudge is a result of a dispute over land.
that movie. S'"l"l ll.t"7 l\"1.1'.9"Tm.l'.m-
4:.,... """"".-,. hchc f+~.., ~m l\C"Im'1 ' ~'1
bear (have, hold) a grudge <1:9" S'H(flT)
be guaranteed +mn+
He has a grudge against me because I voted
Civil liberties are guaranteed by the consti-
against his plan. l\'1-JI."I +?<D-"'/. Jl:9"6
tution . .'h1JQ' ' OD-fl-r-":f ' fl.'h~ ' OD"i"IP'T '
llllo'lm!Jo <1:9" f.~-11'1/A
f.,.mflofl 'i''l'm-
grudgingly l\.1'1'~-~-
He gave in grudgingly. l\Y'I'~OD~OD +-l'fli\<D- guarantee (n.) 'l'llT'i'
What guarantee do I have that he will pay?
grueling fl"19" hfl:l}"t l\o'l- l\"l.l'."th'i'IA 9""1 'l'llT'i' hl\'11
The grueling contest left him exhausted. OllJ You get a five-year guarantee on the watch.
9" hJl:l}"t fll'~m- MIA o'I<D-~-J,"I llo'I'IT Y'l"llT 'I""T 'l'llT'i' f.o'l'l'VIA
h.l'.-t-tm- Wealth is no guarantee of happiness. -11/AII"'''i'
gruesome hll?<l: ll.l'.ll;J- 'l'llT'i' hf..l'.l\9"
The Italians carried out a gruesome slaughter
on February 12. h.."'IAY'l"":f fl}-1;:,. OP' guarantor
&. u-11-r ho'l?-1! l\IA<I:T d.~.,...
1. 'I'll. Will you be a guarantor for Yohannes'
loan? l'".h"lll ~"IH-11 ll.fl.I'.C 'I'll Tll'~'I'IIU 1
gruff 1-C'i''i' 2. +Y'fr. When I hired the servant, I asked

.,..
He spoke in a gruff voice. fl1-C'i''i' Jl:9"6
~~
him the name of his guarantor. h 'lihc ll-1''1'
C f+Y"H'"t ll9" mf~u-:,.
guard
guard (v.)
1. mO+. Two soldiers guarded the prisoners.
rNI'I- OJ:f"f.t:l- Mc:"'I''Jn mo.,
2. .,.m)<l'<l'. Lock the door to guard against
thieves! hi\.IJ IIDPm'!<I':,O oP"If"LJ'OJo'l 4'
A'I'
guard against .,.Mhll(ll'l-)
These pills are to guard you against malaria.
7.)11.11 h.~'fl- OJIJ J'.hllhii-AYA
guard (n.)
I. H11. I will stand guard. h~ H11 hol'.,llo-
2. HO'O'. The guard did not let me pass.
HO'O'OJo .M<'IA'i' toll'S
3. oPhl\bl'. Vaccination is our best guard
against smallpox. h'I-IJ'I- 'l't; f.I.'IRJ"'
oPh'lh.l'l-'1 )IJJo
guard duty flf11 TO..+
He detailed two men for guard duty. IIH11
'1'0.4' o-11'1- 119'l- oof.O
keep guard (over) mO+
The parents kept guard over the small child.
"'"~'ll '1-'llf.'l AY: mo+
off guard <'1.1'/IOOJo
The teacher caught the student off guard with
a question. to/1.,..,6,. .,..,6,.'1 <'I.I'IIR
,. 0'1'.1'"'. toRJS'..I.OJo
{be) on one's guard +m)++
You have to be on your guard with her.
h!l. :>C 11'1-rn oom')<I':,O to111111
stand guard over +ht\hft
The dog stood guard over his wounded master.
OJolfOJo 11'/I.IIIIOJo "1.;1-0Jo .,_Mhll
[See also 'honor']
guarded (adj.)
I. f.,.mR<I'. The heavily guarded fort was
not taken. R'l''l:l'., f.,.mR<I'OJo 9"11"1
to<C\.,.OJIIS'.?"
2. 0'1''1.4'., f"'l.ll'l'. "Maybe" is a guarded
answer to a question. fP'iAQT : attll:t- : flT
'1.4'"' f"'l.ll'l' oP<C\/1 )IJJo
guardian
1. mQct. The constitution is the guardian of
our liberties. iM OD'I"IP'., foo11;t-l-'1 m
IJ<I: )OJo
2. .,..,11.'1- l .I'S'.&- toiJ'I-. The judge made
my uncle my guardian until I am 18. OP'6-
liM+ 'too'!- hllh.rr~'S 'I'O'OJo to'l--1:
'I '1""111.-1: (.I'U toiJ-1:) toS'.G~,.
543 guidance
guardian angel ;f-'11. onAtoh
Michael is a guardian angel. "'l.lth.A ;f-'1
"1.. ; DPAh.h I )(Do
guardian spirit
1. h.J!'tlC. The guardian spirit of this grove
is worshipped by many people. fll.ll'l "'lit
to.I:'IJC 1111- 119'l- .I'""Ah-R;f-A
2. OJo:I'IL to?"'lh. He feels that he has a guard-
ian spirit who brings him luck. b.l:-11-'1 f
"'l...'illtll'l- OJo:I'IL to?"'lh toll'S 1111- .1'
?"t;A
guerrilla fS'..I.RJ .,..,,_
The war in Vietnam is carried out by guerrillas.
fil.f'l-t;?" tnC~'I- f"'l.lt~f.OJo Rf..I.RJ
.,.'1'1.9'l- )IJJo
guess (v.)
1. """" OOJ<I'. That is not hard to guess . .f.U
') Roo'l .,,:,. to.l'll'f"IC?"
2. ~.,...,., Can you guess my weight? "'1.~~'1
A'l-~?"'1- '1-l-11111 1
3. .1.;1-. He guessed the riddle. h'14':,0Alf.'l .1.;1-
4. OOJ<I'. Guess what happened to me!
M h'IS'.S'.GIIofi'S ;1-0Jo?tlll 1
5. ""llll(tJJo). I guess he is sick. foPODOJo J'.""
llti'O'A
I guess we should hurry . .l.m'J .,11'1- .1'11.1.
A~<;A DPIIII'S
guess the answer to L:r
Guess the answer to this riddle! J'.U'I h '14'
:,0A1i ' '1':1"
guess (n.) "1?"'1-
His guess is that the war will end in a year.
n11- "1?"'1- tnC)., '17.1:' <ton+ , ,.11'1' ,
.!'fl."'A
make a guess oPI\ oo;r
Make a guess if you don't know exactly.
.,,:,. 1)?.,.11 _,. ?";1-
only a guess
It is only a guess. 7.'1'1.11- Roo'l )OJo
[See also 'wild']
guest h'l"l'l
He will be His Majesty's guest while he is in
Ethiopia. nt..'I-I"A-.1' R"'l..,.J'.R'I- 1.11. f
"IC.,'f!);f-:fOJo 1.1"1'1 J'.IY<;A
[See also 'wedding1
guidance
1. oP6)'1-. The country developed under his
guidance. h~6_, Rll- ""6)'1- fitiR~l-
 guide 544 gulf

2. 1l,oot.c. His guidance of foreign policy to find the guilty person. ;r(L(I:f -1111- fT
proved disastrous. fm-~ r 11.1C ;r{Lft. tnl:tn"- 119'l- fll- I '1'4-T'i'w-1- "11- iLf
Jtoo&.<- r AT4. .,._ 1"1"f 11' hAil'll-'r
guide (v.) find guilty oi.D'-(0'1-)
1. oot-. Can you guide us there? tD"-HJ' A The judge found the prisoner guilty. 'l'i'w-
'f-ont:-1- rl-111111 1 l.llt:'i'w-1- oi.D'.R'I-
2. hll"I-RT. She guided a company of (be) found guilty Tol.l:.!'.(R'I-) l '1'4-T'i' lf'l'
tourists. h1-K- J.'1C 1-il'9'l- 'i.- hll"l- T1T
nT:f He was found guilty of espionage. 0111\f.)'f-
3. oP'/"&f If). The book guided us in the .,..~..:.r.n-r
repair of the car. ooJtm4-- oott.'im-1' r I\ He was tried and found guilty. 'i!CK- IL'I-
DPm1'1 I ODIJD6Y I lf)"J 4'CII '1'4-T'i' ' lf'l' T1T
guide (n.) have a guilty conscience f~i\...'i KJ\:,. 1 ItS'.
I. oP1-1K' oo&. The guide told us to boil .:(n'I-J
our water before drinking it. OD"J1X" r oo&m- r The one who committed the crime had a guilty
honm"':J-l-1- n.c.-r w-;) 7.1-K-""-", )1t:1- conscience. m"}j!h-"} 1 fLJ\.oPtD- 1 f'\il'i" 1 AX
We took. a guide. OD'11J.': oo& r +me") -r t..r..:n~
2. on'/"&f. All the theaters are listed in the [See also 'plead']
guide. nr+ ftfrc IL.Y.l- u-11- non'/"&
guinea fowl ~"/.:.
fw- ' fJJoll'l' TIIC"IIt:'I'A
3. ononu'i'. External appearances are often a Guinea fowl are good to eat. ~"'t:-9'l- 11""11
A~~'i"Tm-
poor guide to character. ouAh h.ofl'l~m-"} r
1..1 llmQf. fTialaT ononu'i' )w-
guinea pig [.!'.Col."i" fill- '1-1-11 fhf.'l'
guidebook """111'"1 oPK"dt'i! <tM'I-]
The Ministry of Information published a guide-
book of Ethiopia. f..,ll;J-m4:f "''.tM:C 11 guise
1. 1\.1\ (J.m- 1 oP{Ift<> oP:J"f:,.. His guise was
II h.'l-f"kf oP"/11'"1 ""K"dt'i! hm"'
not easily penetrated. 1\.1\ 1 (lm- 1 oP{Ift- oo
guideline oP'/"&f :J-f1> n+llll- hA:t-m+n'l-'r
We must have guidelines to keep from losing 2. ooAh. His theory was nothing but an old
sight of the goal of our policy. 'll\..,'1'1- "1!1- idea in a new guise. 6"J(I r dtlaflo f.ff thla11
1- 7.1-'IY.Il'l- 11..,.-t:"' oP'J"&f 1.1-'l.'l't: 1- QJLII oPAh h.,:,O,:-n fTIIf
1- f.1QA hMRt:'F'
in the SUiSe of OD{I{t<>
guild ..,-,nc He traveled through Ethiopia in the guise of
The porters formed a guild. Tlflt"'1.9'l- ..,.., a monk. on)lf'fl. on{ll\- h.'l-f"kf w-(1
nc t.**- 'I' TH'I'mt:

guile iiAV'I- l T1-h-A under the guise of oo{l(t<>

By guile, the fox got the cheese from the crow. Under the guise of friendship, he plotted
RiiAf'l- +RC'fJJo h.,..:.,. ' hf.il IDIIS'.R'I- treachery. m.<;~ on{lll- h.n.r.'l-1- hM
A swindler uses guile; a robber uses force.
h:J-1\f. RT1-h-A I +..,'i' "11- R'lf.A
guitar [IIK-11'1- 1111 mf.'r ~..,'1- fllw- 1.
1-.1'. h.:.C fll , ....~~.,. oP"f&f]
Y.m+..,A

guilt '1'4-T'i')'f- gulf fq.nc Mm.

The guilt of the accused is in doubt. fThflif.
'1'4-T'i')'f- htnt:-"1& )w-
guilty '1'4--1-'i'
The police arrested many suspects, but failed
The Persian Gulf separates Arabia from Persia.
f'i-Cil fQonC 111\m. 'll:-111- hof.Cil f.llfA
leave a gulf between ltltYf
The quarrel left a gulf between the old friends.
m!J- f-1'1''1-1- m.<;)('l'- hllff'l'w-
gull
gull ffl.l.C "l"~T
The gulls ""' flying over the waves. ffl.l.C
"l"II.,.:Y. ' h'l"''.ll. I MY. I .J'.Rt-11-
gullible Y:AA
He is so gullible that he believes every word.
0"1!1" Y:AA 111111'~ 11-1\-'J ~~C y,..;A
gully {If.
The heavy rain made several gullies in the road.
hfJJI. 0 '11 ..!1" 0 QOD')~)I. 0 ~f. 0 -11,. o {If. o
{1~{1~
gulp (v.) m"'
The horse gulped the water. .t.~o\o
tn"'
gulp down
!. "l"A'f' 1\Y:C'l m"'. He gulped down a
cup of cold milk .. 1\'JY: 1\t 4'11:1'~ ID-1-
:,. "l"A'f' 1\Y:C'l tn"'
2. 1''f' 1\S'.~~. The unhappy boy gulped down
a sob. fhof.OJo A~ oo')(l:J-(14!') 1''f' 1\
S'.~~
gulp (n.), in one ~ 'I'JY: T'Jof-11
He emptied a glass of milk in one gulp. 1\')JI.')
11C"l".,. "'"""' 'I'JY: T')of-11 og,{lmOJo
take a gulp .,...,..)-~
He took a gulp of tea and spat it out. lfl'')
.,..,..,"1"-f .
#IJJo
gum
!. .,"'Rof!Y. This stamp has no gum on it.
f.IJ -l-!1"11C .,"'Rof!Y fiiiD-!1"
2. Y:Y:. My gums are sore. Y:l. 'llii!I.A
3. ODII-I:IJ. The boy likes to chew gum. A)l:
ODII-I:IJ ' .,'fll ' f.IDJIA
gumption f"'l.~of.of. "'\f.A
He hasn't the gumption to find a job. 1"6- II
"71TT f"'l.~of.of. "'\f.A fiiiJ>o!l"
gum tree f - ~<;:
Are there gum trees in Ethiopia? 01\..TI"kY
IJJoll'f' ' f - ' ~<;: ' 1\il !
gun (gunned), v. 1\M"'
He gunned the motor and roared away.
'1"-K-'J 1\MF+ -1-.t.-1-ilh
gun down '!ifi'
He gunned the soldiers down as they came out
of the honse. ID:f"S'.I:'II hiL-Io IJJoll'f' {1.
"'"'" ' ~ifo;'l',.
545 gush
gun (n.)
!. 11'1-'f'. He pulled a gun on me. 11.,..,. DDH
H11'S
2. mOD'Jll'. He went hunting with a gun.
mOD')ll' ' f.fl ' 1\S'.') ' '/.S'.
3. ooY:<;:. They mounted a gun on the fortress
wall. UTA"' f"11"1 "1!1"11 II.P. ""Y:'i'
mODJI.
stick to one's auns 1t.A01C,.. 1\A
There was enormous pressure on them to
submit, but they stuck to their guns. dtllfJ'I'IJJo
., li'J-'1.11,.,. ~of.'i'-1-1''1',. ~nc ~~
C "!') 1\'JO~C!I" 1\11-
,.,,..,
gunfire fmOD')ll' -Nt-11
When the soldiers heard gunfire, they took
.,..., .,,.
cover. m:J-S'.i:'ll fmOD')ll' -1-ltll {1.{1 ...
gunman fliiOD"f6Y ID'JRS'.
An unknown gunman killed the President.
1\')Y: ' YA:f-ID., ' IJ/IOD"f6Y ' ID')OS'. T
o!.IVI'J-Io'J ~M..,.
gunner ODY;.t.'1
The gunners fired the cannon at the enemy.
ODY;.t.">/'11 ' nm~T ' ~f. ' -l"b-1\-
gunpowder '1'1-Y:
The gunpowder is damp and won't ignite.
'1'1-J!. llil~mn 1\.P..t.t-'1!1"
gunshot f-Nt-11 Y:!l"6
We heard gunshots. f-1-ltll Y:!l"6 {1.,-,
gurgle (v.)
!. "':Jo "':Jo 1\11. The baby gurgled happily.
a.n. ns:11:r "':Jo "':Jo 1\il
2. -J-')14'.1'-.,. Water gurgles when it is
poured out of bottles. ..,., hmcoa.ll {1.
~~~ R'f' ' f.') 14'.1'-:J'A
gurgle (n.) .,.,P"l"P"l"
I could tell by the gurgle that there was some
water in the canteen. OMm- m-n.,- ~
li'J-'111 0"7'){1"1"{1"1" ~~ !I'AIJ.
gush (v.)
1. .t.il.,. Oil gushed from the ground. u,r.:,.
booo~.:,. ol..il.,
2. 1-U. Tears gushed from her eyes. l\')IJ
h't.P.'l'!l! ' 1-~1.
1ush out ol..il.,
Water gushed out of the side of the mountain.
,., ' h+t-t-IJJo ' .,.., ' ol..il.,
.
gush 546 gynecologist

gush (n.) gutter

If you get a deep cut, there usually is a gush I. 111f"t'l. The gutter is leaking along the eaves.
of blood. P';>U 0"111" fl.-&;<:'1' 1111- f. ML-1: hL'i' 'If. Yllm- 111f"t'l YLIIA
II" f.LIIA 2. (lf.. He stumbled and fell in the gutter.
11f.<;~C:'I- ' J.(lf.' OJoil'l' o Wf..,.
gust 'lf.ll>;' )<f.ll
qc~"' guttural f'Jo~~
A gust blew his hat off. -11/.111;' )<f.ll
Tigrinya has guttural sounds. '1-"IC>;' f'Jo~
OJo"t ' h&-11- ' '\f. CDilf.OJo
~ ' J':ll"6 ' 1IIIOJo
in gusts 0'1f.,A.
The wind was blowing in gusts. )<f.ll- 0-lf. guy IIOJo l A"/:
A 1/.)<;:11 )OC He is a nice guy. 'No (lOJo (A"!:) )OJo

gusty 0"111" )<f.lf gym

It was a gusty day, so we held onto our hats.
O"'ll" )<f.lf .,... 1111)0<: qc~"':f?"t
oJ.!Pf-1. nn
gut (v.) fiTJ': 1.:1" 11CD"'
You must gut the fish before you cook it.
'\"'OJo"t hoP'J'OIIU 0.1.'1- fii'J': 1.:1-m-"t
"7tJJo"''l- 111111U
gut (n.) 11"t,;'I-
He cut the gut of the ox into strips. fO.C.m-"t
11"t,;'l- HIIHII
guts fiT J': 1.:1"
The guts of fish were on the floor. f'\"'OJo f
IJ'J': 1.:1" Willi- 'If. )0C
I. f(lOJo)'l- "7m"th<:Y. We have gym class
three times a week. Olll>""t'l- 1"11'1- '1.11.
f(lOJo)'l- "7m"th<:Y '1-II"UC'I- 7."t"7&-ll"t
2. f(lOJo)'l- "7m"th<:Y h<;:A l fll?"C'I- 11
'I&11. Our school has a large gym. .,...,<: tL;J-
:f"t '1-A~ fiiOJo)'l- "7m"th<:Y h<;:A (f
ii?"C'I- 11'1&11) 1IIIOJo
gymnasium fiiOJo)'l- "7m"th<:Y h<;:A I f
ll?"C'I- 11'1&11
The gymnasium was built beside the swimming
pool. f(lOJo)'l- "7m"th<:Y h<;:A (fll?""
c'l- 11'1<~-11) f-t-"'&"'" hoP'!'>;'.,. II<;:
&- 11m~11 )0C
gynecologist f"7ihH"t doh.!>"
habit
habit A'I"J'; l A"''J';
Don't let yourself get into bad habits! OD'J't::
A'I"Y; li'M.f.1111 1\:l'Y;C"'
An ingrained habit is not soon forgotten.
I"C f(lf.J'. A"''J'; .P.fr' llf.<:/1'1"
habit-forming (toil I raou'flf.lf
Habit-forming drugs demoralize people's
characters. {1-!1 f"''.J'ilf.H- ooY;-"tt.P.:Y. f
(ll":f't mfJf. ,I'O'I!fll-
adopt habits ttouY..
He has adopted occidental food habits.
f'l"t!.!-IJdJo,l"t't 'l""lil 1\'I"~A
be in the habit of 1\0DJ'.(O'I-)
I am in the habit of sleeping late . .,.'S.P. "''Cd.
Y; 11'1"1'-ii...A
get into the habit 1\0DJ.!
I got into the habit of smoking at college.
"'1""{1 ' fi\ODJ';h-'1- ' lt/1.~ 0 ~dJo
[See also 'force, kick, miserly']
habitable 1\0D'/'t.,l' f"trr't
There are no habitable houses in this neigh-
borhood. 011.11 .,.01\. 1\0D'/'(.,1' f"'LU'
)>. O..P.:f fll-'1"
habitat oo'/'&,1'
The ocean is the habitat of the whale. dJo~,l''l'
{I f't"f ~f)(. OD'/'(.,1'
0 0 0 0
habitation OD'/'&,1'
These houses are not fit for habitation. Mll.ll
O..P.:f 1\0D'/'&,I' .,.ii"''"'L llf.J'.II-'1"
habitual
I. flloof.O'I-. He is a habitual criminal.
fi\ODJ'.O'I- m't)>;ll... ~dJo
2. f.,.I\ODJ'.. He took his habitual seat at the
table. ~0:1' 'If. l\.,.1\.,..J'.dJo !l'i>t.- .,..,.
oom
3. A"''J'; ,1'1\dJo. A habitual reader reads a
great deal. f"'''tOil A"''J'; ,1'1\tiJo iiH-
,I')IJA
4. ( = adv.) 0.,.11'1"1'-. His habitual kindness
led him to be considered a saint. 0.,.11'1"1'- f
"''.J'J'.C~..,. J'."l~'l- ll'tf. ~'1.!1 ll!l~m
.:m-
547 hail
habituate (to) ll't'I.II'I"J'; IIJ'.<:1
Wealth habituated him to luxury. iiAJI"''<; Y;
ir''l-'t ll't'I.II'I"J'; 1\J'.<:~,.
be habituated 1\oPY..
Truck drivers are habituated to hard work.
fhfJJ'; 0 ODh.<; ' lfi,.C':f ' bfJJ'; ' /".!- ' ""
l"t.-'1- 11'/"J'.'I'A
hack .,.<:hh
He hacked the box apart with a dull ax.
OJ'.~11 OD'J'l:(IJ' "f'J')o.'t .,.<:hh,.
hack Into chunks 4J:.~t:ll
He hacked the loaf of bread into chunks.
Jl(l,.'t ~(..<;(ldJo
had ~O<:(dJo)
He had a big house. '1-A~ 0.'1- ~O<:dJo
be had .,.:1'1111
I have been had . .,.;J-1\Ah-
haft
1. l\)>;:1'. The haft of the spear is broken.
fiP-1- ll)>;:l' .,.Mit::A
2. IJ(IJ'. The haft of the ax is broken. fOD'J'l:
OJ',_ IJ(IJ' .,.(lilt::A
hag llii.,..I'"'L IIC'"I.'I-
The hag looked at him with suspicion. 11!1+,1'
~dJo "'L'I' IIC'"I.'I- O'I'C"'"- 'tf.'t .,..,.1\h
.,.:,.,..
haggard, ~ appearance J'.h'l"h'l" ilfr'
OD:J'f'I-
His haggard appearance shows he has been
working too hard. J'.h'l"h'l" ilfr' oo:J-f-lo
hfJJ'; J"(.. 'If. ll'tf.)OC ,I'ODI\h:l'A
haggle .,.h.!-hl
They haggled over the price of the basket.
O~C"'i-lo 'I':> 'If. .,.h.!-h-1-
haggling ..,.,., dJo<:Y;
The price is $200 without haggling. IJJolll dJol:
Y; fl\.110'1- 'I':>,_ v-11'1- oo.p. iiC ),_
hail (v.)
1. 0<:1'- "'ll. It's hailing, so shut the window.
0.:1'- ""'""'" ""illt-lo't 11:>
hail
2. m&-. The doorman hailed a passing cab.
Ol:.,..,. hii.I.ID"'t :J-hl\. m&-
3. hma(o+). The angry crowd hailed blows
on the thief. f.,.t;f.Y.,ID" .blt-11 01\.QID" II
Y. fJI.II oP'lT hiD.u'-0+
4. h""l\1~. They hailed the recent advances in
medicine. OoP~U.+ 011-A f_,.~l:11D"'t
f1.U.fD"'t 6..,..,.,. .l.,oPI\1).
5. O"P'ff""q .,..,.OA. Crowds hail him every-
where. Of't~OT .h1111 O"P'ff""q Y..,.OA
'I'A
6. O"'i""ll1't .,..,.OA. They hailed him as
leader. h't'IA:I' 0"'/0D{t1't .,..,.011-+
hail from
1. """' Where does that ship hail from?
Y ""Ch11 f"'L"""'fl>o hf+ ~.,. !
2. f - - 1\ID" ~.,.. His parents hail from
California. IL.,. llll'li fltii.G:Ct.l' 119':f
""'"'"
be hailed .,.QA
It was hailed by the critics as the best movie
of the year. 0-t-'fl"'li Y"""' :J-11:,0 .LA
,.,~,_,_,.qA
hail (n.)
1. Ol:J'., That is not rain; that is hail. Y.tl
11t;oft hY.~A,. I Ol:P. ~,_
2. ID"'Ii't'i'C. A hail of bullets met the soldiers.
f'I"J'.T ID"'Ii't'i'C ID;J-~t:'fl liS'> ID.u'.Q'fiD-
*Hail to the king! ,.,...,_ AHA'lA,. J'.).C
hair li'I-C
I am going to have my hair cut. ll'l-<1.'t All
_,.ltbA ~.,.
by a hair A'l"-tT
The stone missed me by a hair. .l:''t ;>I' A'l"-t
:,. ' II....S
make one's hair stand on end Et:C?T A~
l:OT
The tales of the jungle made our hair stand on
end. (lA -&ltfD- f_,.~1l:'t _,.l::,. 'i'C'IT
h~l:oft't
tear one's -hair boum1' -01\t. T'iiJ..
He is tearing his hair over the way he was
treated by them. Mil- Q~l:'I-OT ~1C h
oPm't OilY. _,.<;~A
[See also 'cut, gray, lose, split, white']
hairbrush fli'I-C oft-1-'11
I have a hairbrush whose handle is made of
ivory. 7.)!;;1-ID" h111J'"J 'I"C(I '"'"'&-
fli'I-C 11-1-'li hA'S
548 half
haircut li'I-C .,...._l:'l"
I have to get a haircut. ll'l-<1.'t ou.._l:'l" hA
oft'S
hairdo fli'I-C hu>&-C
What kind of hairdo does your wife prefer?
"'L(ITII ,.-, 'lY.~+ fli'I-C hu>&-e
TODC"'A:f!
hairdresser li'I-C hll.,.ltltY.
The hairdresser is an Italian. 11'1-C h(l.,.ltlt
"' I>."'AY't ~.,.
hairy 11'1-&-,.
A hairy animal resembling a baboon was seen
in the garden. 11't~t: f"'l.oP(IA 11'1-&-,.
h't(l/1 q+hA+ (1'1'&-fD- fD-(1'1" :f"f
hale (v.) O"'Y..:J- "'~
The policeman haled the man into court.
?"11.11- 1\fD-\LfD-'t O"'Y..;J- ID~ 'i'C.I:' IL
,.,..,~..,.
hale (adj.) m'tlt&-
Grandfather is still hale. ID't.l:' hf:J-:f't h
u-'t,. m'tlt&- ~..,_
hale and hearty m'tlt&-
The old man is still hale and hearcy. '11"'1"111.
.,. hu-'t,. m'tlt&- ~..,_
half (halves)
1. "1"'1'11. Give me half a pound of butter!
"1"7'11 ;rfD"'tY: :,OIL (1m'S
This job is only half done. Y.tl I"&- "1"7
jj:. oftil' _,.u>C:J:A
I got it for half price at a sale. 0"'/"'<IY 'liY
.,. ' 1.0. 0"1"7'11 'I'-" 1QfJooT
2. hil-A 1"1"'111. I will be back in half an hour.
011-A (0"1"'1'11) ll'l+ fD-11'1" hoPA/IAu-
It is half past nine. ?'(IT ll'lT .,.11-A ~.,.
3. 1"'l.(l. I have achieved only half of what I
hoped to do. Au>&- h,......,-.,. 1"'l.ll-'t 11
il' u>Cii'Au-
half bad
That is not half bad. hJ'.h4-,.
(be) half-cooked O~rofl ' hARM,.
This meat is only half-<:ooked. Y.tl I";> 0~
,.oft hAOIIA,.
(be) half-dead -:,.:,. hA
The beggar was half-dead from hunger. A"'l
1' Ol:~oft -:,.:,. oftll- ~oc
half-finished, leave - fl.,_.,~ mHL
He left the task half-finished. I"&-fD"'t 0"1"'1
n:. "'""-
half-breed
half-measure 01"'1.ll f.,.CDllf. 7.C?"ll'
Half-measures will not solve the problem.
01"'1.ll f.,_CD!IJI. 7.C?"ll'l"lf- II '.f-1~
oo'i!:,.m. AYII1'f..'l"
half (a) year oo')I.,:,O
The course will be finished in half a year.
T'I"IIC-1> OOD't.t.:,O IJ>oll'l' YA:I'A
cut In half 7.V.IIT hl..ll
Shall I cut the orange in half? 11C-I>IJ\<'t 'l.v.
liT Ahi..IIIJ>ol
with half an ear fl"'l"77i A11
I have been listening with half an ear. 0"1"'1
11 AIL 7.1\"'1 ) OC
[See also 'cut, dead']
half-breed hAll
He is a half-breed; his mother was Chinese,
his father Kenyan. 7.CI'l- hAll )IJ>o I M'
-1> iJ'Y.<;'f!:,. AQ-1> h.'tY'I! <;'I'IJ>o
half brother f7.<;:,. A)!: 1 ,rq:,. A)!:
My half brother left for America. f7.<;"" A
)!: (.l'q"" A)!:) tDf. A'"l.&IJ ~f.
half-caste hAll
Can a half-caste have dual citizenship? hAll
fv.IIT A1C li"')T ll.'l" ~..,. Y.'f-IIA 1
half-hearted hA11 YAII')
He made a half-hearted attempt to leave the
country. ht11<1;1: IIOOID"'JT hA11 YAII'
) """ht. Af.~1
half-heartedly
I. 0"1"'111 A11. He does whatever I tell him
to, but only half-heartedly. 0"1"'111 A11 ll
ll"t'l" f'/")"/~IJ>o't V./1- Y.L,....,A
2. Yll 'i'lliT. He does his economics assign-
ment half-heartedly because he does not really
like the subject. fii11T '1""1~ T'I"IIC~ llll
"'IY.tnY: P't.IJ>o't Yll 'i!lli-1> Y.rPt.A
half hour "1"'111 l'l'l.r
I waited for him a good half hour. "1"'111 1\'l
""'"""11-mO:,Ov.:,.
half sister ro;.r A)!: 1 yq:,. A)!:
My half sister will marry soon. f<;"" A)!;
(,rq"" A'J!:) o:,Oc11 1..11 ;MQIIlf-
halfway (adj.) YA.,.":LII
Halfway measures will not suffice. YA.,..,_II
P't. A,rm"/11'1"
549 hallway
halfway (adv.)
1. IJ't1T OilY.. They halfway consented to go.
11oo~Y: IJ't1T OilY- .,.ll"'l"""
2. A"71JY. 011') fl;f". They met halfway
between the two towns. OV.II-1> h-M"ll'
""IJhA A"'IIJ.r. 011') fl;f" .,_1<;'f..
*I'm willing to meet him halfway. 7.1\-'1" Y.
.,. 7.~'1" A.,.BJ-
halfway to
We ran out of gas halfway to town. h.,..,m-
IIOOJ':~ll "1"711 OO't1Y: IL+~'t O.'tll.
't All+11't
be halfway finished ..,.;JOD{l
The lesson is halfway finished. T'I"IIC-1> .,.
;>'I"!J,.A
half-wit otA
A half-wit is harmless even though he does
strange things. A't.ll'tY: 7.'t"'.ll fll'\< )1C"
ll''t lli..K"r otA '1-o'!T AYf.Cll'l"
hall
I. A.llt.'ii. We stood at the back of the hall.
A.llt.if. tD-ll'l' Oll.,.;t';CQ -''l"'t
2. "".,.IIM.,r. People were waiting in the hall
for an audience with the governor. h11CaJo
:>C 11""1"'"" 1\l"ll' OOO.,.IIIII..YBJ-
IIY. Y.mQO.,. )OC
[See also 'city hall']
hallmark OOII\'"
Courtesy is a hallmark of a gentleman.
.ra..ro; fQ>.'I' oollf" )m-
hallow Amf.(l
Let us hallow God's name and keep His
commandments!Jf7."1H.A11d..C't ll'l" J.<;m
Y:ll :1'11-'t'l" 7.'tm11:,0
hallowed (adj.) f.,.+f.l'l
Parts of Jerusalem are hallowed ground.
fA.f~o\11.'1" A't.ll'tY: h'i'll-ll' f.,_+f.l'l-
ll'i't.l"ll' <;lfm-
be hallowed -J-+f,.(l
Hallowed be Thy name! ll'l"ll Y.+ f.ll
hallucination [7.tD-)T)T m,r.'l" """'~
:,. fM'I'IJ>o't )1C"li' Omo\11 f"'lfT<;
fODll"'IT V.~;f"J
hallway oo.,.IIIII-Y
The students gathered in the hallway. .,..,C"'Jl
oo.,_llll~o,rm- IIY. .,.1\0IIfl"
halo 550 hand

halo 2. 0"1.,11 +M. The new machine will

1. f'l-.tl.fl"J f-IICfi hhii.A. The halos of
the saints are painted in gold. f'I-JI.fl). f-IICV
., hhii.A mc:J-., +M" .,..,.-11:1:11\
2. om-S'. -ocn. A halo appeared around the
moon last night. _,...,...,_,. "V :t- 0"'-l::l" 11-
&Y om-S'. -lien Y.:t"Y. )OC
halt (vt.)
1. h-1'"". The decision to halt the bombing
was unilateral. flll""-11 S'."1JS'.qm-") ll.,-1'
!I" ,.,.mM.,. q-,,~~. Me -11!1'
)OC
2. h~S'.. Our army halted the advance of the
enemy. tn&-":f"J fm'IM hCI"'li' h1S'.1JJo
halt (vi.)
1. ol'oo. "Halt or I'll fire"! cried the sentry.
"'~"' i hliOlllf..l' h_,.li-flllv- 1111- HO"'
.,. ' """11 ' .,.~<:
2. .,.,.,.., h-I'OD. The soldiers halted and lay
down to rest. m:t-S'.C''Il -..rt'l':fm-") h.,.
OOtD- I 1\BIIt:lf: I ;JF..fJP I h/r
3. h4- .,.YH. He began his speech briskly,
but then soon halted. "J"I"I-1-"J S'.W h)!;oo
<: 0:\'1 hYS'.C h4- _,.YH
halt (n.)
After a short halt, the parade moved forward.
li'I'<I:T ' 1.11. ' -I'll" ' l!ll ' 0:\'1 ' iiA4- ' IDS'.
4.'1-' _,.'\H
come to a halt .foP
The train came to a halt. QfK.. "oo
make halt 'J"I"I-1-"J .,.C'I' .,.C'I' h.P.<:~O'fo
Shyness made her halt as she talked. 11'1-..,..~c
't!f...,..of.C):f: "J"I"I/::"J .,.c.,. .,.c.,. Y.P.
C"lq'fo )OC
halter lito
The mule's halter is made of rope. fO'I-11-'1'
All h"JODJ!" r+.,&. )oc-
halting
His halting speech manifests his indecision.
hAl': hAl': -,.,.,-1-"J -I'll" "V Y:<:.,. 0
doflll' YA'k<:m ODIJ').") Yii<:'IA
haltingly
*He speaks Amharic haltingly. h.,C.,. liS
~C Y.Y.H'I'A
halve
I. MI-A hl.ll. Let's halve the oranges! -IIC.,
l)).") MI-A h"Jhl.llm-
easily halve the cost of doing the work. h'l.
.... ' ""''I&Y ' fP'&-ID<") ' ID.U, ' 0+'111- ' 0
"I"V"Ii Y.+"Jii'I'A
halves (n.), see half
ham [f:t"m) fhfl., m-c":f]
hamlet '1-"J"Ii oo"J.P.C
You can see a hamlet on the top of the moun~
lain. 0.,.&-&-m- 'IY. '1-"J"Ii OD")S'.C Y.:t"
YA
hammer (v.)
1. l"'il"VC .P.O.P.O. Our neighbor has been ham-
mering all day long. '1-<:0.:t-":f"J .,.,..., ,..
II- l"'il"VC .P.O.P.O
2. +m+m. He hammered the iron flat. -11<:
.,., +'1''1-tn m'i'"'of. h.P.<:~m-
3. .P.O.P.O. He hanunered the table with his fist.
m<:A.qm-") Oll'm. S'.OS'.O
hammer away ~"1f" J\il+a'l~
The teacher hammered away at the multi-
plication table. ""1""11-1- f"l.H. 0.'1-"J .P.;J"I
.,. ' hil.,."V<:
hammer Jn OD;J-
He can't even hammer in a nail. f"ll'1C "-'1
\\., ' ""l"':t-'1- ' hY.":fll\!1"
hammer into one's head (l.fll+m-l-T 1'1\
The teacher hammered arithmetic into the
lazy boy's head. OD!I"IJ-1- /1)4-"J .,..,&
.h.fl-11 il..l'il+m'l-'1' 'I'll
hammer on .e.n.r.n
He hammered on the door with his fists.
""1f'J.YID<") Oll'm. .P.O.P.O
hammer out flit")..-,. .,.~..-,.. h.ilm1F..
They hammered out their difficulties in a long
meeting. <:HI'" qll 111111q 'IY. ":f-"1&-:f,.
"J Oil"J'fo T<:'fo hilm~JI.
hammer (n.) oop..?f
Please hand me the hammer! oop..7fm-") h+
11ll~
hamper hil..,..h/1
His inability to speak English hampered him
greatly. h"J"111.11"' _..,..~c hll""!l'il- o
"'I'" ' hil.....hllm-
hand (v.) h+Oll ! ilm
Will you hand me that pencil? Y"J"J hCflil
:t-+-llll~!

hand
I banded her a sheal of bills. h'H': h?"C
f .h.ll-fl I.~A't Am:\'1-
hand back ODfl(l
I gave him the book to read, but he banded it
right back to me. ""l\".h4-"t l\"t.IIJ')RlD'
A'l"'ilD' tD-'l.flD''I- DDAAA't
hand down
Hand me down a pail! qAJI. 1\tiJo
I. hm~l..
CI."A't
2. Am. Thejudgeba ndeddowna n unfavorable
decision. -'l'i'tiJo f"'lf.it"'l"'l 'i!CI." Am
(be) handed down 1"1\Ad.
The estate has been banded down from genera-
tion to generation. Cil.Ja h+m-A~ m1..
'1-tiJoAI." A.-1"1\A'i! -'f.:f:A
hand In
I. h1q. I am going to hand in my application
tomorrow. "'IDPAh!I'IL"t )1 h1qAv-
2. hit~hR. It has come to my notice that
students are not handing in their homework.
1-"'l&fPl- fiL'l- F&o hA"'Iit~bq'ftiJo"t
A?"!I'Av-
hand out 01..1\
How many tickets did you band out? it"t'l-
1:11.'1- OJ'.AtJ 1
hand over
I. 1\4'011. Would you hand over that book,
please? l\A-"t DPI\".h'i! ;hl'ofiA't 1
2. hit~hR. He banded the job over to his
successor. F&olD'"t A-t-1-h.lD' hit~hR
[See also 'decision']
hand (n.)
I. l\~. Where can I wash my bands? l\:("t f
'l-A;I-mofl 1
This job has to be done by hand. f.tJ F&o
Rl\~ """'&-'!- hAR'l-
He has my fate in his hands. fmU'l- ~,_.
1\. ' RA- ' l\~ ' )lD'
2. oiL"!&. The hands of the clock say that it is
four o'clock. fA'H: 4L"'&fPl- OFC A'\
'J- ODtr'l-"t ' foo{lh;l-1\-
3. fl\~ 1\"ihL'l-. I recognized his hand on the
envelope. 1\."tltll-'l' 1\f. .I'AlD'"t fl\~
1\"ihL.,."t om:,Ov-
4. u&-1-'i'. He hired three new hands last week.
q{lLtiJo ll?""t'l- l"il'l- hJI.it ,.&-1-'ll- 4'm~
hand and foot l\~ bmcl-
They tied him hand and foot. l\~ bmcl-
hM-'1-
551 hand
hand in 8IOVS ll9"'i tDC~
I
Several high-ranking diplomats were found to
he hand in glove with enemy agents. ofltt-
;l-1\1\:,0 Jl.'l"ll-"'1-fol- hml\'1- Ml'"l- :>C
(I?"<; me:,> DPtr<;'l'..,. ;l-m4'
hands down .1'1\"t-'ll- l.">t?"
He won the championship bands down.
hlf<;L)'J-"t .1'1\"t-'ll- l.">t?" M"f
hand-in-hand
I. l\~ Al\~ 1-.l'f.HlD'. The couple was
walking band-in-hand. qA<; "'Lit.,. 7.~
Al\~ 1-.l'f.HtiJo f.&ooo"- )RC
2. R~-fl~'l-. Doctors and nurses work hand-
in-band to save lives. .hh.'l"l-<; )C{ll- ih
f.tD'l-"t A"'l-'l"t R~-fl~'l- f."'&-11-
hands off! h'l-"t>t
Hands off! That cake is mine, 11.11- f). )
t1Jo I h'l-"t>tl
hand to hand RQ;I.R"'
The soldiers fought hand to hand and drove off
the enemy. m;l-l.f!''ll R...,R"' 1"'1''11-lD'
ml\'1-"t 1\q~o~-
hands up I l\~ tDI.I\f.
Hands up or I will shoot! l\~ tDI.I\f. 1 hA
RAH.,I' l\1-lt-IIAv-
ask for her hand 1\;Hl;F m f+
He asked for her hand and she said yes.
A:>-fl!l' mY.*'l- M. hAlotiJo
at hand
1. R:,OcR-. There was a filling station at hand
when we ran out of gas.IL"tll."t q(l4'-fl"t 1..11.
fiL"tH."t "'11..1' a:,>ca- t.1TI
2. A.1.~'1 )tiJo. A change of government
is at hand in Brazil. -fi&-H.A tiJoit'l" fOD"t'1
F'l- ' AlD''I" ' A.1.~'1 ' )lD'
change hands
*The business has changed hands. A-411 1\.1\
(ltiJo miti'-;1-A
close at hand o:,>c-o
He lives close at hand. o:,>c-o f.'l' &-A
first hand h?""t...,
I got this information first band f.tJ"t mt.
f(l"'lv-'1- h?""t"" )tiJo
force one's hand ltC9")f lt}.~t.mil.'e' hi..~"J
I am going to bring this up at the meeting in
order to force his hand. l\{1- l\cf"!t l\"tJI.tDit
1." A"'l1."~'1 f.U"t"t 1--'lf. it-flllqlD' 1\f. '
1\)"'(IIJ-
hand
from hand to hand ll"J4. IDS! h.,JJ..
This was passed from hand to hand till it came
to me. l\~ 10 x.- IIJ'.~CII f.U lt'JJI.
m~ I>'JJI. ll.+llll'i' .Jf.o;I:A
from hand to mouth
He Jives from hand to mouth .. 'N':tJJo hl\~
ml..hij:)m-
get out of hand
His students are getting out of hand . .,...,tll"'li
'J 1\DD..tiJmC I>Aif'M"
aet the upper hand
1. .,.'t< fCII- )OC. He got the upper hand
in the dispute. OhCb-1- 1.11. ~ fCII-
)00:
2. l>fl\., We have finally gotten the upper
hand over the :rebels. oou .....:'l'. ooouo'1''11
llf. hfA'J
3. I>IHI.. He got the upper hand in the struggle
to control the ministry. "'L~II-J:oi.'J 041t"I'C
P'C 1\..,K"O:"I Oi'~0:11J>o -l-"IA 1>11')1.
clve a biJ hand f;JII "P-11""11 1>~0:111'1-
They gave the performer a big hand. 11-J-i'l'
'11. f;JI\. "P-11 .... 11 I>S'..:'I-11'1-
give (someone) a hand with 1t1H
Can you give me a hand with this box? f.U
'J "f'I''J :1-"IH>;'I\U l
go hand In hand 1>1-IIJ'f.'/"
War and disease go hand in hand. tnC)'I-'i' 0
11:1- 1>1-1\J'f.'/"
have a hand In
L 111(0'1-). He must bave had a hand in that.
hll..l' ltf-1110'1- I>A.,.O:!I"
2. i'ltl.l\. He had a hand in making the
decision. ,..,..~,.. ll.i'lll\'1' i'lt'i'll- )OC
have In hand 041:.....-rC ~C 1t1..~1
He has the situation well in hand. o-~;1-tJ>o'J 0
"'L111 041'1"J'C P'C I>J:"C'IA
have no hand In
He had no hand in the matter. 0)1-1- tJJoll'l'
fl\0'1-'1"
have on (one's) hands 1tll(m-)
I have an empty house on my hands. J'Ai'J'
H 0.'1- />II'S
rve got a lot of work on my hands. !P&. fl
1fof-ll;;'A
have one's hands full ,..,~ 0'10...,.
I cannot accept this responsibility;. I have my
hands full. P'tlo IIII"'L0~11'S f.U'J '111d.)
'I- A.,.OA I>A':fA'I"
552 hand
have the upper hand 1>11')1.
My friend had the upper hand in the argument.
ObCb-1- :t~;;'\L 1>11')1.
(with a) heavy hand 0'11-A
The law will punish offenders with a heavy
hand . ..,., 1\'l'd.S"':f'J 0'1.r.A '1-.,.tiJII':f
hold hands l\~ Ill\~ +J'J',.
They have been holding hands in public.
11~11111- l\~ Ill\~ i'J'f.HtJJo )OC
keep a hand In hAll: hAll: i''ktiJm.:
He turned the business over to his son. but
they say he keeps a hand in it. M"IK" P' tlotJJo
'J 1\A)I: l>lli'IIA,i,A I IJ''l''l" hAll: I>
All: f. .."'mti.A f.IIIIA
keep on hand
we keep a supply of canned goods on hand.
f.JC.JI!" '/""111 o-A '1.11. I>H;J~'J l\
'i'll.,.!l"tiJI\'J
keep one's hand In lt"J-'If,l.ltm-
I read Arabic five hours a week just to keep
my hand in. o.:1J>;' l\'J'If.<:il'S IIA Oil
!I"'J'I- 1>'1"11'1- {l'l'l- Mllllo-
keep one's hand in shape A."J.IIY,l.ltm-
1 am practicing tennis once a week just to
keep my hand in shape. 7.'J.IIf.O:il'S 11i"
Oil'I"'J'I- h"JI. -1-~11 7.""1.m;J-I\o-
lay hands on
1. 1>1'f. I have the book, but I can't lay hands
on it now. ODX'dJ4- />II'S .,., hu-'J 111'f
tJJo I>A':fA!I"
2. l\)1: f111tJJo. He keeps anything he can lay
his hands on. l\)1: f111tJJo'J o-11- J'~'/"tiJA
lay a hand on tl]
Don't lay a hand on me or I'll hit you.
1\'I-"JI)'{ f J'I\II.J' ' l\OD:J-?1\IJ-
lay one's hands on
1. 1>1'f. I cannot lay my hands on it right
now. l>o-'J 111'ftJJo I>A':fAII"
2. J'H. He wanted to lay his hands on the
person who hit his car. oub.'i'tJJo'J f1""0+
") I (laJo I fLoP.f1f I J../t1
left hand "ltlo
At his left hand were three boys. O"ltlotJJo V'
11'1- A;v::f tOol-
lend a hand l.JI f 11.111
Lend me a hand; I cannot lift this box by
myself. l\C'I'S ' (I>"IH'S) l f.U'J "f'I"J 1lif'\L
'J ll)"ffDo />A':fA?"

hand
not lift a hand V'"Jf" h'lf.G~f"
France did not lift a hand when Italy invaded
Ethiopia. h."'IIJ h.'l-1'-k.l'"t OID~~':fO
'I- "J.IL L~'ttl.e Mf" h'lf.~~':ff"
(be) off one's hands ltd.,.
The lawyer planned a vacation as soon as the
case was off his hands. t~~ ll't-'111.,. mO
:l'tD- M'i''l- II"''Y:~"l h.,.f.
*Now, with her invalid mother off her hands,
she will be free to marry. ll't"l-'1.11 hilll ll't
h-A l\..,..:J:'t h-M'I~II':f ll"''"'q'f- 1 ~~~
....ll':f
offer one's hand In marriage
She offered him her hand in marriage. A:f'1q
tD- a L:l'1."'1 oPII').'t 1111\':fll'l-
on either hand "1&-~ +'S
Walking down the road, we saw trees on either
hand. 0""'t1Y: ll't'tY: "I~<; .,.'1 q<j:
M't
on hand Ol\;1\'
I have some money on hand. Oll"i': '1'4:'1-
1't Hofl hll'1
(be) on hand T1T
He is always on hand when I want him. ll
()- OLII"'!Jo'l- <k'I'C J!.1"'1A
on (one's) hands OJ..:(. s 1\f.
He was left with a large surplus on his bands.
oflrt- '1-C'i' ll:l' Ol\)1: 'If. ... Cofo t
oc
on the one hand on the other hand '1.1
Y: Oh-A ... 01\.'1 Oh-A f."l'l"
On the one hand, I need to study English;
on the other hand, I cannot take time off
from my job. q-,Y: Oh-A ll't"l11.11'i' "''
'I'<;'I- l\LA:>IIIJo i 01\.'1 0 h-A f."l'l" f
P"~f-'t "LIL lloP ... tll hA':fAf"
(but) on the other hand
I. J!.IJo't ll't:(. The boy is skinny, but on the
other hand, he plays football well. A)l: !>'Ill
~,. t J!.IJo't ll't:( MC \>,II ~ f.""i,ID
;I-A
2. q-,Y: Oh-A f."l'l". I don't want to vote
for John, but on the other band, I'd hate to
hurt his feelings. )('t't ll""f"~'l' hALA"I
f" I q-,Y: Oh-A f."l'l" ll"t-'lll...f.oPtD- h
ALA"If"
out of one's hands hfto ,.,AtrJ1 fD""'-.
The matter is out of my hands. ~1~ hlr. P'
At1J1 - fDo"l. I ~fD"
553 handbag
riJht hand .,.'1
At his right hand were three boys. O.,.'f' I" II
'I- A)(':f ~0~
second-hand fll"'l. ll"'l.
I heard the story second-hand. ;1-611-'t f
(I"''!Jo'l- fll"'l. ll"'l. ~,.
show (one's) hand dtl\11-"t '11\g,
The vote forced him to show his hand. Y:f"6
,.,.,.
foPllm-1> 1-'IJ!. dtlUJ-'t ll't-'l.1AII" hll1
1 '1-11'
(by) show of hands ll)l:'t l\J'ID"'
Vote by show of hands! llli"':frJo't l\J'OJ"'':f
rJo Y:f"a lim-
take a hand in Til'i-J!. II'~
If the strike continues, the government will
have to take a hand in the negotiations.
P'~ "'1~- h.,.mll oP't"tP''I- OY:C~
tD-11'1' Tii'I-J!. ilf.ll"t hf..,.Cf"
take in hand
1. Tt:>~~(O'I-). We will take the matter in
hand at the next meeting. -r--'11!-'t O"'l..,.'l'll
, . llofl(lq ll't~:>1CO;I-II't
2. "l'IL ll''l' OJ(If.. When both parents
died, an uncle took the youngster in hand. IJoll
-1>9" ID'I)(':f II.'l"-1> h"l-'l-\1-tD- A)l:'t '
"l'l.!. ll''l' OJ(lf.tD-
(be) taken in hand (~active) T'IL"'m~
+Those children needed to be taken in hand.
A)('li't oPoJL"'mC hliL111
tie one's hands lllf.,. 1\lat:.m-
The provisions of the will tied his hands.
f).qiLtD- :l'A ll)l:'t h(l~tD-
try one's hand 'l"ht:.
Why don't you try your hand at writing a
book? ""1\"dt'i' ll""ll'i' llf"'t h'l-'l"h
C'l" 1
wash one's hands ,-,1\.~).r ' fllOTr I o.,..-;
\!- hA1qf"
Now that he is in charge, I wash my hands of
the whole thing. hu-'t l\1)- "l'IL ~,. l h
l\'t"l-'1.11 ID-'1.11 "l'l.!.t'f- ' fllofl'ff" ' (0"1--'l
\!- hA1qf")
[See also 'back, clasp, entwine, iron, join, life,
near, open, own, play, put, shake, shoulder,
slip, thrust1
handbag fl\;1\' liCit
She put the car key in her handbag. foP h.<;
'l''t <kA'i' Ol\;1\' ' (ICil'l' tD-11'1' hll ...oPIJl':f
 handbook 554 handsome

handbook fao'J"&1 ""~~'"''~' Chiefs handle tribal affairs. f~<'ol":f-"t 1--'ll'":f-

This is a handbook for engineers. f.tl ftoov
"t'l.(l:f' 0 fOD'J"t'-1 0 aDl\'.J.'j!
handcuff (v.) RIJ-1:<; Ml~
They handcuffed the prisoners.
oj;<;. hii-1-'P'fm-
handcuff (n.) 111:<;
In some countries every policeman carries a
pair of handcuffs with him. q"t-'l"t~ h1C
7.11'-'l"t.ll. Tll.ll IJ-1:<; J'.fl f.~&-1\
handful 7-'i!'t
He took a handful of nuts. h"t~ 7-'i!'t llm-
11 m(l.f..
handful of T-t+:f-
Only a handful of people came to the meeting.
Tof:.f-:f' ' (IJ":f' il!J' tD!l. {l{l{lqm-
handicap (v.) b"t~of.-l- lftR-l-
Bad eyesight handicaps him. ll.l!7 'if.i- b"t
~of.-l- ll"l"O;J-1\
handicap (n.) oa{l<;hl\
His disease was a handicap to him. 01i;t-m- r
ao{l<;hl\ lf'l"R-l- tRC
handicraft t?.~ P'&- -l-'l"IIC-l- 1 of-"'q~ 1.
~ -l-'l"IIC-l-
Handicrafts are being taught in Ethiopia.
Rh.-l-I'"A-1 ' 1?.~ ' P'&- ' (-1-"'q~ ' ).)!') '
-l-'l"IIC+:f- JM"'II-
handily R~AT'i!<;
He managed the boat handily. ;eAq'l'"t
1\T'i!<; ' t-'1-l-
*The books were handily at his side. oPJPldt:
:,; 7-"tll.I\R- 7."7.."-CilO-l- (l;J- tOol-
handiwork t?.~ P"&-
His handiwork shows craftsmanship.
P'&-CD- 'I'RR:;'Bo"t 100flh;t-l\
*This garden is Mary's handiwork. f.tJ f:,.O
hA-l- P;t- R"''U '1'~-l- f-1-ll.&-1! tm-
handkerchief oa.J.~il
I lost my handkerchief. OD.J.~O. "t
handle (v.)
I. -1--a."'m~. I cannot handle him anymore.
h7."t"''LII tD'Lf A-a."'m~m- hl\:f'-1\'1"
2. 111. He knows how to handle people.
1.{1- f(lm-"t h1nt 1CD-:I'I\
3. hlJ~Il. I hf. Hehandleshisaffairswithdex-
terity. "NII'"t R~AT'i!<; 111~-'11\
f"'LJ'I'-l- q~q-r-:f- ""'"'"
o tCD- 4. hil"""'. We don't handle that brand.
11'1' 'if.t-l- ),:J' h<;{lOO"''J"
5. ifm. That store handles meat and vege-
Ml~'l',;, Oil
tables. 1 ooll.oflC P';><; h~hA-l- f.lf"'A
6. till!. Look at it all you want, but don't
handle it. f'1"-l-LI\1CD-"t 1111\ of-ouAh-1-
..,. t1C "'"t h-l-tl!l!m-
7. hll-i-<;11'.. This restaurant can handle
hundreds of customers during the lunch hour.
f.U 'J""'il 0.-l- 0'1"<'1 1.1L {Iff- ll."tO
'l':f- ll.1ll-f-<;"1~ ' f.:f'-~1\
8. hm<;++. This department handles the
customers' checking accounts. f.tJ h'i:A r
ll."tR'l':,;"t f'lih dt.<'l11 1m<;~ :I'I\
handle easily ;t-111-'S ' hf.l\'1"
""til- The car handles easily. ou!J.<;m- ;t-111-'S h
f.l\'1"
handle roughly h"t1~;J-
The bad boys handled the poor cat roughly.
OO'J'G:JP:,; 1\]f.:f'- 'J"Ilh.!>:"t ~ooo}- h"t1~;1:-l-
handle (n.)
I. 7.}!;1-. The handle of the knife came off.
fRA'I'm- 1.1!;1- tll+
2. "7"tmAm1. My suitcase needs a new handle.
lf"t"'IL h'Lil "7"tmAm1 1llLI\1'1'1\
3. ]f.r:. The handle of this cup is broken off.
fii.U ' ll.t ]f.r: ' -1-1111<::1\
handling h1nt
Why don't you use common sense in han-
0~
dling your child? llll 1\)!'11 h1111 ll'l""t
f-l-.1.'1'1": 6m-+-l-U"t h-l-rP&-R-l-'1"?
handmade R7.)!' f-1-rP&-
These shoes are all handmade. MII.U ""1"7
f).~ l"l- n7.)!' f-1-~P<~- ""'"'"
handouts '1"11''1'-l-
Beggars live on the handouts people give
them. ll"Y>f'l- f"'l.'l"-1--l- n'J"l\''1'-l- ' tm-
handshake 7.)!' ll7.)!' ooQ;l.qO'I'
"11\h--l- They concluded the deal with a handshake.
CD-11-"t 7.)!' ll7.)!' noo...,qnT ll.ooll..,...
handsome
1. ooAh +'i ! ooAh ooAttr. He is a
handsome man. 7.{1- OOI\h .,.., (ooAh
ooAtJ'l") , nm- tm-
2. f"tfrC. He lives in a handsome mansion.
0"7.1'1"C -l-A~ 0.-l- m-IlT f.'l" &-1\
handsomely
3. Y.h f"''..f(l'f. Each year he gives the ser-
vants a handsome gift of one hundred dollars.
0.1'00-f> 1111111!''11 Y.h f"''...'{l'f ,,...,.
ofiC loll':'" .I'Y.C"'II'I"PA
4. oflrt-. A thousand dollars is a handsome
sum. 1\"tl'." l( ofiC oflrt- 1"tHofl )<D-
handsomely 0'1'1- l\1>.:\"t
He treated me handsomely when I visited him.
Am.e+<D- O'tl'."IJ. 1.11. 0'1'1- l\1>.:\"t
Mof-.,.,Y.'f
hand-to-hand f ....O"'
Many soldiers were killed in the hand-to-band
fight. ofllt" tD;I"Y.t:"f- 0 .... 0"1 <D-1..1' '!"of:
handwriting
I. 1'7.~ K"<hl-'1-. His handwriting is illegible.
1'7.~ K"<hl-of: 1\.e)Oofl!l"
2. K"<hl-'1-. He disguised his handwriting.
,..... ,_., l\"t-'lf.;l"tD-1- 1\Y.-C'I 111-
3. 1\KK'i'. The Ethiopian alphabet has no
cursive handwriting. fl\.'1-f"A-.1' 4-Y.A fof-
+"'mll 1\KK'i' fi\<D-11"
handy
I. +A"'-1-. He is handy with tools. 0"'"'16.1'
l\.1'.1'71 "'"'"'"" )(Do
2. ql\.,...1'. He is a very handy fellow. 0"111"
fli\OD-f I (tQJo I ~d)o
3. 11"'11. There were handy shelves near the
desk. Omc(A.q<D- l\m1ofl 11"'11 fll'~ oo
Y.CY.t<.l'l""f- )0~
A typewriter is a handy thing to have around.
fK"<hl-'1- ooll...,.. m,.."''. 0011\1.1' )<D-
come In handy m+oo I 1t1i\''U\
Typing will come in handy for you some day.
fool!...,.. K".l.l-'1- 1\"tY.- +"t .em-1-P"YA
(.1"11\"'AYA)
have (something) handy
Have you got a pencil handy? l\C<"Iil 01\-l-t<-
OJ'U l\11 l
handyman ql\.,...1'
The handyman keeps the machines in repair.
qii,....I'<D- ooll...,..l""f-"t .em"'..,..A
hang (hung), vt.
I. (1+11 (of-(1+11). Where can I hang my coat?
l>of:"t f'l- All+II<D- l
Can't you hang the picture a little higher?
I"Mr"t '1-"t'li h'i' l\Y."C1U A'f-(l-1-1\<D-
1\'l-"f-AP" l
555 hang
He was hanged yesterday. '1-ll"t'l-..,.. of-{1+11
2. 1\'J.m. She likes to hang the wall with
pictures. "'Y.-"1-'I<D-"t OI"~A "71.T 'l-tD-'1
Ill-
hang (vi.)
I. of-"t ml\mll. A lamp hung from the ceiling.
ouoflt<-'f- hi>C).(Io 11.e of-"tmAT!lA
Tell the children not to hang out the window!
A;J!'Il oo!l!>of: 11.e l\"t'l.e"tmllmll- "t1
2. "'"
"""' +ODIPt:,+. My decision hangs on your an-
swer. m-l~f- f-"i.ODrPt:.+aJo 111'+ ooA(l
ll.e )(Do
3. ol'f. Let that matter hang until our next
meeting! 1--'11!. l\{lh"''.+TII<D- llofl(lq";fo-,
,.....,..
4. 1\H)OI\. The tree hung over the edge of
the lake. q4- tDY. m.e41 1\H"til!lA
5. OT"t ,..., 1\-'loom. She was banging on his
every word. fof-..,..1c(<D-"t IJol\o OT"t,..<t
l\-'loom"'f-
6. ( ~ tr.) l\1\0(1. Fog hung over the city.
'I!";J"' h.,...,<D-"t l\1\0(l<D-
hang about aJJlf 1 IDJI.tl t hi\
A man is hanging about the house in a sus-
picious manner. 1\")J': ' {ltD- 1 O(L-11 h.i]Q(L
O"''..l'mt<-TC IJo~;l" toi!J tD'I,U .ellA
hang around
I. l\Am-1-11". He has been hanging around my
house for a week now. h."}J': 1Jr1-l- ao-
11- hO.of: l\Am-1-11"
2. 'I'll, He hangs around with an older crowd.
h;l-1111-l''ll ;JC _e<D-IIA
3. tDI!J tD'I.U l\11. They bad stopped
working and were just hanging around to talk.
1"6-'I'<D-"t ""'"""'" ' 1\tD~ tD'I,f tD'I,
U f.ll- )OC
hane by (someone's) side h1o). TIIJfl+
He hung by her side, unwilling to leave.
h'l-!< of-"'ofl4' l\A'tl'." ' hi\
hang down ..,."}"'f" ,l,11
A long plait was hanging down the girl's back.
GY9" fi\1-C 1-"t"l-"t Al{:t ~cq 1\f.
of-"t11"C"''I )0C
hang (one's) head l\"t1of:"t Y.-1- ! 1\+c(+c(
He hung his head in shame. O'l'i'c(-1> l\"t1
of:"t '-""
When he realized what he had done, he hung
his head. f"'t<-<D-"t Oof-11HO 1.11. 1\+
<(.,.<(
hang
hang In the balance fl-YJm&-TC 11-~:1"
1\.f. HI.!
The wounded man's life hung in the balance.
f'ILIIIIfDo llfl>o\1. ;,..em+ O"'L..'m<I-'I'C
11-i.;l- 'I.e }Oe
hang on
I. +11"- l\A'k.!m9". It is hard work, but if
you hang on, you'll succeed in the end.
h/1.1:"" P'<!- }fl>o t1e "11 -1-ll<f.. IJA
'IL.!'I'h 00D""'.!II" .f.IIIJAYA
2. l\'1"11.,. .rn. I hung on as tight as I could.
f9"~11fDo1.fUAl\'l"'l~.fH~
3. ;l-1w. If you can hang on for a month
longer, you will be free of hardship. 1\1.1:"" m
e ofi'I-;1-1P' ~ell 11-11- .em1.1:""AYA
hang oneself &.fto1" r i'l.+ll
He hanged himself from a beam. l\"'.ll"tfl>o
"" <1-11-1 11+11
hang out (vt.)
I. l\11"1. Did you hang the wash out? f;l-mO
fDo1 A-fill l\11"111!
2. 11+11. They were hanging out flags in
honor of the Emperor's visit. lllt ,..,..LV )
1P'..,. 'HI'S'I- hofle 1111..&-l"~ 1-11~11-
toe
hang (over) l\11;>
The danger of a flood hung over the village.
ffl>o:' ' OD'J'II~A~ ' l\Jl.;J ' OD1f.""1 ' l\11"1-fo;I-A
(let) hang over l\1'1..,.1- l\!1..!1
They will probably let the decision hang over
until next year. w-/l).fl>o llllh"t+'I'IIOJo 'l
""'~- .1:"".!11 l\1'1..,_1- .ff.e1- .f.II'<;A
hans together 11-1\'l'w- -1-110"" I 1.1.1:"" 'l.f.
11'\>o
If we all hang together, our plan will su=d.
11-1\~19" h-t-IIOC1 (1.1.1:"" 'l.f. h11'1)
l\~.11~ ' .f.:f'<;A
hang up (vt.)
I. 11+11. Hang up your hat and coat! 1>'1-111
t; llei."'U1 ll+A
2. l\mh. The accident hung up the traffic for
several hours. h.r.;>fl>o fODh.<;l"~1 ""11'1'
me ' 11-fl,. ll'l'l- ' ,....." toe
hans up (vi.))llAh 11:>(0'1-)
He got angry and hung up. +<;P. llAh
11:>-fi'S
hang upside down -1-II+H+
Bats hang upside down when they sleep.
fl\.11.'1- mt::~ 1-11~11+fl>o .r.-t-'111-
[See also 'lip, loose')
556 haples~
hang (n.), get the - of
1 cannot get the hang of driving a car.
ouh.t; o OD1.11'f- h.f.11'1A'f9"
hangar :><1-7!:
The plane was put in the hangar. hfl>oi!'TI\\>o
h;>&-)1: fl>oil'l' .,_.,_A
hanger ""il+.r
Put your coat on a hanger! 1>'1-111 ""II+.r
'I.e ll+llfl>o
hanging (n.) 11~11+
News of the hanging was not printed in the
paper. fll~ll-lz ns 0:>11."1 hAm"'9"
*Many people came to see the hanging.
{lfl>o\lofl>o fl.(l+A 11"7f'l- ofl,. Ill"~
ODtJI<
*There were three hangings last month.
llll.l.w- me 1"11'1- (ll"~ -J-{1+11-
hanglng (adj.) f-J-1mllmll
The gardener watered the hanging baskets of
flowers. h'l-hA-t-'1w- f-t-1mllmll-'l-1 .ro
II "7/lf."LJ' ~e"'iofo~ ,.:> l\m"'
public hanging 111.11111- (liJJo ""il+A
They decided to outlaw public hanging. 11!1.11
111- lliJJo oull+A1 h<h"' ' IJJo"P 11"7.1:""
.!"1 ' mll\>o
[See also 'execute']
hanker '\'\
He always hankers after money. 11-A'I.H. 111
1Hofl 1-'\'lA
haphazard
I. h'i' l\1.11"""1 f"tll'l'. Haphazard answers
are usually wrong. h'i' l\1.11"""1 f"t(lm-
ODA(l";f Aoflq>;'fl>o1 '1.11. ll<h-1-'1- .f.ll't;ll-
2. '1.11. fmllf.fl>o. Many haphazard things oc-
curred last month. lllld.fl>o me '1.11. fmll
.ll't'fl>o ' ofl,. ' t11!'-f ' f..!ll-
3. ( = adv.) 1\.f.;l-{lofl. Their haphazard meeting
led to love. ll.f.;l-(lofl -t-1t;'S-t-,. ll'i'~e 0.,.
haphazardly
I .fll h~.l:"". His failure is due to the fact
that he does his work haphazardly. ll.m~
fiJ'IIfDo P'&-fl>o1 .fll h~.l:"" llll"tw<~o
tfl>o
2. 0.1:""11'1-. They met jhaphazardly in the
street. 0.1:""11'1- l\OD11.1:"" -t-1t;'f.
hapless 9"1111.1
He vented his wrath on the hapless child.
11.-lz19"ilh.> A7!:'11-+m "'
 557
happen
happen
I. ll't. When did that happen? oo'f t<IJo
fll't .... l
What happened to the typewriter? Did some-
one use it? fK".lt.l.'t- ODb.'i'<IJo M ll't l
ftltlt<IJo II<IJo hA l
2. t..emof-9". Something interesting is always
happenin g in Addis Ababa. .l\.11.11 t.M .,.
liT 11-A"LH. h't-'l't.(- f"t..'ll.l'.ll't- t1
c hJ.'..m-f-9"
3. tit. What happened to me? M tit~ l
4. ~~~~. Accidents will happen. hi.:J J.'..~C
loA
Everything happens to me. f.,.J'.~Ilofl~
t1C fA9"
happen again 1"F.1f1D
This must never happen again. .1'-11 t1C .1.
K".. ' h't'l.l'-~19"
happen (on) nm1't- h1T
She happene d on a dollar while looking for
the ball. \o,!l.'t 11'1-.I.A"I R.(-'t1't- .OC
MT"fo
happen to ( = adv.) h't'l:>"'" ''.
I happene d to sit by Mary. h't-'1;>"1"'1. "'l&
1-'t -1"+9"= tnc
He doesn't happen to be here. h't'l;>"'" ''. 1.
11.11 fA9"
as it happens h't'l;>"'" ''.
As it happens, I have my checkbo ok with me.
h't-'1;>"1"'1. f'l!h ~ofl-l"t.'t .!'-VAu-
lt so happens h't'I;>"'" 'L
It so happens that I know him. 1.'t-'1;>"1"'1. f
.,.,..,..,. ' II<IJo ' ll't
[See also 'bound, whatever']
happen ing .(-C"L't-
There have been strange happenings here lately.
n=t-c-o n 1.11.11 t.'tll't.(- 1.~.11 .(-
C"L+1- ' -!".~.K"o<>'f'A
happie st
I. hu-11- fRAm ~11-1"'1. That was his hap-
piest day. hv-11- fRAm ~11-1"'1 fll'tR
'1-n tnc
2. R"'9" f-I"Ul-I"(R't-). Thosewe rethebap piest
years of my life. Mlf..l' R.lt.J'.CD-t' R"'9"
f-1"~11'1-h-q'f.,. otoo+:f- tn.;..
happily
!. R~li;f'. She lives happily. R~ll:f' '1-'l'&-
A:f-
harbing er
2. R"'L1q. The two colors mix happily. v-A.,.
+A.-1- R"'1.1q .1'-11.,.,11-
3. ~.,t.,.. I had an exam Monday, but
happily the date was changed. 117f .1.-l"'i'
tn~.o~ ~.,t.,. +> -!"AO>m
*They are happily married. 't-'1&-'1'.,. r.-+
t<IJo
happine ss ~11:1'
I wish you all the happiness in the world.
'i'~9" ~11:1' hoo~ll '*'-Au-
happy
I. ~11-1"'1. He is a happy fellow, always
singing. ~11-1"'1 II<IJo t<IJo ! 11-A"LH. .1'-Hof.
'i''i'A
2. f"'LII.,., . This is a very happy selection of
colors. .1'-11 R"'9" f"''.ll.,. , f+A9" 9"C
dJ. I )Qioo
Happy Birthday I ooAit9" M't- I
Happy New Year! 'A"J\\1" bHOD'l 1 JIOD"J h.
1:>1~11 (or, h't'>.'t 11.11.11 nooo't h~~llll)
be happy ~II hA(<IJo)
We shall be happy to acoept your kind invita-
tion. T&l"'t ll't+RA ~II .1'-A'i'A
by a happy chance Rh"IH.hofldo.C U .(-
By a happy chance, I found the lost money.
Rh"IH.hofldo.C "-?.(- fmof.<~Jo't 1'tHofl
MTv-'1-
make happy
1. hll.l.t~+. The glad news made her happy.
f"'U'll.l'.ll-i"<IJo cot. hll.l.t~:l''t-
2. hll.l'.ll-1". The recovery of the lost coat
made him happy. m'i'.f. ftR~.,. lt?"c.,.
OD1'f.,. 0 hll.I'.II-!"<IJo .
happy-g o-lucky "J.(' fA1i
He is a happy-go-lucky fellow. "1.(- fA1i
II<IJo t<IJo (or, AM9" t1C f.,.J'.~t:fo
II,.. t<~Jo)
harang ue
*The speaker harangue d for hours on the
Senate floor. noocoiii;'<IJo 9"hC IL't- -l"'i'
;>&<IJo o -1.1'-A o :l'A f-i"DDIIR't- ~'f:9" 't
.,.,C M~1
harass tHtH
He harasses me with constant requests for
money. hH<IJo't-f: 1'tHofl hfmf+ .1'-tH'tH.,.A
harbing er f"''J'DDAh't-
The first rain is a harbinge r of the rainy season.
harbor
-Y.-t.Y ' f"''.'l'l\fD- ' 11'i'11 ' h~I"'T ' OD"'
q-f>1 f"''.Y""I\h'l- ~.,.
harbor (v.)
I. hllm:>. He was arrested for harboring a
criminal. m1Y.M' hllm"'-1-VA 1-1111- 1-
f.l' ~oc
2. YH. I harbor no ill toward those who have
wronged me. 00.<'.11-'5 (ll"'f ~f. 11"111"
4!11" hAf-1111"
harbor (n.) <D.<'.11
New York City has a good harbor. f~tJJo
h ' h-1-"'/ ' '1'-1- ' <D.<'.11 ' hl\fD-
hard (adj.)
I. m1li.!.. My brother is a hard worker.
m1J:-"'L m1lio!- oP.!-1->;' ~.,.
Is plastic soft or hard? "l"~M:h 1\M<"l ~
.,. <Df.ll m1li.!. l
2. ll.it=f;Jt;. This is a hard question to answer.
1\0DODI\(1 'f.IJ ' hll'f':>t. ' 'l'Y<f: ' ~tJJo
Amharic is a hard language for a foreigner.
h"'IC>;' 1\<D-"f.'" h1C (lm- hll'l':>t. lln!t
~.,.
3. hll.(-. Last winter was a hard winter.
YI\<L<D- h~l"''l- hqJ:- h~l"''l- ~oc
The student was able to solve all the hard
problems. 1-"'/t.m- hqP..=J;1 "1"1!"1lll.'l"'f rr
II-' ODF.!.T '"'"
4. hqJ:- 1 ..,,.,.. .... The hard rain prevented us
from going to school. hqJ!. (.-,y.,..>;'m-)
ll'i'l"' h't-I"'IJC'I- IL'I- hll4'~1
5. ..,,.,..,._ Vodka is hard liquor. ~J:-li ..,,.
ft.'2ir OOtn'f" I tm-
A hard blow on the chin knocked him un-
conscious. 11.1'h 1\,t.. f+OD:J't& ~.,e.A~
,..,. ' ~'1'""1 ' l\1-'l.ll'l- ' h.<'.~1tJJo
6. h'l:>'f. It is hard to carry this bulky
package. f.IJ1 ODm). '1-A:,O flf~ 'I':,OA
ODlfhl"' 0 h'l:>'f 0 ~tJJo
+He is hard to please. l\(l-1 1\"'/11.<'.11'1- h-'1
:>"If- ' ~.,.
7. Lli'5. A servant does not like a hard
master. h iihc m.li'5 '1.:1" t.r.m.<:-11"
8. ""'I'll:. He has nothing but hard luck in his
business. OP" &.~& hODTG: IJF:IA flit++c
Mil" t.~:>mOD<D-11"
9. '1-A:,O. His losing his car was a hard blow.
""h.'i'<D-1 "'1"11> '1-A:,O .,...;:,. ~oc
10. hi-. Those were bard times. hi- 4'1 ~
oc
558 hard
*He has a hard look on his face. <1..-1> "'"'
C 11~A
*The bread is as hard as a rock. 'lttm- .1:'1
:>f. lf$:A
hard (adv.)
I. m1hl!" I OC'I--r-. He works hard all day.
l\C{lo 4').1 ao-11- m1hf!" (Oc'l--r-) f.oP.!.t\
2. o.-,f.A. The wind is blowing hard outside.
l\.,..,_. ~4-(lo 0.-,f.A f.~'i'<"IA
3. h'J'11ol'. Hold my hand hard when the
doctor gives you an injection. dt h.,... oocA..
I'"C 1\<D.:>IJ ' l\:(1 ' h'l'114'1J ' Y1l
4. 0"111". The town was hard hit by the
storm. h-1-"'/tJJo O<tm-11- ~4-(lo 0"111" 1-'1-'1
He tried hard to do it right. 0'1-hhA 1\""F
.!-'1- 0"111" "'~
5. ..._.,....'1'.
His brothers treat him hard. <D1.1:''1"
=J; ..._.,....~.,. f.lltJJo:f"A
hard and fast f"'/f.?fC'i' f"'/f.I\<D'J'
In this case you cannot make hard and fast
rules. l\1.<'.11..11 ~1\ ~1C f"'/f.7fC'i' f"'/f.
1\<D'I' .lt"' A:f"<D"' t.'l-'fAI"'
hard (by)
I. '1'"1. The house stood hard by the bridge.
IL-l> J:'AJ:'f. '1'"1 ~m-
2. 'IC. The house is hard by the river. IL-l>
aJ111" .tiC I )om-
hard words ..,,.,.. :1'~'1-
Hard words were exchanged. ..,,.,.. :I'~T
1-I\'I'<Dm-
be hard h'l11"
It is hard for me to climb stairs. .<'.Of ""
tJJo"''t- Y'I"/1->;'A
be hard put -t-'1'1~
He was hard put to answer my questions.
l\C(lo 'l'Y<f:9''f1 1\DDDDI\(1 -M'11!" ~OC
be hard up for
I. '1'1~(m-). +r am hard up for money.
111111 '1"'/C">;'A
2. 0"111" t.M(m-). +The country is hard up
for doctors. h1t.1> doh.'l"'f 0"111" n(J.:t-A
be hit hard 0"111" ll"'L-1> 1-~li
He was hit hard by her deceit. OJ). h.lt.<'.T
0"111" ' 11"7.1> ' -~-~ ..
be too hard on someone
You are being too hard on him. 0"111" '1-
"'i~'I'I\IJ
find it hard M'l'1~(m-) I V-1-(tJJo)
+A smoke addict finds it hard to stop smoking
hard-boiled
cigarettes. f(IJI'&- 1\-il'i' 11.11"&- "'1-f'J"
fll'f-11.'1'/Jt.
+He was by nature a daydreamer and found it
hard to buckle down. O.,.I.'I'C'CD- do'ltl- f
"''.qh") ll/111') ' I>I>'J"C'CD-") ' IIF&- ' OD{l11
(111 1\:J'.,...,.
take (it) very hard bAflo ftlf)o
She took it very hard when they told her of
his death . .,...,...,., {L)"I<::'t- h/Jt.!l. 1\H):f
[See also 'breathe, cash, fare, frozen, hearing,
labor, press, time')
hard-boiled :,.:,."'
All we got was some hard-boiled eggs. ll"''"l'f
't- fJI'/Jt.)CD- :jo:jo/Jt, 1\"J.,.'I/Jt. 11!1' )OC
hard-earned 0/Jt.<f.'t- f.,.1'f l 11<;:.,. f1'f
That was hard-earned money. 0/Jt.<f.'t- f.,.1'f
1"JH1I ~oc
I won't spend my hard-earned money on
trifles. ll'i"f Y,'fll-'t-"t 1"JH11 O"'',l'.t.q
)1C 'If. l>'lm<!-9"
harden (vt.) 1\m)ht.
He hardened his body by exercise. (ICD-)i>"J
O~!l"<;"ll1:h 1\m)ht.
They hardened the earth by pounding on it.
DP<I.i>"J 0""m:,Om:,. 1\m)h~'t-
harden one's heart Q;a.hio
He hardened his heart and rejected her request.
""h'l' /Jt.oP';''f'") I>A+OA 1>11
harden (vi.)
I. ,1'.0/Jt.'l' mmt.. The cement hardened as
it dried. 11."'1.").,...,. ' l>f~t..,. ' ~~.~~ ' ,1'.0/Jt.
..... tntnl.
2. q{l, Their courage hardened as the battle
went against them. tnC)i> l>fh'l'l'w- II.~
~ '1-1111<;'l'w- ' l>fq(l ' ~~
*His personality hardened over the years.
h1.H. 0:\'1 mqf "l't-C II'~
hardened (adj.) /Jt.!l"~'i' I f.ff
The hardened criminal will not be pardoned.
/Jt.!l"~'i'w- (f.ffCD-) m"J)!:II'i' !l".lot.'t- I>
,l'.~l."lll't-9"
The doctor's hardened attitude toward suffer-
ing surprised us. fP.h# F:J'f."J hM!I"
1\lloP.P.mC ' l>ll11.DP")
hardheaded """~ OJ'!~ f"''f./Jt.
My uncle is a hardheaded businessman.
O"J"I~ 1.1~ 1>1-1: H""~ OJ'!~ M,l'.
A I (ICJ)a I )IJ)o
559 hardship
hardly
I. 1>9"11~!1" + (negative verb). I hardly
know her. 1>9"11~9" I>'I..,..:J''t-!1"
His story is hardly true. :I'<Ill- 1>9"11~9" 1\CD-
)'t- ' 1>,1'.~119"
2. M9" + (negative verb). Under those
circumstances, I could hardly blame her. OH.
II 11-~;1' Mil" /Jt.OJ:jo'l't- 1>/Jt.:f/Jt.!l"
3. M9" fli/Jt. + (negative verb). We hardly
had time to eat breakfast. ell 11""11'1't- 9"
"J!I" ' fli/Jt. ' 1.11. ' l>/Jt.~Ot."JII"
4. 0/Jt.<f.'t-. This is money hardly earned.
0/Jt.<f.'t- f_,.1'f 1"tH11 )..,.
I am so tired I can hardly walk. 0"1!1"
llll~hoP't ..... .~-.... ~ ' 1\")1>, ' .,.ll'l''i'/Jt.
*He had hardly begun to speak when there was
warm applause. "J"I"I~") hoa)!: ""~ "P11
...,q..,. ' 1\ll.,._:~q
You can hardly expect me to believe that.
f")") ' f!I"';'/Jt. ' 111111 ' l>;f'll11
*That is hardly the case. )1~ I>"J'I.ll 1>,1'.~119"
hardly any
I. Mil" fli/Jt.+ negative verb. There is
hardly any bread left. !I""JII" fli/Jt. 'Ill I>
/Jt..,.t.l.!l"
+ (negative verb). The sea was
2. 1>!1"111fll"
quiet, with hardly any waves. 1>11"111111" '1"1
~ M/Jt.)Ot. q"'~ ll'l' 1111- ~oc
hardly anybody r19'" fUA (lm- + negative
verb
Hardly anybody came to the meeting. !I""J9"
ftJ/Jt. ......... llll11(1qw- ' 1\/Jt.oP"J!I"
hardly any more M9" fUA + negative
verb
There are hardly any more eggs left. !I""J9" f
11/Jt. ' 1\").,.'1/Jt. ' 1>/Jt..,.t.l.!l"
hardly ever
I. 1>9"11119" + (negative verb). I hardly ever
go out. 1>9"11~!1" 01~ ..,.op l>/Jt.OJ"'!I"
2. gerundive + hfw-:,011". He hardly ever
goes to bed before midnight. hl>h-11 11.11.+
0.1-'t- .,.'{.,. ' hfw-:jo!l"
[See also 'wait']
hardship
I. ""h.!-. He suffered many hardships when
he was lost in the desert. bll"~I. 0'1 w-ll
'I' m<;:.,. 0)0t.O't- 1.11. 1111" ""h&- ~
t.liO't-
2. :f"lc. His boyhood conditioned him to
hardship. 0/Jt.~~., :f"IC't 119"1!,.../Jt.
hardware
hardware bit<:'l- ,.,..,."- h:J'l":f
Where can I buy hardware? bit<:+ ,.,..,."-
h:J'l":f hf'l- A~~ h:fllll,. 1
hard-working ile-t. .,..:..,.s;:
She is a hard-working woman. ile-t. .,.&..,.
s;: .,.,.
He is a hardworking man. 11:Cil 1P&-T~
)ID-
hardy
I. -oe.,.. A hardy soldier can march all night.
-oe-t. m:rY.e 11.11.-vt n-11- 11.~11
~:filA
2. :f-Ie f"7.:fA. Only a hardy adventurer
enjoys climbing tall mountains. Cif:f:V" .,.&.
.:.l":f"t n"""'""'"' f"t..'-11'1- :f-Ie f"7.
:fA )';it-'1- f"7..mY: IIID- iii" )ID-
3. Y:e:t> f"7.:fA. This is a hardy plant and
it can grow in a desert. ~~~ M Y:e:t> f"7. :f
A 111111') R,.Y:<: R.IIIIJ:"1 ~:filA
hare 'l''t'fA
Hare breeding is expanding in America.
01\"'1&1] 'l''tlfA "7eQ'J- hf.,.llof.of. )ID-
harken 1\Jioum
The congregation harkened to the words of
the preacher. I"?.OD<;). IIQb.ID-'t 1\Jiou
"""'
harm (v.)
I. '1-.11. Smoking harms the lungs. ll.;.o&. "'I
m.ll ' 't'tQ't ' ~'I-JIA
2. 1\J'.bOD. The paucity of native-born engineers
harms our development. fll~e .,.mll:f:
ODII't.ll.f>:f "7)11 h~:J-:f"t't .I'J'.hOD1'A
harm (n.)
I. 'l-.11'1-. The bomb caused much harm to
the building. tt,.R- R.h'tliiD- ~ illl' 'l-
.11'1- ' 1\Y.<:II
2. 'l'of.'l-. How can I repair the harm done?
llmof.v.'l- '1'4-'1- V"'t AIJII 1
He means no hann by his remark. t't"'mm-
1\11.,_.l'f'l- llhof.'l- 1\~Y..II,..
do harm 1-JI
Will it do any harm if I leave it out? Qll-t<:ID-
~'1-.IIA 1
there is no harm "'JJ!"' fAr
There is no harm if there are two. ,.II,.,.
hfl'f "'Y: fll,.
harmful m't:t>
Smoking two packs of cigarettes a day is
560 harness
harmful to one's health. 01-'t ,.11'1- ;rh.
+ (IJI"&. "'1"'-11 lim.<; m't:t> )ID-
be harmful (to) '1-.11
This custom is harmful to the country. ~IJ
A"7Y: O~&;l:'t ~'1-.IIA
(be) harmless
I. 1\A'I-.11,.. I tried to reassure her by showing
her that the snake was harmless. hQR- f"7
~'1-.11 OD(I').'t II<:;J"''I'II'J- 1"belt-
2. 'l-.11'1- 1\1\Y.<:II,.. A half-wit is harmless
even though he does strange things. -!:A 1\
't.ll'tY: h't"'JI fll'). )~C':f"t llLK",.
,.. h't\\ 'l-.11'1- 1\fY.CII,..
harmonica 1\~IJ
harmonious 011,.,.)'1- f"7.'l'e
Their family is the most harmonious one I
know. h'tJ'.)II- IL.,_IIil 011,.,.)'1- f"7.
'l'e "'l't't,. 1\llf,.,..
*The children play together in a harmonious
group. A,'IE'Il .,.11.,,..,.,. 1\'tY: ~~~ ~
m:J-11-
A beautiful picture has harmonious colors.
ID-il FiJA f-tll"7'1- ~11<:'1- 1-:J-~R:J-A
harmonize (vt.) 1\11"7"7
He tried to harmonize the two factions.
,.11-l>'t m~'l':f 11"711"7"7'1- 1"b<:
harmonize (vi.) .,.11"'1"'1
These colors harmonize well. MII.IJ +11"7'1-
R"7.~Q ~11"'1"711-
harmony
I. ""1'mY:. In a beautiful picture, there is
harmony between the different colors. RID-it
FiJA ID-il'l' fAI' AI' -tll"7'1- ""1'
mY: ~:J-.I'A
2. 11,.,.)'1-. There was perfect harmony
between the two. 0,.11-1> ou'ljA 'i'S.,. II
,.,.)'J- )Oe
be In harmony .,.11"7"7
His plans are in complete harmony with mine.
.t.'tR- bm'tiL ;.oe 0"1,.. ~II"'I"'IA
harness (v.)
I. ..n. Don't forget to harness the horse!
L<:ll-'t OD"'i'J 1\'1-e't
2. ~Y.R. The engineers harnessed the water-
fall. ""ll't.ll.f>'ll ~~ID-'t ~Y.R-
harness 561
~~~----------------~--------------------
harness (n.) f.L~II l.:J>
The newly bought harness broke. h-'1.11 f.,.
1qm- f.L~II l.:J> .,.Omll
take the harness off L~lt-'1 ; L;I-
He took the harness off and let the horse run
free in the field. .L~II-1 .L'f mi. "''.JJ
II"'"'"'"
harp (v.), ~ on hHm-'1-r: M~r
She was always harping on how wonderful
her daughter was. A:(. 9"1 .ftJA "1'1-9" harshly""'""".,.,:,.
7.11.)0~1' hHfDo'l-tl- ;1-)"1 )0C
harp (n.) 01'i"
He can play an Ethiopian harp. fh.'I-Nrn
01'i" ODf.CI.C f-1-tt.A
harp player 01'i" U.ll~
This man is the best harp player I know.
f.tJ b"7m- :J>:fm- 01'i" 1.C'I&l"1' IN\"
'""'. )fDo
(be) harried t-11- 1ft:
My father is harried by debts. hq1: OM
t-11-Jf~
harrowing hll.,.,'i"-t
The oral examination was harrowing. f ?A
.L.,_<;m- hll.,.,'i"4: )0C
harrowing experience fiiiJ9'" h.(l:l-4:.
The plane crash was a harrowing experience.
fhfDoC'Til'). hi.;J 0"19" hii:J>-t )0C
harry
1. hll.,.,1.,. Ht:.L. The pirates harried the
towns along the coast. fqibC ' W10f..l"1' '
om.:f. 'IC f"'1..1'f''l-1 b.,..,l"1' hll.,.,
1.,.m- Ht:f.
2. h'l'hO. He harried the speaker with many
questions . .,.'i";>&m-1 Oofllt 'l'.f4: h'l'h
""'"
harsh
1. 'MI:,.. He is a harsh judge. '!'oft:,. 'I':'
)fDo
2. OD'I'G:. A harsh climate will shorten a
person's life. ODTG:, I ~fC I 11-i.:J"' I f(ltD-'} I iJ
1.""1. ' .fl\'l'tl-A
3. 1-C'i"'i". A harsh voice is unpleasant to the
ear. 1-C'i"'i" S:9"6 ll]f.r: 1.11 hf.A9"
4. "1f.ll':'. His harsh words bruised her feel-
ings. f.,_'i"1tl-'l- "1f.ll~ :J>A 11"7.:1:1 1- hassle f:>ll op:,.op:,.
Jim-
5. !flit.. Harsh soap irritates her skin.
!flit. ta-<; "'-'~'1'1 .fii.,."'A
hassle
6. hll:f;>&. The harsh life of the pioneers is
described in this book. f.,.1.9"'1- ooQ;lJP~
11.11'1';J& ')of: ' OH.IJ ODK"do'i' tD-11'1' .,.
1A!I..A
7. bqs:. Those are harsh terms. ftD-11- "If.
:l"l"1' bqs: <;:fao-
,...,..1\1\T
harsh treatment
Harsh treatment commonly befalls servants.
11.1ibc-1' oflll- 1.U. .....,.1111'1- f.f.CIIq:f'f'A
He spoke to him harshly. 0"70D<;.,.,:,. .,..,.1
.:ao-
treat harshly 11.1-1\'kl\
He treats his wife harshly. "'1..111>1 .f"l-1\
f"-'1;1-A
harvest (v.)
1. 1\.0Dt:.,.. He harvested more barley this year
than last. b't9"<; f.A:,. H1S:r: oflll- 1
1111 1\.0DO::.,.
2. IlOilO. When do you harvest the wheat
around here? hrt.tJ 1111.. f9"'1-1101111-'l-
"""' )ill- l
harvest (n.)
1. OD1iC. Because of the drought, the harvest
was bad this year. os:c 9"h1.1''1- OH.tJ
t}oo:,.. oo1io;.. oP'f'G: Hl~
2. 1\."lfoot.. The farmer hired men for the wheat
harvest. 10t.ao- 111111..ao- 1\.liODtl- Ill"
1' .,.m.:
3. '1':>. He is reaping the harvest of his mis-
takes. f'1'4-1>1 '1':> oou.,.OA liS'-
)ill-
hash (v.) b.,..L
He hashed the meat and roasted it in the pan.
.1":>ao-1 b'I-G: 0""'1'0lf mOIIao-
hash (n.) b'I-G:
I ate hash for lunch today. q4. 9"1\ h'I-G:
01111-
hashish ul(11
The government forbids the importation of
hashish. ""1"1.1"'1- ul(11 mi. 111C 1.1
J!f-1q Y.bllhiiA
My friend had a hassle with the taxi driver
about the fare. '\1.':'\1. h;l-h{l. )~ao- :>
C 1111 'I';Jill- f;>ll ~:,. 11.1.0::1
..
haste 562 hatemonger

haste :fb-~ I 'I'Y:A-Y hat qc~ar

Why all this haste? :fh-~,. ('I'Y:d.YtD-)
9""JY:"J ' )tJ>o l
He left in haste. O:fb-~ 'tY.
be in haste +"I~L
He was in haste to get to the store before it
closed. ""'-11-1- boon;>., 0.1.:,. (looY:
.:11 ' .,..,,..~..
make haste d.m., hit
Make haste or you will miss the plane. 1\fDoC'T
~)o h"JJIYooA'I'IJ ol.m"t OA
[See also 'feverish')
hasten (vt.)
I. l\4-m). Sunshine hastens the growth of
plants. fB.hJ'. oflC?"'t fc)B'I':,."t hY:-1:,. Y'l-
'l''i"A
2. t.+.:o. Smoking will hasten the day of
your demise. "'l""il foo'l"iJ'IJ"J +"J Y+
CO'!'A
3. .,.flo h"JY: + imperfect + l\Y-.:1. We
hastened the children across the street. A]>:'fl
DP"J1'1-"J ' .,.(lo '
h"JII.'h-1- ' 1\Y..:-n
hasten (vi.) .,."'Y.ol.
The children were hastening to get to
school on time. A]>:'fl :,.9"uc:,. IL:,. Oil'
_, (louY:.:il J'."'Y-4- )OC
hastily O:fh-1\
They took leave hastily. O:fh-1\ .,.il'i"O.,
hastiness :fil-M:,.
I must reprehend your hastiness. O:fh-A):,.IJ
Am:JoiliJ J'.1qA
hasty
I. :fh-A. Don't be so hasty, give the matter
more thought! h"JY.H.IJ :fil-A t.:,.,.-, t 0
"Jolll' ' ..,..,11 ' l\11110..,.
2. f:fh-~. His concession that he made a
hasty decision was all we wanted to hear.
(100{1"'/..,. 'foi.I\"I)IJJo ' f:fh-~ ' tD-1'1~ '
ou{lm.,"J .,ou)o"J 1111' )tJ>o
3. O:fh-~ YY-.:1. His hasty decisions caused
many mistakes. O:fh~ YY-.:1"" tD-1'1~ 11
,. ' ilih.,..,.:f"J ' 1\ilh.,.ll
4. ( ~ adv.) 1-<l- 1111-. He paid me a hasty
visit while on his way to work. mF.. ' P' ~ 1\.
'tY: 1-.:. 1111- mf+'S
be hasty 1\il'fh.ll
+I wouldn't be hasty about it. M9" f"''...'il
'fit-A )1C fll9"
[See also 'retreat']
Foreign hats were introduced only recently to
Ethiopia. ffDo'il' t.1c qc~arl":f mY.
t..:,.r-t;y f1ft+ O:J>C11 1.11. )tJ>o
[See also 'drop, tip')
hatch (vt.) ol.ilol.ll
The mother hen hatches her eggs by sitting
on them. h'i"1:., P.C' h"tMA f9":,.ol.
ll'i'lltJ>o ooo;J-+<i: ' )fDo
A hen hatches chickens. P.C' "ia;a+ +.t.ll
'i'~ll:f
hatch (vi.) .,.ol.llol.ll
Three more chicks hatched today. q&, (1,1\
?'il..,. ' "lQ;k.,.:f ' .,.ol.ilol.li-
h"t<k~ll-'fl 0..,.11-
All the eggs hatched. .,..I.
llol.ll-
hatch a scheme O!r"llm.C HfF..
The rebels hatched a scheme to get arms.
"ii<i:.,.'ll r ...c OD"f6Y 11.,.,,..,. 09"ilm.
C Hf-'1-
hatchet oo'l'.:fl..l'
He cut the branches off the tree with a hatchet.
fq4-"J :t-C"t"i'i' Oou'I'.:IU' <~o.:m
hatching h"t<k~A """''~'"''~'
This is the optimum temperature for hatching.
h"J<ki\A (loo+<i:+'i' J'.IJ 1.~"1 .,.11.,"'1.
fll') ' ........,.' )IJJo
hate (v.)
I. m~. God! How I hate getting up in the
morning! 1\IL:,. I 1\1.:,. oo)..,.-,. h"JY.9"m~ I
2. hAmY.Y.9". I hate to flatter anybody.
.,-,-,,.. flll'"t Oh'l_, "'laJY.il t.AmY:9"
3. 1\H). I hate to disoblige you, but I must
leave now. A.:JIIJ illi.,A:fA Mf'i"li~Jo .,
') 0 J\IJo') 0 00'/.Y; 0 )\(lofl'S
hate (n.) 'l'~il'
He was consumed with hate for his tormentors.
q,...,.".-,. ill":f ~,. oflc., "'~"' t.Y..:o+
hateful
I. '1'1\il' f.,.oo~o:,.. His hateful remarks reveal
his bitterness towards his teacher. 'l'~il' f.,.,.
~o:,. 1\il.,.Yf., q{l.,..,6,. oooo,:-~o
'I YIIYA
2. 1\ilhd.. Murder is a hateful crime. )'I'll """I
Y.A 1\ilhd. m'IJ>:A )IJJo
hatemonger 'l'~il' f"''.)q
Don't listen to the hatemonger's speeches!
'l'~il' ' f"''. )qiJ)o') ' (IIJJo\1. .,.,.,c ' l\;J-119"'1'
hatred 563 ~
have
~~~~~
~~~~~
~~~~~
~~~~~
~~~~~

hatred 6. 1\UtDT-l.. He used to haunt bookstores.

1. 4:?". With passage of time, old hatreds are foPI\.ft'i''l- I oPf.11C""f-'t I J'HID'l-C I )flC
forgotten. "LK 1 >.M'i- 1 (l.'t~ 1 f'I''H 1 -tV" 1
have (he has, he had)
,I'.<: <'I~
~f.
1. t.ll(w-). +I have a book. oPI\'.h'i' 1 toll~
2. 'l'~il'. I feel no hatred for him. O(l- 1 1
2. .rn(w-). +He had a bad cold last week.
?"'IV" 'l'~il' I fl\~?"
Ql\oi,ID" I <'1?"'1'1- I tJ4- I 1-'t'i-'t I f.p')- ' ~OC
I

haughtiness :1.116'1- 3. 0~. He had some cake before going to bed.

His haughtiness offends everyone. "-11~'1: o- hOD.,.,.., I fl.!.')- I h,h I fl~.,. I ~flC
11-'t?" I J'll.,.f."''~ *Let him have it! ( ~ keep it) :l.ll-1: 1 TID-11'1-
haughty Let him have it! ( ~ hit him) 01\w-
1. f'l-biL'l-. His haughty words show he is Rumor has it that the minister will resign.
infected with pride. f'l-biL '1- 1 M ;>1<1- 1 011- "UII'l-<1- OL:l'.ll'fm- I P'.&-'fw-'t I ,1'.11:1'11- I

,:.:,. f-loPl;Q I oPII').'t I J'<'IJ'~

I
f"'IA I "f."P""f."P":I' ..........,~
2. 'l-biLH'. A haughty girl is unpopular in *I will not have it. :l.'t'lf.<:"l 1 t.~L:t~P"
school. '1-biL.,.,. ~'1{1<:~ 1 0'1-?"tJC'l- 1 0.'1- 1 *He wanted to marry her, but she wouldn't
ID-11'1' I TID-'1;1\' I t.f.f.ll"f-P" have him. fi..I'1Q'l- 1 "-~' ~oc ! :l.!l-1 "l't 1 1.
?"IL I t.ll"f-
haul had rather ,I'.ID~ 1 ~oc
1. .,..,..,.. They used several mules to haul the
I had much rather he go with you. h11C"tJ IL
car out of the ditch. oob,<;w-'t 1 h1-~'\~ 1 't~ I 1,1D~ I )0C
ID-11'1' 1\oP'I-T'l- I 01111' I O:tll-l""f- I T111111-
2. t.'l'\H. The company had to use extra have done
buses to haul the crowd to the stadium. *Pay the man off and have done with him!
hMID"<;' ID-'IJ T1~11\ID"
.1.1111-'t' 1Df. 1 11;1-Y:\'"fP>" 11\"'''\'\111lJ.Q'tJ 'ID-' I

0T ...."''6 ' h,..,.tl-(>"f- ' oP1~1~ I"/~ I II'~O'l have it coming

haul away atM *When they lost their fortune, everyone said
The truck hauled our furniture away. oPb,<;" that they had it coming. 't11<:;1-'fw-'t 1 {I.J'
ID" ' :I.:J'"f-'t't I ID(lf.~'t tJlo I IJ-1\-P" I 7.'t\>,'t 0 hi\
haul down fttD/.1.. have it in for mt\
After their defeat, they hauled down their flag. She has it in for intelligent students who fail
~~ 0 hll'). 0 0:\~ I (l'tf.:t I ,~"'''f'ID-'t I hiD<:JI. to use their abilities. O"f-11-;1-'l'w- 1 f"''f.m:,O
,.. 0 '1-011 I ~;c.f't I '1-tn~l\"f-
haunch ID111
have it out
He hit him on the haunch with a stick. h<D111'
~ .... I OJ!.~ 0 oP;l-ID" *We've been in disagreement about this for
a long time, and I think we should have it out,
haunt once and for all. flH.tJ 1 ~1C 1\1111' 1..n 1 <'I
1. iiU(O'l-). They thought ghosts haunted the 'til"''"'' I -'f.T<;'~ J h7.'t"/JI,tJ I h'tJ': I 7.~
abandoned house. lo<;'w- 1 0.'1- tiJ<:'I".,."f- Q')- 0 11<;"fl;t\'l\'l- 0 ,1'."/f~ I ,1'.00111\ ...~
fiiL-1-0'l- I ODM'f'w-
have nothing on
2. t.il0<:11. The memory of the accident
I. .:..,..,'t ~w-. The crazy person had nothing
haunted him for many years. J'f.;>ID" 'l-11
on and sat by the edge of the road. 7.11.11. 1
:1' I 111111' I HOD't I t.ii0<:111D" JIC
tl-.,..,'t I ll''f' ' hoP't1~ I 0 .,..,.oPtn
3. h.h<'oll- h~tn'i- hll. Memories of love
2. P'.&- 1 fll(w-P"). I have nothing on for tomor-
haunted him. ft;::,OC 1 'l-11;J" 1 h.h<'lll' t.~
row evening. ~1 a-J~ 1 9""t9'" 1 JP& 1 fll
tn'i- hi\ ~,.
4. t.~m'i-P". The specter of the murdered man
still haunts the bouse. fT1f.l\w- ilw-\1. have on
OD'tLII hiJ-'tP" hll.., I h~tn'i-P" 1. 1\0il. He has his sweater on inside out.
lf.tl-(1-'t 1~1llfl 1\11{>;1-~
5. t.lfO<:. The specter of war haunts every sen- I I

sible person. fiPC~., 11;>'1- 1 t.il.,..,.f. il 2. 11"'1~<:"1 1 t.iiO. What do you have on for
ID" I J'lf11,&.~ Easter? 114-fl.lt 1 ?"'! 1 11"'1~<:"1 1 t.ilflY~!
haven
have over ;JOH
We are having the Smiths over for supper.
il"'L'II"Jo; QIUL-I:'J 11~'1- ?11Uo;A
have to
I. AII(R'I-). I have to go to the dentist to-
morrow. )'1 m1. 'l"Cll thl'l..r ooY.Y: h.
1111'S
2. "If: 11')(0'1-). We didn't want to but we
had to. AAI..II"I'J!I" )0C I "If: ll''l'11'J ),.
have to do with
I. R - - - 1Q. I don't want to have anything
to do with it. 01-'11< IIOD"JQ'I- AAI..A"I!I"
2. "I'J'F)'f- All(,.). What does this proposal
have to do with the irrigation project? Y.ll
mllofl booil'l',. I"~ 11:r-1: ?C M
"I'J'F)'f- All,. 1
not have to AY.1Q(,.!I")
You don't have to make fun of him. Oil- oo
-tllf: AY.1QII!I"
haven
I. "lUY. The travelers found haven at the
inn. OD'J1f."l''li 011'-1;11- "l.t..I.Y A1'F
2. oulflf1.J'. These mountains are a haven for
fugitives. M H.II ..,.~~l":f CD'J~A I.~
"""'" II"'Lf.R4< ill":f oolflf1.J' o;lf,.
havoc '1'4-'1-
The floods caused terrible havoc. '1-CI- ;N\
;r. '1'4-T AilhTII
play havoc with
I. R;J-T). The wind played havoc with the
papers on the desk. ).f.fl- m.t..A.'I,. loY.
no.t..,.-, m.t..,.+ o,...,.),.
2. AR'Ilf. The bad weather played havoc
with our vacation plans. ODT:1D" YfC
o-t.;J- fcl.t..'i''l- 1.11. ll:r-JI:f"J'J AR'IifCD-
hawk (v.)
A peddler is hawking his wares outside.
1\f.~ A'Jf: flo:r- Rf..t..-1; Y.II'J 1..'11.
1\YII U""'liA
*They hawked ice cream along the beach.
bQiM JIC AY.ilh<l!l" .1.'11. 1\YII- loY.
;J-:f' All-
hawk (n.) "l"A.&.'I-
A hawk will kill your chicken. .,_.A.&.'I- P.
C'II'J ' 'f-)'1'.4-ll:f-
hay f:C.f'li
Cattle must have hay to eat. h11.,.:f- f"'LRII-
'1- f:Cof'li II'J-'1.'l'~'I'CD- Yil.I.A?A
564 haz!':
haystack ff:C-f'li b!I"C
Do farmers in Ethiopia have haystacks?
Rt..'I-I"A'Y CD-il'l' 10'-l":f- ff:C-f'li
h!I"C Yil.,.!l""'/1< 1
(be) haywire '1-c!l"il!l"il All
Everything is haywire. 11-11- )1C '1-C!I"il
!l"il 11!\,A
go haywire DDI\ ol-mo m4-
Everything went haywire in the house. 1111.
II IL'I- rJoll-!1" )1C oolo :rom- m'i':I:A
hazard (v.)
*Thieves hazard arrest. II.P'Ii 1l'J Y'!l!l" oflll
CD- Y.ilC.4'11-
hazard one's life II$Y.CD1: Ail?("'") I O;r.
f.CD-1: ' T'l'il
Pilots sometimes hazard their lives. A"'"C'T'I
'J )l(l":f A'JJI'Jf: 1.11. II$Y.CD;J-lf
CD- Yil?lf'I'A
I would hazard my life on his honesty.II;J-"l'S
)1: o;r..r.co-1; 11'1'/lllrJo
hazard (n.) hf.:J
This dry hay is a fire hazard. Y.ll t..t.:r- "'C
fll'l- Af.? Y"""'A
The job was full of hazards. 1"~,. AI.?
fR'IR'I- )RC
be a hazard
I. 1\f.? AilhTII. Reckless drivers are hazards
to other motorists. "1.1'..11'11 )l(l":f llll.~:f-
QlloobSl":f AI.? Yilh'l-'111-
2. 1\il)"'. These oily rags are a fire hazard.
MH.u u.r.-r fmm- ""c.J:f- 1111'1- Yil
)"'ll-
hazardous Af.1';'
It is hazardous to cross the desert during the day-
time. !l"f:.t. RJI,.-, R.,.'J ..,ll'.t..'l' 1\1.1
';' ' )CD-
haze"l"?"'
The haze kept us from seeing the mountains
.,._,..,. ' ..,.~,.:,.., h..,,,.. ' A1f.'J
hazy "1"??!1"
The air is hazy, and one cannot see the
mountains. Af-1- .,_.??'I" 111111') ..,.~~l"
'li'J "lf'l- AY.ii'A'I"
be hazy "'A~ AY.f.ll'l"
His ideas are hazy. m/111- 1Joll- "lA~ AY.f.
11'1"
he
he
1. l.cn- 1 J.n-. He is a student. l.n- (l.c
n-) ' T"''& ' ~"'"
2. mu:. Is that lion a he or ashe?$ lt"JOlt
m"JY: ~"'" mf.h 11.'1- ?
he is \'aJo
He is lazy. (1~<;: ~"'"
he who
1. f +
perfect. He who spoke just now is
my brother. ltu-"J f-1-'i'~<:m- fl!. m"JY:'I"
~"'"
2. f'l" (7.'1") +
imperfect. He who leaves last
should turn off the light. ODD.U.<:lf f"''.aJ"'
"'" ' ""ofl<!-of>"J ' "'1"1''1-'1- ' 7.110'1-
head (vt.)
I. oot-. The honored guests headed the parade.
fhofiC l."J"'P.'Il h<I\4-"J ""'~-
The pilot headed his plane toward the sea.
ltm-I!'TII"J H(m- ltm-I!'TII.,_"J mt. 'I
tft~IOD&-.
2. lf.'l" II'~ 1 ~Ill. ~"'". He hopes to head
his department one day. m!. 1.'1- fh'i'll-
If.'/" ' l."Jf."''.ll'"J ' -1-h'l- ' $1.C;J<I\
Our teacher heads the history department.
OD'/"11<!-:f"J ' f ;l"&h ' h'i'A ' ~~~~- ' ~"'"
3. lt"Jf.'i' II'~. My boy heads his class at
school. A:( hh'i'll- lt"Jf.'i' ~"'"
*His name heads the list of candidates.
0J.....9"'fl ' 11C'HC ' llf. ' f0D"f..OD&$11Jo ' (I
lJD I f'(\- I \olD"
head (vi.) l\OD<!-
you are heading in the wrong direction.
f'/":J"OD<!-fDo 0 dJf. 0 -f-ftft-f- 0 OO")~J:" 0 ~fDo
It's getting late; we'd better head for home.
l.foolf '/.!. l mt. IL'I- ofl'i'DD<!- Y.lfiiA
head off h - - - h'l~
Quick thinking headed off a collision. "J .+'I-
h"'"i"'l- ' h'l~fDo
head (n.)
1. t-h. My head hurts. t-ll."J h'l"'i'A
2. "1/'"J:,.II'I-. The head of a nail is designed
for pounding. f'l"h"''C "1/'"J:,.II'I- 1\00'/":J"
'1- l."JJI.oo';f ll''l" f-1-"'<1- ~"'"
The hand grenade blew off his head. fl.~ 11
'l"ofl "i""J:,.IIof>"J 0:1"-!-~m-
3. l.m-t-. He is the head of the family. fiL-l-
(l()o ' hiiJo<!- ' ~"'"
4. oo&. Heads of government will meet in
Cairo. ffoo"J"'F:J"'I- oo&l":f IJ,I'.I!' II
f. ' ,l'.hOMII-
565 head
5. ~lid.. He is the head of the firm. fh-'I"J$
aJo I .... ~.,. I )aJ-
6. 11..,. oo"JOC. The head of a committee
must serve for two years. fi!C"f- A.ot oo")fl
C 1\u-11'1- ~oo'l- "7~<1\~A 1.110'1-
7. 7.11:1". He is the headofthegang. f'I-<I\Ll"'ll
hl\:1" ' ~"'"
8. M"'/'. The head of the river is located in
the mountains. fm"JH- 'I""J"i" f"''.~'rm- -1-
<!-<1-l"'ll ' llf. ' ~"'"
9. lt'i''l-. He stood at the head of the staircase
before descending. hoom-<:'1. Od.'l- 01.<:11'
"'" ' h'i''l- ' llf. ' .fOO
Begin at the head of the page! h~lto lt'i''l-
"f..'I"C
We were sitting at the head of the table.
hm<:A.~m- lt'i''l- .,..,.'l"m"J ~oc
10. Cl.h (pl. l.Cl.h-'1-). He arranged his
speech under four heads. "J"'"'-1-"J Oltt-'1-
hCl.h'l- hH;J"f..
11. "!':,.A. Lettuce is ten cents a head. lt"JY:
"1':,.<1\ M"' OP'C lt"J-1:'1" ~m-
12. (zero). He sold five head of cattle. h'l"h'l-
f.,."JY: hofl.f.';f !I'm
*He has a good head for arithmetic. do..ltofl
f.ll'~'I'A
head (adj.) 'l''i'
This is the head office. f. II 'l''i'm- ooP'&
$ ' n.'l- ' ~"'"
The head nurse will give you instructions.
'l''i''l' ~Ch 00'/"&$ '1-hnJ?f:\ll:f
head and all <1\:,.'1" hY:C1
The dog ate the fish, head and all. m-lfm- ~
"'fDo"J <1\:,.'1" l.Y:C1 Ollm-
head of the bed ( = adv.) h<I\;JIIJo <1-h'l. 11,1'.
The head of the bed has a lamp on it. h<I\;JIIJo
<!-(1'1. ' llf. ' OOofl&-'1- ' hi\
heads or tails rtm-.f: tD~ll h.'lfllt
Which is it? Heads or tails? Flip the coin again!
um-s:- ~"'" mf.h lt"JOlt lt"J-1:......,.
l."J!.~'i' mcm-<:m-
head over heels hAh 01\,.
They were head over heels in love. hAh 011
,. -1-'l't.m- ~oc
be head and shoulders above RAm
In intelligence, he is head and shoulders above
the children in his class. O?fll-;l"m- hh'i'A
'lf.'l''ll u-11- ,1'.0<1\"'A
be out of one's head lt.O~
The man is out of his head. {lm-\Lm- ltofi.I!..,A
headache
be over one's head
1. hO~. Arithmetic is over my head. .h.'l11
f.h11~"'A
2. h:Y..II-;1-w- Mf. 11"~(0'1-). The mathe-
matical problems were over his head. fdtJI:fto
TC'11/I.'I":Y.. h:Y..II-;1-w- O'lf. IJ").O'J-
bring to a head hLl.m
The committee's new position brought the
entire matter to a head. 1..C.,.. rmfi1..CD- h
-'1.11 1>!11?" ~~-1-'t l>l.<:mw-
come to a head
1. .I'Omw- """-'t.ll-1> hf.+C?". The situa-
tion in the country is bad, and it will come to
a head sooner or later. 11~&:1: .I'II:Y..O'I- tH
~ ~ OO"f'L"! ~m- 1 ma~ ~ h.Y:t: .romm- oo
I. 't.ll-1> hf.+C?"
2. .,.>t<:<:. The quarrel between the two
countries came to a head, and war broke out
between them. OrJ.II-1> I>~C':Y.. oo>thA .1'
11w- m11 .,..,C' tnC~'J- .,.)!oo<:
3. +4.4-oo. The struggle for power came to a
head. P'A"''t IIOO.f11 .I'll,. '1-"IA
.,.-~.-~.-
cry one's head off
The child cried his head off. A:( l'.CC 1111-
1>11+(1
from head to toe
He was wet from head to toe. h&-il K.,..-r
l'.llh l'."lc '~'"''~- .~:-.:11 cf> ~oc
go over one's head
1. hll4... I don't want to go over the teacher's
head and appeal to the principal. 1>11.,."'/&a>-
't />A.A. liP'&- oo&w- Ml.-1>:1' "'':r.<:11
I>AI.A"I?"
2. P'A."').'t .,._,-~.. I don't want to go over
his head. P'A"').'t IIOO:>of.'l- I>AI.A"I?"
go to one's head
I. &-(1- 'If. "'"' The whiskey went to his
head very quickly. 'f!llh.w- .f-11- &-(1- 'I
, I IDtiJ
2. '1-<10.'1- 1>~<:0'1-. Success has gone to his
head. llll.,.o't>tll'l- '1-<10.'1- 1>.1:-C'O;I-A.
have on one's head
Because of his reckless driving he now has
the deaths of three persons on his head.
0"1.1'.1111 M-'1.11. f"11'1- (lw- ihf.m'l-
h'l''i';I:A.
hold (~ne's) head down .,..'lOll hl\
He held his head down to show me that he
was bald. -'l"'a>-'t ll..l'o'tf'S '1-1'011 1>11
566 headdress
keep one's head laf..il"OC = _,,
He kept his head during the riot. OrJ.h-lo 1..
U ilf.lfOC .f.f
lose one's head
I. <;'Ia>- fl<:. When the fire broke out he
simply lost his head. ~mA-m- 0+).., 1 "LtL
"",. ' fl<:
2. ++~. Many innocent persons lost their
heads in the French Revolution. Ol.<:'tilf. 11
11C 1..U 11,. (l9':Y.. .I'll "'im.h;J-'I'w-
.,..,.II-
(not) lose one's head ,&.(to'} 1 +'ILIIJm~
The most important thing is not to lose your
head. 'l'<;w- ~~c &-11111' --t."'mC ~w
make head or tail 0"1'&-11 .,.<:.ll(w-) l ~q(w-)
I can't make head or tail of that poem.
.l"t't "1'1'?" 0"1'&-11 lloo<:-'1'1- I>A:Y..A.?"
Can you make head or tail of what he says?
f"''.lla>- ' f.~qfA.
march at the head of OD&o
He marched at the head of the parade. (IA.4-'t
f.-&- ~oc
put heads together 1>1'.1:- 'If. />{l!l-(0'1-) I
.,._,h-1-
1 am sure that if you put your heads together,
you will find a solution. 1>1'.1:- 'If. 11:1'1111-0
'1- ' (11'1-->th-1-) ' -"''~-"'- ' l'.'t~?";l-~1'11'1- '
l'.C"Im"' ~'S
stand head and shoulders above A_, :1-f
He stands head and shoulders above his rivals.
h_,.ID-'1.11&9'<J; rJ./1- A.f. f.;I-.I'A
turn one's head
I. h-&-'1- l>o't~<:. Praise will turn anyone's head.
?"il:J<; O"'''t,.,.?" nw- 'If. h-t-'1-
.l'o't.I:-&-A
2. f - - - .,.~'fr II"~. Don't let flattery turn
your head! fh't-lo w-.1111. .,.~:rr 1>'1-rJ.'t
[See also various nouns and verbs with 'head'
such as 'bare, bow, roof']
headache f&-11 ?":J-'1-
I have a bad headache and cannot go to school.
"'if.ll"' f&-11 ?":1''1- IIII.I'H'S ID~ _,."'/
& , 0.'1- oo'f..l:- I>A:Y..A.?"
give a headache t:-(to'l }lfaODovm-
This noise gives me a headache. .e.u 1 AJ.AJ.;t-
&-(l.'t 0 .f{)?"OO"'t\.
headdress
I. fli-..C hw&-C. She changes her headdress
headfirst
every day. fli.,.C ,,.,a-,
'I'ID"m'l'll'f-
2 1-LC. He wore a headdress made of a lion's
mane. >t'JR<'t :>"'1 f+wt. '1-.I.C II
0(1
3. lfil. The women wore headdresses made
of colorful cloth. 1'1..,.,; h'fr-,.c.,.c ..,c:,.
f+"'<~- lfil hit<!"'" ~ac
headfirst t.(l.'J <I!A<I!A hY:Ci
He dived into the water headfirst. t-(1.') 4!
A.JIA h.X"Ci ID':}t- ftJ'oilT mit+
jump headfirst RY:'J1'1- TAO:,. hi\
He jumped headfirst into the argument.
hch~ ID"11'1' RY:'J1'1- TAO:,. hi\
headgear ~11
The miners' headgear is made of steel.
'J ~of.t:l"'li ~11 h11<!'1- f+wt. ~,.
heading 0.11
Can we lump all these items together under
one heading? MH.U'J ~1C':f Q'JY: Ch11
FC A'im:I'A~'I'ID" h'J'f-~11') l
headlight fl-'1- oo11t.'I-
Dim your headlights while driving in the city!
h+"'' ID"11'1' 11'1-~-'1 f.I.T 0011<1-'1-U
') 004'~11 hi\11U
headline hCh11+ liS
The headline read, "War is declared". h0.11+
H.'ifD" tnc~-r :l'w)! f"''.A ~ac
headlong 'tf.).') ""'i''l'
He rushed headlong into a fight. 'tf.).'J ""
IJ!q" mil- 1 W'"ia'l' Hit- r 111
dash headlong 0.(-1'1+ "Ill
Chasing the ball he dashed headlong into the
street. l>.!t'J (IJ'QCC RY:'J1'1- oo'J1Y:
fD'it'l' r 111
plunge headlong Rt:-.lt- lfll- '111
He plunged headlong into the river. CD"tlf<-
{)tp J fl,t..(to I lffl- I 1fl
headman "1!':1' lf.9"
He is a village headman from Sidamo. R(t.-'1'1
.,~,. ID"11'1' "1!':1' lf.9" ~ ....
headmaster .11.6-h+c
He is a headmaster of a secondary school.
fll-11+'1 f..<!)f 'I-9"UC't- 0.'1- .11.6-h+C ~,.
head-on ( ~ adv.) 1-'1- 114.'1-
Five died in a head~on collision yesterday.
567 headway
Rf4'). '1-11 '1-'i'J'I-'i ooh.'l':f 1-'1- 1\1-T + :>"'l'+ID"
h9"11'1- ...., . '1"1-
headquarters
1. m:,O~y. oo9"6Y l 'l''i oo9"6Y. This
officer was attached to headquarters. oo\too")
). m:,O~y. ('P'i) oo9"6Y"'" .,.,..f..a
2. 'l''i' ooF ~~ o.:r-. The salesmen were
always in touch with headquarters. hlflf""''li
II-A1.tl.. h'l''ifD" ODJP6Y 11.'1- :>C "I'J"F
~:,. ~a.:-'1',.
headrest
1. '1-t-11. He rolled up his blanket and used it
as a headrest. 11CY: A11(l.'J O"''I'C:: '1-
t-11 ' hf..<!11D"
2. fn..,:,. '1-t-11. Ethiopian women use head-
f"''~Y: rests instead of pillows. h..'l-f-*Y"'"n 1'1.-f-:f
at.e:,. -r.:-11 .1-'J:l' fn ...-r -r.:-11
J'.'J+t-<'111-
headset f]f.C' "''JIOO"""
Does this radio need a new headset? ~tJ ~
Jl.f- h-'1.11 f]f.C" "7-'!oP"'i Y11.1.A1'1'A I
headstall 4-ir'
The straps of the headstall broke. ff./r'ID"
m'i'C +Rm(l
headstrong .h<'IR "1'1-C
She is very headstrong and hard to control.
h!l. 0"19" .hitO "1'1-C'i I\OO'i&"'mC9"
hil'l':>tl fll"~:f -;:,.
headwaters M"'!'
The headwaters of the Nile are in Ethiopia.
f'tqf. nm h..'l-r-wy ID"11'1' tiD"
headway, make ~ wu-r 14-
There have been many delays, but we are at
last making headway. 1111- ODII"If'l- +f..C
'iA l ll"'l'9" OOOtD.GlffD" wu-r ' fiOO"Iof-
,. ~f.<)')
~ ""' make little headway h9"11~9" hA+it>tll'l-9"
The club made little headway in raising funds.
hOlt 1'JII11 fiOD{t11(111 <!1Y: h9"11~9"
hA+it>tll'l-9"
make no headway
1. M9" h~<!19". They made no headway
in solving their problems. II:f"lt.'I'ID" ""'~''~
.h. 11"'1"11''1- 9"')9" h~f..<!.,.9"
2. Wf..l-'1- (1.14- hAil'l\9". They made no
headway against the strong winds. R"1J'.II'1 ~
of-11 9"h'JY'I- wU'I- (1.14- hAil'll-9"
heal
make slow headway hH'1tiD
We made only slow headway in the deep snow.
O'l't\'1< O<:P.. a>-!1'1' hH~9"'J
heal (vt.)
I. h-'1). He healed the wound by putting
medicine on it. "'llll-'t OD.i:";)t'l- hill!' h'l)a>-
2. hllm~S'.. He tried to heal the split between
the two sides. 1\cn- Ou-1\-f: m~'i""'f ooi]IJ
A ~1\a>-'t hi\OD"'qq'l- 1\"''llm~.~:- 'l"h<:
heal (vi.) m~) I 'I)
The fracture is healing slowly. llofl&.-1: 4'11
04'!1 Mm~) )a>-
The wound is not healing properly . .,.!111-
OS'.'tofl hA.I:"'t hi\
be healed J.a
The wound is not healed yet. "'llll- ~., hA
'1)1"'
healer -~t.,.';'
The healer resurrects the dead, so some people
say. h't'l't.l:" (IJ"";f -~t.,.';'a>- f'l"-!:'1-
't ~~A f.illl-
healing
*The healing of the wound took several
months. "'1111- llf..l:"'t ofiH- m&.'l- ol'f
health
I. m.'t)'l-. Though he is very old he is still in
good health. 9"'JI"' 1\'t\\ 0"11"' 11..1'<:~ m.
't)-f: hA:f"mhl"'
2. fm.o; hmqo:jo.Comprehensionofthefun-
damental principles of health is essential. ou,.
<::J-'1! fm.o; hmqo:jo H.l'.'t "''m:jo h
111..11"1. ' )a>-
Ministry of Health fm.o; '1'0-"' "ttM:C
The Ministry of Health distributed drugs
against malaria to the people. fm.o; '1'0:1'
"ttM:C fmq ooM~ ou.~:";)t'l- llo"b11
of! ' OS'.I\
drink to one's health 1\ - - - m."JtT R"tfl' ~
M"'
We all drank to the bride's health. u-il"'f'tl"'
1\ou-ii&;J: m.'t)'l- IM'"'f't't M"''t
public health fm.o; '1'0:1'
He published a pamphlet on public health.
ill\ ' m.o; ' '1'0:1' ' ."1-"Jii ' ODJI'm'i' 0 hiD"!
[See also 'bad, ill, low, poor']
healthful m.o; f"t!l'l'
Children must eat healthful food. A"/l."'f m.
.. ' f"t{IRJ:fm-') ' l""''ofl ' ODoflil'l- ' hl\q:fa>-
568 heap
healthy
I. m.o;"''. She looks healthy. m.o;"'' ."1-0DMI\";f
2. m.)';'. A healthy body presupposes a proper
diet. m.)';' hiJA 0"""'-" l""''ofl ilf.
f1-DDrP~+ I )oaJo
3. 1\m.o; .,.!1"7"1. This is not a healthy
climate. f.ll hfC 1\m.o; .,.!1"7"1 hf.S'.
Ill"'
4. :j-1. The minister's healthy attitude toward
education was acclaimed. "ttil'l-~ llll '1-1"'
uc:r- ~~~..,. :j-1 hil.,.~f'l- .,._1'11)
keep healthy O"t~q ' ~H
Farmers diversify crops to keep the soil healthy.
hl..~'t O"t~q 1\0D~ ~Ot.l""'f (loflll-'t
~1\'l'a>-"111-
keep (one) healthy Om.1)'1- h'i"&
His ahstention from alcohol kept him healthy.
hhAI>A oumo Om.1)'1- h'i"l:a>-
stay healthy Om.1)'1- ol'f
We have to keep fit to stay healthy. Om.1)'1-
1\0D.f.f'l- (la>-);f-"'f1't oomo+ ' hl\111
heap (v.)
I. .,._1111(.,..,.1111). He heaped my plate with
food. ll.n~ ilf. l"'"'ofl .,._1111
The table was heaped with all kinds of food.
m<:A.~a>- ofiH- 'lf.H- l""''ofl .,_.,._AII-0'1-
)OC
2. IJou<:. The farmer heaped grass in the
comer of the shed. ~Ot.a>- "1~1 01"/l. F
C hou~ro-
3. "")(0'1-). The boss heaped work on the
secretaries. 1\ll~m- ~dtLSJJ~ t\f, JP &-
""l)q:f..,.
heap on (upon)
I. ofiH- hS'.l:~(ll'l-). He heaped gifts upon
me. ofiH- !IIP;f- 1\S'..<:~A"i
2. f - - - ou'!'l- hiDl:S'.(O'I-). The man heaped
insults on his enemy. (lm-"m- Oml\1: 1\f,
fil.l:"ofl OD'l'l- hm<:S'.O'I-
heap up hh"'i:f
He heaped up riches by dishonest dealings.
O"'i"l"OCOC llofl'l- hh"'i:f
heap (n.)
I. hi"'C. There is a heap of books on the
table. m<:A.~a>- ilf. fOOX'oh'i' hi"'C hi\
2. "'AA. They put a heap of saud by my door.
S'."l/:1.. ilf. ~lf'l' "'AA h!l4'oum-
heap of oPqT
That's a heap of money. oP'\o+ 11'Hofl ~aJo
hear
heaps of ofiii-
We have heaps of books for sale. f"''.lf m- 11
If- ODK".hG::f ' 1\/lo')
[See also 'pile']
hear (heard)
I. (l"l. I didn't hear anything. ?"')?" IIA(l
"liJo'l"
You must hear what he has to say. l\(lo f"''.
1\tJJo') ODII"l:f- I\1111U
2. -t-(l"l(tJJo). I hear someone coming. f(l,.
1>-1: ' f.(l"l>:'A
3. -1-4'011. They refnsed to hear our side of the
argument. ooll-'\:f'J 11~1<1- no<:"J'J II
11-1-.l'f+ 1114'0.1\'1" 1111-
4. tJJ~ (l"l ltJJ~ ~<:(l(tJJo). Have you heard
from your friend? 1111 'l~>:'u tJJ~ (l"lU 1
I hear from her once in a blue moon. m~ttt
f"'/.~(l'S ' 0'tOD:f- ' 1\').<',. ' ~tJJo
5. llf. The judge heard three cases today.
"~ -'!>:',. v>M 1--'1\'":f Ill'
*Well then, I will expect to hear from you.
l\1"1-'I.U ODol\l\h+u l\1-'l.~e(l'S l\mfiO
:I'IIIJo
hear {one} out hilta.C... }\~oum
Hear me out before you do anything! '!"')?"
h"l~<:"IU Rt.:J- 1\IIQ;I,e{IU 11~'/"m'S
make oneself heard J.':9"1Jo1' lttJ.D'7
He couldn't make himself heard above the
noise. h""l'"l;J-tJJo 11'1+ f-1-~"1 ~11-1
IIJ(l"l IIA;t'll?"
{I) won't hear of 11.1\.L:,O~
I won't hear of anyone's tearing my books.
"l'J?" (ltJJo OOI\ih'i'-1:1 l\'J-'1.4' ~ IIA
.r.:,.~.,.
hearer h~"l"fl"
When he made the speech, his hearers did not
agree with him. 1"1"1e '1~<:1 1.11. II~
"""'li h(lo ;>e IIA-1-II"l"""'l"
hearing (n.)
I. ooll"l+. Hearing the good news made him
happy. 'No n.o; ODII"l-1: 1111~(1-t-tJJo
2. ;1!". The old man's hearing is poor.
f"ii"l"l/l.tJJo ;1!" ~IJ"l ~,.
3. fODII"l+ :fir';J-. One's hearing often be-
comes obtuse in old age. R"ii'I"""A<;" 1.11.
fOOII"l:f- ' :ffr':J'" ' f.~h"lol\
4. f4'ml!" 4''). The company's attorney failed
to show up at the hearing. fh-fi'J.I'tJJo mO
:1' R4'ml!"tJJo 4'1 .-,y.4'e11 4'<:
569 heart
*The hearing was set for June sixth. 1--'11' II
(I~ 11~11+ 11.(1"'1 -t-4'm<:
give a hearing hChC ft-'fioom
The judge gave both sides a hearing. Jl>:'tJJo
f~Jo/1-t:'J'I" mn hebe 11-'l""m
hard of hearing f""ll"l+ :f"le .I'IIR+
(ltJJo
Modern aids are helpful for the hard of hearing.
HtnHO'f! """'"'-"~:f f""ll"l+ :f"le .l'fl
n+"J ..., . II.<:.C:. Y.:f~~~o
(be) hard of hearing
My aunt is hard of hearing. llhll-1: ;1!"'1'
ll'l'e-1' 1\f.(l"l~:f-'1" (l\;E-"1'1" 1\:f-(l"l'l")
within hearlns
*Mother stays within hearing of the baby.
l\<;":J-:f'J ihY't-1 A:f-(l"l h?":f-:fAR+
11:1'" ' :f-4'0D"'fl:f
hearsay (n.)
I. 1111-fiA:J-. I do not believe it; it is merely
hearsay. 1111-fiA:J- llflrT~ llol\4'0/ltJJo'/"
2. 011"'1. 11"'1. fof-11" tJJ~. Hearsay is not
admissible evidence. 011"'1. 11"'1. fof-11" tJJ
~ Ooo<:lj"~+ .,..,. .. ,.~+ llf.'l" l:tJJo?"
heanay (adj.) fll"''. ll"'t
Hearsay evidence is inadmissible in court
because it cannot be substantiated. fll"''.
II"''. ?"llhe~+ 11.<::>1'1' llfl"lf.:fA '~'
e~ 11.-1: IIY.4'0IItJJo?"
hearse f~.., ooh.<;
You can rent a hearse in Addis Ababa. fiJI.
II 110'1 f"''.h&-1' f~.-, ODh.<;~:f /Ill-
heart
I. Aofl. He has a weak heart. All- ~.,.,
~ ....
2. ""1LII. The losing team had plenty of
heart. f-t-lf~L"'" 11-~1 "No ""1LII ~o
<:tJJo
3. ""HI". I intend to get to the heart of the
quarrel. fmfl-1 ""~II" ll"lm:,O l\LA;>II~Jo
4. tJJoll'l'. The heart of the palm tree is very
succulent. fH'Jflfl "11~ tJJollm- 0"1?"
~)ID'
5. ooiJhA. The Saint George Church stands
in the heart of Addis Ababa. r:,O.c:.ll 1.1'"e1.
II 11.-1- hell-1:.1") 11-'1.11 110'1 h_,..,
ouiJhA f.1>:'A
6. 'i'~ ~1e. A good essay gets right to the
heart of the matter. '1''1- ~e(l+ f'l--'11'1
'i'~ ~1e 0'1'.1\~ f.OD.I:?"&-.1\
heart 570 heart attack

heart and soul bAR- not have the heart hAI..Ll.tJO

She is in this work heart and soul. JP ~aJo"} h After he tried so hard, I haven't the heart to
A!l. :,..,6-ll?f tell him he failed. f-11") YIIA h"'~ fl:\~
(his) heart sank All- '1'1111 hll YA.,.<'ll1ll:,. ""ll')."t A~"I~ID- hA~'i'C?"
His heart sank when he heard about the one's heart is in the right place OAil" tJO'l'
accident. llll hi.;J fill"'/ 1.11. All- 'I'll ?" hf.A
II hll The old gentleman may have a stem manner,
after one's own heart but his heart is in the right place. 11"'1"1/l.tJJo
*He is a man after my own heart. "-()- bAR. ..._11'1 f-""MII- l flAq'f,. "l"t ?""t?"
f"''L'I>~ID- lltJJo ~,_ hf-11-
at heart OAR-- put one's heart and soul into
At heart, he is really a good fellow. flAfl- fl He puts his heart and soul into his work.
"-COlT I 'J"?. I {ltD- I )(Do hAfl- 1"&-ID-"t '-"'&-A
break one's heart Afl-"} 1 )tuDo put more heart to
The story of his misfortune broke my heart. Put more heart to your work! hAilll 1"&-
f~~(lfl:,. ""TI:: h:>"'"'l. AIL"t ~h-r-:f"A ll"t I F~

by heart fl:I'A set one's heart against 1t'1'11.fo 1 +,?tJJOD

She learned the poem by heart. "IT.,.."t fl:l' She had set her heart against selling the picture.
A hm'i'?ftJJo 1"~11- >."t.llf.if'l' h'l'il:l' .,_,..,_"'/ ~flC
cry (one's) heart out ll:-1-il.:'fo 1 11/tt> h.ll+(l set one's heart on :}:}
When her husband died she cried her heart He set his heart on a car. ODh.'i = At10"'2Jt-l- =1
out. q!l. f'l".,. 1.11. 11'1>11'1> il~ hll+ll"'f 'I';!: A
do one's heart good ~il 1tll(to-) take heart +Jt'i'i
It does my heart good to see you again. Her son's death was a great blow, but she
>."t~1'i' ' <'lf-11 ' ~~~ hll'1 eventually took heart. fA)!. ,..,.:,. :I"~ 'I>
have a chan1e of heart dtltfl-1' {lmm h~:> ~flC ! "l"t 'N'~C .,.ll''i''i'l-
He had a change of heart and decided not to take heart ! h.elfll
punish the hoy. dt<'lll-"t lltJJofll A)l:"t <'I Take heart! This trouble will soon pass. hf.PII'
""'"'"'" ..,.~
have a heart C'l?-1 )ID"
f-11 ?f"lc -r-11- YAof.A
take to heart
He has a heart and cannot stand to see others I. liAR- .,.ll"''(ID-). He took his father's
suffer. c.-..;..,-, i'llltr) f(UD<1' oow:f>f-l- : advioe to heart. yq., ?"he liAfl- .,.(1
11?" ill\- "''f:,. hY.?f-A?" "'/ID-
havf! at heart 2. hll..._~.,. l .,.fl<'l"'-. +Don't take the defeat
*I have your best interests at heart. -\1'T v- too much to heart! ""lf~4- fl"'?" hYII"'-
A'I." ~"I h{lq{lu- "t'l>ll (or, llll.,.lf~'i'h fl"'!l" t.:r-fl<'l"l")
have (one's) heart set on OIIJ,.. q.;J to (one's) heart's content
He had his heart set on buying a house. Eat to your heart's content! >.llh:r-m"lil ~~
IL:,. il"""lq:,. fl"'?" '\'1'-r- ~flC II il~
have (a) kind heart with all his heart 11"t:t':i>
He has a kind heart. C..,~.., ~,. He loves her with all his heart. 11"t:t':i> f.m-'1
:f"A
in the heart of aJoilT
[See also 'depth, desire, harden, heavy, lighten,
Robin Hood lived in the heart of the forest.
f!"fl"} I &Y: r -J,l}Q)o I liJol\T I ~ t:; pure, soft, soften, sore, steal, story, talk, tear,
tender, throb, wring']
lose heart +1'14. ._l.m
He lost heart during the long struggle to heart attack fAil ~11?"
achieve success. '1-1\...,aJo.'l h""lofl s AO'f_(-l.ll r He died of a heart attack. hAil ~11?" f.,.~
ilt~ h"'~ fl:\~ .,.llof. 4'.~m ~ I 'fP+
heartbeat
heartbeat fA11 +e:r
He has a rapid heartbeat. fAll- '1-e;J- I.
an. tm-
heartbreaking 1.~"1 f"'L..'<'l111
He told me a heartbreaking story. 1.~"1
"'1..1'<'1111 ;J-611 h""ia>-1-~
heartburn :J>e
He suffers from heartburn. O:J'e f-u>:J'fA
hearten hO<:;J-;J- l M'.-1-1..<:
This good news will hearten you. J'-U 'No
U'\" fO<:;J-;J-?A
The officer's unflinching courage heartened his
men. fODb-1). f"7S'-01e ~"11t.., IP~1
hl'.'i-1..<:
heartfelt hA11 f""t""
You have my heartfelt sympathy in your loss.
Ol'.<:fl11U 1-J!'I- hA11 fout"" f.hH1
"7~'\"'"i Y.I'."<:IIU
hearth '1"1'."71;
There were bellows on the hearth. O'J"I'."JI;m-
1\J'- a>'\"<;: tO<:
heartily hA11
We applauded heartily. hAQ:f-1 1\""0""111
She set to work heartily. hA!I. Ftl- +
mll:f
We ate heartily. hAQ:f-1 01\1
heartless "'l..'"f
The heartless ruler ordered women and children
killed. "'l..'"fm- 111; ,...,.:y.., ..,,..,..,.
1.
1'1.11'.11- hHH
(be) heartsick 0"1'1" hHt
The children were heartsick about leaving their
friends. A;l>:'ll h'il'.'l'!l''l'm- ODDIIf:J-'1'.,.
O"''l" 1>11t.,. toe
heart-to-heart ( ~ adv.) A11 IIA11
I had a heart-to-heart talk with him. 1.~<;
1.(1- A11 IIA11:-I-""ia>'l-1
hearty
I. hA11 fout ..... They gave the minister a
hearty welcome. ll"''..tll'l--1- hA11 foot""
h+QOA 1".1'.<:1-11'1-
2. hT.:>O.. A hearty meal satisfied her hunger.
h'l'."0. '1""111 l:-1!1.1 h<:ltll-l-
3. ( ~ adv.) hA11. He gave his hearty approval
to our plan . .h<'IQ:f-11 hA11 -1-+0II<D-
*He is a hearty eater. IfJ!. '1""111 o Y.+MA
571 heathen
---------- --------
have a hearty appetite .... ,.. oPOD111: :r:tt
He is young and has a hearty appetite. mtJJ+ :
lllllft ' 1111" ' ODOD1ofl ' J'-:fi\A
[See also 'hale']
' f heat (vt.) M"+
A stove heats the house. 'I" 1'."71; ' 11...,1 f
'I":J'A
heat (vi.) 'I"+
The soup is heating slowly. ll"eqm- +II 0
+II J.f'l"+ tm-
be heated 'P'+
The room is well heated. 11<;:11- 01'.111 Y.
'I":J'A
heat up (vt.) h'l"+
I will have to heat up the water first. oo~oo,:
f fDo;)<D-1 .,.,.,. 1".1111~
heat up (vi.) ;JII
This engine heats up quickly. .eu fJP+C .,..
II- ' J'-"11\A
heat (n.)
I. ....,..-,., I cannot stand the heat . .,...,...,1
hA!I'Ah-'1-'1"
2. fB.hJ'- .hol-e. He was overpowered by the
heat. f8.hf.1 .hol-e 11.!1/!1/'J" hA!I'II'J"
3. "7'1"4:f. We include heat in the rent.
fll..., 11.6-Y. f"7'1"4:ffDo1'J" .,;J ,. .... ,..
6-A
be in heat 7f AJ.
Be careful! That mule is in heat. f'f 0'1>11-
lf'i'J!II:f'\" -l-m1+'1>
in the heat of "'ll- <'Ill l -!--1-'i''l" ' <'Ill
In the heat of the debate, many foolish things
were said. hello;. "'ll- (-!--1-'i''l") <'Ill 11
,. f"7J'-<:II- t11!':f -i"t1-l-
with {considerable) heat O;JI\ 11"1.-l-
He spoke with considerable heat. 0."11 11"'1.
..,. -1-'\"1<:
[See also 'wave']
heated (adj.) f;JII 1 f-1--1--1-oo
A heated argument developed about who
should be the leader. "71 hii:J' """1 1.1
.1!110'1- 11oom111 f .:>11 helle -1-1'.<:1
Their durable friendship withstood many a
heated argument. ~). flftm- 'il'.~t;J-'I'm-
1111" f-1--1--1-ou hehC"t -1-!li.,..":LA
heathen h<:ou~f'l!
There are heathen tribes in some parts of the
 heating
world. qM-,.1:- f'tll!l" h'i'll-:f IIGOD
1,1"1! )71'-:f 1&1'1'11-
heating .,'1"4:.1' M)('
This type of heating is very economical.
fiUJ 'tf.H .,'1"4:.1' )'I)(' f.oJ<'l"qA
heave (vt.)
I. n1n:,. :f-Ie llm"'. The mason heaved
the stone to the top of the wall. -nn'l'm- ,_.,
'1..1'.,.., mn:,. :f-Ie h"'J:--1-'Im- 11<;:,. ~
, ltaJIIJID'"
2. n:f-le mt:mt:. He heaved the rock into the
water. J!"'};Jf."} n~c mY. m-;jm- m-
llT I 6J~8Jl,
heave (vi.)
I. "1-11 1111. The ground heaved during the
blast. R.I. .,l[.,. 'l.li """-"" "1-11 1111
2. h'i' 11:,. 1111. The waves heaved during
the storm. R.,6ntr 'l.li '1"7.11. h'i' 11
:,. 1111
3. "'" "'" T)ol.(l. He sat there heaving
from the effort. h.J:-I}oo- fT)"' "'" "'" II
fT)ol.(l .,..,,..m
4. ( ~ trans.) H. +His chest heaved with
pride. 11-.:.:,. All--, )-1-m-
heave on fl"''t:-l- 40
They heaved on the rope. 70DJI.., n'l"t:T ..,a-
heave a sigh of!'i"' T~L(t
He heaved a sigh and remained silent. "'" .,.
)ol.(l<; ll'l" 1111
heaven ,...,..,,....,. {1"'/J'T
I am going to heaven when I die. (1'1":,. .,..,
..,.....,. (1.,,..,. ll7qll.,.
heavens l\"7f,
Meteors flashed across the heavens every night.
TdJe1'tl l>hll:f .,;1- .,;1- ' (l.,f. ~f.
,..,.b-.. 11-
heavensl IIILT IIILT I
Heavens, what a cold room! IIILT IIILT
h'i'll- 1\.,S'....,. 4'1f:J-q )dJo!
for heaven's sake llll ~'IH.lt-flda.C -tll\U
For heaven's sake, stop that noise! illl 1 J\"7H..
llofl.h.e ofiiiU ,.,., ""1""1:1" 119" 11(1'1
good heavens! '1-Y: II"~Au-!
Good heavens! I've lost my watch. 7-.1:" 11'
'1'1111- I (l'tI:"J "'AII-T
- move heaven and earth ,.....,.,.. fl.ooiiJ
She promised to move heaven and earth to be
there for the wedding. 'I"T!I" 11."""1 ll(le
7- II.,S'.!I"T7'1 711ll:f
572 heavy
heavenly
I. f(l"'/f.. The sun, moon and stars are
heavenly bodies. lldtf. "'-G:J-<; h1'hofiT
f(l.,,. lilt~..,. .,.,.,.
God is our heavenly Father. 1\"'lf.llofl.h.e f(l
.,,. llq;J-:f., )dJo
2. ofi~U. It was a heavenly day. ofi~U .,., )
ne
3. 0"19" IIM..,:f. This garden is a heavenly
spot for picnics. J'.U J'ThAT 11:1" II
"lie"lie n"'!l" II(IS'...,:f )m-
[See also 'kingdom']
(be) heavier h--- hRS'.
This table is heavier than that one. J'.U mG
A.q hlf.S''I'm- J'.hofi'IA
become heavier 1)(1
Her troubles became heavier and heavier.
:f-lif. llfq(l 'tS'.
heavily n-~Y.A
It rained heavily on Tuesday. "'/h{t'l'
1111:,. 11<;!1" n-lY.A "'ll
heavily loaded oflrr- "'P)T fT"'i)
The heavily loaded truck broke down. oflll-
"'1').-,. fT"l)m- ""h." .,.{tnt:
weigh heavily upon J\~ODY.
Cares weigh heavily upon him. :f-Ie 11.,..:.
!1"1'-;1-A
[See also press']
heaviness hq.J:-)T
The heaviness of the air is due to moisture.
S'f~ hq.J:-)T hTl- fT)"' )m-
A great heaviness lay on her heart. hq.J:- dt
u-, ' T"'PS::'"A
heavy
I. hq.J:-, A heavy box fell on my foot. hq.J:-
"1'1"., 11"14. ~" dJS'.4'ofl'1
Raising children is a heavy task. A;l('f"J .,..,,_
.., hq.~:- .,...,qe )m-
The President's responsibilities are heavy.
I'T&.II.-'1-,-Io -1'\,MT hq.J:- )tJ>o
He ate a heavy meal before he went to bed.
h,...,.'l'-~o no~.:,. hq.~:- !l""'ofl n'l
2. h'i' .1'111 h'i'T'I'. He had to pay a heavy
fine. h'i' Yll ""+""1 ""hoi.A )Rt:n:,.
The expenses for the wedding were heavy.
f{le'Jo .,..., h'i' .I'll ~ne
The heavy taxes ruined the merchant. htj:.,.;;: =
;1-hil );>S'...,.., ' 1--'1....
 573 heel
heavy artillery

3. 1\.r.. His heavy bones make him look fat. hedge (vt.) hm<:
1\,1. ' h'J''tofo ' ID'U-'/" ' 1llf1Dll{l'l'l i\ He hedged the garden with fiowering plants.
1'1-hAofo't ll'i'<~o O"'LS'illl- 68'1''1- 1 hm<:
4. ID'i'.l-'1". He wore a shirt of some heavy cloth. 1 1 1

hiD'i'<!-9" ""'::J> f-1-M 1"'1.11 MI{l ~ hedge (vi.) h.I:"Ollofl{l 1 hll.l.

nc He hedged when asked about his policy. llll

5 .l:"il't 1ll. Heavy sleep is not easily dis hOD<!-~ 0-J-mf.,. '1,11. h.(-01\il{l hil.l.
turbed . .(-il't 1ll 7-'t:J>A'i' 0.,.1111- hf.;J- be hedged -1-hOO
IDh'/" Switzerland is hedged by mountains. ll'EHCII
6. fmot.<:. The heavy skies promise rain. 't.<:- o-J-.~o.~o,.:r- f-J-hno:r- .,,.
fmot.<:tD- 1\"''f. 11o;'l" ""'1""1-lo't 1"" feel hedged In 7-'t~"''.rr~tJ>o -1-1'1"'/(tJ>o)
llh;J-11\ He felt hedged in by the rules of language.
7. 'J':J>'I':J> 1ll. We nearly smothered in the f11't1/ ~'til 1-'t~"'LS'"I~ID- -J-1\"'/IIJ-
heavy smoke. 'J':J>'I':J> QfltD- "PI\ ID-11'1'
A't;.l".l.'t M'l" hA.,.<:'t ~OC hedge (n.)
8. "1f.ll,.. He is a heavy drinker. "1f.ll,. m 1. f-1-hA h'l'C I f ...'J'1/,n h'l'C. There Was
Q;l. I i'OJ- a hedge around the house. 011.-lo 11-61 f-1-
be heavy hO~ hA h'l'C ~nc
Is that box too heavy for you? "f'J'). 0"1'1" The thick hedge breaks the force of the wind.
f.hit.<:-7 A l "':,."':,. 1il"'" f41'1'11,n h'l'c n<l-11-'t
+His eyes were heavy with sleep. 7-'t:J>A'i' 'tf. "lf.A ' ,__,.'tl\'1'11\
).'t hill'-;.1"11\ 2. ODmQ04:1. The savings were a hedge
be heavy with child 1>C"'11.,.,. ~4- against unemployment. 1 mol-"'"""'" hi".1-
She is heavy with child and can't travel. 1\.ID"' ""mQ04:1 ~nc
1>C"'1fo;'l' ' f~<f. ' 111\11'~ ' <:'fr'/" ' OD't~.(- '
(\<10'/..(- h'l-l-11\'1"
heed (v.)
1. -!-.,.Oil 1 1\"'1. Heed my advice! 'l"hll.'t -1-
one's heart was heavy tltiJr h.Ui' .,.0A (II"'/)
His heart was heavy at leaving home. hll.-1- 1\ 2. hhO<:. You must heed traffic regulations.
n- 1\.llf. R"''l" h11'1' ~nc f'IUh't ;Ml- "'/hOC hliOIJ
[See also 'blow, hand, odds, rain, traffic')
heed (n.), take ~
heavy artillery hQ.<:- """161 1. 1'1"'/. Take no heed of what people say!
Heavy artillery blasted the enemy off the hill. 1\ID- f"''.iiiD-'t h'l-11"'1
hQ.(- ' OD"f61 ' ml\'1-') ' h-J-.1-.1-ID- 1\J/. I
I
2. -1-m~.,..,.. Take heed, or you may be hurt .
.1:"9"'1""/m-1 1 hmof.IIJ< -1-m't.,.:J> I 1liOliiU' '1-1-JiliiJ
pay heed -1-m~.,..,.
heavy-ha nded l-1> '1-m~
He is heavy-handed in his dealings with She pays heed to her clothes. liAil!l.
people. hl\,.:f I ;>C I .....,QQ'I- I h1~0'1- .,.:l'lll-
'/" I :flo I ~ ....
(be) heedful of O'l"t:l'<ll -J-aoflb-1-
Hebrew tlil<!-f.ll'l' A good driver Is heedful of traffic signs.
You will have to learn Hebrew first. """1.""61 1 ~ ~)( f'I-Utl 'I"Ah-r-l-'t O'J''t:l'<ll
t)ofl.I-J/.1\'1' I OD"'/C I hflofliJ f.DD(\h;J-11\

heckle O"'i-;.1" 1 .,.~- 1 h~Q heedless f"'/f.mil:J>

The audience heckled the speaker. h.(-"'1~ 1 A driver who is heedless of traffic signs may
"'"";>611J<'t I O"'i""l.;.l" I .,.~- I h~ll-'1- have an accident. f'I-Uh 'I"Ah'l- f"'/
f.mil:J> ~)( h~;> 1 ;>'1'""'1'11\
hectic MC"'C
Registration day is always a hectic time at heel (vt.) -l-<:b11 MQ
the university. Of.tliCI\.-I:ID- ID-11'1' 1 f'/"11~Q 1 The cobbler heeled my shoes. ""!."'/ 1\4-ID-
.,.'t I 11-A'I,U. I ,.,C"'C I '1.11. I ~ .... ll"'i"'/,.'li -J-<:b11 MQ
he_e_l___________________________5_74____________________________h~e_ll
heel (vi.)
1. .,.h.,.ll. Did you teach the dog to heel?
w-lfw- ~M.h.,.AU hOPAT)"fi'I'A 1
2. h:>J/.1\. The ship heeled as it turned.
ouch!). ll'l-tnoPH11 h;JJ/.1\l-
heel (n.) .,..:h11
+I hit my heel on the stone. Y:'I:>Y. .,..:hrt.'l
1 ....'1
be at one's heels
The police are at his heels. 7"11.1\'fi ll.f.H-'1-
.,..+Cfi'I'A
come on the heels of
*The rain came on the heels of the wind.
11'i".,... ' )of.(l.') ' .,.b'l-11- ' W'l..f'a>-). ' H)fl
follow on the heels of .,.h-1-h- 1Q
Famine followed on the heels of the drought.
.:HI Y:C4'-Io'l .,.h'l-11- 1Q
take to (one's) heels }.."'J&. Jim-"'.~ ll.A
The thief took to his heels when he saw the
policeman. ?"11.(1.'1 Qf 1.tl. 1\.Qw- ~.,
"' t.w-....os t.ll
turn on (one's) heel Ofi:-r)'T fiC s h/1.
He turned on his heel and walked away.
fl'i'T)'I- rrc 1111- 'tJI.
[See also 'click, head']
hefty
1. m-'1'1''1. The hefty fellow lifted the heavy
trunk alone. m-'l'f':'w- {la>-\1. hQ-'1-'I "'T
'I 111lil'w- M"'a>-
2. fl"'ll" '1-A:j.. This dictionary isaheftybook.
Y.U oP111fl .+11'1- fl"'ll" '1-A:j. )a>-
heifer 1.1/.C
They sold their heifer to the butcher. 1.11.&-'fw-
'1 1111-11'1-'1 );JJI.,a>- ifm-
height
1. C11DD'I-. What is the height of that building?
fii.J' ih'll\ C11""'1- 11"'1 fUtt. )a>- 1
2. h'i';l- What is the height of that mountain?
fii.J' ' .,.&-&- h'i';l- 11"'1 fUA )a>- 1
3. "'oo'l-. He is a man of average height.
ODIJbl\';' ' .,_,.. 0 fl\aJo 0 (la>- 0 )dJo
He was then at the height of his power. n 1.
fl. ~C(l. h'i'.,.':' P'A"''I JI.CI\ )fiC
height of h'i'.,.':'
Fast driving on icy roads is the height of folly.
fi<:Y. Qllfl'l- DD'I1Y: IIY. fl'i'T)'I-
00'1-'1'1- h'i'.,.':' ~11JI.'I- )a>-
heights
I. h'i'.,.':' "''.'i'. In his dream, he reached the
heights. flihA.,... hh'i'.,.':'a>- "''.'i' IIY.
Jl.<:{l
2. hof.'i'. They stood on the heights and
looked over the valley. bhof.'i' IIY. <JloPa>-
if1\.Jla>-'1 .,.001\h-1:
3. h'i' fl\ 1';1-. She is afraid of heights.
h'i' 111 1';1- filL&-;1-A
[See also 'order']
heighten
1. hll.:noo. They heightened the fence around
the house. hll.-lz Jto&f fl\a>-'1 hTC
t.ll.:n-:r-
2. hQ(l. His remarks only heightened her
anger. f(l. hll.,.ff'l- '11/..;1:'1 t,q(l
3. hilwJI.JI.. Its age heightens the value of the
painting. f<Jlf ,..,.). fP'611-'I 'I'?
filWY:JI.'I'A
heinous hll.+-1:
His heinous crimes are known to everyone.
fLK"7'fw- hll.+-1: w'l'f:.ll-"'f flll-11-11"
H'IY: ' f;f-W., ' 'i"'fa>-
heir w&-ii
....,.
He died without having an heir. Ill w&-ii
heir apparent ih?'l! m&-ii
He is the heir apparent to the throne. fJtoof.).
ih;J'J! ' W&-ii ' ~(1. o )OJo
heirloom :j-ell
This old clock is a family heirloom. Y.U fY:
~: 1"'/Y:"I-'1 ll't'l- fll..,. ll11 :j-ell )w-
held, see hold
hell
1. 1?)9". I hope he goes to hell. 1?)9" ~'I
JI.1Q ~-'11111-
2. ll.""'- In some religions, hell is the place of
punishment after death. Q'l.ti'IY: YY."7'f'l-
ll.,_A h'l"'l- fl:\11 f:j-"1'1- ll'i'&- )a>-
make a hell OD~ ~~1
The boy made his mother's life a hell. A1!: f
'i"-lz'l ).!: ""<1-&- h1/..:10Jo
raise hell Jl.)of.
He raised hell when he found that his rival
had been promoted. #<;.+Y. ""~~'~ fl(l
., 1.tl.. 1/.)of.
[See also 'condemn']
 575 helpin g
hello

hello l\11- *I cannot help thinking he is still alive. hll-"1'1"

Hello! Who is speaking? l\11- I "7"1 AOA ! oa.y.w :,. l\11 ii\L "7t'IO."I l\&1..,.<-h-'1"
*I can't help laughing. ou...,:,. "1.1:" ll'~il"i
helm foucb il """ *They spoke so loud, I couldn 't help over-
Only a young sailor was at the helm. ooucb hearing what they said. ""'1i ill\<- Y.~:>1~
H'}..(- ft0l.(& t }\"}..(" I tDflJ..,.. I ooc .11-'1"
llii~OC f"'l.ll-:,."1 1111-'1'1"'1' l\&1.!1'&1
(to t 006 I t

bo'1 il!l' ~oc I cannot help it 9'"") 1\~c-J

take the helm P'AliJ)."} 1H I cannot help it; that's my opinion. ,...,
Upon the President's death, the Vice-President II.I:"C"' l l\llTJ'f .l; -"'1i<- ~<-
took the helm. "I' MVI"I-1: O'I"T '1.11. 'I" so help me God 1\"IH.l\il.h.C"I
h:,.A "l'.:.tt)l"l-1: I" A"!)."! ,I'H
So help me God! It is true. 1\"IH.l\il.h.C"I!l\a>-
helme t ft~-ll >llC ! fil.::,. 11C~"' ~:,. ~<-

He put on his helmet when the fighting started.

W"W't- ' {l.loPC f <I-ll 4l~"l (filt::, .
11 help (n.)
C~"'<-"1) ' S'.<f.
I. l\C-'1;1". Thank you for your kind help!
IIOD&\IJ'l" ' hC-'1;1"l" l\OD{l"J"!l";JIIIJo
help (v.) 2. t:-'l.,_":f-. The storekeeper treats his help well.
I. t:-'1. I cannot lift this box; please help me. 11IIODS'.il~ t:-'1-Mi"l OS'."Iil Y.Y.~'f'l
'&l.
h~ f.ll"l "1'1'"1 "7"1"1:,. l\A":f-A
'I" f hll
3. "".l:";)t:,.. There is no help for her illness.
-1: hOI"i f!t o7i;r "".l:";)t..,. fll<-'1"
2. l\ lf II. This medicine will help your cold. *There is no help for it. M'l" "7.1:"<:"1 h
Y.ll oP.I:";)t:,. '1-"l<f."lll"l .1'7iAAYA -"'!I' A 'I"
*Can I help you? '1""1 II.I:"C"'AII 1 extend help l.-'1
*Don't tell him more than you can help.
He extends help to the poor. .l:"'li"l Y.t:-'1&1.
A:,.~"lt:<- h"'l.~l111 OilY. l\:,."1~<:<-
render help hC-'1:1" l\S'.t:~
help (one) off with
He renders help to those in need. ll":f-"lt:V'":f-
He helped her off with her coat. IJ;rC;t" l ll:l" l\C-'1;1" J'S'.C;>&\
WA:J> h~~:,. [See also 'call, cry, shout, yell']
help (one) on with l\110(1
Shall I help you on with your coat? IJ;rc:,.7i"l helpe r

llllilll7 i l I. ;:,11:,.. I had two helpers. 11-11:,. t:-'l.,_":f-
help oneself ~O~"i
I. .,.;>OH. Help yourself to the meat! I";> 2. "lilt: l\OC. The thief implicated two helpers.
<-"! T;>011 11.11<- 11-11:,. "liiG l\OC'":f- h"l-'111-:,. T
2. <1-t'l-"1 1:1". She burst out crying; she could 'i'~G

not help herself. T"lt'l:J>ll:l' h114't'l":f- 1 <1-!t helpfu l

"I A:,.1;r l\A!I'II":f-'1" I. II""C-'1:,. 11"1)1:. She is always helpful. II""
help oneself to m(lF. c-'1:,. uw:,.c 11"1)1: ~":f-
He helped himself to the paper that he needed. 2. m,.,...,_. You have given me a helpful hint
hWt:4'-1: f"'l..I.A1<-"I ,I'IIA Wt'IS'. in applying for a job. Ill"<I- 11"70D&\b:,. l\"1
help out t:-'1 .l:"":f-&1. m:l'"'l. fll'~ 'i'"l'l' t'lm1i"i
She helps us out on Sundays. ~..h-.1:" hd>.l:" be helpful
:,.;:,11<;1\":f- I. t:-'1. He was very helpful to me when I was
help (one) to mor~ Q;~.out:(ll:,.) sick. :1"'1""'1. 0 ~ OCh- "I. H. 0"1'1" <:.1:"
May I help you to some more meat? hP';JtD- '
.,."i ~oc
:,.")7i A"'-'l" CAII! 2. illl' Tllllb. My son is helpful around
(he) cannot help (but) IIJ',w.l:" I ,1'11<-Jl.:l"<- the house. &1.~ OIL:,. <-ll'l' illl' Y.IIIIIJ&I.
He cannot help going to sleep. IIJ',w.l:" h"I:J>A
'I' ' f.WllS'-'1'&1.
helpin g (n.)
I couldn 't help but see it. .1'11<-Jl.:l"- "7f *I had two helpings of meat. hi":><- u-11:,.
:,. ~Ot:il"i "1.11. ' M"'u-
helpless
helpless
1. ODh'lh.l' fo\./ltJJ-. The army butchered the
helpless civilians. tnC (M-'1!1: ooh'lh.l' f
"'""'"'"' l'l.lill-":f 1.."1'.
2. &-ll-"t f"'!S'-~'1. The accident rendered him
helpless. M'.;. &-ll-"t f"'l S'-~'1 1>.1'.~~,.
helpless invalid h11A 1 lt1t..A
After the accident, he remained a helpless
invalid. lt.I'..:Jro- 0:\'1 hll/1 ll"t h-A V'
'l" .,.~
be helpless
I. .\'.hOD. She is completely helpless; she cannot
move at all. O"l'"&-11 .1'-h"'!ll":f /IOD"t+tt+
(11>'1-":fll\9"
2. P'AIIJ"t f/lro-9". As far as granting scholar-
ships is concerned, I am helpless. I can only
recommend. f~l\ 'I-9"UC'I- 0""1'1m'l-
~~.1': Mr. P'AIIJ"t f/1'19" l f9"":f/lro- m<'t
11 .,:,.~11 11;F ~,.
+t:
be rendered helpless il1'h-A lf'r
He was rendered helpless by an accident.
fJ.I'.;JtJJ- 9"h"t.l''l- ll"th-A V''l" +~
hem (hemmed), v. .,.,.,.,..,.,
She will hem the skirt in an hour. "1-C.I': +'"I.
!)."t IJ"t.l': l'l'l'l- ,..,..... :,..,11-:f
be hemmed In Thnn
The troops were hemmed in by the enemy.
m:t-.1'-l:'ll Om'l'l- .,..hO'I'A
hem (n.) :,09":,0..,'1- I mC11
There is a hem on her skirt. +"'1.!). :,09":,0..,'1-
I\ /ltD-
The tailor basted the hem before he sewed it
permanently. ll\1111 n..c.ro- mCH-"t hoo
(l<f.-1: ' O..C.'I- ' m(la>(lro-
[See also 'stripe']
hemisphere h'i'/1 'l/111"
The two Americas are in the Western hemi-
sphere. u-111: fi\"'Uit l>U7-I!":f 09"6&-IJ
'I! h'i'/1 'l/19" J'.~'?tr
hemorrhage f11H- .1'.9" ""'i'l'll'l
He died of a hemorrhage. h11H- .1'.9" ""'i'(l
II f.,_~.., .,._,.
hemorrhoids fl>U.I' h."t :J-1:'1-
The boy is suffering from hemorrhoids.
A)l: 01\U.I' h,"t;J-1:'1- J'.u>:l'.I'A
hen P.l!
The hen laid an egg. [1..1:'1' l."t.,.'IA IIJII":f
576 herbivorous
hence
I. h - - - 0:\'1. A week hence, I will help you.
h<\9""t'l- 0:\'1 1.~'1?/lu-
Come back a week hence! h<'t?""t'l- 0:\'1 <;
2. hH.U. We shall be three miles hence by
dusk. /l'lJ'."t (l.S'-11 hH.U 1"11'1- "'IJ'.A
l."tC:l'll"t
*The boy was tired and hence had to stay
behind. A 'It 1111.1'-hou a>.I'. :\'1 + ~
henceforth hl."t"l-'I.U m-'l.U
Henceforth, you will have to do your own
work. hl."t"l-'I.U a>'I.U f&-llU"t P'&-
ODP'&-'1- 1\/1110
her
I. (possessive) f!)., or suffix pronouns. This
is her book. J'.U f!). ODl\'m'i' ~,. (or,
J'.U ' ""ll'm~ ' ~tD-)
2. (direct object) expressed by object suffix
pronoun, or by 7.!)."t. I saw her yesterday. '1-
<;"t'l-'0 l>J'.;F;J-/Iu- (or, 7.!)."t l>J'.;F;J-Au-)
herald (v.) 1\0M
Trumpets heralded the coming of the festival.
1.9"1LA;J-ro- fO'ltr"t OD.I':~il 1\0(l~
herald (n.) O'l')!- ~;Jtl
In olden days, the herald announced the com-
ing of the governor. .1':1: O'l')!- ~;Jtl f
nctJJ-"t """'"'"" .l'll:J-,.:,0 ~oc
herald (adj.) 1\11<\tl
The herald angel blew his hom three limes.
h11<\tltJJ- ' ODil\1\h ' OD/IhoJ:"t ' V"(IT ' "J..Ii '
~<f.
be the herald 1>0(1~
Dawn is the herald of day. "t;J'I- f+"t"t oo
"'"'"" .1'01'1&-ll\
herb 66
This herb is fragrant. J'.U 66 '1"1- OD'llf
1\{\tJJ-
herbs :,Om'l :,Omll\
They used various herbs to llavor the stew.
mm-"t /I"'IIIJI..'I' 1111- :,Om'l :,Omll\
Q;I,""~O'I-
herb garden .1''1-hA'I- (l;J-
She has a small herb garden in the hack of her
house. hiL:t "I'.Cfl '1-"t"ll .1''1-hA'I- ll
;J-' M'l-
herbivorous 68 Oil\
Cattle and monkeys are herbivorous animals.
herd 577 hereupon

f_,.'l.l:' h11+:f<; 11'1)!C':f M Ool\ l\'1 hereafter hl\'1"/JI.Il

Ml":f <;lftJJo Hereafter, I will be more careful. hl\'1"/JI.Il 1

f.Ool\'1' 1 l\m).,._,..ll,..
herd (v.) h'I-G
the hereafter tDU~tD- '1-Ar"
They herded the prisoners into a room and
In the hereafter, there is no death or sadness.
locked them up. l\ht:'l''li'l 1 h'l.l:' 1 h'i'ol\ 1
OaoJI.Y'i'tJJo 1 '11'1" 1 . , . , . , . 1 II') 1 dtH'I 1 fiiY"
tJJoh'l' h'I'GtJJo I '1<114-QlftJJo
hereby OII.U "lH..,.
herd (n.) OD'I;J You are hereby ordered to appear in court.
I see a herd of sheep in the field. O"'LJ!tJJo 1 ilf. 1
011.11 1 "'"..,. 1 'I'C.<:- 1 IL+ 1 l\'l.<:-+.,.c11 1
fO"' 1 .,..., :> t.nur ;1-HYol\
*The mayor declared, "I hereby declare
herdsman l\t:'i'
The herdsman stays in the field all day long. Monday a holiday". h'lof:QtJJo 1 h'l' 1 O'ol\ 1
l\t:'i'tJJo I .,.)o'j I .....1\- I "'t'l I f.IJJoil.ol\ )tJJo )) I 1111tJJo I h(l;f-dl"'

here hereditary
1. 1\.IDC.I:' 1 h.'I' G.!:' 1 f"""'. His hereditary es-
I. MUJ. We cannot stay here. MI.U ""<l'f+ 1
tate is located in the mountains. 1\.IDC.I:' 1 h.
h'l:fol\?"
'1'.:.1:' '"""'IJJo I Ch-I: I Oof-&-&-l":f I ......h
2. l\11.11 1 ll.f.. I disagree with you here. l\11.11
ol\ I f.~'i'ol\
"" .,.,.,. :>C I hol\h"l"l'l"
2. hHC 1 fof-11.114.. (referring to abstract). The
Here the speaker paused. l\11.11 1 ilf. 1 .,..,.:>&
dJ- I .foiJD I J\A
queen of England is a hereditary ruler. fl\'1"111.
1f I '1"/P'T I ~1C):f"J'tJJo I hHC I fof-11.114.. I
3. f.1itJJo. Here comes the bus! f.1itJJo 1 htJJo
)tJJo
+n-fl. I"""' I
*My friend here can help you. l\fl. 1 ID'I.<:-"'L be hereditary 0HC I of-11.114..
f.G'IYol\ Some diseases are hereditary. h'lll'l.l:' 1 011;1-
*Here, take it! l\'lli l":f I OHC I f.of-11.114.11-
*Come here! Ci heredity HC
here and now h.tP-).). Heredity determines what an individual can
We must tend to the matter here and now. become. (ltJJo 1 ao~+ 1 11.11''1 1 f"''.:flltJJo 1 )~
.,..~~,.., I t,,..)o)o I ""Lf.'J" I hl\il'l c I OHC I f.ID(I<;ol\
here and there herein
I. h'l-'1'1.1:- 1 11;1-. Youcanstillfindan old copy 1. lt.tUI r m-IlT. His name is listed herein. it,..
here and there. h,..'IY" h'lll'l.l:" 1 (1;1- 1 he' l\lf.IJ I IJJo{I'J' I T""1f"/!J.ol\
1, I ODJI"dt'i' I f.~'i'ol\
2. l\11.11 1 ilf.. Herein you are wrong. l\11.11
see mules in the city. h.,..,,.
2. hol\6: hol\6:. Here and there you can still
1 hoi\G: 1 hol\6: 1

Ohof-"ltJJo I tJJoh'l' I 0:,011-:f I f.;I-YII-

"" I of-llhof-Yol\
heresy (heresies) .,...,..,:,.):,.
here is .e.11m- The heresy was suppressed by force. .,...,..,:,.)
,. I O~f.ol\ I .,.~OD{I{I
Here is the book. ""ll"dt4- 1 f.1itJJo
here It lsi f.1itJJool\ll heretic ,....,..,:,.
Have you seen my book? Here it is! ODJtdtJ.. The heretic was beaten to death by the religious
., I hf1itJJo l J'.1itJJooi\U I leaders. _.,..,.,. 1 OYf."l'l''l- 1 ""&l":f 1 .,.~

from here hH.IJ 0:\1\

11.1:-(l I .,..,.
Where do we go from here? hlf.IJI 0:\11. 1 9" heretofore l\hli,..'l 1 .1:-t:h
., I l\<;~C;>II'I l Heretofore, we have always paid for you.
[See also 'around, near, neither, over'] l\{lt,,..'j I .1:-G(I I (l'lh'i'ol\oi\IJ I <l'f.of-<;ol\
hereabouts l\lf.U 1 ~~.., hereupon OII.U'I" 1 'l.tL
I left my briefcase hereabouts. llC/111-'I 1 l\11. The speaker told a funny joke. Hereupon, the
II I ~~.., I of-tJJoll-+ audience broke into laughter. of-<;;>&tJJo 1 f"''.Y

87
herewith 578 heterogeneous

,.:,. ' 4'1>.1: ' 1-'01~ j 011.11!1" ' 1.11.' hf:"''t;"" hers fe!l. 1 f!l.
'll' ""':,.' .~.~ ... My hat is bigger than hers. f~ tte~"' he
!l. (h!l.) lle~"' ,_1-A:I'I>.
herewith hll6 t.!:e1
of hers f!l.
I am sending herewith a copy of his letter.
A friend of hers told it to me. h'tf." f!l.
ff.-II'IIL,.'t "11!\ll"l' hll6 hf."C1. 1>.11..1'1111-
CDJI"j!, ' ~1~~
heritage :,.ell herself, she -
Ethiopia's heritage is a glorious one. fh.'l-l'"k I. .:.!).. She does not hire anyone to do the
y :,.ell f"''...'lt-.:. ~,. housework; she does it herself. fiL-I>'t P'<l- f
"toP<l- "7't't!l" h'l-4''l'e!l" <l-!l. '1-oP.l.'l'll:f
hermaphrodite "i!'O"i!'t'l-
2. l\e!l. <l-!).. She herself told me the news.
A child which has both male and female organs
CD,!.OJo'J ' l\e!). ' .l.!). ' ~1~~
is called a hermaphrodite. I>."]!: fCD'tf."'O fl\
'1- hi1A 11.'1"~,. "i!'O"i!'t'l- ,_li'IA be herself l\'tf.CD'l-C"'I' ~:f
Mary is not herself today. "'6 ~t. l\'tf.
hermit llih:l-'1! IDTC"'I' ' h,.f.ll:f!l"
He lived in the desert as a hermit. 0!1"1."~ 0'1 by herself
,. llih;l-'1! IT'I" 'I"~ I. .:.!).. She made the dress by herself. A-llfl-'t
<l-!l. ' (l<f.:f,.
hernia !1-.4'
2. -llif''l''t. She came by herself. -llif''l''t ou"!:f
He has a hernia. !1-.4' weP.;I-1!\
of herself &o!l"J
hero (heroes) She is ashamed of herself. <l-!l.'t m'l:f
I. ~"1'0 I liii~-IIJI.. He was a hero in the
last war. llilol.,. tne~'l- ~"1'0 (liii~-IIJI.) hesitant
~ne
I. CD'I'I',.. A hesitant person will not convince
2. '1''0 lli\:1'6h. The hero of the story is of anyone. CD'I'I',_ (1,. "7't't!l" (I.J'II!I"'t
Italian origin . .,..,,. ll11:1'6h h"'An H h,_:fA!I"
C I )(Do 2. vou~;J- f"tff.C"'. His hesitant speech
shows he has not studied the subject. l\Y""~
heroic ;1- f"''...'f.C1"'" 't"'"'-1- t.el\llof>'t Of.'t-11
I. f~"''t~'l- I f~-IIJI.. They tell many heroic hi\"7'1''0-l>'t YIIYA
stories about him. llllfl- -1111" f~"''t ~'I- hesitate t.ou~;J-
(f~-IIJI.) :1-&to:f ,_.,1Mr He hesitated a moment before he answered.
2. ~"1'0. The heroic woman is credited with hououj\fl- Od.'l- 'l-'t1i t.ou~;I-
saving the lives of many children. f-1111" A'J'. She hesitated at the door before entering.
1-'t ih,_w'l- 0"7'1-~:1: ~"1'0'1' 1\'l- hOD"'li:J: Od.'J- hOD~ ;1-:f
1-0Dfh~:f
3. ili\ ~"''l":f f1"1mou. The ..Odyssey" hesitation "70D't;J-'l-
is a heroic poem. MM (Ill ~"1'1" His talk was filled with hesitations. 't"'"'-1- "7
~ f.,...,moo ..,....,.. )fDo ou'J;J-'1- ro~n+ ~ne
4. ff.""i!~'l-. Only heroic measures could save She agreed without the slightest hesitation.
the towo from the flood. h1-"7,.'t hiD? l\e!). fll M!l" "7ou't;l-'l- 1-ll"7"7:f
OD'J'i\:,.11:,. ' (I.J'1-ef. ' f"t:ftr ' ff.""i!~T ' After some hesitation, she bought the blue
l\e!l")fl":f ' <;'I',. dress. '1'4:'1- tt-~:1-:f 0:\'1 ll"7Y'I!OJo't
Aoflll 1~:f
heroism f~"''t~'l- oo-y without hesitation 1\.erm&-mC
Heroism was often displayed by the patriots. He answered without hesitation. ll,_m.:.me
t.eO'l''ll Of1.H.,. f~"''t~'l- ,_y '""- OD.I\{1 (lm
II"- ~ne
heterogeneous :,."""'
herring [Oll"''t h'l-'l't-th f"t1~ 'l-'t1i There is a heterogeneous population in the
'1"1] U.S.A. fh"'6lt't ih11-ll :Jo"""' ~,..

hew
hew
1. m<:O. The masons hew stones for building.
"I"JO'l''(, 1\.lo"t~,. Y:'t?f. 1-mCqll-
2. .:m. The soldiers hewed logs to build a
bridge. OJ;f-f.f!"'(, ~A~f. 1\00P'&-'1-- .,.,
~' .:m-
*The boy scout hewed a path through the forest.
(lf.lllt,.-lo ' Alit,.., 0 OO"J'J'f!" 0 OO"J1~
hew down
1. ooj\ool\. He hewed down the branch.
:r-C"JA14-"t ' 001\001\
2. .:m. He hewed down the tree. q4-"t .:
m,.
heyday fh'i''l 1.n
He was greatly admired in his heyday. Rh'i''l
1.n,. 0"1?" f.f,.);r. )fiC
reach one's heyday IA/1> ~m+
He reached his heyday as a boxer when he was
only twenty-two. nn-m.':')-lo' "'"'' f;J-OJ+,. '
1r; OVJ' 11-1\'t- 'loo-to )0C
hiatus h'i''t- P:J-
The hiatus in the old manuscript shows that
something has been left out. q,:)';,. fll.~
l\"d>'i' ,.ll'l' f)R<:,. h'i''t- (l;J- h
"t~ )1C 007'-f.ll-"t 1ii1A
hibernate
*Bears and other animalshibe mate. .,.lt-11-".fr;
tt.ll-".f'F' llo"Jll{l".f h.:,-'-to"t 0..,.11- Of1-o!.
1'1',. _,.'t_,.,. 111A4-;J-A
hiccups nc:r-:J-
How can I get rid of these hiccups? 1-ll"t ll
c:r-:J- ll."t.<'.'t- 'lllOJ"If.,. ll.".f'll\11- 1
have the hiccups llc:r-;J- 1H(,.)
+I have the hiccups again. llo"tf.1r; llc:r-:J- f.
~':'A
hid, see hide.
hidden f.,.IIOJ<:
His words have a hidden meaning. f"tr;1&-'f'
, . ' :1'11-".f ' f_,.IIOJ<: ' '1--C'I-'F' ' h'l'l',.
hide (hid), vt.
I. f.O+. He hid the money in a drawer.
1"tHII-"t RooiiiiJ "'"il'l' f.O+
She hid her anxiety. il?:J:"t t.n+".f
2. bill\. The trees bide the building. qt.":,;
.lo"t~,.-, bAI\,.;.1-A
3. IIOJ<:(.,.IIOJ<:). The future is hidden from us.
OJJ!J.'t- f"tll')"'" b':' f_,.IIOJ<: ),.
579 high
4. lf,u(.,.lf,u) . The sun was hidden by the
clouds. 9oh1-'l' Of,.oor; _,.lf'i'r; )RC
hide (vi.)
I. .,.f.O+. Let's hide in the garage! ;>&-'If. , .
ll'l' ll."tt.O:r-
2 . .,.lflf1. He hid behind the door when I came
into the room. OJ!I. h'i'll- ll1q bt1D111.1
0 hOJ"J , . P'C _,.lflf'l
[See also 'obscurity']
hide (n.) +'I
Shoes are made of tanned hide. Al.,9'".f f
""-"''~-'~-- bM- +'I ),.
raw hide /1>.4
Ethlopia exports raw hides. l'l.'t-f-k1 OJf,.
OJo"l" h'lC +'I 't-Altll".f
hide-and-s eek ~-tHI+1i
Children like to play hide-and-seek. A]F.".f
~iJiJ+1i ' ODAlOJ't- I f.OJ-'11\-
hideaway oot.0-1!1
The robber's hideaway was in a large cave.
f-t_,:;o,. oof.O-tl 't-A41 'Plf ,.ll'l' )RC
hideous
I. hll:l'-t. A hideous crime was committed
in Kafa. bol. ,.ll'l' hll:l'-t OJ"t)';A .,.
dJ.OD
2.hllb.L. The hideous faoe of the ape frighten-
ed us. f11"t)';f!""'" hllb.L .L't- hllf.)'lm"t
hideout oof.n-t.l' l 1-o!.
The polioe discovered the robbers' hideout.
7"11.11- f-t.,'l''(,"J ODf,.0-1!1 ' (1-o!.) ' M'f
hiding, go into ~ .,.f.O+
The robbers went into hiding after the robbery.
+.,'l':r; bH<:4- 0:\'1 _,.1.041
hidlns place foofi.0-1!1 P:J-
The children have a secret hiding plaoe.
A]F.:(. ll....C fODf.R-1!1 (l;J- ' "'""'"'"
hierarchy (hierarchies)
I. q11 P'A"'r;+. The hierarchy of the Ethi-
opian church is headed by the patriarch.
fl'l.'t-f-k1 IL_,. hCM:n q11 P'A"'
.,,... ' hl\:1' ' j\j\ll ),.
2. f.<:!l" Zoologists have classified animal life
in a hierarchy. ~.l'oll"l[ll.f-".f fll."tllft+"t 'lf.
)'t- Of.<:!l" bMI\,.;.1-A
high
I. <:~'F' (pl. <:!I"~'F'). The Empire State
highborn
Building in New York is very high. ftfiM'"Ch
h.'l":rY.c iloJ:+ .ft'tll fl"'!l" t."J!:'I" ~..,.
There are many high buildings in New York.
tm-f"Ch m-il'l' 11,. t.)i""J!:!I" .ft'tlll"'f- h/1-
2. h<;:of-'1. He is a high official in the govern-
ment. h'i'-1"'1' f00')1P'+ 'IIIP'A"''t ~..,.
High speed on a winding road is daogerous.
flm!l"'l'l 00')11: ~f. flh<;:of"l;' 'i''l'~+
QD')JI+ hS'.1'1' ' ~ ....
His high ambitions were never realized.
h'i'-1"'1' 9"':'-1> ' llf.ol.l\11"11+ ' +t.
3. h<;: Yll. I have a high opinion of him.
ill\~ h<;: Yll 111"+ hii'S
4. 'I'A:r>. He attained a high degree of skill
in doctoring. ill"'f-'t fl.,h'l" 'I'A:r> 'l'fl11
1flf
5. f'l<l>. My uncle is a man of high caliber.
l\'1-1: f'l.,. '1'-11-:J- Yllm- ilm- ~..,.
6. ..,1-11'1'. His high fever kept him out of
school. ..,,.11'1' +11-<'1+ h+!l"uc+ n.+ hil
+t.m-
7. .,.'ln. I don't like his high voice. .J>'fl').'t
1:!1"11-'t hAtDf:!l"
8. m-1:. Apples are high in winter. -l>of. flh
t.ll"+ ' tD- f: ' ~ID-
9. .,.'lA. He put the car in high gear. ooh.<;m-
't <I>'IA _,c71 h1'1
*How high is it? CliOD-f> ' 'l"'t YIIA ~m- !
*That building is eight stories high. .ft'tlltD-
'Ill * liM+ c::r> ~..,.
high (adv.)
I. h<;: 1111-. The eagle flies high. 'til-l- h
<;: 1111- f.fl&-A
2. h<;: hf:C~. Aim high or you will miss
the target. h<;: hf:C11l M"''I'C i hiiiU'
'\.1\.,..,.') +il:J-1111
*The plane was high in the clouds. htD-C'T'I).
s>,.oo<; m-il'l' 111.fo f.flC ~nc
be high h<;: hi\ i of"IDAA
Prices are very high this year. H't f:C' fh:J>
'I';> fl"''l" h<;: 11~A
Apples are high in winter. -l>of. flht.ll"+ f.
tDS'.JIA
high and dry 11!1'm-'t
He left her high and dry. 11!1''1''t
mof.
hiah and low flf P'CJI'm-
They searched high and low but did not find
him. flfP'CJI'm- 1.f1fl- fl.oi.A1-+ h~1
1'-+'1"
580 highly
hlah living 1111;1-!1" S'.t.ll"
They have indulged in high living for years.
1111,. ~oo;J-+ flrJ11;1-!I" S'.t.)i" 'l't.'I'A
on high of"il:r>II-
The flags waved on high. il'tS'.:r> ~~_,,.,;
-l"il:r>lltD- Y.m-11n11n- ~nc
[See also 'altitude, cost, hand, jump, none,
pitch, pride, tide')
highborn h+A:r> fof"tDIIS'.
Only the highborn may enter the nobility.
OD\>,'t't+ ll.ll''t ' f"''..'follm- ' h+A:r> ' f
of"tDI\S'. ' 11!1' ' ~ ....
highbrow f-l""?t.
He comes from a highbrow family. hof".,t.
fl.of-(111 f.tDI\JIA
high chair r.nn tD!I"flC
She put the baby in the high chair .ftt).'t fl
.nn tD!I"flC 'If. hil.J>oom'f-
higher h--- Y.A:r> t.'fr!l"
That building is higher than this one. hll..ll'l'm-
f.A:r> Y'l'tD- ' .ft'tll t.'fr!l" ~..,.
[See also 'education')
highhanded, in a - fashion l\'tJI~m
Heran the organization in a highhanded fashion.
f:C"J!:-f>'t l\'t-'1~..,. Yil-f"Jif:t.m- ~nc
highhanded treatment ouQOL't,'}
I dislike his highhanded treatment of his
workers. P'&-of"'l',;., OD<Q.'Il).'t hAtDf:!l"
highland S'.;>
He lives in the Ethiopian highland. flh. +NrY
S'.;> ' f.'l'&-A
highlight, be the - fl"''l" ff.ou.J> ~..,.
Our daoce was the highlight of the season.
n~"""' m-il'l' h-f"s>.t..,.+ ~1C''I' u-11-
YH:>~~..,. Jl'til R"'!l" rs>.oo+ ~nc
highly
1. fl"'!l". She seemed highly pleased. fl"'!l"
S'.il Y'l+ +ooilA ~nc
That's highly interesting. fl"''l" f"''..Y!IS'.'t:r>
~ ....
2. flht:..-4'+. He spoke highly of hirn.illl~
'I'~+ flht:..-4'+ of-<;1(.
*He is highly paid for his job. liP'&om- h
<;: Yll S'.'1"11 f.hoi.II'I'A
*My brother is a highly placed official. tD't f:"'L
h<;:of-'1' P'A"''t Yllm- ~..,.
[See also 'regard']
high-min ded
high-min ded hC.,. h<'tll.
Everyone liked the high-minded ruler. IJoil-'1"
(tm- hC.,. h<'tll.av) 11C tfJ-m-
~ the Prince /1\o-Pt.
Highness , His
I am going to meet his Highness, Prince
Philip. /1\o-/1\ .C./1\T H"tRc /I\.,.C11 ~..,_
Her Highness the Duchess A6AT'io;t-~m
Her Highness the Duchess is giving a tea.
A~A'H:J":fm- f"lff. "111"lf YI.C;JII-
Your Highness A&IA II'~
Your Highness, may I introduce Dr. Parker.
Ao-A 11'!- I 1'-h-I'C ;rChC"t )."t.<I.,.C11
f.I...,.Rc/1\'1
[See also 'royal']
high-pitc hed .,."'YY
He has a high-pitched voice. .,."'YY Rc'/"6
MilD-
high priest II..,. lttJ'i"'I-
The high priest will perform the marriage
ceremony. II..,. lttJ'i"-1> f(tC.,."t P'~ P'C
'\'I- f.qCitll-
high-ran king h'i'-l''i'
The Emperor was accompanied by high-
ranking officials. "t.,.,.. ~11"1> h'l'-l''i' q11
P'/1\"'<:"l- hilh'l-llm- HIC
high school v-11-!''i' l.t:"Jf '1-'l"tJC'I- ti.'I-
There are five hundred students in the high
school. Ov-11-l''i'm- l.t:"Jf '1-'l"tJC'I- tl.'l- ..,.
ilT ' h'/"il'f- ' ,..,. o 1'"'M9'l- hil-
high seas qlltJ.'I- flloll:fm- q.bcl-
The high seas must be open to all ships.
qlltJ.'I- flloll:fm- q.bC'l- II""Chfll-
11-11- ' ~~~ ' f.ll''i"ll-
high spirits, be in ~ l.il l.il hll(m-)
+He is in high spirits today because he got the
first prize. Y"tl.'i'~-l>"t 71/1\"'1'1- il111"f ~
.:. ' l.il ' l.il ' 1111-:J'/1\
high-stru ng Rc"t.,.T
She is high-strung and is startled by the
slightest noise. Rc"t.,.T illlll'~l- \>, q11
_,TC '1-0l"l:>lll -
high time, it is ~ grazing sheep. ).t;>;'m- 1-1t;J'm- II!- -~'"'
It is high time you started your homework.
ftl.'l- '1"6-IJ"t' foP/"6-'1-' 1-H.ID-' ho-"t' ~ ....
highway hiD-&- 1--'l'i"
The highway goes as far as the next turn.
581 hillside
hiD-6- ' 1--'l'i"ID- ).ilh"''..,.TIIID- ""m'l"
H"lf Rct:il f.HA:I'/1\
hijack mill..
The guerrillas hijacked the plane. fl-1.."1 1''1'
1.9':,; hiD-C'TII'I-"t m/14-'1-
hijacking fhiD-C'TI\"t oomll'i'
The derangement of the schedule was caused
by the hijacking. fTC'"It-- oo:J>mil fl.t:
(tm- OhiD-C'TII'I- oomll'i' f-1'~"1 ~..,.
hike (v.)
I. 1''\H. He hiked five miles across the desert.
0'/"Rct: 0-'IID- h!I:Ctn h'l"il'l- "''f./1\ 1'
'\H
2. h'i' hl./:1. The company hiked the wages
of its workers. h-q")ym- fov&-1''1'~ h
0/1\ ' h'i' ' hl./:1
hike (n.) 1ic1ic 1 fh"IC 1ic1ic
Let's go on a hike! 1ic1ic '-"t'U:-
On a long hike, he could always outlast me.
01:~'1" fh"IC 1ic1iC II!- 11-A"LH. h
). ' f.Ot:;J'/1\
hilarious f"''.YP'!J>
The most hilarious incidents happen to him.
0"1'1" f"'LYP'!J> ~1C f.I.CilO:J'A
hilarity m-lt;J'
The hilarity of the neighbors bothered me
greatly. f1-t:tl.'l- m-lt:J' 0"1'1" hD<'t""'S
hill b-1:11;1'
What is on the other side of the hill? hb-1:11;1'
ID-lC qMh lll
down the hill .,/1\.,11-l>"t
He went down the hill on a mule. 00/f-11- "'
/1\.,ll.,"t ' tt:l.
line of hills lhi'lC
There is a line of hills along the border.
Ot(t'l- II!- lf"t-l't:C hll
up the hill -'11-l>"t /l.t"'
The cyclists had to pnsh their machines up
the hill. ll.ilh/1.1''1':,; -'11-l>"t /l.tm- ll.il
hii.:J":fm-"t ,..,.._..,_ ~n.-;q:f..,.
hillock 1-11;1'
The shepherd sat on a hillock and watched the
'l"tn f-1'(1"'1~'1-"t 01":f- mo.,.
hillside fb-1:11;1' M I f-1'6-6- T"l
Rain and wind eroded the hillsides. 11'i"11'i" ~
4-il ' fb-t:11:J'ID-"t ' 1-"t ift;if t;ID-
 hilltop
The rocky hillside had enough pasture for
sheep. J1:');>r'/m- f.,.&-6- '1"'1 11111lf- f
"'l.II:J> "111'11 )llt:II."J-
hilltop flt-.:-fl;f- ""l.'i' 1 ll<f.'i'
After a fierce charge, our soldiers drove the
enemy from the hilltop. m')ht:m- 1Jm4l II
:\'1 m;J-s>.r:!F'h m'I."J-') flt-t:11;f-m-')
""l.'i' ' (ll<f-4-')) ' llll114'4l."J-
hilly lt-t:11;f-"7
Menz is a very hilly country. oo")lf fl11J9"' b-
t:11;f-"7 II~C )m-
him 1.11-'), (or object suffix pronouns).
I saw him. lifo-+ (or 1.11-') lifo-+).
himself
I. &-11-. He himself told me the news. mt~.m-')
1.11- ' &-11- ' )~t:'f
Did he do it himself? foP &om- &-11- )m-!
2. ta-stem. He fell down and hurt himself.
tDJ1;,J ' .,..,..~~
be himself ll")~mTem- ~m-
He is not himself today. ~tl. 1.')S'.m."J-r:m-
IIY.S'.II!I"
by himself 11il'm-')
He came by himself. 11if'm-') 1 OD"J
He built the shed by himself. 1 ,ltm-') 11il'm-
'l I IP~
hind fM
The hind leg of the table is broken. fmt:A-~m-
f:\'1 1."1C _,.1111;(./A
hinder
I. IIS'.'04'L. Her long skirt hinders her in
running. t:Y,!I" 4'"'l.il- ll+r:T ys>,.<;;r.
<f.;f-/A
2. llll;f-1-11. Deep mud hindered our travel.
.,... ' 1-fl'f'lf-')') ' llll;f-1-11
3. <!')+<!-+ IT). Lack of education will hinder
you when you try to get a job. IIIIDD"7Cll
F&- 11"7"17+ n+<~-+ 1 Y.IT')1171A
be hindered
I. .,.:J>ml'l. Expiration of air from the lungs is
hindered by diphtheria. mY. tD-1/" ou.,.')L
II 111-f:f: llii;f- !l"h')y:,. Y.:J>tDitiA
2. .,.I'I'Ohll. Free trade between nations is
hindered by regulations. IIDD')"IF;f-."J- ouiJ
h/A ' il.'l'C I f"'l.~Qm- ' )l\ ' ')"IJ1: ' IIS'.')(l
.,. I !l"h') y:,. ' .,.Mh!I-IA
hindrance<!')+<!-+
A poor education can be a hindrance to success.
582 hip
114! YIAIT) ."J-!I"IIC."J- iiF&- oultiJ."J-
<!')+<!-+ ' 11.11") ' Y.l-11/A
hindsight fiC 1 1111- "7f+
Hindsight enables us to understand many
things. fiC ' 1111- "7f."J- 11H- )~f:'f') II
DDt:-'1+ ' Yl'll-11'0/A
hinge (v.), ~ on .,._.,,:.,.
Everything hinges on his decision. "''")~m-~
)''JC I fl(a. I (l)o/1~ I 1\,.e I fTODIPl_,. I t(l)o
hinge (n.) "7mLY
Take the door off its hinges! II<-') h"7mi.Y
ID-1 1\.e. I 'l+AaJo
hint (v.)
I. IIDDIIh.,.. He hinted that something was up.
II')J1; ' )~C ' OD!I""J-1>') ' IIDDIIh.,.
2. llllnHII. I hinted that Kathy ought to
work harder. IJ-1: m')hC 11'1 oup>&-."J-
1.')'11111'1- 111'11)H11h-'I'."J-
hint at
I. 11"711+ L/11. What are you hinting at?
II"') 11"7/I."J- Lll"lll 1
2. m-1'11 IIJ1:C1 IIIIL. He hinted at my failure
in the exam. IlL.,.<; oum-S'.<I:') m-1'11 IIJ1:
C1 IIIIL
hint (n.)
I. !l"hc. This book contains useful hints for
housewives. f..IJ oo~dttj: 1\11.+ 1toufl.
.P.l- m:J>"'l. !l"hf:"fo') Y.!l/A
2. T+lf. The boy was too obtuse to take the
hint. /A"Jt 11"1!1" Y,IA llll)lll: T+lfm-
II.~~~.,.. ' 11/Ail'll!l"
3. f"'l..J'Il:f"m-+ 11"/Ah."J-. The serene sea
gave no hint of the approaching storm. KT
film- I Q.iloC I fou")m-') I "7611/A I f"'l.Yil
;t-m-;r. ' !1"/Ah."J- ' 11'1/tf!l"
give a hint
I. IIHF. llll;J-m-t. She gave him a hint that
she would like him to leave. 1.')JI.J1:'1."J- ""
Lll'l') IIHf.. llll;J-m-t:f-m-
2. m""ou. Give me a hint as to his identity!
"7') 1.')S'.IT) m.,..ou'f
hip tD~11 j ii')'J" f 'Ill.
He stood there with his hands on his hips.
(D1fl-"J I f,fl I 1ffD I 1Jf\- I .JOJJ
He broke his hip. ii')m-') l'lllt:m-
This woman has 1arge hips. ,r,u";f- 1 4.-l- 1 r"IIIL 1
'Ill. ' 11'1+
hippopotam us 583 hit

hippopotamu s.,....,.:. history ;1-611

This river abounds in hippopotamuses. f..U Have you studied European history? fhm-~;r
m"t11 .,_..,,:. 'I"A.Y.O;h~\ "t ;1-611 h'l'"t.,.l'A ?
Ethiopia has a long history. 1>..'1-f-lrY fol'f
hire (v.) ;1-611 ' 1>'1'1-
I. +m<:. We have to hire more people.
.,....,.,6 fll":fhired theoo:,Omc hMI"t
boat for a whole day.
[See also 'dawn')

We
2. .,.h<l-f. hit (hit)
lAqm-"t 11.,..11- +"t _,.h<l-f"t
3. ~~.The fee for hiring a lawyer is quite high.
,..,.
I. oo ;I-. The ball hit the fence. \>,flo 1>'1'-1-"t

mO:I' 1\"""1~'1- f"''.hl.lltJJo ~"tHofl h'i! 1 He hit the nail with the stone. V"11"7-l-"t O!l:"t
A I i'lD- :>f.' ,..,.
hl re out hh<l-f I hit my knee. "1-AO-I:"t oo~
The farmer hires out his horses. ~o.:.m- l.<:{l 2. 1\;J. He hit the ball with a bat. \>,jl."t 0.11.
'Jl"t 1h<~-1A 'I ' 11:>'1-
3. h - - :>C .,.:>"". The car hit the tree.
hire (n.) 11.<1-J'. ODh.<;tJJo 11~4- ' ;>C ' .,.;> ....
How much is the hire of this hall? fiLII h-'1<1- 4. h11J'.~~m. The news hit me very hard.
11'11.<~-J'.' 11"t'l-. ~m-? mtl.m- OaJV" h!IJ'.~~m'S
5. +<:0. When will this report hit the papers?
his fflo, (or suffix pronouns)
67"C_, 1\;>11."1 oo'f J'.+CqA ?
This is his book. .r.u fft- OOK'dtt;:. r i'm-
(or, J'.ll ""l'i'mi- ~m-). hit against -.~

This is his. f..IJ fft- tm- +He hit his head against the wall. <1-fl-"t "'
~J; I ")Q;I.(J)o
hiss oo;r
hit back ODA(a
I. h~"" The snake raised its head and hissed.
Ifl hit you, will you hit me back? o(loo;t-u
l\qo- ' <1-fl-"t ' h:,O"t.Y. ' h~ ....
OD&\flll 'f-oo;t-'i'l\11 ?
2. f'l''lil' !I:V"6 hfl"7. Everytime he men-
tioned her name, the audience hissed. 11"J."t q hit It off fiV"<; me:,. IT).
~"' 4!'1'C f_,.fiOfiOm- (lm- f'l''lil' !1:V" We hit it off inunediately with the new neigh-
6 ' hfl"7 bors. ltJI..{l'Jl 1-<:tL.Y.il':f"t :>C .Y.II- fiV"
3. -till hi\. Air hissed from the leak in the tire. <; me:,. ll'"t"t
hfC h1-"7tJJo +'1'1 _,11 hi\ hit on
I. ~ ..... +He hit his head on the door. <1-fl-"t
hissing (adj.) l\11 f"''.A
""l""61 l\11 0-1-' ~ ......,.
First I heard a hissing sound.
2. h~'f. We hit on the right road in the dark.
f"''.A !I:V"6 fl"7o-
0""11"7 '1-11111\'i'dl-"t ' OD"t~!l: I M'f~m
historian ;1-611 lldtoL hlt out at .,.J'.qf.O
Toynhee is a famous historian. .Y.J'."tll f;t-m The man hit out at the thieves who attacked
.,. ' ;1-611 ' 1\dtoL ' ~ .... him. 1\.ll'll I\J'm4!'1- flm-\Lm- .,.,..q,..o
hit upon h~'f
historic ;t-6lt'l! He hit upon a new idea for making beer.
The return of the Emperor was an historic 1111 It<~- hm"7oo:,O 1>.11..11 ml\ofl h
occasion. f").,.rV : i''IP'~ r ouoo{l{'l a ;J-cl,lt ~'f
'I! !I:C"I.'I- ~oc
be hit
historical I. .,..,.-'!. We were all hit by the deflation.
I. ;1-6lt'l!. Historical events used to be written O~"tHofl ' ODCb11 V"l1"t1'1- ' v-'\:f"tV" ' .,.
down in chronicles. ;1-6lt'l! !I:C"I..Y.:f 011. 1--'l"t
o; oo'f'bA J'.l\4- ~oc 2. 11"7.., .,.~ lt. He was hit hard by her deceit.
2. f'l'"t'l-. The actors wore historical costumes. Ojl. 11ihJ'.'I- 11"7._, OaJV" _,.~It
.,..nn f'l'"t'l- Aofl11 Aoflflm- ~oc [See also 'hard, snag, spot1
hit 584 hoe

hit (n.) -1-<D-'l~ hoard (n.) hli":Y.-l-

His song became a hit overnight. fl\- HJ."I His hoard of sugar was ruined by ants. fl\-1>.'1-
Q"l-'l'i';f- ' -t-m-'1~ ' II'~ hii":Y.-l- 01-"1-'l'l':Y. -1-0IIif
hit-or-miss QtDEIJ YID-lfJID-
This is a hit-or-miss method. H~aJo llmiiJ hoarfrost hou.llf.
Hoarfrost covers the ground in the early
.I'ID""'tJJo ' ~"'"
morning. l\OO.Ilf. "'111-'l oo.:.-J>"I f.if'i')
hit-and-run 'I' A
A hit-and-run driver killed the child. A)t"l 1
hoarse 1-C'O'O
-,..,.,. I f1"-l\f& I (liD-,. I J\001\ffi
He has a hoarse voice. 1-C'i'i :t]PIJ = Ju\ID-
hitch (v.) *Jim was hoarse from a cold. :(?"" 'N!"C"ID-1-
I. hi\~. He hitched his mule to a post and 1-"1<1-"1 H"'.Y.-l- )OC
went into his house. O:j.ll-m-"1 "1"1 f: llf. He has shouted himself hoarse. 1-l:l:m- l'.
1\{ll!" I tJJ~ I {J.-IJ I 11J II h.H:> ""'1i
2. h"l:l:.,..,.. He hitched the chair nearer to [See also 'shout, sound, talk']
the fire. <D"IO'I-"1 m1. 7.11-1> h"l:l:.,.+
hoary, be ~ with frost """'~f. 1100
hitch along l'.f-1-"11"'&1"'- ~1. The ground was hoary with frost. OD/.,1: 1\cm
The old buggy hitched along. .I'~"J!m- :Jt. l'. -'If. 1111(' ~oc
f ....,,. ., .... ' ~~-

hitch on i'h(t hoax J.m&.

+He hitched his pants on a nail and tore them. It turned out that the news of the Emperor's
1\-&m-"1 9''0'''1C ~h(' +s:J>.O-l-
visit was a hoax. f'l..,..w = ~1P'.of: t'"l'11:'S':r-
mt, Lmt- ootr). 1 ;J-om+
hitch (n.)
I. ooO'OhA. There was a sudden hitch in the hobble 1\)hll
program. TC"''&..,... J.'A;f-00 ooO'OhA At night we hobbled the horses. "'I ;1- J.~(',;
1ffi0Dd}o "I MhA"I
2. l'."lh"l l :f"'c. The celebration went off hobble along l'.f-1-0Jo-1-~-1-~ ~1.
without a hitch. 0111- .1'11"1-'l:Y. l'."lh"l The old man hobbled along with the aid of
(:f"'c) -t-b'Om~ his stick. 11"'1"11\.tJJo 09"Ch,11 l'.f-1-m--t-~...
~ ' ~~-
hitchhike
*He hitchhiked across the country. 111'\0Dh.'i hobby (hobbies) f-l-C'i' "1.11, "'11\114..1'
l'.flloo~ h1<1-"1 M:~m flis latest hobby is collecting stamps. h:j>c11
"1.11, <D-'1.11 f'I-C'i' "!.II,OJo "'11\114..1' 1:
hither <D-'1.11 9"1IC ' ODI\11011 ' II'S:A
Come hither! mJLU t;
hock *'Ill"
hitherto l'.OitrJ-"1 f:~l\ He who cuts the hock is punished by law.
Hitherto he was an unknown writer. l'.llltrJ-"1 !11"1!1" f~~m O.ih"' f.+"'A
1:~11 11.,... .I'A:f'm+ 1.&-0. )OC
hockey 1'0
hive+~::. Hockey is a favorite game of the Ethiopians.
The hive was full of bees. +~:.m- 0"111 -1- 1'0 Oh.'l-l'"k.l'tJJo.f.'"l H"lf: f-1-<DS'.~ "'-'I';I-
'I"A.Y. )OC )tJJo

hives, be covered with ~ -1-1'~0~0 hodgepodge

When he drinks mead, his body becomes His report was a hodgepodge of lies and
covered with hives. m~ fl.miiJ (Ui'-h misinformation. &;rc-~o m-if-l-'0 f ... l\1\-1-
f."I'~O~QA -~ll" f-1-+11+110-l- )OC

hoard (v.) hb"'l'f hoe (v.) h--1-h--1-

They are hoarding sugar. iii>.C .l'h"'lil'll- He hoed the garden to keep the weeds down.
hoe
11t:ou-1 11"'1'1'4--l- S'-l-hA-1:1 (l:f' It-
Til-i-t&
hoe (n.) OD\t-'t-11-il'
Give me a hoe to dig a hole here! l\11.11
'l~ fll"ofL'i'Cfl't- ODb-1-\t-iJ' 11tn'"t
hogM"'I
The hog rooted around for waste. 11..,..,,. IJ.
lflf ' 'i'll;> ' 00&.1:1 ' ""ll:
hoist (v.)
I. 114'11. They hoisted the !lag in the morning.
(11.1'.:,0 '\'l"'lt&1 tJl.-l- (14'11-
2. 111J.oo. This morning the workers hoisted
the statue into its place. ~&. tJl.-l- "'il-i-'1'
:r; .ht&A-1>1 h11'i'MD- 'l.f. 111J.ou-'t-
hoist (n.) '""'U.S'
Is there a hoist for lifting heavy equipment to
the top of the building? hiJ~ h:J' m.l'. .n
"JKaJo I "i,lj:: I fOJfJIDtJI I OD...,6f I 1\/\ 1
hold (held), vt.
I. S'H. Since the chair is heavy, hold it with
both your hands! m10~ hfl~ 111111') nu.
11-l- h~U S'Ht&
You must hold the rope tightly. 1""'1.1 11
'l'.fl4'U 00,1'11 1111.flU
He held the post of prime minister in the last
government. IJIILm- OD1"1P''t- fm:t'l.f.
"'U11't-C)'t-1 P'A"'1 .f.fl )fiC
The room holds twenty people. h'i'll- ? S'1 (l
,. ' .f..f.~A
2. ll.f.+ 11114'oom. Hold this coat for me
until tomorrow! .f.U1 lt't- h11h )1 ll.f.
i-ll 11(14'11"'l'A'"t
3. 111J.f. The police held him at the station
house. ?'11.11 "'llS'"'"
fDo11'1' 111J.ffDo
4. '1''1' 1l.l'.t:1. Hold your breath! 't-14-'liu"l
'1''1' 11~C"I
5. 1:1'. Hold your temper! 1.1'..-l-111 "1:1'
6. .1'.1). The policeman held a gun on the
prisoner. ?'ll.(lo flhllt:'fm- 'l.f. moo111' .1'.1)
7. 11.1'./.1. Shall we hold a meeting tomorrow?
)1 11.fl(IIJ h<;'~C"Il
8. 11oo). Early scholars held that the earth
was flat. f'1'1-l- I\.:J'fDo1't- oo,:.:,. 11C"I <;
't- ' .fllltJ>o 111".,. )fiC
The soldiers held the fort. <D:f'.I'.C':r; ll"'h
1 ' 11<;11.1'.'i'CII" ' 1111-
hold (vi.)
I. IJ.f. How long will this fine weather hold?
.f.ll * 11fC 1111"1 S'IIA '1.11. .f.IJ.S'A l
585 hold
2. ,.,&-, This rule does not hold in every case.
.f.ll .h"l IIU.II-11" ~~-~,. 11.f....&-11"
3. 11""). I cannot hold it for certain that he
returned. -1-0DII{l .fl\1- flhC"I'I' 11'111"111"
.,..~
4. h1JIII )fDo. My promise to you still holds.
f11JU.AIJ -1-ll'l- 1111-111" h1JIII )tJ>o
5. 11Ai-fl1l.ll". The dike held during the flood.
"1~11- OfDo;>fDo OD'l'll:tll:t 11A1fl1l.ll"
6. 11Ai-L:f'll". That knot will hold. f <I>'I'C
11.f.L:I'II"
7. m.fliJ. -1-ll'l-. Will this button hold? .f.ll
<I>A'i' tn.fliJ. -1-ll'i';tA?
be held T.l'.l-1
When were the last elections held? S'IILtJ>o
II"C""l fi-.l'.l.1fDo oo'f )fDo !
hold back (vt.)
I. 11ll4't.. I wanted to go, but he held me back.
oo'f,~ LA1. )fiC "11 h(lo 11114'/.'5
He held back ten dollars. OP'C .ftC 1111
"''"
2. M.l'.. No scruples ever hold him back from
prompt action. h111..,,. f"''.OD)"l" 'l'C"'&.
L"'1 ,...,~ hoP11tn't- 11M.I'.fDoll"
3. <D.I'..C.'t- h1JI.f.'f,~ 111.1'.. Police held back
the crowd. ?'ll.l>'f- .h1111- mU't- h1JI.f.
.,~ 111'1.-l-
4. 1f1f1. The judge warned the witness not
to hold back material evidence. Jl'ffDo ll"llh
~ ' f-1-.... fltn- "'111t:ll'l"'f-1 h1JI.f.if1i"l '
1111tn)4'<1>-l-
5. ofLl.tn. The government holds back a part
of his wages for a pension fund. oo"t""JP':,. 1\
tn-l.:l' 11fiA h.l'.'l"tl" h'i'll-1 .f.ofLC"'A
hold back (vi.) 111.1.1.1
When volunteers were called for, they all
held back. L:J'.I'.?/'f- h1JIII- fl-1-tnf<l> '1.
tL u-tt-r 1'tL:rL"t-
hold down
I. T'"'i). Hold the lid down! ooh.l'.'ffDo1 -1-
'"'i)tJ>o
2. ""'""'~' S'H. The South African Govern-
ment holds down the natives by armed force.
f.l'.ll-.fl 11'i'&:J' OD1"1P'-l- 11~1 -1-m
'l;l'f- fltnC '1.f.A ""'""'~' .f..f.~'l''l' A
3. 11(1:1'1,.,. Hold down that noise! '"i""l:J'fDo
1 ' 1111:f'"IP'
hold (oneself) in ,&.(1.1' 1:f"
He was raging inside, but held himself in.
fDo11'1' tD-11tn-1 -1-<;'P.. )fiC l "11 &-(l-1
1:1'
hold
hold off (vt.)
I. ~"' t1 il/1" AH1f. If you hold off ap-
plying for a passport, you may not be able to
get one on time. ;rro;rc+ 11"'1"11'1- "'""
Ah-'1-"t ~t. t1 illlll ltH1fll O"I.H.fDo
11"'1"11'1- A'l-?fA f.lf'<;A
2. tU'I- l\1'11-1'1- _,.hllhll. He held off
the enemy for days. mll'l- tY-1.'1- l\"M.l'1
'1- ' ill!- ' .,.1 ' .,.hllhll
*He held off calling me. l'ohh ~"' .1:"~11
11Ah 1\f.S'.fDoAA'S .,.~
hold off (vi.) AA + verb
The rain held off until evening. 11<;il l\11
h !1"11'1- AA"'II9"
hold on (vi.) :1"1"'
Can you hold on for a minute? A1.l': S'.>I::J'
ao;t-11" '1-?f-111111 ?
hold on to
I. .('H. Hold on to this receipt for a few days!
1-111 S'.~I'I'S 11'1'>1:'1- .,.'l"?f J'UfDo
Since it is very dark, hold on to me so that we
don't get separated. 0"19" Q;~.ll"'l hlllf't
l\1J11m'i-'i- J'U'S
2. A'l'il-1' J'H. He held on to the rope to keep
from falling. l'o1Jif.t.l'::,O 1aoJ1.1 A'l'il-1'
J'U
3. -l'f. Can you hold on to that job just a
little longer? 011..1' P'&- 111- 11'1'>1:'1- "1..11.
,.,....,. ' '1-?f-111111!
4. Ol\)1: J'H. It was a gusty day, so we held
on to our hats. 0"19" t-1-lf .,.1~ hlltO
~ IJC~tDil'?f11 Ol\lf.f1 J'111
hold out (vt.) H~;>
He held out his hand and showed me the cut.
l\)1:1 HC"Iof f.,.'l&~mfDo1 Al\f't
hold out (vi.)
I. -l'f. How long can we hold out in this hot
place without any water? 011.11 '1":1''1- 11:1"
J'll fDo;) 9"1 J'IIA "1..11. llao.jlf'f- l\1-:f
11111!
2. 0:1'. How long will our food supplies
hold out? .,.IIIJ?f-1 119"1 J'IIA "1..11. f.
O:J'<;A l
3. ?f-"1~1 ""*!'~"". We would have held out
for months, if we had had enough food.
0>1: 9""1il 1L'l" ~1 'l"f!' IIill!- m&-'1- ?f
"1&-?f-11 A1!'1!'19" l\1-:fA toe
4. .,.!1/!f/oo. The defenders held out for weeks.
.,.hllltl''li llilll- 1\9"1'1- .,.**-
586 hold
(be) held over .,.IIIII.
The matter was held over until the next
meeting. 'l'JII< ll"''..,.'l'llfDo hiii'IIJ .,.IIIII.
hold (one's) own
I. l\1S'. 01.., tfDo. How is John? He is
still holding his own. ]!:1 l\11..'1- tfDo l A
11-19" l\1S'. 01.., tfDo
2. "'1119" ILI1'1 aoh.,.. He can hold his own
in any fight. 0"'11.,...,.9" mil "'1119" IL
11'1 aoh.,.
*The patient is barely holding his own. 011.,.
"'"'" 9"19" AA.,."/fllfDo9"
hold to ll<;
I hope you will hold to your convictions.
Ol\9"t'l-ll l\1S'.9"'I-ll<; _,.11'1- All'S
hold together A1.l': A.l':C'I J'H lA'I'il-1' J'H
The country needs a good leader who will
hold it together. M&., A1.l': A.l':C'I f"''.
y.~:,. , '1''1- oo& J'hd.A:>:I"A
Iron hoops hold the barrel together. 111'1
OC"''.II-1 A'l'il-1' .fY.Y.~A
(be) held together .,.J'J'H
The dress was held together by pins. .,...,....
Oh'CA _,.J'f.tl tOC
hold up (vt.)
I. .,.c; AY-~1. Hold your head up! &-11111 .,.
c; ' A.l':C"I
2. mY. 111- M"f. The prisoner held his hands
up, so the guard wouldn't shoot him. HR- l\1
JIY..,.It-110'1- l\11~.,...,. l\)1:1 mY. 111- M"f
3. :l"m.,.. He held up his trousers with a belt.
l'l-&t1Jo1 0.,.0-f ;1-m.,.
4. AH1f. Hurry! You are holding me up, and
we will be late for the meeting. ofll- OA :1"
H1f'tc; llhii(IIJtiJo 0"1.11. A1S'.C119"
5. Ahd.&-Cof .,...,. The robber held me up
with a gun. 1\.IJfDo 011'1-'1' Ahd.&-Cof .,...,'t
6. m.,.l'l. She held up his father as an example
to follow. AIJ.,1 l\1S'. ooAit9" 9"1\1\. m
.,....?f
*He used suspenders to hold up his trousers.
1'1-&fDo l\1JIY.mA:,Oo+ 0"'111!1' Y.m.,."'IA
*Mortar fire held up our advance. fAJI'i'~ .,.
lt'h ' tiJS'.I.'I- l\1'111'1- AY-~11
hol4 up (vi.)
I. .,.!'l!f/oo. Our soldiers held up well under
enemy fire. Omll'l- .,.It'll "1..11. m;t-Y.f!'
il'?f-1 ' 0"7.111 .,.!11!11-
2. ( = trans.) !I'll. How is he holding up
under the strain? T'14l1 l\1.<'.'1- !l'llfDo!
 587 hollow
hold

3. 1-.1'."'\.1'.". The cat is waiting by the mouse-

[See also numerous nouns with 'hold', such as
'arm, council, line']
hold (n.)
I. hint. His hold was tenuous, and he fell.
hffll" ' AlA liM fl~ ID.I'.4'
2. 1-K"b'l'. Religion had a great hold over the
boy. Yf."Y'l''l- RIA)!: 'If. h'i! fll 1-K"b'l'
tn~....
have a great hold over
He has a great hold over his young brother.
;1-'i"il fD')~ f.~qii;I-A
lose (one's) hold ffHID"') 114'4'
He lost his hold and fell. f fHID"') 114' fD
.1'.4'
mainta in (one's) hold P"A.IIJ,. 1H
1
hole. ,J'.-ou:f: hf.IJI. 1-.1'.."'\.1'." h.tn1ofl h..J'."
'i!"'ll"'f
4. 1-.J'."II'I-. There is a hole in the senator's
argume nt f.ft"/ ' ODIDilo;' ' 9"hC ' ll..f> ' h.Q
A S'4'~flfD" hChC 1-.1'."11'1- h.IIID"
hole In the wall
The first shop was a real hole in the wall.
fOD"f..ODt.ftJJo ' (1-:,0 M'I'CII" ' f"Yf.1Q ' t
nc
be In the hole
After Easter I am always in the hole. h<l-l'l.lt
fl<\'1 11-A'I.II. 1')Hofl f'l'~':'IA
make a hole In
I. no'!. He made a hole in the wall with a drill.
"/.J'.""/JIID"') flODilC {It.f ' flo'!

How long will the government maintain its 2. h'i';>(n'l-). The hospital bill made a large
hold over the district? ..,...,.,,.,.., ftfD~IIID" hole in his salary. f.hlt.ll" n.+ .hAil
'If. ' fiiiD"') ' 1"/A"'') ' ).llh ' """' ' y.y.q/A l
take hold of S'H
.1'.'1"11"') ' h"-"""'
3. t..outODt(n+). A large bill from the doctor
Take hold of the rope! ~ouJI.') 111 made a hole in my savings. 111'-hi'-1- fhoi.Ait-
[See also 'get'] :,. illl" 1')Hofl 1'4'"Y'I." 1')HIJ,') h. oPt
ODtofl~
holdin gs ')ofi~'I-
pick holes In fl')h hiD"'(II'I-)
The company has large holdings in the West As soon as I presented my argrnnent, he began
b-Q')fiD" ' flll"b&-ofl ' h1t:":f ' ID"il'l' ' oflll" ' to pick holes in it . .ho'IIL') ).')114'~ofllt- o'l
')ofl~'l- ' hiiiD"
')h fiD"'II'I - )':oPC
holdu p (See also 'bore, chew, drill, gnaw, peck, poke']
He has nothing to do with the holdup. """lt.f
f.~ O"Yil..U.&-'1- 01'.1'.~1"'" :t"'l.f
h.A holida y
I. fl'tA (pl. fl't'l'l-). Sunday is a holiday in
1Qfl'l-9"
Christian countries. flht:M :n h.1t:":f
hole (v.) 4'.1'..1'. '-"".1'." fl'tA tlJ>o
They holed the mountain for a tunnel. 1'&-&-tJJo Will you go home during the holidays?
') 0 IIODi''\ll,!.f 0 4'.1'.)1. flfl't'l.f> '1.11. ID'I1Ctl ' '1-'&111111 !
hole up 1'h1'1' 2. 'toP'I- fl'tA. Easter is an importa nt holiday.
Bears hole up in caves. .J'."P":f 'l''lf ID"il'l' <!-(Lit '1-A:t 'toP."f- fl'tA tiD"
Y.hi';l-ll- 3. b~'i!'l-. He took a holiday last week.
(be) holed up 1'1flf1
Qlloi.ID" ' flll"')."f- ' b~'i!'l- ID(I.J'.
The rebels are holed up in the mountains where holine ss :t.l'."ilH'I-
the police cannot get to them. ooup7f'":f ?"II. Mary's holiness is revealed in the Gospel.
(o":f 1\J.C{I- O"YY.":ft~-n+ 1'&-&-l"":f
"
f"YCfll" :t.l'."il'I-~."J- n:tJI.il ....,.,"' "'
f. ' 1'1f'1i1'1'A 1A!\.A
hole (n.) His Holines s oft~{
I. 4''111. Put the thread through the hole in His Holiness, the patriarch, blessed the children.
the needle! h<~o') ODCtl..tJJo 4'11'1 ID"il'l' h.il ofiK-b ;r'l-t.S'C it- A]t.":f') Q~lt-

hollow (v.), - out (1~(1~

2. P~PC. The new road is already full of
She hollowed out the gourd to made a ladle.
holes. h.-'1.{1- OD')1.1'." lt!Jo). P~PC ilil' (1~(1~-:f....
'1."/A<I- ' 11""1"&-'1- ' :,0(1-') '
II"S:A
hollow
hollow (n.) '1-.1:-'l.l:'
He made a little hollow in the ground. oot~.of>
IIY. ' 'l-'t1i ' 'l-.1:-'l.l:' ' <IL4.<:
hollow (adj.)
I. h'i''l-. These walls seem to be hollow.
l'.HI.IJ ' "IY:"''Ill'"'f h'i''l- Y,.ooMII-
2. 1-.1:-'l'l. Take this hollow dish for the
vegetables! 11'1-hA'l- "7<D""i Y.ll't 1-
.1:-'l'l il.h't m-(1.1:'
3. IJP... The gourd must be hollow, it is so
light. :r-11- l'.'t.I:ILII f.,.llll"'" IJP.. 111\11'
~ I ~tJ)o
4. f-1-11<:11<:. The bees are making honey in a
hollow tree. 't(l'j; 0-t-ll<:ll.:m- ~'i' m-11'1'
"7Cf.w&-ll-
5. f-1-"'ll.,.. His hollow cheeks are due to a
disease. '1-'t~ f-t-"1041'1- 11.1.""11" ?"h
't,l''l-. )m-
6. f"7f.Q>.O'I'. He always makes hollow
promises. v-A1.1 f"7f.Q>.Il'l' 1-M Y.fl
"'A
be hollow
I. .,.,;: )m-. The trunk of the tree is completely
hollow. f~f. "l't.l:' lloo-11- .,.,;: )m-
2. 1\lloo- -1111' )11C. Since the enemy lost
twice as many soldiers as we, his victory was
hollow. mil-l- h'i' cl'l''i' fiT) (lm- Mil
.,.11'1- ,1'1'fm- .1:-A 1111.- -llif' )llC
holocaust
I. fl'.il'l- oo;r.w<;>'l-. The bombs made a bolo
caust of the city. 11!1"11,; 11h-t-"7m- IIY.
fl'.il'l- oo;r.w<;>'l- hoom-
2. l'.A<f:-'1-. The holocaust of the Jews is a stain
on German history. fhf.li-P."'f 1 l'.A<f:-'1- f)>;
COD't't :J-&h f"7.J'1-.I:''i' )m-
holy
I. :r-.11.11. The head of the monastery is recog-
nized by all as a holy man. f1'1.., hii:J- llll
lP"'f H't.l:' IJ-1\- 7.7~ :r-.11.11 I Y.:J-.1'11-
2. f-1-.,..l:ll. This is a holy place, so behave
properly. Y.ll f-1-.,..l:ll (I;J- 111\IT) 1 1-1
llm-'t '1'7 ,.. h.i:'C"I
This monk leads a holy life. l'."(II oo)lfotl.
fof-.,..1:(1 ).C' f.':' &-li-
The fight for freedom was a holy cause to him.
1\)IU'l- OD;J~A 1\CII- fof-.,.~{1 1-"IIJC
)11C
Holy Bible ""K'dt'i' 1 :r-.11.11
The Holy Bible should be in every home.
588 home
ODK'dt'i' :r-.11.11 O,n'l'tJI. (lm- 11.'1-
m-11'1' ' OD'fC hl\11'1-
Holy Communion F:> m~oo-
He is taking Holy Communion next Sunday.
f"'i.OD"Jd)o l'.dt-.1:' F :> ID.I:- f..,.RIIA
Holy Ghost 0074.11 :r-.11.11
In the name of the Father, Son and Holy
Ghost, I bless you. llh-11 llmA.I:' 110074.
II :r-.11.11 11!1" l'.IJChYII!Jo
Holy Land :r-..:-11'1- h1C
He is going to the Holy Land on a pilgrimage.
:r-..:-11'1- MC't 1\0Dfll\!1" Y.~'IA
holy of holies :r-..:-111- :r-JI.il't
You cannot enter the holy of holies unless you
are a priest. <til ttAII'). :r-.1:-111- :r-JI.il't
m-11'1' OD"IIJ'l- I hY.ii'A!I"
holy orders FC'l-1- :r-M 1 1-hll'f ! hll)'l-
He received holy orders and became a priest.
FC'l-1- :r-ll'i (1-hll'f I hll)'l-) of-.I:C111
'I- <1111 IT)
Holy Scripture ""K'dt'i' :r-.11.11
He reads the Holy Scripture before going to
bed. hoo-t-'i'-1> 114.'1- ODK'dt'i' :r-.11.11 ,1'
)IJA
holy water milA
The priest sprinkled the sick man with holy
water. <1111- 1111-t-'i'm-7 milA hmoo41'1-
homage hhoflC''l-
The speech began with homage to the king.
7"1"1'1-7 ' 1\'t'l-"" 0 hhoflC'of>7 0 llOD"II\K' 0
J>:oo<:
pay homage (to)
I. l'.~ )"1. The nobles paid homage to
the Emperor. oo\1,"}1'-f: ,.~, ~1P"-h"}
l'.~. )-
2. 11"11:><; h.,.<:ll. In his speech, he paid
homage to the leaders. 11't"l"l'l- m-11'1' II""
&9',.; !1"11:><; t-.,..:11
home
1. oo'f&,I'. Homes for old people are often
charitable institutions. .I'<:"Jf. llll'"'f oo'f
&,1'9'";(- h-ll~'i'm-7 1.1 fM h.l:-il-1'1- .1:'
c~.,..,.' <;'fm-
2. '1-'IC. Some homes are broken up by
divorce. h7'17.1:' '1-'IC 11'i'"'f f.4.CIIA
 589
homec oming
He is longing for a home. 'I-J!C {IOU111
.l'.'l'lol\
3. IL+. The lone traveler was glad to reach
home. ofl'l'':'fD< OD't~S'.>;< IL-l> 0""'.1:'~{1-
S'.ll I h{lfD<
4. f'l-fD<ol\.1:' MC. My home is Poland. f+
fD<ol\.1:' Mil. ?"ll't.l:' )fD<
5. Me. Ethiopia was the home of the leop-
ard and the elephant. h.'l-'i"kJ.' oflli" )ofl
C<;' 111M I f"7.11'Q'J- I h1C I )O~:f
home (adj.)
I. fTaJMO +. His home town was destroyed
dnring the war. fTdlliS'.Q'J- bT"7 OtnC
)'J- I 1.JI. I m-1-:f
2. Q1C fD<II'I' fTIPcl-. I only buy home
products. q~c fD<II'I' ,.,.~ ' 7.:1'l":f't '
ofl!l' I M~llll-
home (adv.) 7.1L+ I diS'. IL+
I have to go home. l.IL-1: oo'[.f: hllofl'1
He comes home late in the evening. mY.. 0.-l-
f"''.ODtiJfD< I OtiJI"' I hl"''li.f I )fDo
at home
I. 7.1L+. I was at home all day yesterday.
'J-Ij')'J- I .,..,..., I - f r I l,IL'J- I 'l'ol\11-'1
2. OMC fD<II'I'. He is known at home and
abroad. Uh1C fD<II'I''i OIIJo"i" h1C f;f"
OJ+ I {leD- I ~(Do
*Make yourself at home! 7."t"'J! h'l-o-"t
be at home at"J:,.O.Y. I OtJJ+
He is at home in Ethiopia n literature. fh.'l-f"k
J."} I I") I K".J..Oj! I m'):J>.f. I J.'fD<:I'ol\
bring home to hii1)H0
My illness brought the importance of insurance
home to me. oo;f"oo"''. f.lt.l'.m-1: '1'11'1-<;
') I 'I':J-1"' I hll1)H0 '1
drive (an argume nt) home 0"7..111 hll~-4
The speaker drove his argumen t home. T'i:>tl
.... I bCb<l-'t I O"''.~Q I hii~J!
feel at home
J. l.'tS'.ol\11- ll.ll''t !I'll. I cannot feel at home
in the Empero r's palace. M OILT OD't"'l"
I hol\:fol\1"'
"" I fD<II'I' I l.'tS'.ol\IL I ol\IM
2. 7.'tS'.ol\ofl .,.~~. It is difficult to feel at
home in a foreign language. OfD<'f." h1C :1:
'):1/ I l,')S'.ol\ofl I IIOD~C I hll'f;Jtl I )fDo
make (ones) home If~
When I retire, I will make my home in the
country. m-~;f" llaJtiJ l.QII~C M'cl-1111-
[See also 'ancestral, get, show, welcome']
home town
homec oming mJ?. h"J~ ooooA{t
His relatives are going to celebrate his home-
coming. nooP..=ti ro~ 1\1~ oooof'\.tt-.,. ,-
""'f:~"' 1\.S'."'(l-II'J- )fDo
I
b"tJ.'+ I 0
homel and 'J-fD<ol\1: h~c
He is very anxious to see his homelan d again.
'J-fD<ol\1: I h~'l-'t I l."tS'-1<;' ' II"''"" I " " '
,.. ' 'l'l';!:ol\
homele ss IL+ fll.llfD<
The homeless refugees have settled by the
railroad station. IL+ fll.ll'l'fD< IIS'..,.'l':f
Q!I-C I tiJII.J.'fDo I hffi~o{l I (lOj!~'l'ol\
be made homeles s 0.1t"} lt.IIJ
Thousan ds were made homeless by the flood.
0,..C4- I fT)"' I 01. I f"7.4r.m'l- I (ll":f 0
IL;J-'1',..., I hm-
leave homeles s OOm"LJ' hlttiJ
The upheaval left many people homeless.
ofi'J'oflffio ' ofllf" I (ll":f'} I Ol'ffi1.J.' I h<\tiJ
homel y IL+ J.'4-cl-
Homely food was served in the farmer's house.
n1n.:.,. IL+ ' ,.,.~n,. , l""''ofl , IL+ , 1
~cl- .... I )OC
*She is a homely girl. ol\~-1> llh4- h'J-(1
'I'll"
homem ade IL+ ,.,.,.cl-
This is homema de marmalade. IL+ fTIPcl-
.,C.,II:f " I )fDo
home office 'I'<; ODI"tiJ.' IL+
The home office of our compan y is in Addis
Ababa. 11-Q"tJ.':f't 'l''i ""1"61 IL-l>
h-'1.11 ' hOQ I )fDo
(be) homes ick
I. <;~_,.(,.).+I aro homesick, althoug h I have
been away from home only a few weeks. >n
il. I baJtiJIJ- I 'J'of:'J- I <\M;f"'J - I fl.ll'')l"' I
<;~.,.'1
2. uouP..'Ji"t <;~.,.. She was homesick during
her first weeks at college. toll.~ ~ofl;f" h
').(' I IJ-II'J- I <\I"'')'J- I l,')S'..f.f:f I HODP,.!f!
') I <;'~.,.:f
homes tead ""''l'tiJ.'
Our homeste ad is located in a beautiful valley.
""''ftiJ.': f't I fDoofl I 011') I lfll.f. I fD<II'J' I )fDo
home town fTaJIIS'.O'I- bT"7
Inquire after my friends when you go to my
homeward
home town. ro'- -1-IIJII~h-fiT hT"'/ liT
V.~ 'l'-'1''111 mf.:,OA'S
*He is from my home town. }'1~ ll:~ r ~aJo
homeward ro,_ 11.-1>
He walked homeward after a day's work.
fM-1>1 P'&o ll.~il ro,_ 11.-1> 't'-
homework fii.T P'&o
Have you done all your homework? fR.T
P'&-U1 fi .... /1- WC-1-VA 1
homey
*The little hotel has a homey atmosphere.
T1l( 11'-J:A 1.1'- OD'f&f ll.T f'-il
'-II f~T 'i"T
homicide ~'I'll _.,,_A
He was judged guilty of homicide.
fiOD"I'-11- ' -1-of.G'-fiT
homily (homilies) ~C<'I1
He composed a homily in honor of St. Michael.
hen- 1>1~ ~c<'l~ "tlJh.A K.t.
homogeneous 1>1~ ~f.~T
The country has a homogeneous population.
1>1&-t> 1>1~ ~f.~T ih1111 h~T
homonym of-DD<'I<'If.
The Amharic words 'be wide' and 'sew' are
homonyms. f"''C'1 ,..~T 1'14- <;
(to(. )) o of-OD<'I<'If. o <;:fOJ-
homOSeXUal f"lofiG ' I'll'-'/"' P'&o ' f"tof.ll"
,. I (l(l)o
The police arrested the homosexual. f"111G
(If'.'/" ' P' &- ' f"tof.JI"OD11Jo1 ' (I OJ- ' 7"(1.(1
:,; flt"T
honest
1. dt.,.'1. Do you think he is honest? dt.,.'1
f.ODilAVA 1
2. :t-~'S. He has an honest face. ouAh-1 It
ff.T ;l-"'''S f.ouMA
3. 1H'1. An honest judge cannot he servile to
public opinion. 1H'1 '1'1 fiih1111 hil-1-1
fT o }>f.OD&o'/"
4. hiiJo~-1-'1. Give me your honest opinion on
this subject! fili.U "!-'If. ~f. hOJ-~-1-'1
hil-l-ffTU1 lim'S
Stores should sell honest goods. Qlll'l-<l'":f- h11Jo
~-1-'f fll'jo. h,..l"":f-1 o ODil"'l' l>IIQ'f'IIJo
5. Thh11'1. The laws require honest weights
to he used. ih'l- fiThhll'1 "'L~1 oum.,.'/"1
Y.mf.:J>A
590 honor
6. fdt.,.'1~T. He lives an honest life.
fdt.,.'i'~T !o-C' Y.'f&-A
7. lJII"''ro:,O f-1-w&-. That was an honest mis-
take. y.u lJII"''ro:,O f-1-w&- ilih-1-T ~nc
8. ( ~ adv.) Thhll'1 fill'~ OD11~. He makes
honest profits. Thhll'i' fill'~ ou11~ TC
'i' 11'1A
honestly
I. fihiiJo~-1> 1 fihOJ-~T. I was honestly sur-
prised. fihOJ-~-1> T1G'I"h-
Honestly, I do not know what to do with you.
fihiiJo~T 1>1-1-1 '1"1 1.1'-"'1'-C"I h~OJ-:,0'/"
2. ( ~ n.) hiiJo~-1>1. To tell you honestly, I don't
like it. hiiJo~-1>1 IIOD'i"1C '-11 l>f.II'S'I"
honesty
~'I'll I. ;l-"'''S~T. There is no question about his
honesty. 1111 :t-I'S~-1> M'l" f"tfm&o
'I'C ~1C fll'l"
2. dt.,.'S~T. The mother tried to inculcate
honesty in her children. h'i"TI'-1' RAJ(!!!
~f. dt.,.'S~T1 11"7"'-C 'l"hG":f-
honey "''C
The honey is sweet. "7C IIJ4-~ t
honeycomb f111 7.1)';&-
Wax is removed from the honeycomb and
made into candles. 1'1'1" h111 1.1)';&- -1-IIJ
C1' lf"'' Y.w&ofi;l-A
honeymoon
I. [h:>ofi!J' fiM .-11C'":f- f"tf<'IAf.T
fbG'i'T 1.11].
2. f""l?WI 1.11. She set up housekeeping
right after their honeymoon. f""l1''1 1.11
~.... 'I](. IIJIIJ":f-
honk (vt.) ~"-
Honk the hom three times, and I'll come down.
fODh_'i"IIJo1 '1"1-'/"Q !"liT 1.11 llT~4-
7.0DIIJII1Jo
honk (vi.) ""''II
We could hear the geese honking in their pen.
11\lol"'f; hou'f&f'I'IIJo IIJoil'l' li'~IIJo "-""'
11- 7.11'1"7 ~nc
honor (v.)
I. l>hn.:. Children should honor their parents.
AJ(":f- IIJ~](!J''I'11Jo1 "''hfiC MQ'f1'A
He honored the agreement to buy our house.
ll.:l'":f-11 IIOD111T 1'-G"1~11Jo1 il'I"'I"~T
l>hnG
 hono rabl e
591
hono r
red him debt of hono r
2. hllofll!"-1>'1 1111\(11'1-). They hono He considered it a debt of honor.
>.{1- 1111
fll-.<:-'1-
by making him captain of the team. liAIJ'~ 0-I'C f"1 f.II.I.A
ll" M h.<:-C
!";.t-:fm-'1
oo6 h.l:"C1m- ODPl/"~'1' hllofll ~ ''ll;m~m-
1111\.11'1- 'h:Eo s ~...,
check. do hono r to
3. .J-<1'011. We cannot hono r this do hono r
People came from near and far to
f-11'1'1 '1111 h'!<I'OAll" 1100
~ ao to the Emperor. '!"l-IP )11"-1>'1 1 >.)t'
*Will you hono r me with a visit? R.-1:1
'1'1-m- IU'f.A"i I '1"1'1- ll9':f llfiiO 'I- ""'"'
.J-ll"1(m-) do the hono rs >.'!"'P.~'I hll.J-'
i"1f.
feel highl y hono red II<;: fll llofiC kitchen.
I feel highly hono red by the kind of things you Do the honors while I am in the
>.llllmiiJ >.'1" 1~'1 hll.J-'i""'.l:"
say abou t me. 1111~ Oll"'l-'i"1~,. )1C II IIID'I' IL'I-
'i' fll llofiC f.li"1 '1A guard of hono r fbofiC tHI
Emperor.
[See also 'memory'] A guard of hono r preceded the
' oflll- ' ~
fhofiC Hofl ' '!"l-IP )11"-1>'1 ' Tf.'l"
hono r (n.) oc
d to the
I. llofiC. It is a great hono r to be electe His Hono r 1111-C l f.J-110~
- hfl
membership of the committee. III.C"I His Honor, the judge, will now give
his de-
A)'J- """"~'!' '1-A:t llofiC ~,_ cision. 1111-C (f.J-110-1-) -'1'1 hu-'1
1 'i'CJI.'I
llofl
We gave a banquet in his honor. 111111- f-{111)11-
c "'ofl"ll" hf.~"''l
r of your may I have the hono r of
2. !Ill". You must uphold the hono company?
family. fiL.J-lloflll'l !Ill" DPtnO:t
hlloflll May I have the hono r of your
l
attending 11Cll9' :>C >.'!.<:-11''1 f..I.-1'.<:-A"i
3. hllofii!"'J-. He did her the hono r of
the party. O;rC-I;m- ' 1\f. ' 0DP1'f'J-
' hllofl on my hono r :f-{t,.~ ll1QI\1J-
behave.
C"-1>'1 1111\11'1- On my honor, I will do my best to

We pay hono r to the leaders of
science. DPtn'! tnfl\1-'1 11"1ii""C :I'A
O.J-!J'II"i
>.'!liiiJII'I
llilf.' lll ll..+m-'1'1- hllofii!"'J- Mflll u-
family.
4. h-t-'1-. Esther is an hono r to her sense of hono r h-RC
>.'I f.
hii-I:C IIIL.J- ll!l h-t-'1- 'i"'J- He has no sense of honor. llofiC ll"'l
hono rs IJ') hfm- :tll"
with full will you do me the hono r I...:I"F
:, f,ll-"t
I. llofiC. The soldier was buried
f.C with me
military honors. ID;I'f.-1- 0 ...11- fiD;I' Will you do me the hono r of dining
! >.'1.<:-
llofiC 1-<1'0~ this evening? q"' "1:1' >.t-'1- 1\ofl~'
for his
The scientist received many honors '10'1 .1.:1'.(-9' ' f.u-'1 !
. filf-'1{1- ll.:t 11111 I" MD- 1 oflll"
work Your Hono r 'l.;f't'-
the pris-
llofiC I M'f
ated with "I'm not guilty, Your Hono r," said
2. fllofiC 1 "1i>~"'. My brother gradu 1.
h"'"i.f- oner. >.11~'1,. 1 '1'<1-1-'1 hf.t.ll u-'1"
honors. m'!.<:-"7. 1 fhofiC "1i>~"' ;I'll- ' 1\11
.J-oP~-1' [See also 'word 1
be hono r boun d 'lll.'i"m- hll1f.
f.m-
nduct
I'm hono r boun d to repor t your misco hono rabl e
to the police. 'l''i-'1-11'1 11?"11.11 >.'1-'l
ll;l'm- I. m"' film- . They concluded an honorable
llll"ll"~
:,. ' 'lll.'i"\1- I hll1AA"i peace with their enemy. dl"' film-
'h,..)+ 1-"'ll fl+ 'I- lltn'l; l':fm- :>C 1\f.~"l-
be put on one's hono r exchange of
alone to 2. lloflc f"1f.<l''lll. An honorable
He was put on his hono r and left ators.
JIIJ6 >. prisoners was arranged by the arbitr
finish the exam. .1..1-'i"m-'1 fll .J-'II;II IIDII'Pdl'l' '
'1-'I.Q;~.Cll >.li"~'J- 1-IIJIIO'J-
llofiC f"1f. +'Jll f>.ll~'l':f
IJ!I;I't--1:9':f I .J-H;>;t;
be to one's hono r h.llhOt:.m-- 3. f"'/...'tot-. He has an honorable
record of
refused
It was greatly to his hono r that he serving his country. 01-1-'1 0"11A
1A f"'L
. 1iA"11>'1 hA<I'OAll" "111-1> OIIJ
the award ftot- I ;1'611 0 1\llm-
ll" >.!IIIR~m-
honorarium
4. f"'LJ'ilh11C. His behavior is always
honorable. 1H:h 11-IM.rt. f"7..1'ilh11~
(Jio I ~(Do
5. ~ flY). His honorable intentions are
doubted by no one. :,.-, flY) m<\flo")
"7")?" AY.mt-m~..,.,.
6. ( ~ adv.) Oh11C. He received an honorable
discharge after the war. htnC)-f> 0:\1\ Oh
11C -1-il'i'0-1-
(See also 'mention']
honorarium ~">H11
The mayor was given an honorarium for
delivering a speech to our club. h">-1:'1..,. II
hO'l'i'"J "J"'"'C il~~~ ~")H11 1-h4.
/\ ....
honorary fh11C
He is the honorary president of my club.
7.Cil- fhOIL fh11C To!.IVI"J:,. )..,.
The Emperor got an honorary degree from
Harvard. -,.,.,. )~P'-1> hiiCliC~ f.~li
Cll.-1: fh11C 11."16 -1-4'011-
honored (adj.) fh11C
The honored guests headed the parade.
fh11C 7.")"11'-'i' iloi\4-"J ou-~o
hood
1. -1'11. Usually a burnoose has a hood.
A11'f:;'..,.-, 1.11. OC'l'il -1'11 All..,.
2. h-'1">. He lifted the hood and put water
into the radiator. h-'11-") h'i'-r- 'I"# "7
.,.11.,...,.
..,.il... "'"=' ........~o:,.
hoodlum JI.C~
A group of hoodlums were standing at the
comer. houm?"H'If'..,. 1\J'. JI.C~l"ll' -fo
il11il0..,. -~'"""'" )0C
(be) hoodwinked -1-:1'1111
Don't be hoodwinked by his promises! 7.Cil-
0"7.il'l'll :l'ol\ A..,.;J-1\ol\
hoof (hoofs, or hooves) lt-1:
Our horse got a nail in his hoof. 4.~<\li'"J lt-1:
..,.., ?"il"7C m"!-r-;1-ol\
hook (vt.)
I. ~"- Please hook my dress for me!
ol\11{1.") 'llol\'i'oi\'S
2. 0""">m-l' .I'H. He hooked a fish. 't"' 0
ou")mol\ .ru
hook (vi.)
1. 1-'ll/\4.. This dress hooks in the back.
Y.ll ol\11il h:\1\.... Y.-&1\of.ol\
592 hop
2. :l'm4.. This road hooks to the left. Y.ll
...,.,~~ ' mil. ' "'t- ' Y.:l'mof.ol\
hook (n.)
1. oo")mol\. He suspended the lamp from a
hook. of.'l'il-"J Oou")m-1' 1\Y. A"Jtn/\tn/1..,.
2. "7"Jmol\m.l'. Hang your coat on the hook!
lt..,.ll") h"7"Jtnol\tn.l'.... 1\Y. il4'1\ ....
3. oo{l4'J'. Take the receiver off the hook!
.,..,
filoi\IJ.") oo);n6.1' hooil4'.1'..,. 1\Y. A
by hook or by crook nu..ur I lfi' I OHJ,..
He plans to get rich by hook or by crook.
011.11?" II") 011..1'?" 1111;1-?" ..... .,.., y.
4.11\;Jol\
on {ones) own hook fl'Jif t;:lt")if +i-PIP'.Y.
He decided to go into business on his own
hook. 0~'1 'i'l\i.,. -fo)"'P'-r- ")"!~ /lou)';
ooc dJ{l)
hookworm milof..-,.
He suffers from hookworm. OJilof.:,. .l'tn:l''l'ol\
..,. .
hooky, play -
.,.~
.I'll 4.:1'~ h:,.?"11c:,. IL
My friend played hooky yesterday. 'Ill.:;'~
.-,...,...,.-,...,.. .I'll 4.:1' ~ h:,.?"IIC:,. IL:,.
.,.~
hooligan Jl.c~
He is just a hooligan and would not conunit
a serious crime. ..,Y./1:;' m"))';ol\ f"7Y.4.~
,. I .4-Ctlo i'CD-
hoop, I ron - II">'I
Iron hoops hold the barrel together. (1")-'1 0
C"''./1<") A'1'11-l' .1'-Y.'Iol\
hoot (v.)
1. '""1i. The owl hooted in the night. 'l-'Jo:t
11.(1...,. '""'Jill'
2. oou..,..:,. '""1i(o:,.). The audience hooted
the speaker's plan. A~'""'tl fT'i':>6..,.-,
m<\11 Oou'i':,. '""'Ji.o:,.
hoot (n.) ..,1i.-,.
The hoot of the owl woke me up. f'l-'l-:,. ""
1i..,. .,.....,....os
not give a hoot .,: fAw-r
He does not give a hoot for anything. 1\?""J?"
)~C "'~ f/1-
hooves, oee hoof
hop
1. H/111. Frogs hop. 7."J.,.u-r-ll' Y.H'I/1<
hop
2. hfHI\11 't~. The child was hopping on the
sidewalk. AJI: 0h"'t:'11D" ""'t1J.': 'I,_
MHI\11 UJ.': )0C
3. m-Il m-Il 1>11. The children hop when
they play hopscotch. Al-l- (l'i/ .,h(l'i/'t
(l,"'&01-Jo I m-fl I aMI 0 ,..1\1\-
hop about
1. m-11 aMI All. A few mornings ago, birds
were hopJ;>ing about in my garden. h'1'4:T -1'
<;'{- 01.-l- 1 Olf::T 1 QThAT I':J"\1. m-
11m-ll,..II-~OC
2. HilA HilA 1>11. He hurt his foot and
hopped about in pain. h"l-1-'t 1 llll-t-'1->1 OP'
,.,.. 0/1.11 ' h"l-1- IIIlA I HilA 1>11
hop around Ifill\ HAA. hi\
He was hopping around on one leg. Q't J.':
I HilA 1'.11
h"l-1- HilA
hop(s) '&!>'
Hops are used in making beer. 1.ii" Am-\
OD'J'OD<J:Y Y,I\"11\A
hope (v.) -f'M ~1
She had hoped to see you. A:J',._IJ -f'M
l>J.':C:> ' )0C
*Will it rain tomorrow? I hope not. i-1 a ~H
'tQA l QAH)O I
*I hope I haven't offended you. l>'lll-l'fll"h-IJ
II"' oo'fll"
hope against hope
*We are hoping against hope for a change in
her condition. -t-ll<f.. Q"''l'"-TII" ,._lf'I:J'A
111\'t ' h'tOD:;'I\')
hope for the best f-t-lfll 1 )1C 1 of'oP'f
He hopes for the best; he is a real optimist.
f-t-lfll )1C ,_.,.,':'A I hC"Im:;' Qll of'
ll<f.. )Ill"
hope (n.)
I. -t-ll<f... It was a false hope that he would
recover. ,._J.':<;A .,11.-,. b't-to -t-ll<f.. )0C
2. 1>11'1:1". He is the hope of the family.
fll.-t- (lll" 1>11'1:1" )Ill"
give up hope Tltof.. "ff.l.m
Don't give up hope! Your husband will return.
-t-ll<f.. 1>.-,..,.._,:.,._ QA'li J/.001\llA
hold out little hope ll"'tll" YtJIA 1 -t-ll<f.. I>
fA(lmll"
The doctors held out little hope for her
recovery. mh..'l"'ll 1\oo-'1:;: Mil" YtJIA -t-
ll<f.. I l'ofA(ltn-11"
593 horizontal
lose hope ,.l\4- "'&.l.m
Don't lose hope! Everything will tum out
all right -t-ll<f... l>T.,...t:'l' l .,'t':'ID"II" )1C
J/.IPII"t-A
[See also 'cherish, dash, kill, nourish, raise,
surrender']
hopeful
I. -t-ll<f.. f""'.."'IA0-1-. The future does not seem
very hopeful. """'-"'" 1.H. -t-ll<f.. f"'l.."'A
0T l'oJ!.ODllAII"
2. -t-ll<f.. f-f'oPI\OT. His hopeful words greatly
encouraged me. -t-ll<f.. f-t-oo'IQ'I'ID" :J>'I
-to 11C:J'T flm-'1
be hopeful -t-ll<f.. ' 1>1\(ID")
He is hopeful of success. h't~"'l..:J>'OIIT -t-ll
<f. 1>1\ID"
hopeless -t-ll<f.. f"'l..Yll.,.C'I'
The situation is completely hopeless. o-i.;t"iD"
O'i'~ll" -t-ll<f.. f"'l..Yll.,.C'I' )Ill"
be hopeless l>Y.II''tiiTII"
Balancing my budget is hopeless. OIQ;I,<; 1
0.\lo't _,,..,.-,. hY.II"tA'111"
hopscotch (l'i/ .,h(l'i/
Children are playing hopscotch in the street.
1Al-'ll 00D't1J.':. 'IY.. (l'i/ .,h(l'i/ J/."'&OI:J'I\-
horde
1. oP") ;J. Hordes of locusts swarmed over
the ground. Y'tO"' oo't;> oPtl.-Jo't l>IIOI'IID"
2. oo<t-r. +The baby bird was attacked by a
horde of ants. fOI!f,'t "'&..,.-,. f.,..'t>l't oo't
.-,.' Olt:t--r
hordes of 011q-r t 1111-
Hordes of Mongols invaded Europe in the
Middle Ages. Oooflbii':'ID" 1 HOD't 1 Mill-
'{- l>ID"C';>"'t 011qT Olt:-1-
Hordes of tourists visited the museum. 1lrt-
'l-111:l"'f- 11.-t- ""Hh~'t '1-0'f.
horizon
I. hJ.':.,ll. There was a column of smoke on
the horizon. bl>J.':.,I'I- ""' "l'il Y.:J"Y. )
oc
2. blll"-I'T. Travel widens our horizons. l>1C
_,f.-,. blll"-I'T't Yll<f-4-IA
horizontal 1>."1>1""1..
A table top is horizontal. fmt:A..qlll" 1 011\IA
1>"1>1""1.. )Ill"
..
horn 594 horse race

horn horrify (horrified) M.,..,.

I. .,.,,... He grabbed the cow by the hom.
11".7."t '"''J!..' 'yq'J-
The handle of this knife is made of hom
fii.U ILII'I' 1.~;1- fT"'6-0Jo h.,."tY: , t,:
2. tn>l\h'l-. The herald angel blew his hom
three times. hofllt60Jo out.hh , ool\h-l>"t , V'
11'1- ' '1.11. ' )<f.
3. 'l'?"tiJ. Don't blow the hom so much!
'l'?"tiJOJo"t ' J'.U"t ,I'UA h'J-"t<f..
4. hllhil "''Y:t.1.,1'. The hom is in the center
of the steering wheel. hllhil "''Y:t.1.,I'OJo
OD~ I OD"IjA, I i\.f, 1 ~tJJo
blow one's own horn "l-&otJJo"J ~4-
He is an agreeable fellow, but likes to blow
his own hom. ~..,,. (lm- )m- ..,..,. .,.~m
"t 'J'.t<f..A
draw in (one's) horns h.~1l 11.1\
Since he lost so much at gambling, he has drawn
in his horns a bit. ll.,"lC 1111- ~"tHofl
111\TIIII '1-"t"li 1\J'.ofl -fl!lA
lock horns lt..f,(lfPJo- +?-
The administration and the staff locked horns
over the proposed measure. 1tll..,.JIIi~""'i ,.~
T'l',; ' ll.,.t.IIOJo .bltofl IIJ'. ltf.il"''oo-
"'"~-
[See also 'cup']
The sight of the dead soldiers horrified us.
f'l"-1>'1-"t ' tD;f-J'.r:"'i- ' "lf-1> ' )\(t.,..,.,
horror
I. P' :1'f.. The horrors of war are indescribable.
ftnCt'J- P':I'J'. 11.~1\K" hf."'f-A9"
2. '1'11!1'. She expressed her horror of cruelty.
1\"i'"t,~ ' ,1'11'1-"t ' '1'11!1' ' ~IIK"'f-
3. :1"11~ Y:"t.:>RL. She shrank back from the
.
corpse in horror. &.ltOJo"t 1\J'.:f" 11;1-11~ ,
Y:"t;>RL Tlf"l.,..,."'f-
horror (adj.) f"''.,,'il~&o I J\(1:1'4:
A horror movie makes me shudder. f"Y.,I'il
~&- .LA9" J'.H1"tH'A
Horror stories make me jumpy. 1\(1:1'4: ;1-6
to";f- ,l'illlt."I'I-'I'A
have a horror of J\Amur
A good housewife has a horror of dirt. IJI\oo-
,1' ' "Y.il'l- ' .,'lf'lf ' h'l-tDY:9"
to (one's) horror
*To her horror, she saw her husband fall off
the cliff. IJ!l ~J'.A 11.~IJ 11'\J'.S: , "''f
:1: ' 1\(1:1'4: ' li')IJ'J-
horse ~t.il
He bought a horse yesterday. '1-o;"t'J- h"tY:
~(.il ' ~q

hold your horses 1 ~;J OA

hornet TC-fl
The hornet stings. .,.Cofl T';"JI.L tOJo Hold your horses! I'm almost ready. t.;> 11
A I AH;>~ M9" hA.,.t.'S
horny [See also 'rider']
1. ,.,.,,_., A horny covering keeps the wood
from wearing away. ,.,.,,_. 114-"t b"t.., horseback, on ~ ll~t.il
He rode all the way on horseback. 7.C{I- oo
-1> 1."tJIJ'.IIII J'.hllhiiA
"t~JI."t 11-11- lll.t.il T'iH
2. 4'CM. A farmer's hands are horny from
work. f~ll&. 1.~ hP'&o oflq'J- fT)"' , horseback riding "IAIL.I'
4'CM tOJo Do you like swimming or horseback riding?
f9"'l-tDJ'.OJo 'I'';" )OJ- tDJ'.il "IAIL,I' !
horrible
I. f"''.,,'(t~~- It was a horrible sight. il.ffl. horsehair f~t.il "f/"&-
'1- ' f"'f.,l'(t~~ )IJC Flywhisks are made of horsehair. Of/"&- f"Y.
2. hilh.L. The rainy weather is simply hor- IP6-ID- I hllf.~{l I ~6- I )QJo
rible. ht.9"-l> 'i!K-9" hilh.L tOJo
horseman ~t.(t'l'
*Why did you make such a horrible face? ~(.(t
He is an excellent horseman. ftJJ"'I\'1-
.L'J-U"t to {I ,l'il,.(tAhOJo liM .f':)OJo !
[See also 'face'] 'I' ' )OJo
horsepower f~t.il 1-AII'I-
horrid Tbis car has 50 horsepower. f.U tn>h.';" l\9"
I. 11"19" hilh.L. Her behavior is horrid. miJJ'.
lt f ~t.il 'I-AII 'I- l\1\0Jo
'I' ' 11"19" ' hilh.L ' )OJ-
2. ""Ttl:. Massawa has a horrid climate. horse race f~t.il 1."li~Y:9"Y:9" 1 f~t.il
9"6'1' ' OD'J't.': ' ,l'fC ' miJJ'. ' l\1\0Jo 1."li~Y:Y:9"
hot
------------------------ ------------------------ ----
hostilities tnc~+
At the outbreak of hostilities, food became
dearer. tnCH /1.)"1 !1""111 <-f: If)
hot
1. ~- Do you have hot water? oo-:,0 <-;)
1>11 1
2. f ;>II. Don't pick up that hot pan barehanded!
n f:>ll "'"rolf qp. 1.~111 1>:1"1"1<-
3. '1":1''1-. The weather is hot in the dry season.
00:> ' l>f~ ' '1":1''1- ' )<-
be hot
1. '1"4>. The water is hot. <-;)<- 1-'1":1'1:\
2. # ~. This pepper sure is hot. 1-11 nco
"" ' 0"19" ' 1-'1-"Jf"'
3. (l)Lm. This mustard is hot. 1-11 ..,.,.<;:"!/'
1-M'i'"'A
4. tnL. He was hot with rage when he heard
the news. mt.m-'l fL.(l"'1 O'l .1..-T lPG:
)OC
be hot with fever l>.,.b-il(<-)
He was hot with fever and had to lie in bed.
l>_,.lt-1'1'1- (11\)0C ,._,.,.,. )0<:0'1-
be r~hot 4f..oo
The grill was red-hot from the fire. f11<:'1-
9"f:"Jf<- ' hl\lt-1: ' ....,.,. ' f.,.)"' ' 'i'".tb\
feel hot
1. '1"4>. The air feels hot today. q&. l>f~
1-'1":1'1:\
2. l>.,.b-il(m-). +His head feels hot. &-(1-1 Y
_,.ltM't.
have a hot temper
He has a hot temper. oflm- ~m
[See also 'water"]
hotbed*'~-
Our office is a hotbed of intrigue. oop>&y 0.
:f"l-1 ' f-l-1b-t. ' *"" ' )<-
hot-blooded "1/:\'i'.,.'i'
Don't insult him! He is hot-blooded. 1>'1-ilf.O
<- l "IA'i'_,.'i' )<-
hotel lf1:A
Where is the nearest hotel? 1\ILII }>lJqo. 4>
<:11 Yll<- lf1:A f'l- )<- 1
hothead "IA<;:.,.'i'
He is a hothead and is going to get into trouble.
"IA'i'_,.'i' ill\lf) 1>9"q'lr::' <-!1'1' 1-1qA
596 hour
hot-tempered "1/:\'i'.,.'i'
A judge should not be hot-tempered. Jl'i'
"1/:\'i'.,.,. ' OUif1 ' fl\0'1-9"
hound (v.) )H)H
She couldn't get her little brother to stop
hounding her. '1-1"11 m1f:".t 7.1Jl.MH1q
'1- ' t.:f"ll:J-"1"'<- ' l>t.:1'11TI"'
*My creditors are hounding me for payment.
I>O'l&l'"fi l>.,.il.f>9" 1>.,.!14>!1"'1' 1111<-'i't.
hound (one) out l>ltP. l>!lm"'
The mob hounded him out of town . .ft1111-
bh.,."7<- ' l>ltP. ' l>il<D"'t-
hound (n.) I>Jl'S m-lf
A hound has long ears. I>Jl'S m-lf <:"lf"'l"r
9" ' ]C'9''T ' 1>11-'1-
hour
1. ll't'l-. I work eight hours a day. 04>1 il'l"
1'1- ' il't'l- ' 7....&-1111-
What are your working hours? f F &- il't.P.
"Tu 9"1 1..11. .,.'I'm- 1
2. 1..11. (pl. 1..1l.Y'I-). In the hour of danger,
he stayed with his friends. qf.:> 1..11. b'l
f.V''Il ' ;>C ' 'l'<:
He works long hours to the detriment of his
health. m.1 )-1:1 1\!lh"''.1-Jl<- f:<:il Ill:
1C9" 1..11.Y'I- 1-"'&-"-
at all hours 0"71'i'<-9" il't'l-
1 can be reached at all hours. 0"71'i'<-9" il't
'1- t.1'S 7."f-llllo-
every hour On the hour Of'oo-1\- I (tq.-J:
The bus leaves every hour on the hour.
1><-.P.IJ-(1- Of... ll- il't-1: f.'t.Jlt.
for hours Aofltfo ' {l'JoT ! i.flfD 1\11\ 1 1.H.
She practices the piano for hours. A-fltt- lll\o
'1- f"CJ''l' A9"9"f: :f"f.C:>II'T
They debated the question for hours. 1-'11'1
<:H9" Ill\ 1..11. _,.b&-b~O'I-
for hours at a time c\1Ut 1 ll'\+l- YlltPJ"k
<:'I'
Monks meditate on holy things for hours at
a time. oP)Itll.lP"T 1111,. il't.P."T Yl\"7
*<:"' !Ill :,0-'1.!1 )11!'l- Ol>1hr::' Yil
qj\o
One'S hour fOO'f";J! I fl'f:t-
The sick man knew that his hour had come.
f:f"""OOt- 0 (lt-\L 0 fOD'I";f' o (l't-J> 0 oP:J'~11
1 om-.,. )OC
[See also 'best, end, good, late, morning, rush
hour, scant, ungodly')
hour hand
hour hand not'!- ' 4'."16
The hour hand of my clock is broken. fll't-1;
il't'l- ' 4r."l6Wo ' -J-1111Z:&\
hourly (adj.) 1111-t'l- f"tf1'fa>-
His hourly wage is $2.00. 1111-t'l- f"tf1"fa>-
hl1&\ o-11'1 11C ~w-
hourly (adv.) 11fil't-J:
The medicine is to be taken hourly. oo~:'~-1:
fifil't-1: ' f"t'l''l' ' ~w-
house (v.)
I. h'l"t:. We housed the flood victims in
schools. 111-C'i' f-1-1--'1-'1-'t lll'''f- '1-!l"tJ
c+ n.+ w-11'1' h'l"c<;'l'w-
2. hila>-. +The library houses 20,000 books.
fi.T I ODl\ift'i'-J: J I} f I if. ' ODl\ift'i'T ' hil-T
*We can house you and your friends if the
hotels are full. IJ':I:II-'f- 1 h-1-fll" ll't-1-<;
ll'!f."'l''f-tJ "h>;' H't~ P;l- "h'tL&\"III'f-:\1\'t
be housed
1. "''ld.l ..,.(lm! h~L. Where are the visitors
to be housed? 111>-Sl",.; .,U.f f"til"''l'
w- ' f'l- ' ~a>-1
The ambassador's retinue will be housed in
our hotel. fh!l"q/1.".~ fh11C -1-h:l-l'"'f- tJ'
-!;II'f-'t a>-11'1' fC4-II-
2. "h"M.'l"C -J-.".t:1. The refugees were housed
in miserable shacks. 11.".-1-"'l',.; 11.".1111
fl.-l''f- a>-11'1' "hVl.'l"~ -J-.".t:1
house (n.)
I. n.+. I want to rent a house. n.+ oob.:.f
'I- ' "hL&\;JIIIJo
2. HC. He was a prince of the house of Solomon.
hilll-'l"'t nc f"t<ll~ &\o-&\ ~ 11c
3. fl.-1-1111. My eldest brother is the head of
the house. ;l-II:J> m't~"'L ffi.-J-llq'f-'t "111
~I ~Q)o
4. oP-"oflC. He has a good position with a
wholesale house. 11)!'!1"11 11"tifm-11'1- oo
~-oc r lD"ilT ~ -r..;.. ' F &- I h.lltD-
5. h-'1.:-11. The actor played to a full house.
-1-'l'<;f. ' ....,.;r ' il.f/1,.. ' h'l<l-~ ' 'I':J>'I':J>
1111- ~11c
6. .,.....1!\IJ'f-. Tbe play 'Othello' drew a full
house. 1'1<-1;11- ~,:.., 1111" -J-oo&\IJ'f- 1111
*The singer sang to a large house. Htf. ~ r
1111" .1.1111 11-J-1111111111'1- HL~
house of worship 0.1" 1 oo.:J-"il
Every religion has its own house of worship.
.,'t>;'a>-!1" ' ,,._.,'l"'l- fl.-1- oo:J>f.il hila>-
597 housekeeping
around the house R.T ' iUl.+
I wear slippers around the house. n.+ llfl.'l-
~mil ""'"' hf.C;JII!Jo
bring down the house
*The children's performances brought down
the house. &\}':,.; 11/lf.'l- ""'l':l" fl.-1:
"hilh.LCil -1-""11""11
clean house
*The union finally agreed it was time to clean
house and regain its good reputation. f,., &- : lPi
"111~. f.,,..1tl-. hqll-'f-'t 'hil<"ll'-' ""&\IJ!I".
liM .,iloollil "h't."."'i.fiiL&\"1 -1-11.,_,
keep house fl.'l- hil-1-'l.".t:
She keeps house for her uncle. f1:J:'t fl.
'1- :l"il-1-'l~.l-ll'f-
keep open house for
*He keeps open house for all foreign students.
fl.-1: IIID-"fl" h1C .,__,69''f- "h'tf. fl.;l-'1'
aJ- I ioliJo
(be) on the house CUM. +lt111
At the exhibition, coffee and cookies were on
the house. h."IILil."lil- a>-11'1' tJ-<;<; b.b
11~11 "'"'~' ~11c
put one's house In order
*It is easy to criticize others, but it would be
better to put one's own house in order first.
(1,1\"'f-'t J OD'J<j>'j: J <I'll&\ ' ~a>- I IJ''f!l" ' f
.:.ll't "~-'~"' """!.."".:' .,II.,.IIh&\. _ Prill!\
[See also 'back, behind, confine, lady, master1
house arrest, be pi aced under ~
The minister was placed under house arrest.
"7.~11'1-0:. 114<!1" "hiiC "h't'l..r.f. -1-f.l:'l
household
*How many people are in your household?
!l"'t ftJ&\ ' fl.-1-1111 ' hlltJ l
housekeeper ffl.'l- <1''111.'1-
He hired a housekeeper after his wife died.
"til., ' h'l"-1-'f- 11:\11 ' ffl.'l- ' <1'1111.'1- <I'
mt:
housekeeping ffl.'l- hff11
Housekeeping involves cooking, washing
dishes, and cleaning. ffl.'l- hf f11 !1""111
.,1111&\ 1 ll.ft't .,m11't<; .,ll"-'1'1-'t fm:l'
&\II&\
set up housekeeping ")j( t OJt1J
She set up housekeeping right after their
honeymoon. f""1'11 1..H.'I"t ..,ell ml!..f
w-1- 1}': m"l'f-
housemaid
housemaid U.Y:
I am getting a housemaid for my wife. 11"'1..11
oJ: I 1,l..e' I Acf>TC I )tD-
housemother 'I""IH.'t-
The housemother maintains strict control
over us. 'I""IH.:l"":f-'1 0"19" f.<fl."'m-1-.,A
housewife ffl.'t- l\OOfl.'t-
She is a thrifty housewife. 4!miJ f9";1"w-:,O
ffi.T l\oofl.'t- .,..,.
the good housewife 'lA,.,.J'U
The good housewife gets up in the morning
and melts butter. IJI\oo-J'f.-1> tJI.T T~P':I"
:,Of). :1"~'1'&-ll":f-
housework
I. ffl.'t- OJ-11'1' P'&-. Housework is easy. ffl.
:,. I lD"/t'J' I ~&- I +1\A. I ~(Do
2. fl.'t- OJ-II'I' ooP'&-'t-. Many girls prefer
factory work to housework. ofll!- A"lfU.I'-":f-
fl.'t- w-IlT hooP'&-'t- _eo~~.:,. 4--0.&11
OJ-11'1' OOP'&-T f.OOC"'II-
housing
1. oo'l"<1.1' 1 oo'l"<1.1' fl.'t-. The mayor has
promised better housing for the needy. h'l-1:
IJIJJo ' ll":f-"lt.V'":f- fTlfll OO'l"<IJ' (oo'l".&
.1' fl.'t-) 11.,..,&-'t- :l'A ~ofl:tA
2. fl.'t- .,.,;+. The housing of the laborers
is his responsibility. M'l ..,&-.,.V''Il fl.'t-
.,.,;:,. fCo\- "1'11-~'t- ~w-
hovelf.l(l( 1)1;
My hovel is my palace. 1.1(1(
T o OO'J"IP'1: o .,..,.
hover
I. l\'l"lf"OO. The hawk hovered for a moment
above the chicken, then seized it. ~Ad.:f: T
of:'t- ' l\'l"lf"IJ ' 1'-1!'..'1 ' .I'H":f-
2. "Ill\. The sick man hovered between life and
death. O"li.,.>;'w- (IOJo O'l"'t-.. O..ltf.m't- oouh
A f. ..AA ~OC
hover (around)
I. l't.. The dogs hover around the meat
truck. w-lf'Jl fP':>OJo'l ouh.., f.I'-1-:I"A
2. .,.H.,mt.. The children hover around the
place where toys are sold. ""'""" l\lf'l"l-1\.T
O"''.ifTO't- l\I!IJil f.H .. dl&-11-
hover overhead 1a"J"tf00
The hawk is hovering overhead. "fl"AI.:t :1"
'l"lf"ofiiJII":f-
598 who
how?
I. ll'l.<'.'t-. How shall I do it? ll'l.<'.'t- AP'
&ow-!
How is it you did not come? ll'l.<'.'t- ~w-
J'Aoo"Jliw-!
2. l\'11.9"'1. How do you do? l\'11.9"'1 ~tJ !
3. 9"'1 .l'tJA. How damaged is the car?
ooh."" 9"'1 .l'tJA T'I-Y::I"II":f- !
how
I. 9"'1 .I'UA l\'11. + (relative verb). You
have no idea how worried we are. f""J fiJA
l\'11-MI'I:> ' l\:f"w-:,09"
We do not know how serious his injuries are.
"l-'1-1> M .l'tJA hiJY: li'II.IF~ l\ ..w-:,09"
2. ll'l.<'.'t- l\'11. + (relative verb). Tell her
how to do it! li'IY..'t- l\'11.9"'t-P'&-tJJo '11&-'t-
Tell me how Mr. Parker is. "'1..11-1-C ;rChc
li'IY..'t- l\'11-IF~ '11t.'S
3. 9"'1>;' l\'11. + (verb). He looked back
over his childhood and realized how lucky
he had been. fA)!'~-1>'1 '1..11. l\ll:l"tJJo,..
9"'1>;' {JY;-1\>;' l\'11.~0(.. T1~HO
how I li'IY..'t-
How dirty the house is! fl.-1> li'IY..'t- ol'"li](.A I
.,,.I
How beautiful she is! ll'l.<'.'t- 4''1 )>; A)!'
how about- ll
How about going for a walk? "lic"lic oft'!\'.
Y:ll!
how come l l't."H'.. -l-
How come you are still here? lllll!u-'1 l\'11..
,. liH.tJ ol'ftJ !
1 )>;II- II~ fl.
how far! llllhf't-19"'1 .l'tJA l 9"'1 .l'tJA &-4'
How far does this road continue? f-.IJ oo"t1
Y: llllhf't- f.HA:l'A !
How far have you read in this book? .r.o1
oux-m'i' M .l'tJA l\'lofiOVA 1
How far is it to his house? 0.., r ,..., I YLJA
f.C:l'A!
how little
That shows how little you know. f.tJ f{Jw-4'
't-U'I .,~II J'/(J'ol\.
how lona1
1. 9"'1 .l'tJA '1..11. I ll'l't- '1.11.. How long
have you been working together? r1' YLJA 1
'I.H. l\ofl&-":f-u- 11+"'-~o ~oc 1
How long does it take by airplane? Ol\tJJot!'T'I
'I ll'l't- '1..11. f.l."lfA!
2. h - - ll'l't- '1.11.. How long have they been
engaged? hof-"'i"lo ll'l't- 'I.H..I''I'tJJo ~,. !
however
how long ago! bll"l+ '1.11. oo~.+
How long ago was that? )1~ fli')<J>o hll"l
+ '1.11. Ro!.-l- )OC !
how many! 11"1-l-
How many oranges shall I take? 11"1-l- 11C
...lt"l A<J>o{IJ'; !
how old l
How old is he? 11"1+ 't"".., )<J>o!
how so 1 A?"'')
You haven't any desire to go. How so?
IIOD'tJ': !1""1!1" 'i'~1-l- fllll!l" I liM !
how tall?
*How tall are you? <itOD-l-11 !1""1 filA )<J>o !
and how I 7."1Jl.:l'!
Are you happy? And howl .,.,_11.,.'/A 1 7."1Jl.:l'!
for how long 1 ll9"1' 1 YtJA s 1.rL I hlth OD
'li J':t.ll
For how long have you been deferred? m:J-1-c
)-}- f!l"-l-ODIIODAO-l- '1.11. f_,.~IILAII
liM filA '1.11. )IJJo ! (7.llh OD'fi J';
t.il )IJJo!)
[See also 'earth, else, much, often, soon, well']
however (adv., conj.)
I. )1C "1"1. I would like to do it; however,
I have no time. oflw&-(1)< 1 1\ro-'St\o-- I )o1C 1 -,
"I '1.11. fll'1!1"
2. !1""1!1" filA 11 + (imperfect). She won't
suoceed, however hard she tries. !1""1!1" fll
A 11-l-'l"hC II.I'Ait~-l-!1"
3. 0!1""1!1" 'tJ'.)-}- 11 + (imperfect). However
you do it, the boss will not be satisfied. 0!1""1!1"
'tJ'.)-l- 11-l-w.t:-IJJo llll;r.\1-.,. IIJ'.f.{l-l-!1"
*We will allow you to travel however you
please. OLII"I'lillJo fOD'I'I'll" 'tJ'.)-}- 11-l-
'tJ': 7."1L;r.J':A'III"I
however 1 l\1'.+
However did you find the place? (l:J-IJJo"l 7."1
J?.-l- A:I'IJJo4'1JJo !I'Ah !
howl (v.)
I. MH). The dog has been howling all night.
IJJolfllJo t\.11. ..."1 -~~- 11.1~11'} 111-t.
2. II~"" The winds howled around our house.
)'!.(1- 00.:1-:f"l 11-6.1' II~OQ.
howl with laughter o..,;r. .,."lh_,.h.,.
The boys howled with laughter. A;c!'ll 0"1
;r. ' .,."lh_,.h...
howl (n.) ""1i+
I thought I heard the howl of a wolf. f.,.lfo~
....'Ji-}- ' f{I.,IJ- 0 OD{III'1
599 hug
hub 7.11"11c+
London is the hub of English life. IYJP..'J f7."1
"111.11 7.!1"11C-l- )IJJo
hubbub "IC"IC
The hubbub was caused when a baby fell
into a tub of water. .hU IJJo;lo 1"1-'1 IJJoil
'I' 01JJ1.4' '1.11. "IC"IC _,.Lmt.
huddle (vt.)
I. 111-t.. We huddled tbe children into the car.
A;c!'ll'J ouh,<;IJJo IJJoil'l' 111-C<;"'fllJo
2. 7.lt 7."1-'1"""111-l- '11;1111. He huddled his
clothes in a heap. A11(1-"l 7.lt 7.'}-'IOD"'II
+ '11;1111
be huddled :l'L1
They were huddled in a corner. 7.'1'"1 :l''i'1
1JJo )OC
huddle together
I. 7.'i'"l'i'"l 11111JJo .,..,..,..lflo.
They huddled to-
gether to keep warm. 7.'J'I.'I":I''fllJo 7.'i'"l'i'
"") I oflt\(l)o I .,..,.OfJl(lo
2. .,.m.:>"l.,..,. _..,.... The sheep huddled to-
gether in a comer. O')=ti 1 ..,.tn;J""l.,.(l)< 1 hT..,
~J'. .fOD'f'A
huddled up .,.h-&-!l".f
He lay huddled up in bed. IIA.;> ~J'. .,.h-
.t:-!l".f .,.'i'
huddle (n.), go into a ~ O.foJ'.:l' : .,..,..lth~
The ball players went into a huddle. l>.ll .,.
"'i'l''1l ' 0-fJ'.:J- .,..... lth~
lay in a huddle .,.HO.tl-C.f .,."'ll
His clothes lay in a huddle on the floor.
A11o''ll mllflo ~J'. _,.HO.t:-C4'1JJo -i"'l'IIIJJo
)OC
hue 4'11!1"
The hues of the rainbow were clearly seen.
f4'll.,. f.OD<;"IJJo ' 4'11'1"":f O"IAK" J'.:l'f.
)0C
hug (hugged), v.
I. 7.;r.'i' 111.1.1. She hugged her mother.
7.<;-l-f"'f''} "~ 111.1.1!1'+
2. 11;r.c: fH. She soothed the frightened
children by hugging them. f1.)1m--l-"1 A;c!
:y. ll;r.<f.. 00Df11 llt..;>.:>!l''fllJo
3. .,.m"l-1' 't1.. The boat hugs the shore.
ODCh!l. mt.f."l .,.m"l:l' -l-'t-'III:Y.
4. h - - - .,.llmL. The fugitive hugged tbe wall
to keep from being seen. yoollmm- 1 ttm- 7t.
"1-'IJ'.:I'J'. h"IJ':"!-'IIJJo .,.llmL
hug 600 humanly

5. 1i'f-ll' -fill- .r.oo. The timorous boy human (adj.)

hugged the corner. uw- A"JI: h'l'"' I. ffltD-. Arms and legs are integral parts of
11"1-'1' 1111- ... - the human body. l\JI;:f'i" l\"'<::f ffltD-1
hug closely h1-' .I'H h'IA """il- f"''..ffll''l- h'i'll-:f 'i"'fm-
A narrow-minded person hugs his opinions 2. ffltD- A)/:. He is an ardent defender of
closely. mltR mq11 flw- .hltll-1 h1-' human liberty. 11'\>o f(lm- A)/: oo11+
y.y.qA of-h&-'1& ' ~ID-
3. fi11M!. Property rights should not take
hug (n.), give a ~ l\:,O'i' hl'.61 precedence over human rights. f'1-flt:+ oP-fl
The mother gave her child a hug. M"t-1> A)/: of:f hfi11M! OD11of:f ' ,..:,.S'.!I" fllq'fm-!1"
..1 l\:,O'i' hS'.61fow-
4. f-1-L'I'<:. Selfishness is a human weakness.
huge &./11 ODIIJ<S',.~ fof-4.'1'1: ' S'.l)"7~'1- ' ~ID
I. "111-'i'. The elephant is a huge animal. human being (lm-
1111"1 .,,..., l\1lllt ~m- All human beings are equal. (lm- 2 tJo/t: 7-..b-
2. '1-A:,O. I need a huge box to put the dishes in. A I ~tJ)o

lt.ft'l':f1 f"7M!I"'I'R'I- '1-A:,O "1'1'1
fllLA1>;A
hull (v.) LII.Lil
The maid hulled the peas. 16~ h-K-1 Lll
Lll:f
hull (n.)
1. 1Ail. The floor was covered with peanut
hulls. tllll- nt.11-t 111.q of-if'i''l' ~nc
2. :,Oc.r.+. The hull must be removed before
the almond can be eaten. l\(l)o1f 2 hDDfll\.11
n.r.+ :,Oc.r.-~> oom-"1+ hAn+
3. hl!A. The hull of a ship is made of iron.
fODCbll- hi)A h116'1- fof-w&. ~ID<
remove the hulls of LT1
The women removed the hulls of the wheat.
fl.-1',; ll1.<'.1D<1 Lof-"1-
hum (hummed)
I. hTI-&."l-6. The shepherd hums while guard-
ing cattle. l\6>;m- h11+ fl.m11:,0 f1"l-&.
1'6-A
2. l\11~~ hll. The mother hums her baby
to sleep. l\'i"'l-1'"" .nn-1 11."7/lof->;+ l\11~
~ '1-ll..ll.:f
3. "1'11 hi\. The bees were humming in the
garden. 1(1,; q+hA-1> P:l" '1'11 f.ll- ~nc
*He treats us like human beings. ~~'i f,fl
'i"A
[See also 'race']
humane
I. O!l"m6+ <\f. fof-OO>P6of-. Laws ought to
be humane. .ft"' R!l".ft6'1- <\f. fof-"""'6
-1- ""11'1 hila+
2. ll111t1!. The prisoner did not receive humane
treatment. l\ll6>;tD- fi11M! hff11 hA
of-S'.611l'l-!1"
3. C~?-~. He is more humane than his brother.
hm1'.(-ooo ffit\m 1 c~o;.~ ~m-
humanitarian (n.) M h~&-"1.
Humanitarians attempt to relieve human
SUffering. fi') I h_.$':6o1.l'f- I f(UD"} I oPh6o I
ll"7:l'II.A f.'l"h&-11.-
humanitarian (adj.) fR~ h~&.~+
His humanitarian plans to eliminate famine
are well known. 6-1111 11."7/ltD1~ f"'i..fS'.
C11D- fR~ h~&-~'1- l\:,0~ f:l'"t<l'
~ID-
humanity
I. (ltD-. God created humanity. l\"'llh11.h.C
(lm-1' I d.m~

4. -~-~~Ill. The household hummed in pre- 2. ffltD- A"Jf:. Christ saved humanity. hell
paration for the reception. fl.+tlfla v-tr .., -I'll fflm-1 A)/: h'l~
11"1f"m-1 ll"7M''I+ .r.~~'l' ~nc 3. C"'r&.;.. Treat animals with humanity!
5. Mn~n. The electric fan hummed steadily. l\1lllt'l-1 RC"'r&.;. f1l
Rh.l\.h'l-&h f"''..>P&.ID- H-ll OD/1""1, fll
"7lt6'1' t.~n~n humanly l\1S'.fltD-
Animals cannot be expected to think humanly.
human (n.) (ltD- 7..1lllt+ l\1S'.fltD- 1..1-'l.fllll- hf.m04r!l"
His cruelty suggests that he is not human. *This is not humanly possible. f,IJ 1 httm- 1 q.
?l)~tD- hiD- fii.ODIY\>o't foollh:l"A :,0!1" 0<\f. ' ~m-
humble
we will do whatever is humanly posSible.
{lw- (IJS'.C"' f"'l.:flla>-') tNI- "h<;S'.C:>
II')
humble
I. +m.+. I am your humble servant. +m.+
h.~A:>f.!P ' )'S
2. 11-t-H'. Street cleaning is a humble occupa-
tion. Olf')1.J!" I OD'T'l:""J I 1f.;'fo+~ I , &- I ~(Do
3. hAQ/1.. His parents live in a humble home.
!1.-t-llfl,.; h.AQ/1. n.+ a>-11'1' f.'l"6-lr
4. -t-6-. He cast away his humble habits when
he became an officer. ODh-'l"t 011'} 'I. H. +
&... mQ\t'l +m
Will you partake of this humble meal?
f.tJ')') -t-6- ,..,-II h'i' :>C A'l-q-t-<;> '1-
L-t--'11111!
humble circumstances ~li)--1-
Abraham Lincoln grew up in humble cir~
cumstances. h.-IICV9" II.'JI>A'J Yf.1aJo
Of.-1H+ )a>-
act humble +m.+ oP{th'" ;f"f
In the beginning, he acted very humble. OOD~ oP
&Y 1\f. 0"19" +m.+ ODIIII- :J-f
of humble birth
They are men of humble birth. hf.""li !l.-t-11
-II <;'fro- (h11-t>-t-'i' !l.-t-11-11 f-t-<DII-'1. <;
'fro-)
Of humble COndition .,..~ I 'f.C" I fOIJ. lfC
Lincoln's parents were people of humble
condition. fll.'JI>A'J <DI\}(:f -t-&- 'l-1!"
f"'l.'l"'l- II!P:f )0'1-
[See also 'family, origin, state']
humid "hC'I'O'I- fO~O'I- ! "hC'I'O'I- Ylla>-
The air today seems to be humid. f~t.w- h.
fC "hC'!'O'I- fO~O'I- f.Odiii\A
A humid climate debilitates one who is not
used to it. hC'I'O'I- Ylla>- YfC 'J-11<:'1-
1\II""S'.w- {lw- Yf.h"'IA
be humid
1. <DOof'. The air here is very humid. hf<l- "-
11.11 0"19" f.<D-II:I'A
2. <:m-11 hll. The air is humid before a rain.
II.H'J-11 II.A hf'l- <:m-11 f.I\A
humidify (humidified) "-'J-'1..<:'1'-11 1\S'.<:~
This instrument humidifies the air. f,tJ
&Y hfC "h'J-'I..l:'l'-11 Yf.C:>A
humidity roo-t-
Humidity makes my shirt stick to my back.
roO<fl lf"'l.H.'J h)!CQI'- 1\f. Y"l-114"1'A
601 humor
humiliate M'<:f.
She humiliated me in front of my friends.
O'lf.'l''li 4-'1- 1\'l'lf.:f'S
humiliation
1. m-e~+. Humiliation caused him to commit
suicide. ha>-CS'.-1: f-t-)"1 &-11-'J ~1.11
2. lt.'i!t:.+. In order to conceal her humiliation,
she ran away. h'i'l:;I:'J ll""lfL ') mof.:f
humility +..n+<;
He received the workers with humility . .v&--t
,.,.;., n+..n+<; -t-+oll'fw-
humor (v.) h""".<D-t-
You will have to humor him because he is ill.
1111:1""""" A:J"""".a>--t-w- f.~QVA
humor (n.) of'Af." l fQ;J.'I':J" M
Mark Twain was famous for his humor.
"'ICh '1-'llf.') O+A-'1. (O...,'I':J-a>- II~)
f:J"<D+ )0C
be in a bad humor hof..(m-)
+Don't bother him when he is in a bad humor.
Ohof.a>- 1.11. l\'I-)1J')Ha>-
be i.n a good humor f.lt = h.A(m-)
Are you in a good humor today? tf.'.. 1 F.lt
-1111-VA !
be in an Ill humor .,..)Ai.),;u.
Why are you in such an ill humOr today?
~t. ' 9")a>- ' '1-)""".)""".IIIJ !
full of humor l\1"-I!'S
This story is full of humor. f.ll -t-<:+ hi"
-t'S ' )aJo
good humor -f-Q;J.'f':f)'I-
His good humor was particularly noticed.
-f-Q;J.'I':fH 0-t-llf. f;l-<Dof'll'l- )a>-
note of humor +lAY: 1 oott_e.
There was a note of humor in his film. n.v&-
m- I ~AlJO I C&itT I +A: I 00/t.e. I )fli:.
o+
put one in good humor S'.lt = h.ll"f
Success puts you in. good humor. h.'l: '>1
c {l.ql) S'.ll Yll'i'A
sense of humor +AF..~)+
His only saving trait is his sense of humor.
btnflf.. I flofto I 'M-lD" I '>1C f +A~~-IJ I
oo~ -11.!1' ' )aJo
(have) sense of humor +A: 1 ow+
He has no sense of humor, so don't make
jokes with him. +AS'." h.Yw--t-9"<; h'l-:I'll
S'.aJo
humorous
humorous l\P'-I:'f
Mark Twain wrote humorous stories. "''Ch
'I-'ll') l\P'-I:'f .,.....,."" l\1.
hump (v.), - up l\0'1' l\r\
The ground humps up in front of the door.
,..,., h""11"L.I'm- .r.-1- 1\.L'l- l\0'1'
J!.IIA
hump one's back A"f+"J )II(.
The cat humped his back when he saw the dog.
Y:oo;t: m-lfm-1 qf:f "l.n K"l-<::1 H ..:f
hump (n.)
I. lf'l'. A camel has one or two humps.
"'"""' l\')Y: tD}'.'I" o-r\'1- lf.... l\r\tJJo
2. '1-11;1-. There is a hump in the road. oo')1'1.
~}'. '1-11;1- l\r\
humpback 1-q"' ,..,.
The humpback works as a guard in the church.
1-q"'m- l'lm- fO.+ hC!l1:}") HO'l'
ll''l' ' }'11\"I~A
humus 'I'AIJ l\I.C
Humus is needed to grow these plants in.
.f.U'Jb611~~~"1'1'AIJl\.LC.I'ili.A?A
hunch (v.) '/-ill" .,..,.,..m
He hunched over his desk. mt.A.~,. ~y. '1-
il,n .,..,.,..m
sit hunched up 1--Rifl 4-+oom
Your back hurts because you are sitting
hunched up. ~cqu') f"'i.J''I"U 1-ilmu
ilr\'1"'1-+0D'f' ~,.
hunch (n.)
I. ~cq oo'l'O'I'. His hunch is the result of
a spinal injury. f~cq,. OD'l'O'I' hl\hCIJ
6tJJo ' 00'/-JIT ' f+~"f ' ~tJJo
2. "1'1"'1-. His hunch proved correct, and we
won $100. "1'1"-1> '1-hhll'l' ll''l' !lr\+11"
"".,_ iiC l\11"1
have a hunch +l'l~(tD-)
I have a hunch that something is wrong there.
l\').tl':f f+~~.,. ~1C MI.U ~}'. OO'l'
~' Y.l'l~'l'A
hunchback 1-q"'
I mean the hunchback over there. }'')') 1-q
"' ~,. f'I"AU
hunchbacked, get - 1-0m
You will get hunchbacked sitting that way.
l\')~11..1' il'l-+oo'l' '1-1-ii"'IIU
602 hunt
hundred "".,.
a hundred oo+ q.oo:,.
You won't be able to do this, even if you live
to be a hundred. .,...,. <too'!- l\')\o,') it
'1-'l'C .f.U')') A'l-,.&-tJJo l\'1-:fA'I"
hundreds of Oflfto t oo+ f"'t4\m~
Hundreds of people perished in the earthquake.
flODt;.oi: I 001'+'1'+"1" I fl1Jif- I oo+ I fD7.1Lifl
~' l'll":f' l\Mt
hung, see hang
hunger (v.), - for
1. r\~"11"'1- 'i'i. He hungered for a good
meal. - '/""Iii r\~"11"'1- 'i'i
2. 0"1'1" 'i'i. She hungers for the love of her
family. r\0.+ 1'1-11 'i':,OC 0"111" '1-'i'ill:f
hunger (n.) t.;>R 1 &oil
I nearly died of hunger. 01.;)11 (0&-il) A 'I"
'1- ,..,,. l\A+ ...'fll" ~oc
*He has a hunger for knowledge. bm-++ f
m'"lm- )m-
appease {one's) hunger hm10
A good dinner will appease your hunger .
'I'~ l\&-'1- .l'm"lii?A
hungry f+&-0
The hungry dog searched for food. f+&-OtJJo
tJJolf 11""1-11 .Lr\1
*He went to bed hungry . .,...,.., l\~...
be hungry &-O(tD-)
+He is still hungry after that big meal. }")') o-
Il- ?"""ii OA.,_ l\o-1'1" l\1~&-0tJJo
~,.
be hungry for OlfJr =\~
The child was hungry for affection. A 'It r\0.
.,. 1'1-11 'i':,.c O"'ll" 'i'i
go hungry +&-0
Even though they say there is no food, I have
not yet gone hungry. l\UA m'i':J:A flqA
II" l\!IIJ1Jo1 l\A+&-ilo-9"
hunt
1. ~~-He is hunting deer. l\?H'J }'Y:<;A
2. l.r\1. They hunted the lost ball. fmof.m-')
l>.il .LI\"1-
hunt down l\Y:'l' .I'H
They hunted down the killers of the President.
l'"ro!.H..-'1')-f>') 1-'ll'":f l\Y:~tJJo .1'11-'l''ftJJo
hunt (for) l.r\1
We were hunting for an apartment. Jr.;r
c+~ !l'J.t.A"I ~oc
hunter
Nomads must always hunt for good grazing
land. H'l'l"'ll 11-111'1..11. 'I'~ f"'tnii oot.'t-
t1DLil"l l.iiQ:fiJJo
hunt up
1. Lil1. I will hunt up some old books when
I get to Ethiopia. IDS'. 1\.'1-f"lrf ll'/.1: l.
'J'I'J1: hc:"l. ""ll.lt'i''l- "ALA;JiiiJo
He hunted up some old friends when he
returned from abroad. hiD"'i'" l.1C f\.oo
ilh h'J'I'J1: f411' ID'I.l('ll'J LM
2. LA'I h11. How many books did you
hunt up? ii'J'I- ODl\.lt'i''l- LA1U l-11
IJ l
hunter l-'1'1
Hunters are not allowed to hunt on my land. h
'I'P:Y. """"-1: 'If, "A'J'I.J'1:). hf.L<t1:
'l:fiJJoll"
hunting "7S'.'J
Hunting is forbidden on these premises.
OH.U hAA IJJoiiT "7S'.'J hAhA )IJJo
huntins sround f"7S'.>;' ll:J-
The forest was his favorite hunting ground.
"'iiJIJJo ' fl"'ll" ' f"''.IDS'.I& ' f"7S'.>;' ' ll:J- '
)flC
so huntlns l.S'.'J '/.S'.
We are going hunting tomorrow. 'i'1 h~'l
"A'J'/.'111'}
hurdle (v.) Hilil
The horse hurdled both the fence and the ditch.
Lt:o\- h *'}II" 1S'.II-'JII" Hilil
hurdle (n.) oa(I<;))A
The runner's foot struck the hurdle and
knocked it down. a;.., oo(l<;))fl-'} fl"A"I
~ I oo+ I IIJ{lfD
Passing the math exam is our last hurdle.
fdo.lt-fl ' L.,.'i':f.'}'} ' "711'1' ' fll-fl'} ' fOD
Q;~.t:'/fiJJo oo(I<;))A )IJJo
hurl
1. IDt:IDt:. The rioters hurled rocks at the
police. t:-fllf'l''ll fl?"i\.1\':f 'If. 1:'J;J
~ m.l:m~
They hurled insults at the
2. l.ID.:S'-(0'1-).
nightwatchman. Hfl'l'ID-'J il1:-fl l.IDt:JI.
n+
hurl oneself at ,.;JLm
They hurled themselves at the enemy. m'l'l-
'} ' ,_;JLm-
603 hurry
hurrah fii"M:Y.
Hurrah! We are getting extra pay. fll"il.!-:f-1 .,.
...__,6 1'JH-fl A'i'1'1 )IJJo
*Hurrah for the king! 61:~ illf'Jll'f. I
hurricane 'tiD-flo )'i-ii
A hurricane blew down my house. 'ttD-1\-
4-ll IL1:'J l.L.!-t:I'IIJJo
hurried (adj.) fT1:.1.f
It was a hurried trip. fT1:.1.f .,.,. )flC
be hurried fl'i''I')T .,.'lh
More soldiers were hurried to the front lines.
.,...._.,6 ID:f"S'.I::f. IDS'. /DC "I'JQC
fl'i'T)'t- .,.'Ill-
hurriedly
I. IDJI.ftD-).1 fl'i'T)T. The village was hurriedly
deserted because bandits were in the area. QIJQ
Ill& 0 il<;:-!'':f 0 ilfl)fl~ 0 OD'}J'.~ 0 ID'I_I'IJJo). '
(fl'i'T)'t-) .,.il<t<t
2. flT1:.1.f. He spoke hurriedly. 0'1'1:.1.1 .,.
'i'1.:
hurry (hurried), vt.
1. l>"'S'.L. Don't hurry me; I am not dressed
yet. 1'i' A-flfl.'J "A'J'>. l.Ailflilh-11"1 h:f"
"11:L'1
2. fl'i'T)T l-Ui\. A taxi hurried us home.
:J-hi\.,. fl'i'T)'t- "AIL'I- l.S'.t:I'I'J
3. fl:Y.lt'l oP.!-. If we hurry the work, it will
he spoiled. F.!-IJJo'J fl"flt'l -fi'JoP.!- f.fl
'I '/fA
hurry (vi.)
1. .,."'S'.L. Don't hurry! I will wait for you.
h'I-"'S'.'i' "Am-R"'-YiiiJo
2. -I'll- loll. Hurry, or we will he late. -I'll-
flA I fiiH.f "A'JH1fli'J
3. +4-m~. As he is leaving tomorrow, we
must hurry. )1 illl"''.'t1: ou'l-m'J hll-fl'}
hurry up Lm1 h.A
Hurry up! The plane will leave without us.
Lm'J flA I l.IJJoC'T'\). 'I'll-'} f.'/.'1111
hurry (n.) 1-lt'l
What's the hurry? We have fifteen more
minutes before the train leaves. ':flt'IIJJo II"'J1:
)IJJo l Q(K. f"''.)"'IJJo 1'i' hOF.!- hll"
il'l- S'.<I::J' fl:\'1 )IJJo
be In a hurry :fb..lt
She was in a hurry to see her father. hll:t'l '
il"7f't- ' :flt'lii:Y.
hurt 604 hustle

hurt (hurt), vt. hush (vt.) MOll

I. '1-'1. This will hurt business . .1'-IJ ")"!.~':") The mother hushed the crying child. "l.'i"'l--1'"'1'
.J'.'I-'1/A f"''.YII:r-l'tm-") IA;t' h'IOI\l-
The stone hurt my foot badly. Y:");>.J'. 1."1&. hush (vi.)
., ' h4-'f ' '1-'l'f I. "1!-'f!' hi\. They hushed as the judge walk-
2. hil"""" The needle will hurt you. DPC.I.. ed in. 'l'fm- 1'1.1'1 "~!""~!" hll-
m- Yii'I'"I"?IA 2. 11?" hi\. We were asked to hush during
3. 1-'1-'1. He hurt his foot and hopped about the music, noo-rt..+m- 1..11 119"' lt."}..e-1-A
in pain. 7."1~") 11111"'1-'1 OP':l'.J'. 01\.11 1"t1C")
1."1~ HillA HillA hi\ hush I 7.11
4. h114'fou. I did not mean to hurt you. Hush! I can't hear a word. 7.11 ?"")?" h.J'.
~114'.1'-?"IJ Ml'l11h-?"
1'1"7'f?"
hurt (vi.) h""""(m-) hush up hl\'101'1
My arm hurts. 7.11:.") you:;'/;1. She tried to hush up the fact that her husband
be hurt was an ex-convict. ~~~ hH.U +.F.fD r+
She is easily hurt. 04'~11- 't-4'f"71\l- Lan't- t"))';ll'f oal)').") 11"711'1011 '("
hurt (one's} feelings h<::f
I. :r-c hl'l"f. His criticism hurt my feelings. hush up I 11,.. s OA
t4'.1..:J-m- :r-c hl'l"f'f Hush up! I am tired of your chatter. 11?" n
2. h114'f"". Her exclusion from the club lA I IA'i'l\4-11 I'IIA'f+'fiA
.,,...
hurt her feelings. hhOII- oohfAh!l. h114'f (be) hushed up 1"~4-Lt
The scandal was quickly hushed up. f"'~'~--
hurt oneself +1-~ 0~/A m-'U'm-). 1"~4-Lt
She fell on the stairs and hurt herself. ~<:ll" ~
,. ' tY::l' ' 1"'1-'l'f hush (n.) 1\T:J-
A hush settled over the room when the Em-
hurtle "l.f-1"");>;> t"l peror entered. 1'"l-1P ~1P"-h 01flo "',.tL
The boys hurtled out of the door. lA],; M h'i'll- ID-11'1' 1\T;J- I'ILt
T"},.?.,.. I flfl?- I (Dtf)o

hurtle through fl1'T.P. fll:~

husk (v.) ifl\4'4'
The jet hurtled through the air. 11:.-lo hf~
They were husking the com all day. 4').")
., ' ,.,.,.,..., ' o.:.: -~~- ' 0-1'11-ID-") ' l'l.ifll:r-4! ' '1'11-

husband (v.) 4r.m0 husk (n.) ~")<!-

That man must husband his strength while he
is ill. Y I (laJ- _I fl,ftoPOD- I '1.11 I -,.t\fl.JJ"} I 0D
4r.m11 hl\0'1--
husband (n.) lilA 1 '11111.'1--
Where is her husband? '1!1. ('11111.:1:) f'l--
hi\ 1
husbandry
I. hY.I"'I. By good husbandry Mr. Parker
amassed a considerable fortune. hY.I"'I 0"7
w4! "7.111-c ;rchc h'i' Yll 1111'1--
hh"7'1'
2. "I.C'I:I'. Animal husbandry requires both
training and money. fh11'1-- "I.C'I;I- 6m-4'
't-")'i" 1")H11") .1'-m.J'.:l'IA
3. 7.Clf .. Most of the people in that region are
engaged in husbandry. flU' 4'01\. ,.,,.:f
1111-,.:r; n7.clf .1'-1->~~t:-11-
Remove the husk from the corn before you
cook it! R-1'11-m-") h0d4'4'1AIJ Od.'t- ~.,
4-ID-") ' if"':,..,.,.
strip the husk ifll4'4'
You must strip the husk from an ear of com
before you cook it. 0-1'11- hou4'4'11- nL
'1-- ouif IA4':r- hiiR't-
husky
I. '1-C'i"'i". She has a husky voice. '1-C'i"'i" .r:r
, , h'l't-
2. mofl1.A. He is a very husky man, and he can
lift very heavy boxes. !m11~/A 111\ll't 0"1
?" hllY: "'T'l"'f") {l.Yt"' Y.'f~IA
hustle (vt.) M1L:I'1"<: h1l1'1
The police hustled the thief into the truck.
;r(l.{l'f 1\.'lm-") m~ ""lL'i"m- ID-11'1'
M1L;J--'t- h11111-'t-
 605
hustle and bustle
hustle (vi.)
1. .Lm"t hll. We have to hustle to get there.
l\lf..l' IIOOF:l.ll .Lm"t "711'1- hMI"t
2. -1""11.4.. We had to hustle to get the dishes
washed by six o'clock. lt.ih'l':Y."t OOP'~ ~
11'1-' (1~'1- ' l\'1'1'' 11"7:(.11 ' OD"Jf..'i'' )0(.11")
aJU ....a:a:m
hustle abOUt I dJ)liJ I
The maid hustled about putting the house in
order. 1t.'l.-l> IL-t>"t 11"7H;>~'I- tDI',J
WJI.JJ .,..,:.,:m:Y.
hustle out hi!'tt-~ hllW"l
They hustled him out of the bar. h!J-'0 IL-l>
hiJ'tf-lltJJ< ' l\IIWID"'I-
hustle to bed .P.~ hll-1"'1
Mother hustled the baby to bed. l\'01: ...nn.
") ' .,.~ ' hll-l"'i':ftJJ<
hustle and bustle "'C"'C
The hustle and bustle of the big city tires me
out. f'I-A.:Jo h-1""7 "'C"'C Yf..hoo'i 'A.
hut ~.)t
There is a little hut in the woods. "'i\JtJJ< ..,.
11'1' ' 'l-"t1i ' ~.)t ' hii:Y.
hutch [l\"tf.. 'l'"tlfA. llll- '1-'0111 l\"tlllt
+ oo'l't.Y l\"t'l.ll'"t f-f"w~ ~:]
hybrid '!.:I'll
The mule is a hybrid, being the offspring of a
donkey and a horse. O:Jo~ hhJJY'O h.Lt.ll
ff"'I-IDIIF: 'l.:l'll '0'1-
A word formed of words from different
languages is a hybrid. fA.f. A.f. lt"t!l:l":Y.
") :I'll'!- ODP<I'Yf'l' f-f"oowt.-1" ' :I'A. J1.
:I'll ' Y.IJliA.
hydran t [h'I-A.-1! ftJJ<:> "7h"7il' tJJ<:> f"''.
1111 ' !1.9"!.1.]
hydrom el 11C11
She washed her hands in preparation for
clarifying the hydromel. -IICH-"t 11"7"1~'1-
l\~"t ;J-mo:Y.
hyster ia
hyena~
Hyenas abound in Ethiopia. Oh.'H'-A-Y tJJ<Il
'I' ' ~ ' 'I"A.;t:A.
hygien e fm.'O '1'0:1' HJ'.
A team is teaching people about hygiene.
h"tF: ' !J-F:"t ' .ih11o-"t ' fm.'O '1'0:1' HJ'.
0"71l-1""7C liY. )tJJ<
hymn oo11 ...c
They exalted God in their hymns. 0""11 ...~'1'
..,. ' l\"11Lh11.h.C"t ' h'1"1(1-
~ng a hymn HODl.
The priests sang a hymn during Mass. <J:l>:Y.
O:J>JI(t. ' '1.11. ' nooo~-
hyphen "t);.ll "l"t.'I-
Only recently have we started using the hyphen
when we write Amharic . fttJ?C~ lt1'&"1f: 0
"t);.ll "l"t.'l- oPm<l'll" f~OOC)fDo O:Jo
C11 )fDo
hypocr isy "11111)'1-
He is suspected of hypocrisy. l\{1- 0"11111)
+ Y.mt.m~A.
hypocr ite "11111
One cannot depend on a hypocri te's promises.
f"11111"t ' f-1"114- ' :I'A. ' IIOD-1""700") ' hY.il'
A.II"
hypoth esis
1. "19"'1-. Your hypothesis of weather changes
has no foundation. 1111 hfC ~~;J- ooll
'I'W'I' Yllll "111"'1- oPwt.+ fllfDoll"
2. OOll II"'I-. A scientist cannot leap to
conclusions, but must test every hypothesis.
ltY."t-1:11'1- fDoit~ lloollm + hf.'flt-A .II" !
"7"t'i'lffDo"tll" oPll 11"'1- ~II- _eoot.f"
~~~~. ' l\"tl(
hyster ia 11Ch
The soldier had an attack of hysteria in the
middle of the battle. w;J-f..-1- OI"C)-1> oou
hA. ' 11Ch ' YHfDo
 606
I ~k
I am a student. ~k .,..,,.. )'f
ice n.:P..
There is ice on the ground. oot,-ft 1\f. 0~
p.. hi\
Put some ice in my drink, please! ODmm. 111-
il'l' '1'-t'l- fi.:P.. h.I:'C"Jfi'l-
cuts no ice 9"")9"' hf.1..1A
Her father's position cuts no ice with me.
J'fl:t P'A"'") Ilk f"")f" hJ'.1.A
on thin Ice
without some facts to support you, you are
on thin ice with this argument. f"''.l."''i'U h
'-'~'.!:' ov.:ll' 1t'11"fu .r.u hchc w
1'"1Uf"
iceberg ffit:P.. hll'l-
(be) icy nn.:P.. .,.ifL)
Be careful driving; the streets are icy. il'l-)'1
.,.'",.,.:,. 1 ,..,,,.,; nn.:P.. .,.if'i')1'A
Icy look
*She gave him an icy look. L:J:") hm'l&t::f-
n'l-
idea
I. '1-f"UC'l-. This book will give you a good
idea of life in ancient Greece . .e.u OD&"thtt:
ill\ T") :1"'1: "1<'-h l-1!' <No '1-f"UC'l-
J'.il'l''IA
2. hil.,.lt(lil. Their idea of beauty is quite
different from ours. ill\ m-n'l- }''l:fm- hil.,.
ltilil h'i' fi"'f" f.,.llf )<JJo
His ideas on raising children are certainly
strange. A](:f-") ill\ .,111..,
}'1\m- hil.,.lt(l
it ~")"1'1 )1C )<JJo
3. hil.,.J'f'l-. He had nebulous ideas on the
subject. ill\ 'I-'ll' 1.-11qq hil.,.J'f'l- )fit:m-
4. ~'1.,. The idea of a vacation is to get
away from work. fllt:'i''l- ~""'"'" bP'c!-
1\0DI\f'l- )<JJo
5. mltil. That is an excellent idea. ~~., 'I'
>~- mltil )m-
alve the Idea \'1~
What gave you the idea tbat I will lend you
Idealism
money? 1")Hil J'fi.I:'C'IA ill\" f)1t:U
. , , )<JJo?
have an idea OD(U\(m-)
I have an idea she will be late. ff"'l-H1}'. }'.
ODili\>;'A
have no Idea
I. h'IID4'9". You have no idea how worried
we were. f"") }'UA ~")1.il;J") h;J-m-:,0,-
2. h'l(lfif". He had no idea that work at
high school was so hard. fu-1\.,.'l' Ull' '1-
f"UC'l- ' ~ilbH.U J'.bii'IA ill\" h'l(lfi
9" )fiC
not have the Idea 1\.,ID:,. hA!I'IIf"
I haven't the faintest idea what he wants.
M ~")1-"''.LA"' 1\.,ID:,. fi'i'l\.9" hAil'
All-?"
[See also 'central, fall, flirt, impregnate, play,
strike, toy']
ideal
I. ~M.,.'l' hCh}'. King Theodore has be-
come the ideal of many young Ethiopians.
h~ of;l".l:'l!'il 1\iiH- ID"'T h.'l-f"k}'
<JJo}'") ~J'.)_,.'l' hCh}' IY)1'A
2. ~'I.,. Love of money corrupted his ideals.
f1")Hil 'i':,OC ~'\.,(J)o") hn'l'li.,.fi;J-A
3. 1.")-11. He tried to live up to the ideals of
the Christian religion. nhcil-tn 'IY..,<r'l-
1.")-11 """'t:'l- 1\0D<;'C 'l"bt:
*He's my ideal. hODAb1'1111-
ldeal (adj.)
I. .,.il.,"''.. This is ideal weather for a holiday.
hf-1- Mt:'i''l- _,.il.,"''. )<JJo
2. f(lm. This is an ideal place for swimming.
.r.u 111'<; f(lm ll:f" )<JJo
3. fi"'f" <No. It would be ideal if she could
accompany us to care for the children. A](=J;
") 1\ovmn:,. hilc!-") il'l-V..I:' fi"'f" 'I'
-1- )fiC
4. ~}'.).,.>;'. To many people Washington
personifies the ideal American. 1\iiH- ill":f-
1'"ih"l.,., f~J'.).,.'l' h"LLIt' 9"111\. )<JJo
idealism t:1Af" l-1!'
The young are influenced by idealism. ID"'.,.
:f. ' f"1Af" l-1!' ,_..<;:f1'A
idealize 607 idle

idealize 'i!l\.9" h.I!"C1 .t.+~o 3. OD/1.1'. There was no proof of the identity of
Some historians idealize their subjects. h'tJI"I the thief. 1\.'lavt ""11.1' 17""19" "7llal' h
.1!" ' f:l'<lh ' ll.:l'avt+ ' 'Ill ' :1'61>11'"1 ' MO~!I"
'i!l\.9" h.I!"C"I"'" .I'+C!Lif'FA
ideology 1'?"11-l:lt H~O.
identical Communism is an ideology. t>oa-tlf!l" h"l
I. Ah ~11"1 fODI'l/1. This pen is identical with .1!" 't~~+ f?"/1-l:lt H~IL r ~,.
the one I lost. f mof.oll~ ilc!C Ah ~11"1
fou(l/1 r ~,. idiom
I. Lll."''l! h~.;>~C. Amharic is rich in idioms.
2. h"l.l!". Both events happened on the iden-
h..,C'O' 0.1.11."1'1! r M.;>~C f0/111~ ~,.
tical day. tJo/1.,.9" .I!"C"Lof-11' '1"1.1!" clll+
,.,.,.~ ... ' "'~'"'"
2. h~.;>~C. He spoke in the idiom of the
country people. h"lf. 'llt.~C'":f M.;>~C +.,~~
be identical +oota(lfl
These two books are identical. MILII tJoll+ idiosyncrasy (idiosyncrasies) oP/1\"
ODX".tol::":f ' ~-IIM/Io Wearing only black ties is an idiosyncrasy of
his. "'"'c h&-liof-11' iii" ..,l'lc ""Ill'
identification ""11.1' ~~c CD- I )CD-
He carries identification with him all the time.
""'+c ""11.1' ~~c ~~~ Wf.llA idiot f.f.il
identification card OD~IDcf:l m~++ He looks like an idiot. Uil ~""ilit.A
Your identification card, please! hl'lh. oo:f' idiotic
ID4!f r ID~++II"I r h/lf"! h~~'l!l". This film is idiotic. ~II 4-A!I"
I.
Identification mark ,..Ah+ h~~'l!l"
Do you have any special identification rriarks? 2. ( = noun) ~A~+. His plan to spend the
1'1,.~+11 ~~~ A f. !I"Ah+ h/111 l summer in this hot place is idiotic. 0,.7m-1'
OILII '1":1'+ 11:1' 11"71111'1' "7+-'1- r
identify (identified) ~M+' ~,.
I. /If. The police identified him by his
fingerprints. ?"11.1'1- 0"1.,. h'lf&- Ill'"'"
2. h"l.l!" h.I!"C1 hf. One usually identifies
idle (vt.) F&- hllL:I'
The strike idled 300 workers. F &-
h.l!""'l,. l"ll+ ,..,_ r 1'19'11'"1 F&-
f.,~,.
wealth with success . .t.oflq'O',."I "1..11. llil+
'~" fl"&- "":!'"+"! r h"l.l!" h.I!"C~,. f ML:I'
"?JY.' hl\o Idle (vi.) 1"&- L:l'
3. oPIJ'\o-"1 hG:>~m. John identified the bag Are you going to spend your whole vacation
as his by telling what it contained. \'.to"Ill 'If just idling? fcl~'l'+ 1.11.11"1 ' n-11- ' P'
"1"1,. "'"il'l' .1'11,."1 h:l' /\~of 0""" &- r L-1-11 A:l'lloi\LtJ)o r ~"'" l
~c 'lf"l"'"'"
fCfl. oull'\o-"1 h~.;>~m *Let the motor idle to warm it up! '1"-K-"1 h
identify oneself ll~Fof-11 r h"l'l.'l":t> _,.OJ,.
Can you identify yourself1 ..,"! +'lit./111 l Idle away h'IM I hm4-
*He refused to identify himself with the Don't idle away your time! "1..11.11"1 h:l''lh"l
scheme. hiLII h:t-.1!" ,.ll'l' hA~'IR+!I" (h:l''1'4-)
h/1
idle (adj.)
be Identified "'"I'H+ h/1,.
I. h"l.,., That's just idle talk. h"l.,. ID&.
He is identified with the new party. lVI. ~,.
fl. :rc-1: .;>C "'""'H+ h/1,.
2. f..,~~'l. Idle rumors pop up every so
identity often. f..,~~q ID&. Of"LII."'" ~~'i!IIA
I. of-OD/1/IM+. She observed the identity of 3. lli''f:. The reason he is so poor is because
the dresses. fAiiMl"l oJ-tiP/1/1~~+ llf":f he is idle. ff.1if"'" M'i! ll/111'~ ~,.
2. ..,"!~+. The writer concealed his identity
4. """'~+ ILll I'll'~. I tried to dispel his
under an assumed name. K"'"-"'" ..,'~~"''~ idle fears. """'~+ r ILll I'll'~ r 'i!CY_,."I lt.ll
0/l.lt. ' 1'19" ' if.~.~,. ID"'.I!"II+ ' 'l"hCit-
idleness 608 ignominious

5.1"6- fi.:J-. This factory has no idle machin- idyll [fq'11e'J 1-C' f"7.1AK' h"l"e :J-
ery. ,1'.11 <f.i1.61J 1"6- fi.:J- OD"f6f 6h ' <D,I'.'I" "1'1''1"]
f(IJo'J"
if
be idle JP&- ,t.;J- I. f + perfect + h'JS'.Ift. If anyone asks
Her fingers are neveridle. h~ '1"'1"1..11.'1" I" for me, say I'll be right back. II.,. fl.fl1't
6- hJ'.I.:J-'1" h'JS'.Ift ' ho-'J ' J'.ODfl/tA. OA.
Many people are idle at present. Qp.~ ~ "LH. 2. h'JS'. + (perfect). See if there is any mail
ill!- lll":f 1"6- 1.1-'I'A. for me. S'.il-'10. h'J'Ifl't hJ'.
idle workman P&- ~L+ (lm- 3. imperfect + h'JS'.Ift. He asked me if
1 see many idle workmen in the streets. ooo1-1 I knew Amharic. h"''e>;' t..,.;r. h'JS'.Ift
J!: 'IJ'. ill!- 1"6- 1.'1- lll":f hf(IY. mf.,.'t
lay idle. stand idle JP&- 1 L:J- 4. h + (perfect). If you like, we can go
The factory lay idle for years. <f.ii&!Jw- flil straight home. hl.fl"lll 0.,.'1':1- 7.0.'1-
It- ~-:r:r- 1"6- 1.:1- A.'J'/.J!: h'J:f'lfi'J
The factory has been standing idle for a year. I'll go if he goes. h'/.S'. h '/.'lflo-
<f.ii&!Jw- 1\'JJ!: ~-:r- 1"6- I.:J- Sing if you want to. hl.fl"lll 11.1..'J
[See also 'speculation 'I 5. 'I"'J'I" h'J\>. il + (imperfect). If he
made a mistake, at least he meant well. 'I"'J'I"
idleness h'J\>. llih-t-'1- IL"'&- h<f.'l- hl\110'1"
I. II'J<;:<;, Idleness is not the only cause of *If I had known, I wouldn't have done it.
poverty. fJ!:1h'l- ontlf II'J<;:<; ill" hJ'. qw-;r. 'I'C' h'ls>.e,.,.'l" toe
S'.fl'l"
if only!
2. 1"6- 1.'1-t'l-. Idleness begets crime. 1"6-
*If I could only get there! h'JS'.'I"'J'I" hll.f
1.'1-t'l- <D'J~A'J fllh'I-1\A.
iiS'.CII I
idler 1"&- 1.'1- [See also 'as, even, ever, what']
Laziness makes us all idlers. ll'lt;:.'i F&- ignite (vt.)
1.'1- fS'.e1'0A. I. h.,."'mfl. They ignited the twigs to warm
idol "'P'I- themselves. floP'I";r. "1"6-C'ID-'J h.,."'mll-
People worshipped idols before Christianity 2. 7.4'1- hffH. He ignited the paper with
came. hell'l-<; hoP'J"nJ-1> 01.'1- lll":f a lighted match. hil6'1- "l"C' <Dl..,.-lo'J Oh
4'1- hffH
"'P'I- f""Ah- toe
ignite (vi.)
idolatrous "'P'I- h'l"llh. I. tS'.S'.. Paper ignites easily. <Dl..,.'l- 0.,.'111-
The idolatrous peoples were punished by God. M'IA
"'P'I- h'l"'lh.l"'ll ih1111:f Oh"lll.hilm.e 2. 7.4'1- 1-ffH. The dry twigs ignited from
.,..,."'" a spark. "1"6-C'Jo O'i''J"'6 7.4'1- 1-ffH
idol a try f"'P'I- h'I"A.l> 3. I.M. The gunpowder is damp and won't
Christianity denounces idolatry. fhell'l-<; Y ignite. q<IJI. llfll.mO hJ'.I.M'I"
,1'."7'1''1- f"'P'I- h'I"Al>'J ftD"I'IA. ignition, turn on the ~ 41A.<;: hl.i"
practice Idolatry IIJPT 1\0Dl\h Tum on the ignition and start the carl 4111.4-'J
Jews used to practice idolatry in ancient times. h.t.'l-<; ' ODh.<;.,.') 0 hllt"f""'
O'I''J'I- "1..11. hl/.o-P.:f "'P'I- fOOA,h- tOe ignoble
idolize t.onflh I. <D&--'1. A cheat is an ignoble man. h:J-1\J'.
(laJo I BJ&--'J I tdJo
They say that the ancient Ethiopians idolized
2. f"7.flt<;:e. Their ignoble defeat will go
a serpent. f'J"J'I- h.'l-f"lrfro-n OH'JP.
down in history. f"7.flt<;:e J!:A. onoo:J-
f""Ah- toe 11-q'IA
Young people often idolize football players. :1-'I'OJo ' :J-6h ""'11'1' ' 1/.11<;:6-A.
<D"'-1'-:f ill!- "1..11. \>.11 T"'i'l':r-'t fOD ignominious
AM''!' A I. hta'i-6. Shooting an~ unarmed person in
ignorance
the back is an ignominious act. ODUft.Y IA.I
H't (If& -t-t.il4' fl-rf.'l- 00'/":J-'1- All
of-6 .f:C'I.'I- tm-
2. I>'I'..:.;E'. His ignominious punishment only
made him more rebellious. I>'I'..:.;E' :J-"1.,
fq(l ooos>;' l>t.t:11&
ignorance
I. .f:'HtC'i'. I have never seen such ignorance.
,..,.,.11.11 Yil mc'i' 1>:>-r'I"'S'I" 1>
'II&:J>
2. l>il"'lw:J>. Ignorance of the law is no excuse.
ih.,.,. l>ii"'IW:J> h:J-"1'1- I>YJ:-.,.'1"
3. 1>'1'1'-l:t'l-. He showed abysmal ignorance
of Ethiopian conditions. ilil 1>.'1-f'kY 1J-l!.
:1' W'-C ' ftl.ilf&.,. ' l>'l'l'of:t.'f- :J'ffl.'f-
ignorant
I. ,_.,..,.!!',
She is such an ignorant person!
l\.,.1.'1- Yil'+ ,_.,..,.!!'
'i''l-
2. f"l"~.,.. The student gave an ignorant
answer. ..,....,t.tJJo f~)."J ODA.lt {lm
be Ignorant I>'IW+'I"
You are ignorant of the reasons for her be-
havior. l\.,.-'1.11 f'I"'I-IJ"lofl'l-.,. 'l"h.,.Y'I-
l>:l'm-:J-'1"
ignore l-'1 l>il
I ignored the rebuke. "'"'ll......,. l-'1
Il-l-
be Ignored :f"llL
Such vehement aspersions cannot be ignored.
,..,.-'1.11 Yil hqs:- m"'/.'1- f"'L:l'il~ 1>
f.t.il'l"
ill (n.)
I. fl'ii:l'. She told us about the ills she had
had. lllltflt;q'l- fl'ii:l' t1t:lo.,.
2. oo:J-.,.~'1-. War is one of the great ills.
...ct'l- h:l''I'I:J> oo:J>...'i'-1'"+ h.,..!J. tm-
3. hf.. Don't do ill to those who won't
agree with you! IJ.,.-1- :>C f"'lf.il..,-'1-.,.
hf. 1>'1-F..:.q'fm-
4. 4:'1". I harbor no ill toward those who have
wronged me. flflt.II-'S Ill"'+ 'If. M'l"
4:'1" I>Af.ll'l"
Ill (adv.)
work ill done will not be paid for. 0'-'til
'IA.-1-"'"- """' 'I',;J l>f.hd.A.'I"
Ill effects .,.;E't'I-
The doctor explained to him the ill effects
of smoking. miL- f/UI'"-"'""' .,..,t't'l-
l>ilt:'lm-
609 ill
ill feeling 'l'l\=-=
He still has ill feelings toward his old enemies.
l>o-.,.'1" ilil .f:l!' m'I-Al -r'lil' l>ilm-
111 luck
I. ou-r~ 1>:>"1"'1.. It was ill luck to meet my
boss when I had reported that I was sick.
:1''1""'/.Yilo- il\1. IJil:l'w:J-0. fl:\'1 l>il
?\1..,. ..,"''f-1: OD'J'~ h,;J"l"''. tflC
2. hf. t1C. He carries a charm to ward off
ill luck. hhf. t1C iiODmfl:J> .f:"''l"'l- l>.f:
C'iA.
ill manners ilA'1'i
His ill manners make him unpopular with
everyone. ilA."''i'l& flll-11-'1" H.,..f: f-1-m
'I Y'-C1'1'A
Ill turn 1-'1'1-
He did me an ill tum by telling the boss of
my mistakes. ilhil:l'\1. ilihM'f't flOD'i'1
c ""'"" l>t.t:l'lil'S
Ill will hf. .....,..r.il
His ill will showed clearly in his face. hf. ""
"'"-II- Rd._, 'If. "11\l\' ll''r f.:l'f. tRC
be ill l;ooOD(m-)
+He was very ill and couldn't go to school.
hf.>;' 1>'1"'1- lllltflt: WIIC'I- IL'I-
ll.'t.f: I>A.il'il'l"
I>A.
be Ill-advised flOD'J'~ 'l"hC -t-oo.:.
He was ill-advised to take that trip. n.,. .,_,.
YJ'.t:1m- fl""'l'~ 'l"hC -t-ooc-r- tm-
be Ill at ease l\.,.t.A.II- oofl"lo I>A.il'il'l"
He is ill at ease in the company of rich people.
hllil:J''f"'{- ,;JC l'l..fl"lo ' l\.,.J'.A.II- ODIJ"lo h
f.'+A.'I"
be illdlsposed toward ml\
He is ill-disposed toward the workers' com-
plaints. r .....:.-J-'l''!l") 1>(1..,:1' J'.m'IA.
be Ill-provided
They were ill-provided with rifles. flof: moo.,.
:It I>A.-1-11"1'1'1&'1"
be Ill with fever 1>-t-h-1\(m-)
+He is ill with fever and has to go to the hospital.
il'l-1-hollm- wt. mh.'l" n..r oo'(..f: hil
fl'l-
be In Ill health m.'i' fill&'/"
He is in ill health now and cannot go to work.
l\Cil- m.'i' ililtl.ill& F"- l'l..'t.f: I>J'.l-A.'I"
be Jn ill repute ~t:10D
Fascism has always been in ill repute. 4-1.11
'I" M'I.H.'I" l\.,.J'.-J-t:1oo tm-
 illegal
(he) can Ill afford II.I''I'"'OJ-9"
He can ill afford to quit his job now. llrJ-'t
P' &om-'t ' ""T"'" ' II.I''I'"'OJ-9"
fall Ill :J-ooOD
He has fallen ill and cannot come to the party.
iiii:J"""oo ~.I'. ;rc-tm- fl.oP"' ll.f.":fA9"
feel Ill :J"""oo
She felt ill, so her teacher sent her to the nurse.
iiii:J"-ou":f ...,. ... a: ' IDS'. tCjl. 'lhii'T
house of Ill repute f{J.+Oj= h.~6 11.+
There are many houses of ill repute in the city.
oflll- fll.T'l' 11116 fl.of-":f Oh.,_.,..,. m-
ilT 1111-
of ill repute
She is a woman of ill repute. ll.T,.. 11116
-;.-,.
apeatc Ill of Ohio M"'
He spoke ill of his neighbors. '1-<:fi.-H!'t Oh
4- M"'lf
talc, Ill
t: ,....__ He took ill after eating fish.
't-i I bfio\ o:>.11 :!-,....,
2. !tc TilT. He took my promotion ill because
he thought he deserved it. 1111- f"'1.11JID-
""IT)tJ 11"'1~ O'r.l<:"l 1.~1: :J>c TilT
treat Ill 0.1'..11
He treated his son ill. A:('t O.I'..IIID-
[See also 'humor']
illegal ih1 IDT 1 hih"l .,..,. fll''l
It is illegal to counterfeit money. 1\iloPilfl- 1
'tHofl oPJ"&.T ih1 IDT (hih"l o ..,..,_..
fll't) T"IIJC tiD-
illegible f"''MOofl
His illegible writing gave the secretary a lot
of trouble. f"7.f.t0ofl ll'ih.t.-1: 1\dtd.'l''t 0
"19" 1111'1'1&-T
be Illegible ll.f.'l0ofl9"
His writing is illegible. ll'ihL-1: IIMOoflll"
illegitimate
I. ih1 dJT. This is an illegitimate claim. .f.
II ' ih1 dJT '1'.1'4: o )ID-
2. hih"l ..,..,... fll''l. His illegitimate dealings
were revealed in court. hih"l .,..,. fll''l
11.(-&.'11: O'i'C~ ' fi.T I -1-1111\0T
Illegitimate child Jl:)'l\
Can illegitimate cbildren inherit from the
father? 11.:1''1 hiiiJT 1 ll.mCil .f.":f'IA't l
610 illuminate
ill-fated 1.1'.. llil
The bodies of the men on that ill-fated expedi-
tion were nevet found. flHJ' 11.. fl.l'l ..,.,.
'l.f. f'I"-I>T lll"":f "-II O'i'l\.9" IIA
T1T9"
ill-founded oo.,<:.-,. fii.IIID-
He presented an ill-founded plea for mercy.
.,..,<:.-,. fii.IIOJ- f9"ih<:T Aoo<; 114'<:0
illicit fThllhll
He got into trouble selling illicit goods.
fThllhii-T't ' lf4't"":f ' ll.ifT ODh&o "
.f. m.l'..4'
illiteracy ""7.f.9"'1T
They are trying to combat illiteracy. ou7.f.9"'1
T't 11"71D-.1'..9" .f.'l"h&-11-
illiterate ou7.f.9"
The illiterates are being helped to learn to
read. ou?.f.'l"":f "7't0ofl 0"""7C 'l.f. <;'!'m-
ill-mannered 1111'1
He is an ill-mannered boy. IJII'l AY: 'liD-
ill ness ih""ll"
ll't~
...Her
9"')illness lasted one week. ihoP".'t
..,. ' .,.,fl..,.
illogical hThhll'l' lliiTf(llofl fm"'
Her arguments are strictly illogical. hcha:
hThhll'l' lliiTf(llofl ft"' 'IID-
111-omened 1.1'.. !Lil
Everybody on the ill-omened expedition perish-
ed. rJ-1\-11" 01.1'.. ILII- 1-1' 'l.f. liM
ill-tempered "'m-
My boss is ill-tempered. 1111:1'11- "'m- )m-
ill-treat
I. ll't1'1:1" 111'1-f('l<ll. Don't ill-treat the horse!
11..<:11-'t II:J"'t1'1:1"0J- (II:J-'1-f(.,...IIID-)
2. 0.1'..11. Parents should not ill-treat their
children. m'l]f:'f A](!J''I'ID-'t ooO.J'..A filii
'I'ID-9"
ill-treatment O.I'..A
Her ill-treatment of her children is well known.
A}(!J! 'l.f. fii":J".I'..C11D- O.I'..A f:J"m4' 'liD-
illuminate
I. -ocn lim. Street lights illuminate the
street. foP't1~ oPofl&oof-":f ' IIOO't1JI. o of!C?'t
.1'-11"111-
illumination
2. t.11cl-cl-. He illuminated a difficult passage
in the Bible. h""ll'dt'i' :,0.11-!1 tJJoil'l' t.1
Y: ' t.ll'l':>tl ' f"")q11 ' t.11cl-cl-
3. OP'6A t.!l"l.m. In former days Ethiopian
scribes illuminated the manuscripts. filf'"t-l-
'1..11. ' fh.'l-f"k, ' 1\.l,ol.jP:f ' f11cl-'i" ' 1\'dt-t::
:f1 OF6A '!l"l.m-'l''fm- ~oc
4. t.Ocl-. A smile illuminated her face.
oi.1"1;Jo .1.;1:1 t.Ocl-tJJo
be illuminated
1. flP"iiA. 1t"'.m. Some Ethiopian manu-
scripts are illuminated. t.1JI1Y: fh.'l-f"k'
f11cl-'i" 1\'dt-t:::f OP'6A nm- 'i"'l'm-
2. t.lfO<:.,.. The streets were illuminated for
the celebration. llh11<: O'ill- ""111'-'ll t.lf
11c.,.m- ~oc
illumination .,11cl-tl'
The illumination of his theory was not con-
vincing. !Ill 61!1 dtltll- f(lmm- .,11cl-
tl' h'l':>fl t.A~O<:!I"
mmnination in the hall is provided by
large electric lights. llt.Jicl-lf. 11C?1 f"''..(l
tn-T 't-Aol\:,0 ' fl>tl.11: OD11&-fo:f 'i"'ftJJo
illusion f.,.,..,...,. t.!l"~'t-
He has the illusion that everyone likes him.
rJoll-1"" J'.tDS'.'"lA f"''..A f.,_ltlt.,_ t.!l"~'t-
t.lltJJo
give the illusion of OD(tA
This wallpaper gives the illusion of a brick
wall. J'.IJ ' f"IY:"IJI ' tDl:.,.T ' m-ofl ' J'.ODMol\
illustrate
I. 11"""111"" S'-11'1 H1Y: "'ll. He illustrated
the book with many beautiful drawings. 11"""1
1\- I f.rrt I H"}.f.:' I OD~dt4- I .:D-{l'f' I -flH- I
tJJoofl ' f11'). ' P'6ir':f ' "'ll
2. t.11cl-cl-. I can illustrate this best by an
example. S'-111 Ol"'ltl\. fOIIm '111cl-cl-tJJo
t.:f'lllrJo
be Illustrated P'6ir':f t.ll-(0'1-)
The book is beautifully illustrated. oPI\'dt4-
~"'~"'"" ' P'6ir':f ' t.ll-0'1-
illustration
I. P'6A. The catalogue has many illustrations.
IJ;J-11-1- ' 1111- P'6lr':f t.ll-'1-
2. .,11U'. He cited some examples in illus-
tration of his theory. lldtltll- .,11U' t.1
-'11 Y: !l"ltl\.l":f1 m.,.(l
illustrative .,11cl-tl'
A good teacher uses many illustrative examples
611 imagination
to explain difficult ideas. ouA.ttr ODr'tJC
bqY: dtlt111 11_,!1<:-'1'1- 01111- ..,11U,
!"'tal\. J'.m.,..,A
illustrator "''ill.
An illustrator can earn much money working
for magazines. w'lA. iloPX"th.-f':fo P"IJIA
OOD"fol\ ' 1111- 11011 ' U1~ ' J'.:f'IA
illustrious
1. 1'1'1. The Emperor came from an illus-
trious family. 1'7-IV )1P"-iz h1'i'i O.+
(111 ' f.,.tDII-'1- ' 'i"'ftJJo
2. {lou 1'C. Washington and Lincoln are
illustrious Americans. 'l'"li1"11"1'i" 11.1l>A1
11"" "'c t.oouiJm-n 'i"'fm-
image
I. t.l"'ltA. God created man in his image.
t."IH.t.11dt-C (lm-1 Ot.l"'ltll- ol.m<:m-
2. ooAh. She saw her image in the mirror.
ODol\\>,1 Ooo!I;JotD-1> t.f:f
3. !"'!lA. Do not worship graven images!
:,.ell' !l"!llr':f1 t.:Joi"'Ah
4. dtlt11. Images of what might happen fright-
ened her. ,..,. ,1.oolfl ,..,.., rOJ..A d\
411 t.lfOcl-'t-
*She's the image of her mother. 41C'l' t.'i";l:
1' """
imaginable
*He tried everything imaginable. t.11A .,
!111 f"''..:fllm-1 rJoll- 'l"h~A
hardly Imaginable
*That's hardly imaginable! ' J'.l1''i"A -J-ofl
fro ' f"''..:Jo{l11 hJ'.J'..II!I"
imaginary
I. dtlt11 ftDIIS'.tJJo l Odtlt11 ftD"'. The story
describes an imaginary hero. ;Jot: boo f"7..1AII
tJio ' dtlt11 ' ftDIIS'.tJJo") ' )';"l'i" ~tJio
Was the figure you saw last night real or
imaginary? '1-'i""t't- .,;Jo 'f1im- ~1C t.
m-~.,.>; ~oc mJ'.II Odtta11 fm"' 1
2. f"''..,AI"'. The mental patient raved about
his imaginary business. ft.t.l"'t: .hoP!"'.,.
'"/tJJo ' !lll~oi\ODtJio 0 1"1Y: ' :J>1f"
imagination
I. 'iS'-~ ~ll.'i". He saw the whole world in his
imagination. O'iJ'.~ ~ll.'i"tJJo 'iiiM o-11-
M
2. dtlln lid.)+. Thisjob:requiresimagination.
J'.IJ P'cl- dtltO !14-~'t- J'.mJ'.:l'A
Imaginati ve
3. ll"'':t-. Stories of adventures fire children's
imagination . f)';ofiJI. -1-.:.,.:f f<h!'i''M II
"'':t- Ulloloflll-
4. Aofl mil:. That's pure imagination. Y 'i!
~II" Aofl aJilF: )dl-
[See also 'stretch']
imaginati ve Rdtflll- l.m.!- f"''..:fA
The imaginative child made up horror tales.
Rdtflll- l.mo!- f"''..:fA A)!; Alll.o'.
;l'o'.l>:f't ' l.mt:
imagine
1. .!-(1-'t Af. Imagine that you are on a desert
island! II"F:t: R-'1 RIJ'):f A't.ll.:t- ~(1.:,0
'I.e. A't-'lllll 11')11 o!-llll't Afm-
2. ""llll(m-).+S heimagined someone was watch-
ing her. IIOJ< f"''..YY:t- ""~'~'~+
3. AIIR. Can you imagine him becoming
famous? ),(1. '11);;' .e.ll''i'A oflllll ;Jollqllll?
4. om4>. I cannot imagine whom you mean.
'"l't't '"lll:t-11 A't~ll') A'lmoloo-11"
5. Rdtflll- l.mt:. He is just imagining it.
1111" oflll- Rdtflll- Afl.mt:m- )m-
6. ;l'f. I cannot imagine what you mean.
fll":t-llm- A,e.;l'~ll"
imbecile )!;A
Only an imbecile would drink iodine to heal
a cut 411111-'t ll'"l-'l't Af'-'1.'t f"''..m"'
)!;A ofl!l' )OJ<
imbibe
1. oomm. The roots of the plant imbibe
moisture from the earth. f~6 P'~ h""<l.
:to OJ<ll'l' AC'I'R:t-'t ,e.oo"'ll-
2. 1'4>t:K(R:t-). +ChiJdren often imbibe super-
stitions that last all their lives. ofllf' '1.11. a.
Y'i':t- aa.,e.m;Jo'l'm- ,....11- f"''..~.e. A'I-A
All"):t- ' ,e.4>.:K"qlf'I'A
imbue '1"'1
He imbued his son's mind with the ambition
to go to college. fA)i'.'t AAII"r: 1>1\.;E- aoo
.,q:,.. 'i!'l1:t-. '1"1\0J<
be Imbued
1. 1'1'm. They are imbued with a warlike
spirit Rf'lC OO'JI.ll -t-m-m1'A
2. 1'oollm. He is imbued with patriotism.
RII1C t;:ol>C f1'00(Im )m-
imitate.
1. 4>-'1. He imitates the foreign way
dressing. fiiJ-6fl' A1C AllqRII .e.4>-'IA
612 Immacula te Conceptio n
2. R - - - m"J. The little boy imitated his father.
A)!'.' qq-1>' aJ"'
3. hlloollll. The students amused themselves by
imitating the teacher. 1''"1o'.l"'ll OOII"II-1-'t
Wll,...llll- fl004>1lK- o!-fllfm-'t A~ll-1>
4. A't.II.""IIA II'). Wood is sometimes paint-
ed to imitate stone. A't-'I'JK' '1.11. F:'t;J,e.
A't.II.OOIIA ll''f' ~'t ....+ 4>1111" ,e.4>qA
5. Alloollll- -l-'i'1t:. There are machines that
imitate human speech. fllm-'t 't"I"IC All
""llllm- f"''..'i'1'1- oo11...,.:f All-
be imitated by
Their immoral conduct was imitated by others.
h"loflt: 1ofl):t- .....,. fll') ll"""qo!-lfm-'t
11.11-:fll" -t-h1'11-+
imitation (n.)
1. lim- P'.!-11. These pearls are merely clever
imitations. Mll.ll ~'t4<l":f flHl'. f1'1.m
'1- ......... P'.!-1\':f .,..,..,.
2. olo;E-. The carving is an imitation of an
old Chinese piece. oloc~ fK-r: f!l',e.'i' P'
.!- olo:E- )dl-
3. hl\.11-:f ooolo.o;+. We learn things by im-
itation. A't-'I'JK' )1i::f fM'"It:OJ< hl\.11-
:f. nooolo.o;:t-. )dl-
lmitatlon (adj.)
1. f"''..ooiiA. This is made of imitation leather.
,e.u f1'P'o!-dl- ' ~-'I h"''..DDIIA )1C )OJ<
2. lim- P'.!-11. He bougbt imitation pearls.
........ P'.!-11 ~'t ,~
do Imitations of 7t.fODfi:A :f"f
The comedian did imitations of famous people.
A'"11''1l ;l''l'lolo lll":f't ),foo(lll ;l'f
immacula te
1. 'i!~ll" 't~. Her clothes are immaculate.
Aofl(l~ 'i!~ll" 't~ .,..,....
2. A'th't fll.llOJ<. His immaculate conduct
won the teacher's praise. 7t.1'h'1 t'A.Am- m
q(!. fOOII"II-1-'t ll"li;J'i' A-1-t:l.ll:t-
lmmaculate life 11..4"+
The book describes the immaculate life of the
saint. ""ll"dt4- 1111 o}>JI.(I. ofl:l'+ .e.1A
KA
Immacula te Conceptio n ),oo(L;Jo:f't flF:
't"IA'i' 008)11
The Holy Scripture tells about the Immaculate
of Conception. A""IL;I':f't flF:'t"IA'i' 008)j).
't ""~~"m'i! ol>JI.II Yllt:-'IA
immaterial
(be) immaterial
I. "111-'i' hJ'.S'.ti.'J". Spirits are immaterial.
ou<;o;:ll'l- "111-'i' hf.S'.flo'J"
2. "If: fttm-'1". What you do is immaterial
to me. h't.,. iltt'J":I"S'.C~m- hl. "If:
ftt~'J"
The cost is immaterial to him, if the quality
is good. 'A.:Jo~ 1 -No 1 hlf~ 1 A'P;1m- 1 ..,J': 1
ffliD"V"
immature
I. ,I'Afll'ltt. An immature ear of corn is not
good to eat. ,I'Afllltt fl"fto ""11'1'1- '1''1-
hf.S'.ftV"
2. fl1'.'t11 ,I'A;I"IIflfl'l-. Immature plans will
result in failure. fl1'.'t11 ,I'A:I"IIflQlfm- h
:,Op.';f 'i'll"',,'lfm- h,I'V"CV"
be immature 1tAflllA9""
She is very immature for twenty-three. Y,1'
'11'1- 'lou'!- lllf<;"'I-V" ~<; hAfllltt
"f'l"
immeasurable roll't ftt.ttm-
It is difficult to imagine the immeasurable
space of the universe. (IJ(l'} 1 fi\.Am-'t 1 f'I-A
0D 0 'lfi.,'Jo'J 0 il'i-'Jo 0 fiOD~OD'Jo 0 J\illf;J6 0
)(Do
immediate
I. f.,.'i-m) l A.m't ,I'fl. Take immediate action
on my request! tt'l',1'4:\1. f.,.'i-m) m-lt~ II
'I'A~
Ylt
I am in favor of immediate action. Lm't 1
hCV"l!' h't'l.fDIIf: hl'."l'i-ttv-
2. r:,Oc11. My immediate neighbor is Mr.
Parker. f:,Oc11 '1-<:11.1: "''.il.,.c ;rcllc
)ID"
Only the immediate family will attend the
funeral. f:,Oc11 ' nooP.'fl .. 11iF ' ""'"'"' ' I") '
I"C'l'l- I\f. f.~'1 flo
I can't tell you our immediate plans. f:,Oc11
t.:,O'I"f't't A)"ICU hA"fAV"
3. hillf'l>.f.. He is presumptuous; he de-
manded the minister grant him an immediate
interview. "''.til"""' hillf'l>.r- oo"ltt"'i h
't'l.llflloT flDDmf<l 1'.'1-C )m-
4. ( ~ adv.) ,l'~m-l-. They pressed me for an
immediate answer. Y~). 1 tiD/Ail 'A't.J!"fl"l' J
~'1-4-~
5. ( ~ adv.) fi'I,H.m-. This check will take care
of your immediate needs. fl'l.rt.m- tt"''.,,'IIA.A
"IU "'"'- f.U 'lih f.R:J'YA
613 immerse
immediate cause
What was the immediate cause of their
quarrel? mQlfm-'t fof>llof>llm- Mf:)m- l
Immediate neighborhood 1\:,0tl-ll,l'
There is no school in the immediate neighbor-
hood. RILU t.:,Otl-ll,l' '1-I"'UC'I- 11.'1- fttl"'
be in immediate contact T)IJ.I]
These two objects are in immediate contact.
hULU v-tt'l- )~C""f _,.Hrh.,.'PA
in the immediate future flol-Cil-
We expect no big change in the immediate
future. n:,Ocn- '1-A:,O flfD-'1' h'JS'-"7.1'.<:"1
.,.11'1- ' h<;"S'.C"IV"
immediately
I. ho-l-l-. I will go there immediately.
hv->> MU' hY.'Ittv-
2. ro'L,I'm-l-. Immediately afterwards I heard
a scream. ro'L,I'm-l- llfl..l' fl:\1\ ""li'~-
11.,.,.
3. Ah. The railroad station is immediately
to the north of the post office. fQfK. "'ll,!'
Ah 11?'11:1" 11.1> flii.,.II"'L't )ID"
immemorial
*These customs are handed down from time
immemorial. MH.U QUfto';f h'l''tT 'F.'I"
(!" 0 {1.,1',1'1!- 0 fODIJlo 0 <;lf'tDo
[See also 'time']
immense
I. fl"'V" llol.. They have an immense living
room. R"''J" llol. flf) ltfto't hl\lf'm-
2. fl"'V" h'i' ,l'ft. His services to the state
have been immense. AtiD't.,P"+ Yl..t.1m- 1
h1A"Ifto'l- fl"''J" h'i' ,l'tt )flC
3. "111-'i'. The Empire State Building is an
immense building. fh.l"';rr.c 111:'1- ih'JK
"111-'i' ih'JK )ID"
immensely fl"''J" h~
They eqjoyed themselves immensely. h~ ' n
"'V" ' .,.1'.111>
immerse )h<:
He immersed the package in water. 'I':,Otr't
(Do~ ' ID"il'l' ' )hlm-
The priest baptizes by immersing the child
in water. -ttr 1 ,n,)."} m-;) 1 m-ilT fltiD
'tllC ,l'mi"':J'flo
be immersed +'Pm
He was immersed in his work. flP" &m- +
ID"tn )flC
immigrant
immigrant
I. M.,.:;'. Immigrants are welcome here.
llS'..,.'l''li ~11.11 ~'t'l.'f-1- ,I'..L4'S'.'II'f'I'A
2. oom.. He was an immigrant to the United
States. 11-<;,1'.'1-S'.' 11-1:'1-ll ""IlL )fiC
immigrate "'ll
He hopes that no Chinese will immigrate to this
country. h't'I:Y.!I" flJ'J'.<; .,. ... 11~ IDS'. h1
-1- ~'t'IJ'.11J ,('.00:;'1\
immigration
I. M'l-. There has been immigration to
America from all countries of Europe. I"Jm-C"
:r Mc-:Y. tJoll- IDS'. h"'UIJ llS'.T
_,.S'.C'IA
2. llS'..,.'l':Y.. The immigration of 1918 included
many Italians. R1iifX 't.!l".boom-'1- M.,.'l':Y.
ODIJbA 1111- h."'AY'f:Y. )fi-1-
The government has reversed its policy on
immigration. OD")CIJJP1: r llA r llF..+,";fo .,..
'I.e nn<:OJ-1' hoo&-c n.,..+&-tOJ- 11
IBm
3. h."7.."10:.1i't. The Immigration Office gives
work permits. fh."'l."'0:.1i't ""P't.Y IL-"1-
fP'&- .t..+S'.' ,l'.ll"'A
imminent
*They ran home because of the imminent
storm. bODIIJaJo DYJ)OA. Aoo.';") mF.. r O.;t-
Tm- I l!m-
be imminent f"7f_.+C ~aJo
Let us presume that economic collapse is
imminent! fll.l>'f"'L OJ-S".-4''1- f"7 J'.4'C )
OJ- ~'tRA
one who has optimism will not believe that
war is imminent. ,_., hlJ.fl fll') (l(l)o tnC
)'f- J'.)"'A 1111- hYil11!1"
immobile, remain ,..., 4'1' oflll- IJ.oo
The commander remained immobile while the
Emperor was inspecting his troops. ,..,...,.. )
1P'_, ID;I-S'.C"'Ii't ll."I-R't' h'11f' 4''1' 11
~ cf.oo
immobilize hill!" hll4'oom
Illness immobilized him. ih""!l" hill!" hll4'
oomOJ-
immoderate, adj. c~ adv.) bOOm't. Rl\,1'.
The child has an immoderate appetite for
sweets. Alt 1 "14-"T" ~"'C 1 hoom1' 01\f.. f..
ID'!A
614 immovables
immodest
I. hM'I't.. She had on an immodest dress.
hM'I't. A111l 111111 )fiC
2. ( ~ noun) )OJ-C. Interrupting her husband
is considered immodest for an Ethiopian
woman. llh.'1-l'"t;Y'l!'l- 11.'1- IJA ll.<;1C
"11\:1' OO"JIJ'I- ~'tS'. )ID-C ,l'. ... m&-1\
3. '1-a.T<; f'I-S'.II(ID-). Her behavior is immod-
est. !I""'IJa: '1-ih'l-<; f'I-S'.IIOJ- )OJ-
immolate oneself &-(1.1' ,...,. 1 &(1.1' oo
P''l'~'l- hS'-<:1
He immolated himself to protest the invasion
of his country. Y,-1-1' """'l:C noo:I'ID
!I" &-(1.1' "''~' (&-(1.1' ""P''I'~'I- hS'-<:1)
immoral
I. b"111<: 111)'1- .....,_.. fll'). Their immoral
conduct was imitated by others. b"'11<: 111~
'1- .....,_.. fll') !I""'IJ&-'fiD-1' (1.1\-:f!l" .,.
b.,.ll-'1-
2. "111<: 111)'1- f'I-S'.IIOJ-. He is immoral
because he takes bribes. 1-ll llll"'l.RII "111<:
111)'1- f'I-S'.IIID- )ID-
immortal (n.) ihYID- Ill"" YIIOJ-
Shakespeare is one of the immortals of English
literature. ll:bll"t:C ihYOJ- Ill"" IJII'fOJ-
~1'"111.11 l\.lo.Ll":Y. ' h't-'1- )ID-
Immortal (adj.) ihYOJ-
Only God is immortal. ihYID- ~"'H.h11.1o.C
11il' )ID-
immortality ihYOJ-)'f-
Immortality is one of God's attributes. tltJ'iD"~
'1- b~"'H.h11.1o.C IJiht..l''l- h't-'1- )ID-
immortalize IIHI\11!1" ~1''1.;1-0Jil hS'-<:1
The artist immortalized his mother in a paint~
ing. "''tii.ID- ~<;_,1' P'~A P'll- IIHII
11!1" ~1'.1:''1-:I'IDil hS'.<:;J-"1-
immovable f"7J'.R1C
The child's immovable stubborness could not
be overcome by threats. fA)!: f"7J'.R1C ~
AU R"71l.L&-&-'f- ~1'\\1' I\.ID1S'.' hi\.,.
il'll!l"
be immovable J\AT'l4'1J4'(l9'"
The ancient people thought that the earth
was immovable. f'l''t'l- lll":Y. oo,:.:,. h'l-"t
4'114'1l!l" 11111D- Y'l"'l- )IJC
immovables f"7,1'.1'4'114'1l 1'11<:'1-
Immovables will be taxed at a lower rate than
immune
movable property. 0"7Jl."t4'<'14'11 "tofl~'l- II
J'. f"''.hLA 4'~'1' O"''."t4'<'14'11 "tofl~
'I- 1\J'. b"''.hol..A 4'~'1' .1'1'<'1A
(be) immune iiJoPA'I' hJ'.l-Af"
Nobody is immune from criticism. -7"}~m-9'"
II..,. M4'~:1" iiJoPA'I' hJ'."'fA'I"
be immune to
1. h --- oaf:"t ~..... I am immune to
smallpox because of my vaccination. IIMh-1-
oflh-' hol.."t"'"' ODf:'t ' ~'1
2. 11"'1.'1- hAIIm..,.f". He was immune to her
charms. f!l. ..,.0'1- 11"'1.'1- hAIIm..,.f"
immunity, give """' to ODY:'J mnJ
One attack of measles usually gives a person
immunity to that disease. II..,. h"tJ'. h-'1''1'
h.I'H"'" hoflq'1(1)o't 1.Jl. oPf:"t ,I'.OJ"'A
give immunity from h - - - i'J\ 1 lt1.t!"l
The law gives schools and churches immunity
from taxation. ;,.,. '1-f"IIC'I- 0.-1'-"'f'i" 0.-1-
hCM:,I''l""'f"t h;J-hll U, ,1'1-C:>A
(be) granted immunity h - - - i'J\ 1 rolf) I h -
--~)\I~(J)o
He was granted immunity from prosecution
so he would testify. lloPoP/IhC Jl.l-A H"t
1: hoohllll ~~~ m"'
Diplomats are granted immunity from taxation.
'1."1"11-"'1-1'-"'f ' h4'~'1' ' ~~~ ' 'i"'f(l)o
immutable f"7,I'.IIOJ'I'
Natural laws are immutable. f-1-ol..'I'C' ;,~
.,. ' f"7 ,I'.IIOJm- ' 'i"'f(l)o
impact
I. ..,Jl.A. The impact of the explosion was
felt for miles. fol.."tl(..,. ..,,.A oflll" "7,1'.
A C-' -t-11"7
The impact of the two colliding cars broke
the windows. fll-11-f> oo!J.'i"l""'f \"'/"11''1- ..,
Jl.A , oollfo1:"t nqo~..,.
2. ooof."'-'1-. Theimpactofthetwo swords broke
both of them. fo-111: '1-&-F..l""'f ooof."'-'1-
hoonoc hl.~<'l:f..,.
3. "1"11''1-. The impact dented the fender of
the automobile. .,.,...., fooh.'i"..,."t L~4-"t
') I ffit!OD{I(J)o
4. -1-ll"~'l". Under the impact of new ideas,
life in Ethiopia has begun to change. q-'1.11- '
P'A"'"t -1-ll"~'l" 'l"h"t,l''l- Oh.'l-f"R-,1' (l)o/1
'I' ,I'll..,. f).C' o-t;J- ooll'f'OJ'I' )!f"~A
6!5 Impatient
impair '1--'1
Poor food impaired his health. ,I'Aof-..,_11 'I"
"111 ' m."t~-f>"t ' '1--'1 ....
be Impaired 1-hOD
Her vision is impaired, so she must get glasses.
1
'lJ'.S: IIIIF.hoo oP~l\"C "71:~"1 hllq'J-
impart
I. lim. Flowers impart beauty to the room.
hOII"'f llh'i'll- ..,.0'1-"t Jl.ll"'ll-
2. ~~~- I have nothing of interest to impart
to you today. q,:. ff"~"'&o"'fo- 'l""t'l" 1.
II f"7.,1'11'1 ~1C fll'19"
impartial hf:ll- fi\.110'1-
That was an impartial act. hf:ll- fl\.110'1-
ht:&-~'1- ~oc
be Impartial hl\1.11'1"
I'll try to be impartial.lll\"71:11'1- Mh&-1111-
(be, become) impassable
I. h,l'li""IC'I". This ford is impassable due to
the rain. h11'i"ofl f-t-~"1 oPAIJ..,. h,l'll"
"IC'I"
2. h,l'llh.f:'l". These roads are impassable
during the rains. 011'i"ofl 1.1l. MH.II oo
"t~P..";f h,I'IIM-'1"
3. h,I'<'IA'i'f". As a result of the heavy
rainfall, the roads become impassable. O..,Jl.ll'i'
11'i"ofl 'l"h"t,l''l- oP't1P.."'f 11-11- h,I'<'IAf-'1"
impasse, reach an -
*Negotiations have reached an impasse. il9'"9'"'i
1: hf""t'l" 11.1-Cll hA!J'IIf"
impassive
1. t!;J 1 Yll. John's impassive face showed no
sign of his anger. f;f.:"t ~:> ,I'll L'l-
oo'i"F.I!-"t hl\ll:J-m+O'I-'1"
2. ( ~ adv.) Of:"t ll''l". The wounded soldier
lay impassive as though dead. of!llll'i'..,.
m;J-1-C h"tl.'l"-1- 11-11- Of:"t ll''l" ' -1-:>
looP
Impassively ,I'll 11"'1.'1-
He listened impassively. ,1'1\ 11"'1.'1- h-'loom
impatience '1-~"'P"'I- "7"1'1-
Her impatience showed in her tapping her feet.
'1-~"IP''I- "7"1;1: OJIIII-"t Ooo-'C-'~
;J-m+
(be) impatient
I. '1-~"'P''I- h"'. Don't be so impatient!
impatiently
Letters will come soon. >.1Y..H.II Tb"lP'T 1\T
"' I Y..ofi'IO. 1\o-1 f.OD"JA
2. :fb..h. He is impatient to go swimming.
IDS'.. 1 'I'<; 1 {100'/.J'; 1 ~A
3. '\'\. She is impatient to grow up. li"7Y.."l :,.
'l'lll:f
make Impatient Tb"lP'T 1\llLG(l
The tardy arrival of the train made us im-
patient. fqfK. H"lU ouJ':Gll Tb"lP':l"l-1
1 l\llLG(l1
impatiently
I. 0.,..,.:,., I have heen impatiently waiting for
your letter. Y..11'10.111 n.,..,.,. ' >.mqn:,. )
nc
2. Tb"lP'T 0"7"1T. She twitched impatiently
in her chair. Tb"lP'T R"7"1T m10-1-
~,. .,..,...)tn)tn:f
[See also 'march']
impeach m);efl
They impeached the judge for taking bribes.
'I ...ID-1 I .,.{1 ' flOD4'flflo ' ID);efi-T
impeccable >.1h1 fll.liRT 1 foo~>.h.r
The young man has impeccable manners.
ID"'-1> (ltD-jl. ' >.1h1 ' f(l,flflT tnqf. '
1\llm- (or, fou~>.h.r tnqf. 1\lltD-)
be Impeccable Ttlf&o
The actor's elocution is impeccable. f+'P'i(l
1.,.,C ' f.,."'&o )ID-
impedeMY..
Fog impeded our making an early start.
0"7ll'l >.1'11'/.J': "1";1.,. MY..1
impede one's progress m~:\-\ hil+~ I m
Y..:\~ ' .,...,..,.
The thick mud impeded his progress. "7m-
ID~'\~ ' l\!14't':.ID- ' (1-.,..,.tD-)
impediment
I. oo(l<;hA. Bad roads are an impedimeot to
travel. DD"'"G: oo"}1P.':f A.,.,. ~ ou(l'itJA
<;lfm-
2. 61:,.'1-.r. Stuttering is a speech impediment.
OD").,.q1-ofl ll1"l"'C 61:,.'1-:,. )ID-
impel (impelled)
I. ~'1-. The wind impelled the boat to shore.
)'i-(l- , ;eAqtD-1 mY.. q.hc 'ICil' ~'1-m-
2. 1\ll~Y..Y... Fear impelled him to lie. o;:cv.r
>.1'1.'1''11 ' 1\ll~Y..S'..ID-
impend
1. A. )Of h. A. When war impends, wise men
616 imperative
try to preveot it. f11C)T 1\.)"1 l'l.A 11AII
(ljP:f ll"7!14'..:..r f.'l"h&-ll-
2. l\f.4'C9". Death impeods. 'I"T l\f.4'C9"
impending
I. II.Y..CllO.r f"''.:fA. A consciousness of
impending danger kept him awake. 1\S'..;J 1'1.
Y..CllRT ' f"''.:fA ' ODif)-1 ' MID4' ' >.1:,-A
'i' ' 1\"1
2. ( ~ adv.) n:,.c11. I just now heard of her
impending arrival. n:,.c11 >.1Y..9"TS'..Cll 1\
IJ-1 ' (lay,.
*Diplomats took the reports of an impending
crisis with a grain of salt. 'LTflo"'/1'-:f f.S'..
CltA llll"''.q(lm- 'li11C f4't:.Rm-1 6T
c.r >.1Y..)~o~- .,..,.n11-.r
be impending /tf.ODifJ il.f.+cr
Disaster seems to be impending. oo~J-}o ltf.
OD"J ' l\f.4'C9"
impenetrable f"7f.Y..t:.lln.r
Only religion provides comfort for the impene-
trable mystery of death. 9"lltn.-1- ll"7f.Y..~
llRT 'I"T oofl'<;... 11.11'1 f"''.:fA Vf.
ay<;:,. ' 1111' ' )ID-
be Impenetrable
I. f"7f.Y..LC )m-. This forest is impenetrable.
fll "'liJ f"Yf.Y..LC )ID-
1
2. l\fltA'i'9". This glass is impenetrable to light.
f.ll ' OD!I:J"IDT ' 11C71 l\fltA'i'9"
3. l\f.Rit9". A thick sheet of metal is im-
penetrable by an ordinary bullet. m11J&o
11..:.-r 0.,_&- 'l'f.T l\f.Rit9"
imperative (n.)
1. TM'H 1\14'11'. The imperative in Amharic
is expressed by a special form. fi"7C"' .r>.
q-u ' 1\14'11' ' OAf. ' OD1~J': ' f.~lii\A
2. .r>.q-u, The great imperative is "Love
thy neighbor as thyself". 7~4! .r>.q-u '\Y..
...111 ' >.'JY..&ollll ' ID-S'..S':)) ' f"''.lltD- ' )ID-
imperative (adj.) r.r>.q'H
''Go at once!", he said in an imperative manner.
RTM'H M:nc R'i''I')T 'i.J': 1\ll
imperative duty DDPl.;f'-1! ""1.-c;E-
The army's imperative duty is to defend the
nation's borders. ftnC s ''l,t.i\""':f 1 ODPl.;t-C 1
"1'1~ ,1'1C1 J':1RC "7llhRC )ID-
be imperative 1tllLA1
Is it imperative for them to have a large anny?
1111- ff11C {l&o'f!T >.1-'l.'l"&-'l'm- filL
A;JA!
 imperceptible
(be) in,perceptible .,..A.,. J;f.:f"WF'
The monthly growth of children:is impercepti-
ble. A]!.":f- Rfm-1- f"'l.fY.C-..'1- l\J'.""!'I- .,_
A-f- ' J;f.:f"f.'F'
imperfect
I. f1"R'Iif. This stamp is imperfect. I don't
want it. f.IJ 1:!1"i!C f-I"R'Ilf ~,.,. l l\
AI..A~m-!1"
2. fA-1"-,.'1. He has an imperfect knowledge
of Amharic. fA-1""'-'1 f"7C"i",' bm-+'1-
);{1m-
make Imperfect -,..(-{1'1- l\<'IY.m:,.
A crack in the pot makes it imperfect. Dl(U!"aJo 1
fflm- ll"t'I':,O -,..(-{1'1- l\<'1.(-C"R:J-A
Imperial n-..... ~~P''I-
The Imperial Government demands you pay
your tax. f'l7-tP ~'lP"-1: oP11P'-l- -,
-nc ll"t'l.b'l'll- fil~.(-J!A
His lmpeP"ial Majesty ""'C"71! s ,..,.IP )1P":,.
His Imperial Majesty will visit our school
tomorrow. ""lc--t-1! ,.,..IP ~1P"+ .rruc:,.
IL:J-":f-"t"t ~~ f."I-R"i",'/1-
[See also 'bodyguard']
imperialism l\.!I"T6ffl.ll!l"
Imperialism has been driven out of much of
Africa. l;.!I"T6ffl.ll!l" bl\iJ~>,'m- fl\'1'6
I} b't'A 1-m"IJ;..,A
imperialist l\.!I"T6ffl.ll'I-
The imperialists are plotting against him.
l\.!1"1:6ffl.il-f-":f- Oil- 'If ftL&-11-
imperil
1. l\Y.;> 'If. "'fl. His policy imperils the
safety of the country. fll- J;oo&-c f1J~6:1:
"t ' Y.'l"t~'l- ' l\Y.:> ' 'If. ' f.'I''IA
2. l\Y.:> l\Y-611. Reckless drivers imperil peo-
ple's lives. "1.(- ffl1i fll'). ooll_<; H[9'
":f- Rl'lm- 'If. l\Y.;> fY.C<'III-
imperious llil6'1- f1"'1"'1R'I-
With an imperious gesture, he ordered me
to leave. MM'I- 01"'1"'10'1- 1;\o,:\"t l\"t.(-
m"' l\HH'S
imperishable
I. f"7f.R'I1i. Only imperishable goods can
be stored here. f"7f.R'Ill' li:J'9'":f- ilil'
l\11,1) ' fl.+oom- ' f.":f-'111-
2. f"7f.6<'1. The patriots' fame is imperishable.
fCR~'Ii 11<;" f"7f.6<'1 ~m-
617 impetus
impersonal
I. l'lill\'1:~'1- fll.flm-. Electricity i.s an imper-
sonal force. I>.!."t-1; l'lill\'1:~'1- fll.flm- 'l
~A I )(Do
2. "7"t"t!l" f"7 f.m:,Oil. An impersonal discus-
sion of student problems may help to relieve
their distress. "7"t"t!l" f"7f.m:,Oil f-1""76
9'":f- ":f-"lc ,.,.,.,.,. :,O<~.:J-'fm-"t fl"71lm
~.(- fl.61! f.":f-A f.li'<;A
impersonate
I. ll"tY. - - - ll''r "'&-. The student im-
personated Hamlet on the stage. Tart~m- 1
Q00.(-611- ' '\f. ' l\")J'. ' IJ!I"/1.'1- ' IJ''r ' ...,:.
2. ool)""" 1 ;1-f. The spy impersonated an officer.
M I' OOlt-"t"t 00/lfl- ' :J-f
3. !1"<'111. ~m-. To many people Washington
impersonates the ideal American. A-flff- (l?J
":f- 'P"Ii"t"l-i""t f~f.~-f">,' l\'"UI}'f !1"<'111.
~,.,.
impertinence i!A"I<;
The teacher was shocked by the girl's im-
pertinence. l\ll1""76m- RA)i"~6'1.;1: iiA"I
'1 ' ..e..~1tn
impertinent
I. f"7f.~IJ. He made some impertinent
remarks while I was there. l\ll,f' R~RCb-0'1-
"LIL f"7f.~IJ l\111-ff'l- l'lm
2. 11.(- l\Y."I. His children are impertinent.
A]!.'li ' il.(- ' l\Y.'I":f- ' <;'fm-
3. ( ~ noun) iiA"I<;". Talking back to older
people is impertinent. fl"li"7"111. ooAil ooll
m'l- iiA"I<; ~,.,.
(be) impervious to
1. h1'C.1ll9". This tent is impervious to rain.
f.ll .(-"tlo."t 1f<;"il l\fMIJ!I"
2. l\A1"1'1"7(m-!l"). +she is impervious to criti-
cism. ~+<t.:J- l\f.l'l"7'1-!l"
impetuous
1. ":fob-A. Children are more impetuous than
grownups. A]!.":f- l}'f'4:9'":f- f.A:,O ":fob-A
<;'fm-
2. 'lf.fl>,'. The impetuous winds hindered our
advance. 'lf.{l"i",'m- Hil .,.!I-":f-"t"t ll"t
l!"t~of. ' l\Y.6~"t
impetus 'lf.A
The impetus of the falling rock shattered the
concrete. f-f"<;"l!m- lii'!''S 'lf.A l'l."'l."t-fom-
"t ' il'l-"t'l-).'"t l\OJ"'m-
 impiety
1ive impetus OC hL+
The treaty will give a new impetus to trade.
ffll-11- ll9"9"H II'J"I.J:- IVI.ll OC f.
h'i';I-A
impiety VJ'."l'l"-1- ILllH
His impiety caused the priests to excommuni-
cate him from the church. VJ'."'''I"-1- llll).,.
hiL-t- hClltJ'"J ~"J.Il.a>1.J:- M'.C:1fll-
impinge on
l. m;>. Rays of light impinge on the eye.
r-ocn ...c:c:r- '}J'."J Y.m:>ll-
2. )lJ. Censorship impinges on our freedom.
il"Jfl-C oP-fl;f-:f."J"J J'.)lJA
implacable
l. f"''J'.OC.J:-. His implacable anger gave his
enemies reason to dread him. fOf/ .eo c.~. CD-
"JS'..,. mi\.P.=J; ~"J-'1.4.~'1- 9"h"JJ''l- wo;
'ffll-
2. f9"C. These two people are implacable
enemies. ~W 11-11 '1- {l,.:f. ff"C ml\
.p.:f. ' o;'J'm-
implant +<:II
The teacher implanted new ideas in the minds
of the students. hll-1-"l&m- 0-1-"''C'=J; h~
9"C' h'l.ll.ll milll:f.") +..:11
implement (v.)
1. rPtl-. Do not undertake a project unless you
can implement it. A-1-rPt:-m- lJAi"Ah h"J
.J:- ~:J>.J:- h'l-)!9"C
2. 4.11"". Once in office, be failed to implement
his campaign promises. h+oPt!m 0:\1\ >..
lV~'fl\Y. I oflfro I ~A I f?IJDJo") I tJo& I f\_e.
.~.~,. ' +c:
be Implemented JP~ 1\f. : 'Pi\
The project for irrigating land will soon be
implemented. 0oP(l'/" ""tl.'l- f"lm"'.,. ~:J>
.J:- o:J>c-o 1.11 F&- 1\J'. Y.m-1\A
implement (n.) """f<IJ'
He bought farming implements at the fair.
hh.hll7'H.{l.f-). ~elf """f<IJ',.:f."J 1~
implicate ~"J'IIIm- -t->;1<:
The thief implicated two helpers. 1\,qm- 11-11
'I- "1-IIC: hOC':f. ~"JJIII-'1- -t->;1<:
be implicated In -t-lJ4-J'. OoPIJ'") -t-h{l{l
He was implicated in a plot to overthrow the
government . .,...,.,,_..,.., lloP1AOT 0-t-S:C:1
m- {l.&- -t-1-Jof.J'. 0""11'") -1-h!).A
618 import
implication ,
*There was no implication of dishonesty in
his failure in business. 'J"IJI. ilJ'.illJI\'1- f
+C:m- ' ;1-"''"i 0 ql\tn'IJ'). ' hJ'.OD{I<I\9"
implicit
l. m-(1"1'1!. There was an implicit threat in
his words. O"J"'~ fll-ll'l' m-ll"''l! f"lil
4.&-&-'1- ' ll"'L'l- ' )0<:0'1-
2. .fA+1iUt Her silence gave implicit consent.
119";1-1' J'A-1-11111 oP(l"l"l:t'J 1\tn'l\h-t-
3. ( ~ adv.) ilJ'a>l\m-A. A soldier must give
implicit obedience to his officers. m;J-Y.c 1\h
1\oi'=J; ilJ'a>I\OJoA OD;f-011 hl\0'1-
implore 1\tn')
He implored the judge for mercy. Jl>;'m-") 9"
ihC:'l- ' 1\tn')
imply (implied)
l. 0-t-H1'1'& tn'")1.J!" m+{l. He implied
that I was dishonest. f"''A;I-""'J ""li'k"J
0-t-H1'1'& ""'J1.J!" m+{l
2. 1\oPI\h-1-. Silenoe often implies consent.
t,-(Jq>;'m-") ' 1.11 ' 119";1- ' OD{l"l"''T'J o J'tn'l\
h;I-A
impolite ( ~ noun) -IIA"'>;
That was very impolite of him.1F..t!1~& r ~1C
-IIA"'>; )0C
be impolite hl\h0C:9"
He is very impolite to old people. 71"'1"111.
hJ'h-IIC9"
import (v.)
l. hll"""'. Many merchants import French
wines. -1111- );>S'."':f. f.I.C:"JilJ'. a>J'.") m
)!' ' J'll"""'ll-
2. hiD"'l" h1C hllov"'. They imported the
6,
latest equipment. o:J>co- ' f-1-JPti-OJo") ' """'
I haJoliJl- I 1't1C I h_{l001fto
3. JrtooAh+. Some say a red sunset imports
a fair day on the morrow. B..,J'. ll-1-mA:J.
S:9" tn'9"{lll- ' 00);>m- ' fofltl- ' .,.., ' ~.,
S:"7..1T"J J'oPI\h;I-A j'.qi\A
be Imported hiD"'l" """'
Farm implements are being imported. f~Cif
OD"ftiJ'"':f. 0 hiD"'l" ' J'.tn'"J/1-
import (n.)
I. 'i'tl. )1C. What is the import of his state
ment? f'}.,"'J?o I ij;" I )1C I ?-1' ..e'1' I )QJo ?
2. 4<9" )1C. These are matters of great
importance
import. MILIJ '1-'11'-:f h'i' fll 419"
~1C fil:ftD- ""'"'"
3. tDJl. h1C tD-11'1' .,.,fiT. The govern-
ment encouraged the import of raw materials.
OD'l'"IP"+ I f.,.t,. I l't,_4>'} I IJJf,. I J\1C I BJoil'f' I
.,.,fiT hOc( ;I';I'
4. tDJl. h1C tJJoll'l' f1fl 1.:1'. Last year
exports exceeded imports in value. QALID' flo
""T tDJl. tJJ-6fl" f-1-11.11- l'.:l'lP:f IDS'.
h1C ID-11'1' h1fi-T l'.:l'lP:f 0'1';> Ollm-
be In the Import business 1\l'IODQ;t, )BJo
He is in import and export business. 'Aft- Jr..
{lODQ;l.~ I 4\b., I ~(J)o
importance
1. 'l':t?". My illness brought the importance
of insurance home to me. oP:f"ODOJ. ~ r ih~m
T 'I'IIT.."t 'l':t?" hii1~HO'S
2. m.!l'"'UT. The teacher impressed on them
tbe importance of study. hii-J-"76tJJo fT?"IlC
T'l m:l''UT Ohl'.?"~:f"'" h/oS'.c(fl:ftJJo
3. hllt.il'l. ~1C. Literacy is of primary
importance. ODR'f:'i DY'lfl11 ouw~:f"'
hllt.il'l. ~1C ~"'"
4. 'P;J. You attach too much importance to it.
h"'1.1fltJJo Mf. 'I';> Tl'lm'l'llll
5.TA:t~T. He maximizes the importance of
what he had done. fw&-ID-"t TA:t~T f ;>'I
..A
air of Importance &.(1-'l h!J: Jr...(-C") ; dJ
/of-f,
The deputy's air of importance is not in keeping
with his real job. ?"hTII- &-(1-"t h'i' h.I':C
1 .,,..f., h-111.1.~., ;>C hf.o"'m'l?"
of importance O"l5JD h.llLa\'1.
A birth certificate is a document of importance.
fAS'.T f?"llhC tc(+T 0"19" hllt.il'l.
(1~.(- ~"'"
[See also 'attach, paramount, utmost, vast, vita11
important
1. 1lC1:. I want to see you about an important
matter. MIC_, 1-.>lf. ii~;>"'CIJ l'.t.A;>
li!Jo
2. h'i'-1-'i'. Conformity of opinion is some-
times necessary in deciding important matters.
h'i'-1-'i' 1-.>11'-:f'l ' lloPtD(I'I h'l.>l'l.<:- 'I.
n. fmloil ouii.,.,T fllt.A;>A
3. m:l'"''.. The Emperordeliveredanimportant
address. '11-w ~1P'., m:l'"''. fiT~ '1"1
"IC hS'.G"I-
4. ;1'11.:,0 (pl. ;1'11.11.-l>). The important men of
619 Impose
the town held a meeting. fhT"!tJJo ;l'll.ll.:t 1'1
,..,. llill'lfl hJl.c("l-
5. ( ~ noun) 'i'&. ~1C. Have you digested
everything that is important in that book?
Ollf ""K"m'i' ID-11'1' fii-T'I 'i'&. ~11:
:f 11-11- +P'ou?A 1
be important
1. -1-t.ii'I..~T hlltJJo. The two books are equally
important. 11-ll.,?" ""K".hC::f l'.h-A
-1-t.ii'I..~T hll.:ftD-
2. 'P;J h.l\fl)o. The formative years of youth are
very important. ftD"'T f., S'.'l.f ~"" ;I'T
0"19" 'I';> hil.:ftJJo
important matter -IIV"' ~1C
He likes to discuss important matters with his
friends. h~S'.'I''6 ;>C 419" ~1C "'"'"ii-T
,l'.tD.>IA
the most Important
1. 'P'i 'P'iSJ':ri. The most important industries
are concentrated in the north. 'PlJ ~ 'P'iSO'Ii r
h.'1.11-IIT69':f f-l-h.,'6T OI'I"'L'I ~"'"
2. l\~"1 h'i' fll. He was the most impor-
tant man in town. flhT"7DJo; m-ilT l-:E-..,
h'i' fll ~'~"'" ~oc
3. hu-11- fil+. The opening of the Suez Canal
was the most important event of the year. fll
'll11 IJ"A ouht.T flou-t. ID-11'1' h-J-1.<(1-
T ~1c:f u-11- fil+ ~oc
importunate~ Yll
He is an importunate beggar. ,..~~ Ylt. :
li.,'S ~ ....
importune m-J-m-1-
She importuned her husband for more money.
fl!l. 1'1Hil l'.'IJI.""?"Cii.T m-J-m-1-:ftJJo
impose "'ll ! htD"l
The government imposed a tax on the farmers.
""'I"'P'-1> 010&.9''6 llf. "liiC "'ll
The government imposed new sanitary laws.
""'I"'P'., h.>l.ll fm." hmfiO:t .1."1 htD"'
be Imposed +Q;l.ou~
New duties were imposed on cigarettes.
01'1.)1"&- 11.,1'. h.>l.ll +c('l' -1-""?"~A
impose on
1. 1til:f1t:. Can I impose on you to drive me
home? OohRil l'.tl.i: l\'1.1:";1-S'.CI'I'S 11.11
:f"'CIJ 1
2. lfh?" IT~OT. Do not impose on people
who do not like you! O.,f.tD.Il-11 l'llP:f II
f. ' lfh?" hTII-"tfl:ftJJo
imposing
3. l'.'t.ti.+OA ll.ii1AAID-. He did not impose
his advice on me; I listened to him will-
ingly. 9"h'l-'t l'.'t~OA ll.illl1AA"i9" I "''t
Od.,..~"iH l\.'IOD'I'h-'1-
[See also 'fine')
imposing "'C"''
YlltD-
The Jubilee Palace is an imposing edifice.
fli..I'"O.AI< 0..,. OD't"'l"'l- "'C"'' YiiiD- '
tlt"J2\ J ~(J)a
imposition
1. ODIIJA. The imposition of a tax was decreed
by the President. M11C OD"'I\o ih"' OTt.
ll'l't1o .,.~)11
2. (ltD-'t "71l'f1C. Staying for a meal when
you were not invited is an imposition.,...-,..;J011 :
Of"ft ' IIY. OD1T'I- (ltD-'t "71l'f1C )ID"
3. "71l'f1C. Would it be an imposition to
ask you to mail this parcel? Y.ll't '!'~A 7"
ll;t- 0.'1- 11'1-a>ll.I!"A"i ' "71l'f1C ' Y.lf't11
"i Y.lf't l
impossibility f"''Y.ii'A )1C
To live long without food is an impossibility.
Yll' 9""111 1111" ' 1.1 ' ODfof'l- f"''Y.ii'A
)1C )ID-
impossible f"''Y.If't
They dreamed up an impossible plan. MY.If
, l'.:J-.1!" ' li.OJfllo
be Impossible
I. li.Y.ii'Af". That plan is impossible to execute.
l'.~'l.'t 1"&. 1\Y. li"'''I'A li.Y.iJ'Af"
2. ll.ll:f:>&.That man is absolutely impossible!
y (ltD- 'i'l\.9" ll.ll:f:>& )ID"
make Impossible ll.illlil'llf"
The blare of the radio made conversation
impossible. ft.Jli'"ID- ""1i'l- {lou.U.'f'a>
'1- ll.illlii'M"
the most Impossible f"''Y.ii'A ! f"''Y.If't
They dreamed up the most impossible plan.
f"''Y.iJ'A (f"''J!.If't) l'.:J-.1!" 1\.Wfllo
impostor li."J.>Ocq&
The impostor was unmasked. h.,_.OCfl"aJo _,.
),..0'1-
(be) impotent 1-AO'I- li.A)O~ID-9" 1 "fll-
;t- l\.A)O~ID-9"
We were impotent against the storm. .,J)fiA-1'
{IOD!f/!1:9" 1-AO'I- l\.A)O~'tf" (":fll-;t- '
l\.A)O~'t!l")
620 impregnate
impound
I. Oih"' YH. The police impounded his car.
Tll.(l'Jl ou!J.'i'ID"'t n;,., ,,.
2. ll.d.l\"7 YH. The farmer impounded the stray
cattle. 10t.ID" A~ flf).'f-'t f+'t.l!" b11
of":f ll.d.l\"7 YH
impoverish ll.~1if
Bad farming methods impoverish the soil.
OD'J'G: fl'.Clf Hl'.. ll.d.C't ' Y~1iYA
be impoverished .1.1ir
The country was impoverished by wars.
M&;J: ' OIDC)'f- ' ~1iY.;t-ll":f
(be) impracticable 1"&.' IIY. ' /I.ID-A ll.
Y.":fA!I"
Most schemes to abolish poverty are im~
practicable. 1111"l"'Jl .1!-'Ji)'f-'t f"'''l'<l-'1- ' 1.
:J>p.":f 1"&. 1\Y. ' /I,ID-1\o li.Y.":fll-9"
impractical
1. h_w~ 1 h~!J!Ar. First it's expensive, second
it's impractical, and third it's difficult to get.
ll.'t~lf ID-.1!" )ID" l 11-ll.,.':' /l,w&o hY.
iJ'Af" I 1"11_,.':' ~"1'1" li"''"'T'I- ll.ll:f:>&
)ID"
2. b't1o. Buying things that you don't need
just because they are on sale is impractical.
f"7Yild.A1-II't )1C'"f O:J>'i'11 llll"''.lfm-
11!1' """'~"" ' b't1o )ID"
Imprecation l'.C"I"'''t
The prophet rained imprecations on his
enemies. ~fl.'- 1 Omi\-Hi "\.e. "-C1DY1 hm
~q:ftD-
impregnable f"7Y.01C
The fortress in the hills was impregnable.
1>~11;t'ID" 1\J!. f)ft~ID- 11"11"1 ' f"7Y.01C )
nc
impregnate -~(n'l-)
The farmer impregnated the soil with insecti~
cide. 10t.tD- out.1o't f.,.qy. "7'1'.1-Y .u.
ou~n'l-
impregnate with ideas h"'-Aoo(t
A great book impregnates the mind with new
ideas. '1"1- ""ll"m'i' ll.l'.f"C"t Y1-ll9"ftA
be Impregnated +~hl.
The wood is impregnated with a chemical
that prevents it from burning. cl't.....,. h
ou')~.J!" O"''.Y.,~ID- ' b."''.ltA _,.)hjl:A
seawater is impregnated with salt. rqa.c
aJo;) I Q;l.dJ- I -fl!J! I ~d)o
impress
impress (v.)
I. 1\111.\4'. His running fast did not impress
me. O'i''I'H oof!'m- l\'lll.l'.\4'"i!l"
His bombast impresses the boss, but not his
colleagues. 1-tl-OJ- 1\ll,..,.'t 7.'tl( '\~'l',;
't , M'IIJ'..'t:t-!1"
2. hM~oo. The grandeur of the ceremony
impressed everyone. fP'\ P'C'i-1> ;1-'l:t-H
f.,.,\-'} I (I(Do I J\{l"Jt':.,IID(Do
3. M,...+. We have to invent a slogan to
impress these students. MII.U't -I'"''~!P":f- II
"'')"'"'"' ' h'tJ': ' hC"'' ' OD'i'tJlC ' 1\11-fl't
4. h!l"\'1- M~~(O'l-). He impressed us as
a sincere young man. ;t-DY~ 1 mtiJ+ 1 )CD-
f"''.o!\ ' 7.!1"\'l- ' hiiJ':C'-fl'o'o!\
5. \l!. The speaker's assured manner im-
pressed me greatly. f-l"o';>~m- Otl-1\- foo
-f""'OD') 0 IJ-~;f- 0 0nJ!I" ' )t,"i
6. II"''.'I- lllll. His perfunctory cordiality didn't
impress me. l!'t~'l- 0'1,1'. ftl'\ '1-.n'l-<;m-
11"'1.'1- ' 1\AI'ltll"i!l"
7. 4'~11. He impressed his ring in the soft wax.
4'110-l>'t 1\MIIm- (Ill" '1,1'. 4'~11
be Impressed
I. -1'4'~11. His words are impressed on my
memory. ,..it-
AU. m-11-r -J-4'C!I.A
2. -!'~~-.He was impressed by the grandeur
of the scenery O'l-Ch,l'.-1> m-0'1- ~C'I"
\OC
3. -1'~\4'. The students were duly impressed
by the fame of their teacher. -1""1~9',; ooo
!I"U&-'fm- 11'o' 0"7.~<1 -l'~'toi'ID- \OC
impress on 01\h!I"C'OJ- h/1~~0'1-
The teacher impressed on them the importance
of study. hii-J-"''~OJ- f'l-!I"UC'l-'t tll,.."''.)
'I- Oh7.!1".?::'fm- h~~Q'fm-
impress (n.) f"''.~All' !I"Ah'l-
An author leaves the impress of his personality
on what he writes. &dt,l. flDif..~LCD- )1C 1
m-11-r hi\-\-l>'t f"''.~Al\' !I"Ah'l- ,1'.;1-
,1'.0;1-A
impression
I. .11-l!. There was an impression of his heel
in the mud. f-J-~1111- .11-l! .,_.,..,. '1,1'. \0~
2. oo:t-~11'. The impression of a seal on wax
serves as a signature on documents. ...,..,+M1
O(t!l" '1,1'. oo:t-~ll' OMP.";f- '1,1'. 7.'t
~ M:"'' .1'111"1/IA
3. h'lf&-. The police took an impression of his
fingerprints. ?'11.1\- fnJ-I>'t h'lf&- M"'
621 Imprinted
4. ""19"'T. It is only an impression, but I think
this is a very good car. J..'1'UCD- .~ 0"'19""-l- 1
,I'.U 0"1!1" '1"1- ODIJ.'o' ,('.ODIII\"1A
*It is my impression that he does not want
to come. 0~ 1\11-J-ff'l- 1\DD!I""''l- f"''..l.o!\"1
h,('.oolll\"i!l"
be under the impression OD(Ii\(CD-)
I was under the impression that you were out
of town. m~ m-op f~J':h oollll-"i \OC
give the impression oPllft- 1 ;J-f
He gives the impression of being a decent
fellow . ...,.,. A~ oo1111- ,1'.;1-.I'A
leave an impression on ll1+ 1 lt/\F.t':.fl+
His trip to Europe left a great impression on
him. tD~ ' 1\m-C';r ' ~~~~,. ' ,.~ ' h'i' '
fll ' 11"'1.'1- ' 1\~~0'1-
make an impression ll1+ h./\F.t:.
She made a bad impression right off. hOD)('
OD~fOJ- o OD'J'G: ' II"''.'J- ' 1\/l~~";f-
make little Impression r"'lr" 1 CD-m."f- 1 ltA(I
till"'
Punishment seems to make little impression
on the child. o!\'lt't oo:t>nt'l- Mil" m-m
'I- f"''.(t'l' 1\,I'.ODIIA!I"
[See also 'favorable1
impressive
1. h.~'i4:. The inauguration was an im-
pressive ceremony. fr"t':.:J"CD- 1 P') 1 P'C't
'1- 1\11~<;4! )OC
2. f~ \:to. The new government buildings
are impressive. 1\.!l.{l,; roo"t"IP''I- .n"tii!P
.,. ' f"''.f.\41 ' <;'I'm-
imprint (n.)
I. .11-l!. We saw the imprint of a foot in the
sand. Ohlf'l' '1,1'. f(tfl>' .11-l! 1\fi
2. !I"Ah'l-. You can still see the imprint of a
dirty hand on the walL ho-'t!l" R"IJ':"IJIOJ-
11,1'. .I'U h~ !I"Ah'l- ,1'.;1-.I'A
leave an Imprint T)flfl
Suffering left its imprint on her face. ooh&-
h.l.;l: ,I'.~OQA
*He left the imprint of his thought on ~II
succeeding scholars. hll-f'/1(111- hi\- 0:\'1
Ooom-'1- ~m-'t'l- '1,1'. o-tt- ,1'.;1-,1'. \OC
(be) imprinted
I. -1'4'~11. His face is imprinted in my memory.
ODAh- ' Oh7.!1"~\lo ' tJJ-11'1' ' -!'oi'C!I.A
2. ;1--f'oo(o'l-). The paper was imprinted with
imprison
the state seal. mt:+-1> fOO't"IP''I- ..,~.,.
9" :1''1-'1"11'1- ~11C
imprison Mtt:
The police imprisoned him several times.
?"ft.(t- -1111- 1.11. hii(;ID-
imprisonment llllt-'1-
The sentence of the court was three years'
imprisonment. 'I'C.J:' 11.'1- fmntl1'1- ~"'
'I- fl"il'l- '!oo'l- ' llllt-'1- ~11C
improbable f"'lf.OOilA
It is improbable that Italy will again invade
Ethiopia. h."'AY't h.'l-f'kY't ll'tf..7<; '1-m
t-ll"f ' "'111'1- ' f"'lf.OO/lA ' ~7C ' ~ID-
*l consider the story improbable. :1'611- f
"'l.IJ''t 0 hf.OO/ll\'f'l"
improper
I. '1-hhlll;' YAil'~. He gave me the improper
address. '1-hhll ... YAil'~ h.J:-t-?f nm'f
2. f"'lf.7q, He increased his wealth by
improper means. Vfl1:"} 0-7f.1Q oP"}11: r
h<;: hf..(;7
be improper +111. hf.M-r
It is improper to eat peas with a knife. h.,.C
11(LI\'I' ' OOofll\'1- ' .,.7(L ' hf.f..l\9"
impromptu, adj.(~ adv.) ltf.H:>~
The governor gave an impromptu speech at
the airport. Mt: 71CID- ltf.H;>1j: 11hm-
C'TI\'t "l(LYm- 't"I"IC ' hf..t:'l'
improve (vt.)
I. h ?f?fll. They are going to improve the road
to Addis Ababa. h.ll.ll hl1q f"'l.milf..ID-
't OO't7.J:" Ulf1iil''l- ~ ....
2. .,.m+oo(11'1-). He improved his spare time
by reading. '1-c<;: 1.11.tD-'t 11"'1'tl1-11 .,.m
+ool1'1-
improve (vi.) .,.7f7fll
Business has improved. 't"I.J:- .,.7f1i!I.A
*His condition has improved. 7fA -1111-:I'A
improvement oo?f?fA
I do not see any improvement in her condition.
1111-t:l''l' MV" oP?f?fA I hf.:l'f'f'l"
I have noticed a number of improvements in
town since I was there last. 11h.,."'lm- ID-il'l'
q{\,[,tJJo 0 1.11. 0 JtfiJo'l- I lftl. 0 ofllf- 0 oP'/f
7fA .,_....Ah'11Yliii-
The improvements were made at the tenant's
own expense. 11.-1> f:l'f..llm- 11.,.ht-Y.m-
h.ltt- ~ ....
622 impulse
be an improvement +ifl\
The new teacher is a great improvement over
his predecessor. h-'1.(1- DD'I"IJC hJI.C'm-
11"19" f.,.?fll ~ ....
[See also 'room']
improvise l.mt:
As hesanghe improvised words to fit the music.
llfHI.~ llll."'lm- f"'l.il"'l"'l "1'1''1" l.mt:
*The scouts improvised a shelter for the night.
llllttm--Ml lll\.ft.-1> 1.1l.Y'I! oomliY "''~-
imprudent
I. f"IJ'..ll'li. His imprudent behavior got him
expelled from school. f"IJ'..ll'li mq(!. h'I-
'I"UC'I- 11.'1- hiltD"ltD-
2. hii.,.'I'M'I- f'l-f..ll(m-). Isn't it imprudent
of you to marry while you are still in school?
11'1-'I"UC'I- 11.'1- l\Yllll "'l"lq'l-u hll.,_'l'
f.~'l- ' f'l-f..{ltJJo ' hf.DDilAIJII" !
be imprudent h.I\ODm"}+~ )BJo
It is imprudent to cross against the lights. +
f. 0 DDofl<l-'1- 0 l\fl1<lo 0 oa')7.J:" 0 "'llt(;'l' 0 hl\
oum't+~ ~....
impudence -1111\"1<;
A child who talks backs to his parents shows his
impudence. llml\)!:'ll 1 DDAil f"'l.l'l'l' 1 A~
oflA"I<;ID-'t YltYA
impudent
I. q111.. The impudent hoy insulted the
guest. q{l1.m- A~ ll't"I'IID-'t llf..l1m-
2. 'lf.'t hiD-"1. He is impudent because he
is his mother's pet. l\<;-1> oflC~\1. illlll'~ 'If.
"}11l,IJ)oii)1)8Jo
be Impudent hl\h11t:'l"
He is impudent to his father. hq-f>'t hYh
oflC'I"
impulse
I. "ld.'l-. The impulse of the wind blew dust
high in the air. nof.(t- .,,.,.. h!J.t-m-'t m
f. ll"'lf. hi1Hm-
2. ll"''.'l-. An angry mob is influenced more by
impulse than by reason. f.,..,.,.,_ .lt11-11 1 ~
7C't 0 11"'1DDifH't I ftf.IJ"t I 11/l"'i'l- I f"'l. 7of.
4f,. ' ioBJo
feel an Impulse to
r felt an impulse to run. -1-'1' -1-'1' hll'f
r feel an impulse to slap him. 11Td. 1 Rllm-
11l\tJJo I hl\'f
impulsion
impulsion
I. "l.t.'l-. This engine is moved by the impul-
sion of expanding steam. ,.u 'JPT-C ' 07t
'1-411-'1- ' _.,,_A ' "lol-'1- ,_')+<'I+ <'lA
2. f-J4-4-. Duty was his main impulsion.
'I'<;OJo f1of.of.m- -1-"lfl<~- tnc
impulsive
I. RII"'L'I- f"t1of.of.. The impulsive child gave
all his money to the beggar. RII"'L'I- f"'1.1of.
of.OJo A'T: 1'>Hil-') tNI' flfl"'''f. lim
2. :J'IJ.A. He is impulsive and may say any-
thing. :J'IJ.A llllll't h4- 1"'"'111'1-') ,_
<;'1C ,_11'<;11\
impunity, with ~ ...,_.,..., +.:
Crooks robbed people with impunity during
the war. W')Rf..l"'6 RtnCt-1: '1.11. .1.1111-
') HCd.OJo lt,_+m- +<1-
you cannot ignore the rules of health with
impunity. fm.<;') .<'.')(llf' :f-'1 -fill- h'l-'1'1-
,. h'I"Atn h,_ll'o!\'1"
impure
I. f-1-R'Iif. Impure air is caused by smoke.
f-1-R'Iif hfC f"'l.OO"JOJo hm.ll tOJo
2. -1'-~flf!J.'II\-I-"1&-. They purified the impure
water. -l'lflfm-') (J.'A-1-"1&-0Jo')) OJo;) h
"1<1-'1-
irripute fOOIIJ I ~lJ)o I J\f\
They imputed the accident to speeding. hi.;J
lJ)o I Ofi:.T~:t- I hOD1'~:,. I fODIIJ I )QJo I h.ir
in
1. n. Write in ink. R+ll'l" ~<;:
Say it in English. R).')"111.11'1 RIIOJo
2. Wll'l'. They live in a big house. 'l-11\:,0 11.'1-
OJo/1'1' ' Wl'&-11-
3. n - - - OJoll'l'. I will be back in three days.
Rv-11'1- _,.-, OJo/1'1' ).ooll<\llu-
1 can finish it in a week. fJ').<'.' <\'!"')'!- OJo
11'1' 11\Q;I.C{lOJo ).:J''IIIll-
4. ). - - - OJo/1'1'. There is no table in my
room. ltbfi:A. m-111" m~A.If fll.f"'
5. h. Cut the cake in half. b.IJ.') bu-11'1-
.,..<:mOJo
Only one in a hundred can understand this
mathematical problem. boo_,. h')JI. -oil'
J'.U')') f do.<\-11 'fl!'-fl/1.'1" 11.<!-'1 J'.lf''IA
6. wl.. Planes were introduced in Ethiopia
in the early twenties. hOJol!"f'l') WI. h.'1-1"
ti:J.' f11JOJo RYJ.'>;'OJo h'i'll noo') oo
"OD(.J.' ' ...,. 0 tOJo
623 inaccuracy
7. ll. This parade was in honor of the return-
ing heroes. ,_u IIA'i' htnc 11-t-_oollt'l-'1-
""l'l':J' h-fiC f-1-.<'.<!1 tm-
8. (zero). My family is in the coun(ry. 11.-t-1111
'li h1C 11.'1- <;'I'OJo
*You will always have a good friend in me.
9"')"111.9" '1"1- W-'I'T:U t'S
in and out
He is always in and out of the hospital.
hCII- Rf'LII.OJo ll'll't:f"A l\').<'.111 tOJo
ins and outs h.1J!" = Q'1X"
He knows the ins and outs of the business.
f'>"l.<'.' 1"&-0Jo') h')l.' fJ').<'.' J.'OJo+'I'A
In that
*The income tax is harmful in that it discourages
people from lrYing to earn more. lll"ll' -fl,.
11"7"17'1- ' l\')-'1""'"'"" ' llll"'l.J.'I.C"I ' f1R.
+t:T nn.u .:1.<'.' '1-'1[ tOJo
be in1ll
Is the train in yet? IJII-'1- "1-fl;tA l
My husband won't be in until six o'clock.
111111.-J: 7.11111"&- u-11'1- ll't'l- 1.'<:11
hMII'I"
*She"s not in to visitors. 1\o-'l ll"J""I~ f\DI/)
;J1C h'I-:J'A'I"
be in for
1 am afraid we are in for a storm. ~f.f\ ~ 1t
<;-f) <\,_H')-fl h,_+C'I"
be In for It mr-(11'1-)
When the boss finds out what we have done.
we will be in for it. hii:J-:J") J.'l.l"ltOJo') J.'
w+ ).')1.11'') WI"A')
be in (with) 11'1"'1" ' <;'I'OJo
He is in with his boss, but he doubts that it will
last. "11:1-0Jo ;JC 11'1"'1" <;'I'm- l .,.,
f"'l.HA:,O oo!l't-') ,_m&-m&-A
[See also 'all']
inability YIIOOJJ'A
His inability to speak English puts him at a
disadvantage when he attends conferences.
fCII- 7.')"111.11':' oo<;1C J.'IIOOJJ'A 'I-
fill. it.,_ II.1'S :J'"Ic '1,1'. ~II'I'A
(be) inaccessible
*This village is inaccessible by car. J'.U oo')l.
C ooh.<; hJ.'II11J'I"
inaccuracy (inaccuracies)
I. '1-1.'11'1-. This map has many inaccuracies.
,_u "C:f" -o,. '1-.<'.'ll_,..ll' hil''l-
inaccurate 624 inaugural

2. hl\ooil-t->ihA. The inaccuracy of the time- inanimate -'ID-11

table caused us to miss the train. f1.tLCD- OtJ Stones and minerals are inanimate. J'."t'LJ'IP'f
"11\'"'1 hi\ODil-1->ihA Q{K. 1."t'IJODAm <;' ' "'/~Y:'i"'f I "10.11 I <;'l'tJJ-
"t hJ'.-:1
inanity ( ~ adj.) f~A
(be) inaccurate '1-hhll"' hf>J'.I\'1" The inanity of the remark angered the students.
The statement was inaccurate. '1..,"1+ +hh fllmm- 1 f~A 1 hil-1-J'f'l- -t-"'I&IP'Il"t 1 hUll
II"' hAtO.:'I" '"'l'l'm-

inaction il"t'l'<; (be) inapplicable h"'Q11)'f- 1 fl\tD-'1"

His inaction is his undoing. ttm-~+4: rh This solution is inapplicable to the problem.
"tJ''I- fll')tD- il"t'l'<;tD- )tJJ- f,t) I OD'j:T..h. I 1\H.IJ I 'f"'C I h"'Q11)T I

fl\tD-'1"
inactive,....-,.
The inactive volcano now has a lake inside it. inappropriate f"'lf>1Q
..... .,. 1.{)-f- 1'1".1- ho-"t .h/!.'1> hi\0'1- He came to church in inappropriate attire.
His inactive life is the cause of his boredom. f"'I/!.1Q A11il 1111" 1 ml'. 1 n.-t- 1 neil
M'l" f"'IY."'.l- ill\11') Y.ilii'I"PA tn I"""'
be inactive hb\JP~IJD be inappropriate h~IY"Jr
The factory is inactive on Sundays. of1M>im- A party dress is inappropriate for a hike.
""'""'" ""'""'" hY. ....l-'1" f"'1l"lf" 1 A11il 1 ll'lic'lic hY.II'"t'l"
make Inactive h.I\"J+lJ.:'f>(tm- h.ll 1
inapt -1-10. J'AII')
Sickness made the patient inactive. <fiOD'/" n
His inapt remark aroused everyone's anger.
'li-t-...m-"t hll"t+il:f>llm- hi\
-f-10. I J'AIJ')tJJ- ' hilTJ'f-f, I IJ-1\-")'J" ' (ltD- I

(be) inadequate hY.D:J-'1" M.f."'

The house is inadequate for such a large family.
inarticulate
0.-f, 1."tJ'.H.tJ 'Ill '1-A:f- 0.-1- 1111 hY.U:J-'1"
I. f"'l Y.IIY.. I heard an inarticulate groan in
(be) inadmissible the darkness. 0""1\"'ltD- m-ilT f"'IY.IIY. "'I
Hearsay evidence is inadmissible in court :J-11'1- 11"'111-
because it cannot be substantiated. fil"'L il 2. f"'IM'"'(II-1-). He is a brilliant writer but
"'L 'l"ili1Ct'l- 11..::>1'1' ilii"'IY.'fA 'i'CY: an inarticulate speaker. ..,~,.. ~dut. )m- I
0.-f, hY.+OIItD-'1" )1C I "'"t I f"'lf>'I'"'IIT I -t-<;.:>& )tJJ-
inadvertent Ql\"'lm:f> f-t-1'..:1 be Inarticulate hf><;1C'I"
This was an inadvertent mistake. ~~~ 1 '1/t"YID Cats and dogs are inarticulate. Y;-oo.f-'f<; 1 m-
:f> f-t-1'..:1 il<h-1-'1- )OC ll"'f hf>... ~'l"
inadvertently -1-llll-1' I {)J'm-:,0 inasmuch as, """ as he is lt"J"'-oPIY). 1 oum-,.
When I inadvertently disclosed his secret, he Inasmuch as he is a member of the board, he
gave me a sinister look. -1-llil'li (illlm-:f>) knows the plans before anyone else does.
'l"ilm.~"t Qdl"' 0114- 'tf,"t -i-""llh-1-~ f(ICJI. I hQA I 1.")J'.ODIJ'). -m"t b"'/"t'/" I

UL'I- I 1.:f>.ll."t I J'tD-:J>A

(be) inadvisable -1-10. hY.J'.I\'1"
It is inadvisable to cross the river in the rainy inattentive f"'IY.h;J--1-A
season. 011<;'11 ID.l-'1- m"tll-"t oolf1C -1- The teacher punished the inattentive student.
10. I hY.M'I" 1\A-f-"'/&tD- I f"'/f>b;J--J-AtJJ-"t I -J-"'/& I +"'

inalienable f"'IY.1L'i' (be) inaudible Mll"'lm- h-1-".fA'I"

Freedom is an inalienable right of all citizens. The noise of the machinery is inaudible outside
)l!,)'f- I f"'/f>1L'i' I f"'I")'J" I n.;> I oo11'f- I )tJJ- the factory. bof.1l&>itJJ- I fD-1.> I fODh.<;'tJJ-") '
Y:'/"6 I A'l-11"'/tJJ- I h'f-'fAV"
inane ~~~~A
He makes inane remarks. ~~~~A hil-l-J'f'l- 1 inaugural f'I".::J>
Y.II"'A Tbe President gave an inaugural address when
i_n_a_u_g~u__ra_t_e______________________--~6~25~--------------------------~in~cense
he took office. Til.H.'I"t.,. P'A."')."t fl.<:h
11 fV"::1' "t"I"IC. M'..:1
inaugurate
1. ooL.+. The President inaugurated the new
hospital. T tl.ll.'l"t.,. h'l.ll-"t dt h.V" n.'t-
oP:4'
2. hL.,... The invention of the airplane in-
augurated a new era in transportation. r~tm-.:-r
'\"t 0 oP.I.A,(l'l' 0 00D'J'J"lf' 0 :1f: 0 h'l.(l 0 V"
~otl-'1'' h.l..,.
inauguration
I. fV" <::1' P') P'C'l't-. The inauguration
of the new hospital took place yesterday. Y-'1.
n- dth.ll" fl.'t- fV"::1' P') P'C'I't-
't-'i"J't-<; ' .,.Y..:1
2. :I' A. M"t P') P'C'I't-. The Presidential
inauguration took place in the White House.
fTil.ll.'l"t_,. :I'A. M"t P') P'C'I't- o
'PJ'.'t- ?t1Jol'l liJol'l'l' .,.Y..<:1
inauspicious 1Y.. 11.11
The inauspicious beginning of the crusade
was followed by disaster after disaster. 1Y..
ll.ll- fOOII<f>A. tDC)T h)';"'!ODC
.,,. M.,.h,...,.ll Y..<:l'lo't-
inborn f.,..l.'l'l!"
He has an inborn talent for music. Aoo-H..+
-1.1.'1'1!" ' lltn;l" ' hl\liJo
(be) inbred l\CII oc<\lfliJo .,._,It-
There are many tribes in which the families are
inbred. H""'l'l"l- llcll oc<\lfliJo f"''.?ll-
'llfliJo 1111" ' )1J'.."'f ' hil"
inbreeding fHOD'I'I"l- oo;~'l't-
lnbreeding causes certain diseases. fH""'I'I"l-
.,.._,q:,. h"t'l"tf: 0'/i;l"l"l- Yllh't-'IA.
incalculable ""m"t f<\.1\liJo
A flood in the valley caused incalculable losses.
olf11~w- w-11'1' fY..<:I'lliJo rw-~ , ""'l'll:t
1\:t 0 ODffi"t 0 f<\.1\liJo 0 '1-'IT ' hY.,:{1
be incalculable ll:tt:C 4:TC a flttJJaVO
The grains of sand on the beach are incalculable.
f'l.:hC 'IC;J' 'IJ'. f"''.1't hlf'P l'l'I'C
"''l'C fl\liJoV"
incantation f:"IV"'t-
The sorcerer recited an incantation in Geez.
hll"'!.,.l;'liJo 0"1~11 f:"IV"'t- Y..1""
incapable fP'il- l-tt-;1" f/1.1\liJo
An employer will not hire incapable workers.
h"'6 fP'otl- l-tr-;1" fM'I'liJo"t ,..,:._,.
'l'l- hJ'.<I''l'CII"
be Incapable of
I. hJ'.1'lt1JoV". +He is incapable of learning.
't-II"IIC't- hJ'.1'lt1JoV"
2. hJ'.Il'"tll't-11". +He is incapable of telling a
lie. liJolfT ' OD<;1C ' hJ'.Il'"ti\TV"
3. hJ'.l-A.V". His manner of speaking is in-
capable of improvement. h);11-:.. ll.'flfA. h
.el-A.II"
incapacitate hllhll
His poor health incapacitated him from work.
fm."t).,. oP;f"mh ll"t'IJ'."'otl- hllhl\w-
be Incapacitated 11,.11-A trtf 1 +~
He was incapacitated by a broken leg. ~..,~ 1
OoP(lO-:.. ll"th-A. ' IJ''i" ' 4'<:
incarcerate hl'l<:
They incarcerated the prisoners in small
rooms. llll<:'l',;"t 't-<;"t'li h'l'tt-l- liJoll'l'
MZ:lfw-
incarnate
.,..;r,,.. I. ""I'll\, Medieval belief incarnated the devil
in many animal forms. rouiJ.hA:;'aJoo lfOD"J 1
l\V")T ' {lJ'."l"t"t ' OA.I' ' A.l' ' ll"tll<\ ' OD
A.h J'.oPIIA. ) oc
r f 2. hll,.l'lh<:. He incarnates the courage of
the nation. fY16;1:"t )!"J"t)'t- Yll,.l'lhotl-A.
Incarnation P;J ouAflil
The Incarnation of Christ is a church holiday.
fhCM'-11 'P'?' ODA.RII' f?J'."'!'i"'t-' O'IA.' )liJo
be the incarnation of i'"ODt\i\
He is the incarnation of honesty. Odt:t _...,.
MA.
incendiary
I. fll<\'t-. The town was set on fire with
incendiary bombs. h.,..,_....,. Oll<\'t- PV"11
0oPY..11Y..!l .,.:l'mlll-
2 . .:h1111 f"''.Y)"'"'. Theeditorwrotean incen-
diary article. f;JII."'liJo hn;~;t; .:h1111 f"''.
y)"'"' ' K"dto'l' ' ~.~.
incense (v.) h0<\""
Cruelty incenses kind people. ""'"k Y.."l
l'll"l-"t ' ,1'0<\"'iA.
be Incensed IPL
He was incensed to find that his rivalhad taken
away his place from him. -1-4'<;:I' 'f. P;l"w-
"t ll"tY..mMO't- 'lm<l' '1..11. "'"-
40
incense
incense (n.) b11J1
There was a faint smell of incense in the church.
Ofl...,. ' hCII-1:1\' ' a>-11'1' ' '\OUA ' fb11J1 ' 11
:1" )0C
incentive
I. f"''.~of.of. )~C. He does not have much
incentive to work hard. m1hC' ).1-'I.P'&. f"''.
~of.of.a>- 1 )~C M">flq,. )a>-
2. "'/Ot::J-!1'. The company gives bonuses as
incentives. h-Q1,1'.,. 11"'/0t::J-il' >fill- 7-
clf f.IIIIJA
inception """1'..""6.1'
The movement was successful from its incep-
tion. ).1:,.11:1'11..,. boP"f'..UD&,I'w- l'o1P'-I'
f..,.lt>t )OC
incertitude ).C"'m':' hll""ll'1
The incertitude of a job caused him to avoid
marriage. P'&. ll"'l"l"f'l- ).C"'m':' l'olloPII'
~ ' h:>>flil' ' h 1-'l.lf11 ' hl'.t:~ ....
incessant ( ~ adv.) lt,I'!I/C'I'
A week of incessant rain prevented us from
traveling. lt,I'!I/C'I' lt,.1+ .,..11- fH)Ow-
11'i'>fl ' "1-!1.l-11 ' h~l'.
incessantly ,1'11"'1!1/t:'l'
They chatter incessantly. ,1'11"'1!1/t:'l' f.III.Aof.ll-
incest OP';J ' uuop.:f ' ODrJhA ' M>flt: ' P'
;J ' 11"f.)'l-
lncest is forbidden by church law. OP';J
HUDP.:f ' OUrJhA ' f"l>flt: ' P';J ' 11"f.)'l- '
Ofl...,. hCII-tn ih"l f..,.hllhll ).,.
inch h..1:f
The width of my table is thirty iinches. fmt:A.q
\L ' llof.'l- ' P''\lt ' h..1l- ' ) ....
Inch by Inch 4'11 04'11
I climbed the mountain inch by inch. ..,.~a>-
1 ' 4'11 ' 04'11 ' "'"'""""
by inches 11'1-111
The car missed me by inches. ""h.'i'"'" 11'1-
111 ' it ....~
every Inch IJ<IIoP'i'liJo
She is every inch a lady. rJoiiUD'i''f' 11.'1-
IDf.HC' I ).,.
every Inch of 11111C ).1\>, ltf.4'C 1Ih1-'l.
+ MIIJ'l- ).1\>.
Every inch of ground was stubbornly defended.
11111C ooc~,+ ).1\>, lt'l-4'C h'l'>fl4'.,.
..,.h'lhll-
626 incidental
The soldiers disputed every inch of ground
when the enemy attacked. ID:J-l'.C''Ii m'l'l-
O~m"'l'l'.,. "1.11. l'o1-'l.'l- :,.1"1'1- ooc~,+
).1\>, ' h111:,. ' l'oll-
withln an Inch of
*He came within an inch of getting killed in
the crash. 0"1"1."-1: ,.h1,1''l- h'l"'l- l'oof.<i:
'I)
incidence
*There is a high incidence of crime after wars.
htnC)'J- ' 0:\'1 ' ID1"f'..A ' f.Ot:h:J-A
incident
I. l'."C"l.'l-. Who is responsible for the incident?
IIH.ll l'."C"l.'l- ")'I.L.,. "'11 ).,. 1
2. l'ol'."&-1'1-. This incident can create a global
conflict. .eu l'ol'."&-1'1- ~II,. l'o4''i' m>fl
ll.l.'l'C ,e:f'IA
3. :f"lc. Our trip passed without incident.
7-!ll-1 .I'll ,..,,.. :f"lc ..,.1.11""
4. "'"!."'I-. The border incident precipitated a
criSiS in internatiOnal relatiODS. fj!1{lo;.. I ~1/
'J- 0~11,.. l'o4''i' "11"f.)'l- 'If. m1:,.
l'ollh-1"11
5. h:JIIJ"''.. The incident sidetracked him from
pursuing the main matter. h.;JIIJO{m- 1 'F'itJJ-
1 )~C ).1-'lf.h;J-..,.A l'ol'.t:~.,.
be incident (to) ftJ?~+C I ~d)o
Dangers are incident to a soldier's life. Om;J-J!.C
)'J- MQC "'"11'1' l'ol'.;J f"'lf.4'C ).,.
incidental() '!':I'M Ml':f
On our trip we spent $50 for meals and rooms,
and $2.00 for incidentals. 07-!1.'f-1 'If. II
,."l>fl'i' 11""~:1" h,.lt >f!C I 11'1':1':,.1 ' '1-
'11'-:f 1 1'."1'1" rJ<II'l- >f!C hfDIIJ1
incidental (adj.)
I. A 1'. The government will pay your mCI-
dental expenses also. DD1"1P''l- A I' fD.U.tl1
,.. f.h'i'AAYA
2. 4'11A ,I'll. He made an incidental remark
about the direcior's speech. -'l.cl.h-K- Ml'.t:
~.,. 1 1"1"1C 4'11A ,I'll l'oll..,.,l'f'l- IIJA
l'ol'.t:1
3. ( ~ adv.) ).1'1:>"1"'1.. The incidental meeting
with an old friend made me very happy.
fl'."C' ' 'tl'.':'\L1 ' ).1'1:>"1"'1. ' "'l"'"fi: '
OIIJ,. ' 1'.11 hll~
be Incidental to f"7,.+C 1 ~iD"
Discomfort is incidental to travel by mule.
oo:,-11- ll'l-'t11 oo1-lt4LA f"'l.e4'c ).,.
incidentally 627 included

incidentally out our vacation. flbt.'i''l- 1.rt.Y:f'l m:,O'I-

I. 7'1'1:>"1"7.. He just said it incidentally. o-tt- I hf<;. I oPTG: I 'i'OC
)1'1-'1 1\"l'l:>"'"''. .,...1t.OJ<
2. m1t.:f'1 'If.. Incidentally, I saw your
inclination
1. 111111\.. He showed no inclination to leave.
friend Smith the other day. fl)1t.:f'l 'If. l
1\00'/,.\:" I 9"'19" 0 1J'JIJI\. 0 hl\/)f9"
0\~'l'U'I 11"7.11'1 (J<j>~9" hfo-'1-
2. ~4- +<; "'1.1:"<'.1. He showed his agreement
incinerate h.+mt\ by an inclination of his head. &-ft."J ~4- +'I
In our city we incinerate garbage. Ob,..."""l-1' fl"'/.\:"<'..1 0 ODil"'/"'/1>'1 I 11\l\
4'lflf l\'i":l''l''ll\'1 *The inclination of the slope is ten degrees.
4!A4!111> OP'C 'I."M ,r;>~I\ )ID-
incipient
*The medicine stopped the boy's incipient cold. incline (vt.)
ou.l:":>t-1> A1!: .,.'14-'1 1'i" 1\'IJ'.,fHOJ< h 1. hH)fll\. The carpenter inclined the post to
4'0UI\'I- the right. h'i"m.m- b'l=-~>'1 m~ +'f
hH)fli\ID-
incise"'"-" 2. 11.~1..1. Your manner inclines me to believe
He incised his name in the bark of the tree.
what you say. miJf.U h'l.,. f9"'1-llm-'l
iloo-'1 n~~o +c.r.'l- 'If. "'"-"
7.'1'19"'1 ,f~1'l'A
incision .,.,.. '1'1'i" Incline (vi.) h:>~l\
The incision healed rapidly. <j>p. '1'1'i"OJ< .P. The post inclines slightly to the left. b'l""'-1>
tt- m"J"l fl'l-'lif. m~ 1<!- h:>.I:"I)..A
make an Incision o...-... I haJIIJ be Inclined
The doctor made an incision to take out the I. 11'11JII. hl\m- I If. Pacific people are not
splinters in my finger. P.h-K-- IIJ-1: m-ll-r inclined to make war. il'l9"'1 f"7.m.ll. flP'
f11JOJ<'I ii'I'I'C fl'I'.P. ha>"'A'f :f ftnC)'f- 11'11JI\. f'l:fm-9" (or tnt:)
T I 1\"'/.\:"<'.."1 0 hf.if-9")
incisive 'I'A+
The committee made an incisive study of water
2. m~ - - - ~t.fl. I am inclined to believe him.
pollution. ~C.,. ill\ m-;> ouflhA 'I'A+ hfl-'1 m~ 1 "''""'l- 1 ~elf1\o-
'l''i"'l-. h~t.1 *He's inclined to be lazy. il'l'i''i" Ym:I''I'A
incline the head 1v'1Rll hi\
incisor ftL'I- 'I'Cil She inclined her head in prayer. 1\l\11-'1-
The incisors serve to bite off meat. f do-l- TC 1-'lflil hll:f
il P' :> 1\00'I...,'I- .em+"''A
include
incite M"'"'
The soldier was shot for inciting his com-
1. ""'"""-Your duties will include putting the
children to bed. P't.U A,t!:'ll'l "''il.,.'l''l-
panions to riot m:l"~-1- 0\~'l''fl'l 1.'11!.,!'9" '19" ' f.""'9" t.A
,. il'l)"'"' fl'l'f.'l- .,.~fl~fl The dictionary does not include medical
expressions. 0D111fl :I'II-I> f.bh9"'i" :1'11-:f
incitement, be an ~ 14-4-
'I h,1'....,9"C9"
Selfishness is an incitement to crime. ~f\-1"
OOtf.l\9" ,1'.14-4-A 2. hm:l'l\11. His background includes courses
oom-~ m'IJ'.:A'I m~
in French and German. 'I-9"UC-I> Lt.'lilf.'l'
inclemency OO'J'fl:)'f- 'l'i" J'.:COO'I'l''l ,fm:I'AIIA
The inclemency of the weather kept us at 3. ""'9"1!' YH. The package includes a book
home. ,ff-1- OO'J'fl:)'f- 1 ML'I- 1 h'l'l\'1 of instructions. 1":,0& I OD'r&Y I ODX"Jttj; I ,;g.
9"1!' ' f.!I.A
inclement
I. ...,lt'f. An inclement ruler contributes to included (adj.) hill!' f.,..fYH
the backwardness of a country. ""'*'f 11C h The included summary was one page long.
11:'1 m~:\11 Yil+t.&\ hofiC' I f.,.,f,fHaJo 0 IJ"JJ"-1- 0 f.,.ID-"J"J 0 'Nl. 0

2. ""'I'll:. We had inclement weather through- )11: h'l.l:" 1l\' )flC

including 628 inconclusive

service Included trlt-'lfP r ":fir'> Love and money are incommensurable. fi:c)C'i" 1
The room is five dollars, service included. ~"JHil f"'l.tD-'IJ'.-1-0T ODJ'.-fl f'l'ftJJo?"
11-11-"J?" ":ftt- fh'i'll- b.c!-f. l'o?"ll'l
-oc )om- (be) incommensurate T"""'IIJ't hf.J'.fl?"
His strength is incommensurate to his duties.
including h--- ;>C 1 h~ ~foil- h"'f.wt.m- .:>C TODIIJIIJ't hf.J'.(I9"
The record player, including three records,
costs $100. lfh'l ao-&tDil'm- hlf'll-l- lfh'l incommunicado h"7"J9" ;>C O"''f.~o;'to
.:>C OD.f- iiC YtD"ll\ -l-' o-~;.t-
He earns thirty dollars, including tips. h~"l-Clf The prisoner was being held incommunicado.
OJ- I "tfP~ I IPI\(J I 1J:C I )d)- M<:lfm- h"7"J9" ;>C 0"7Mo;'to-l- 11-
~;.t-' ;.1-!lt::A
inclusive l'om:f''lf.
Make an inclusive list of your expenses! incomparable tDJ'.C fll.fltJJo
ftD""-li"J hm?'lf. 11C71C l>H;>)I.' Her incomparable beauty was admired by all.
1 will be in Harar from June 1st to June lOth tDJ'.C fll.fltiJo <II"J)I.'o;'I'"J 11-1\-9" l>J'.~.,.,.
inclusive. h(l~ l'o"J!(.- ~?"C' l\llh (l~ 0
(be) incompatible
P'C !(.-<:11 .Jt<:C l\.fYflo-
I. Til"7"'L hf.J'.fl?". Excessive drinking is
incognito "7"J~-I>"J ,..y,..,.~ incompatible with good health. IJoPm"J 0'1
The prince traveled incognito. Ao-11- "7"J f. ""m"l-l- flm."J~-l- Tfl"7"'l. hf.J'.fl?"
~..,-, f(y ... m-~ T'lH 2. T,J><:~. Logic will show that the two ideas
are incompatible. -l-hhfllf l'oil.,.,..l'til o-fl
incoherent Th;.l-;.1-f.~-l- fll.{lm-
_, "'"ll":f f"'U'<:). ouwo;'ftJJo"J Y"YA
He told me an incoherent story. Th;.f-;.1-f.~-l-
f/l,{ltiJo ;.1-6h ~~<:'t incompetent ":fflo;.t- fll.fltiJo
be incoherent His predecessor was an incompetent man.
He was so drunk as to be incoherent. hODllh IJ(l- Od.-l- 011;.1-m- no<:.,. l'tm- ":fflo
.;.. I f..,.)Pf I r-t lj""J,l_(Do I I.J-i't- I OIJI\ I :,."f' I J\ ;.1- fll.flm- ~oc
A~O<:m-?" be Incompetent ":ftt-;.1- film-?"
incombustible f"7f.:f'mA He is incompetent to teach science. tl.e.~n it
., ....,..,c ":ftt-;.1- f{ltiJo?"
Incombustible materials are used in the interior
of airplanes. fl'om-C'T'I"J faJoll'l' l'oltA f (be) incomplete
"'f.wt.m- h"7f.:f'mA ~~c ~..,. I. fT~'I hf.J'.fl9". His training is incom-
income 1ll plete; he needs to go to school much longer.
How much of an income does he have? fTI'tmm- -l-9"tJC-l- fT~'I hf.J'.f19"
~flm- 9""J YIIA ~,. l ~4- ' l'o!(.-C") ' OD"''C ' YIILA~'I'A
2. l'o'lfl.,.9". This job is still incomplete.
income tax O~ll 'If. fT"'fl .,.,:.,. '"" P't. ~ ... l'ol\{1.,.9"
The nobility opposed the income tax. ao\>,"J"J.f-
":f O~ll 'If. fT"'fltJJo"J .,.<:'1' T:f'ID..,. (be) incomprehensible J>Mq9"
income tax return Your Amharic is incomprehensible. ltootc;;:u
He made out his income tax return. f10... cf"l. l>Mfl9"
.,. r::c9" '1"'1 inconceivable f"7f.;.f-ao"J
incoming l'o-'1.11 Light travels at an inconceivable speed. 11CV~
The incoming mayor will appoint new depart- 0"7f.;.f-ou"J 'i''I'~T f.Oc!-A
ment heads. 1>-'l.(l- h"Jtq l'o-'1.11 fh'i'A be inconceivable ilt/Af'" ~m-
~'ld.9'":f f.f0"711- It is inconceivable for her not to come to the
The incoming tenant will pay a higher rent. party. h"lil'lf"tJJo -l-.,.t.fl":f "7fl-l- <hA9"
1>-'l.(l- Tilt-f. .,_..,_,6 b.t-f. f.h'i''IA ~ ....
(be) incommensurable f"'f.tD-'IJ'.-1-0-l- oo (be) inconclusive
J'.il f'l'ftJJo9" *The results of the study were inconclusive.
incongruous
, ....."' ' m-m.-r ' ?"'t!l" ' tJJo/)l!. ' 11.1'1'1' ' f"'t
:f&l. ' h&\.)0!1"
(be) incongruous M.'.lt"7"7!1"
Heavy shoes would be incongruous with a
party dress. fF6- 1 Ai'"l : h""J-fl"tf 1 A-flil 1 ,:J
c ' hf.l'l"7"7!1"
(be) inconsiderate hl\"7f1< )tJJo
It is inconsiderate of him to keep us waiting
so long. f.tl't YIIA 'l..IL "71'1m041 hil-t:
hll"7f1< ' )tJJo
inconsistency P'C'\'1-'t hi\DPhT&I.
The inconsistency of his work is puzzling.
fP'&-tJJo P'C'\'1-'t hi\DPhT&I. f111C"7&1.
inconsistent
1. +Atfllf1l". An inconsistent person is always
changing opinions. +Alf'P1.1" 1 lie- a o-/to 1
'l..IL .h/)fi"'t f.<tff.&-&1.
2. f"'tYl:C 1 f"'t;J"P. The defendant presented
inconsistentarguments.Thl)lf. -f"'tYl:~ (f"'t
;1m.) hCht::Y. h<tl:O
(be) inconsolable 0"1!1" iti\H) II.~<;<;
h&\.!1'11!1"
He was inconsolable over his friend's death.
O'l.<'.'i'w- '1"'1- !l"h'tY'I- 0"1!1" iti\H)
~~.~.... ' h&I.;FI\!1"
inconspicuous
I. Ml\. f"7YI'I'1. He played an inconspic-
uous part in the government. floo1-JP"1: 1 m-
IlT ' 7>11\. f"7fl'l'1 ' P'&- ' )0l:tJJo
2. '\f.'t f"7f."7Ch. The woman wore an
inconspicuous hat. l\.Tf"tf ~.e1 1 ,,..,.e~P~c
h fJCl!."' h~C;JI\:f
3. f"7f.:f-f.O'I- fl;f- YH. The mayor's wife
tried to be inconspicuous. fh'tt'lm- ""tl'l'l-
f"7'1-:J-f.O'I- fl;f- I\DP,f11 'l"hl::f
inconvenience (v.) hll'l'1l:
I do not want to inconvenience you. ~ll'I'-ICII
h&\.4.&\."1!1"
inconvenience (n.) :f"/c
Getting up at 5:00A.M. is a great incon-
venience. hlhft...JJ : liP"6- 1 l\1.1: 1 fi~T 1 oo
)"'T '1-&I.:J. :f"'C )tJJo
inconvenient f"7f.DP:f
This is an inconvenient location for a school.
f.tl 11'1-!I"IIC'I- 0.'1- f"7f.ao:f ll'i'&- )tJJo
629 increase
incorporate
1. hil1ll. We will incorporate your suggestion
in the new plan . .J./)-fltl't '1'1.1'1- 7>:J>Y:
IIJollT 7>.<;111'1'1'1\'t
2. fhhll.l'"'t "7"10C h.<'.1. When Mr. Par-
ker's business became large. he incorporated it.
f"'tllTC :rchc 't"'~ hfTll<f.<f. ll.'t~
fhhll.l'"'t "7"10C h.<'.l:1tJJo
3. Q;a.9'"(!" 1 fH. His book incorporates his earlier
essay. -~.h4- f.I.T>:'IIJo ~C{t1<'t at.!l"
r: ' f.!!.&\
be incorporated Into one +'Pdtl..
The two churches have been incorporated
into one. 11-111< f7f."7'l''l- tD1'l':Y. T'l'
ih.<'.'f'&l.
incorrect
I. '1-hhl\':' Y&\.11'). The witness gave incor-
rect information about the accident. ?""ilh"- 1
Ill\ h.<'.;JtJJo '1-hhl\'i' Y&\.11') DP7i l'lm
2. DPTG:. He was expelled from school because
of his incorrect conduct. fioPTt:: mil- 1 h-1-
!I"IICT 0.'1- T'll:l:
be incorrect
1. llih++ 1 )CD-. This answer is incorrect. .eu 1
DP&\.11 llihTT )tJJo
2. &\h h&\.11')!1". We have to redo his work as
it was incorrect. 1-""6-c- 1 Ah 111\All") 1 h
't.<'.1<; oPP'&-'1- hll-tl't
incorrectly OllihTT
You have applied this rule incorrectly. f.tl't
.<'.'t-tl Ollih,.T Tm:J.DPIIO;f-&1.
incorrigible f"7f.:J-l:!l"
He has an incorrigible habit. f"7f.;f-l:!l" m'l
,. ' hl\tJJo
incorruptible f"7f.;f-ll&l.
The incorruptible witness refused the bribe.
f.,f.:f-111\w- !l"llhC ?-fliiJo't h&l.<tfl&\.!1" hi\
increase (vt.)
I. at.DP. The driver increased the speed of
the car. ):(,. fDPitSm-'t 'i'T)T at.oPl:
You have to increase your output. fP' &- 'i=lt'.
IJ"J I ODIIQ.ODC I J\ia.ofltJ
2. h'i' h.<'.1. Modern methods have in-
creased agricultural productivity. HDP<;'f! H1.
l":f fhClf't (1-fl&l. h'i' h~1t1Jo:f-&\
He increased his wealth by improper means.
11-fl-l<'t ' 0"7f.1q ' OD't1~ ' h'i' ' h.<'.1
 increase
increase (vi.)
1. ~~. The population increased tremen~
dously. f.1.11fl- <I<TC Yll 'I>T ""'""l:
His weight has increased by ten pounds.
"'1.~\- OOP'C ~TC "'-?"Z:A
2. hY.~. The school was increased by the ac-
cession of ten new students. OPC h.._ll 1
.,.,.,&lP"f Ooo.,.,oo&-lf,. ol-?"UC-l- fL-Io
hY.~
[See also 'consistency']
increase (n.) ooQ;t.ooc
Statistics show a considerable increase in
population. 11:1"-1:11-l:h- f.1.11fl- <I<TC 0"1
,.. I ODAl.ODo;...,. I .fODI\h;J-A
be on the increase
1. flODAl.ODC 1 ..__.,e. 1 ~m-. The birthrate is on
the increase. f"'l.<DIIJI.-l- .1.7'i'-l- <I<TC ooo
Q;t.ODC I ..__.,e. ~ ~m-
2. l\fO~ 'tY.. He observed that crime was
on the increase. w")~A l\fO~ ou'/..11.") m+(l
increasingly f.OAT
As we traveled south, the weather became
increasingly warmer. m~ ~o-il 1 ln=\11
f.OAT l\f'l"+ ' 'tS'.
incredible f..,f.oo{IA
No one believed his incredible story. f..,f.ooll
A ;1-&h-") ..,.,?" hi\OD~-
be Incredible
Your story is incredible. n~ch"> :f"&h ;I-?"
C r ~m- (or, I')Jt.ofll .(-.,.~ 1 ~m-1 or, f"7.'1C9'" 1
~"'")
(be) incredulous about -1-m&-mt:
People nowadays are incredulous about sor-
cerers. '111-l- 1.U (llP"f fl\11..,-1-'l'"f"J oo
'l'C f.tn&-tn&-11-
jncrement .,...,&
He receives an increment of $50 a year. fl.fOD
1: Y?"lt iiC "f!""/& Y1'1A
incriminate
I. T<f--1-'1~-lo"t l\oPflh-1-. His fingerprints on
the window incriminate him. flODillt~ ..__.,e.
Yll,. f(l. hlf&- T'l--1-'1~-fo") Yooflh:f"A
2. htntfJ. In his confession the thief incrimi-
nated two others. 0(lm,. fl\?"~-l- ?A 1\.
lJIJ)o ' 1\.1\ ' 11-IIT ' fllP"f ' hW"'
(be) incrusted (with)
I. ~0<:(0-l-). The bracelet was incrusted with
diamonds. l\?"'1~ YA..,11 d.Ctn"f ~0~0-l-
630 indebted
2. -1-fi<D(l. His shoes were incrusted with mud.
f(l. "A.., 0"1!-:1' -1-ll,.!l..A
incubate -1-d.lld.ll
The eggs incubate in a warm, dark room.
l\")4<1\11-'!i '1":1'-l- 011'~ .,.,11.., h'i'A
,.11.,. f.d.lld.l\11-
inculcate l\lt.Y.<:
The mother tried to inculcate honesty in her
children. l\'i'-l-1'"'1' OA.l!1! 1\f. m+'5H
"t ll..,lt.Y.C 'l"ht:"f
incumbent
1. P'A"'l-"t Y.P f~Ot:. The incumbent
mayor was defeated in the election. P'A"'l-
"t f.P not:,. h"t-1:'1 O?"C"'A,. -1-if~d.
2. f+ .1':'1". He acceded to the chairmanship
after the incumbent died. f+ .1':'1",. II.+
OO")OC 11.'1"-l- l\(1. II.+ 00")0C~1o"t YH
be incumbent on one 11..;1-m- 1 ~m-
It is incumbent on aU students to register.
.,...,&jP"f ' 11-fl- 0 OOOD1f~iJ 0 "IJ'.;f-'fiJ)o 0 ~ID'
be Incumbent upon one ..,..,q.;.. 1 ~m-
It is incumbent upon you to warn him against
excessive smoking. hoom.,. 1 o..__.,e. ll.,.J.Iy,;u.
II ..,llm"t+'l> -1-"llJCU ~""
incur (incurred)
1. (w-IlT) ~'1. He incurred debts because
of illness. llfl;f-ODoo M ID'IIT ~'I
2. 0&-(1. 1\f. l\oo"J. The hunter incurred
great danger in killing the tiger. ~il~"t 0""
"IY.II- l\'11' 0&-(1. 1\f. hlJ.I': l\Y.:J fi.Yoo
"' ~oc
incurable f..,f.d.<Dil l f..,f..l':"t 1 f..,f.1iC
He had an incurable disease. f..,f.d.<DII (f.., f.
.l':"t 1 ,..,,.1ic) o11;1- ~o.:o-l-
incursion
1. m~t-. Their incursion on our territory
lasted only a few hours. 0"1~;1-';f"t 1\f. Y
S'.t:>J-T Wt:&- f~ffD' 11'1'4:-l- (l't1'-"f
ilil' ~oc
2. mY. tJJeiiP 1 DD"14f.:,.. The incursion of sea
water damaged the crops. fllon~ ""=" IDS'.
OD"I'(.-l- l\UA hOI\lf
iD'"f!>
make an incursion OHOH
The pirates made incursions along the coast.
flJonC ID"tOS'.lP"f mt:4-"t OHOII'-l-
(be) indebted to
I. 'Ill tD-11;1-w- ~"" We are indebted to
indecent
you for your help. Ill\ hY..t:"IIIA1 l\C-'1;1"
ttl\ ' ID"I\;1"11 ' )1
2. f--- ~1Hil )Ot:O'l-. He was indebted
to his friend for a large sum. fl\Y..:;'tJJo iiH-
~1Hil )0t:O'l-
indecent filA"!<;
Her behavior was indecent. mllf.'P f1l
/A"I<;" )OC
The student used indecent language and was
expelled from school. .,..,t.,.
fii/A"J<;" :1'
lA 111\.,.<;"~t: h'l-II"IIC'l- 0.'1- .,.ttt:t:
Indecent behavior ofiA..,'I
Because he took off his clothes in public, the
police arrested him for indecent behavior.
/Aoflll-1 ' ttY..IJttf. ' lll\aJI\-1' ' ?'ll.ll- '
A ii/A"I<;"tJJo , fHiD"
indecision Om<'UJ- .J'A'kt:m oulf1
His halting speech manifests his indecision.
hiAG: hiAG: ,.,.,~, .,!!'t:m- Omilo-
.J'/A'kt:m ""11').1 .J'llt:-'1/A
indecisive f.,fm"lil
The defendant gave indecisive evidence . .,.hill.
f.,fm"lil .,llt:Jf h<l't:O
be indecisive m-m..J: J\AArr-
b lf OD'}"JF'l- ~1Hil llmtJJo
The battle was severe but indecisive. toe~.,
ttY." ILII'1!1" ,.m..,. h/AAf!l"
indecorous .,.~IL flAil')
No one likes her because of her indecorous
behavior. mflf.'l' .,.~IL M/AIJ') .,,11"
hf.aJ-'1'1-11"
indeed
I. Ol\tJJo).,., That's very good indeed! Ol\ID").,.
onJr T?- ~(J)o
2. 07>C"IT. Indeed, he is one of the nicest
penple I know. h.,,.,.,,. 'I'~ lll":f
07>C"I'P ' 7>11- ' h1-'l- ' )ID"
yes, indeed I 7l11..:f"
Are you pleased with your son's success?
Yes, indeed! /A~II lll\.,.:1'<;"1\'l- .,.Y..li.,.?/A l
7>1.!'.;1"
indefatigable f.,Y.:I"h'l-
My brother is an indefatigable worker. m1Y.."
"" ' ,.,,.;1-h'l- ' ....~-.,.:;- ' )ID"
indefensible
I. .,.MtoY. ' li.Y..t:"ll\'1- f.,Y.!l'A. The indefen-
sible bridge was soon captured by the enemy.
631 independent
.,.hlltof. ' li.Y..t:"ll\'1- ' ,.,,.!1'1\ID" ' Y.."IAY.."Y. '
Omll'l- .,.,"
2. O~IL .,llt:Jf f.,Y.Y..~'i'. Your point of
view is indefensible. hli.,..J'f'l-11 O~IL .,
llt:Jf ' ,.,,.Y..~t;: ' )ID"
indefinite
1. "lA~ fAll'). He has indefinite views on
the question. Ill\ 'I-'ll!. "lA~ flAil') hll
.,.,,+ ' hi\ID"
2. f/A.,.aJll). We have an indefinite time to
finish this work. f-1111 P'&- ~'~"""'-t:ll
ffA.,.aJ{l) ' 'LH. ' hl\1
indefinite article fiA.,.mM .,..ll.,.h!I"C
The indefinite article is normally not expressed
ll in Amharic. hit~:;'tJJo1 'LU. IJ.,c:;o f
/A_,.aJ{l) oo>ll.,.h!I"C hf.~l\~11"
indelible f.,Y.A+
Indelible ink was put on the voters' fingers to
prevent fraud . .,"i"OCOC1 1\.,ll-l't:'l- oou
&,,;-,.; "1'1- llf. f.,f.A+ -1'1\!1" _,.y_
t:~
indemnify (indemnified) ~1Hil lim
The government indemnified the farmer for
the loss of the crops. f~Oo!..,. {lit/A lll\.,.011
indemnity (fll'C) toil
The Italians paid an indemnity for the de-
struction they caused in Ethiopia. 01\..'l-I"A'f
llf, MY..t:ll-'1- Tof.'l- l\.."1/A.J''l':f fll'C
toil ' hol.ll-
indent ~tt 1111- ll.ol.
Always indent each paragraph when you type!
O~.hol.'l- ouh.<; 011"'1-~t;:O'l- 'LH. h
-'1.11 h1<1'~ ll'l-)!:!I"C <Jo/A'LU. ~tt ill\
tJ I ~fj:
be Indented ( ~ indent) aJ"' ~tt hi\
+The shoreline is indented with bays. Ott.h~ 'I
c!F llllm.l":f m"' ~~~ Y.llll-
independence )K)'l-
Kenya obtained her independence recently.
h.11 )K):J:"t .r~l"f.,. o+cil 'LH. ).,.
obtain independence ,&.(to,. I rA
His son obtained his independence by getting
a good job. 'I'~ F&- f.t' IA)I: &-11-1 !FA
independent
1. ~~- Monaco is an independent state.
'l"o;l )K MC <;'I-
 indescribable
2. a~a- ohltil f"'f.OD~. His independent
mind refuses to accept any philosophy. 0&-f'l.
ohltil f"'f.OD~liJo I'.M"f!'liJo f"7Tt9" 1'.11_,.
lt(liJ I'.J'.4'0A?"
Independent of
*Independent of monetary considerations, it
was a promising position. f'l'1flfl" s "1-)lf.
4'C.P. _,.111 Yilm- I"& )OC
be independent &.ft."} !foil
He has been independent ever since he was
sixteen. lt.P' ~ hJ':(I'I 't""'l- 6J':"7.m- ~?"
f!' ' ~1\-"t ' :f!I.A
be independent of
I. h - - - IDT.P. ~(l."t !I'll. This department
is independent of the administration of the
university. J'.U h'i'A hHliCI\.1:m- l'.h
_,.JIS'.C IDT.P. ~1\-"t :f!I.A
2. h ~-- T11\11l. If you have a car, you are
independent of buses. ouh...- ltiiU ltm-.P.Il-
il 'MII~IIIIU
*Financially, she's completely independent of
her husband. 01"tHil Oh-A q{lfl.;t"t 4$
.,. 1'.;1-ltilil?"
(be) indescribable 11.~1111" I'.J'.:fA?"
The horrors of war are indescribable. tnC)'l-
f"'f.YOD"'liJo Pfl>J'. II.~IIPO 1\J'.:fA?"
indestructible f"7J'.OII'Ii
This new-style typewriter is indestructible.
J'.U 1\JI.il 'tJ'.)')- fll"ihL'l- ODh.... f"7
J'.OII'Ii )ro-
indeterminate 0'1-hhA YA:J-m4'
An indeterminate number of guests will
attend the dinner. -llT~'I'm- a'l-hhA YA
;I-ID4' ' 1\"t"/J'.:f ' 01\~')- ' "/iJ..,-ro- ' 1\J'. '
M"ll-
index (indexes, or indices)
I. ODl\h.Y. The sale of cars is an index of a
country's prosperity. fODh. ...l":f ' 'liY"'." ' Y"t
~ I V1C I 11AX"""I'i' I ODi\hJ I 'h'D<
2. OLS'.A _,.~ f_,.IIL fft>ll'l- "7m-"'i.
There is an index in back of the book. ODPO.h4-
Ooo...,.:l!' IIJ'. OLS'.A _,.~ f_,.IIL fft>ll
+ "7m-"'il'.llm-
index finger {l,q "1'1-
He pointed to it with his index finger. Oi\.tl
"'"" ' 1\0Dilh.,.
India U"tJ':
632 indifference
Indian U"t.ll'l!
indicate
1. "'-oPflh+. He indicated that the interview
was over. f:J>A r TJ'cf:tD- 1 "7il4f'l 1 "'-oP
ilh.,.
The arrow indicates the way to go. 4'il.,. J.tj>"'
"'i"t you{lh;I-A
2. ntar. It indicates that he is serious about it.
1\(1. ' 0"1?" ' YMO+ ODlJ'\-"t YflJ'A
indication
1. fi:'l'P. There was no indication that he
intends to grant her request. 'i"fof:'P'l 1 f""L+
OA ' l\ODU'). ?""til" ' 'i'"t"'." ' I'.A:J-f'J"
2. f""Ah+. Fever is an indication of illness.
'1-IJ.ft')- ' fihOD!/" ' ?"Ah'l- ' )liJo
give an indication }\oPt\h+
Did he give any indication of his feelings?
,.., ' 'tJ'.)'l- ' il"''.'l- 1\"t.llilm- ' 1\0Dilh.,. !
indicative ?"Ah+
Is a high forehead indicative of great intelli-
gence? (lL "l"tqc filoi\U)'l- ?"Ah+ )ro-!
be indicative of hill..';
Her questions are indicative of a keen mind.
f?"'l-mJ'.ft>'l'm- TY'Ill":f ' "t-Il 1'.1\?"t!' '
l'."t-'111'1- Yilt:'lll-
indicator, be an ~ of ~~~~~
Facial expression is often an indicator of
feelings. OL'l- IIJ'. f"''.:J-J'. rH;J- iiH-m-"t
'l.H. il"''.'l-"t f"''.~APO )ro-
indices, see index
indict hM
He indicted them on a charge of rioting.
11'1":1' 0"7S'.'i't:il ID"t~A h(l(t'fm-
indifference
I. "lf.il'li)'l-. She felt complete indifference
toward her children. IIA}t.!f! 'i'l\.1"' "lf.il
'/i)'l- ' .,. ....,+
2. :fll "711'1-. He resented the crowd's in-
difference to his speech. 1'.'1"7"" "t"l"lO:."t :f
11 "711.,. :tc l'.(l1'ro-
be a matter of indifference ll.ilLt\1. = 1\f.,OD{l
{ltD-?"
Attending the party is a matter of indifference
to me. O..,ofl"lftD- 1 It~ = 0011+ = ml!'r r
1\{IOD~"'j'')- 1\ilLII'l. 1\J'.ODilil'tl"'
1
with indifference ~'l..e..'i-1.;.
He treated my request with indifference.
Aou..-t~-"t ' I'."JS'.)~<:. , .,..,.a11m-
Indifferent
indifferent f"'.<'.ll11t-l-
They criticized his indifferent attitude toward
the suffering of others. ill\ A.IP":f :Y..,e n
"''.J'/tfm- f"'.<'.ll11t-l- v-~:r OJof>ll--'1-
be (remain) indifferent
1. 11,.. l\1\. We cannot remain indifferent in
this dispute. OH.Il Ilene ll!l" "71\."f- h'l
":fAll"
2. "IY: fl\11 ll't. Don't be so indifferent!
l'.'I.<'.H.Il "IY: fl\11 h."f-v-'1
3. '/"'!'/" "IY: film-'/". I am indifferent
to the time of starting. ill\ ODt ll"..,. 'I. H. l'.
~ '/"'!'/" "IY: fl\'111"
indigence Y:lit-'1-
Due to the indigence of the inhabitants, many
children were undernourished. O~IJ'&SJJ:ri
lit+ 11"11'1.1'-l- -nrt-l"'li ,n,-;.r not
'l"""ofl h~'l'll" tne
indigenous, ~ inhabitant -!-OJ~~
The indigenous inhabitants of the country
have a culture of their own . .1'16;t -1-0J~;i'.:
";f f&.lt'fm- IJIIA hll'fm-
*Eucalyptus is indigenous to Australia. 1ail:,.&-
IA.I' IIIJ.Oe ~'i' M,._ <;."f-
indigent 'l"ilh.'l
An indigent widow needs to have some kind
of income. 'l"ilh.'I fll't":f IJ!I. f'I"-!-IJ-'1-
ll.-'1- h'IY: 'lf.t."f- 10. .l'iiLA;J;l-A
be (become) indigent .e..1if
He became indigent when he lost his leg in an
accident. IJ.<'.;J 11"11'1.1'-l- 1."1,._'1 h-1-<t.~m
0:\11 .<'.lif
(be) indigestible hf.'l'mY:'I"
This food is indigestible. f.ll !l"""ofl hJ.'.'I'
mY: 'I"
indigestion
*Do you have any medicine for indigestion?
li'Y: 1\.,_~ofl'l' f"'1J"lie' ODY;"lt"J- hl\11 l
give indigestion U'.4-"J 1-~0mm-
Green apples give me indigestion. "~""- .,4-
11'.<'.'I J.'.,_6oflm':'A
(be) indignant -!-<;.<'..<'.
He was indignant when he found the money
was stolen. 'J'lHfl- l..'ll!. ~+Ill.+ s qm+ ?..H. 1
1-<;.<'..<'.
indignation '1.<'.-l-
His indignation knew no bounds. 'l~-1:
" hAtn~..,.,..
633 indispose
indirect
I. rt-6.1'. We walk to town by a road that
is indirect, but very pleasant. m~ 1 h.,..., 1
f'I"'I~Y:n-'1- """'Y: rt-6.1' n.nr f.<'.il
.<'.il .I'll"'" ~ ....
2. +'I'-!-':' .I'All't. This is an indirect answer
to my question. r.u IIT.I'-1:\1. +'I'-!-':' .1'
All"~ I oPAil. I ~fl)o
indirect object, see object
indiscernible O"IAK" f"7J.'.:l'J.'.
There is an indiscernible difference between
these two houses. O~H.O 1 ~It+ 1 0.-f':f 1 oP
l}bA O"IAK" f"7f,;l-J.'. Af.t."f- hll
indiscreet OJ~ f"7f.*'l'e
1 S: The indiscreet girl talked with strangers about
her problems. OJ~ f"7'1-*'l'e'l' 1A11"16Y:
":f"IZ:'I 11"7:J-m-+m- 1\m- h'l'f":f
be indiscreet at~ li.Y-*"J'CiJD
She is indiscreet, so don't tell her any secrets!
OJ~ ill\"7-l-*Te !1"'1!1" ' ll"ilm.e h-'J-'11&.-'J-
indiscretion
*His indiscretion was punished by the govern-
ment. '1''1.4'., illl,...<'.llm- IJY:&.~-1> .,..,.,,....
..,. '+"lm-
indiscriminate l'.~ l'.'l'loP"'
Indiscriminate bombing results in many civilian
casualties. l..~ l..'}~ooiiJ 1 P?""11 ooti)A
oflrt- ll.ii.ll-"'f'l J.'.1Y:I\IA
be indiscriminate li.,f.OOC"J''?
He is indiscriminate in making friends. :u~~
11..1'0~ hf,ooe'l'!l"
Indiscriminate mixture dJU1''1:,.0"J'
This music is an indiscriminate mixture of
various styles. 1-11 tJDofL:J"' fA'- 1 A'- ll
"'"'".,. ..,..,.,:,.'1' tm-
indispensable hiiLI\'1.
Air, food, and water are indispensable for life.
hfe '/""lofl<; m-;> llihJ.'.OJ-'1- hiiLI\'1.
<;'fm-
indispose .<'.il hl\fl1'1"
Hot weather indisposes a person to hard work.
'1".4'-l- hfe m'lllC' II""P'&.-'1- .<'.il h.l'
fl'111"
be indisposed m.'i 1 li.Y.f.lt'?
1 mi'l I am indisposed because I have a headache.
6-il 'l";l-."f- iiii.I'H'1 ' m.'i" hf,.<'.I\IJ-!1"
indistinct
be indisposed to 111'QA. ft\m-9"
I am indisposed to take his request seriously.
'I"J'of:fl)o'} A1'~ .,.,.. ~1c Aoor-mc
11"tfJII. fll~!l"
indistinct
1. foyf.llf.. We hear an indistinct roar from
the distant ocean. <--l- bll')fDo fDo-loJ''I'h
foyf.llf. 1!:!1"6 f.(loy<;IA
2. foyf.)Rofl. I received a letter with an
indistinct signature. foyf.)Rofl ..coy f(lol.
.:n:,. .<'.-o.o;n. .<'.<:h~
individual (n.)
1. l>"tJ!: (lfDo ilil'fDo"t. The individual can
do nothing. l>"tJ!: (lfDo ilil'fDo"t !l""tll"
II.J'.<'.C1 ' l>Y.":fiAll"
2. "Ill (lofl. This organization fights for the
rights of the individual. f.U J!:C;t''l- 11"/11
(lo(J ' """'"" ' ,..,.:>lA
3. flm-. He is a clever individual. oflAII {llD-
)fDo
individual (adj.)
l. MA. We each have our individual tastes.
l>J'")'I"t'l":f"t ' f"l~":f"t ' fll') ' 'i'~i't- ' l>ll"t
2. >.MIA. They slept in individual beds.
RMIA l>IA:> ~f. 1-"f.
3. ftl-h-. Alice has an individual style of
arranging her hair. l>ll.h f&-!l. fll') fll.,.
C l>w&-C H.<'.. l>~'t-
4. ( ~ adv.) I\ filii'. The teacher cannot
give individual help to all his pupils. l>h1".,6
fDo ' 1-oy69''1i"t rHr 1\filil' ' ll.<:'l'ffDo
l>f.":fiAll"
for each Individual
They bought presents for each individual
child. 1\J'")'I"t'l. IA;t' R)'i'fl mb'i' h11':f" ?It-
individualistic "lll'f
Occidental society is individualistic in nature.
fll"tltl-fJfDoJ'"t ~il<: (lofl R1-oi.'I'C'fDo "I
ll'f ' )fDo
individuality
1. "/~')'1-. The director is a person of
marked individuality. '1."-h1"<- f1-llf "/~'
)'t- J'llfDo )fDo
2. Personal pronoun + )T. He kept his indi-
viduality. >,(1-)'t-"t mn4>
Keep your individuality. l>"t1-)'t-U"t mil-l-
individually
1. RMIA. The teacher helps us individually.
l>h_,..,6,. RM~":f"t f.<:'I<;IA
634 inducted
2. R"liA. Each of us is individually responsible.
l>J'")'I"t'l":f"t R"/IA ~~.1-l"":f )")
3. l>"tJ!: fJ"tJ!:. The delegates were introduced
individually. oufA>.h1-'l''li l>"tJ!: fJ"tJ!: .,.
'I'm.,.
indivisible ll.bof.oi.IA foyf.":fiA
An atom was once indivisible. 1\..Y.r il..hof.
oi.IA foyf.":fiA )?C )RC
indoctrinate l>ftou)
He tried to indoctrinate me with his propa-
ganda. R.hh'l- "'"'"'" II.J'/tll")~ 'l"b<:
indolence h"t'i'<;
His indolence is responsible for his poverty.
1\J!:"Ji )-I> ' !l"h"t J''l- fiJ')fDo fl")<;:<;fDo ' )fDo
indolent IU'i'
He is very indolent and never works. OllJfD {I
)'i' hl\11') oi.Yr'l" l>f.P'tl-ll"
indoor ffl.'l- fDoh'l'
In winter we play indoor games. Rh<:ll"'t- ffl.
,. fDoh'l' ......,.,. ' ).")'"ldJ:f-1\"t
indoors >.n.'t- 1 l>n.'l- fDoh'l'
You'd better stay indoors today. ~"' l>fl.'t-
il't-fDoiA f."lfiA?IA
In the event of rain, the party will be held
indoors. 11<;!1" bll') ;re-t,. l>n.'t- ,.
h'l' f..<'.l::>IA
[See also 'keep']
induce
1. l>"lfJfJ. We could not induce the old lady
to sell us her land. l>C'"L:I: ou"-:J:"t l>"tJ!:
'1-lf'I'IA"t IA<;"!fJfJ't- l>IAii'IA"tll"
2. l>hm(l.<'. ll>flou"'. Some drugs induce sleep.
l>"t'l"tJ!: ouJ!:;)H":f l>"t-l-IA'i' J'hmh-'111-
(J'fiOD"'I\-)
be Induced 1-)"'(R'I-)
His illness was induced by overwork. ift.DDP.
f1-)"'R'I- hP'tl- ofl~'t- )fDo
inducement f"'L?of.of. )?C
He doesn't have much inducement to study.
1\oy'!'<;'l- f"'L?of.of.fDo )?C fl\fDo!l"
induct RP') P'C't't- 1>.<'.<:?
The committee inducted him as president.
.<'.C.,. RP') P'C't't- T"-ll'l"t't- 1>.<'.<:
?fDo
(be) inducted ( ~ act.) oui\ODI\
Men are inducted into the army once a month.
Indulge
fiPC llt.'+ 1-11\"7.., m'tl'-lo't ltm;f-S'.
C)T OmC ' h'tS'." til. J'.ODit'/"~IA
*The mayor will be inducted in a ceremony at
city hall. lth'ttfJm- 0hT"7aJo h'lt-1i f'l"
~:1' P') P'C'lT S'>S'.~"IIt;f-IA
indulge
1. h'thfJhO. We often indulge a sick person.
h11~'l'm-'t 1.11. 01iT'l''t h'i"'lhflhfllt't
2. h'l"~++. The mother indulges her children.
h'i"T\'"'1' IA]I:!f!'t :f-'I"~:,O:I'Itl-
3. It - - - T1~. We do not indulge all our de-
sires. lt'i'll'l;f-~ rJ-11- h't1~'1"
indulge in A - - - ..,.Ot\m
The children indulge in candy. ihY'i"T lth~
"'L~ Y.Oit"'/1-
[See also 'fantasy']
indulgent AlA
His parents are very indulgent. f(l- m~]l::f
0"1'1" AlA 'i"'fm-
industrial fh.'t-'1.11+6
This country has a small industrial output.
Y.Ul- h1C J.'~+ fh.'t-'l.llT6 1111+
+'11i ' )m-
industrialize Oh.'t-'l.ll'l-6 hOitl\1
The government is trying to industrialize the
country. oo"t"IP'i: 1116;J:'t Oh.'t-'1.11'1-6
11"70/Al\"1 S'>'l't.IA
industrious ;f-;f-6
We need industrious farmers. :":1-6 10~st'l-
J.'ll.t.IA1-'i"IA
industry (industries) h.'t-'l.llT6
Many industries were developed after the war.
hiPC)i: 0:\~ 1111- h.'t-'l.!l'l-69':(- Tllllll""'
inebriate hllM
This liquor will inebriate a person very quickly.
.,_11- J.'llht.A
S'-11 hAlo/A J.'ltm- """'"'
(be) inedible hY.M'I"
Poisonous mushrooms are inedible. ooc1f~:,.
J.'ltm- ' h't'I-'IS'> ' hS'-0~'1"
ineffective h'I':>O. J.'/AIJ')
The lawyer presented an ineffective argument.
mO:I'm- h'l':>0. J.'/AIJ') hChC hS'.~1
be ineffective CD-m..'f- hl-la'1'9""
Circular arguments are ineffective. H-6J.' 'I'
'1"'1''1" hChl!':f m-m+ hY.flm-'1"
635 inert
inefficient
I. h'I':>O. m-m'l- f"7S'>ll'l'. Inefficient in-
dustries should be reformed. h'l':>0. m-m
'1- f"7S'>llm- h.'t-'l.ll'l-69':f oolflfA
hltfl'fm-
2. +A"''i- J.'/AIJ'). He is very inefficient; he
never does things right. +A"''i- MAll') 'I"
't'l" ' )1C ' 0'1-hh/A ' hY.wt-'1"
be inefficient m:J""t hi-Y.Il'l"
A machine that uses too much electricity is
inefficient. hoom't O~S'> flo&.'t-1: -'IS'>IA
f"'l.ll11 ouh.'i" m:l'"'l. hS'>S'.It'l"
(be) ineligible
1. 1"1fl 1 h,_Y.It'l". Due to his age, he is ineli-
gible for the position. MS'.""'Lm- fT)"' ltP'
.~-.... ' i-10. ' hS'>S'.It'l"
2. ooo(l:,.. fllfDwfD. A foreign-born citizen is
ineligible for the presidency. faJo"f!" h1C .,.
mil~ fll') "l"&.H.'I't'l- lt""ll''t oo11'1-
fltaJo'l"
3. hY..t.+ S'."lt'l-'1". Foreigners are ineligible to
own land. faJo"f!" h1C U'll- oo&.l- h
't.ll.'l"t.'fm- ' h.Y.L+ S'."~'f'm-'1"
inept
1. tJOo1 f/l.llfDw. An inept carpenter made
these stairs crooked. ao--y r ft'\.AfDw h'im.
h)H.II't S'.t."!f9'l- h~'t: wt.'l'm-
2. T10. J.'/Ail'). His inept remark displeased
the audience. T10. J.'/AIJ') hllTJ.'f-1: h'l
"7~'1i't ' hllh'i-
*Their inept diplomacy resulted in war.
f.ll."1"11-"7(1. HJ'. ' hlt"7aJ:I''f'm- IPC)'J-'t o
MilT It
inequality (inequalities)
I. ooMit'l'. Great inequality in wealth caused
social unrest. f(l9'lo 01111'1- 0"1'1" oon
~It'!' ' 0"7'10.1-' ' ).(!' ' aJoll'f' ' rJ-h'l-'t ' "'"'~
2. ( = adj.) J.'IATllT.,hlt. In some countries
there is inequality of opportunity for
education. q't.<;'t S'." h11!':f f'l-'I"IIC'I-
~S'."IA J.'IATilT ..hlt )a>-
' inequity (inequities) '1-hhlt'l' hlt""ll''t
His students resented his inequities in grading
papers. T"769''1i ' "7Ch ' fl.{l'f' '1-hhlt'l'
fllt""ll'> :,.c .,.ll,
inert "ltJ-11
A stone is inert. r:~:J~ """D-'11 ~tD
Iay inert or:~ I oo(ln- I .,..~
He lay there completely inert until the enemy
 inertia
passed. m'IT ~lliU'A-'i' .l:"t:ll A.K"'I" n
.l:""t ' 00{11\- ' .,.'1'
inertia wii.J' a>Jl.ll 11"711T h.lloo!J'A.
His inertia is due to prolonged illness. mJ;J
W'l.ll 11"711T h.lloo!J'fl- 1111,. 1.11. llll;f-
oooo I )BJo
inevitable
I. f"7.em.:mc. With this excellent team,
victory seems inevitable. fH.U 1 OtrJr 1 IJ"ot- r
R-.l:""t .':"A- "7.1:"t:"' M.em.:mc )w-
2. f"7.e4'c. Man's inevitable end is death.
'I"T llr'lw- f"7.e4'c b'l )w-
inexact ThhA. ~A-11')
He gave inexact answers on the test. OL+IJ ; It
.e ThhA. ~A-11') ooA.{l r'lm
inexcusable f"7.e:J-II'i'
The boy's continuous carelessness is inexcus-
able. fA.)t f"7J'*CT 'I'A..,.'hT f"7.e:J-II
fi! ' )BJo
inexhaustib le f"7~A.:,.
The wealth of our country seems inexhaustible
to many people. 11,. r'l9':Y. f1J1&.:Y."t II
-fiT f"7~A.:,. .eooM'f'I'A.
of inexhaustible energy r..-,,.e.;t-hT
The new president is a man of inexhaustible
energy. h.Jl.(l. T.:OH.'I"JT f"7.e:t-hT {lw-
)tJ>o
(be) inexistent fll'l"
Labor unions are completely inexistent in
certain countries. 'l'l.IJ1'' 1 1t1t:';f 1 m-hlf" ;
fw&..,.'l':Y. .,..,flC':Y. A.K"'I" fll-'1"
inexorable f"7.efl1C
The forces of nature are inexorable. f+Lif"t:
..,.eii-:Y. ' f"7.efl1'1- ' ""'"'"
inexpensive C!Jii
This dress is very inexpensive. ,.e.o 1 cfDtll
"1'1" c!Jii )w-
inexperienc e A'l".l:" "7"1T l fA-'1"'1".1:" ~
tnT
His inexperience made him think the problem
was easy to solve. AfD' h"''tiJ-1: 1 f+)o.., :
:f"'<~- fl4'1111- ""'i'Tm. f"7.1'fiiT oo{l
lltJ>o
We made allowance for Jack's inexperience.
llll'h fA-'1"'1".1:" ~tnT h.ll.,.~fT h.J'.t:"'"t
636 infant
inexperienc ed
I. fF&. A-'1".1:" fl\.llw-. No inexperienced
people will be given this job. f F &. A.'I" .1:"
fl\.1\'l'w- r'l9':Y. .eu F&. h..er'l"''fw-'1"
2. n-1: A-'1".1:" fl\.lltJ>o. The dissonance caused
by an inexperienced harp player is unpleasant.
fl4: A-'1".1:" fl\.lltJ>o ' fl1<; ' .,."'i'I':Y. ' ~4't:fl
w- ~A..,.4'<;fl.: 11."7 h.~llJ'.llT'I"
be inexperienced A/I'"' i'tAto~m-r
The erratic course of the plane showed that
the pilot was inexperienced. ~tJ>oC'TII'i- ~A.,.
ll.,.!Jhll n.:&. ):(w- A-'1".1:" ~A.)flt:
BJo I OOlf)-1' I i'tflf
(be) inexplicable h..e;t-w:,.'l"
His behavior is inexplicable. m'l'- Jt.e.;J-om
:,.,..
inextricable OOBJo8i ; fl\.ilBJo
His embezzling the money involved him in
inextricable difficulty. 1"t1111 "7"l"flCfl'l- ""
QJo6Ji1 I ht\.ilBJo I ~C I BJohT I tiJilBJo
infallible f"7.eiiiiT
Only the pope is said to be infallible. A* (I.
11
iF f"7.eii/IT )w- .eQIIA.
infamous h.llhol.
His infamous conduct made him many enemies.
h.llhol. mQI' 11,. milT h.A.&.IIT
be Infamous mof.
A traitor's name is infamous. fhdt.ll.BJo = ll9" 1
m'i':tA
infamy (infamies) ""1'6: ll'l"
Traitors are held in infamy. h..,V:y. OD'J'
6: ll'l" ' h.l\'l'w-
1
infancy f.l.f"t)T 1.11.
He spent his infancy in the palace. fmf"t)T
1.H.w-"t ' ~IIIIA.UJo ' fliL.,. ' OO"J"IFT )tJ>o
1 0 be in its infancy JtAY..~Jf..9"
Fifty years ago the airplane was still in its
infancy. h..,'l"/1 'l"":f-T fl.C.T h.w-C'TI\
"t 1<; h.AJ'.t:'J/'.'1" )flC
she's still in her infancy. 1<; .nn <;T
infant (n.) .nn (pl. .l.Y<;T)
The infant was playing on the floor . .l.Y'i- fl
Will\- ' 'I.e ~WT ' )flC
Infants' food must be soft. f.l.Y<;T '1""111 t\
Mil ' ODIJ'"J h.llflT
infantile 637 infest

infant (adj.) fA~~:,. infection f410A 1 "70DC4'11

He spent his infant years in Europe. fA~~ Pus is a sign of infection. OO"'JA. .forftllA """
:,. "J.tl.tJJo't htJJol!";r tJJo0'1' hi\IIL ODC4'11 ' 9"Ah-r I ~,.,.
[See also 'mortality'] *Infection has set in. 41011- ouou~11 J!:ll"ll-A

infantile infectious lll!:CII" f"7.,_11

Malaria is an infectious disease. mQ fl:(Cr"
I. f A"J(."'f. This infantile disease kills many
f"7.,.11 I IJ11;f' I ~tJJo
babies. ,_ll fA"J(.";f 1111:1' 1111- .ft7.,,_'t
,_LJfA be Infectious OA.fl-lli9"" ll~ 1".7'1
2. f .nn~.r. Considering his age, his infantile Her laughter was infectious . fli\.~9"" ..,*
behavior is strange. 6..\!"DIaJo"t ft.ooflh-JJ 1 "" ' -1-.;>Q
f.ft!'t~:,. mQf. l.'t"l'l ~1C ~,.,.
infer (inferred), vt. hOD II hi"
Raggedclothingi nferspoverty. o--r-r- 1 A110 1
infantilism .nn~-r
.nn~:,. Jl.'1i~ft I ,I'ODIIh;f'A
He retrogressed to infantilism. tll!l.
-J-ODII{l infer (vt.) -1-~'1
I inferred from his remarks that he thinks
infantry fl."l~>;' lflC I am a liar. lltJJoif-J->;'~:,. 1 l.'t!l.1""i-'1 llh
The infantry attacked at dawn. fl."l~>;'tJJo f1l ~,;>1'1- I -J-~JIIJo
c 1.n {L.,.Jl.' hm:l'
[See also 'light'] inferior (n.) fll;l':f
A good leader gets on well with his inferiors.
infatuate "7~b 1 Mll'llll - ' hll:l' I bll:l''1l I .;>C I ,1'.0"7"7 A
Her beauty infatuates every man. m-n:r: u- Inferior (adj.)
11-'t ,_"7CIJA (,I'~II'AIIA) 1. 11:,...,..~. He occupies an inferior position
be Infatuated in the office. 11""1"t<,l' 0.-1> 1 tJJo0T 1 11:,.-r-
>;' ' Jl.~"lf f,I'H ~tJJo
*He is infatuated with each pretty girl he I I

meets. 11'"1..1'1>;':,. tJJo1l A7f1~Jl.' 11-11- 2. ,..,..>;'. The goods produced in that country
'1"-rb-A11 ,_IIA are inferior. MU' 1 h1C 1 f"'i.IP-1- 1 l.:l'l""'f 1
OD. . >;' I ""'"'"
infect This cloth is inferior to real silk. ,l'.ll 1 .u,c:,. 1
I. ""~H. Dirt infects an open cut. <l'lflf 1 IJ.hC I ,.A:,. I OD .. >;' I ~tJJo
11"1 410A ,_,.cqA be inferior 11-l- r h.l\
2. M"'"'. The captain's courage infected his A lieutenant is inferior to a captain. fou.f 1\
soldiers. flf!l"ll/1- ;e.,n:,. m;I'Jl.l!"'lh 1 11:1' I "7{1C"' I hlf9"0A I 11:,. I .J'.IIA
M"'"'
3. hllllif. One bad boy may infect the whole
feel inferior ~f'to"t 11ol- 1 hx-t:") 1 hf
He feels inferior because of lack of education.
class. h't!l.' I OD'J'fl: I A~ I h<!:/1-'t I o-11- ' MA-1-"7~ I t<-(lo't I 11:,. I h!l.'C1 I ,I',I'A
,l'lllllfA
4. .t'H. A fever of anxiety infected the candi- inferiority
date's family during election night. llii"CA *The inferiority of one race to another is no
tJJo I /1.11.,. 0 fl.= I -J-tJJJIJit<tJJo 0 (l.-J- 0 (ljl longer believed. h't-'1. HC btl.lltJJo 11:,.-1->;'
";f ' b<!' ' ,I'll I O.;>.r I J'.!l:ftJJo I ~IIC ~tJJo 0 f"'i.lltJJo ' ,,.~,. I hl.'t"IJI.IJ 0 h,.;f'OD
'til,.,.
be (become) Infected
1. -~"""~" The wound became infected. 41(111- 1 infernal f1~~
-J-ODC!I_A The infernal heat of the desert caused him
His haughty words show he is infected with much suffering. f1~~,.,. 1 f!I"Jl.'~ 1 11.11 1 _ . , .
pride. r-rc~~t-r I M:>1'1- I 1111-t:-.r I f-1-0D~ ,. I hiP:I'ftJJo
H ODII''r't I ,1'1\,I'A
I

2. -1-llbd.. He became infected with the disease infest m~~

while in the South. Jl.IMI 1 1\11 1 111111:1' +II Mosquitoes infest swamps. ftJJQ 1 -r"t'l':f 1 ~
bol. "1~"1 I jl;f' 0 ,.tllt<-1\-
 infidel
infidel to.:-~
The infidels may not enter the church. t..:-~1"
:f IL_,. hcM:rt 7..tJI.Mfl- _,.hllhll
infidelity :l'IA lVI).') "7<i>.:ll
His wife accused him of infidelity. "7.11-1> :1'
lA lVI).') 0"7<;>.:<\- ho'u'l:fiD-
infiltrate (IC1 1q l .,.lf111 1q
Agents have been infiltrating the countryside
to stir up riots. M"'ll"ll' 11-h-l- 11"711)"1
-1- Ofq'\1'1- 11-11- (IC11D- (_,.lf"li11D-) 1
11.,.'1'/A
infiltrator (IC1 111
Infiltrators have crossed the border. f'IC1
";f m(l).') t.ltCm'I'IA
infinite
I. f"7f.m(l'). Trust in the infinite goodness
of God! 0"7f.<DMID- I?."IH.7.11do.C 'Fe
)-]- ' 7,0D')
2. oom"} fA.Am-. The government spent
infinite sums of money on war. orry-,,_v:,.. ll
tnC)T ' ODffi') ' fi\.IIID- ' 1')H11 ' hlD"'
*She had infinite patience with him. 0"11"' il'
II:folD-
be infinite ou~if'i" ou~t:if fllCD-9""
The universe is infinite. 'ill"7+ oo~if'i oo
Y:.:if ' fiiiD-1"'
of Infinite importance +m.ll~~ fl\.llaJo
He made a discovery of infinite importance.
.,.m-'1-'1& fll.llt- <i>IAM M'..:1
infinitely 7.11'1-T
Atoms are infinitely small. t.+l"' 7.11'1-T .:
<1:'1- ' )ID"
infinity (~adj.} <D(l') fi\.IIID-
The preacher spoke about the infinity of God's
mercy. (lqh.t- m(l') 11111\.llt- I?."IH.h11
do.C ' II".n.:-1- ' _,.<;1'1-
A line extends to infinity. OD/"ODC -~-&
y<; ' - .....:if ' fiiiD-1"'
infirm 1.1J"7
He became infirm in his old age. 07.C~<;t-
H. ' 1.1J"7 ' II')
infirmary (mfirmaries) hll.th
Every school needs an infirmary. "7')'i't-l"'
-1-I"'UC-1- ' IL-l- ' hll.th ' YIII.IA1'f'IA
infirmity (infirmities)
I. YIJIA "1-1..11-H. He suffers from blindness
638 inflation
or some other infirmity. '1-f..So lll&C)T w
f.l"' 11.'1 YIJIA "1-1..11-)-1- 7.110-1-
2. 1.IJ"7)T. The old man's infirmity kept
him from leaving the house. f"li"7"11\.tD- f.IJ
"7)-1- 7.1L'I- h'l'lltD-
inflame
I. h4''1. The smoke inflamed the fireman's
eyes. m.o\o 1'7.'1-1- t.S'.:J .,.h'IIJ\<') 1_P.')
h4''\ID-
Salt inflames a cut. ""t- 411111-') Y4''11A
2. 1..1"' ' hiiOD{lll. The selling SUD inflames
the sky. f"lq-]- ~')OC {l"7f.') 1..1"'
YIIDDIIII'f'IA
-J(l 3. t,q(l, Our remarks just inflamed his rage.
f(lm)t- t.II.,.Yf-1- ').1',.-1>') t,q(IO'I-
4. 7.11.,."1. His speeches infiamed the public
and caused riots. ')"1"1'1- .n11fl-') 0"711-t:
"1-1- 11-h-l- t.M"'
be inflamed
I. _,._.:H. My eye is inflamed. 1f.li. _,..,..C!f.IA
2. t,oPOD(ID-). His appendix is inflamed. '1-C'i'
h1~-l> M";I-IA
inflammable M~
Caution! This liquid is inflammable . .,.m').,.._, I
f.U ' l.'l"li ' )JI~ ' )tD-
inflammation
I. --.:11. The infiammation of his eye blinded
him. f'tf.). --.:11 t.'lm.:t-
2. f(IID-)T "71'.:11.:11. Fever and inflamma-
tion are phenomena of diseases. '1-11-'1'1-<; f
{ltD-)-]- "71'.:11.:11 fO"Ii;J- I"'IAh+:f <;'ft-
*He died from an infiammation of the liver.
1-0-1> t.11tn .,..,.
inflammatory f"?.YII'i:"'
His polemic writings are inllammatory. hh<I-IJ
& II"m.~::'ll f"?.YII'i:m- <;'l't-
inflate
I. t-f.. Inllate the tire! It is getting fiat.
1.,t-1 ')of.ID- I .,.'S;J:IA
2. t.llmu. War inflates prices. tnct+ 1'1.:1'
'I. ') 'I'-" YllmY:IliA
be Inflated .,.mm.:
He was infiated with pride. Oh-&--1- .,.IDTC'
)0C
inflation f11H11 'I';J ODtD-lJ':
The country is suffering from inflation.
h1&:J: ' f1')H!I. ' 'I';J 00DID",:.<l. '1-'1'1.!-ll:f
inflect 639 inform

*Inflation of the balloon increases its size. 1C't O"'""~H'J <'IY.If''t 011"'/.'1- f"'1.1of.of.
4.'1 (Ltof. '1-A:,O Y.lf'<;A )IIJo

inflect h~IJ influence (n.)

The students inflected the pronoun . .,..,.-;,...,;
1-ID-lltn II_.., h~R-'1-
inflection
I. f:9"6 hi'oiJOC. His inflection showed that
he was asking a question. f1:'1"11- hlliJOC
'l"Y<I: f"''.mJ!-:,0 oPif''l-'t hoollh1-
2. h~IJofl. The inflection of the Amharic verb
is difficult for foreigners. y.,c'1 .,{l"{o h~IJ
ofl lltJJo1/" h1C Ill""{- Y.hofi-'IA
inflexible
I. -,:,.-,:,. f.,Y.A. The laws were inflexible,
so he had to go to jail. ih'l- -,:,..,:,. f.,Y.
A lllllf') (IIIJo\LIIJo l'.IIC 0.'1- 1'1
2. f.,J!.<;IIJ~. His determination to go to
school is inflexible. '1-I"'IIC'I- 0.'1- lloP.,IJ'f-
.r1.~1,. c'l" "'"ofl f.,Y.<;IIJ~ ),.
inflict, - a blow oo:J"
The police inflicted a blow on his head. 7"11.11-
t-11- 1\Y. oP:J"fDo
inflict death penalty
The judge inflicted the death penalty on him.
.11'111Jo f'l"'l- 'i'C: .1.~0'1-
infllct pain ttm--1 hw?f
Only cruel people like to inflict pain. (lfDo't .,
...?f'l- f"''.IIJ-'1. Q;l,l)'f Ill""{- oflil' <;
'ffDo
inflict troubles 1\ll:r1~
He inflicts his troubles on everyone. 1-'f.,C' Y
ll'f"lt-A
influence (v.)
I. h.,IJIJ. I am not trying to influence you.
h'J1-'t 1\.,IJIJII hA'I"hCI"'
2. M"'"'. His speeches influenced the public
and caused riots . .,.,.,.;. ih11R-'t M"'P'-1'
o-h'l- hllh1-ll
3. 1-~6'l' hllfDo. The moon influences the tides.
..,~_,. 0'1"1: IIY. 1-~6'l' hll'l-
4. 1-~6'l' holl.~. His advice influenced my
decision. 9"h'l- 0,...,~\L IIY. 1-~6'l' h
...~.~
be Influenced (by)
I. -1-i). The young are influenced by idealism.
IIJIIJ.fo"{o f"1Afo '1-C' .('.Al<;'f'I'A
2. T1of.of.. An angry mob is influenced more
by impulse than by reason. f1-<;1.1. ih11ofl )
I. ,...,1\.. You have always been a good
influence on him. '1"'1- 9"<'11\. lf')"li'I'A
2. 1-~6'l'. Her mother's influence made her
stay. fl'.<;:t 1-~6'l' l'.'t:'1-.,.Y. hl.~:>'l-
3. h.,'l~. He used influence to get the
contract. I>'J'I-t--l>'t 11.,.,.,.,. Oh.,ll~
1-m.,.oo>
4. 1-il"''.)'f-. A person may have influence by
his ability, position, or wealth. (lm- O?fA-:f"aJo
OP'AIIJ'I- t11Y.1"' Ollofl-1> ll"h'JY'I- 1-11"'1.
)'f- ' Y.'l' ~,_ ' J!.lf'<;A
be under the Influence of T-Ao~
He was under the influence of drink. oom'l'
1-.,_..'l''l- )0C
have no influence
*Don't go to him for help; he has no influence
whatsoever. lll'.C.II:!" 1.11- H't: h'I-Y.: 1
hm.'i'l"' f"''.'fi;'J"~IIJo fll
influential Yll,.
.,.~..,.,_..),.
He is an influential man. Tl..,.,_..)'f- .J'IIfDo
(laJ- I ~(Do
influenza l'.'t'i'/1-'ll't~
Influenza broke out again this year. 011.11 't
oo>'l- l'.'t'i'/1-'II'J~ l'.'t1.1'i' 1-)P':I:A
influx Oofl~'l- .,...,q:,.
Due to the influx of tourists, all the hotel
rooms are occupied. f-l>&ll.fo"{o Oofl~'l- IIJ.II
1C oP"IIJ'I- lf'-f:ll-"{o'J 11-/1- hiiJOO
Last year there was an influx of immigrants.
1-M
IJII.I.IIJo , 'too>'f- oom.l":f
inform
1. )1t:. Can you inform me where he lives?
f'l- l'.'J1."'1.'l'C A'f-).,l."i '1-~1111!
2. hll:l"IIJ.,.. The government informed the
press that war had been declared. oo>'J"IP'-1>
I"C)'f- OD:J"IIJ)I":'J II;JII.m'l'"{o hll:J"IIJ.,.
Inform on mcfl.ou
One thief informed on the others. h't-'1. 1\.IJ
1\.11-'li'J m4Loo
Inform oneself of 1-t:.ll
He informed himself of all the pertinent facts.
hll.l.l\1.. flf''l-'1-'t -~"lfl""{o 11-11- .,.~.o;
be informed
I. OIIJ.,.. He is unusually well informed.
hoo>m'J O'IY. }'fDo:t'A
 informal
2. .,.~1l(fDo). I was not informed in time. ll(lq
1: hA.,.~1l'f9"
informal
I. M.(l.II.A YAII'~. The statesmen held an
informal discussion. DD&JP'Il M.{l.\I.A YA
II'~ .....,.,.,.. hS'.l1-
2. oolt.~. We are having an informal party.
;ret DD/tj!. A 'i"S'.C"I ~,.
informant hill~
The informant he has is not very reliable.
f(l. ' hill~ ' f"'l..,."7DD).IIT ' (lfDo ' hJ!.S'./19"
information
1. ouaf. Where can I get some information
about that? il/111..1' DDlll" hf't- h1'l'llu- l
A dictionary gives information about words.
""11111 :J>'I't- ill\ ' :1''\T DDlll" J!.(l"'A
2. ,.,..,lloGJ.. Theinformationconce rningapplica-
tions for permits was published in the news-
papers. illl 4.:1'Y: wl.,.'t- "7DDAb;F :Jfl.tn
:,: I J\Y. I oP"'U\ft). QJIIJ
3. f~,..,.:,.. oum"J. His wealth of general in-
formation is amazing. YilfDo fm'l-'1'1 ~.....,.
T ' DDm"J ' f"'l.Yil.J'."J'I' ' ~IJ)o
4. "7MY. Dial information and ask for his
phone number! "7MY S'.fDo/IIJ f(l."J ilA
h "'"'c mY.'I'
*This is for your information only. .e.u 1t"J+ 1
1-."JY::f"'.....,. .... ofi;F ~ ....
Ministry of Information f"'f{l;t-m4!Y ""Ltll-I:C
The Ministry of Information publishes various
daily newspapers. f"7(l:f"'tD<I:Y "'l.~il-I:C llf
b/11: Af. Af. ;JH,tn:f Ylt't-"7A
[See also 'piece, pump'}
information desk DDlll" h'i'A
Ask at the information desk! ""lll" h'i'A
mJ!.'I'
informative """'il"'i f"'l.{l'J'
He gave an informative talk on Ethiopia.
ill\ h.'t-f-kY DD"I/I"'i f"'l.il'l' 1"1"1C
hS'.l1
informer 'jt.l': miL l mt{. 1\.,.tt,e
An informer exposed the conspiracy to the
police. ]t.l': miL (a>"- J\.,.qy.) 1\Y:"YfDo"t
ll?"'ll.il 111m
infraction """'il
Any infraction of these regulations will be
severely punished. ll?""tll" qy.~:,.. J!.IJ"t ib
., OD"Jil II'J'ofl'l' Yil.,."'A
640 ingenuous
infrequent ( ~ adv.) hA6: hA6:
He pays me infrequent visits. 1tA.S: 1 1tA.t::. 1
Y.mY..,..,.A
infrequently hA6: hA6:
It rains infrequently in the desert. II?"Y:l II
'I hA6: hA6: Y.H"JQA
infringe "'ll
Speeding on a busy street infringes the law.
.,.,.'1'171 ll"'l.ll~ll't- oP11Y: "" 11'1''1'~
T ' OD"J'IT ' ib"I"J ' DD"Jil ' ~IJ)o
infringe upon ~It
Do not infringe upon the rights of others!
fll./1-'f"t ' DDoflT ' 1\'t-"JlJ
infuriate h'i"AA
The students infuriate the teacher. .,..,&JP'Il
1\il.,..,&fDo"t Y'i"Y:/I.:f"'A
infuriated (adj.) f.,.-t"'
The infuriated lion jumped upon her. f.,.'tiiJm- 1
h"tlllt Hll- 1-ofl hi\Q't-
infuse
I. Hd.Hd.. The maid infused the tea leaves in
hot water to make tea. 1lJl,. li'f."t 11"7'1'
~:,.. '1-mll-1 ...'1' ,.~ fDoil'l' Hd.lld.'f
2. M>l'>l'. He tried to infuse the soldiers with
fresh courage. m;f-'S'.I'::rl"t Q'l,il f;("l"t~'t-
OD"Jd.il ' 1\.Y~:J>:J> ' 'l"hl
infuse courage Into h~of.Ll.
The captain infused courage into his soldiers.
li'll"ll/lo W:f"'S'.t::rl"t .1\S'.Utlo:ffDo
infusion, make an - ""-OD+
He made an infusion of herbs and drank it.
:tm'l '1-mA ""~"'"' m"'
ingenious
1. h"J~~- He is very ingenious when it comes
to making up excuses. ?"h"JY't- IIDD'i'mC
h"JS'.'l' ~ ....
2. -fiA.ll. Only an ingenious engineer could
have built this bridge. Y.U"t Y:AY:Y. "-"'
tlo f"'l.'fA of!AIJ ODIJ"t'l.il ofi;F ~ ....
3. 11"1?" fl.,..,. I ~lVII Y:"t'l'. That's an in-
genious device. 11"19" fl.,..,. (~11-ofl Y:"t
'I') DD"'&Y ~ ....
ingenuity of!AIJ~'t-
The boy showed ingenuity in making toys.
A)!: hlf')1-ll.'t- (l.U'tlo of!AIJ~'t- Y.:f"'Y.II:f"'A
ingenuous f'I'IJ
The ingenuous girl believed that everyone
ingrained
loved her. f1':\ Alh<:.J:- {lm- IJo/1- f
"7.1D.I;..,.' ODII'\..,.
ingrained Fe f{lf.f..
It is difficult to overcome ingrained super-
stitions. Fe f{lf.f.. h'I-A Ml").-,. .,in
'i' h'l:>l- ) ....
ingratiate oneself 1-mf.f..
He tried to ingratiate himself with his rich
uncle. flllil;.l-9" h1-l: H1.J:" AODIDJ!J: ,
"!<:
ingratitude m-A;.I- n.M:,. 1 hoi.:,.
He resented her ingratitude. m-A;.I- fl.M:t
t.{l4'foum-
He requites kindness with ingratitude. m-A;I"1'
flh-1.:,. (flm-A;.I- n.M:,.) f"7.0DA!I nm- )m-
ingredient
I. :,.ou., :,Oou9". The ingredients for the stew
are pepper, onions, and salt. ftD'l' :,.ooay :,..
OD9" nefl6. 11111-e..,............. .,..,..,.
2. h'i'A. Alcohol is the principal ingredient
for beer. t.AI>A 1'.,..,. fml\ h'i'A )m-
*The ingredients of cement are sand, lime, and
water. 11."7.11' fh1f1' f'l'&-., fiB? :,.
~'f' I ~(Do
inhabit 'l'<:
Dinosaurs once inhabited the earth. .IIY.HC":f
fl4'J:-'1" UOD1 flf".J:-e 1\Y. Y.'l'~ )fle
be inhabited {lm- 'l' .:n:,.
This island is inhabited. Y.U ~n.:,. {lm-
Y.'l'efl;.I-A
inhabitant )1'11
All the inhabitants are farmers. )1'11l"lfl rr
II- ~fl6.9':f .,..,..,.
[See also 'aboriginal')
inhale
I. 1'm. He inhaled the smoke of his cigarette.
fll.:>&-m-1 ...,.11 1'm
2. t.fe m~ m-11'1' 1\fl. Inhale and smell
the fresh fragrance! hf~1 m~ m-!1'1' llfl
IJ ' OD't'f1 ' h1i..,...,.
inherent f1"1.'1't!"
In spite of flattery, she kept her inherent
modesty. {ll":f flh11> fl..I'ID.J:'fl. :,.9" 1.
fl. ' f1"1.'1't!" :,.ilo.-,..,1'1 hA"'A":ff"
be Inherent in f' - - - h,.JJ. q,nc,e. r ~co
Lawlessness is inherent in rebellion. ,"h1 GJT
):,. ' fOOD6 ' h1.11. <IiiieY. )m-
641 inimical
inherit m.:n
She inherited a large fortune. 1111-. 1111:,.
m<:n:f
We inherited these traditions from our ances-
tors. MH.U1 A.,P.:f fm<:Mm- 1)<11'
!l'"'f1 )m-
OJ~
*Mary inherits her father's blue eyes.
{1.,,1''1! 't.f."t IJ<I:t .l'~"f:fm- ) ....
inheritance
1. dJoCil. His inheritance was more than
$1 million. ,l'~"fm- m-en IJ1.J:- "7.11.M
ile fli\Y. )fle
2. fm<:nm- 1111:,.. He was magnanimous with
his money and lost his inheritance. fl"19" A:>
II IIAII') fiD<:{lm-1 1111:,. rr/1- hm-1.
inhibit
I. h""~l.. Lack of rain inhibits plant
growth. ~'"~~""' 1.,....,. f b91'n 7..J:-~..,.
f""'i"'oi.A
2. h~~. The presence of the police inhibited
the crowd. f?'ll.ll ou'fe ilollfl-1 M~m
*The presence of grownups inhibits the be-
havior of children. 1-A.,l>:f <111-fl:,. 11;.1-
ill!.,:,. ' 1.1~A<J'fm- h.f.IT).9"
inhospitable hll1"":>~).-,. f1-~Am-
Her husband's inhospitable behavior offended
her guests. f<IA\'"m- hil1".,:>)!'):,. f1-~
Am- m<JY. 1.1'1P.lfl1 t.ll4'fOD
be lnhoopltable f"'l.ll.,., t.Y.~A9"
The desert is an inhospitable place. n<:vm-
AOD'l'11,1' f"til.,., h.f.J'.A9"
inhospitality 1.1'1.111 hA""4'11A
Inhospitality is considered a fault by Ethi-
opians. 1.1'1.111' hAOD4'flA flh...,.\'"A-,I'm-,1'1
H1.J:- 1.1~ )m-e Y.ofl<m&-A
inhuman flilh'l! ,I'AITt
We complained about the inhuman treatment
given prisoners. fl1.!l<:~'li 1\Y. f1"~<:~m-1
{lflh'l! ' ,l'oi\IT) h,l',l'll ....:l'ID9"1
inhumane flilh'l! fAIT)
Inhumane punishment is forbidden by law.
flilh'l! ,I'AITt :,."1:,. flilo'1 f1"hAhA )m-
inimical
I. 1-)(. Narcotics are inimical to health.
{loll f"7.1T1 OD.J:"~t..,. Am.... 1-)( )m-
2 f'l'llil'. The inimical acts of the two
countries led to war. flrrA1> h~t:";f- f1"~<:
.,_.-,. f'l'l\il' 1-"l<tt::f file):,. l\{lh1"11-
41
 inimitable 642 injurious

be inimical to ml\ take the Initiative dtltofl 1 h.ootQ;J.

For some reason he is inimical to me. QA;t-m He took the initiative in producing the play.
.,. !l"h't.t''l- .em~"'&\ 1;.1''1-~'t t\"7H:>"Y..'I- m ...il }'DD~ ... , . h
(to I )aJo
inimitable ou(IA ft\1i
Mark Twain's humor is inimitable. f"7Ch + inject
'In 0 f""''P;f- 0 t\'f 0 OD(Ijl\ o ft\1i ' ~tJJo 1. oPCd_. m;J. The doctor injected medicine
into his bloodstream. "h~ F..VO p.;..1'
iniquitous l"'''i' oPCd.. I OJ;JaJo
The judge's iniquitous deeds were punished
by death. r.o;.,,.
l"'''i' h.J:-&-1'1- 0'1"'1-
2. "'A:J' hil1fl. He always injects politics
into our discussion. OQ;a..'f':f"l-1 m-il-r floA
hll.,."'tJJo
'1.11. ' f?"t\1; .. ID&, "'A:J' ' .l'il1fiA
iniquity (iniquities) :1'"7~ hf\oull"t
injection ""C.t.
His iniquity became known when the bank
Are you getting injections? ODC.!.. '1-m:>t\tJ !
went bankrupt. ;1-"7~ 1\t\DDII''t- fl'th- flh
(I~ '1.11. .,.11\l\ injunction
1. 'I-M11. He obeyed his father's injunction.
initial (n.) filii" """Y..""t..l' IJ'.iPl- .t'fl-l>'t 'l-l\'111 .,..,.flt\
His silverware has his initials on it. 010;1- h
2. f'i'C.J:" 0.'1- "71)1". An injunction directed
:l'tJJo ~.e fil- """Y..""t..l' IJ'.IPl-
.,_.,.Cl\tJJofl;I-A the teachers' union not to strike. fOD!I"tJ&-'t
'lil~'l- P'&- h'tll.t'.J!I" h'i'C.J:" 0.'1-
initial (adj.) "71ll". aD"Jfl'l-
I. foP~ If. The initial salary is small. fou~lf
injure
S'.'l"ll- 'l-'t1i ~,.
1. hfl~lf. Do not injure the bushes in the
2. fou"Y..out..f. Our initial visit to the new
museum was brief. Y .llll O.T oPHhC park! """""-~~""'" 11;1- .1'11-'1-'t
l"l- h;l-fl~1i
"'"'*"'
fou"Y..aot..f 1-11~;1-l-'t ~"'.'"C 1.11. ~oc 2 . .,..,.ll. She fell and injured her leg. m.J:-:1'
initiate h"l<::'t .,..,.lll-
1. "Y..""~. They initiated the plan with the 3. 'I-ll. Dishonesty injures a business. :1-"7~~.-,.
building of a road. l\:,0.<1-'t oP't1.J:" flaDP' 't "71'S'.A P' &- J', 'l-IlA
&-'1- .,_,..~ 4. h'I-S'..I.. The director injured his reputation.
2., hil..,flm. The father initiated his son into 'l.&.h- 11 ...tJJo't h'I-S'..I.
business methods. hfl-1> t\Ail: f't"I.J:" HJ'. 5. h'P~. He injured his pride by asking
l"l-'t hil""'flmtJJo his parents for money. m~,l('fi't 1'tHil fl
1 initiated my friend into the study of Amharic. ""mf:,O hil~'t h'I'~S'.
'iS'.,IL't il!l"-1' f"7.t'm-+tJJo't h"7C"' injured (n.) f-1"'1-ll 1 r-a.M
M.,..,ch-'1-
After the fire, every available car was used to
be initiated take the injured to the hospital. h:l'miPtJJo
He was initiated into my fraternity. hk flt\u- a:>.~ r.,..,......,.'t ( r-a.iltr'l-'t) (ll""f- m
0'1- fiD't.J:""7"7l- hRil tJJoil'l' hfiA 11.11" o.+ A"7.<:-~il ,.,.1'f,. ""h." o...,.
h't'l.ll''t hil.l.~'l.tJJo P'C't'l- ' .,_.l.ll...,t\'1- lr .,....&-0'1-

initiative m ...il f"70D't ......,. l-iP;I- be Injured

A leader must have initiative. h"t.J:" out. 'I. .,M. How many people were injured in
.11.-.-o f"7""'t""''l- l-IP:I' fl. 'i"~,. .e the accident? fJS'.;>tJJo il't'l- l'll"l- 4'.1'111-!
2 . .,..,..;, When a pregnant cow is injured,
1fiA
you must tell him to do everything because it will ahort. hil.J:- fll'~ l- ~II" il'l-'1-'1
.-,...,~"14-Al-
he lacks initiative and does nothing on his own.
"7.J:"~"I .t'Afl'l-'t 11-/r 11\'l-~"l~tJJo J',1fl (be) injurious to 'I-ll
A I !l"h't.t'-1>11" ?"'til" ~1C hilll' ODJ"&-'1- Lack of sleep is injurious to health. 1\'t:,OA'i'
hJ',II"tl\'1-V" "7"1'1- m....., J','l-llA
injury
injury (injuries)
1. 'l-.11-l-. He received only a minor IDJury
in the crash. q.r.;>m- ff.<:iiO-l- '1-.11-l- -l-"t
1i toe
2. lt!IA. His injury requires only slight
treatment. 411111- 4''1<1\ .hh9"<; 11!1' tm-
f"'l..l'lld.Mm-
3. .,..,_.11-l-. The injury to his knee disabled him
for many weeks. f'l-A0-1> .,..,_,~~+ 1111rt-
<'19""t;l--l- ' hP'&-IJJo ' t1J4I}- ' hf.<:~m-
4. "7'1'<:J'.'. He considered it an injury to his
pride to ask his parents for money. <D'I;i'fi"t
~"tH11 oomf~"t h11'1-"t h"t!. "7'1'<:.(-
41m<:m-
injustice
1. OJ'.A. He raged against the injustices
inflicted on him. OJ'.<:iiO-l- OJ'.A tn~A
2. f"l'i! P'&-. The troubles stern from in-
justices of long standing. :f-1<1- 11rt- 1..11.
b.f.f I M'i! I tp6- I fOD~Q.l. I )'(Do
3. "1'1'. Shooting cattle without any good
reason is an injustice. f4'"tt: h11-r-:f'l .1''1
"t.II:Y. 9"h"t.l'-l- oo<:ll'"t "1'1' tm-
do an injustice Of.A
You do him an injustice by not appointing him.
IJAlf9"h,. OJ'.Ah,. "711-l- tfDo
ink 4'119"
Write the test in ink! d..,.'o",."t 04'119" R'i!
[See also 'dip1
inkling 'i!"t"'l"
Daniel had no inkling of their plans. .ll"t h.A
1111 h~,ll:ffDo 9""t9" 'i!"t"'l" hAtO<:fDo9"
inkpad f4'119" ""~""'
He needs an inkpad for stamping documents.
iltl'-:f-'1 11"71-9" f4'119" ""~"'l .l'lld.A
~'I' A
inkwell f4'119" "7114'0D"'l
Each desk has an inkwell. h.l'"t.ll"t-'1- .!'.llh
f4'119" ' "7114'0D"" ' hl\fDo
inlaid f-1-iiiJO-l-
The desk had an inlaid design of ivory.
m<:A.q,. f1111'"t 'I'CII f.,.iiiJO-l- '1.'1'
to.:m-
inland (adj.) ~q .I'll
Some inland areas do not yet have roads.
h"t,ll"t.(- ' ~q ' fl\- ' 11'1!&-l"":f 0 ~<; ' OO"t~.(- '
h<I\1-P'&-'1'1',.,..
643 innermost
inland (adv.) <DJ'. OD"Ijjl\ h~C
They left the ship and walked several miles
inland on foot. hODCh11 mc.r.,. 1111rt- "7
~/.\ I fJJJ!.. I OD"Ij/.\ I 1\'fC I 1fto
in-laws h"7-r-:Y.
My in-laws are coming to visit me. h"''-H: i\..
mJ'.4l'f J'.OD"'/1-
inlay (inlaid) 110!.
He inlaid the chest with dark wood. 419" "1'1'
)."t 0'1'4lC ol"t""-l- 1\0J'.fDo
inlet -l-"t1i MilL
His house is built beside an inlet of the lake.
11.-1> hmJ'.4l .IIC -l-"t1i l'l'lfiL hm~11 f
+av&- ~m-
in mate
1. hll<:o:'. The inmate refused to accept the
food. hll<:o:',. 9""111-"t h&\4'0<1\9" hi\
2. t'l'& 0111-'1. One of the inmates of the
mental institution escaped. fhh9"C' 01i1-'l'
:Y. mh.9" n.+ ,.11'1' t'l'& hll').-l- o1i
1-'l':Y. h"t-'1- hODI\m
inmost
1. fA-fl. His inmost desire was to be a writer.
fA11 9"'l'-~> , uti.. ll""ll'"t , to<:
2. '""""<:'!". We went to the inmost depths
of the mine. "7oiJ'.'). ,.11'1' hllh """"l:lf
,. ' '1'<1\4'-l- ' ~q"t
inn -l-"t1i 11'-I:A
There is an inn on the road to Dessie. tD'- Y.
ll. ' O"'i.<DIIJ'.fDo ' OO"t~.(- ' "" ' -l-"t1i ' 11'1:
A hi\
innate f.,.d.'I'C'
He has an innate talent for drawing. IIP'oiA
P'&- ' f-1-d.'I'C' ' 1-il'l'l\ ' hi\IJ)o
inner
1. f"'"llm'1. The inner door is locked. f,.llm
,.,. ""111...1' .,.41<1\~A
2. f<l\11. She kept her inner thoughts to
herself. f<l\11 9"11m.~"t 011'~ .I'H:Y.
inner circle of f~Cofl
Only the inner circle of his friends knows
about his plans. 1111 h~-'1- f"'l...',..,.+ f
~C11 l\J'.'l'Jfi 11!1' 'i''f,.
innermost foo\Jhl\'1
Only the innermost parts of the book have
not been touched by the water. ,.;) .I'AtiJ,.
f0Dl\'m4-"t ' fOOIJbl\o;'IJ)o ' h'i!<l\ ' 11!J' ' tiJ)o
innings
innings
*Our party will have its innings after the next
election. '"' :ret h"'L"'"'"-"'" 9"e'"'l
0:\'1 7.:,0'1."} l\"7h'OID1 {)F:A J'.'U.'I'A
innocence
J. "}1\..ft I ODIJ'"} j "}!l'.ft'O j 'J'of.-J-"' I J\1\0DIJ'"}.
How did he prove his innocence of the crime?
hw1;(11- 11\..ft 1\0DIJ'). M "7~:>1'"'1
lim!
Even though his innocence was known, he died
without receiving justice. rf,.. "1'\1. "}Jt-tlt
iJ)'1~ ' '/"-t-
'Om- ' (L;f'ID:,09" ' 'i'-1-.ft I innovation
His confession proved my innocence. fl\o ~Pi
ou"} n1 "'"'"""' ""-""11'1 l\~:>1m
2. l\I\"71D:,O. She pleaded innocence of the
law. a,.,."} QI\"71D:,. "7Tof.;!:1 l\DDI\h-t-:Y.
3. f'f'U)-1-. The innocence of little children is
lost as they grow up. f-1-1111 A]t.:Y. f'f'U)
-1- ' 'hf!f..,. ' I\~ ' -4'&-A
innocent
1. f'f'U. Don't be so innocent as to believe
everything the politicians say. f?"l\tll llfP
:Y. f"'LII-'1-1 IJ-11- 1\"7""1 Y.U1 J'UA
f'I'U l\'l-v-1
2. (~noun) ID1;(1\"' l\1\,..ll').. The investiga-
tion showed that he was innocent. rcoo&-tD-
ID1;(1\"' l\1\0DIJ')."} l\~:>1m
3. 11\..n. The arrest of the innocent man
diSCODcerted the policemen, f'} K.oifl I {laJo I 00
J'1l ' ?"II.Mi1 ' l\!f.'01&-'f'm-
He was innocent of the crime. hm'Jj!lt- "}
1\..ft )Oe
4. ( ~ adv.) J'l\ ...,m.l\1>. Many innocent
persons lost their heads in the French Revolu-
tion. 04.~1-te 11-oe '1..11. -1111- ' nfP:Y. '
J'l\ ' ...,m.h;l''l'm- ' 1-1!1.11-
5. o:r-1 AIW f-t-nm. It was just an in-
nocent remark. o:r-1 A!l'O f-t-llm l\111-
J'f-1- )Oe
be Innocent Tof.-t-"' hY.!f.l\9"
The lawyer asserted that his client was innocent.
mO:l'm- )1e-t-"'m- Tof.-t-"' hY.!f.l\9" II.
A 1-h&-h~
stand innocent
*He stands innocent of any wrong. '~"?'"
-1- ' fl\0-l-9"
innocuous f"7J'Ilhof.
He made an innocuous remark. f"7J'Ilhof. h
111-J'f-1- nm
644 inopportune
be Innocuous oocn~ I h.~S!Il'r
Some snakes are innocuous. h.'J"fi'l.(- "Qfl
:Y. ""eH"' hY.!f.ll-9"
innovate
I. l\o-1 l\DD"'. They innovated the saying of
prayers in Amharic. q.,e.,. llll-'1- "7F:~
{I I h~'} I _fODato+ I ~1C I ~lD"
2. l\>1.11 (H!f..) .l.m~. When the older methods
no longer work, you must innovate. f.,.(!. H
!f..fP:Y. ' 0"7J'11\"'II-0T '1..11. l\>1.11 ' OD<j:
me l\1\-IIU
I. f"""' l\'1.11 l\IP&-e. He fought against
the innovations which had entered the church.
00.1- helltJ'). m-IlT fOD"'m-"} l\JI.Il
l\IP&-e ' 1\"7114'~-1- ' ;1'11\
2. l\>1.11 t1e. Lighting by electricity was an
innovation in 1890. O!;!:fitl ~- 9". 01..1\.h'l-&
h -flcY"} ""llm-1- l\>1.11 )1e )Oe
innuendo, make (innuendos) Ol\11..,.e
1-'01~
He is making innuendos about my honesty.
111\t ;1'"7~)-1- Ol\11-e Y-'01&-A
innumerable .,....e ll'i'e fl\.1\m-
There were innumerable ants on our food.
OI"'"'Q:Y.1 'IF- _,....e ll'i'e fi\.1\ID- .,.,
.111 )Oe
inoculate h-1-Q-1- l\!1.~11\'1-
The doctor will inoculate you against smallpox.
F-h-f-1. f4.1"1"1 h-1-Q-1- J'!f.C'IA?A
inoculation h'I-Q-1-
Smallpox inoculations will he given free. f 4.1
"1"1 h-1-Q-1- O)ll Y.II"'A
inoffensive f"71114'Y.9"
He has a very inoffensive manner, so no one
gets mad at him. f"7J'II4'Y.9" mQY. Mil.
.... ' "719" ' l\Y.'O!f..F:0-1-9"
(be) inoperative l11A"'II-'I- m-op II')
The law regulating slavery has been inoperative
since slavery was abolished. qe)-1-1 f"7.41."1
m~m- ' .ft"l ' 'le)-1- 1 h.,.ID1~ ' IDJI.U l)
1/A"III-'1- fiJJf." II').A
T'i- inopportune
1. ffPJ~oo":f-. He came at an inopportune time.
0"7 y.ou:Y. '1..11. OD"J
2. J'l\'1..11."'" fOD"'. An inopportune call de-
layed us. J'l\'l..rl.m- fonq f-1:1\.6:1 T&
l\H1f1
Inordinate 645 insanity

(be) inordinate .,.10. hMRU" inroad, make an """' into 'I'll 1 1Q

His anger was inordinate. of!:IIJ(J)o +10.. 1\A Our troops made an inroad into the enemy's
~RG!I" line. tD;f-J'.C:;F'f") m~-1-"J 'l'htiJ. ~&
inordinate amount of oom,. r fl\.f'\.ID" make Inroads on
There was an inordinate amount of confusion 1. J\DP~DP~. His expenses made great inroads
00 registration day, flr1J1ll. I .,.,. I ODQ11' I on his savings. m"l.BJo 1 .fmt-+oo8Jo1" 1 1'lH
fi\.1\CD- TCII"h!l"h ~IIG 11 I Ot1J9'" I ,hoP~oP~BJo
2. htnh. Eating too much makes inroads on
inquest !I"COD&- yonr health. 1111- ""11~-l- m.n.ru"t J'tD-
The inquest showed the woman died from h'I'A
drowning. !I"CODti-CD- I 1\.Tf"'l' I h'l'"'l I OD'I":J:
., h<'lf inrush ..,J'.II'i' htn&-GJ':
The inrush of water quickly filled onr tanks.
inquire mf.,. ftD-;lotD- ..,)'.II>;' htD&-GJ': IIC"'L~'f"J"J -1'
You'd better inquire first whether the job is II" .,.~ ....
still open. P'tl-tD- hv-"J!I" li"J-'111 hh.,.J':
OOIJ 11-l-mJ'.:,. J'."lf~A insane (n.)
inquire Into oot:,ool, I. l\11.1':. There are many of the insane in
We must inquire into the matter of the missing Emmanuel Hospital. h"'l'l-l..A ll'h"C:f"A ..,. .
money. 11'Hfl- I (tft I ODtptf,.-J: I .,..-;,.e. I ODoPC h'l' 1111" li11P.'f hll-
00(; hl\11")
2. fhli!I"C: ih""!l".,.'i'. A mental hospital treats
Inquire after one the insane. fl\11P.'f ll'h"C;t-A fhli!I"C:
I. mf.,.. Inquire after my friends when you iJ.oo9".,.'l''f"J J'h"'IA
go to my hometown. tDJ'. .,.tDI\J':h-11-l-
insane (adj.)
h_,."'l M~J': ~J'.'l''ti"J mJ'.:,.A~
I. fli11P.'f. There is an insane asylum in the
2. hi\ m."J~-1- OtD.,.. Friends have been
city. llh_,."'' tn-h'l' fli11P.'f t1D'f6J' IL
calling all morning to inquire after you.
-1- hi\
~J'.'l''fu hi\ m."J~-1-u 1\"'ltn:,. 111.-l- (l.J'.
2. hli!I"C:CD- f ;1-tnh. Insane people are not
m-flo hGM.
responsible. hll!l"t:'l''ftD- f ;1-tDh (l,.'f
ll..,~.c.~.r hJ'.mf4<!1"
inquiry (inquiries) !I"COD&-
An inquiry into the crime is being held. be Insane h.O~
hi\ tD")~I\o 11"1:""<1- I IIODJ'.G"' o ~)'. ~tD You are insane if you think that he will give
make Inquiries h(fl,ff+ you any money. 1'lHofl 1 ,..(lm~A oflAU 1
He made inquiries about the suspect. hl\1"m6o hhllll ' l\")J'.IJ'") I h11~7A
mGm- (ltD- hmJ'f.,.
on Inquiry ll.,.mf.,. 1.11.
insanitary lim.<; m"J:,.
Letting flies walk on your food is insanitary.
Details will be given on inquiry. 111:11~ R.,.m
,.,. ' '1.11.' J'.{I"'A
11"JP'f 1111""11111 {l.J'C4- 119" "'11\-1-
f\tJL'i I tn"}ol- I ~BJo

inquisition fOCOD&- insanitary conditions f"}K'ift'i = 7-X"-f\T

The inquisition uncovered many heresies.
'rCOD~(D4 I ofllf- I OOij"fi!:J>"J"} I
inquisitive .,.,..&-..,.:
He has an inquisitive mind, and had acquired
a lot of knowledge at an early age. .,.oo&-"'16
hl\!I"C: MI\CD- 1<; Rtn"'-1-H 1111- ~
..,._,.T' .,.P'"J.A
be inquisitive T.fi: r h.Oif
Children are usually inquisitive. Ap:;f- ofllr-
'1.11. ' "''"" .1'11~11-
The inspector criticized the insanitary condi-
J\;J/ttn tions of the kitchen. .,.41."1"1Gm- M J':IL-IJ"t
Mll"ih'i" .,.J':II-1- ~"'"-
insanity
I. l\111'.-l-. Due to his insanity, he had to be
hospitalized. Rl\111'.-l- !l"h"JJ'-1- ll'h"C;t-A
OO"'IJ-1- "'J': li'~R-1-
2. h'J1-I\ "":f"tnh. The criminal pleaded
insanity. tD")~I\'i'm- h'J1-II OD:f"tnh-"t ll
"JJ'. !l"h"tJ'-1- 1\'i!CJ': IL-l- h.,.GR
insatiable
strain of Insanity 1h~:,.
There is a strain of insanity in the family.
RIL.,.IIII'ffDo 1h)'l- 1\11
insatiable f"7'-G"
The child's insatiable curiosity often got him
in trouble. filtY\'o f"7'-GIJ f"7m'l> 'i!ll1
'1- -1111- 1..11. 'f-Ie 11'- '-'1'1\'PA
be Insatiable I\Am1RII"
He is insatiable, though he eats constantly.
YII"7*G'I' R.RIIII" 1'1'-m"'-1111"
inscribe
I. 4'GII. I asked tbe jeweler to inscribe the
ring witb my name. R4'11Rof: 11'- II"'L1 1\
1-'1.4'CK" 111'1'G'i'm- )1CIJ.'l-
2. 1\IILG. The Emperor inscribed his name
on tbe photograph. 11-w )1P'-I> 11"7'fm-
1 RG:of"'<!of. 11'- 1\114..~
be inscribed
1. TAL. The words were inscribed over the
door. :1"111: OD1f1..Y"'" 11'- .,.K".t.m- )RC
2. .,..,.Gil. My father's words are inscribed
on my memory. Yll-1: 1"1"1C RI\1\II"C"\1.
m-11'1' .,_.,.C!lA
inscription
I. K"m.'i=. He cut an inscription into the wall
of the castle. R"'ll"fl- "'J:-1'1 11'- K",_'i!
4'GII
2. f.,.4'Gll K",.'i!. Can you read the inscrip-
tion on the stone? fl~11JOJ- ~ It~ = f++~Am-
1 K",_'i! A;J-)ofl '1-:Y.IIIIU?
(be) inscrutable
The expression on his face was inscrutable.
.L-1:1 R"7f'l- -IIi" f"'l.YIIRm-1 "7m'l>
1'1'-ii'AII"
insect )'i!<\'1-
An insect is crawling down my back. h.1: ' i'
'i!<\'1- R)!CII\1. 11'- 'l-'t-'111:Y.
[See also 'pest']
insecticide f.,.ll,. "7'1'.LY 1 f.,.ll,_ ouhllb..l'
The farmer impregnated tbe soil witb insecti-
cides. 1Rt.m- ov.:.-1:1 f.,.ll,_ "7'1'4-Y (ov
hllhY) ""'ouGR'l-
insecure f"7YII.,."711"1
Their insecure partnership ended in a quarrel.
f"7YII.,."711"1 'licho;-'fm- Rm-11 .,_Lll""
be Insecure
I. 'l'ofl'l> 1\Aif)ll". If tbe lock is insecure,
646 insert
the thief will be able to get in. .,Af. 'l'ofl
'I> IJAif) 1\.11 11.111 ' '-:filA
2. 1\A.,_.,,..)II". She was insecure in her job.
RP'<I-'1' l\'l-"7....,R'l-11" )RC
feel insecure 'i!<!oil' 1\~G(R'l-)
The child feels insecure when his mother is
away. 1\o;--1> RII.II:Y.R+ 1..11. .h'\'o 'i!<l-
il' Y.I:'CR;J-A
insensible, by ~ degrees R"7'-11"7 hlo.:\1
The room grew cold by insensible degrees.
h'i!ll- R"7'-11"7 1\lo.:\1 l\f4'H4'H 't~
be insensible ~t;:(t.'} 1 it+
The rock struck her on her head, and she was
insensible for nearly an hour. R.l:-1;>'- <1-!l.
1 111\.,.ou;J-:Y. 1\1.1:' ll't'l- YUA )'i!!l.
1 II;J- )RC
be Insensible of
1. 1tA+1~Hilr. We are not insensible of your
kindness. ~"1)'1-01 <\11)Hofl I\A4'G111"
2. l\llm4'11". The boys in the boat were
insensible of the danger. flODCbofl 1 1&-il'l' '
nno~-.r Al!:Y. ~'~~-" --r~1 , 1\llmoJIII" '
)RC
be insensible to I\A.,.II"7(m-11") hm.'i!9" '
I\A.,.11"7(fDoll")
+His frozen fingers are insensible to pain. 11
oflC.I:' f~)Hif- "1-f'll .h""ll" ' h'-11"7'fm-
ll" )RC
He was insensible to the needs of his children
and did not give them any help. fA;('Ii '
:f"'C hm.'i!ll" 1111"7J/.11"7m- 11"111" 1\C-'1
;J- l\llf.G111'I'fDoll"
(be) insensitive to II"'L-1:1 1\A)IJfDoll"
+He was insensitive to the sea's grandeur.
fll.h~ "'C"7 '1"111 II"'L-1:1 1\A)IJm-11"
make insensitive 1tF..~HH
The dentist made Tom's tooth insensitive
before he pulled it. 'l'CII-1 hou14'11- R.L
T dth...... fof-11"1 ' 'I'CII 1\~)HHfDo
inseparable f"7'-11Yf.
These two are inseparable friends. 1\ HU' o-11
-1> f"7'-IIY'" 'i~'l':Y. .,,..,.
insert
I. 1\11111. Insert the screwdriver into tbe key-
hole! mov1)1" OD'i'if'm-1 .,Af. 4''1'1
fDoll'l' 1\11111
2. h.,..,._ He inserted tbe book into his pocket.
""K"dtf.1 h. II- OJoll'l' h.,..,. ....
insertion
3. hbll. They inserted several maps into the
history hook. 11;1-611- ODK"do'i' m-ilT il
II- IIe;J-l"'f hbll-
insertion CPJm-"'."f-
The insertion of an advertisement in a news-
paper often gets results. fi"l~ .,lt;I-ID4:S''t
11?11."1 .,..,."'"" hil~'fm-'t 1.11. m-m.'J-
S'll7'fiA
*The insertion of chemicals is done by machine.
fb."''.IIIA ;r.oo9" f"''.""OD6fDo IIODh.'O
~ ....
inside (n.) m-IlT
May I see the inside of the house? ffl.i>'t m-
ilT ' .,f'l- ' >.'1'~1111- l
inside (adj.)
I. fm-IIT. The inside pages of the paper are
missing. f ?H."'m- fm-IIT 71<'1' m'i'-1-'I'IA
2. 9"l'hn.t-1!. Inside information shows that the
government will seek a peaceful settlement.
9"llm.6-'l! ' 11.'0 ' OO't"IP'-1> ' M.,'l! ' 'I'll
"'1. ' f"''.LIA"I OOII').'t foollb;I-IA
inside (prep.)
1. m-l'l-r ! ~ --- m-l'l-r. There is nothing inside
this can. aJilm- m-ilT 9"'t9" fll9"
They are inside the house now. ho-1' 1 ~fl..J: 1
fDoltT' <;'f'm-
2. fl - - - m-l'l-r. He promised to arrive inside
an hour. <t't~ 11,'1- m-ilT >.J:eilii!Jo il
(I./A
Inside (adv.)
1. ~m-l'l-r. Don't take the chair out; leave it
inside! m1'Ro;..1' s hfl.."f- 1 h;J-m-nJm- 1 l1.m-l'l
-r 1 1-mm-
2. 11-1-LTC'fDo. Inside, she is really very shy.
11-1-LTC''I',~~h~'O'l-
3. mY. 1 o.+. Go inside! It is raining. mY. 1 fl.
'!- "1'1 l ~H't'IIA
inside of 0 - - - m-l'l-r
Inside of five minutes, the theater was empty.
'19"11'1- J:of::J- fDoltT ftS''l-e fl.., 'I
fl. ' 4'.:
Inside out
1. ntt:,O.f. He knows his business inside out.
P'.!-fDo't m't:r-$ fm-:t-IA
2. . , . _ """lll.J'fDo't. I know !hat town
inside out. b1"01Jm-1' oo(DoGl 1 001rt.f'm-1'
hm-4''1'1111-
3. 1Aofltn. He has his sweater on inside out.
!1'6-tl-'t 7/Ailtp llil(\;1-IA
647 insinuate
insider fl.-1-'1'
Only the insiders know what's really going on.
~7~'t ' llhC"IT ' f"''.S'm-...'1- ' fl.-1-'l''f ' il
i1' ' ""'"'"
insidious
I. f-1-'th-IA. His insidious plan to take control
of the government nearly succeeded. OD't"IP'-1>
't ll""nt S'l:.:7fDo f-1-'th-IA >.:r-~ 11.
ilii 9"'t9" h1A4'<:m-9" ~lie
2 . ..,.,.b-t\1' .f'lfA. His insidious remark pro-
voked a quarrel. -1-'th-IA't S'HII hll-1-S'f
., mil 4'114'11
3. il~;J-m;r. m-ilT m-llm-'t f"''.ll~. Cancer
is an insidious disease. lt1'(1C 1 /Jf,;J-m:,.O 1 m-l'l
T m-llm-'t f"''.M llii;J- ~..,.
insight
*Because of his insight. many people come to
ask his advice. hlt-1-'1'~ 111111'~ 9"be II
.,"ITT ' ill!- ' ill"'f ' ID.I'./1- o ~ODIIJI\-
get an insight mA.fo 1 om+
That is how I got an insight into his character.
m<tl<'t miA<fl fm:r-11-'1- h't'LIJ 'Ill
OD1'1.e- I )(Do
insignia he.,
The crown and the scepter are royal insignias.
.,,..,.
""'"~" 11'1-.: oo't"IF'l- n-,.,.... he.,
insignificant
I. h~ll-1-'1'. Heavy industry plays an in-
significant role here. b<t~ h't>l-ll'l-6 hllll
f"''.llmm- 1\1/A"III-'1- Mil-!-':' ~..,.
2. f.,~.:<t. I am not interested in the insigni-
llcant details. ll.,~.:n-'1- 11e11e -,..o;l'"'f
.,~ ' fll"i9"
11'1~
insincere II't7'1-
Her smile is insincere. L 11:f"tf 1 111'-J+ 1 Olt
~ ~ ....
insinuate
1. llh"lll -1-'076. He insinuated that she is dis-
honest. ;1-.,"i fllooll'fl_'t llh"lll -!-'016
2. hill:.:. The enemy propaganda insinuated
doubt into the minds of the people. fm~'l-
'!"C';r?'t"' ll.h1til ~~ ' Te"'~ hill:<:
insinuate oneself into
1. !~'lAb ill\- 1<1. The stray cat insinuated
himself into our kitchen. 'lllfl.'l- fll.llm- ~
oo'l- !~'lAb ill\- .,~fl.;l-'f't fDoltT 1'1
insipid 648 inspector

2. .,./1"79"(11 11.11". He insinuated himself insolent q111.

into the minister's favor. 1"A"'79"'tn f-tt Punish that insolent brat! J'1'1' q111. A~
ll'k-"J ' 00111-J'.Y: ' h~"f ~"'iD-
(be) insipid "'M" f/lm-9" (be) insoluble
The stew is insipid. mm- 1116r s fii.ID-'1"' I. hf..,.A'l'9". Grease is insoluble in cold
water. ~q+ 0"'11-"'~ m-;) 111-ll'l' hf.
insist Y:C~ h/1
He insisted that he was innocent. '1'4-.,.'1 hf. "'"'...,..
2. "7tD~ hA.,.il'/19". The mystery of his death
I'./11Jo9" 1111- Y:C~ h/1 is insoluble. J'".7.".7.1>1' 9"llm.C "7tD~ h
*I insist that you go to see him. A;l'fm- y.~q A.,.il'/19"
A h'IIIIJo
insist on :J-11\ (be) insolvent Mm-1' ll.ll'i'A hAil'/19"
I insist on my rights. /IOD11-J: '-~'1/IIJo Due to the crisis, the company was insolvent.
*The child insisted on having candy. iftt). o:t-1-1- 9"h"JJ'+ lJ.q"JJ'm- Mm-"1 11.11
ll~"'L'I IJAIIRJ:f1Jo'1 illl- :fh h/1 'i'A hAil'/19"
*Because this woman does not know how to
insomnia f'-"t~A'i' ,_,.,,._
manage money, her husband insists on doing it.
He suffers from insomnia. 0"-'l:,.A~ 1 ,._,...:,.. 1
11.'1-1'"'1' f~"l'Hil hJ',nl 1111"7;1'111-~ q!l.
f.rP.4'J'A
Mr. <loll. IJA,nlll-l- f.'IA

insistence :fh "711'1-

insomuch
His insistence that I go to school annoys me. *He worked fast, insomuch that he finished
first. O'i''l')'l- hODF <l-'1- f.,.)"' .,..1':'/"
'I-9"UC'I- 0.'1- IJA~qu illl- :fh "7/1-1>
J'OI\A>.'1A
...a.
insistent inspect
I. ( = adv.) h'1'114'. Despite his insistent I. ~01". The general inspected the troops.
urging, I didn't want to accept his proposal. J>:.~.:-11' m:rl'.e=J;"I ~o"f
9"'19" ,_.,.,. h'l'il.fo 0./19")'1 J'.,.~om-1' 2. 4-.,.lf. The customs man inspected my
.ho\11 A_,.OA hA4./111Jo9" baggage. r-..9"'1-h ,.,,:..,.,. ,,....., 4-.,.lf
2. ( = adv.) h1Jo"t9" h1Jo1'9". The insistent 3. out:,out:.. A dentist inspects the children's
ringing of the telephone disturbed me in my teeth twice a year. f'I'CII .hh.9" fAn
work. fiiAII- h1Jo"t9" h1Jo"t9" ooJ'.mA ') I TCC. I 0'1-0DT I &AT I '1.11 I ~ODt:.IJP~A

F<l- hl\u><l- h/1'1

inspection 'i'.,.lf
be Insistent
When do we pass the customs inspection?
I. Y:C~ h/1. In spite of the rain, he was 1'"1-9"'1-ll-1' <;:.,.If f9"'i'A4.m- oo'f )m- 1
insistent on going out. 9'"19"" 1..'1\\"} R.tt'lofl. The soldiers lined up for their daily inspection.
IJAY.Y:Il- 1111- Y:C~ h/1 tD;l'l'.e'll Of6/lof> II"'LI'.~~m- <;:.,_If .,_
2. 0"'/Y: J'll. I did not want to go but he was
11114-
insistent. /IODY.Y: hA4./111Jo9" )OC 1 *An inspection of the roof showed no leaks.
1' 0"'/Y: J'H'1 "l&J'ID- (I.:J'f. f"'LJ'4.11 .,.,~~,~~ ,...,,.. '
hA.,.~1"9"
insofar as '-1"1'.9" + imperfect + 1111')
He is working insofar as I can tell. "-k s J\"}Y-."'7 on inspection (LODt:,ODC
IJio.,.IJio 1111') I f.IPt.A On inspection, the coin proved to he counter-
*I shall do what I can insofar as I am able. feit. fl.""~ooc ~1'11- rm-lf'l- rr-r .,.
~,.
O"'J.il'/1'1 oom"J O~"'L f"'L4.~Y:A'11'
hiP.l-/IIJo
inspector .,.'1<"1"1&
insolence ilA"'I'i' 1 IIY:)'I- An inspector visits the school every three
How can you suffer such insolence? A'lJltJ Y months. .,.'1<"1"1& 'I-9"UC'I- 0.1>1' Of?'ll
/11Jlo1' i1A1'i' :(IIY:)'I-) '-1'1'..'1- '1-~rP'I'/IU 1 + tDC f.~0'1A
inspiration
inspiration
1. ooh-6.V. The captain was an inspiration to
his men. !fii"0/1- 1\a>;l-f.!:'ll oo!MJ' )
oc
2. f"''..f)"'"'tJ>o oo1.r.11. The poet's inspiration
came from his everyday surroundings. 111JD!.
fJJo1 f"''.J')"'"'fDo 0014.11 h"''..'l'COT
l\ltq0. 0 fOD) .... o )fJJo
3. f.-1~ do/111. Your suggesting that we take
an extra tire was an inspiration. :,.ctj:: s .,..., 1
7.1f"H 111111 J'of>G11hw- do/111 1.-1~
do/111 )0C
4. oo-J-14.11. Inspiration through the nose was
blocked by a clot of blood. 11m- M:1""l11Jo
OG:> 1.11" (IJ..c.1 OD-J-14.11 .1'~-J-'I'A
be an Inspiration to A"l.:t':J-
The music of the band was an inspiration to
the marchers. f'l.C:. ,...H.:I' IIA.C.'I''Il1
f"''.J'):J':J' )0C
get Inspiration ll""L-1: T+fl+r'l
Some people get inspiration from sermons,
some from nature. l\1'111.- 119':Y. 11"';1-:f
..,. f"''..of>llof>IIIIJo Oll11h+ 11.11'1 n.l'll
1."1'1" 0-J-4.'1'1: )fJJo
give Inspiration 1\"I..,Pf
The Italian invasion gave inspiration to many
Ethiopian writers. flii.J'"i WG&- 1111-9'
'll"i l>.+f"k.1'11Jo.f1 f.&-11.9':Y. 1.-CIIT 7.
"i>I.K"4- ' M"'"'
serve as an Inspiration OD~Lll h"I..+:J>
His memory will serve as an inspiration to
posterity. +11;1-w- f-J-h;J-I<"i ,...,.,.,.. oo-;
4.11 J'):J':J'A
inspire
1. 4-il+il. Patriotism inspires brave deeds.
)!"'"i)T f)!11.C:. F&-"i f.of>II~IIA
2. 7."i-'I.'I'A0T l>f.G1. He has the quality
of inspiring confidence. 119':Y. 7.?")T l\1
-'1.'1'11-0+ f"''f."G"' :Y.IO>;J- l\llw-
3. 0014.11-1 M"'"'. The sunset inspired her
to write a poem. '""'"' '1'A++ '"ITr' s
AT1'1'11" 0014.!1."i M"'"'T
be Inspired
I. -1-11111. He claims that his writings were
inspired by God. f"''..K"4-'1'11Jo K" m.c:::Y. Ol\
"'H.C f-1-11\K-A'1 <;:fiiJo f.IIA
2. ( ~ active) 1of.of.. They were inspired by a
belief in a better future. fmY..t.-l- 1 DPAlt9"" 1
).1: ~of.of.:fw-
649 instance
install
I. l\.f.oo. They installed the machinery in the
factory. ooh.<;IJJo"i of.ofl<llttJ>o w-11'1' h.,_.
2. of>mll. The company installed my telephone
yesterday. 11-Q"i.l'w- :,.o;-;:,.o; IIAll of>miiA'1
3. l\ll1Q. The company installed a new gas
stove. 11-Q"iJ'w- l\-'1.11 f:>11 11"1.-7{ l\ll1Q
*The university installed a new president today.
~t. l\-'1.11- fl<tii'CII.-1: Tt.H.'I1T F)
P'C~T -J-f.C111T FA"')-1 -J-GhO
Install oneself
I. 'I'~AA 111>' -J-'i'. The cat installed itself
near the fire. t.-oo;t 7.11-1> l\m~11 'I'~AA
1111 -J-'i':f
2. ~Q. We installed ourselves yesterday in
our new quarters. -l-'1)-l- 1 h-t.fto 1 ooJPt,f 1
fl.-l- r tiJofi:T I "Jf\.,.
installation t.-c)!'+
In Algeria the underground movement suc
ceded in capturing all important installations.
1\A"f..<l.l' IIJoll'l' ll"llm.MI!IIJo 7."i~II:J'Il.
'1'<;'!'<;9''fl"i ' 1.-C)!'.f:f ' 01'10> /IOOf"ll ' /I'll
installment
I. -J-h;J-;1-f. 7.+11". This story appeared in
Life in five installments. f.ll ;1-<lll 01\f.
"' ODK"do.T QII"IIT -J-h;J-;1-f. 7.+11" W"'
2. f'I..H. ll'i'J'. You can pay it in five install-
ments. Qll"ll+ f'I..H. ll'i'J' AT""'CIIIIJo
+:Y.ill\11
on Installment
we bought the furniture on installment.
fO.-I>"i 7.:J' 'I'_,...., flf'I..H.IIJo h'i'll"i
II""""'GII 1~"i
instance
!. "''llaf. This is another instance of his
carelessness. f(to 1 -,Y; fit1h-l- ,.e.u 1 t\.1\m- r
"711G7{ )w-
2. r"ltfl.. Lincoln is an instance of a poor boy
who became famous. II."ii>A"i ht.-"M+ -J-)
JP.f I (1:00 I 'f'~ r flf~ I {I~ I fUI){l. I ~tf)o
3. '1..11.. The fine in the first instance is $10.
ttoo"f.ODt,f 1.11. r oo+~m- OJ-PC 11C ~m
at the instance of fl - - oP>J4.4-...,.
The pupils entered the contest at the instance
of their teacher. QII-J-"''<IIIJo oo1of.of.+ .,.
"'169''1l ,.,..~ fJJoll'l' 111-
for instance i\9""lt{l.
There are quite a few possibilities; for instance
- - - 1111- ~f.)T ou"i~f." l\11 1 1111"11/1. - -
instant 650 institute

in the first instance oo"f_oot,y r ~1C 2. fl - - - L 1 ~. He gave me tangerines instead

In the first instance, this man is a thief. oo)!oot, of oranges. OofiCoJ>tt"l L "I ;I- OD"If.tl"l (l
Y I ~1C I f,.U I {llf)o I 1\.f} I ~(Do m'5
in this Instance flrf.IJ l..'ll: 3. h + (verbal noun). Why don't you do
In this instance you are wrong. OH.U 1..11: ' something instead of complaining all the time?
A"l1' 1'toii1'YII\ Ht'I-C h"7"7~C liM A"l.(- )1C A;fo
f.C"'9" 1
instant (n.), at that ~ 011.,1'"1 '1."
At that instant the hell rang. 011...1'"1 1.n f. instigate M"'"'
mit- +,gmfl The demonstration was not spontaneous; he
for an instant fl..-4::,.. r "LII. instigated the whole thing. M"7'1! llA4-
fA;I-4'1. All\)0~9" l flol\o"l )1C .1')"1"'/
He paused for an instant. 11'1'-1:'1- '1." <f.
(JJo I l\{l- I ~(J)o
9" All
in an instant fl"tl: 1 J\.tj:.;f- ! Cl'1Jl"i:;f" instigation M"''li)'I-
He was gone in an instant. '11'1: lvt;;J- 7t His accusing me was done at the minister's
11\9" All instigation. ll.hll'5 f;FIItD- O"'l.tll'l-<l-
just an instant '1"4:+ M"''li)'l- )0C
Wait just an instant! Tot:+ off.
instigator M"''li
the Instant tDI',JtD- h"lf. perfect + The instigators of the plot were arrested.
I sent you the news the instant I heard it. fA.(-"7tD- M"'lf'.f 1'J.'H-
tDt.ID-"1 tDI',JfDo 7."1f.ll"7v-+ ' ~h-1111
this instant l'tlJo).').
instill Atof.~

Come here this instant! h.o-).). ' ~

Reading good books instills a love for litera-
ture. op<. J OD~;hrJ:T1 I G71'flofl I fi(taJo I It~ I
instant (adj.) fP') ~~'""'~''~ 'i':,Oc J.'to.('&.A
1. hll~. When there is a fire, there is an
instant need for action. f7t.lt:t- ..+ml\<> f\.i'
instinct
.., All'f\o,J'. 1.C9")1' OOtD-(1.(- AIIL~'I. '
I. f1'L'I'I!' lltn;l-. He has an instinct for
)fDo
doing the right thing. '1-hhii':'ID-"I )1C II
"7.(-~"1 f1'L'I'I!' lltn;fo AIIID-
2. ( ~ adv.) tI',JtD-).. He felt instant relief
2. 1'.1.'1'1!'. Birds learn to fly by instinct. mc:'.f
when the medicine was put on. ODJ!",k-1: (L
ODofi~C f"'l.ll9".11-'l- fthl.'l';,:'f,. )fDo
f.~"'ll'l- tP,JtD-). hP':l'f. hG:f. All
3. ( ~ adv.) q")JI'f';fo. The play was an instant instinctive f1'L'I'I!' -:r-~t-;1-
success. tJ.''I-<I- q")JI'f';fo 1'tJI~)'I-"1 Climbing is instinctive in monkeys. f1J'l~C',
A1'f .,. ~'I' ODID-"1'1- f1'L'I'I!' -:r-~t-;Jo )fDo
4. [AII4' ,_..,.. f1'H;J)! IIOOm"J'I-9" If)
institute (v.)
llooofl~'l- ll.LII"' ID-~ ofi;F f"'l.J.'II""9"C
I. f.)11. The club instituted new laws.
ODffi'J' 0 tDf.9" ' 9""1oflj
hOII- AJI.II .n1-:r- f.)11
instantly q").(- A'i';Jo l q"IJI'i';Jo 2. fH. The police instituted a search. ?'1\.(o:r;
I shall come instantly. q").(- A'i';Jo ho"l 'i'II;J J.'H-
llv- 3. J:oot:. The college instituted a new course
in Ethiopian literature. toll.)!: AJI.II fl>..'J-
instead 011- L"l;fo
Nr.r P') ~~'""'~' '1-I"'IIC'I- ~-~
If Henry is sick tomorrow take me on the trip
instead. 11& ~., h~oooo 1 fit\- 1 L 1~ 1 Institute (n.) l>."llltoJ>+
1ic1ic tD-Ilf.'5 The Institute of African Studies deals with
What do you want instead? fit\- 1 L'l:J- 1 'r factors related to Africa. fA'i'tltt "'""' l>.
"I .'J-LII\;JIIII ! "llltoJ>'I- ' fA'i'tltt"l 'JoJif'.,. llll"'l.ODIIhoJ>
instead of )11!'-:r- J.'m.,.A
I. 0 - 9"'1-h. Couldn't you go instead of me? institute .e-c~+
0~ 9"'1-h A'l-lt.(- A'l-'.fA9" 1 We should have an institute that can grant
institution 651 insufficient

academic degrees. llof>llll" '1-II"IIC'l- "L"I& instructive. 7"1"1'1- '1-II"IIC'I- f"'1.1'ffi'l- )

f"''.ll'l' .J!"C~'l- l\7-'L'l'&"t f'/ft. oc
institution instructor hll.,..,&
1. IA"''Y:. Marriage is an ancient institution. The arithmetic instructor is sick today.
;>11;J' ' h'I''I'J- ' fOD"J ' f>..,.J!" ' )lD- f"'-1111 hil.,..,&a>- q,:. ;1-.,_A
2. Y:C:E-.:'f-. The government is an institution
which regulates the welfare of the country. instrument "'"'l&f
A surgeon's instruments must be clean.
""7"1F'l- f!J1&:1:7 J'.'l7)'J- f"''.m11'1>
.J!"C~'l- )a>-
fof>l'- m:>'S mh.?" """'&fl"':f 71\..h
ODif7 ' h(IIJ'fa>-
3. oo,t:*~ The institution of a new bank is
The army was the dictator~s instrument for
regulated by law. f"L/1- IJ'Ih OD!I/!1/?"
O.h"l fTaJIU )a>-
controlling the country. tfiC llt-'-1> h?"
IJ1)l- IJ1&-1>7 f"''.4'."1mcn'l- , """l&f ,
institution of higher learnin1 h~j:i"~ 1 Tf'"tJ )ftC
c'l-' 11.'1- The flute is a musical instrument . 1 f .,'li,.+
He has never been in an institution of higher D'D"-fl~ ~ 00 ..,&1 ~ ~m-
learning. h'i'T'i' '1-?"IIC'l- 11.'1- 111-1' hf
m-'1-9" (be) instrumental h&JI.'I- )11!'':f 'l''i'
[See also 'mental'] )0C ! 1111- &~
His tactics were instrumental in defeating the
instruct enemy. fTtnof>ODIJ'fa>- H.l'.l"':f m'l'l-'1 II
I. hHH. She instructed the maid to sweep .,if)'i' ' h&JI.'l- ' )1C'':f ' 'l''l''ll ' )fl-1-
the house. 1&"1.:1:'1 11.-1>'1 l\7.J:-'l-mC"I h He was instrumental in finding a job for me.
HH;J''l-
Ft- l\"t~1'S 1111- &~'t
2. hll;J-mof>. My agent instructs me that you
still owe me $200. n o-11'1- ,..,. 11 insubordinate f.,S'-:1-Hlf
c l\7~111111 mh.l\. hll:J-m+'t The officer struck the insubordinate soldier
3. hilT.,&. He will instruct me in mathe- with the flat of his sword. ouh-'ll- f.,S'-:1-H
matics. m_/111 fllT?"&'i'A Hm-1' = m:rY 1 fl.,..&-1..1D" 1 1X" oo;rm-
be Insubordinate +"-tf11 1tl\blll.f'"
instruction '1-?"IIC'l- The lieutenant was arrested because he was
He received much instruction in history. f;J-
insubordinate. oo~ 1 1tfl~ID" +"-lf11 1 ll
&h '1-?"IIC'l- fUlol-a>- T?".,:A
'l'lhn& .,.,"
*Socrates spent his life in the instruction of
others. f"o'J>t-'1'11 11.11-':f'l (IJ'IlT?"C .bY. insubordination hliOd:J-Hlf
m-1>'1 hllllol- His insubordination was punished by the officer.
instructions IJ(IOd:J-HII- ' ODh-'ll- ' of>"'ID-
1. oof'"t,~. The ambassador received his insubstantial 1111hllh
instructions before going to the conference. A cobweb is very insubstantial. fif t.t:+ 1 Y:C =
WJ'. 1-IJII.tD- hOD'tJI. 0.1-'l- h?"IJIIJ'.-1- ' 111lhllh ' )a>-
""?"&f , .,..,.nil
be insubstantial frtAV" 1 ~ID"
The head nurse will give you instructions.
Dreams and ghosts are insubstantial. .hA?"'i'
'l''i''l' ' )CII ' OD?"&f ' '1-ll"'':f:\ll':f "1&'1"'1- ' f'lt.r- ' .,,..,.
2. '1-l\qlf. The messenger communicated the
general's instructions to the men. -f-4\1\h..ID" f insufferable ii"":J-1F f.,Y.;J'A
:(~t-11-7 'J-l\qlf llm;J-J'.l':'Jl hllT'Ill.l- His insufferable rudeness offended everybody.
(IOD;J-1F ' f.,f.;J'I\a>- ' 11A."I'i'tD- !Joll-7?"
(be) instructive hllof>fOD
I. '1-?"IIC'l- lim. It is very instructive to see
how country people live. f1mC lll"':f l\'1 insufficient
.1'.'1- ' l\7J'."''.'l''l- ' .,f'l- ' h'i' ' fll ' 'I-?" The police had insufficient evidence to arrest
IJC'l- S'-11"11>. the thief. ?"ll_(o'Jl 0 1\,l]a>-'j ' (\0Df1f 0 floJ: ' 0D
2. '1-?"IIC'l- T1'fR'l-. The lecture was very &It ' hl>.)flt-'fm-?"
insular
*My funds are insufficient to allow me to buy
a car. oohS 1\oo"J~'I- 1!ltlo t.Y./.)t~IA
"19"
insular
I. f.<'.ll.'l-. The insular climate is mild all year
long. f.<'.ll.-1> 1fC rH;l" 'loo-Jo'! .,.
f'r I OOQhl\11 I ~lD"
2. mil-fl. Their insular attitudes were ridiculed
by the French. RmQ11 t.il.,.1f:J"'I'm- L
<:'!<'ll'l- .,. ...114lQ'fm-
(be) insulated
*Telephone wires are often insulated by a
covering of rubber. fllAh iifll"l- !><:'It
l\'1'11ii_,....IA4- 11H-tJJo'l 1.11. R'lllth
MfL<;tr
insulation
1. lt~1'1: 1 h1.l':. He cut some insulation from
the wire. hiiflm- 'IY. '1-'lii !><:'It M
~' .:m
2. f..,..,.,_
ooh'lh1. Putting insulation in the
wall helps keep out the heat. R"l~'l 'IY. f
..,..,.,_ ooMilf "'1~<:.,. ..,.4>'1-'1 /looM
IliA Y.<:'IA
insult (v.) ll.<'.R 1 HilL
Though he came to visit you, you insulted him.
1\.mY.~U ll""tiJ ll.<'.11hm-
The shamefaced boy asked the teacher's
pardon for having insulted him. 'lY.'I t.-1-~
IA'I': t.il-1-"''tltJ>o'! 0""11114- UC:J" mf4>
insult (n.)
I. H/1'1-. The ambassador complained about
the insults to his country which were printed
in the paper. h9"Q{).<'.~ R:>H.tiJtJJo 'IY.
11'11~ :1"'1-'1" 1\mtl)m- H/1'1- -t-:J-m-'l"m-
'1 ' t.4><:R
2. II~. I consider that an insult. 1'1'1 l\'I
.<'. II~ ' ll.4r.T<:'I'IIll-
make veiled insults about flh-Jfl 1 1"11..0
He made veiled insults about my mother.
Rt."lfl l\<;1:'1 ll.<'.Q'I-
insulting remark II~
Profound silenoe followed his insulting remark.
hCil- II~ R:\'1 'i!l\.9" IIT:l" ll't
insurance
I. f:J.Y.mt '1'11'1-<;1 '1'11'1-<;. Shereoeived much
money from her husband's insurance. bQ'- 1
f:J.Y.m'l- '1'11'1-<; 1111" 1'1H11 t.1T:f.
652 intake
He showed great foresight when he got that
insuranoe. 1'1'1 '1'11'1-<; R...._,Q-Io t.C
t.il-1-'1' M-1>'1 t.<'lf
2. f'l'll'l-<; 1'1H11. The insuranoe was paid
in a lump sum. f'l'/1'1-<;m- 1'1H11 Q'l~
1.11. n-tr .,.hLII
be covered by insurance tf'ii-T'i 1 hl\lD"
Is your house covered by insurance? 0.-TU 1'
11'1-<; t.l\m- l
insure
I. t.<::>1m. I am going to insure that you
obey orders. 'l-l\~11 oP4>RAU'I 11"'1<::>1
T ' t..<'.C:>/\11-
2. 'I'll'!-<; t.MQ. Insure my house for $20,000!
11.1:'1 01'1 It 11C '1'11'1-<; t.ll1QA'{
3. t.'lt. More care will insure you against
making so many mistakes. ,..flAT 1 oom1'
4>~ 1111" ll:h-t--fl-'1 hooP'<l-'1- 1 ~'!?A
be insured tf'il-l-'i J\1\.iD"
Are you insured against all possible accidents?
II..<'.C/1110 1\"''..:f.A h.<'.:> 11-ir '1'11'1-<;
t.IIU l
insurgency ooot
The insurgency against the government in
Nigeria was suppressed. <;Y.'f.t11 tJJo/IT n
OD'J"JP'-Jo I '\Y. I f.,..<'.f!1t1Jo I 0oP6 I of-.<'.OD{l{l
insurgent oooo'1
The insurgents have finally been captured.
oooo"'''Jl R"""'-t!lf -t-111"
insurrection 11-h'I-
An insurrection broke out in the Congo.
1>'11 ' tJJo/IT ' 11-h'l- -1-t"f
intact <'IY.MC
I found my glasses intact along the roadway.
ODtll"t.'I <'IY.IlRC ""'11~ "" M'fll-'1-
be intact 9"'19" .,.~11'1- f/IR'I-9"
Even though it was not cared for properly, the
machine was still intact. 9"'19" l\'1\>.'1 -1-1
!l T'I:J-<11 QY..<'.<:"III'I-9" oo!J.<;m- t.ll-'1
9" .,.~/It f/IR'I-9"
keep Intact t.AtlJ9"
He lived on the interest and kept his capital
intact. 'I'<; 1'1HR-'I <'IY.tlJ Rm/IJI. 11il'
'l"t!
intake 1!l
The intake of money decreased after the
manager was fired. P'<l- t./111.1)1: hP'<l-
1l-t-m1.<'. n:\'1 f1'1H11 11l"'" 4>t(l
intangible
*The intake of each boiler is 300 gallons an
hour. f"'''i'Y .:>1 Ofl't'l- !Pil'l- ooof :>
11-1 fiJ 1.'1 .llo:f'IA
intangible f"''.llo""'O'I'
Sound and light are intangible. !f:'J"a<; 11C'I
1 f"''.llo""'Om- <;:ftJJo
The child's intangible fear could not be re-
moved by explanations. fA)I:1 f"''.llo""'O'I'
'i'CY'I- 0"'111<:"1'1- 11"7/IID~!f: h.llo!J'A'I"
integral
1. 't.llo~-1-'1. Freedom of the press is an integral
part of democracy. fK".J..'i' ~l\~'1- ll"'.'l"h
<~-11. ' -t.e.~-J-'1 ' ~~c ' ~tJJo
2. ,_II- f"'Ufl"f.. Arms and legs are integral
parts of the human body. 't.]~ 't..,c-:Y.
ffltJJo1 t.IJA ,_11- f"''J(I"f.'J- h'i'll-
:y. ' <;:ftJJo
3. m:r-'1'1. The integral works of Hemingway
were published recently. f't"'1.1.,'1l.llo m:r-'1
'I K".J..'i' o:r.co- ;.t-'I-".7.A
integrate h'l'.hY..
They are going to integrate the army and air
force. jll(; fl<l-'1!1:1<; YfC .-..e-11-1
fiJ'I' "'~:ftJJo ' ~tJJo
*They are going to integrate the schools in
our district. 0'1 .,.011. 'I'C":f<; ~""':y.
q1!f: -1-"'1& IL'I- 't.1'1."'1-l- (IJY..C'I-
~tJJo
integrity
1. "'"'>;'~'!-. Nobody questioned his integrity.
"'"''1~1:1 "'11'1" t.A-1-m<~-m<:'l"
2. t.1!f:~'l-. Ethiopia will defend her terri-
torial integrity. t..'l-f"t.Y M~-1'!1!1 t.1!f:
H ;.t-llh11<~-II:Y.
of integrity "'"'>;' "'"'>;' {ltJJo ~tJJo
He is a man of integrity.
intellect
1. f"''flofl :Y.II-;.1-. Intellect distinguishes men
from the animals. {ltJJo1 h't.1/lj\:f f"''.ll
Y'l'tJJo f"''fl11 :Y.n-;.t-:ftJJo ~tJJo
2. 11.:r. (pl. fl.:l>tJJo"t'l-). Einstein was one of
the greatest intellects of his time. h.llo11l;.l-.llo1
O"I.H.tJJo h;.t-m'l- ll.,..tJJo1'1- t.1-'l. ~
oc
intellectual (n.) '1"11-C
That magazine is read by many intellectuals.
oog-m..,.1 , 1111- 'l"o-<~-1 no-;.~-A
653 Intend
intellectual (adj.)
1. t.'t.'I"C" f"''.m.e.:r.. Teaching is an intellec-
tual occupation. "'111-I-"''C t.'t.'I"C" f"''.m.llo
:,. I Ofl'o~ I )d)o-
2, ft.'t.'I"C". Winning a scholarship is an
intellectual achievement. lli>'ICltT .,.,,.'!-
Oh't.'J"C" :Y.II-;.1- ~tJJo
3. Mflofl'i f""""<I-""C. He is a man of great
intellectual powers. h'i'-1-'1 f"''{lofl<; f""
OD~ODC c l-tr-:J- I YllfDo I (tfDo I iom-
intelligence
1. f"''fl11 :Y.n-;.t-. He shows little intelligence
for one his age. M!f:"'LtJJo h"''.~qtJJo nl'l
f"''(lofl ' :Y.n-;.t- ' t.lltJJo
2. t.'t.'I"C". He's below average in intelligence.
t.'t.'J"C"tJJo ht1Dm~'1 (ltJJo t.M"C" 11:r.
Yll ~tJJo
3. 11AtJ~'J-. He is on a par with his brother
in intelligence. 011AtJ~'J- h1D1!f:..,. :>C
't.h-A ' ~tJJo
4. ""<:'If. The general has secret intelligence
of the plans of the enemy. :(~<1-11- 1'111 m'l'l-
t.:r.!f: ' 'l"llm.<l-'1! ' ""<:'If ' t.lltJJo
intelligence department ft1D<:'ff h'i'A
He is an officer in the intelligence department.
't.(l- foo<:'jf h'i'A ' ODh-11 ' ~tJJo
intelligent 11AtJ
She has an intelligent child. 11AtJ A)!': t.
'I'!-
(be) intelligible .,.A.,. -1-1'1"'1
Because of the noise of the plane, your words
are not intelligible. hhtJJoi!"T'Il' t;~;~rli'J- f
-1-~"1 f'l"'l-~<:tJJo .,..A-1' h.llol'l"'''l"
your response was not very intelligible.
ODA(ItJ1 ' oo<:JI'I- ' YI'I'I'"IC ' ~oc
intemperate
1. YA-1-~;.1-. His intemperate language startled
the audience. YAfl;.l-tJJo 1"1.,-1- t.!f:<"'m
1 ih1111 t.IIY..~~m
2. hoam1 O'l.llo f"''.m"'. An intemperate
person will soon lose his health. houm1 0'1
.e. f"''.m"' (ltJJo 0-1'11- m.<;tJJo1 Y"'A
3. .-..e-11'1. The intemperate winter ruined his
health. .-..e.ll'1tJJo ' h<:'l"'l- ' m.1~1:1 ' .,...o;tJJo
intend t.I'IO
What do you intend to do? '1"1 A;.I-Y..C"!
;.1-MIItJ l
*The author intended his book for adults.
 intended
Y.&-(LaJo """""'4-"1 fll.!.aJo 110'1'4: J!.rn
H"IY.- ' ~aJo
intended (adj.) f;J-4'J'.
We set off on our intended trip. f:J-4'J'.aJo"l .,.
!l.:fn ~-C"I
be Intended (for)
I. -1-rUHG. That remark was intended for him.
$ hil-1-Yf+ 1\r\- f-1-ll~HG ~OC
2. :J-(111. This book is intended for you. J/.11 ""
"""'"' 1\"1-1-. f;J-(10 ~(Do
3. -f-ODJ'.O. This fund is intended for emergency
use only. J/.11 1"1Hil IIY.-"11-f-'i' m"'-
il!l' f-1-ouJ'.O ~aJo
4. :~-=. His son is intended for the ministry.
A)!: 1\:,0il'i' :1-1l-:J:A
intense
I. 'lf.ll'i'. I could not stand the intense heat.
'lJ!.II'i'aJo"l ..,._,.-,. hA!I'Ah-+ r
2. f:>ll il"'L+ $1\aJo, Those intense young
men will make good soldiers. MIU' f:>ll
il"'L+ $1\'l'aJo m"'.Y."f -No m;J-J'.J!"f J!.
dJ"''f'I'A
intensely oc+.Y.
He studies intensely. Oc+.Y. $m'OA
intensify (intensified)
I. hm~h<:. We will have to intensify our
efforts if we are to finish on time. 01.R oo
""Gil h.!.l\"1"1 -r<:;J-':f"l"l .,m"lhC h
llil"l
2. mo:,O hJ'.G1. He intensified his studies
before the examinations. hL.,.'i"CDo 0~ .,.
'0-1>"1 mo:,O hJ'.G1aJo
3. hOG:J-. Blowing on a fire intensifies the heat.
7. ...-1>"1 M: .,11:,. ..,._,_,"! $0<:;1-'I'A
intensity
I. 'lf.A. The intensity of the heat melted the
iron. f..,..,., 'lf.A iiG-1>"1 h4'1\maJo
2. "Ill+. The intensity of his anger showed
that he would never forgive her. MJ'.-1> "I
II+ r"l1.1r J!.:,Oc;J- M$J'.C"'IIT
ODrf)."j 0 h ... f
intensive
I. 0'1""1:1'., f-1-S'-<:1.
An intensive search
turned up the missing key. 0-r"I:J>., f-I-J'.G1
aJo ~:> fmof.aJo"l ""h"-!1' hll1T
2. ( ~ adv.) m"!:,Ool', An intensive study of a
few books is more valuable than much careless
reading. illl-l""f't 01J'.II'ii h.,"!Oil J!.A
654 intentiona lly
:,. -r4:.Y."f ""llih'i'+"l m"!:,Oof' .,"10
il fOIIm -r:,Or hllaJo
*He is taking an intensive course in Amharic.
hil~'i'aJo"l 1.1aJo"l f"t$ ...A'i'O+ y.,c
'i' +rue+ J!.h:J-1-IIA
intent (n.)
I. 'l'l.,, The intent of the committee was to
raise funds. fJ'.C.,. 'l'l., 1"1Hil 1\0D{Iil(l
il ~OC
2. .,11+. What was the intent of that remark?
Ol'lmaJo hll-1-Yf+ M .,11-~: ~nc 1
*It was not my intent to harm you. A.,..JIU
hllO. hA~O<:r
to all Intents and purposes OMr ~1..e
To all intents and purposes, he is finished.
Or"!r G1Y.- fr\- ~1C hO:J>
with the intent to lti'Ul
I shot with the intent to kill. 11""1J'.A h
110. -1-h-llh-
intent (adj.), be - on "'"flo rJoll- - - - ~nc
He was intent on my destruction. .h'llt- ,.
II- 7.k"l 11.,'1'1-:,. ~OC
give an intent look h+tN!" ..,.OOl\hT
He gave me an intent look when I said I had
never cheated. h"i"OCil"- h'laJo:,Or 1111
(Do ' h'l-tH: ' -f-ODI\h-f-"J
intention
I. h..,IU+. His good intentions are evident
to all. ouAIJr h..,fU-1> 11.,"1,. "IA1;" ~,.
2. ...,llofl. He intimated to me his intention
of leaving early. 4'Y.r ill\- 1\""'tJ'.- .,,..
flo"! mof&ou"t
3. $110l1Jo ~1C. Wasthatreal lyyourinten tion?
1.,.~.-,. Yl'lilhliJo ~1C J!.1i. ~OC 1
have intention h.tl:f1
He has no intention of coming. II""'""'+ h
Yllilr
with good Intentions
They acted with good intentions. 0-N- ou"J
.!.II (0:,0"1 Aflo<;) ~,. f"'ol-+
intentiona l
I. :J-Ilfl f-1-MHG. That !:>low was intentional.
.11.1\liJo :J-Ilfl f1'1l~HG ~OC
2. ( = adv.) If"! illl-. His insult was intention-
al. IIY.-flo If"! ill\- $J'.G1l1Jo ~1C ~OC
intentiona lly If"! ill\- 1 o.....,.
The child intentionally hit the dog. A)!:
""~~"aJo"l If"! illl- (o.....,.) "":I-""
intently
intently O'J''t .+oJI
They listened intently. O'J''t.+oJI .t.Jioom-
interact h't-'1. q')Jl. 'If. TX"6'r h'l:f,.
These two chemicals interact. 11-111> fll."''..
IIA :,.oo'l"":f h't-'1. q')Jl. 'If. TX"6
'r ' h'l:f,.
intercalate hh1q
It is necessary to intercalate a five-day month
to make a full year. '\OD1>'t .-11- 1\"''F:
~"' q11 hll"h'l- 'i''t cDC "''h1q'f- fh
.I.A.:> A
intercede h"''llf.
He interceded with the king to have my
punishment reduced. :,."1-f: h't-'1.4')/IA~
,.,....., ' h"''llf.~
intercept
I. co(l~'t "'"''~' ll.C(I fH. The police inter-
cepted a shipment of smuggled goods. fl>'t'I-C"
q')Jl. h.+ co(l~'t ...fA'!' ?""ll.(llj; f.C
....... ''''""'"
2. ""'t1F: 'If. fH. The policemen intercep-
ted a message she sent to her convict hus-
band. 1\cD't~ll::',. ' q!l ' f'lh"'f,., ' """'
hh'f- ' ?""1\.(l":f ' OD't1F: ' 'If. ' ffl-'f-
3. f.~(l(R'I-). I intercepted him before he
reached his office. Ill!" hoo"'q1> 0.1.'1- f.~
1111-0'I-
intercession h"'''l~)'f-
His intercession on my behalf was very helpful.
h"'/'1~)., ' 0"111" ' ~.tl~
intercessor h"'''l~
He acted as my intercessor with my father-in-
law. h"''-1: H'tF: h"'''l~ 1!''1" ~f.A~
interchange (v.)
I. h4'ff ~. You can interchange the parts
of these machines. fODIJ..'i"l"lj;'t h.+ A;J-4'
ff.~,. '1-:f'IIIU
2. Tll'l'cDm. The twins interchange clothes
frequently. oo')-'J-f"lj; 1111- 1.n ol\1111 f.
ll'l'cD"'/1-
interchange (n.) OD/I'I'cD'I'
There was an interchange of views between the
two parties. 011-111> cD1'r"'f ""UhA f.h,..
11 ' OD/I'I'cD'J' ' Tf-~1
(be) interchangeable 11./l'l'tDtn- 11'11-
Tires on an automobile are interchangeable.
fODIJ..'i" ' 'l"'/l"lf 0 /1./l'l'cDtn- 0 J'.lf'l/1-
655 Interest
intercommunica te +"llii
The dining room and kitchen intercom-
municate. 11""111 0.1>'i" "''F: 0.1> f.1'i"':'ll-
interconnect T1'i""f
The roads interconnect. ""'t1F-Ij; f.1'i"':'ll-
intercourse "''t"f)'f-
Social intercourse is necessary for a proper life.
llf.')'i" ' ~C" ' f.h1111 ' "''t"f)'J- ' hh.t.'l'l. ' )IJ)o
interdict hllhll
The government has interdicted all trade in
narcotics. OD't"'P'1> "'''t':',.'tll" f'i"CI>
-l:h 't"'F: hAh!lA
interdiction "'11)f
The interdiction on selling arms was revoked
after two years. ODUf&f OooifT s -\f, f+
f-~1,. "'11)1" hll-11'1- 0\oo'l- 0:\'1 T)"'
interest (v.)
I. '1''1'1'1- .t..-.f.~(o'l-). Can't you interest him
in that? OIU' )1C '1''1'1'1- A;J-o'IF:CR'I-
h'l-"'fAII"l
2. '1''1'1'1-'t M"'"'. An exciting story inter-
ests you. h"'L'I-'t f"''..4'(l:,.h ;J-&h '1''1'1'1-
't 'f)"'"'A
3. hhf.{lT. The book interests me, apart
from the plot. h;J-&11- OIIT'i'C ""X".h4-
om:,."""'" hhf.h.P.':'A
4. .-.n. Ethiopia's past interests historians.
fh..'l-l'"lrf f'r't'l- ;J-&h f;J-&h ~..,,~.
l"lf't J'.MA
5. f - - - '\'1"7 ),.. The fight for peace inter-
ests all nations. Allt\r a ou.,
.:J-1- ftlAf'" =
.h11fl":f ' 11-11- ' '\'1"7 ' )IJ)o
be interested in
I. cDf.f.. I am interested in sports. hh:rC-'1-
hcD.tl/111-
2. d.A-J. He is interested in her money.
f"''...t.oi\11J)o ~'tH!l't ),.
3. '1''1'1'1- hll(,.). The Emperor has always
been interested in developing education. )i"'tl!'
f. h'J"t-l- ~11"1!" '1-II"UC'I-'t f"''h<f.<f.
'1- ' '1''1'1'1- ' )Ot-:f,.
4. 1J'tq/l. hll(,.). He is deeply interested
in Amharic. 'I"''C'i' 9/'t!l/ h'I'T':' 11't
q/1, ' hll,.
5. h"'L'I- hll,.. I am interested in child welfare.
ll.hY'i"'l- 0'1 hF:t-'1'1- h"''.'l- hll~
6. ( ~ interest) hhf.(lT. +J am very much
interested in ancient art. 'J''t;f-' IJ..) '1'0
11 ,. 0"111" fhf.hT'i'A
interest
7. +I'J:Li\. He is actively interested in the
project. Oh:t-'1- f"'l.I}L/1,. 0.,..11- All-
) ....
interest (n.)
1. hlP/.:,.. These events aroused great interest.
MILU ~C'I.-r-":f II<;: f/1 h"'L:,. oj>{loj>~
2. <;:111:,.. Interest lags in political matters.
f?'/11:1} ' "1--'11'-":f'l ' f"'l.""/111..,. ' <;:111..,. '
ilrt-,.'1 1.11. .f.oj>) 'lA
His purpose was to advance his own interests
rather than the company's. 't11"7,. f&-~'1
7.'11( fll-q'lf,.'l <;:111:,. 11"7JIOC hA)
0~11"
3. fOf..aJF.iD" ' ~1C. He has many interests
besides languages. II*"~* 11.11 ill!- f"'l.a>
.11'1'.... ' )~l!"":f ' h/1-..,.
4. h~<;4':,.. The exciting life of the author
gives the book additional interest. f~&.fl.
.... ' h~il":f ' ).1!" o /IDP1;".h4- o .,..... .,& o
h~<;4':,. .f.{lm'PA
5. 'l':tl"'. He has an interest in the brewery.
00.&. ' 4-il& ...... ' .... (1'1' ' 'l':tl"' ' h/1 ....
6. mtt!:. How much interest does the bank
pay? q'jll- 11"'1 filA a>/1~ .f.ll<t:IIA l
the best Interests T.;'f>r"
The ambassador must protect the best interests
of his country. hl"'q~"- 11"-'1 'l':tl"'
""mo:t h/10.-,.
have interests
He has many interests. ill!- )~l!":f .f.II:J-
.,.IIA
lack interest hA.nJoor
A dull book lacks interest. f"'l.'fll """""'"'
h.f.'l'l"'l"'
take an (active) interest In
I. OIJD"/1- All- .,..,L/1. He takes an active
interest in the literacy campaign. 0.,.11"1!" "7
ll.,..,c """"' ,.ll'l' o-11- All- .e
I} LilA
2. o:tcil .,.II:J-.,.11. He takes an interest in
my work. fP'&.f-'1 ,..11.,,.., o:tcil .e
11;1-.,.IIA
[See also 'rate, secondary, vested, void']
interesting
I. f"'l.f~ll:,.. That's an interesting article.
f ' f"'l.f~{l..,. ' """"""' ' ) ....
2. h~'l':f. From what he says, it must be
very interesting. h~ h'l~"'l./1,. llrn
)~ ' O"JI"" ' t.~il':f ' ODIJ"t ' h/10..,.
656 interior
People like him because he is an interesting
person. h~'l:f {1/llf) {I,. .f.a>~'PA
3. h~<;of!. The film has an interesting plot.
fd.A.,.. ;J-&11 h{l~<;of! ),.
interfere
I. "'A:J- ~q. Don't interfere in other people's
affairs! O{l,. )~C "'A:J- h.-,..,q
2. h:>m""("'"). Come on Saturday if nothing
interferes. 11"'111" l}ll:>m""IJ :t.ll"'L <;
Interfere with
I. h:J-m{l. Absences interfere with school
work. 11.-,.I"'IJC:,. o.:,. ,..;r.~:,. :,.rue:,.'!
f:J",.'IA
2. hMII/1(0:,.). Do you allow pleasure to
interfere with the performance of your duty?
~{1;1- P'&.IJ'I h'I'IJ{l<;IIAiiiJ :,.L:t.ll/111 l
3. n:t-s.:,. lf)O:,.. You are interfering with
my work. OP'&.II. ll'l:t4--l- rrthii'S
4. hmh. A tight armband will interfere with
circulation of the blood. fmOoj> fh'l~ ll.f.
h{IC f~l"''l ""H'I'a>C f"'"I}A
interference
I. "'A:J- ,....,q:,., France's interference in Ni-
gerian internal affairs is resented by that govern-
ment. O<;.f.J>;.&f f,.ll'l' "1-J!.f. fL~'I
il.f. ' "JA:J- ' OD"Iqo}- ' f<;.f.J>:.&f'l ' OD'!"I
P'..,. :tc h{l"f
2. oo{l<;IIA. The heavy rain was a serious
interference to travel. hq~ 11<;il 11"1-fiiJJo
II<;: ' f/1 ' OD{l<;hA ' )0C
3. DP'I"i"i:,.. Because of the interference, we
couldn't hear the radio broadcast. b""'l"i"'i
-l- f_,.)"' 0&.-'1.1'- mt.,.'l A'l{l"7 hA
!FA'Ill"
interim 1.11.1'1!
The interim President turned over his office to
the President-elect. 1.1l.f'l!,. Tt.IVI'I-l- 11-1-
""~m,. Tt.ll)l'l-l- P'A"J)-'1 hll~bO
In the interim ODDI'J:hh-
In the interim, all order vanished. 0""1}1111-
P') P'C't:,. IJ-/1- m4-
interior (n.) ,.ll'l'
The interior of the house was very beautiful.
0._, ,.llm- 0"111" fi"'C )OC
In the Interior
*The explorer is somewhere in the interior
of Africa. hill. h"NNII ,.ll'l' HA4' h'l
~ fl;f- .f.~'1A
interject
Ministry of Interior 11C ' "1~'1- ' "'L~II-I:C
He is an employee of the Ministry of
Interior.11C "1~'1- "'L~II-I:C ,.,~.,.>;' )tJ>o
Interior (adj.)
1. /1C m-i'I~J". Interior trade is regulated by
the Ministry of Commerce. 11C tJ>oll'l' "t"l
~ fl"t"l~ "'L~II-I:C oi!'I"''C P'C ' )tJ>o
2. fOD"tj A. The interior rooms of the house
are well heated. fiL.,. fOD'I\ ol\ h'i'A-:f fl
.l'."t11 ' ,.,..,. ' ""'""
interject mcmc h.l'.t:1
Every now and then the speaker interjected a
question . .,.'i";>6tJ>o hAt:: hAt:: '1'.1'4:
mcmc J'.I'.C"I )flC
interjection :I'll h:>'f
'Alas!' and 'Hurrah!' are interjections. mf,.i,! f
'l"ll~:f I :I'll h:>'f 'i"lftJ>o
inter! ace (vt.) h'llll/1.1.
Baskets are made by interlacing bamboo
strips. :J>c""i'l- foJ>C:I'? ll"t'l'~"t fl"7oflllll
'i' '"'"'~ol\
interlace (vi.) -Tmi\AL
The branches of the trees interlaced above the
path. f'lt::'ll :J>C"t"'"l.t:::f h~1J!. fillY.
.,.mllol\.I.'I'A
interline floop>oo?o ooiJhA ~L
The editor interlined the manuscript with his
corrections. hH.:>"lf. l\C"7.,."t flODP'-
oul)hA li.I.IJJo
interlock .,.mii/14-
The two deer interlocked horns. 11-11.,. h:>
H'f:f oJ>"t~ 1\.J>"t~ .,.mll/14-
interlocutor flfDoJ'-.1'.-J: h11C''I- .,.IJ4-Y.
Our interlocutors anticipate much of what we
say. flfDoJ'.J'..,. h11t:IJJo"t .,.1)4-f":f f)fl<l-'1-
f'/""t/\IJJo"t hlloJ>~oo,. J'fDool! )flC
interlude fllt:'i''l- 1.11.
There is an interlude between each act of the
play. flJ'"tJI"tJI. faL'I';I- '1-<!Y."t'l- """
bA fllt:'i''l- 1.11. hll
we appreciated the interlude of sunshine.
(Jool)b/1- BdoJ'. ll'i"1~ .1'.11 1111-"t )flC
intermarry .,.;>q
Some governments do not want their employees
to intermarry with foreigners. h"tJI"t~ OD"t
"IP';I-'1- ' ...~'l'll':ffJJo ' b.....,. ' 11.1-:f '
:>C l\"tJI.:>Il- hJ'..I.ol\1-'1"
657 intermittent
intermediary (n.)
I. hll;l-~-1:. The Swedish ambassador is the
intermediary between Israel and Egypt. fll'.1'.
"t hrq/l.l'.C flliii~II.A'i" n"HHx- ou
llbA hll;l-~-1: 'i"lffJJo
2. .1'.1111. When I bought the new house, my
intermediary was Mr. Parker. hJI.fl."t IL'I-
111'1 .1'.111111. "'LII.,.c ;rchc )RC
Intermediary (adj.)
I. ODIJb/1,.. He is taking an intermediary
course in mathematics. ODIJb/1>:' fdo."'11
'1-'I"IIC'I- Y.b;I-.,.IIA
2. hll;l-~-1:. He suggested an intermediary
proposal. hll;l-~-1: do<\11 hoJ>t:fl
intermediate ool)bA J'l\
This stage is intermediate between the advanced
and primary stages. J'-11 .l'.t:"f{ flb'i'_,.,.,.
'i" 0 flOO;t;OD6J'OJo 0 ODI)bA ' J'l\ ' )tJ>o
interminable "711-1:.1' fl\.1\tJ>o
He gave an interminable speech. "711-1:.1' f/1.
1\tJ>o "t"I"IC h.1'.t:1
intermingle (vt.)
I. h.l'.q/\oJ> I oJ>IIoJ>/1. The farmer intermingled
the goats with the cows. "IO,&.m- lj:f~
M'l":f :>C h.l'.qll:l'lftJ>o (oJ>II.,.IIlftJ>o)
2 . .,.II:J-11- ll.l.. The author intermingled history
and fiction in his book. .l'.~ll.tJ>o l\tJ>o).,.,.'i"
A11 WI\~ ;1-6h"t .,.II:J-11- ll.l.
Intermingle (vi.)
I. .,..._q/1.,.. The goats intermingled with the
cattle. 'i'fil-'ll bb111':f :>C .,..._qMr
2 . .,.,'i"T. Many tribes intermingle in the
marketplace. 1RJ' tJ>oll'l' 1111- 1-ltl":f l'-1
.....II-
intermission fllt:'i''l- 1.11.
Refreshments were served during the inter-
ntission. flllt:'i''l- 1.11. -MI:I'~ ODm'J' .,.{lm
without Intermission Ill 4-;t"
He worked without intermission.
...~
'It 1 4-;:f- 1
intermittent(~ adv.) hAt:: hAt::
Malaria causes interntittent fever. mq hoi\
t:: hAt:: f"t)"' '1-h-lt'l- J'OOIIJA
be Intermittent
This stream is intermittent. fm'l'H- 1 ,....lt+'i
1-~11'1- J'.~t::I'A
..
intermittently
intermittently hi>.C: hi>.C:
He does this work intermittently, since it
doesn't always need to be done. P'M 11-1>.
"Lit. """'&-'!- illlll.IIR'I- hi>.C: hi>.C: f.
P'&-'1'1>.
intern (v.) t.ilmR.,.
The government interned the refugees in a
military camp. OD'J"IP'.,. IIJ'..,.'I''Ii'J RCD:f"
Y.C iloi.C tD-il'l' hilmR.+'I'm-
be Interned 0-ll'l"l"C ~C """
The prisoners were interned in the military
camp. 9"CI>'I''Ii RCD;f"Y..-1- (loi.C tD-il'l'
Rofi'I'TC P'C -Ill'
intern, n. [T.,..,.'J RO'ii'I::f"l>. tD-il'l' f"'LJ'
m..-:Jo:Jo n:tc-n f.,.,...:.,. .bh.l"']
internal
I. ftD-11'1'. A foreigner should not interfere
in the internal affairs of a country. t'tD-1}"
h~C {liJJo q~c tD-11'1' '1-'lf. ou"!q'l- fiiR
'l-9"
The heart is an internal organ. A-fi t'CD-illl'
h ...,. )CD-
2. CD-11"1'1!. He died of the internal injuries he
received in the crash. R"l'"l".,. hJ'..:(lR'f-
fm-11"1'1! t.""' '1-'1'1- f.,.).., .,..,.
international 'tll9" h.,.'i'
An international conference on postal matters
will be held in Geneva. 1111 ?'11:1" '1-'ll'"l-
'tll9" h.,.'i' .,_q~>, R:()..li f.Y..:;JI>.
internist ftD-11'1' t.""' .t.h.9"
My brother is an internist in Haile Sellassie I
Hospital. CD'J Y.-"'1. 0.,.'1"7'1! ...,,_11 P'llll.
0'11'1::1"1>. ftD-11'1' ' h ...,. .t.h.9" )CD-
interpose (vt.)
I. R - - - ODI/hl>. ttY..:~. He interposed his
body between his child and the falling rock.
{ltD-).,.'} Rl>.)l:.... R"''..CDJ'.".,...,. Y."'J:>f.. ODIJ
hi>. t.U~
2. nouvh~>. t..,..:n. He interposed an ob-
jection at that point. RODI/hll- .,.,....,..,. h
.,..:n
interpose (vi.) trJA~ "JQ
The teacher interposed in the dispute. h11.,."'1&
'I' nhch.;. ouvh~>. ..,,.,.. ~q:f-
interpret
I. 1>11.,..:1-ou. He interpreted my statement for
the Emperor. 'J.,.,"-'J II'J'I-P' )~P'.,.
h11.,..:1-0D
658 interrogative
2. .1.:1". He interpreted my dream of the night
before. 111oi.CD-'J 11.11.'1- ' .:hi>."''.'J .l.;l"l>."i
3. ot.m.:. We interpreted his silence as a
refusal. 119":f"m-'} l'i'JY. l'i9"1l:f" <t.mc)m-
4. ou1111- P'&o. The actor interpreted the part
of the soldier with skill . .,.....,.!!. CD:f"Y..-1-'J
""1111- R'l'-1- "'f-11-:f" P'&o
5. h11&-Cof h110:'1. He interpreted the poem
in his own words. M"l",.,..,. ~ O~{ao
h11111lt t.11&-Cof t.11.:'1
interpretation
I. 'i':f-. What is your interpretation of his
strange behavior? 1111.11 l'i'J"I'I mql!. 9"'J
'i'l- 'f-(lm'I'IIIJ l
2. '1-C'I-9". The obscurity of the paragraph
makes several interpretations possible. n+
11- "ll>.lt hlloPO''J 1111' '1-C'I-9" 11.1
....... f."'f-111>.
3. ft+t-l.ofl. The actor's interpretations were
praised by most of the critics. f.,.'l'.,.l' h.,.&-
.:11 Rt.11q'I''Ji Tl!l""'f- _,.,..(1~)
4. "'111&-&1. This writer's work demands
interpretation. fY.&-11.,. P'&o "'111&-&1
111oi.I>.~'I'A
interpreter h11.,.~"7..
The interpreter knows five languages. t.11.,.C'I
.,_..,. h9"11'1- lln*l""'f- ' 1"'""'"'
interrelate t..,...-n.:
The agencies must interrelate the dam building
plan with the agricultural plan. J'."C~ MY."
IYt P'.:. ht.clf..,. r.:,.Y." :>C .,.,..,.n
c t.IIR'I-
interrogate ou<:ou.:
The police interrogated the prisoner for an
hour. ?'11.1\'li l'i11<:'1m-'J h'JY." il't'l- -
11- ou,:DP.;.'I-
interrogation 9"cou&o
The interrogation is being held at police
headquarters. 9"cou&om- R:rl\.11 m:Jollf.
oP9"&1 nouY..:"I 'If. )CD-
interrogative (n.) oumf.:Jo
The interrogative is expressed by a special
mark. oumf.ofl Rl>.l' 9"1>.h'l- f.~IIRA
Interrogative (adj.) '1'14: f"''..~Alt
His interrogative expression showed he did
not understand what I said. 'I'14: f"''..'IAR
m- oPfAh- f_,...-~Ch-'1- 1A~qm- oPIJ').'J
h""llh.,.
interrupt
interrogative pronoun oom,.e.:t- 1"a-ltm
illl"
"Who?" and "what?" are interrogative pro
nouns. ...,"} 'i cc M oum,.e.:t- +m-il
m il'l":f ""'"'"
interrupt
I. h*~m. It is not polite to interrupt when
someone is talking. 1\'lY: {lm- {L.tf-IC ,..,
*~'I' iiA"''O ~,.
The floods interrupted traffic. ,_c#- f.,.1ihc
t~&l":f"J DP"t4'ta4'il hll/~m
2. OIJ.LA hllhll. A wall interrupts our view.
"'s:-1'1 1."t'I'O.I'. OIJ.LA .l'.hllhi\'OA
interruption ""*~"'
The interruption of electric service was caused
by the storm. 1\l>~"t-1: ""*~"' ll"h"t.l'-1-
fll'~,. MOll- ~,.
*There was an interruption in the program
for a special announcement 1\A\< "'lil;l-m-1:
.1' Tl!""'<~-,.... 11'1'-1:'1- 'l.rt. .,.*c"' ~oc
without Interruption II.J'!l:CT
He worked without interruption. ltJ'*C'I'
IP<!-
intersect .,.1111.1..
The roads intersect near Dessie. OD")1P-=ri F.
ll. hm~il .1'..,.11114-11-
Intersection
I. ""~<0'1'. The intersection of three main
roads caused traffic jams. f?'il-1: hfD-<1- .,..
'I<OI":f ' ....~ ..'1' ' f'l-<1-ol.h ' .....,."'""'.., ' h
ilh.,.ll
2. foP")~p..:f oP~<;'I' I ""il4'11'1' o oP")~f:.
There is a light at the intersection. 0oP")~P..
'li ""~<0'1' 11.1'. ""il<l-'1- hi\
Slow down when you come to an intersection!
oPil4'11'1' OD")~f: 11.1'. il'I-1.Cil 11"1 OA
intersperse 0.,.~
The gardener interspersed leaves among the
flowers. h-1-hA_,.'I',. qop'Ji oPlfhA :J>
mA o.,.~
*The farmer interspersed the shrubs with
flowers. ~01!-fD- hAt:: hAt:: 041'1'*"'"'"
....>thA hoq .,.hll
interstice 4''1'1
The interstices in the basket allow the air to
circulate. f:J.C"'i-1: 4''1'11":f hfC 1."t'l.
H'I'IDC .1'1-C:>II-
659 intervention
= intertwine .,.mlll\.1..
The vines intertwined on the wall. .fm.l'."t dt
~i:f O"'s:-l'lfD- 11.1'. _,.miiAoi..'I'A
interval
I. 6~'i'T. After a brief interval the play
continued. IJ"'l"C 6~'i'T 0:\11 -1:.1''1-
~ ' 4'mll
2. 'l.rt.. An interval of twenty years between
the two wars helped to build up the country.
011-1\1: ...CH:f DPIJhA f~O~fD- fYJ'
-'1- 'l.rt. 11~&-l:"t 11"71-C~'I- ~'I
3. h'i'-1- 11:1-. There is an interval of three feet
between desks. Ofm~A.~I":f oPlfhA V'il
'1- "'i"7 h'i'-1- 11:1- hi\
After an interval of a week, the mailman will
come again. ?"il.,.'l'fD- h"t1: tall"")'!- ltta
1\.1.. 0:\11 .I'.DPI\ltA
at Intervals
I. hAt:: hAt::. At intervals, there were recep-
tions at the governor's palace. hAC:. 1t.A
f:: I Q1C: I 11(aJa I o.:t I DJo-il'l' I .,1)'1(" I
~oc
2. 1.11-A h<!-C<I'. The officer posted his
men at intervals. oo>ho")). m;I-J'..l:'lh 1.11-A
h<I-C<I' h4'"7'ffD-
at intervals of
I. Of. The buses leave at intervals of 15
minutes. hfD--r-fl-l''li OfOP'<I- hril-1- 1.
-l::l'fD- ' .1'.~"111-
2. 0 AI'~'!-. The trucks travel at intervals
of six or seven miles when crossing the desert.
oPit..<;l"'li r1:~ 0'1 I'I....I'*Cm- Oill:il-1-
m.er O(lq-1- "7.1'.A AI'~'!- ~qtr
intervene
A week intervenes between these two holidays.
OHI..IJ o-1\'1- O'tll-:f oPIJhA h11:
tall"")'!- ' hi\
*We enjoyed the picnic until a thunderstorm
intervened. ""ii~:J> 1.ilh "1110'1- '!.H. 1:
~il ' 1.il ' illl-"t ' -I"") if <l-ife")
Intervene In one's behalf h"7111.(11'1-)
His friends intervened in his behalf. '\1.'l''li
h"'IIIJI..II'I-
If nothlns Intervenes f"7Jhot~m- )"JC 11
A"""'
I shall leave on Sunday if nothing intervenes.
f"'U'il4'~'f ~~c ItA"""' 1.m.1: 1.-t'll\o-
intervention
I. ~11:>.1'.~'1-. A friend's intervention pre-
 660 into
interv iew
early. .,.~,. ill\" 1\00't!/: "'Iiiii-'! m.,.
vented a fight. f'l~"' 1'1;>.1'-t."J- mll-'1 hll
oo'S
+t:
2. 1'."'/i\~t."J-. The minister's intervention intim ate (n.) f~Cil "'-"~
proved necessary to obtain his release. hll-'1 I have many acquaintances, but few intimates.
1\"'lilll+~ f"'Uil-K - 1'."'/i\~)."J- ill!" f"'laJo:f':faJo lll!'":f- 1'.11- i f~Cil
hlll.i\
.... ll''i". -M"f ID-'I}(lfi "1'1 T<i:."J- 'i":faJo
3. "'/"'11\!1:. Your intervention had an adverse Intimat e (adj.)
effect. f'l-f" "'1"'11\!1: '1-"li: aJoRL."J- hllb-t-11 I. f~Cil. We are intimate friends. NCil 'l
~V'":f- )'I
Interv iew (v.) f:f'/:\ Tf4l h+t:R
2. fm.<l~t."J-. The intimat e gathering was
The reporte r interviewed the visiting diplomat.
disrupted by outsiders. fm.<l~t."J- Mlil<laJo
IL'i" 1'.~&-llaJo 111'.'1"1-'laJo -'l."l"h""'."J-
R"'""l" li!P":f- -f"t.Rll'
f:l'"- "''"' ~>+.:n 3. fmll+. He has an intimate knowledge of
interv iew (n.) f:f'/:\ Tf4l I :I'll oom.e~ the country. ill\ 1116;1: f mil+ llaJo+."J-
Will you favor me with an interview? 1'4:-l- 1 1'.1\aJo
f:l'/:\ TJ'4llP":f-'1 (:I'll oom.e~) .('.oo/:\ 4. f?"llm.C . He told me the intimate details
. . ,.,,.! of his life. ft-C'aJo'l f"ilm.C 11C11C t
sive an intervie w 1\:J>A l 1'1-t l 00/All I (tm 1t.'S
The ambass ador refused to give an interview. be on intimat e terms f'~C1l 1 "'11"f.)+ ' ltl\m-
hf"<lll.l'.-1- 1\:l'/:\ T.f4laJo OO/:\il oollm."J- He is on intimate terms with the Empero r.
hf"IL Mr b'l.,..,. )11"-l> ;>C f~Cil "l'l"f.t."J-
have an intervie w with J\);J1l. 1'.1\aJo
Father had an interview with the teacher intima tely, be ~ acqua inted
about my work. 1'.<11: hll-f""'l 6aJo'l ill\ I. R~Cil -t-'l'm+. He is intimately acquainted
P'&-'l- M.:>1<'.aJo with the minister. h"''.tll."J--1- ;>C R~Cil
.1'--f"'I'ID:f'/:\
intest inal fh'l;e."J-
Intestinal flu can he dangerous. fh'l;e."J- h.'I 2. fmll+ llaJo+."J- 1'.1\aJo. He is intimately
'1'11-'11'1~ ~1"' 11.11''1 .('.":f-i\1:\
acquainted with Greek archaeology. ill\ "16
b I'.Cb.f-11-:( fmll+ llaJo+."J- hl\aJo
Intest ine h'l;e."J-
His intestine came out where he had been intima tion 9"/:\ll."J-
A frown is often an intimation of disapproval.
stabhed in the belly. ll'JI. '1.1'- R...ll. R-f" "L.fL f'.,..:J>t&'fP l
.t.+1 I OD*tnC I 1}fto I I
m;>R."J- Rb-1:\ h'l;e-t: -1"0<'.11.
9"/:\ll."J- )aJo
intima cy
1. f~Cil "l'l"f.t."J-. His intimacy with the intimi date hlli.&-&-
king obtained a high office for him. b'l.,..,. ;> The fascists tried to intimidate the people so
they would not help the patriots. of.ltll+":f-
C .fl\aJo f~Cil "l'l"f.t."J- b'i' J'l\ ~
.n1111- I'.CR'l''ll'l l\'1-'1.1'-t.-'1 1\"'/lli.&-&-
t.ll" hllmaJo
."J-. '!"h-I-
2. '1'/:\~ llaJo+."J-. His intimacy with Ethiopi a
makes him a likely choice as ambass ador to into
that country. ill\ 1'..."1-f"kY fl\aJo '1'/:\~ ' I. mS'.. Can you translate this into English?
l)aJo+."J- I 1\016., o hf"<I{)~C)."J- ' h - ' {)J' .1'-111'1 ....~ h'1"111.11'i' ' /:\."1-.J-(..,..QPaJo
~C1aJo 1'..1'-+Cf" ."J-":f-i\1\1) !
*The teacher allowed his pupils the intimacy 2. m~ - - - aJoilT. He walked into the room.
of calling him by his first name. OOf"IJ-1- .,.., iDf.. I hfi:/A I iD"fl1' I 1Q
6l!''ll no- l\llb.m>~-."1- !l:t:ll h+t.<t 3. aJoilT. The ball fell into a pond. l>.!l. b-11.
aJoilT m~+":f-
"'"'"
intim ate (v.) m.,.oo Put that book into the box! ""lt.hf .'l "'Tt-
aJoil'l' h!I:C1aJo
He intimat ed to me his intentio n of leaving
intolerable 661 intrinsic

4. 'I.e. He divided the land into ten parts. intransitive f"7.P.lf~c

"""'-i>'J OI"C 11;1- 'I.P. h.l.r\1& The verbs 'go', and 'stand' are intransitives.
*He worked all night and into the next day. f.)) '0 I (( lfOO D 0 f"''.P.lf~-1- I "//l'f I 'O'ff&
1"&-I&'J (LP'&- h$:1: ht'.IJ.
intrepid S'.of.C
intolerable f"''.P.ii'A Amundsen was an intrepid explorer. h.__,.~ft
The heat is intolerable.,.....,.-!> f.,.P.ii'A ~,. ., s>.of.C 1 t.<'l'ii 1 ~oc

intolerance t.Aou!J'!J'A intricacy (intricacies) fD-IIilllil

Religious intolerance brought many settlers
to America. O?.P."'''l''l- t.Aou!J'!J'A il,.
t'lof.t<S":f-'1 ms>. t.uiJ t."J-'I.t'IS'.-'1. t.f..t'.~
intolerant f"''..:l'm'l" 1 f"7.P..,.OA 1 f"''.P.S'.
1'i'
There are religions that are intolerant of other
religions. 1\.ir'l- ?.P."Y'l'-fo:f-'1 f"''..:l'fD-'1"
(f"''.P..,.OA, or f"''.P.S'."''i') ?.P."7'l''l- t.A
be intolerant hA:J-1rP'r
The government is intolerant of all opposition.
OD'J11"-J> 0 "7')l;'f&')'/" o -f':J'I&'f" ' h.P.:J-~1"'/"
intonation
1. 11"7~. The intonation of the prayer is
accompanied by beating of drums. fllir''l-
11"7"' OhOC .P.;J-)':qA
2. f:l'A t.t'lqoc. In a question, the intonation
rises at the end of the sentence. ll.mf:Jo f:l'
A t.t'lqoc oot'.'i'-1' ~~c ,....,<'-lf h
<;:' .P.'IA
intone t.rt.oo
The priest intones the church service. 4:(1.. :,.
Jill. Yrt."''A
intoxicate
I. t.t'lhl. Whiskey intoxicates people. 'l!llh.
t'll& Yt'lh&-A
2. h.llL)omlf. The warm spring air intoxicat-
ed the colt. 'l":l'-1> fllf...P. t.fC f.l.t'.t'I-
'J 1A~A hll.l.~mHI&
become intoxicated (th~
If a man drinks too much beer, he becomes
intoxicated. h'JS: s {ltD- OIIJr 11ft" fl,t. '
flm"' .P.t'lh&-A
The story was full of intricacies. ;1-t< It- 1 fD-IIil
llil roqo'l- 1 ~oc
intricate
I. r.,..m<'lt'IO. His ideas are too intricate to
be easily understood. m<'lll- 0"1'1" f.,..tD
{)(lfl I llr\IJ'~ I fl.,.'l/1- I r\OO<'.JI'I- 0 h.P.!J'A'/"
2. ft'..,..,. l f-1'&-.,..,.. This cross has a very
intricate design . .eu 1 ouii.,.A 1 ft'..,..,. (f.,..
&-.,..,.) I t.w&-C I hr\1&
intrigue (vt.)
I. h~h~. The news of his unexpected dis-
missal intrigued all of us. <'l.e:f't'lil hi"&- 1 f
ODfi'OII-1> ' tD<l, I 11-'l:f'J'J'I" h~h~'J
The simplicity of your plan intrigues
2. <'10.
me, but I wonder if it would work. rt.:JoS'."ll .,.
'IA~'I- llfi'>'A l "''J f"t<'IIJ oPIJ').'J 1 ;>.m
&-m6-AII-
3. "7t'.h. The book's unusual title intrigues me.
roox-m4- t."J"'-'1 fll'~ t.ct.ll'l- .P."7Ch'>'A
Intrigue (vi.)
I. .,..,..<'lmt'.. He was disgraced because he
intrigued with the enemy. hmll'l- 1 :>C IIA
.,..,..<'lmt'. 1 1''1' t'.S'.
2. t.ll.t'. l tof..oo. They intrigued to get him
out of his job. hl"&-1& r\"''llm"''l- t.ll.<l-
11'1- (t.S'..,..II'I-)
intrigue (n.)
I. .,...,11-A. The intrigue to get him out of his
job failed. hl"&-1& I r\"7.1.'0.,.A I f.,..f..t'.~
, . .,...,11-A I hlf.l.
2. ~~C ,...,..il1'ill.,..'Jh-A. She enjoys intrigue.
~1C I 001'o{l1'o{l I (-f''Jh-A) I '1-a>Jir\'f

intoxicating f"''..Yt'lhC 3. 1!.6-. Political intrigue threatens to dis-

The sale of intoxicating beverages to minors unite the country. f;rM;IJ 1 1!.6- t.~t<:;I:'J
is prohibited. t.IJA oum'J 'IAS'.t'.t'l- t'IS">f A'JJI.P.hof.<i:'l'l- YII.~.&-A .
f"''..Yt'lhC ODm'J' oolf'l' hAhA ~,.
intrinsic ;>.~&~1''>'
intransigent m<'IO "1'1-C The intrinsic worth of a man cannot be
The President is intransigent in political measured by his wealth. ft'll& A~ ;>.~&\
matters. T"'H.-'I'J-1> 1 O?"M:IJ ~~c 1 m<'IO 1 "' .,..,.. 1 'I'_,,. 1 OUil-1> oum') (LoPft'J. h.P.
'1-C I~,. loA'/"
 662
introduce
introduce
I. {IOD"J!.OD61 "1.11. hlloutiJ. Menelik intro-
duced the eucalyptus to Ethiopia. h'l MAh
flihC ' ~'i''l ' rDJ'. ' l\..Tf-W1 ' (lou"J!.fiD61 ' "1.
IL hlloumo
2. h.,.~n. He introduced an arms bill in the
parliament. llll tnC "'"'161 fih"' ~4:~
lll"'hC fl,-fo h.,.~n
3. 1\Mfl. The writer introduced many new
words into the language. J'.&.(LriJo 1111" h
'1.11.11 :1''1'1-'1 !!rt*""
riJoll'J' hll~fl
4. 1\ll.,.'l'r.,.. The chairman introduced the
lecturer to the audience. (L.,. ""'~"~ .,.
<;;>t.riJo'l t,J'.'"'/""' ih1111 :>C 1\ll...'l'r.,.
I'd like to introduce you to my father. t,q-f:
:>C 'lll...'l'riJo~IJ
5. "J!.ou~. He introduced his speech by telling
ajoke. '1"1"1~'1 ""'~ "J!.ou~
6. hll"J!.ou~. The teacher introduced the pupils
to mathematics. OD9"tl~ .,...,6l"'lh m.'l
11 ' 1\II"J!.OD&.'friJo
7. h.,..,.. The doctor introduced a long tube
into the sick man's throat. mtLoo- 1 l\;t-oooo
(Do I (taJo I .,..C"f!" I lD'{l'f' I "R.'r I -J:fl I h.,.+
be Introduced ODIIJ
The eucalyptus tree was recently introduced to
Ethiopia. flihC ~o;: rJ'. h..'t-f-w1 fou
"'"" n~c11 "'-"' )riJo
introductio n
1. oo..,RJ. It is mentioned in the introduction.
fiD"'IU'riJo riJoll'J' .,.m~!tA
2. 1\J'.&.. He brought me a letter of introduc-
tion. fhJ'.&. J'.11'1fJ. 1\0DIIJA'S
3. ouf"IIJ't-. The introduction of steel made the
construction of tall buildings possible. fo~11
11~'J- ' ODf"IIJT ' ~"f:f" ' ih'll\l":f'l ' {IOU
P' &.+ hll!l'll
4. foPIIJ ~1C. Radios are a later introduction
than telephones. o!J!.f- ' hllAh ' R:.\'1 ' fODIIJ '
)~C' )riJo
*She became shy because of her introduction to
so many strangers at the same time. b-tl,..
7.'1"11'-:f ;>C '1'1.0. llll ...'l'r.,.:f hll.~:f
introductor y ffiD"'IU'
The introductory paragraphs are very im~
portant. fOD"'IU' h'l.,.ll'll RIIJ9" m:l'
"'1. ""'""
intrude IIJA:I' ~q 1 'I'A~ hll
I intruded upon their conversation. R'l""l"''~
8Jo I 1\~ I 11)1!\.:J" I "Jfl.&
invade
He never fails to intrude into my private life.
R"'A 1-C'\1- riJoii'J' 'I'll\~ "'lll'l-'1 J'.rJIA
intrusion
1. oo""lfl:,.. Intrusion into a private residence
without a warrant is illegal. MIA 1 oPtf&Y 1
n.+ riJoii'J' 1ll 'i'CJ'.- n.+ "'IH"Jf' oo
""JQT I tlt1 I dJIJ' I ,...,fl.C ~ ~(Do
2. IIJA:I' ~11)'1-. The card players resented
his advice as an intrusion. lJC;J- 1 .,.1.-l- '
.,..,.f_
rh~'l 1.'1J'. IIJA:I' ~m+ """'~""
intrusive, """' element tiJIA:I" 1 1-R
The authorities blamed intrusive elements for
stirring up the riots. IIJA:I' ~plj; ~11\friJo
'I R"'l)"f"f;l-:frD- flliP'AIIJ'l':f "'"'!t:friJo
intuition 11"7.'1-
A woman's intuition often tells her that
certain things are not good. h'I'I'IJ'.- )~C':f
'I'~ ' 1{IOUIJ'<;:friJo'j ' fi\'J- ' 11"'/,:J: ' J',)"'
&.;I-A
(be) intuitive f.,.II.'I'C' 1\II.,.'I'M't- hllriJo
He is an intuitive judge of persons. flm-"t A
ou~ou+ f ...II.'I'C' 1\ll... 'l'.l'o)'t- hllriJo
*I have an intuitive dislike of him. m-:1"0..'- '
1\J'.rJ'.riJo'/"
inundate
1. h'l'll"'ll"'. The flood inundated the plain.
'I-C4<' "''.''riJo'l 'h'l'll_,.ll.,.riJo
2. hll"")"'. On holidays visitors inundate
the museum. RR'\'1'1- .,.., 'l-11'l":f n.
.,_ ouuh~'l 111..,'1-1!;1-A
be Inundated ( ~ inundate) '1-~II.(R't-)
+we were inundated with requests for money.
f1'1H11 'I'141 '1-~11.11'1
invade
1. "'~~. Didn't Napoleon try to invade
England? <;;rfl..f-'1 ' f7.'1"1tl..11'1 h~C ' {IOU
riJo~C hA'I"h~9" !
Crowds invaded the new hotel. l'll":f l\.11.11-
'1 ' IJ'-I:A ' "'~~+
Grasshoppers invade fields and eat the crops .
.t,')jll:f "'lilriJo'l r~riJo 1'11111\'1 J'.R'Itl-
2. )t,. The law punishes people who in-
vade the rights of others. fll.ll-:f'l OD11
'1- f"''.)h- lll":f'l ,n.,. J',_,.IIJ:f'I'A
3. IIJA:I' ~q(n+). Reporters invaded his pri-
vacy by asking personal questions. .:>H.m'l':f
llll "'A u-).;1- '1'141 7.fmf-l! R"'A 1-C'
"" IIJA:I' ~n-n+
invader
4. tul.t. The smell of cooking invaded the
house. f'MIIl 11;1' IL1:1 hi.~,.
invader tDt-6
The Ethiopians defended their land against
the invader. t./INrfiJJof1 h16-'ffDo1 h
mt-6fDo _,.Mhll-
invalid (n.) t.lill 11111-A llfDo 111111-A 1 t.li
II ' 1-f.II-
The invalid finds solace in music. h ItA
h-11- llfDo O..,.fl.:l' f.tr<;<;A
After the accident, he remained an invalid.
0:\~ 11111-A ll"'l' .,.<'.
lif.;>fDo
She poses as an invalid when really she is
well and strong. m1lit-<; f.'W II"<; {)II
:f 111-'l"llA >.1,-. t.lill .,_,._II- :r-rr<;ll:f
[See also 'helpless1
(be) invalid hAP.<;'!" l ,..r::,. II"~
A will without a signature is invalid. .LClfll
fii.IIOT f'l-qfl. :t'A t.f.K<;'l"
His testimony was declared invalid.
,. :I'll- ,..r;:,. II"~
invalidate lft.
The new will invalidates the old one. t.JI.Il-
'1-qH. hC'1.fDo1 f."lit.'I'A
be invalidated L~(l.
The stipulations have not been met, so the
contract has been invalidated. flm-& m-il
'I' f_,.m.,.ll-:r- "lf.;l'!""{- MA.,.I.l'...,.
fDo/1- I.C!I..A
invaluable
I. D11H11 f'"l!-1'1. This gold cup used
by King Theodore is invaluable. f.ll h'l -1;
I"Y:r:il 1-m.,..... n,. not.tiJo fmc:,. '1'1
""i 011H11 f'"l!-1'1 ~.,.
2. +m.c;.c;6 s fi\.Am-. He is an invaluable friend.
.,.tD-'1'16 fll.lltiJo ~f.'f ~,.
invariable f'"lf.lltD'I'
He is a man of invariable habits. flfllf..htDT
IAlfll~ I YAm-- I (\dJo f ~m-
invasion m~~
The Italian invasion began in 1935. fh.."'Af"t
mt.t- nr;m~y; 't.'l" . .,.J!out.
invective ,.c~11'1
The angry woman's invective shocked him.
f_,.<;,-.f."{-fDo ll.T fDoC~11'1 t.llf.~1mtiJo
663 Invert
invent
I. l.mt.. Did you invent that story? 1-1111
;1'6h fl.mChfDo t-.1.,. ~Ill
He invented a new approach to the study of
language. 11'111!1/ .~ '!'<;:,. hll.il Hf. l.mt.
2. l.lllll.. He invented something new reoently.
n:,.cn- t.JI.il ~1c ~olllll.
invention
1. Lm~. His story is a complete invention.
;1'611- 'i'l\.'1" l.mt- ~,.
1 il"t
2. fl.mt- l-11-;1'. The author shows much
invention in telling the story. ~ll..m- :t"6h-
1 f1.<;1C h'i' .I'll fl.mt- :fll-;1' f
ll.I'A
3. 'i'Ailof.. The invention of the telegraph
helped to transmit news quickly. f1:11."1t-'1"
'i'Ailof. m~1 O'i''I'~T ll'"lll.,.~ll'i'
<'.'I
4. hll.il f.,.l.lllll. ~1C. The invention
1 found widespread acceptance. hll.il f.,.l.llll
"-"'" ~1C Ill. _,..,.qf.H t.1"f
fr"ilhc~ 5. fl.lllll. ~1C. He coined a word for his
invention. i\LAliLm- ' ~1C 11'/A r Lm~A+
inventor I.A{)l.
Benjamin Franklin was a great inventor.
IL1li'"'L1 'i't-1hll.1 "'":,. I.All~o ~nc
inventory 11C11C
The library made an inventory of its books.
IL.,. ODl'..l.'i'-1> fODfr dtG:'Il1 11C11C
hH?J!
inverse .,.:t't-t
Your intervention to settle the quarrel had
the inverse effect. mo-"t l\1Pfil~1.F 1 Y"t1-
"'A:t' .,..,q:,. _,.:t't-t tiJom.T ~O<'.fDo
in inverse order
Write the alphabet in inverse order! 1-f.
11-1 h:\'1 ]!'I" t.ll mu:r- ""'
Inversion "'JIA11T
"Said he" is an inversion of "he said". hi\ 1
1 >.Cil- f 1\Cil- hll :t'A "IA11
T I ~m-
invert
I. 1110m. If you invert 2/3 you get 3/2
2/3 1A1lmfDo ll.lN-T 3/2 f.II"<;A
2. t.rr-r: 1.1.. He inverted the order of the
alphabet. fl.f-11-1 .,.to
t.rr-r: 1.1.
3. f. of.. He inverted the glass to show he
did not want more water. 1-Q;L.lfll6 m-;) fiPf
introduce
introduce
1. flooY.oot.$ '1.11. l\lloodJ. Menelik intro-
duced the eucalyptus to Ethiopia. l\'1 l"'tAh
II"'C ' ~<;:"} ' aJI. ' l\.'1-f"k$ ' fiODY.OD(.$ ''1.
fL hlloom-
2. l\.,.~0. He introduced an arms bill in the
parliament. llll tnc "'"'M$ f..,., M:'l>
lll"'hC 0.-1> l\.,.~0
3. l\ll111. The writer introduced many new
words into the language. F-&.(1.~" ofltf- ~ 11.
-'1-'lll :1'11'1-"t !1/"t!l/m- m-ll-r l\ll111
4. l\ll-1-'l'aJ.,.. The chairman introduced the
lecturer to the audience. A.+ ou"Jn.;. .,.
'i':Jt.m-"} IJ.I:""'/""' "'11-fl :>C l\ll-1-'l'a>.,.
I'd like to introduce you to my father. IJII-1:
:>C llll-1-'1'..,_.,.11
5. "'-""~ He introduced his speech by telling
ajoke. "t"l"l~"} 0.,.11\J:" y_oo~
6. 1\llY.oo~. The teacher introduced the pupils
tO mathematiCS. OD9"1J~ ' T"'I(.J"'Ii"} 0 m_it
il l\llY.oot.-'fm-
7. h-1--1-. The doctor introduced a long tube
into the sick man's throat. Jth.oo- ~:J'oPoo
(Do I {laJo I ~f!f! I aJo{l'l' I )[9'" I -J:(l I h1"1"
be Introduced ODIIJ
The eucalyptus tree was recently introduced to
Ethiopia. II"'C ~<;: a>l. l\.'1-f"k$ fOD
"'aJ- O'I>Cil '1.11. )m-
introduction
1. oP""'fl..f. It is mentioned in the introduction.
OD"'IU'm- m-ll-r -1-m'l>!lA
2. l\1.&-. He brought me a letter of introduc-
tion. fl\1.&- l.il-'10. l\OD"'A'1
3. ODI"'"J'I-. The introduction of steel made the
construction of tall buildings possible. fO~il
ii~T ' ODI"'"'T ' ~"f:9" ' ..,"}1\l":f"l ' (IOD
P' &-'!- ' l\llll'll
4. fODtiJ. ~1C. Radios are a later introduction
than telephones. "-''.f" hllAh 0:\11 food)
io"JC I )fDo
*She became shy because of her introduction to
so many strangers at the same time. hofllt'
l\"}"!1'-":f- :>C 1}"}.1', llll-1-'l'm.,.":f- 1\L~":f-
introductory fOD"'IU'
The introductory paragraphs are very im-
..,_ ' .,.,..,.
portant. fOD"'IU' 1\"t.,.lt'll 0"19" m?
intrude "'A? 111 l -rA'I> l\ll
I intruded upon their conversation. O"t"l"l&-'1'
m- I ~,.. IIJA..+ 1Qfl-
662 invade
He never fails to intrude into my private life.
O"'A 'ioC'I'o m-ll'l' 'I'A'I> "'lll'f-"} ~m-'IA
intrusion
1. oP..,q:,.. Intrusion into a private residence
without a warrant is illegal. MA. oo'i6~ 1
0.'1- ' d>-ll'l' ' Ill ' 'i'CI.' ' 0.'1- ' "'IH'lf ' 00
"''flT I ift1 I (D'f' I .,....,(}C I ~lD"
2. "'A? 1-fl)'f-. The card players resented
his advice as an intrusion. ltC;t- 1 TAA'P~ 1
.,..,.f_
9"h~"t l\"}1. "'A? 1-fl)'f- '1&-r~m-
intrusive, "'"' element IIJA.ft" ~ 111
The authorities blamed intrusive elements for
stirring up the riots. "'A? 1 P'll ~illf m-
"} 0"'1)"1"1;1-:fm- llliP'A"''f":f- "'"'!l'f'm-
intuition ll"''.'I-
A woman's intuition often tells her that
certain things are not good. l\"}-'1"}1.' )1C'"'f-
'I'~ fliODIJ''i':fm-"} fl\'1- ll"''.:J: ~)"!
&-;I-A
(be) intuitive f-I'L'I'C' l\ll-1-'l'~)'f- l\llm-
He is an intuitive judge of persons. (ICJ)o'} fl
OD10DT ' f-1-L'I'C' ' l\ll-1-'I'~)T ' l\(lm-
I have an intuitive dislike of him. :J-fl.(&.
l\~aJS'.d>-9"
inundate
1. 1\'l'll.,.ll.,.. The flood inundated the plain.
1-C4- "'1.-''m-"} 1\'l'll.,.ll.,...,_
2. l\il"")"'. On holidays visitors inundate
the museum. 00'111'1- .,."} 7-il't:l"l- 0.
-1' ' ODHh~"} ' fll ...."}4!;1-A
be inundated ( ~ inundate) 7-~L(O'I-)
+we were inundated with requests for money.
f1"}Hil '1'14: 7-~Lil"}
invade
I. m~~. Didn't Napoleon try to invade
England? 'i'?"fl..f""} ' fl\"}"lll..1f"} l\1C ' (IOD
m-~c l\A'I"h~l"' 1
Crowds invaded the new hotel. ill"":f- l\'lfl-
"} 11'-I:A m~~'I-
Grasshoppers invade fields and eat the crops.
l."ttnl- "'1/laJ-"} m~m- lli!A"} ~01111-
2. )IJ. The law punishes people who in-
vade the rights of others. f/1.11-":f-"t oo-o
'1- f"t)h- ill"":f-"t ...,.,. ~.,."''f''I'A
3. "'A? 111(0'1-). Reporters invaded his pri-
vacy by asking personal questions . .."JtLm?fl-
llll "'A 11-k;l- '1'14: 1\fmf... O"'A 'ioC'
m- "'A? 18-0'I-
invader
4. t.L). The smell of cooking invaded the
house. f....Oil "li;J- IL-1:"1 t.L)a>-
invader rot-~
The Ethiopians defended their land against
the invader. h.'t-f"t;,rm- n M~'f.,."l h
ID~61D-' -t-Mhll-
t.ltll il"lll-A o'la>- I il"lll-A l t.lt
invalid (n.)
II ' 1-1'.11-
The invalid finds solace in music. h.tu\
11-11- ,..,. n.,..H.:I' ""'""A
After the accident, he remained an invalid.
ltl'.;>m- n:\11 il"lll-A IT<r .,..:
She poses as an invalid when really she is
well and strong. m"llt~<; l'."t'O IT'O 1111
l- llf-9"(11!\ 7."11'. t.ltll 1-1'.11- 't-IT'OIIl-
[See also 'helpless']
(be) invalid hi!\'1.'09" l fDoJ:"=I> IT)
A will without a signature is invalid. kCOIJ
f/I.IIR't- f'I-~H. :J'A t.S!-'1.'09"
His testimony was declared invalid. f'F'ilhC)
:,. :1'11- fDoJ:"=I> IT)
invalidate lft:
The new will invalidates the old one. t.JI.(l.
'1-~H. hC:1.a>-"l Y."lit:'I'A
be Invalidated L~(l
The stipulations have not been met, so the
contract has been invalidated. OtD-ft< tiJ<ol\
'I' f-1-m.,.(l.'t- "IS'.;f'l"l- MA-l-L'!..,..
ID-1\- LC!)..A
invaluable
I. fi1"1H11 f"'/f-1'1. This gold cup used
by King Theodore is invaluable. f.tJ h\ -1:
I"J:"r:il 1-m.,..,..n:,. f)fit:m- fmc=t> '1'"1
""& fi1"1H11 f"'/f-1'1 )a>-
2. of-ID-'1'16 f/l.lla>-. He is an invaluable friend.
of-ID-'1'16 ' f/1./lfD- ' ~!'.';' ' )ID-
invariable f"''f.IIID'I'
He is a man of invariable habits. f"''f,.AmT
1:\"''Y: I fAID" I (lm- : )otD-
invasion m~&.
The Italian invasion began in 1935. fh."'Art
IDt;~ fi!jif~ 't.'F'. -1-loPt:
invective fDoCJ.\'11'1
The angry woman's invective shocked him.
f-1-'0I'.I'.l-a>- ll.'t- a>-C).\'11'1 hill'.)1tnfDo
663 invert
invent
I. Lmt:. Did you invent that story? f.tJ"I"I
;f'6h fLtnCha>- h"l-1- )IJ!
He invented a new approach to the study of
language. M/"1~ 'I''O't- t..ll.il HI. Lmt:
2. LII(IL. He invented something new reoently.
R=I>CII- h.ll.il )1C LII(IL
invention
1. Lmt-. His story is a complete invention.
ll'l ;f-611- 'i''!.-9" Ltn~ )a>-
1
2. f Lm~ l-11-:f'. The author shows much
invention in telling the story. ~(l.ID- ;J-611-
"1 ' (l.'01C h'i' 111 fLtn~ l-11-;J- f
/If A
3. 'i'AM. The invention of the telegraph
helped to transmit news quickly. f-J:f\."'Jt-9'" 1
'i'AM ID6."1 ' fi'i''l')'t- ' 11"'/il-MII'i' '
t:-'1
4. h.ll.il fof-LJI(IL )1C. The invention
1 found widespread acceptance. h.ll.il f-1-LII(l
La>- )1C (IL -1-.,.Qf.)'t- M,-
5. fLII(lL )1C. He coined a word for his
invention. llLI\liLm- ~1C 1 *A 1 Lm~A-1-
inventor LAII.C.
Benjamin Franklin was a great inventor.
IL"Ill'"'/."I t;:~"lhll. "I ;J-'1=1> LA IlL )fiC
inventory 11C11C
The library made an inventory of its books.
IL-l- our..ftt;:-1: foP'GmG:,;"I 11C11C
hH;>l
inverse -1-:J'~t
Your intervention to settle the quarrel had
the inverse effect. ffifl-') I 1\IP/l\;r'IJP I n+ I
"'A:J' oP"IQ't- -1-:J'~t m-m.'t- )fit:fDo
in inverse order
Write the alphabet in inverse order! Ll'.
11-"1 ' h:\'1 ' l'F't:IJ ' IDI'.L't- ' '!.'i'
inversion ..,/:\11'1'
'"Said he" is an inversion of "he said". << hi\ 1
1 1-.C(l. f 1-.C(l. hll :J'A "11!\11
'f' I )ID"
invert
I. 1/lfim. If you invert 2/3 you get 3/2.
2/3 1A1Itna>- (l.'G4-'t- 3/2 f.IT'OA
2. hli'r: l\L. He inverted the order of the
alphabet. f.C.I'.II-"1 of-~ hli'C: '!.L
3. !'.of.. He inverted the glass to show he
did not want more water. +~"7~ 1 ,.,.=" 1 f"''
invest
f..l.A"'I ' ODIJ').') ' 11"'/'lf-l- ' fiC.,...,.tJJo., '
1'.4-tJJo
invest
I. l'lm. He invested his lawyer with complete
power to act for him. 7.'tJ'.&.(lo ll''l" l>'t'L
1P&. I Amn..+m- r liD"~ I JPA"I'l I fltnfDo
2. II 'I'll. He invested much time in the project.
oMJI. 'If. 1111- "l.rt. 11'1'11
He invested his money in bonds and land.
1'tHIYt 011't!'."'i" oooo~.-}- 1\f. 11'1'11
3. F&. 'If. II'I'll. They took counsel together
before deciding to invest all their money.
,1'1\:ftJJo't 1'tHfl ' 11-11- F&. 1\f. ' 11"'1'1'/Jt.
hODfD(I'i":ftJJo 0 0.1.-}- 0 .,.ODlJh-1-
4. 1tmar. Why did you invest so much money
in that ancient building? 1\ff.U 1 1t1!""1 itt'l"
f.ll't't ,1'11/Jt. 11Hfl liM IIIDIIJIJ l
be invested
I. .,.l'lm. The military governor has been
invested with full authority. m:t"J'.tl-'l!tJJo 1
1C ' """II- FAIIJ't ' .,.1'1'1'1'--l- )OC
2.1f.oo+ 1 ..,.flm. The new minister was invested
by the king in a brief ceremony. 11-'l.(lo "'l.til
ol-C 'I.,..C FC'I-l- O't'l-,.. ~OD-}- _,.(lmtJJo
3. ')o"'JIP. A king is invested by crowning him.
'}.,..IP- I HlD-Y: I flOOQj,"J I f,')o.,Uf/A
investigate
I. oo~OD~. The police investigated the condi-
tions that caused the accident. ?"ll.(lo II!'.
.:> f!'-~1'10-l-'t 11-~:t" OD~OD~
2. h.mfl. He is somewhere in the interior
investigating the tribes. ,_'19''1?t 11"'1-r'i"-l-
flfii\1C I lD"ll"l" I ')odJo
investigation
I. '/"COD&.. An investigation has been ordered.
'/"COD,&. ' 7.')'1.!'.~1 ' -l-7.~11 .,.f'l'l':tA
2. -r'i"-l-. His investigation of the tribes will
be published. ill\ ,_'ltJJo ,1'!'.~1tJJo -r'i"
-}- ' f.:t".,."''A
investment
1. 1'lH-fl "'"l~A. Investment in government
bonds is a good thing. 00D't1F-l- 11'tl'-l- 1\
f, I '1.,HfltJ., I ,..,.,./A I "'~'? : )"'JC I )DJo
2. ,I'IDIIJ ID"l. He got a threefold return on
his investment. ymariJ)a"} tD"l. ?'ll+ 6-r
'i' ' 111'-"C'I ODI\(1
*The new. house was a good investment.
11-'l.(lo 0.-l- 'I'.:> ,1'1\tJJo 1'tHfl fiDtlJO
..,. I )
664 invite
inveterate
I. f - - (loll ,1'110-l- l'ltJJo. An inveterate smoker
will damage his lungs. f/I.;J&. (loll ,1'110
+ ' (ltJJo ' '1'1"'19''1l't ' ,.,.."'"'
2. fdou,gn+. No one ever believes an
inveterate liar. fi\DDJ'.O-l-'t tJJolf ;t-'1" "'''t
'I" ' 11,1''/")tlJo'/"
3. f.,..l.'l'c:". Cats have an inveterate dislike of
dogs. J'."OD-}- 1\tJJolf f.,..l.'l'c:" '1''1!1' II
Il-l-
invidious llilh.l.
The loser made an invidious remark. ..,.if..-~m- 1
llilh.l. 1111_,.,l'f-}- (I)H~
invigorate IIO~:t"
Staying in a cold climate will invigorate you.
04'11:1'~ ' llfC ' tJJoil'l' ' OO'l"C ' ,I'O~:t"A
invincible f"''f.01C
The champion wrestler seems invincible.
lf'I""I:f"). -l-111 ... f"''f.01C f.ooMA
inviolable f"''f.IIJ!l
The law of gravity is an inviolable law. filO+
ih"'l ' f"''f.tlJil ' .ih1 ' )tJJo
inviolate f"''MlJ
The inviolate privileges of diplomats have been
recognized for centuries. f'LTII-"'11'-l- f"''f.
)lJ ooi]-}- 111111- HDP'i"-l- ll't-fo ol'f.:tA
keep Inviolate 1tl\.l..t:flr
He kept his oath inviolate and died without
possessions of any kind. ""dtl\tJJo't 'l,l'.l.C
II 9"'t9" 'til~+ 'lf.tJ>.fl-r .,..,.
(be) invisible hf.:t"f.'l"
Clean glass is invisible under certain conditions.
'tll-.ft DP{l:J"m+ IJ'tl!'t!'." 1Jo~:t"9'l- llf.
:t"f.'l"
invitation
I. 1fiV. I did not accept his invitation to go
to the theater. ID!'. -1:,1'-l--1- 1\aD'/.J'." ,1'!'.~
1A'h 1fiV IIA.,.4'0Ah--l-9"
2. f-r& m~4'+. Admission is by invitation
only ....,'I+ f"'l.!l'lltJJo O-r& m~4'+ 11
!I' ' )tJJo
3. f"7..Y')o'1'1. The article was an invitation
for public protest against the newspaper.
Ycd>4- .ft111Jo O.:>rt.tlJtJJo 'If. .,._,tJJo
'I" 7.'t'L,1'4'Cfl f"'l.,l')"l"l )0C
invite
I. m&.. He invited thirty people for the holi-
day. i\f\oP..,. I 0'\1\- I IJ."-"/1 I (UD- ~ tnt-
inviting
He invites danger by driving fast. Ott:T~-l- fl
ou"J.<;-1- '1"-1-'t 1-m.!-A
2. h.=\=\. The calm water invited us to swim.
1\'1' YtltD- OJ? 7.'t.l:-'t'l'~ h'\0\'t
3. 1-.,.0tl. The speaker invites your comments
after his speech. 1-'i";J6tD- h't"l"l~ 0:%11
hh-t-Yf:t-"'fv-'t ,_.,.01\A
4. 1"1/l(tD-). +A good performance invites
applause. 'I'~ -1-0.f.-1- "'MJOQ./1 1-1/I'I'A
Invite gossip oom11 If~
His sudden wealth invited gossip. fl.(-"J1:,. lJ
il:f-9" oolf). oomyy rr~
Invite In '7fl r h.A
He did not invite me in. 7-Co\- "Ill hlltl~ll"
invite to dinner 7t.&-+ ;JOH
I invited my friend to dinner tonight. '\.1'.'111-'t
~"- .,,. 7..!--1- :>ii"JC'I'tlv-
inviting f"'LJ''\0\
He made me an inviting offer for a job. llA P'
.!-tD- f"''.Y'\0\ t:Ct:C h.,.<:OA~
invocation Aoo'i" .,:J><:il
A church mass often begins with an invocation
to God. :,0.<;11. tl7."11f.hildo.C """" 0.,
:J><:il f."f.ao.!-A
invoice 4-h-i:C
Show me the invoice for that shipment of
books! ODJ\.lt'i!-1: f-t-1\h-0-1-'t 4-h-i:C hll
f~
invoke fl""~
He invoked God's help in his struggle. O:f"l~
1.1 ' fl."llf.hildo.C't ' 7.C.'l:f" ' (lou~
The condemned criminal invoked the judge's
mercy. f-J-4.<:.1'.0-1- m't;l!"tl'i' 'l'i'tD-'t II"
a.<:-1- ' (lao~
involuntary
I. lltl.,m:J> f.l'.<:h. An involuntary injury
cannot be punished under the law. lltl.,m:J>
f.l'.<:(l 1-.'1-1- O.lt"l 11..,."1 hf.:fA9"
2. ( ~ adv.) YtltD-.I'..:f"tD-. He was threatened
until he gave involuntary consent to the plan.
YtltD-Y.:f"tD- Odt<\11- 7-hh.h.,., t:<:h
hh.r..!-~-1-
be involuntary
The beating of the heart is involuntary.
fAil't -1-C:f" ""'i<"'mC hf.iJ'AII"
involve
I. hhh-t-tl. The trip involved a lot of expense.
1-~tD- ' ilfl- ' "'"'- ' hhh..,.tl
665 inward
2. mf+. Success always involves effort. lr"'lofl s
aot:<:h -r<:-1-'t f.mf.:I'A
3. h-J-1-. Repairing his house involved him
in debt. 11.-f:'t .,11.1'.1\- M tD-h'l' hi"
..,.tiJ-
4. IIJt\. His remark involved him in the argu-
ment. f(lmtD- hh-J-Yf-1- hChC tD-h'l'
IIJ(ItD-
5. tun:J"AA. Housekeeping involves cooking,
washing dishes, and cleaning. fll.-1- hY.1'11
ll""lil .,ii(IA't ! ll.lt't .,mil't'i" "'~~''~
-1-'t Ym:I'AIIA
6. m(l.I'.(0-1-). Schoolwork involves most of
my time. f-1-ll"tJC-1- 11.-1- P'.!- hil~'i'
tD-'t 1.1\l.'t f,mht:il'i'A
7. ~tr. These changes in the company involve
the interestS Of aJl the partnerS. tJ.fl,.faJ- I ID-
{l'J' ' f1-.l'.l:1tD- ' tltD-'1' ' flf&l>:f't ' 'i!l\1
-1- v-tr f.~t,A
involved (adj.) f-t-m/1(10
Amharic likes to use very involved sentences.
II.,C'i' fi"tD/I{liJ- Ol:'i'i" ~1C':f f.O~tr
become involved +mte(I:O
The more he spoke, the more involved his plan
became. f.OA'I' 01-'i'll: <l:'l'C 7,:,0.<;..
M-t-m/1{10 '6.1'.
be involved in
1. +l"t4-f. 1 tr~. He was involved in getting a
scholarship for the student. A+OV~m- f~2\
-1-ll"tJC-1- O.,h1"fr <:1t: -t-t,of.f. rr~
2. 111. He was involved in a plot to kill the
merchant. ~;J~m-,. : /l.oP'?J'.A O+,_.l.,m-
hr:-7 I ID-ilT I 111-f I ~OC
3. hti(0-1-). He does not realize how much
work is involved in it. 9",. lOA ,.,~ 1
7.'t.'lt10-1- hA-J-<:.'ltD-9"
be deeply involved +tpm
They were deeply involved in debt. OM 1-tD-
mm- I ~flC
invulnerable f.,f.01C
The fortress was invulnerable. r"li,... 1 f"7,.eo
1c ~oc
*No man is invulnerable to old age. .,'t9" (I
tD- h7.C~'i" hYaoA-r9"
Achilles was invulnerable except for his heel.
hh.tlh ' h-J-<:hH- ' o.,.c ' 1\.1\tD-'t ' (ltD-~-I:'t '
1-.'1-l- hf.O"Il:""9"
inward (adj.)
1. (Do{lll'f'J!. A person's inward nature is not
inwardly
easily revealed. fli<D- <D-II"''I!<D- .,.L'l'C'
..,. R4''111- MC:IIR'l- hf.!I'A?"
2. ( = adv.) mt. <D-11'1'. An inward curve keeps
cars from running off. mY.. m-ll-r f"7..:f"m
<;: ' ODffi?"H"lf" ' ODIJ!;"9':f ' IJOD")~f." : h"!
'11-tm- f.C:'IA
Inward (adv.) mt. <D-11'1'
This passage leads inward. f.U oo.,.l\ll.l.f
mt. <D-11'1' fll~qA
*His thoughts turned inward . ..hlUI-"t aJolfl
hii4'C:ID-
inwardly
I. <D-11'1' <D-IIm-"1. Outwardly he was calm,
but inwardly he was seething with rage. t\1-
'11'"1 ' fC:;> ' ~ .... l <D-11'1' ' <D-IIm-"1 ' "1"1 ' fi"l
1.'1- """ ~nc
2. t-ll-"1. Look inwardly and try to discover
the truth. t-IIU"I ooc?"C:U h<D-~_,.'1..,."1
11"7"/"f'l- 'l"hC
*She grieved inwardly. h"l)!:t"l R'l'l-
irascible "/A<;:.,.l;'
The irascible old man frightened the children.
"/A'i'_,.:;o..,. 11"7"11\. A]t.:f-"1 ' hlll.~~"l'i'<D-
irate f.,.'il.l.
The police dispersed the irate masses. ?'ll.(t.
'll ' f.,.';"I.I.<D-"1 ' .h11il ' fi.,.)-'1-
ire"'"'
His ire is easily provoked. of!IIJaJo h.tt:"}1
tJJo I 1\~ J )oOJ-
arOU$8 ire hl'l.,.trJ
The students' disobedience aroused the teach-
er's ire. f.,."7&9''1J ' h/IOD:J"H11 ' OD?"U'I-"1 '
hll'k"'ID-
irk 'l>c hll"f
Your remarks irk me. f?"'l-llm<D- hll.,.ff
'1- 'l>c ffl"f'1A
irksome f"7.fllil:f
Weeding is an irksome task. h.l.fD "'ll.fD
f"7.f(lll:f Ft. ~..,.
iron (v.) .,.h-ll
She irons the sheets very well. h."t(t.l\m-") '1"
'1- hi."C:> '1-_,.tfollll:f
be Ironed out +"'t-
There are still a few things to be ironed out
before they can sign the treaty. <D-11-"1 hooL
t:"7'1'..,. n.t.'l- '1'4:'1- f"7."1"- ~~C":f t.ll-
666 irony
iron (n.)
I. -o.:'l-. This griddle is made of iron. f.U
hil.:'l- f.,.wt- ?""'I." ~..,.
2. lt<D-f. If the iron is hot I want to iron a
shirt. lt<D-f<D- "/A h"!l.lf~ if"7.11 A
-Ht-11 hLA:>IIIl-
*Strike while the iron is hot. B.hf. ltll '1-'1'
Irons fh"lC ilt':'l-
Put the thief in irons! 1\,q<D-"1 Rh"'C
ilt':'l- ' hliC:<D-
Irons in the fire
He had other irons in the fire, so that one
failure would not disappnint him. h"ll." ~~C
qf.ltltll'l- h"l'lf.tl."'l> 1\.11-:f Ft-9':f
flt't'IA
Iron (adj.)
*He has an iron will. OD"!Lll m"lltt- ~..,.
with an iron hand RT ' 1\'1" ' il.J!"C")
He governed his district with an iron hand. Jr.
<D-t-)f<D-"1 ll'l' 11'1' hi."C'I ~q
[See also 'band, strap']
ironical
I. fll"ll'l-. "Speedy" would be an ironical
name for a snaiL LIIJ1' r fl4'").(;' : h.tJJolfl
f?"ll'l- II?" ~..,.
2. fHR'l-. The speaker's ironical smile puzzled
the audience. f.,.<;;>&<D- fHR'l- L ~"1:1"
h'l"7"""'1l"! ' hll~t':"7'1'<D-
3. nn'l-. It's ironical that the student should
know more than the teacher. .,...,&iD" I'Jt.
_,...,&..,. f.RA'l' f<D-:I'A "711'1- Hfi'l-
~ ....
ironing press lt<D-f
The ironing press will take the wrinkles out
of your suit. lt<D-f<D- f.,...,..,~.~. AiiiiU"I
fiDDHt':;>;>'l- ' f.m'J>"7A
iron ore fill: 'I- hLC
Iron ore is smelted and made into iron.
fiiC:'l- hLC _,.Atn ilt':'l- f.wt-1>.
irony ll"ll'l-
The boys called the very thin boy "Fatty"
in irony. A;<i:'ll 4'"1")."1 1>.;1!' R?"ll'l-
(( ,4.q )) I }\(t-:'fo
irony of fate f"l~;}woo")
It was an irony of fate that the great cancer
doctor died of cancer himself. :J-'14! flt"!ll
c .hh.?" t-fl. nlt"lllc n1i:t- ""'~"
., ' f"7f.:J"OD") 0 f.oPlll\f>.
irradiate
irradiate M'.oo"'
Stars irradiate the night. h'l'hil'l- 11.'1-"1
f1'.9":Nt-
*She seems to irradiate joy. fJI.ii:J" 9"1
.,... ' ):Y.
irrational oo"'~.,.. 0.11
He has an irrational fear of dogs. l'la\ m-i'f
ooowt;1" ll.il fll') 'i'&-!1' 1\IIID"
irreconcilable t.c-1> f"7f."!Qa>-
The two peoples are irreconcilable foes. v-1\11
.1o1111:Y. t.c-1> f"7f.~Q'fa>- mll.f-:Y. <;
"'"'"
irrefutable f"7f.IJ.J:-
The omnipotenoe of God is irrefutable.
fl\"'IH.l\ildo.C ...fA)'!- f"7f.IJ.J:" )a>-
irregular
I. P'C'H"! fA1"h1"11. Irregular court pro-
oeedings are invalid. P'C't'l-"1 fA1"h1"11 f
'i'C.J:" 11.'1- 1\0D&-C l\f.I!S9"
2. ih"l at'J'. This noun has an irregular plural.
"" I il~ I ift1 I aJ"f" I fo{lft-
3. h1-IIODJI.a>- fm"'. Irregular breathing is
a symptom of a disease. hi"I\OO~m- fro
"' 1\1-H-I..il fOii:J" 9"Ah'l- )a>-
4. mil) 1Q, This coin has an irregular edge.
,.tJ ij:&o.,.h I lDifl I "IQ I f1\C1J I J\{tlD-
I irresponsibilit y ..,114.)'1- OOH"!;>'I-
Th_e surface of the ground is irregular. oo
~1J I aJII) I "IQ I ~fl)o
5. 41C'l' 41C'l'. His respiration is irregular
due to shock.h.J:-"!;>m. f1")"1 '1-"14-if.
41C'l' 41C'l' f.IIA
*The student was irregular in class attendance.
1""7/.ID- ' 1\AC: ' hAC: h'i'A 1\f.OD"'f" )0C
irregularity (irregularities) f1"~Q )~C
We will have to even out these irregularities
first. ooJ!oot.f MH.U"! f1"~11- )~I!':Y."!
"7i11"1JhA f.'l"Cil<;A
irrelevant hl\Cl\il'l- a>-"f.'" fll') I f"7f.<':Q
Don't confuse the issue with irrelevant
questions! hl\Cl\il'l- a>-"f.'" 011') (h"7f.t:Q)
'1'14: ' "1-"'\<1 ' h:J-"7:1"
be irrelevant
I. "'1"11')'1- fllfD-9". Some people feel that
European history is irrelevant to Ethiopian
history. 1\"!"'"!.J:- a!P:Y. fl\a>-l!';r :Jot.
h hh.'l-1'-kf :J-t.h ;>C "'1"11')'1- flla>-
9" f.llll-
667 irreverent
2. 1\"'IQil)'f- flla>-9". This proviSion is ir-
relevant. f.U 1\"1.,.,.. 1\"'IQil)'f- flla>-9"
irreligious ?W'7'l"1" ll.il
His irreligious behavior was censured by all .
?f."7'l"1" llil 1-"'IQ'I- 011-11- H"!.J:" 1").,.1..
irreplaceable 9"'1-h f"7f.~'SII'I-
He thinks that he is irreplaoeable. 9"'1-h f"7
f.~'SII'f- f.ODlJII'I'A
irreproachabl e l\"!h"! fll.lla>-
His irreproachable conduct won him the
admiration of the teachers. l\"!h"! fll.lla>-
9""'1Q<I- fil1""7t.IP:Y."! 1\.J:-<;.$'1- 1\1"<':1..11'1-
irresistible
I. IIDDol/ol/9" f"7f.ii'A. The enemy's attack was
irresistible. fmll'l-"1 '1':1''1- lloool/ol/9" f
"7f.ii'A )0C
2. f"'LJ''i'i. Why do you put an irresistible
dessert in front of me? ll9'"1' f'ot.P~~ "''
"'"'"'LJ' .t.'l- ' 114.-1: :J"il.,.9""111U !
irresolute mll'l'f.
Irresolute persons make poor leaders. mi\1'f.
I cfl:'l'C I J\1\(l)o {li":Y. ' f"7f.t:ll- ' ODt.IP:Y. ' f.ll'<;/1-
irrespective of 1\f.llf.
Everyone was invited, irrespective of age.
~.J:-"7. 1\f.llf. 11-11- {Ia>- 1";>il!f.A
His irresponsibility cost him his job . ..,114.)1>
') r OOH1',."J.ob P~tD-'} r hfallJm-
irresponsible
I. "'I.J:" filii. His irresponsible driving caused
three deaths. "'I.J:" filii 1\)"'.tl. f'1'il'l- {Ia>-
.,.,. ' l\ilh1"11
2. l\9")1>"! f"7 f. mil-l>. He is an irresponsible
businessman. l\9")1>"1 f"7f.m11<1> );>J'.
)ID"
irretrievable
I. f"7 f.1-IJ. The books destroyed in the library
fire are irretrievable. O:l'mll-a>- fm4-'1- f!l.1"
001\.h'i'-1: ' OOt;"dtC::Y. ' f"7f.1"h- ' <;'l'a>-
2. f"7f.""llil. Soil washed out into the sea is
irretrievable. :l"'l'fl m1. qa..c tD-ll'f" f'1q
1\I..C f"7f.ODIIlJ )ID"
irreverent 1\hill!''l- f1-1'.11(a>-)
His irreverent attitude towards the Emperor
enraged the courtiers. 01"1-W )~1"1> .t.
"" ' 1\hill!''l- ' f1-JI.IIa>- ' 9""'1QC ' ODI.'f..9"
Qll":l.ll-'ll"l ' 1\<;1'.1'.
 irreversible
(be) irreversible 11.""1111 1\Y."f-A'I"
Once the combustion of gasoline begins, the
process is irreversible. O.'lrt1" 1 A'l~ oP+IfJ
mAb~OD~oi\.ODfiAI\J'>"foA'I"
irrevocable royy.lfc
The court's decision is irrevocable. ffi:C.e:- 0.
., m-o"t~ royf>lfc ~
irrigate OODA<;" 1\m"'
They are working out a new method for
irrigating the land. OD&.-I>"t OODA<;" noym
"1'1- /\'LA HY. 0""'i'mC liS'> <;'I'm-
irrigation ooA<;
Irrigation enables us to raise three crops a year.
ooAo;" O~OD'J- I"A'l- '1.11. {loy'!"~'!- f
A"f-fl'i'A
The Egyptians have practiced irrigation for
centuries. "MMI<"f- hofl,. H""'i'T ~'1"1!'
OouAo;"' S'>m4'-. ~oc
irritable "'A'i'-1-'0'
The driver is an irritable person 'if.l...ot- "''A
o;:.,.,.
Am-' ~..,.
be irritable
I. "'"' "'"' 1\A. He is very irritable this morn-
ing. '1&. IJI.'l- "'"' "'"' oflii-;1-A
2. -1-4'."1. My skin is easily irritable. "'-"~'"
04'1111- S'>4'."1A
irritably OoflA"l"'l-
He blasted his hom irritably at every car in
his way. OoflA"l"'l- Oou"t1-'l- liS'> Q.:>m..,.
'J- ' ODh_<;jP"fo IIJ'> 0 11-fl-' fODh_ 'i'tJ>o"t 0 'No"tQ '
O~S'>A H-
irritate
I. 1\0o't..., I 1\'i'AA I I\A4'."1. His remarks ir-
ritated me. f(lmm- 1\A-1-ff'l- 1\0o't...,'f
(h'i'AA'f I M4'."1'5)
2. 1\""'i'OI'l. The smoke irritated her eyes.
"1"(1- ' ~S'>S:"t ' 1\""'i'Oo't'l-
3. I\A4'."1. Harsh soap irritates her skin.
If..<!- ' o'i..,_'i' ' _,.J!'I'"t ' fA4'."1'1'A
irritation ""4'."1'1-
The boss's irritation disturbed everyone.
fi\A:J>tJ>o OD4'."l'J- 11-1\-"t'l" 1\A.....~.,.
skin irritation fTtl&"' 1 .f.lli
This medicine is not helping my skin irritation.
{1.,.._"1..,. ' .,.JilL ' S'>tJ ou.t:-;)~'1- 1\f,~J!
'5'1"
668 isolation
irrupt "'" Ll'll'l
The water irrupted through the dike. m-;>m-
"'.e-o-"t "'" ' d.l'll'l
is
I. ~m-. He is a teacher. ~C(lo 1\A-!-oy& ~..,.
2. 1\A. The girl is at the market. A~-1> ~10
f ' 1\A"fo
-ish, expressed in Amharic by a composite verb
This coat is red, but that coat is reddish.
S'>tJ to'!- ' 4'S'> ~m- I "'"t ' f>;'tJ>o to'!- 4'
II ffl ~m-
lslam
1. ~AA'I"'i'. Islam spread in Africa. 01\'i'&,.
ID-A'!' ~AA'I"'i' -1-M-'i';!:A
2. ~M'I". Islam is the religion of Arabia.
fO~IU' Vf,oy<;:,O Mll'l" ~m-
island ~1\'1-
There are several islands in Lake Tana.
"''i' mf>'l> m-A'I' ofl,. ~1\.P."fo 1\11-
isolate
1. hfl.ll A'i'& Af. Lack of communications
isolated the town. roo1<;'0' ~fll'l- h.,..,..,.
"t ' hfl.llm- ' A'i'<!- ' AfiD-
2. hfl.ll-"fo Af. The lack of a telephone isolated
me. AAh "'"'"" hfl.ll-"f- flf'f
The scientist isolated the virus of the common
cold. o'tY."t-I:A-1> 1'"1-"tof.)."t iif>~A hfl.ll-'ll
{lfm-
3. AS'>+ 1\A-1-'0'. The hospital isolated con-
tagious cases. lf'A-r::;J-11- -1-11111. O'li;J- ff
'l'l'm-"t l'lSI'"fo A,..,_ 1\A-1-'0'
isolated (adj.) 1AA-!-'O'
The house is built on an isolated spot. 0.-1>
1AA-!-'O' ll;J- liS'> -1-u>C;!:A
be isolated
1. hfl.ll-'ll T1AA. The sick children were
isolated. f;J-oo .... 'J- .ht'i''l- hfl.ll-'ll -1-1
All-
2. hfl.ll-'ll -1-~mfl. Some of our units have
been isolated by enemy forces.l\"t-'l"t.e- ftD;J-
~c h'i'll-!1'-f"t Omll'l- ~S'>A hfl.ll-'ll
.,.~"'fl"'" ~oc
isolation
I. Aoflil' "'"lf'"t. He prefers isolation to being
with other people. hfl.ll-:f :>C bou4'114'A
J'>A'I> floflif' ' ODif'"t"t J'>ODC"'A
2. f"""..,AA HI.. Isolation is used in treating
issue 669 item

contagious diseases. -1-'1'1.1. R1i;l-l":f1 ll"'l at issue 1"1"1C f"'l.f..l."'R'I- '1-'IJ/.

bll" R"'l"'liA HI. Jl.m-1'"'111- At issue is the power of the state to control
a person's life. 1"1"1C f"'l.f..t."'R'I- MJI. ou
issue (vt.) 1"1.1""'1- f{ltJ>o1 ).1!' 11.4L"'mC f"'l.:fAR'I-
I. Of..ll. They issued food and clothing to the P'A"'1 ~ ....
refugees. ll/1.<'.-1-'l''li ?""'il'i" Ailil Of..ll- the day of Issue ftDIIJO+ I n
2. 11w"'. The government issued a denial I bought many stamps on the day of issue.
regarding the arrest of the ambassador. amm-a+ +1 ill!- -t:ll"iil!':f ~~11-
!Ill 1111"QIIf..~ ou;J-{IC OD1"1P''J- "'Ill
take issue with +?mOD
-1-QR.f 11fD"'
The government issued a new coin. oP1"1JP The students took issue with the proposaJ.
'1- 11>1.11 ~1Hil 11fD"' -1-"'l<ll"'li f-l'l.RID"1 oh<'til -1-:i'ID..,.
The company issues an illustrated magazine. isthmus A<'t~ 11"1:C
b-Q1.f1D" P'b'l'l! ODI\'d.'J- J'ID"'A
3. lim. Only the government can issue it -ID", -+
passports. fJI.ll'i' mt.++ ll.ll'l' f"'l.:fA I cannot do it. l'.~ 'lf..C~ID" 11A:fAll"
""1"1.1""'1- ill!' ~ .... They cannot do it. Mil- ll..l'f..C'I-'1- 11JI."'fll-11"
4. -1-4-. The crater issues smoke. flVt-1- ~.,..:. *That's it! 1'.1>1..1' ~ ....
lD" 11'1' "l"il JI.-1-4-A It Is~..,.
Issue (vi.) It is six o'clock. OF&- 1 o-tt-+ 1 ll"+ \otJ)o
I. ID"'. Pus issued from the wound. OD"'A b it was 'i'OC
411111- ID"' Who was it? It was Jobn. "'11 ~RC l ]0 ~
2. oa)"'-. Cold water issues from the mountain RC
spring. +11:1'~ ID";) h-1-6-6-ID" P'C J&ou Italian
~"'iA I. 11.."11\..1'1. There are many Italians in
3. ( = trans.) # . +smoke issued from the Ethiopia. 11..'1-l'"k.l' tJ>oil'l' ill!- 11.."111.
crater. l?.<'t-1- ~'1"6-ID" 11'1' "l"il J&Tof.A .l''l':f 1111-
4. -1-~"f. Victory issued from our efforts. 2. 11.."11\..1'1.,.. I studied Italian last year.
R'l't.;l-:f-1 ' 1:A ' -1-~"f Qli.C.ID" ~oo'J- 11.."111..1'1,. T"'!Cil-
be issued aJIIJ
During the President's illness, a medical ltaly h.."'A.f~l 11.."111..1'
bulletin was issued daily. T<I.IV11.f> R;J-ou itch (vt.) b-llb-ll
OD 1.11. fm.1~;1-:ftJ>o _.,ll"'i Rf-1'). His wool shirt always itches him. (}-ij: 1 ifCJII.It'
J/.ID"' ~RC 11-A1.11. Jl.h-lllt'li'PA
[See also 'decree'] itch (vi.)
issue (n.) I. 11<'tbb. The wound itches. 411111- .l'<'thttA
I. l'.'l-11". I have not read the last issue. 2. b-l'lb-ll. The shirt itches. if"'l.H- J&h-illt'
fOD<Uot.lftJ>o1 l'.'J-11" 11'1~Rilb-'l-11" ItA
2. MJI.. They debated the issue in parliament. 3. 'i'i. He is itching to get his hands on her
money. fj).1 ~1Hil ll"'l"'"f'l- Jl.'i'iA
;rc'l"'l ID"il'l' RMI' -1-bil-b~R'I-
3. 11btl-l"t<l '1--'IJ/.. New paving is an issue in itch (n.) l'.hh
our town. Rb-i""'!l-1 ID"il'l' ""1~1: .., Any itch can be cured by applying this powder.
"'il-'1- 11bil-tt<l MJI. ~..,. "'11,.....11" l'.hh RII.U OD1::>t+ J/.J':<;A
4. ID"tD.'I-. Wewillhavetoawait the issue of the have an itch to m11t&o. 'r"F+ 1\1\111-
hattie before we can do anything. 111-'l:f ~~ He has an itch to fly. 11fDoi!'T'I1 liDP1.11'1-
C b"'IY:t.;J:f-1 R.I.'!- ftJ>o1..ftJ>o1 ID"tD.'I- m1ttil- 11"'1''1- 11lltJ>o
ouma~ 11lli11
S. ou~;J-t.ll.J'. I do not want to make an issue item
of it. J/.U11 ou~;J-t.ll.J' 'lf..C~ID" 11A.l..A"'II" I. l'.:i'. We do not carry that item. JI.U11 l'.
6. HC. My uncle died without issue. 11'11: .I'll :" 0 11<;iiOD"'II"

HC 111.11. 2. h'i'A. The first item on the program is a

itemize 670 ivy

native dance. RTC""/&-DD- 1\Y. YiltD- foo)>; itinerary

OD6YID- ' h'i'A ' ilm.&-'1! ' "1!'4.&- ' tm-
3. t1c. How many items are on that bill?
.b.ltfl- 1\Y. lrt'l- t1C':f il'i'<:'I'A ?
4. m~. Did you see the item in the paper?
tD<I,ID-'t ' .;JH."' ' 1\Y. ' hf'litD- 1
5. .,.&- 41'l'C. I don't understand tbe wording
of item no. 3. R.,.&- 41'l'C ,...,,. 1\Y. f
"'1.1'ftD- hl\1\'i' hA11J'tll"
Item by item (leD-A 1 llCD-1\-
He enumerated tbe merchandise item by item.
f't"'JI.'t >.? RID-A tltD-11- H<:H<:
itemize
I. H<:H<:. He itemized the changes he wants
made. >.'tii.J'.<:.,. f"'1.4.A:>'ftD-'t {ltD-tp:f
H<:H<:
2. 11C'IIC 1\4.. He itemized tbe bill for tbe
books. fODII.ft'i'T't 'I':> 11C'IIC 1\4.
iterate
I. !l.:>1"". The teacher iterated his request
that there he silence. OD9"tJ'I- 11'1';1- >.'tii.J'.
<:"1 !l.:>"''l" mf4'
2. S'.:>"''l" hll;J-ro4'. It is necessary to iterate
tbe instructions. oo9"6Yl":f't S'.:>"''l" .,ll
;r-ro:,O Yll4.A.:>A
I. .,.~. His itinerary was interrupted by a
railway strike. RIJII-C "'ilY "'&-i''l':f h
S'.'., 9"h't y:,. .,.~.,. _,.9/Ct!JA
2. f.,.~ 11C'IIC """'il"'i. I do not know the
Emperor's itinerary yet. f'}.,..IP 1 ~1P"i11 = f
.,.~ ' 11C'IIC ' OD"/il"'i ' 1.. ' hl\tD:,OtJ-'1-11"
itself il.!l'tD-'t
The frame itself is worth more than the picture.
IIP'bil- .eo=.:,. h4.4- ilil'tD-'t ftlilm
'1':> ' /;{ltD-
by itself
I. OtD-/1>. The car won't stop by itself. ""II."
tD- OtD-/1> hf./1>11"9"
2. &-11-'t :fll-. This cannot stand by itself.
&-11-'t ' :fll- ' hf./1>9"9"
In itself
I. &-11-. Card playing is not harmful in itself.
IJC;I- ""'1';1-CJJo ' &oil- 1)( hf.S'-119"
2. il.!l'tD-'t. That in itself is not important.
t1'1- ' il.!l'tD-'t ' 'I':> ' f i l -
ivory f111l''t 'I'Cll
This box is made of ivory. Y.tJ "''l''t h111l''t
'I'Cll f_,.,.&- tm-

itinerant .,.H'I''I'6 ivy .h<:"'

A troop of itinerant musicians came to town. The walls were covered with ivy. ..,..(-..,~m- 0
of'H'I''I' 6 fDD-fi.:J" '\S'.' h_,.., 1il;I:A .h<:"' _,.lf'i''l" tRC

jab
jab
1. tD;J. He jabbed me with a fork. Oif.IJ t;J'"I
2. -t-1111. The doctor jabbed the needle into
his arm . .hll..,.. oPC.C.m-"t llti'IJI. ilf.
-t-lllltD-
3. 1-ifoo. He jabbed his elbow into my ribs.
'1-k"t OhC). 1-ifoP'"!
jack h6h
When you change the tire, use a jack to lift
your car wheel off the ground. 1"7 h'l-.,.f.C
ooiJ.'i'tJ"t 11"7"t"''l- Dh.&h -t-m.,.?"
jackai.,.OI!'
The jackal hunts kids . .,.01!' f'i'fA "'.c\111-
:f"t ' f!:'i'A
jackass (n.)
1. tJ'.A htJf. The jackass brays very loudly.
tl'.A htJ.I' 0"1?" ' .l''i'4-A
2. AA11. Some jackass ran into my parked car.
h"t!: AA11 fol'oo:f ooiJ.'i'\L"t 1"'1'1-
jacket 11'11.'1-
He wears a jacket instead of a coat. ott+
"t:J- 11'11.'1- f.II1111A
jade [11'1."1 '1.'1' f"''.J'11\"'A m"tlJ.!- fiiO
.: ' /:"t,;Jf.]
jagged
1. aJIIJ 1fl. On the map, the coast has a jagged
outline. OIJC:J- (l.:J-f. ffJ.h'l- m.:'i'
WllJ I 1fl I .:J-CK' I }\{liD"
2. fl!"ll. We cut our bare feet on the jagged
rocks. fll"l\m- !:"t;Jf. IJP..m-"t l\"1&-:f"t
"t ' .,..:m
Jaguar [OoolJIIM'm- h"''.&IJ f"'/.1'"1 hhL
6 f JI.C !:oP'I-]
jail (v.) M.:
The government jailed everyone who was
suspected of theft. .,...,..,_,....., 0/1.11)'1- f
-t-mt:m'l-'1-"t rNr hilt:
jail (n.)
1. l\h.!-'1-. He was sentenced to six months
in jail. h!:h'l- tDC l\11.!--l- -1-.1..:1'.0'1-
671 jam
2. l\hC IL'I-. The police kept him in jail for
three months. ?'1\.h 1\!Ph'l- me l\hC
IL'I- hol'fm-
3. rout IL'I-. What is the name of the Addis
Ababa jail? .I'JI.h hOIJm- rout IL'I- h
.,.. Mf:)m-1
land in jail ~tiC r o.+ 1Q
Wenearlylanded injail.l\hC IL'I- A"t11J )0C
jailer ftDtJ\ M:W
The jailer released the prisoners. rroutm- 1 hiJ
:If" ' l\ht:'l''li"t ' {\.,..,.
jam (vt.)
1. rolf.,.. He jarmned a stick in the door to
keep it from closing. 0'1- l\"t-'1!!-H;J ~"t=
r ' mif.,.n+
2. to=.,.. He jarmned all his clothes into one
suitcase. A1l(l=ti1- IJ-fto r Q"} s: r ?f1ollJ m-It
.... to=.,.
3. .t.='i').,.. Cars jammed the parking lot.
""ll.'i'9''1i foPoi'"''.J'm-"t P;.l ,t,,;g,'i'H<'I-
4. .,.t:m.l.. +He jarmned his finger in the door.
1 ~ 0'1- "1-l>"t ' .,..:m.l.m-
5. H;J. A pebble jammed the motor. '1"-t-'1-"t
mmC H;Jm-
jam (vi.) )IJII
The window has jammed; I cannot open it.
oPhl>-1> ' th(l.A i All'i'+tD- I hA:fA'I"
be jammed
1. -1-nJRR. The corridors were jarmned by
crowds of schoolchildren. oP-J-111\4-.I'm- O-t-
"7.&9':f 11q'l- -t-"111 )DC
2. -!-.,..:.,..:. The ship was jarmned between
two rocks. oocll!l Rv-11'1- hl\ofo:f oolJII
A ' -1-.,.t:.,..::f
jam (n.)
1. "7CoPii:J-. Waiter, please pass me the jam!
hlli14. I "7CoPfi:J- h?"nJA'"!
2. oo-t-4-.1."1 1 """"'i')li-. The concurrence of
three large highways causes traffic jams.
f!Ph'l- ' :J-ilii:J> ' htD-.!- ' oP"t1P..:f ""1'i'l'l- '
f'l-.!-4-h oP-J-4-.1."1 ' (""""'i'):J>) .1'-.1.'1'.!-/A
An accident caused a traffic jam. hl'.,;Jm-
-l-~11-"t ' H;J
janitor 672 jeopardize

janitor mt-1. walk with jaunty steps 71.f.,..t;~~1 T&-ODJ'..

Call the janitor and have him clean up this The happy boy walked with jaunty steps.
mess ! m&-1.lD-1' mc+u f..U"J"J .,. ;r;r 11 fof-.1'.1'1-!-IJlo A"j!", ),.fof-<!1<!1 of-cl-ODS'.
iltnC"I,..
javelin tnc
January 'I'C He [is the best javelin thrower. ho-11-11" f'l
.,. I tJlC I BJC.,.6 I )liJo
Japanll'rt
Japanese jaw "7"J1"i"'l
1. l'll':r"J lim-. My friend is Japanese. 'IS'.'f The punch broke his jaw. lttn.IJ>o "7"J1"i"'l
"' I f)f:r1' I (laJo I ~(Do
m-1' hmll+tD-
2. fll';r"J !ln!l/. Last year I studied Japanese. jawbone ,..,_,_,
IJI\A..ID- qoo:,. fll';r"J !1/")!1/ -1-"'/Ch- Samson killed many people with a donkey's
japanese (adj.) l'll'rt jawbone. It?"{>") ahtJ,I' oo");>;> ill!-
The Japanese trade mission visited Ethiopia. (ldJoo I 1S'..A
l'll':r"J ' l'"t"IS'."" ODA),.hof-'l':f. ll..+f"A"rt
.,.a-, jaywalk
*You are not allowed to jaywalk. hiJ>ot. .,.'I
j ar Uarred), vt. <;IJ>o") ,1'11"7!1/t:""iiJlo "7!1/t:'l' hJ'.A..4'S'."AtJ?"
1. M:J-~4'. Your heavy footsteps jarred my
table. ~J'.II'fm- ht:"7oo.t:-tJ mt:A.~\L"J jealous
M:J-~4',. 1. 4'<;-1-'f. Be careful, her husband is jealous.
2. hiJ>o h.l'.t:1. The news jarred him. H.<;m- of-m")4':,0 I IJ!I.. 4'<;-1-'f ~,.
hiJ>o h.l'.t:11J>o 2. f"7,1'/I~IJ. The dog was a jealous guardian of
the child. IJ>olfm- A)I:"J M,I'II~IJ tniJ
jar (vi.)
1. of--""'" We did not get on well together;
-t ~ac

our opinions always jarred. hA-1-"IIJIJ")!I" ! m be jealous

IIIJ:f."J ill!- 1.11. of-_,..._
2. 1\.tn.'l' hi\. The brakes jarred as the car
stopped. oo!J.<;IJ>o 1\.4'11" '1'<1.). 1\.tn.'l' hi\
jar one's nerves ll+mm
The children's screams jar my nerves. fA]({-
=1i:,. ,l'.il4''1'tn'fA
jar (n.)
1. "71'1~. We keep the potatoes in a jar. .t:-"J'Ii
., "71'1~ IJ>o/1'1' ),.<;'l',!.1\")
2. nil. Put a label on the jar! 1"Jfl1J>o 1\,1'.
?"Ah+ 1\'l''l'a+
3. "7/14'ou-. He put the flowers in a glass jar.
haiJl"'fi") ailC"i"+m- "7/14'00- IJ>oil'l'
h'l't.'I'IJ>o
jargon AI< !ln!l/
The thieves have their own jargon. 11\.fl<li f &-IJ
'I'IJ>o AI< !ln!l/ hl\'1',..
jaundice flll'i' a11;.t-
He has a bad case of jaundice. OD'J'f:: flll'i'
a11;.1- J'.fi;.I-A
jaunty lnm'f
She wore a jaunty little hat. +"J11 ll")m'f
IJC)."' h.I'."C;>II:f.
1. 4'<; ! of-ou4'"f. She's jealous because you
have a new coat. h'l./1 t>+ Ml\11 4'")
;.1-ll:f. (of-oo:,O'S;.t-1\:f.)
2. of-m~4'4'. He is jealous of his good name.
1111 II... a"'?" J'.tn~4':J-A
jealousy :,0<;+
He is eaten up with jealousy. :,0<;:,. hi'IA/111-
;.1-A
jeer (v.)
1. "14'(a+). The children jeered at the new
student's mistake. A)('li IJ'I.II- -1-"76 /l.ft
-!-+'..,.,.a..,.
2. ""'1i(a+). The crowd jeered at the losing
team. of-ODAIJ'fl ' .ft11il ' aof-if<;,r. ItS'."")
""'1ia+
jeer (n.) fd..11 ..,:,.
The children's jeers stabbed Tom to the heart.
fA)('Il f411 ..,:,. I f.,.,.., I II"'&T I .,..'! ....
jeopardize
I. h"'""'"- I will not jeopardize my chances.
~.(-{1,") I hl\ ....<;"1'1'!1"
2. IJS'.;> 1 1\J'. 1 "'ll. He jeopardired his life.
.ft_l'.lll.,.") I IJS'.;> I 1\J'. I 11)1\
jeopardy 673 job

jeopardy f"l.f{I;J rH;J- jewel

A fireman's life is often in jeopardy. f"ll+ I. fhO.: f:");Jf. I.C'l'. There are many jewels
hf.:J -1-hiii!Y. a.r.m+ ilfl" "I.H. O"l.f on Theodore's crown. 0-l:l"f:l!'ll HaJof: II
(I,;J ~~-~,. 1\Y. )(Do f. ilfl" fhO~ f:");Jf. I.Ctn:f hi\'

"'"'"'"'" .,,. .-;:,.

2. '}f."). His new secretary is a jewel. lo-'1.!1.
jerk O'i!T)'I- 1:J- 1 O'i!'l')'l- 110 ")
He jerked the reins to make the horse stop. L
Ut") 11"7-f'l" A~DD<") O'i!'l')'!- 1:l' jeweler lo")'J't:'1
He jerked a signal cord to make the train The jeweler is fixing my ring. h")'J't:'1m- 4'11
stop. qo-~ "1.")-'l..f'l" f'I"Ah'l- OOil""iaJo") n'l- Y.ov&-A'1A
(1")(111'1- 0'1!'1')'1- 110
jewelry '1"1'1'1'
jerk along ~f+"t1&J.1Q;a. 'tF. His wife likes to exhibit her jewelry. "l.ll1: 'l
....
The bus jerked along. haJo-I'R-11- "l.f-J-")1""i1
~~

jerk (out of) oo)..,.,.

"''ltp.") "711f'l- '1-m'lll:f

jewish floY.v-P..:f
She jerked the book out of his hands. ""~ The Jewish holiday is on Saturday. flof.v-P..:f
do#-") h"h)l: 00) ... .,.;-r...,. (1")0'1- :,.J;"'L )m-

jibe -1-;Jmoo l i-1"1moo! -J-ll"7"7

jerk (n.), with a ~ q'l'
Their stories do not jibe. fi-'i1~+ hf.;Jm'l"
The sleeping man awoke with a jerk. r+~m-
9" (loM"'m'/"9" I loY.ll"7"79")
(l(l)o\L q'f -J-)"1
*The train started with a sudden jerk. Q(K. jiffy, in a ~ 0-1'11-
(1,)"1 -f-")1""i1 ... I will be there in a jiffy. 0-1'11- "l.oo"JIIII-

jest (v.) loJ.H jig, dance a ~ ""'IL oo;J-

He danced a jig, he was so happy. ~ll;J- f
It is not proper to jest about a serious matter.
0.,.9" )1C 1\Y. "7411 -l-10. hf-~119" -J-)"1 ' ""'IL ' ao;J-
jiggleM:J-H
jest (n.) +Af: Don't jiggle my arm while I am holding a glass
His jests do not amuse me. +AP..'6 hfl""' full of water. fl-RC"f1'.f OOoh- m-;) ~11:
'S9" 111111- "h)':") h:J'):J""):,.
I said that only in jest. II+Af: fAll-+
)(Do jilth'l
When he lost his job, she jilted him. hl"&-m-
jester h"'l'l':f (l,fllmm-+ M:fm-
The jester entertained the court with his
jingle (vt.) lo"):J-..,11
performance. lo""i'l''6 "lll.aJo") 0'1-C"I.f-'1-
He jingled his keys .,.Af::'6") lo"):J-..,11
M~fl-1-
jingle (vi.) -1-:,...,11..,11
jesuit h.fll-11'1! The bells jingled. :J-"1"11-'6 -1-:,.""ll""il-
There are many Jesuits in Canada. IJ<;JI aJoil jingle (n.) .,.,...,A
.,. ilfl" h.fll-llaJof") f-1'1/\'
We heard the jingle of the bells. f~m~ oo
jet :J"""A ' (1"7")
I. n-A:,.;J-. A jet of water spurted from the jittery, feel ~ -1-lfO.:
fountain. rm-~ ' (toA.}o;J- I hM"" I m-It~ I
I feel jittery before every examination. hl.-1-'i
-1-m.:m.: 0.1.'1- 11-A"J.H. "hlf0&-1111-
2. )':+ haJoC"J'I\"). Ethiopian Air Lines im-
ported some jets recently. fh.'l-f-kf lofC job
""")1f: o:,.co- T-1!'1- 1:+ haJol!"l'l\'l' I. 1"&-. He is out of a job right now. loll-")
:f ' hilOO"J I"&- f llm-9"
It is quite a job to clean the cellar. 'l"f:C IL1:
") "7~.11'1- hqf: 1"&- )m-

..
jobless
It is not my job to tell him that. rn ' /1(1- '
-1~~ ' f~ ' P' &- ' hf.S'./1'1"
2 . .,..,fJC. The regulation of trade is the job
of the Ministry of Commeroe. 1"1Y:1 "'"""!
me f1"1.1:" "'UlW:C -t-"lf!C )fD<
3. ~1C. It was an awful job to convince her.
l'.C!).1 ' "7"1flfl-l> 1.~"1 ' hll'l';H. )~C '
)flC
[See also 'pretty']
jobless/"&- .1.'1-
There are large numbers of jobless people in
the city. 11hof-"7fD< fD</1'1' -1111" P'&- .1.-fo
"'1- ' All-
jockey [fou"lioJ>.IIS'."'LJ' .l.t.i:'":f-1 f"'L:JA-11
fill ....I']
jocose foJ>AS'."
Jocose talk is not proper in church. 110.-t- he
ll-t:n ..,.11.,. foJ>AS'." M:nc ~IL to
f.S'./1'1"
jocular
1. oJ>As>.>,'. A jocular person is needed to make
the party lively. :rC-t:fD<1 11"7.1:-0D:,O oJ>AA
>,' (tfl>o fll.I.A:>A
2. f .1..11. I made a jocular reply to his question.
ll'l'f"'"'" f.!..11 ooAll llmo-'1-
jocund "14::1"
Everyone likes the jocund old man. 11-11-'1" "'
4:;f-fD<1 ' 11"7"1/1. ' J/.t/1.;1-A
jog (jogged) )I) hS'.l.~
She jogged his elbow to get his attention.
.hillt-1 /100"7/.h hCI-1 )It hS'.t.~":f-..,.
jog along 'ltYH1011 '/,1..
The old horse jogged along. f t."f..fD< .t.l.ll l'.
'"~"" ' '/,.F.
join (vt.)
1. M"'mou. How do you join these two parts?
Mtl.ll1 11-11'1- h'i'll-"'1'- 1.11.'1- h"l'l'
"7lf1'/IU 1
2. hll-1-illlt.. The priest joins the couple in
marriage. 4:(1- ...711!',;1 11:>-llil' f/1-1-
illl&-A
3. """~Go now! I will join you later. ho-1 'f.
.1:" i l'.~ ' fl:.\'1 ' l',OD"J/111-
4. h-111!''1- '/,.F.. He joined us when we went
to the library. mY. 0.-t- ""ll..n'l''l- /11'/,..1:"
h-111!'1 ' '/,.F.
5. h--- :>C #'loJ>/1 l h--- ~fl. The river
674 joint
Dedesa joins the Nile. fl.l.il 1111 h<)fl
f. ' ;>C f.oJ>IIoJ>'IA
The brook joins the river. :-E-~-1: hm")~ ;
Mf!A
6. h--- :>C of-'1'11). His farm joins mine.
"7ilfD< h~fl>o ;>C f.'f'{t<;"A
7. f-- hfJA II'). He wants to join our club.
fhflfJ":f-1 hfJA /loull'1 f..I.A:>A
*My wife joins me in thanking you for the
gift. fJ/10.-1:'1" M'l" 1111 lltn;J-fD< M'ou
11"11?111
join (vi.)
I. -1-~o;f. Tbe roads join outside the city.
hh-!-"7fl>o ID"' (LA 001~1'-,; f.~<;>,'/1-
2. -1-flfll.. They joined in a plot to oust him.
l'.C(l-1 hP'A"'1 /1"7fD<l.S'." flh.S'.-"7 of-f!
11~
3. -1-lt'i-f. II'). Why doesn't Tom join in the
conversation? -fo9" flfD<J/.f.-1> 'If. -t-lt4-f.
f.,f.ll')fl>o ' 11'1"1.1:-)fl>o!
be joined -t-~<;1
The two lakes are joined by a narrow channel.
11-11-1< .hf-4'"'1'- flmfl-11 Mm. f.~<;>,'/1-
join (the) army 11/DC 11&-'1!'1- fD</1'1' -t-+
ml. I t;f-F.C)'f- ~fJ
A physical examination is a preliminary to
joining the army. OtnC ll&-lf!+ m-llT (lao
oJ>mC (t:f"S'.C)'f- /IOD"IfJ'f-) fi}A 9"
coo&- o:,OS'.-"7.1 f.F.l.:>A
join forces +lin~
We joined foroes to defeat the proposal.
foJ>l.flfD<1 ' "'""' ' ....~ ' 11"7.1:-l."l ' of-'1111:1
join hands
1. l'.~ Ill'.~ -1-ffH. The children joined
hands to form a large circle. A;l(,; 1.~ II
l'.~ ' -1-ff.UfD< '1-A:,O hfl-11 "'~
2. -1-flflt.. The two companies joined hands
to finish the work. 11-11-1> h-'11 19'"'1- P' &-fDo
1 ' /IOD<U,G/1 ' of-flfl~
join together ~~}IJII
They joined together to pull the truck out
of the mud. f"'.")'f- ou!J..<;fD<1 h"'l":l'fD<
fl>o/1'1' ' 11.,....,.,'1- ' of-l..ll/1.
joint (n.)
l. <)1\":,0. The finger joints are swollen by
the disease. fa.t-1> <)11"4'"'1'- hl11i;J-fD< fof-)
"' h-llm'I'A
2. h1'1 I <)11":,0. He pierced the joints of the
bamboo to make a pipe. -loll /lfiPP' &-'1- f
oJ>C:I'"JifD<1 h1'19':f- (<)11"4':f-) Oil
joint
3. oo~IIJm"'''. All my joints ache. OD~IIJm"''..l'
9''Ji't I 0 ....1\- I f,4'.t:'J'OD'fol\
The joints in this chair are coming apart.
fiUJ di9"0C ov~IIJm"''..l' fl.il.l'f. tm-
be out of joint
I. ml\4'. My finger is out of joint. IIJ-1: mA!tA
,......
2 . .,.,..mll. The times are out of joint. "LH.CD- .,.
~~.,.
joint (adj.) f;J&-
They came up with a joint communique.
f;J&- 00"/il""'i t.mm-
jointly f?&-('fm-)
The two boys own the boat jointly. illl-11-1> A
](.f )';AIICD- f;J&-'I'tJJo ttJJo
joist l\Cii<MI
The joists of the floor are hewn from logs.
fmilll- 1\Cii&-P:f h"l't .1:" fTm<:R- <;'I'm-
joke (v.) h<(.H
He joked about his misfortunes. llil~<:llR'I-
ooh&- l\<(.H
*This time I'm not joking. ho-'tll 4'AY..'t
hf,~l\9"
joke (n.) 4'A.I:"
I have heard that joke hefore. 4'A.Il.'t hti.U
0.1.'1- ' ll9"'11'1'illl-
He cannot take a joke. 4'A.I:" hf,~lltJJo9"
play a joke (jokes) on T"'idiT(R'I-) I 4'~
I played a joke on him by putting a balloon
full of water on his chair. Om9"R-I- 'If. h
't.l:" ' .1.':' ' "'"=' ' 'I"A'fi ' R"7{l4'0D'J' I T""'i
m'I-IJ.R'I-
He likes to play jokes on!people. RlltJJo 'If,
DD4'il.l:" ' f,di/4A
[See also 'butt, target']
joker4'~'f
That joker is always playing tricks on people.
.I' 4'A~'f ilrt- "1.11. Rll9':f f,"'im;I-A
joking 4'A.I:"
All joking aside, I want my money. 4'A.Il. 4'
Cfo I 1'tHO.'t ' 1\I.A?illl-
jolly
I. ~llT'1. A jolly person is always laughing.
~IIT'f I {ltJJo I IJ-ol\"1.11. ' ,.,..,..,.
2. f~ll:l". Christmas is a jolly season. ~<; f~
11;1- I "J.II. I tCD-
675 journey
jolt
I. h't~""'i~"" The old bus jolted us as it
went over the stony road h.(!'").w- h.BJotf-fl-
11 ' Rlo<:to't:f ' OD')~.I:"' 11.1'..1:"' RIIJ9" ' h't~"'i
~Q;I,')
2. l\Mt~m. His sudden death jolted us.
.l:"'t~T'f l\".7.".7.-1> hMt~m't
jostle ~'i'fo l\11~11
The crowd jostled him into the bus. ih11R-
~'i'fo I )\..,..,.11-(1. I tJJoii'J' I l\il111CD-
jostle each other 1"14-of..
The children were jostling each other in order
to see the parade. A)>:'Jl llAf.'t 11"7f'l- 1
.e~<f.f. toe
jot (n.) ~'tiiJ'I-
There is not a jot of truth in it. h't-'1.'1-9"
fl\m-t'l- ~'tiiJ'I- fil:fR'I-9"
jot down
I. ~1.. Please jot down his address! l\.1:"&-"lfm-
,. I Kfi;
2. 0"711;1-m"/f .I'H. The clerk jotted down the
order. h7f7f"" '1-l\qlf-'t 0"711;1-m"lf .I'H
journal
I. ODX".h.'l-. The archaeologists publish a jour-
nal. hCh.9'11-i[M':f ODX".h.'l- .f'aJIIJII-
2. "7ll:l"m7f. He keeps a journal of the day's
happenings. ff4').'t .I:"C"Lfo:f 0"711;1-m
if ' f,f,qA
journalist ?H.m'f
He is a journalist in the Ministry of Informa-
tion. 0"711;1-moJ:.I' 1 "'U:.II-I:C CD-{l'J' ;JH.m'1 1
ttJJo
journey (v.) -MH
We journeyed through the desert for miles.
RR<:YtJJo I CD-{l'J' ' ilrt- ' "Yf.A I -M11't
journey (n.)
1. oo')~.l:". They started their journey at dawn.
"t.ft I /1.4'.1:" 1 OD')~J:" I )';OD-1-
2. "l-11. The journey from here to Gondar is
now an easy one. hti.U l\llh .,.'t~ 1 f
~<;~CD- I "J-11 I )\l)o') I 4''\ol\ I tCD-
*They set forth on a journey around the world.
'tiiM 1\0DIIC Tt,...
go on a journey i"=lH
We are going on a journey to Addis Ababa.
dl~ I l\-'1.11 I l\011 I OD'\q:f't I tCD-
jovial
make a journey "/J. I T~H
They made a journey to the desert. <S'. O<:V
~ ' (.,."If")
jovial S'.ll.,.:;'
His jovial attitude shows he has no worries.
S'.ll.,.';' oo.r). illl"i"'l- 7-'JS'./1.110'1- Y
ltYA
joy S'.ll;t-
She was beaming with joy. OS'.II;t- iJq')-
.&.;1: YO.!- )OC
be a joy S'.ll hll
This book is a joy to read. Y.IJ OOK'dt'i' (lJ
Hl-'1- S'.ll Y.IIA
joyful MS'.It:f I f"''...'IIS'.II'l-
Have you heard the joyful news? The war is
over! h!IS'.It'li'J "'" li'I".,.VA ! tDCH h0.4"
The advent of spring is a joyful occasion.
f'IJ'.Y. on'/""1'1- f"''..YIIS'.II'l- w:,O'l- )fD-
joyless S'.ll;t- f/1.110'1-
These unfortunate children have a joyless
home. fMILIJ ~Y:II 0.11 A]f.:f l'-1:
S'.ll;t- ' f/1.110'1- ' )fD-
joyous f"''..YIIS'.II'l-
The Emperor's return was a joyous occasion.
fi"I-P' )~P'-1> ODODI\11 ' f"''..YIIS'.II'l- '
ro:,O'l- )OC
jubilance .l.'tm11Y
The jubilance of the crowd was boundless.
fih11!1- .l.'tm11Y <li'J hA)Ot:fD-l/"
jubilant OS'.II;t- f.,.'l'm
Jubilant crowds celebrated the victory. OS'.II;t-
l'.,.'l'mfD- ih1til fY:tr't 01A hhO<:
be jubilant .,.S'.ll.,. l .I.)S'..,. l ont.'l- mOOfD-
He was jubilant when he found he had passed
the exam . .,_.,..,...,.., "'1114-'t q,..,. 1.11. .,.
S'.ll.,_ (.!.)$'..,. I oat.'l- mOOfDo)
jubilee h.I'"O.AI'
The jubilee of the coronation takes place next
year. fHfDoY; 01/A h.I'"O.AI' f"''..OO"J
fD- , 1oo'1- Y..r"A
Jubilee Palace h.I'"O.AI' 0..,. OD'J"'P''l-
The Emperor's residence is the Jubilee Palace.
f't"!-P' )~P'-1> oou.y h.I'"O.AI' 0..,_
OD'J"'P''l- o )fDo
judge (vt.)
I. 'i'CY: lim. God judges all men. 7-"'llhil
do.C 011-11- llfDo IIY. 'i'CY: Y.li"'A
676 judg(e)me nt
2. "1'1"'1- "'ll. Don't judge him too harshly!
MY: "'ll"'l- h'l-"'AO'l-
3. oolll\(fDo), I judge that you had forgotten
the time. 1.11.fDo't f<:ltiJ y.ooiiii:;'A
How tall do you judge him to be 1 .,,.,., ?"
., ' YIJA ' J'.ODIIAVA!
judge (vi.)
I. .I.<:S'.. After the judge heard the whole
case, he judged against the plaintiff. J!:;'fDo )
~~., 11-11- IJJ!oom 0:\11 Ohltlf. IIY.
.1.<:$'.
2. fDo/tl'. lim. I have heard the evidence and
will judge accordingly. oo<;)l'fDo't llll"il'llu-.,
7-'JS'. ' S'.'J(I- ' fDo/t).fDo'J ' 7-ll"'l\11-
3. .,.<:-'!. I judge from his manner that he
doesn't like me. 7-'JS'."''Y.<S'.'f hu-l'.;t-fDo
.,.<:J!u-
4. hll.,.'l'll. He judges with great perspicacity.
Oii~IJ AIW Yll.,.fD-11/A
5. 100.... I never judge by appearance. 'i'l\.
?" OooAh .I\A1ll"'l-?"
*To judge by his face, he is not very enthusiastic.
(IJI''l- 0"1'1" f"" hY.ooii{A'I"
judge (n.) '~"'
When is the judge going to pass sentence?
J!:;'fD- 'i'CY: f"''..llmfDo oo=r: )fDo !
The judges awarded his picture first prize.
J!'l''li ' llll- ' P'~A ' Y"JS'.:;')')- ' 'liA"'''l- '
lim-
*He is a good judge of horses . .1.<:11 oo?"<:
'I' YfDo.4"A
Judges onft<;:'t'l-
The Era of the Judges follows the Solomo-
nic Restoration. fooltt;:1'.:'f- Hoo1' hlld-'l"'l
P'CtD ' OO'J"JJ"')- ' J!"'OO';' ' OD)"f')- ' 0:\
1\ fooll) !jato
judg(e)me nt
I. 'i'CY:. When a judgement has been made,
it must be published in the newspaper. 0)~~
IIY. 'i'CY: ll.ll'l' 0;>11."1 oo;t-ro"f:
Mfl'l-
2. hll.,.Yf'l-. His judgements are always without
bias. hii.,.Yf-1: 11-A1.11. Yll hY:Al" )tiJo
In my judgement, you are doing the wrong
thing. Ol'. ' hii.,.Yf'l- ' f'/"'1-P.!-fD- P'.!-
llih ...'l- ' )fDo
3. 1'7."11lhildo.C 'i'Cll'. The neighbors con-
sidered his broken leg a judgement on him.
,..<:O.+'Ii ' 1'7."/~'t ' OOliOC ' 1'7."11lhildo.C '
<;:elf hS'.<:"I-'1-
judicial
4. AiiT'PJ.'.~'I-. Don't accept his advice! His
judgement is not good. ll"h-1-1 A'I-.,.OA A
iiT'PJ.'.t-1> f"''..l'iiODIJ hJ.'.S'.II9"
You can rely on his judgement. 7.en- 0"'1.
All .,.._,._,,.,., '1-':f~llll
get a judgement against hild.t:.~O:'f-
When I refused to pay, he went to court and
got a judgement against me. AAh'i'AII" IJAh-
'1- "I.U <;:e~ IL'I- h(o Ail.t.<:S'.11'1
make a judgement lj:.C~ {lm
A judge must he circumspect when he makes
a judgement. -'1':' <;:e~ ltil'l' '1'14<:,0
"""1 AIIO'I-
[See also 'soundness']
judicial
I. f-'l'h'l-. A modem judicial system has
been established in Ethiopia. Oh.'l-1'-k.l' Hoo
<;''J! ' f-'l'h'l- P'e'i'l- T?I.,....,_A
2. f ih"'. Lend us your support in our fight
for judicial reform! llih"' ool'fl'fA 119"<;'S'.
e1m- '1-"'A ~;><;:111 111111
3. fih"' .,.e'l"''.. Executive power usually
exceeds judicial power. 1t1ltJ~m-"t "L.tl. fat
"' Ailol.l\"''.tD- P'A"'1 hih"' Te'l"''.
m- P'ARJ1 J.'.OARJA
4. Aoo~~'1. A judicial mind considers both
sides of a dispute fairly before making a
decision. Aoo~~'{ A7.9"C m-U hODIIm
-1> Od.'l- 011-11-1>11" 011-A .l'lltD-1 he
he .roo~1f<;'A
judicial decision lj!C,t:
A judicial decision will decide his fate. <;:e-'l.
fmU'I- ~~11-1 J.',mii<;'A
judiciary ih"' Am-"'-
The judiciary is one of the branches of govern-
ment. ,-,_.., r hiD"liQ. foP'}"1JU:t- r hil+-'51..C r
A1-'l. h<;:A tm-
*He is a member of the judiciary. -"~ tm-
judicious
1. oflA.tJ. That was a very judicious remark.
0"111" 11AII AIIT.I'f'l- tOe
2. h.ODlftf:OS. A judicious historian considers
facts carefully. AOD~~'{ ;J-6h ~.ltd. 7.
m-tT':' ~11!"':f1 0'1'1 :1'-11 .I'00~1f<;'A
jug S'.9"0!1"1
He put a jug of wine on the table. A1~ S'.!l"
0!1"1 ~~~~ m<:A.~ ~J.'. All.,;oom
juggle
I. mY. ""'" O.,.t.t.<::t- Mm<:m<: .,.110.
677 jump
The clown juggled three oranges and a lemon.
AP'4:"f. T'P<;'J.'. 1"11'1- 11e-t>IJ'l"':f<; A1~
11-"'1. ' IDS'. ' ii.,J.'. ' 0.,"-t.<::t- ' MID<:ID<: '
.,.110
2. A~11.f- K.t.. The manager juggled the
figures to show a profit. F~ oo&m- +c
<;: All 11.,11'1- oll'!'l!"':f1 A~11.f- K.t.
juice
1. ~"7-t:. These oranges give very little juice.
Mll.ll 11e-t>IJ'l"':f 0"19" 'l-111 '?"'14:
J.'.IDRJ:f'PA
2. m-;}. The juice of the euphorbia is slimy.
follA?IA m-~ 11A"'A"' tm-
[See also 'press']
juicy 1111- m-:> .!'lim-
A juicy orange will drip on your shirt. ofllt' : m-
;} film- 11e-t>IJ1 11'"'1.1111 ~J.'. J.'.1miJ
IIIIJA
July m9"1\.
jumble up AHOt.e-1' All.,.oom
He jumbled up his toys and books in the cup-
board. Al'f'l'l-11.-l''ll1<; OOI\ih'i'-1>1 Ooll9"
"1'1'1 tD-11'1' AHOt.e-1' All.,.oom
jump (vt.)
I. AHIIII. He jumped the horse over the fence.
.t.<:n-1 OA'I'-1- ~J.'. AHIIII
2. ( = intr.) Hllll. We jumped pages seven
to twelve. hiiiJ'I- 7.11h OP' t. 11-11'1- .1'
11-'1-1 1P.':f HIIA1
jump (vi.)
I. Hllll. How high can you jump? M .I'IIA
h<;:;J- '1-H~IIII 1
2. IJ1 ~ A<;:;J- TIIIDm. The traffic light
jumped from green to red. f'l-t.d.h oo11t.'l-
IJ1~ A<;:;J- 1!<:1'1.<'.. IDS'. .,.,. TIIIDIII
3. S'. t 0<:. He jumped when he heard the
noise. ~9"1Jo1 il..il., S'.tO<:
4. T'i' 1111- Tt"'. He jumped from his
seat when the teacher entered. h.il+"''~ID"
fl.111 I htJD+oP'"'l.IJ)o J ....~ I -flft<" I .,..~..,
5. hOC" ao;J-. Her heart jumped when she
heard the news. IDil.tD-1 11'1-il., A!J. hOI!"
OD;J'
6. IJ1~ "I.U IDS'. ~J.'. IDRJ. Gold shares
jumped on the stock exchange. 010.1' 9"1~
6. vmc-l- T;J 111'1: 1 'I.H.. m" ltf. mtrJ
7. :fh..A. Don't jump to conclusioris! ij:C..(" ll
""llm'l- A'l-:ftt-A
jump
jump across ( = pass.) 011'1f. :NIL.
The chasm was too wide to jump across.
~,_II- o"t.L 1111 to~ 011'1f. 11.;1-11-;: t.A
...ll'll,.
jump around }..'}IIJ'f' a l\'lllJT hi\
Stop jumping around! li'J"''I' li'J"''I' h'I-OA
jump at tDJt$fDo'l- ... .,.011
He jumped at the offer. f.,.~OII'I-'J mlt11
tD/t$t1Jo'l- .....,.011
jump In
I. Hll- ~Q. He jumped in the water. fDo;) fDo
11'1' Hll- ~q
2. ooh.,'iaJo aJot.'f' .,.It-
1Q. Jump in, and
we will drive over to the movies. ouh.,'im-
t~Joll'l' .f-11- "IQ'i' m,_
fl.t"7 li'J~JIII'J
jump Into f - - ...ll<f..f. ll't
He jumped into the discussion right away.
tD/t$t1Jo'l- ' f'J"I"I~ ' ...ll<f..f. ll't
jump off Hit- tD~Y..
He jumped off the cliff. hh<f-4- 'If. Hll-
tD~,..
jump on
I. Hll- tD"'. The cat jumped on the table.
Y:oo-t: ml.A.Ifm- 1'\Y.. ntt- mtfJ
2. Hll- ~~111(t1Jo). He jumped on the snake to
kill it. l\Q!I-'J 1\0D"I,_A Hll- ~~111f1Jo
3. ~~111. The donkey jumped on the grass.
htJJ.'fDo ' .,~., ' ~~111
4 ......"!. The teacher jumped on the inatten-
tive student. oo,.u~ f"7f.h,... ... llt1Jo'J ...
"7(. ......"'fDo
jump out
I. Hll- m"'. He jumped out the window.
OODII!>'I- ' Hll- ' tD"'
2. Hll- ... t"'. He jumped out of bed. llA;> H
II- .... t.,
jump over fill- +Tf"ll.
He dared me to jump over the stream.
HA\1. li'J,_.lf~C h,_of.L.~"i
jump up
I. Hill\. He jumped up and touched the
ceiling. Hll- T'IG:'I-'J til
2. Hll- 11,_.., hll. He jumped up when I
came into the room. m~ hlf:& i'l1Q Hit-
11,...., ' hi\
jump upon Hll- "HI hl\(0'1-)
The infuriated lion jumped upon her. f ...<t-"1
t1Jo h'JO't Hll- "HI hiiQ'I-
[See also 'headfirst']
678 juniper
jump (n.)
I. 11'1f.. His jump broke all records. fo't-
11'1f. no~'I-'J h11~ mo"t'l'l- ,.11-
(tO~
2. O,_.'J~'I- h'i' "711'1-. A jump in his tem-
perature prevented him from going to work.
'1-h-111: O,_.'J~'I- h'i' "7111: h "(... hll_,.
~(IJo
broad jump foo~+ 111'\Y..
He got first prize for the broad jump. ooo.:.."f-
11'1f. ' (IJo,...=
,.,,..:;ot'I-'J ' 1111\"7'1- ' h
~
high jump fo't"7f. 11'1f. l fh'i',... 11'1f.
He got second prize for the high jump. Oo't"7f.
(Oh'i',...) 11'1f. fDof;f:C f,.ll ... :;'t'I-'J 'liA
"'""' h17
jumpy, make - hll0~11
Horror stories make me jumpy. ho't:1'4! ,.,.(.
!>':f J.'IIO~"I-r-:;'11\
junction oo~'i':;'
The junction of the two roads was blocked by
a fallen tree. f,.II-J:'J oo')~J'.':f oo~'i':;' f
m,_.,. "I'Jf: H"l.f.'l- toe
juncture ""1'i'7'1-
The juncture of the two armies marked the
end of the war. f,.l\1: IP~':f oo~'i'l'l-
IPCt-J:'J h'i'l\"'1. h,_~(tfDo
at this juncture lt.lltl 1'\Y..
At this juncture, it is best to recall our original
purpose. liH.tJ 'If. f ... t"''JO'I-"J 't'l"7
"711,...mll J.'lf A
june o't~
jungle '"ill
There are many lions in the jungle. 11I w-
IlT 11H- h'JO(l':f All-
m.,.,..,. junior
I. fO,...':f. He is a junior clerk in the Ministry
of Agriculture. 07.Clf uM:c t~Joll'l' fO
,...':f R...of. tfDo
When the commanding officer is absent a
junior officer takes command. JVI'1f 1 ooba"t.,. 1
01\.110'1- fO,...':f ooho'J'J J.'~A
2. ,...'i"'i, He is his brother's junior by two
years. 1\tD'Jf:ou- fv-11'1- 't""'l- ,....,.~ t<D-
*He's a junior in college. OltA.~ tD-il"l" ?'
fl+~ I f\001: I ~tiJ-
juniper '1'!!:
junk
junk (v.) "'ll
We finally junked our old car. 11""""l:lf 1\t:
"1. ' ooh.<;:f"t'! ' "1&\~tJJo
junk (n.) l\'!-1' 'i''!-1' 1 ."f-Ch. ?"Ch.
Junk is collected by very poor people who
sell it. 11"1?" ~'lj fll"'l- l'll":f l\'!-1' 'i''t
-I'm-'! M/1<1..,. Y.lf"'II-
The storeroom is full of junk. 1.:1' 0.-1> ."f-c
h. ?"Ch. 11JI' ~"'"
juridical .0;>'1!
The juridical questions of the frontier were
discussed by a commission. f..e-")0~ ih.;JC
'1--'li":f ' 01>"7.1'1.1"'! '!"I"IC -f-f.<:1q'fm-
jurisdiction P'&\"1'!
The student council has no jurisdiction over
academic affairs. f-!-"7&1":f "7"r11C ."f-!l"llC
."f-'! '11"7.0DIIll-lo' '1--'1\":f' ~f. ' P'&\"1'! ' flltJJo?"
The case was not in his jurisdiction. '1-J.ltt. 0"-
C(l- P'&\"1'! P'C l\&\~11<:11"
jurisprudence .01 'i'&\ll'i'<;
Criminal jurisprudence is an established sub-.
ject of study. fiD'!)!&\ .01 'i'&\11'1'<; f;l-
.,.,. ' ."f-?"llC."f- ~"'"
jurist fih"l o'l'<l:
The jurists proposed the laws be revised.
f.O"Io'l'<tl":f.n.,.,7..,~lflf&\m~11l\.,.<:~
jury [b-1-.:.m-' .01111' -f-ODCffitJJo' 'i'C~ f"''..,.
""'"' ' 1/i (ll":f]
just (adj.)
I. m.,.'O'. My father was a just man. )<,q-J: m
.,.,.. (lm- )OC
2. ."f-111111'0'. A just description should omit
exaggerations. -l-htu\;;:' s oo..,i\Ai DY;J~")")
11-1\- "7IIID1~ ' l\1111."f-
Just weights are required by the law. fOD10.1'.1'
"''.~'l':f ' ."f-111111'0' ' l\'t~ll"'). ' .0"1 ' .1'111~-'1&\
3. f"7.1q. The criminal received his just
deserts. m'!)!II'O'tJJo f"7.1qm-'! 'I';> l\11'
4. T1rt. His anger is just. -l!:tiJw- T1fl. ')offl-
just (adv.)
1. 11~. I have come here just to see you.
l\fl.ll 0 fOD"JIJo."f- 0 )\'j-f-'j ' IIODmf:J> 0 11JI' 0 ~tJJo
He had just enough money for himself.
~O<:m-
11.:.(1- 11JI' f"7.11:1' 1'!H11
2. &\11. He is just like his father. &\11 l\'!f.. l\
q-~o' ~ ....
They caught him just before he could get over
the border. &\11 m<:f.'! 11..1'&\'i' 1'1.&\ .1'11-."f-
679 just
His house is just across the way. fL-JJ &\h h
00")1~ f tJtl p. I ')oDJ-
3. &\11 111'1~-1>. You just made it. &\11 111'1~
., ' 1..<:1111
4. l\11-'! 1 &\11 l\o-'t. Do you know the woman
who just passed by? l\o-'! (&\11 l\o-'!)
11H.Il .I'M.:fm-'1 (l.."f-1" ;J-m-:l';l-llll l
5. 1'i JuJ"t. We've just received a new
shipment of shoes. f-J-1\h&\'! l\~ll "'1"7 1
... ' l\11-'! ' f..<:(l'!
6. 1<;. He is just a little boy. 1<; .nn ~"'"
Why are you leaving so soon? It's just two
o'clock. II"'! l\11'1'11-llll l 1<; IIM."f- (l~
..,. ' ~ ....
7. IIT<I:."f-. The bullet just missed us. 'l'f.-1> 11'1'
<l:."f- ' ~-~-'!
8. 1111" 1111-. They don't collect the garbage
here; they just dump it in the streets. "'lflf l\
Y.l'l11ll~!l" j 1111" ' 1111tJJo ' ""'111'-'ll ' ~.... '
f.H<:"If.;l-&\
9. 1\M:. Just taste this! It's delicious. l\ll-1:
:J>oo(lm- 1 11"1?" f."l'i'"l&\
10. 1\'!~fm-. Oh, that's just talk! l\'t~.l'tJJo
mt. 1 ~m-
*There is just nothing you can do about it.
llll 'I--'ll' ?"'!?" &\;l-f..C"I l\."f-:f&\!1"
*That's just what I wanted. fl.ll"lo-."f- Y.ll
'!'! ' ~ ....
Just don't worry! ?"'!II" l\;l-1111
just across 'i'f1C 1 -fiA-
His house is just across the way. tL-1: 001'1-'-
'! lf1C 1111- ~tJJo
just as &\11 {I + imperfect
The siren blew just as we reached the hospital.
&\11 II"II"C;l-&\ ll'!f..CII ~f.<:'! ""'1i
just as long fll.ll'l- .I'll&\ 1.11.
That takes just as long. l\{1-?" fll.ll'l- .I'll&\
1.11. ' f.l.}f&\
just as long as he is here 7-H.U 1 llll H1'~
Just as long as you are here, we might as well
discuss this matter too. l\H.Il IJ~:fo- H't~
f.ll'!'!?" ' '1--'lf. ' 11'!~;>1CI1."f- OD&\IJ?" o ~tJJo
just as so also
000
*Just as a child has corporeal parents, so also
has he spiritual parents. II&\~ f P';> m~;
'f- ' J\').111\-."f- ' IJ-1\- 0 )\'j~IJ-!1" 0 fOO'jl.,{l 0 OJ~
;:f ' f.."l'l" ' l\11-."f-
just as soon
*I'd just as soon stay at home. l't.tL-l- 1 oo.r-
f."f- ' .......11'0'&\
justice
just at the right moment flli:'H:
He came just at the right moment. fl(l~.,
mil hi\
just the same (lff')fd
Just the same, I am going to check the addition
again. ll.ll'"t?" .1:-?"~"t h"'&-1\11-
have just about enough 0..4-m-
+I have had just about enough of your im-
pudence. il&\"l<;"tJ ' o:t--r-'1&-.
[See also 'instant, like, minute, moment, now,
once, second, so, time']
justice
l. Thhl\'1 'i'C.I:". Even though he took the
matter to court, he could not obtain justice.
?""t?" ' l\"t\>,"t ' -..JII'"t ' 'i'C.I:- ' n.:,. ' ll..f
+com- :,.hhl\'1 'i'C.I:" IIJ~'S ht.il'l\r
2. -MII.~T. He upheld the justice of our cause
by refusing to do anything illegal. .n"l"t .f&\
-t-h-t-11 ~~c h&\u>&-?" 0.,11..,. f'tll.,:f
"t"t ' -~-~~~.~.-,. ' .f.~ol.
3. ~:;'.His brother is a justice of the Supreme
Court. m'l.t".,... fm:,OI\,._ ,..,...,.. )11'"'-1-
'i'C.I:" ' n.:,. ' -'1'1 ' ~"'"
bring to justice .ft""l d.T 1 h+t!fl
The police brought the criminal to justice.
?'fl.{l- ' ID"t~ll'1tJJ<"t ' .n"l ' d.T ' h4'<:0tJJ<
dispense justice Ll.~
The judge dispenses justice without bias.
-'1'1m- .fll h.l:-&\11' '-ol.C-'1&\
do one justice
*When you say that he is not very intelligent,
you are not doing him justice. OI1Jr 1 ofiAU
h'-1.11?" "71\TtJ -1-~11. h'-1.11?"
in Justice to him
*In justice to him, one must realize that
Amharic is not his mother tongue. h"""C~ r~
.,..,. ' !1/")!1/tJJ< ' hl\0011'\-"t ' -~-~"t1f(l ' 1\{1- ' hit
-1-.ffT "7.1:-<:"1 -t-~11. ~"'"
Minister of Justice ffi:C~ 1 "'l.'kllTC
The Minister of Justice left for Paris. ffi:CJ!'
"'Ltit# ' ID.f. ' ;r&{l ' y;.o;.
with justice
*He complained with justice of the bad treat-
ment he had received. O.f.<:t'IOT O.f.&\ -1"~11.
fll'~ ' {1.,.;1" ' h4'<:0
justifiable -1-~11. ~"'" f"'LQI\m-
An act -is justifiable if it can be shown to be
right. h"t.l:- ' h.l:-6-~..,. ' -~-~a. ' ~"'" ' f"'LQ
1\IIJo ' Thhl\'1 ' OOIJ'). ' (L<:;>~'I' ' ~ ....
680 juxtapose
justification ?"h"t.fT
What is your justification for being so late?
'-tJ"t .ftJ&\ 1\""H"IfTtJ ?""t ?"h"t.fT
hi\IJ l
justify Uustified)
I. -t-~11. h{lool'tl\. She tried to justify her
actions. f~P&-ifm-,. ~1C 1 -Mfl A"7lloP(IA 1
.,.h<::f
2. ( ~ intr.) Oo!: ?"h"t.fT ~m-. Your desire to
go on a walk does not justify your leaving the
baby alone. oo"tif6-il"C oo&.l\"111 .n71-"t
ilil'm-"t '1'1111 j\ooy;.~:- Oo!: ?"h"t.fT h
'-1.11'1"
3. ?"h"t.fT h.I:"C1 h4'<:0. He justified his
shooting the criminal by saying that the man
attacked him. ID"t~11'1,."t 0'1''-T f~f.lltJJ<
ill\of"<;"~4'tJJ<' oPIJ')."t I ?"h"t.fT I h.f:C") I h4'l0
4. ?"h"t.fT l'tm. How do you justify your
absence? 1\oo:t-.::,.u M ?"h"t.fT Tl'l"'IIIJ l
*He tries to justify himself before the court.
'l'of.-1"'1 ' hi\OOIJ')."t '1\'i'C.i:"' 11.-J>' 1\.,l:;J~'I''
,..,.h&-&\
be justified ( ~ it is justified) -1-~11. ~,.
You were perfectly justified in asking for more
money. +"'-nil& 1,.H1l 1 oomf-l-11 1 +1ft
~oc
justly ( ~ adj.) f"'L~q
He was justly rewarded for his faithful service
by being given a pension. lfto~:t' r 001/ ..l"f:,.
:I".,'SH 11""110:,. h~&-."111--1> f"'L~q
IDl:;l" ' of-114.1\tJJ<
jute .4-"'l
The lash of the whip is made of jute. _,., 11.4"
"'i ' ,.~00-'l&\
juvenile
I. fatf1J-l- 1 A].(:f.. Juvenile delinquency is wide-
spread at present. 0~"- "LH. fiD"'T &-.]!.
:f ' ID"t~&\ ' -1-ilof.'i':J:&\
2. fiD"'T. He is a juvenile offender. fW"'T
t.rd. ~
3. fiD"'T 'l''i--1-'l':f. The boy's case was
judged in juvenile court. f&\)1: "l-'1'- 0
ID"'T 'l''i--t-'l':f 'i'C.I:" tl.T of-IDM
4. 1\ID"'-I':f f-1-114.. This library has many
juvenile books. f.IJ 11.-1- oo11.n'1':,. 1\ID"'-1'
:f f-t-114- illf' """"'c::f hil-T
juxtapose .,.:"t 111-"t hit+oom
He juxtaposed dark and light paper. mote
.fll<; ~"' .fll 1Dl:4'T 1-"t 111-"t hit4'00m
keen
keen
I. ltA. A keen edge cuts better than a dull
edge. ItA flf~ 101"1 hJ'.~II" f.A:t f
Ollm 1'-11-C"'A
2. ht: Ill. He has a keen interest in sports.
IIIITCT h'i! 111 'i!l\~:,. hllw-
3. 1<1:. Her questions are indicative of a
keen mind. fi"'Tmf.:l''fw- 'I'14:9'":fo "I <II
hhi"'C: l'."IJIIIT fltU!k
keen edge ltiiT
The knife has a keen edge. lli\'I'OJo ltiiT hiiOJo
have a keen mind l'\)1-ll- ht;:.+ 1 ll"~
He has such a keen mind, he can figure out the
hardest problems quickly. h"l"l-k h'i!T ltll
If~ 0"11"' hlt'f:>t flf).T"I TC:111\.'I":Y.
O'i!'I'~T f.w&-A
keep (kept), vt.
1. /H. He keeps his things in good condition.
1\:I'OJo"l 0-N- M\:\"I f. f.~ A
2. hlt-1-m. Please keep this for me! l\'lhll"l
l'-11"1"1 hlt~I"''I'A'f
3. !!'ml. Can you keep a secret? l"'ltm.C -r!!'
'1'6-1111 l
4. mO~ l h1,._. The shepherd keeps sheep. l\
l'1w- 0"1 f.m11.4'A (f"IJIA)
She keeps my dog when I travel. !'.~ w,._
1\.1\ h1C lt'U: w-lf\1."1 -rm1l:tA.':'I\:f
5. hltofoJI,..l. She keeps house for her uncle.
f~:t"l n.-r :f"ltofoJI,....&-II:Y.
He keeps the zoo for the government. foP1""1P"
1>"1 fl\"llt'l-r (l:f" fltofoJI,....6-A.
6. h - - 'I'll. She keeps very rough company.
IJA:f"lou- (19':f :>C TOJol\11";fo
7. w(l,... May I keep this picture? l'-11"1 F~A
A.OJo(l,...,.l
8. hhOl. The Jews keep the Sabbath.
t.r.o-o~~w-n :t-'1"'1."1 Yh11&-k
9. hlt-"1. Do you sell postcards here?
I am sorry, we do not keep them anymore.
l\11.11 IJC,._. T!f"'ll:f-o- l Ml<;llo- ..,lt
-"1:,. Tofo<;A
10. h.,.f. An exacting employer will find it
hard to keep his workers. O:l''t f..,f.A
hwt w&-of-'1''6"1 ..,.,.f:,. flt'l'"ll'I'A
681 keep
11. 1~. In spite of these insults, she managed
to keep her temper. f.U"I filA ofo(l,._..q !'.
"1'>. "IY..;I:"I _.,:f",. lf'll:f-
12. hit-stem. Sorry to have kept you wait-
ing. MltmO:to-u r.:tc:f"
He kept belaboring the point after we had
agreed. hofolt..,..,"IOTI"' 0:\1\ 1-Jif."l -11
Af> ..,"1"11>"1 hl\!!'lml"'
keep (vi.)
l. '11'-01\11 .,.f. This milk won't keep till
tomorrow. .e.u = m++ ; ~llh ~1 = .f.:~il
<\f.OI\11 hf..,.l'-1"'
2. ~mil + noun. I told him to be quiet but
he kept shouting. 111"' l\"III.A ~1Ch-T "I
"I ...,"li-1>"1 ~mil
keep above h - fli\Y.. t h.IDlfJ
He kept his head above water. t-c\-"1 hw-:>
.,. 0111'- hOJo'J'of ~oc
keep apart (vt.) 11\111
Keep the two fighting boys apart! f"'-"'kT"I
o-11-r A]f.:f- 111"11\'l'w-
keep apart (vi.) of-11111 I ~milt. hll
He kept apart from the unruly students out of
pride. llh11o;. II.A hqll'1.9''6 ofo..,t9':f-
of-11111 (~tnA hll)
keep at ltf!l:C'I' IP~
He kept at it until he finished the job. 1"6-0Jo
"I l\lth.""Clt ,._..llt <\f!!'C'l' "'&-
keep away (vt.)
l. hl\lt,..t:(ll"'. Fierce dogs keep burglars away.
ofo<;IJ11 w-j\":f- n.:,. (IC<\69':f-"l hflt,._Cc\-1"'
2. hlt~.:. What kept you away yesterday?
'l<;"l:,.o; 1"'"1 hlt~.:u ?
3. h&-~. Keep the baby away from the fire!
ihY)."I hl\'11> hC4:0Jo
keep away (from)
*Keep away from the fire. l'.<\1>"1 hTm:>
*The doctor told him to keep away from
cigarettes . ..h!J.DD- 11.)1"&- r.:tc1111 hllw-
keep back (vt.)
l. <t..:m. The government keeps back 5 percent
of ones pay for taxes. on.,...,p....-,. tnx (taJo =
,._.,.11 h-of hl"'ltT 11"111C 1'-4/.C"'A.
2. ofohl\hll. They quickly made a barricade
keep
to keep back the enemy. mll'l-'t 1\0dhllhA
-f-11- 111\llJo ooh;J- Ml)l:
3. tDF. :\11 ODI\o'l. The police had to keep the
crowd back. Tll.fol- .ft11fl-'t tDF. :\11 ""
Odl\11 "IY: II"~Q'f'tJJo
4. h.A.'i1C Ail. The prisoner was keeping
back vital information. l\11~'i'tJJo 0"111" h11
d.ll"l. fll"~llJo't oo.:)l" hA..-,C hi\
5. h1F-. The dikes keep back the flood
waters. "IY:(l,.; 1-C4-"t MP.ii-
She struggled to keep back her tears. l\'tQ'f''t
11"71Y: ;f-11\l-
keep back (vi.) tDF. :\11 Odl\11 hi\
Keep back! You are going too close to the edge
of the cliff. m~ :\t\ ooi\ll OA :i '1"-& 1t
4-'1' 0"111" -t.4'COVA
keep doing something 'At'.J~.;nott + verb
The goat kept butting its head against the fence.
'i'fil- t-~'t 11'1''1- ;>C l\fF.;>10d h:>""
keep down (vt.)
1. h..f.oo. The government of the Congo is trying
to keep down the rebellion. flt"t1 ""'t"IP'
'1- , f-1-~"'tJJo't ooo6 11"7_,11" J'.'l"ht-A
2. +)ft. We must keep down our expenses.
tD"Vl-'t't .,..,~11 hll11't
3. hmof.. He hoed the garden to keep the
weeds down. h~.,..'t 11"7'1'4-'1- h'l-hA-Io'!
11--th--ttJJo
keep down (vi.) 1-'t011 hi\
Keep down or they will see you. 1-'t011 OA
hi\IIJ' 1'1-VA
keep from
1. hllhll. Nobody can keep you from going
there. l\IIJ' hoo~Y: "'''tll" hJ'.hllhAUII"
2. h1F-. Sectarian disputes keep Lebanon
from being united. fVJ'."'''l''l- Af.~'l- fll.
Q'l'11't h'tY:~'I- h"I.O:..A
3. l\'tY: + (negative imperfect) + h1F..
A constriction in the neck of the bottle kept
the water from flowing out. fmCODoft. h.'l
1'1- '1'0'1- llJo~llJo l\'tP,J'.d.11 h1F.tJJo
4. l\'tY: + (negative imperfect) + hF-~1. The
absence of water keeps plants from growing.
ftJJo~ hi\OO'l'C ~D'f''l- l\'tP.1Y:"I- ' 1F.C:>
'I"''A
5. l\'tY: + (negative imperfect).
He jammed
a stick in the door to keep it from closing.
0'1- l\"tP.J'.H:> ~'t""'Jo tDif4'0'1-
6. h -- - hP.~. He kept me from making a
big mistake. h:J-11~ 11.1.-t'l- hP.~'S
682 keep
keep hold of
*Keep hold of it until I get back. l\11hooll11
h't-t :> J'..,.J'.
keep in h.,.f
The teacher kept me in after school. h11-t"''&
tJJo h'I-II"UC'I- 0:\11 h.,.f'S
keep (someone) indoors
The rainy weather kept us indoors. 11'iflo 1
hR.'!- hll11tD"' hll't
keep it to oneself nrilm.C I .111
I'll tell you only if you promise to keep it to
yourself. fii"~"ICU 011"11m.C f111htJJo '
l\'tF-11"~ 11!1' ~llJo
keep (someone) lona h..,.r
I won't keep you very long. >fill- hii.,.J'.UII"
keep off (vt.)
1. h1F.. The engineers made a bank of earth
across the road to keep off the cars. oPh.<;l"
,.;'t 11"71Y: OOU'tP,.(o,.; 0""'11.1:- ' IIJ'. '
hd.C _,.1111-
2. hQ~~. They made a smoky fire to keep off
the bugs. ~'1'<'1-f-,.;'1 II"''Q~C 1111- "11'11
11\tJJo l\<'1'1- hH'.P,.
keep off (vi.) 11\A hi\
When the policeman saw the children climbing
on the automobile he told them to keep off.
Til.~ A.;,.; ooh.<;tJJo IIJ'. 11."tmllmil-
Qf "I.U 11\A ' l\'tJI.II- ' ~1.!-'l'tJJo
*Keep off the grass! "1'1-'t h'I-C1'1'
keep (someone) on (vt.) h.,.f
The maid was very lazy, but we kept her on.
1~.0:.. 0"1,. M'i' ~O~l- l "l't h_,f
..--r
keep out (vt.)
1. h114'~. Bad eyesight kept him out of the
army. 'tJ'.~ oii-t'i' ""ll"'i- htD:f"F.c~+
h114'~tJJo
2. -thllhll. Putting insulation in the wall
helps keep out the heat. O"IY:"IP. IIJ'. f..,.
4''1- oPhl\h1 "7.1:"~1- ..,.4''1-"t 1\0Dhl\hA
J'.~P,A
*Keep him out of here! He only causes trouble.
l\'tP.J'.1Q hAhl\tJJo l 111'1'"1.!-A
*Shut the windows and keep the rain out!
11<;flo l\'tP.J'.1Q Od1llt-lo't 11;>tJJo
keep out I Od"JQ'I- hAhA ~llJo
keep out of h - - - t-4' l h - - - P,~
Peaceable people keep out of quarrels. M"'''f
lll"l- hm11 J'.C.4'tr
keep 683 keeping

My brother made a sound decision and so
kept out of trouble. CD't ~ 1\llfl OJoil~ M
S'.G~ h":f-lc .II)
keep out of It
*It's his affair; you'd better keep out of it.
ft-ll- '1--'1.1'. )OJo ! 1\'tT q'l-~qn'l- .l'.lf~A
keep rlsht on +mA
Keep right on talking! 't"I"/CII't oJ>'I'A
keep straight on 11,.. iiA- IF..
Keep straight on until you get to the church!
{I.T hCM:.I"i 7.llh'l-S'.Cll S'.'Gll 11?"
111111 'l.S'.'
keep to
I. .I'H. Keep to the right! oJ>~II't .1'11
2. 1\hRG. She keeps to the rules. a."l ;1-hilt-
ll':f-
*I have to keep to a strict diet. fTCD{I) ?""Iii
oooo~il 1\llil~
keep to oneself Olf'JJ.. J'H
She kept her inner thoughts to herself. fAil
?"llm.Z:'t nrr.g_ .ru':f-
*He always keeps to himself. M1.1t.?" h(ltJJo
1\,1'.~<;'~?" ' (Or, ii!J'OJo't OOif't ' ,I'.CDJIA)
keep together (lilllfl .I'H
During his imprisonment, his long~suffering
wife kept the family together. Rhllt--1: 1.11.
illf< f;f-~..,':f-..... "tll-1:. {l..,.(lfYt (lilllq
.I'H':f-
keep up (vt.)
I. .I'H. Country people still keep up the
custom of marrying their children young.
fq~~C (19'':(- I\1Jo't9" A](iJ''fCIJo't RCD
nJ'l-)'1- fODJIC't A"''S'.' 7.'tS'..I'H- ""'"'"
2. R"t~q .I'H. Can you keep up the house,
now that you have lost your job? ltv-") JP&-
II't flloJ>~II lllllf) ILi>'t R"t~q A'l-
.1'.11 'l-':f-~1111!
3. OS'.'til .I' H. How inuch does it cost to keep
up your car? ouiJ.<;ll't OS'.'til {lou.1'11
M .filA "'"'- .I'IILA"IVA l
4. ~'1-(R'l-). Keep it up, and see where it gets you!
"1'1-R'l-<; f'l- h'tS'."'L..'S'.Cilll .,_,..Ah'l-
Keep up the good work! .l'.ll't ""AIJ9"
Ft. "1'1-R'l-
keep up (vi.)
*The rain kept up all day. '11<;'11- .,..,.,. ""'
flo (l.H'til 'I'll
keep up (with)
I. TCD-'IS'.G. It is hard for me to keep up with
the others. hl\.11-':f- ;JC IIODCD.IIS'.C .1'-'1
"IT'1A
2. Th;I-Til. I cannot keep up with you when
you dictate so fast. 7.'tS'.H.II L'l')ll 11;1-
t;'L~ Ah;f-TAII 1\A':f-A?"
I cannot keep up with my work. Ft-11-'t Ah
;I-TA I\A':f-A9"
3. S'.G(l(R'l-). Run to keep up with him! 7.'tS'.'
'l-S'.CllR'l- '1-'1'
[See also 'alive, appearance, awake, back-
ground, balance, body, book, company, con-
trol, eye, face, fast, fit, go, hand, head, house,
mind, posted, promise, temper, time, track,
wind, word']
keep (n.)
I. fi).C'OJo f"'L.fllLA1- )~C'':f-. The student
earned his keep by doing odd jobs. .I'~TOJo't
Ft. fiODFt-'1- ' T"''60Jo fi).C'tJJo f"t.l'
llLA1-'l-'t )~C'':f- .1'1'1A
2. 'I'R:J>. His son is in my keep. fll- A-,:
Oi. I '1'0.+ I PC I ~m-
*That servant doesn't earn his keep . .1' 1\1i
he f"t(lmtJJo I\1A"III-'l- h"t.f1TOJo "'~
?" ' .f){l )tJJo
for keeps l\Hl\ok~l&
They agreed to settle the controversy for keeps.
1\{IOD"Jqq;J-:ftJJo't IIHII</l;f-tJJo tJJoil~ ' ll,(lm-
'1- Tll"'i""'
keeper
1. un'1. He is a keeper of the museum.
rn..,. ""Hh<~- un'1 )..,.
2. mqof:. Am I my brother's keeper? 7.~ f
CD't~ mqof: )~ l
keeping
1. "''hnc. The keeping of Christmas is an
old Christian custom. AS'.'l-'t "''hRC f-'f
fhCll-t.l"t A"''S'.' )tJJo
2. "7ilS'.1..f. The keeping of the orphaned
children was paid for by their uncle. CD~](il''f
tJJo il'l"i>q'f..,. A](':f- "''iiS'.1..1' f"th'i'
lltJJo 1\.,.'l-,...... )CIJo
be in keeping with ..,.11"111? J 1m011 J ..,.ODIIJm~
A good man's actions are in keeping with his
principles. f'l"'- (ltJJo 1\S'.'t-~'l- hq'I"''CIJo
,;JC .l'.ll"7"7A (.1'.1'1'"7A)
The deputy's air of importance is not in
keeping with his real job. ?"h'l-11- t-n-
't h'i' 1\S'.'C~ "''ilfi> h'1~.C.)i> ' ;JC '
I\,I'.ODnJffi't9"
 keepsake
in (someone's) keeping 1\1.~
She left the money in his keeping. 1'tH!l.'t
M'.&- l'lm:f.,.
In keeping with 0 - - ODrP.l..-,.
In keeping with our previous agreement,
I am sending you a check. hll.ll ll"-'1- fl.!'.
~..,).,. 1111"11"H ou..,~:,. 'lih l\Ah
11\?IUJ-
keepsake "711:f'tulf
My friend gave me his picture as a keepsake
before going away. 'l.l'.'i'\1- bou~-'1. ll"-'1-
:1'-"1&-4-'t A"711:f'tulf l'lm't
keg '1-'t?i IIC"''.A
The beer is stored in kegs. m'IIIJo 'l-'t't1i
IIC"'/.11-:f 11Jo1l'1' 1-.I'.C'IA
kennel f11Jolf IL'I-
The kennel is painted red. fiiJolfiiJo 11.'1-
4'1/. ' 4'1\9" ' 1-4'-fl:tA
kept, see keep
kerchief lf1i
She wore a colored kerchief on her head.
IJI\4'1\9" lf1i l\11&-A:f
kernel 'i'&.
I put a kernel of corn in the ground. l\ 't Y:
fll4'11- 'i'&. -!-hAll-
kerosene ~"P' ;J11
Mary bought a liter of kerosene. "''.tl h'tY:
11.'1-c ).,. .nr 1~:f
kerosene lamp 11-&-11
The country people light kerosene lamps.
fi'I1C":f IJ.&-11 .1'11&-11-
kettle~ll'i"
Put the kettle on to boil! ~ll'i"IIJo't "'.I'.IIJo
key (v.) l\11"7"7
They try to key the radio program to the
interests of the children. f"-''.f").'t TC""'&-11"
hAJ>;=r; 'i'l\,'1- :>C 11"711"7"7'1- f.'l"h&-11-
be keyed to l\'t-'l.11"7au- of-OD~m-
The colors of the curtains are keyed to the red
and blue carpets. fOD:>~1fl"=r; 4'1\'l":f h+
f.'i" bl'l"7.1''1! 11:>1fl":f :>C l\'t-'1.11"7ou-
lf"~tl)o I )aJo I f..,..OD.ltJlo..,.
be keyed up 1111"'1.'1- of-)"1"1
The players were keyed up before the final
championship game. b,.....,~lf.,. flfii""CI'"'i"
"''l'"'t.l' ll"-'1- 1-"'l'l':r; 1111"'1.'1- of-)"1
P'of-IIJo )IIC
684 kick
key (n.)
I. .,.11\'i'. I have lost the key to my room.
fh'i'/1. .,.11\'i' m<f.ofl't
2. 'i"t"l'". This letter is the key to the whole
mystery. f.ll .l'.ofl-'111. fll"11m.'l- 11-11- 'i''t
"P' I )Q)o
3. 'i':f. The key to this puzzle will be publish-
ed next week. fll.ll l\'t4':,0A1i 'i':f ll"'tou
"'IIJo 1\ll"'t'l- f..:f'-1-"711\
4. 11"1'1(1. The steel industry is the key to our
nation's economy. fofl~'l- 1>.'t-'1.11'1-tl .1'1&-
:f't l>.l>'l""'t 9"(1(1 )IIJo
5. 'l''i" IIC. Gibraltar is the key to the Medi-
terranean. ~&-11\;f'C 11"'1.-'1.1-&-1..1'"1 'l''i"
oc = )m-
6. l\11\1\11". He answered my letter in a mournful
key . .l'.ofl-'111.\lo't dtH't llof-ODI\II'f- ' l\11\1\11"
ODI\1'11\'f
key (adj.)
I. 'l''i" 11.:1' f"'tl/.11. The Minister of Interior
is often the key man in the government. ,11C
"'~'f- ' "'tt11'f-C l\ofi~:;'IIJo't 1.11. IIOD't"'
,.,_, 11Jo1l'l' 'l''i" 11.:1' f"'tl/.11 IJAP'A
"''t ' )IIJo
2. ou"'~:f''l!. Steel is a key industry. fofl~'l-
"-'t-'1.11'1-tl """'~.:1''1! )IIJo
[See also 'lock']
keyhole f.,.A'i' 4'-'1-'1
He could not find the keyhole in the dark.
11 ....11., f.,.ll\4-'t 4'-'1-'1 .,..,,.,. l\11\;t'
All"
keynote 'l''i" DD't.l.il
World peace was the keynote of his speech.
f't"'"'-1- .,..,. OD't.l.11 f'tl\11" Mil" )IIC
key ring HAII'I-
I need a key ring for my keys. A.,.AG:'Ii HA
11'1- ' l\.1.11\:>1111-
keystone """'~""
Freedom is the keystone of democracy.
)1\)'f- f-'1.'l"h&-(L """'~"" )IIJo
kick (vt.)
I. ~1m. Mybrotherkickedme.w'tY:"''.~1m't
The horse kicked the boy. .1.~(1- 11\)l:'t ~1m11Jo
2. A:> i oo:f'. Kick the ball! 1>,(1-'t A:> (11".:1')
kick (vi.) 1-&-1m
I hope this horse does not kick. f.ll .1.~11 l\
't.l'."7f.&-1'1' 1-114- l\A't
This shotgun kicks. f.ll ~11 f.&-1"111\
kick
kick about TH'Pm~
He kicked about a good deal before settling
down. f-t-.0.1\Jtl\ ).1!' hou;eouo~- n.~o+
1111- ' -i"H'I'IDl
kick against
I. flll"l-1- .O.fl.O.fl. He kicked against the door
so that someone would open it. """' 1 00111..1
"'"'~ liVLh'i''l-11+ nll"l-1- .o.n.o.n
2. :,O.:,;t-ID-"1 ~~~~- He kicked against the treat-
ment he was receiving. 1111-J-.O..:~n+ rHo-
:t-.:.;J-ID-"1 ' ~~~~
kick around fDJIJ I lD,I},tJ I h.f\
He has been kicking around Europe since his
discharge from the army. brnc r'l&-1!+
h-f"ll....fl-1" ' ;e'/"1!' ' 1\ID-1!';r ' ID"{l'J' ' ID'I_
y "''~-11 s>.A tnc
kick (the) habit 1\oo>ll-"1 TID
He tried in vain to kick the cigarette habit.
f(L;><! 1\0DII-"1 IIOD-f"ID- Oh"l-1> "'l
kick off 1\ID'III+
He kicked off his shoes and climbed into bed.
"'i.,ID-"! 1\ID'IA-1' 1\A;> 'IS'> ' ID"'
kick out hiL'I- 1\!IID"'
I nearly kicked him out. hiL+ 'I!IID"'ID"
'1""1'1" hA+.:'111" toe
kick (n.), give a - l~m
The horse nearly gave me a kick . .1-l~ 11-l"l
m'1 '/""!'/" hA+liD-'1" }OC
get a kick out of +.e.f"l+
The children got a kick out of going to the
circus. A)('li ID.<'. I'IChl'l 0""~"'"'"
1".1'.1'1-1>
kid (v.)
*I'm only kidding. +A!l."I tiD"
kid (n.)
I. "IA~A. The goat had two kids. 'i'f!l ti-ll+
"IA~~l- toe::+
2. .ht"l. Don't act like a kid! .ht"l h'l-u-"1
kid (adj.) '1-"111
She looks like her kid sister. +"111 l\..,;1:"1
'1-ouMIIl-
[See also 'fresh']
kidnap
I. h'i''l' IDI'I.I'.. He kidnapped the rich man's
son. fii11;J-<n>-"! I'IID-\L A~ h'i''l' IDI'I.I'.
2. mil&-. After he kidnapped the girl to marry
her, a search was made. A~"! 11-Y~IJ+ hm
IlL fl:\'1 'I'll;> -l".l'.l~
685 kind
kidney h-'111-+
He died of a kidney disease. Oh-'111-+ 011;J-
'1"1"
kill
I. ~.1'.11. Thou shalt not kill. h+"I.I'.A
The long hike killed us . .:~ 11c11c ~.1'.11"1
2. hmof.. The frost killed the sprouting grain.
ID-C..., 11-:I'YID-"1 hmof.ID"
We killed time by looking out the window.
0""!11>+ il"l""llh+ "1..11. hmof."l
3. &-;e. This infantile disease kills many babies.
S'>U fA)("f- 01I;J- 1111- .ht....'l-"1 ' S'>
L"JiA
4. ID".r::t- h.l'.l~. The senators killed the tax
bill. h.,IJ<!l"'li M11-l-"l .h"l l<l::t- 1D- .r;-:,0
1\.o..:-,.+
kill (one's) hope -t-!lof. 1\Mr..:m
His defeat killed our hopes. f~ oulft
'i' -t-!lof.l-"1"1 hll<lr.lm"l
(to) kill time "1..11. 11.,<'111'1' YIIA
We played cards to kill time. "1..11. 11.,<'111'1'
YIIA IJC;J- T"'iiD'I-"1
be killed '1"1"
The soldier was killed in action. ID;J-.1'.-1- nrn
C I t'JIIA I f\~ I 'fP+
kilo h.~
kilogram h.~&-9"
kilometer h.II-'"/.'1-C
kin
I. Hoo>P..l-. We are near kin. f:t-C11 nouP..
l- ' t"l
2. uou.r:. Write down your next of kin!
f:t-C11 ' HOD.1'.-11"1 !I'/" ' ~'i'
be kin (to) ofoqouf.
This book is kin to that one in subject . .e.u 1
""K".h'i' OYHID- t~C hHJ':;:ID- f"'Lqou.r;-
tiD"
kind (n.) 'tl'>H
There were all kinds of books on the table.
m.:A.q"'" 'IS'> 1111- 't.M+ -~.h'i''l-
tfl-1-
What kind of person is he? '/""! 'tY.t+ (liD"
tiD" l
*She's the kind of woman who likes to help
people. I'IID-"1 oo>OI'Jo f'/"'1-ID.I'.- 1'1.'1- .....+
kind of ""I'IA
They make a kind of wine from raisins.
kind
hHil11 o Wf.1 ' ffi~ o oo(IA ODffi'J' I f.IP6-I\-
*I felt kind of sorry for him. 'l{tS'. "7H1 1 l\All-
11-l-
all kinds of 1111- 'lf.)T
There were all kinds of goods on display.
0-l-C'I\1-1: IIY. 1111- 'lf.)T '1.:1> fi.:J"Y.
4>Cfll )OC
be kind of, expressed by a composite verb
*The room was kind of dark. h'i!ll- ""1111"
1111- I )OC
have a kind of
*I have a kind of suspicion that he was check
ing on my work. f!I"IP6-"'"1 7.1S'."''.'IL"'mC 1
'I'C"'<I. l\.1:-<!'11 ...A
in kind O"''.,I'ODC_,.(I)o 'lf.)T
The farmer pays taxes to the government in
kind. 70<1."'" O"''.,I'ODC.,.(I)o 'lf.)T I 1\0D
1"/P'T "111C Y.h'i!IIA
She will be repaid in kind for her rudeness.
111IA"I'i"'P 'I':>'1'1 :1"7 ...1\'fo
of a kind
*The boxes and a plank make a table of a kind.
~'1'1~111?'1.1S'.Im~~~fl..l'71\"lii-Y.'f-llll
of the kind 'll1S'.H.II ,I'll 1 )7C1
I did not say anything of the kind. 'll1S'.H.II
,I'll )7C l\AW"''S!I"
(be) two of a kind l\1 .!:"" ""'"'"
The twins are two of a kind. 001-l-1'",; l\1.1:-
~:f(l)o
kind (adj.)
I. S'."l. He is a kind person who is always
nice to children. 11-A'I.I 1\A"/f..'fo S'."l f
lf')o f (lfDo I ')o(Do
That's very kind of you. S'."l ~PC.,.? A
2. fS'."I)T. His kind act balances his rough
manner. fS'."l)T P'6-"'" Ql\1. mQI'1
Mf'i!111:J"A
3. ODAIJII". Her kind words assuaged my
grief. ,.,.~7~'fo'S ooAIJ?" ?A ltd.H~
l\W~~'S
*How kind of you to help me! iiii~JI1i'S .t.oo
(1"1~1\l}o
*Will you be kind enough to close the door?
0'1-1 11-l-H:>"'"
[See also 'heart']
kindhearted e-x.-.
1 S'."l
He is very kindhearted; he does not like to see
people suffer. 0"111" c-.'1--, (S'."I) (l(l)o II
I\W)~'f-fi.1P?I'"7f-l-AY.W.I:-II"
686 kindred
kindle (vt.)
I. 1\,I',I'H. The sparks kindled the dry grass.
fll-1> '1!1"1& S'.~.,1 ~c .t..r.rn"'"
2. MS'.S'.. He kindled a fire in the fireplace.
7.11".1:-li""'" "'"il'l' 7.11-l- MS'.S'.
3. 4>(14>(1. His cruelty kindled our anger.
f(l. "1/'IJ~ 1 .<'.:J"'f-11 4>(14>(1(1)o
kindle (vi.)
I. )S'.S'.. The damp wood would never kindle.
'I.C'1'11 b1""-l- O'i!l\.11" l\Y.).I:-11"
2. 4>11. Her eyes kindled with anger. 'lY.'l';l!
01.<'.-l-. 4>11-
3. l\06-. Her eyes kindled with joy. 'lY.'l';l!
OS'.ii:J" l\0'1-
kindly (adj.) fS'."lH
The kindly faces of the nurses reassured the
frightened child. fl\li:J-"7"'1.!1',; fS'."I)T
l\ll.,.,l'f-1- fS'.)7m(l)o1 A~ AW~~"'"
kindly (adv.)
I. OC-.6-"\.. He spoke kindly to the frightened
child . .u:-r- f)0~"'"1 .lt!1 oc-.6-"\.
M:>7~"'"
2. o:,01 1 OD1.1.ll. He does not take kindly
to criticism. )4><Wf"1 o:,01 oo1.t.h AY.+
OAII"
3. 0"111". We thank you kindly. 0"111" '1\~oo
(1"/1?111
4. '1\Qhll. Kindly stop when your time is up!
'1\QIJ";f-v- 1.1(1)o ' fi.,I'A:,. "'"'-
most kindly.,.~.,_.,. +mP
She received us most kindly. .,...,1? .,.mQ
.,..,.01\'f-1
kindness
I. S'."l)T. I appreciate your kindness. ill\
S'."!)TII )\OD{I"/1?1\!Jo
2. m-ll;fw. She does not seem very appreciative
of the kindness done to her. I\.,.U711-l- (l)ol\
:J" ' )\OD(I;J'S I J\TODiiA!I"
kindred (n.) H""J'.";fo
Are they your kindred or your wife's?
,1'1.,. ' HODJ'.";fo ' ~:f(l)o ' Wf.il ' f"''.il'l-11 !
kindred (adj.)
1. 01111"~ ,.,..,.6-~0. Kindred tribes live
in the region. 0119".1:-~ ,.,..,.6-~11- .,.llll''f-
04>01\.(l)o (l)oii'J' Y.'l'6-11-
2. f.,.~...,S'.. Writing and grammar are kindred
studies. W.ltL'I-'i' {l'f'il"'" 1 ,.,.~""-'~- , '1-11"
IJC-f'f- ' 'i':f(l)o
3. fODI\(111. We are stndying about rain,
king
frost, and kindred elements of nature. illt 1
11<;',. I tJJoC"P<;' ' fou{)(t/1- ' 11-~;J-jP';f ' l.<;'m
<;'1\"t
king "t.,.,..
;(C~ ll.(-ll
George VI was king of England.
.,.'1 fl>"t"'l\.11 >t.,.,.. to~
become king ~1aP
He became king before the Second World War.
bo-11.,.'1"'" 'ill,. ,nct'l- oo~-'1- t1,
make (one) king M1"'
They made him king after the old dynasty
died out. b4>.(-1"m- ' FCID ' OD't"'I"T
'i!II"'L 0:\'1 1>(1-"t ht1,.T
kingdom
I. M.,.l" .,q..,.. He ruled a kingdom. O"t.,.l"
.,q..,. ' 1q
2. nc. Does your question concern the
animal kingdom? 'l".f.,W fl>"tllllT"t HC
f"''..ODI\bT tm- 1
Heavenly Kingdom OD1..,P"'.,.. {l,..,.f:,O
Sinners will not enter the Heavenly Kingdom .
...lll.h.,.'l'"f ' OD")"J/".,. ' (1"'/.fT ' hJ'.11Jo,.
[See also 'divine']
kingly
I. "t.,."f'l!. His kingly pride made him choose
death to surrender. "t.,."f'l! IJ.&-1: ' 7-)l:"t
boullmT 'I"T"t 7-"t'L""C'I" hS'.t.1tJJo
2. M.,.l". He wears a kingly crown.
Hm-.(- ' "PS:A
kingly personages "t.,."f,..f"t ' fl..,.(t(l';f
A large number of kingly personnages attended
the funeral. 1111- "t.,."'tJJo.f"t fl..,.(t(l';f 04>
11~ 'If. .,.1'S.,.,. toe
king of kings "t.,.,. t11"T
The Ethiopian ruler is the king of kings. fii.T
f'kl ' 11C ").,..... t11"'1- ""'"'"
kink
*There is a kink in the rope. 1DD-'I. :J''I"~A
kinky bCJI'I
Some people have kinky hair. h"tJI"t.(- l'll""f
bC'I'I 1!.'1-C h'l'f'tJJo
kinship 11,-.(-<;
Kinship is based on a common ancestor.
1111,..(-<;' ' ..............,. ' f"''..ll'ttJJo ' h"t.(- ' h
.fT 'J>.(-ou hiT ttJJo
kiss (v.) flou
He tried to kiss me. ll.llou'S 'l"bt.
687 knee
kiss (n.) ou{){),.
I heard the sound of a kiss in the next room.
0"'1..4>'1"1\tJJo h'i!A tJJoll'l" ' fOD{){),. ' .(-
,.6' ....,.,.
give a kiss {toP
He gave his wife a kiss and went to work.
"''.ll-J:"t ' ll'l" ' IDS'. o I" tlo ' ~S'.
kit
I. OD"f&.f. The nurse carne with her first-aid
kit. tC!l. fou1.,ou&.f ' 7-CJI:J' ' OD"f&.f'l'"t
J'.q' OD"J';f
2. ""1"1m"''..f 1-:l'l"'f-. He bought a radio
kit for his son. IIA)I: f<l-'Lf' DD1"1m"''..f
1-:l'l"'f- ' 1ql\..,.
[See also 'first aid']
kitchen "'1.(-fi.T I ID'l"fi.T
The cook is in the kitchen. ID'I"fl.:t "'1.(-fi.T
(m'l"fi.T) m-ll'l" .,..,.
kite m'l"t'l
They like to fly kites. m'l"t'l "'/m-11111111
f.t-'111-
kitten
I. f.(-oPT "'A1A. A kitten grows up on mill<.
f.(-oPT "'A1A Om_,...,. .f.(-;>A
2. """A"lA. The cat is nursing her kittens.
.(-ou;t "'A111-!l!'t ;t-mqll"f
knack .,.1'1'1"1-
n.,.,.. He has a knack for carpentry. fh<;m.tT .,. ...
'1"1- hl\m-
not get the knack of it Hl.tJJo hf.ll'"ti\T,.
I want to dance well, but I cannot get the knack
of it. IIS'."t11 1\oPJ'.tll ALA:>I\11- "'"t
Hl,m- hJ'.ll'"t A 'S,-
knead hlllt
She washed her hands before kneading the
dough. 1\.m-"t b"''flolt:t Ooi.T M~-"t
;J-mfl"f
knee.,.AOT
I hurt my knee .,.A01;o"t .,..,_'1.,.
bring to (one's) knees h.10~hh
We brought the enemy to his knees. m'IT"t
h"tflt.bh"t
drop on his knees .,."tOt.bb
He dropped on his knees to beg forgiveness.
uc:t- 1\0DI\oP"t T"tflt.hb
fall on his knees 0'1-Afl.Jz m1..ct
He fell on his knees and begged for pardon.
fl.,.Afl-1: t.(-.J ,.,... ......,. 1\0D)
kneecap 688 knock

go down on one's knees O..,..AOrJ: mF.+
He went down on his knees to beg for pardon.
?".ht:'l- 11""11""') 11'1-AI1-Io mS',.oj>
[See also 'bended')
kneecap f'I-AI1'1- 11-"7.
He fell and skinned his kneecap. mY:.Y. f'I-A
11-lo' 11-"7. ' -1-'ltn
kneel (knelt) -t-'JI1t:hh
He knelt before the statue of St. Mary. h:,>Y;
il'l- "''CY?" .hDJoA'I- .l.'l- -t-'JI1t:hh
knell (v.) -t-S'.mll
The church bells knelled all morning. fll.-1-
hCil-l;y) S'.mA (LS'.mA t.M.S'.
knell (n.), sound the ~
I. .,.,_mil. A bell sounds the knell during each
funeral. 11foj>110:. P') P'C'\'1- 'If. fll.-1-
hCilty) S'.mA f.S'.dl'IA
2. f - t.~A"III-'1- "'111-I:Y II'). The
invention of the automobile sounded the
knell of the horse and buggy. fooh. <; ""4-A
il'i' f4-t:ll<; filt:~'l t.~A"III-'1- "'111
4:Y ' II')
knelt, see kneel
knew, see know
knife (v.) 11Q;1JI). ' m;>
He knifed his enemy in a fight. 11mll- 'If.
mi\-J:"t O~W~O. tD;J
knife (knives), n. IL'I'I' l IL'I
He cut his hand with a knife. l\)1:') IL'I'I'
...:mOJo
[See also 'back, pocket')
knight [11""1Jhii':'DJo Hoo') h'i' Yll )>;
-flJJ.. AUoP rot.r'IT rm~F.C hoflc ~
"'/6<':"1)
knit >P&-
She herself knit these gloves. l\Ht.ti'J fl\;1!'
lf.&-fl:Y. ' f>P&-:Y.DJo ' &-j). ' .,,..
be knit together .,.lt(ll:
The two families are knit together by a common
interest. 11-11-lo 11.-t- ilfl:Y. 11:>&- T:Jo?" .,....
ilt:'I'A
knives, see knife
knob
I. l\)>:;1-. The knob fell off the door. fl10:. 1.)>;
;1- mil+
2. IrA. There is a knob on top of the flagpole.
hil'Js>.:Jo '\'1"'/DJo ""il"'Y ""i'i' 'If. t.'J
Y: irA l\11
knock (vt.) oo;t-
He knocked him on the head. l\&-il- 'If.
"":f-IJJo
knock (vi.)
I. 110:.') l\'JI\1>.. Please knock before you
come in! hoo"JfJ'I-11 114-'1- 11-:.'J l\')1>,1>,
2. l\')1>,1>,, Someone knocked at the door.
ilm- ' 110:.') ' l\')1>,1>,
3. ~1i. The engine is knocking. '1"-t-O:. f.~
"liA
knock about (vt.) l\')~'1;1-
The waves knocked the boat about. '1"~.!1- )>;
AfJDJo') ' l\')~'l;f-DJo
knock about (vi.) .,.'Jh&--t--1-
He knocked about quite a lot in his youth.
11A)!'H 1111- -1-'Jh&-:tA
knock against
1. h :>C l\;><U.. He knocked his head
against the wall. &-il-'J h"IY:"I'I :>C l\;><U.
2. 1'.111'.11. Don't knock against the table!
m.:A.qDJo') ' t.'l-1'.-tiY:-tl
knock around
*He has knocked around all over the world.
11'\11?" 'If. YAt:~tnDJo il'l'&- fll?"
knock down
I. .,..,_ "'ll. He overtook the running thief
and knocked him down. f.llii f)l1t;DJo')
1\.fJ ' S'.t:ill1'1-<; ' .,..,. ' "'IIDJo
2. "'ll. Be careful not to knock down the
flower vase! l\11'1 "'/iloj>""""iDJo'J l\'J'I'I-
'I"A -1-tn'J+:J.
3. 'I':> oj>M, The storekeeper knocked down
his remaining winter clothes. '111""1'..110:. f.,.
<':4-DJo'J fht:?"'l- A-till 'I':> +M
{be) knocked down
I. 4-t:il. These are the old houses that have
to be knocked down. MH.tl l\1!"1. 11.-1'-:Y..
OD'I'(;il ' YllfJ:fDJo <;:fDJo
2. ms>.oj>. Reset the stakes that were knocked
down! fmS'.4J'I-'J :Y.IJII-:Y. DDAiltl '1-MlfDJo
3. ( ~ tr.) 'lm. He was knocked down by a
bus. t.DJo-1'-11-il '!mOJo
4. (~ tr.)~'i:-l-1!'"111. Whencrossingtheriver,
he was knocked down by the onrush of water.
m')lf-') (LY!tC'J" S'..&-71 DJo;) ~'i:-l-1!' "'
IIDJo
knock
knock (Into) h-- .?C of-;JQ;L
He knocked into many people as he ran.
1\.1:"'1' h11rt- (ll":f .?C -1-;JQ;L
knock off (vt.)
I. h&-(1- ilf. "'II(R'I-). He nearly knocked
my hat off. IJC~"'I'-'t h&-(1. ilf. II.'I'A11
't ?"'t!l" IIA+<:w-!1" tnc
2. t+(l. He knocked two dollars off the price.
h'l'.?ID- 11-11'1- 11C t+(l
knock out
I. Ml<:m. The explosion knocked out the
power for several hours . .l.'tl[fD" 1111rt- (I
~'I- l>t':'t1:fD"'t lilt t':mfD"
.2. 11(1"111. He knocked the tray out of my
hands. 11C"I-'t /l;r.'t hh:( llll"'ll't
knock (oneself) out
*He really knocks himself out for football.
All- hllh.mA:J> '>.II P'im;I-A
(be) knocked out
I. R"'!l" f.hou. He was all knocked out after
one game of tennis. -J:tll ll'tY: rt-C h-1-
-Lm-t- R:%11 R"'!l" .J'.houw-
2. -1-lh.r.. He was knocked out in the tenth
round. IJI"t':'i'fD" rt-C -1-lft.r.
3. mil+. A panel was knocked out of the door.
hOD111JfD" ll'tY: h<;:A mAltA
knock over ~4-
Who knocked the pail over? IJA'I.m-'t "'''t
Y.of.m- 1
(be) knocked over haJo h.ll
When the announcement came, we were
completely knocked over. "'111;1-m<f:J.'m-'t
ll't(l"'' hm- IIA't
knock together (vt.) w-'1-<;:'1-<;: 1\Y:C'I rP&-
The boys knocked together a sort of raft out
of old boards. A]('ll IJt':~ ll't .+ ""'til
1.1-J.' lltn. m-'1-<;:'l-<;: li.!':C11D- "'""
knock up 1\Rillf
The children knocked up the new table.
A]('ll 11.11.(1-'t m<:A.~ IIRIIIF-'1-
(one's) knees knock together .,..,.~hil.h
He was so scared, his knees knocked together.
h'i'CII-1: f-1-t"' 1-1lt':ht':h
[See also 'senseless, unconscious']
knock (n.) oa')'>,'>.'I-
The knock on the door made us all jump with
surprise. foP111..fiD- oo't'>.'>.'l- lll1Rt':11't
*Did you hear the knock at the door? R'l-
1\.'t'>.'>. (1"'111 1
689 know
knockout oon<:c
The champion won by a knockout in the
tenth round. fiJotr <:'f ftl'tm- IJI"t':'i'
m- rt-C ilf. R""Ht':C lllft.l.
knoll "1-11:1' i """" 1><:11:1'
The shepherd sat on a knoll to watch his flock
better. h<:'i'w- h11-H?t RY.'t11 II""""
Ah'l- 7.'t.ti.:Y.A h"!-11;1-m- (h'l"ililm- I>
<:11:1') ilf. -1-+""m
knot (v.) ltmt':
Shall I knot the string? 1\.IJ'Im-'t A!ll'l't':ID- 1
knot (n.)
I. !1/ml:". The string is full of knots. 1"""- 11
,. !1/ml:" 111\R'I-
2. ~f.'t. The board is full of knots. ll't .+m-
~f.'t 11!1' tm-
make a knot *ml.
Make a knot in this string, please! f.U't't 1\.
11'1 '!1/'J't':ID-
tle a knot *ml:
Tie a knot in this string right here! 1\.IJ'Im-'t
hiLII ' ilf. lt'J't':dJ-
knotty
I. ~f.'t fR~R'I-. A knotty board is not good
for making shelves. ~f.'t fR~R'I- ll't.+
IIOD.J'.CUJ.' .....,.,.,., ' llf.t':IJ!I"
2. R"'!l" 1111'1'.?&. That is a knotty problem.
Mf. R"'!l" 1111'1'.?& tm-
know (knew)
I. om+. Do you know him? No, I don't
know him. ;J-m-+'I'IIU 1 fll!l" 1\ilm-+m-9"
I do not know how to drive a car. ouh.'i oo
'tJI'I- 1\ilm-:J>!I"
2. -1-t':JI. He suddenly knew that she would
not stay. f"'''l--l'f. outl'~'t ' RY:'t1'1- -1-t':JI
3. 1\f. You will know his house by the red
roof. 11.-t:'t R+f. "'&J.'m- -'1-llf'l'l\11
4. 11111\.l.. He knew many days of adversity.
11rt- f""h&- +'f:Y. 1\IIA~A
know of OlD+
Do you know of a good restaurant around
here? RILU 1\IJIJIL '1"1- 9""111 11.'1- ' :1'
m-.+11111
for all I know 7.'t.ti.J.'m-9"
For all I know, he may be dead. 7.'t.ti.J.'ID-9"
/lf.'l"-'1- llf.+C!I"
knowing 690 knuckle

let know llil;J-ro4' to one's knowledge )../\- , 'h'11.07..f~+(D<

After this, please let me know in advance! To my knowledge, he hasn't been here.
llaJf..l.-1> ' .,.,.,. ' illlll ' llil;J-OJ-4''t ,_~ ,_'tf."'IOJ-4'0J- ,_11- ,_H.ll /IA)IJ~9"

[See also 'place, rope'] to the best of one's knowledge fO?.faJo+m-") 1

YIIA
knowing (adj.)
she gave me a knowing wink. 1Ah-+ ~
Answer to the best of your knowledge! f9":J'OJ-
"''~-'t ' filA ' OOA/1-
f11l'l- oorrs:'t 1111\:f-A't
[See also 'common']
knowingly o.,..,.
He would never do anything knowingly to knowledgeable o'P.J:
hurt you. ll9"'t9" 't.J'.)'f- OOJ-.,. 11.1- He is a knowledgeable young man. O'P<l: flY)
'111 II.J'.4.A"I9" "'"''~-')OJ-
knowledge
1. bOJ-4''1-. His knowledge of the area is knuckle (v.), ~ down
remarkable. illl 4'11/I.OJ- YliOJ- 1!.,..,.'1- You'd better knuckle down to work! 11-il.,.C
f'''Uilf.'t:t )OJ- illlll il'l-oP<Io f. "If AVA
2. lf-11-:J'. His knowledge of Amharic is poor. knuckle under to +.,.OA
Y"'IC'I' :f-11-:J'OJ- Mil_,.'l' )OJ- Ethiopia did not knuckle under to Italy's
3. oo~A. One of his recent requirements is a demands. 11.'1-f"t.:Y ' II."'AY ' Y4'~1l:f-OJ-'t '
knowledge of French. o:tco- b111Y'fOJ- ) Tfof: IIA.,.4'1lll:f9"
1~:f f4.~'til.J'. :t't* ooJI'tr )OJ-
come to one's knowledge (1"7 knuckle (n.) <tK-+
It has come to my knowledge that you are I hurt the knuckles of my right hand. f4''t ,_
slandering us. ,_'tf.9":J'"'/'t 119"JI'llu- :('t ' 'tK":t ' 1-'111-'1-
label 691 lacerate

label (v.) 5. w&-.,.'l':f. Ethiopia needs skilled labor.

1. All. They labeled him a liar . ..,.if:'"?" All-.-,. A.-,..f'k.l' fu>llm"l- w&-.,.V':f YOLA'i;I-A
2. 0?" llm.t. ! ?"Ah.-,.. llm.t.. The druggist hard labor Jfl). lt.il&-T
labeled the jars. ouJ:-;>t..,. ' +"''"'L"'" ' me- He was sentenced to five years at hard labor.
('':(- ~J'. fouJ:-;>t-1:1' 0?" llm.t. .1'?"0..,. ' .,,....,. ' ll"). ' 7.(1&-..,. ' .,."'~"..,.
The clerk spent the day labeling the merchan- [See also 'communal']
dise. Alflf"" +"I-1' ,_II- 7..4'"'" ~J'. ?"
Ah.-,.. noullm<;: 'I'll laboratory 0..,. ,...h&-
A laboratory for testing bovine medicines has
label (n.) ?"Ah.-,.. been established. M?" f"7.11'1' ' "".1:-;>t.,.:f '
Take the label off the bottle! lime-a- ' ~J'. f"'LL.-,..1' 0._,. .,..h&- _,.,..,._.,_A
?"Ah.,.,. ~m..,.
laborer f+1' w&-.,.'1'
labial fh"l'.t.e He is just a common laborer. T&o f+1' rv
The sound 'b is labial. 0 fb1LC F:tJDIJ &-.,.'1'' )(Do
)(Do

labor (v.) laborious

l. w&-. He labored all day long in the factory.
flof,.1)t;l)aJo I aJo{l'r I oft).'l I IID-/r I iP&,.
2. of!,. ~hou, He labored for the betterment
of mankind. ll(l(l)o A~ oulflfA of!,. ~~~
".7-A
3. nJ<:. He labored to improve his farm.
"''ta.....,. ll"''lf'i'A "1<:
4. .,..,.1~:1". The ship labored in the high
waves. ooch!l. Oh'f:..,.~aJo 9"1J!" dJoll'l"
.,..,.1~;1-:f
labor the point (Ill )1'1- ,..,.:'" An~
The speaker labored the point so much that
we lost interest. .,.'i':>&..,. Oil )1'1- ,..,.:'"
MO~ (111'1'1'
labor up 0-rt:.+ r CD"'
The monk labored up the steep hill. ou)lf-1\
.... ' '11.,1' ' 0'1'<:..,. ' tD"'
labor (n.)
1. f,... Y_,.'l' 'I':>. Labor alone will cost three
hundred dollars. f,_Y.,.'I' 'I':> -fiJI' 1"0
.-,.. ""_,. ofle J'.ll''i'A
2. f.,..An.-,.. 'I':>. The farmer wants to be paid
for his labor. 10"-"'" ~An., 'I':> 7.1'JI.h
Lll"'" J'.mJ'.:J'A
3. ?"'1'. His wife is in labor. "7.0., ?"'I' J'.
!I.:'"A
4. '!'<:.-,... All our labor has been in vain.
'J'<::'"':f-1' IJo/1- 111'., ' )(Do
1. :,..,.u. Bees and ants are laborious insects.
1'1l:f'i' ' .,...,.JI'l':f ' hll ' )<;:........ ' ""'"'"
2. A.l:-11"7.. Looking through files is a laborious
job. /'.fl. "'11~0'1' A.l:-11"7. 1"&- )(Do
laboriously 0-fl,. .1:-lt?"
The child traced his signature laboriously.
..,..,.If. ' A~ ' 0-fl,. ' .1:-lt?" ' L<:OD
labor pains ?"'!'
The labor pains made her cry out. 9'"m- hit
~"lj..,.
labyrinth ("""'""'A OU"'IlJ':f"'" O"''J'.:f"tD'I-
A\>.:\1' f.,."'"- ,.._,.~111-Yl"':f-J
lace (v.) AM
Waittii!Ilacemyshoes! "'1"'1\L"l' 7.01tOe .JJ'.
lace together h.(Jl.
He laced the sticks together with a strong vine.
~1'.u.-Hi"l' n'J'ofi:J> m<:"' A(l<:
lace (n.)
I. "'1(1&.1'. These shoes need new laces. J'.ll
""1."'1 ' AJI.{I ' "''(l&Y YOLA1'1'A
2. JI1'1:A. The girl's dress is trimmed with lace.
fA]f1<:JI.:J: +"7.0 OJI1'1:A f_,.h.t.L )"'"
lacerate
I. !l.mm. The thorns lacerated his flesh.
7.11"11- ' p>:>"'"1' ' !l.tntn(l)o
2. 114-'1' 'll.<:m. The shattered glass lacerated
 lack
his hand. fTllO~m- ou{l;l'm't- ll.)l:'t lad
h4->;' 'k~mm-
3. )IJ. Sharp criticism lacerated his pride.
hq.(- ' ).,.<f. ' hil-1-'t ' )IJ<D-
Iacerate one's feelings ll01.'i:"} ..,_.41
His cruel words lacerated his feelings. h4- ll.
).:>1-1- ' !1"'1..,,. ' ?-'ltD-
lack (v.)
I. .,.1.1\(m-). +J did not lack anything there.
li.ILIJ ll"'t9" f?-J'.II'S )1C l\.A)0~9" (be) laden -f-i)
2. Mll(m-). +A coward lacks courage. .I.&
Ail 1'lll'I'A
3. l\."1. Lacking butter, we put honey on our
bread. ;r>o. M"''t 'lll'l':f't't "'IC .,.q)m-
[See also 'interest']
lack (n.)
I. l\.'1'~'1-. There is a lack of trained personnel.
f"'llm). .,.,._..,.'l':f l\.'1'~'1- l\.11 lady (n.)
2. ll.lfl'l-. Lack of rest made him tired. f~~'i''l-
ll.lfl'l- ' li.J'.hoP<D-
3. "'1"1'1-. Lack of a telephone isolated me.
!lAh "'1"11: hl\.11-:f llf'S
4. l\.11 + (verbal noun). His mistakes betrayed
his lack of education. f l.ll"'llf'<D- il.loT-I':f
l\.11'"'"'1-1-'t 1111\.0'1-
our most serious lack was fresh water.
0"19" flf'1~'t 1-1\..lo m-;) )0C
for lack of
I. IU'"'. For lack of something better to do,
I went to the movies. i\.1\ f.,.'lfIt ~1C
f"'IJ'.C1<D- ' q"' ' ll.:t"'l ' 1qo-
2. !lllm<f.. He was acquitted for lack of
evidence. "'lil~ll" !lllm<f. 0)1\ Tl\4'4'
(be) lacking l\."1
We have everything we need; only water is
lacking. fll"'t.I.A1<D- "'l't'i'<D-9" )1C l\.111-
m-;) ' il!l' ' )OJo ' .I'"')OJo
be lacking in
I. .,.1.1\(0Jo). +He is lacking in wisdom. '!'Oil
f.'l-.1!"1\'I'A
2. Mll(OJo). +A weak person is lacking in
strength. J'.IJ"'l {ltD- 1-AO't- 1'lll'I'A
*He is lacking in courage. m'l"'l- fii<D-9"
laconic li.'I'C 9"'1'1-
He has a laconic style of writing. J\TC r"fl
.I'll .l'l\l\'i' HJ'. l\.1\0Jo
lacuna "1.1!".1..'1-
There is a lacuna in the manuscript. fllt.~ K"
Jo.4- I OJo{l'J' l "1.(-.l.'f- l l\.1\
692 lag
A~
He is a handsome lad. oPAb +'J A"/: iom-
ladder
1. ouMA. He climbed the ladder to the roof.
ODDMA ' "lt'..I'OJo 11,1'. ' OJ"'
2. J'.~ll". He was high on the political and
social ladder. 07"1\i:IJ'i' O'lil~ llil h'i'T
... ' ...~' )0~,.
The donkeys were laden with bundles of wood.
li.II.I'S"'Il ~,_..,,_ T"V")OJo )OC
ladle (v.), ~ out ..,11.1.
She ladled out the soup. !l"cq,.,. ..,1\.t.:f
ladle (n.) "V"A<f.
The ladle is broken. "V-A-1-0Jo .,.Mia:A
I. (l.'f-. Is that lady his mother? .l''f (l.'f-1'"
M"'""' )'(-!
2. (l.'f- m,I'.HC'. Mrs. Parker is a real lady.
.,,..
m.ent!' ;rchc "'"'"" tl.'t- m.ent!' 'i'
3. m,I'.HC' (pl. m,I'.WHC't-). Ladies are requested
to come at ten. m,I'.~11C't- q.-..:,. ll'\'1-
l\.'jo'I,DDm- l ,1'.1\DD'i'l\-
4. q110.'1-. The ambassador and his lady
arrived late. l\.9"q<"IJ'.-I-'i' qllo.;l-'1',. H"',l'.
.,.,. ' ... ....
~
ladies hll-t'.-'1-
Ladies and Gentlemen! hll-t'.-'1-'i' hll-t'.-1- I
lady of the house Ql\fL.-,.
The lady of the house is the one to hire the
.,..,,..
servants. ll.'liht!':f f"''..,.'l'-1-'1- q110.1:..,
Our Lady l\.ODO.;l':f't
He said a prayer to Our Lady. 1\l\.ODO.;l':f't
Kll-'1- l\.1.~1
lady (adj.) (l.'f-
She is a lady doctor. tl.'t- mh.9" 'i''I-
[See also 'old, refinement, waiting']
ladylike fm,I'.HC')'f-
Her ladylike manners charmed everyone.
fOJ,I'.HC')'f- o-l!.;l-'1' o-11-1-9" "'l~h
lag (lagged), v.
1. mJ'. :\11 .,.~. The plant often lags in
making its quota. ill!" 1.11. 4-ii&IJOJo II."'
t'.otD- h"'1.1q,. '"'m't mJ'. :\11 ,1'.4't'.-A
lag
2. <I>H.J>H. Our interest lagged toward the end
of the performance. m!'. -l-Cl\.e-1> -.u.o~:lf
'1.1'. ' ll"'L;l-:f") ' "'""'"
lag behind b - - - :\'1 .J>.G
He is always lagging behind the others. IJo/I.'F'
bl\.11-:f :\'1 Uti-A
lag (n.) ""<!-<!-~
There is always a lag between promise and
fulfillment. :J'A 0""1lm-l-'i' O""LI\9"
""IJbA IJoA1.H. ""<!-<!-~ All
lagoon .h.t'.<l> q;,c
I aid, see I ay
lain, see lie
lair 'l'lf
He found the robbers' lair. fH<l-Ll"'ll1 'l'lf
M'f
laissez passer 1'.1'.11'1' mo~:++
The refugee has a laissez passer. T1~~ f~
11'1' mo~:++ , J<.llm-
1aity 9"l\""'i'1
The laity and the clergy agreed to hold a
council. 9"l\""'i''J.'i' IJtJ'i'-1> 1111{1q 11"7:
.1:"1 ' +11"7-
lake .h.t'.~
We went bathing in the lake . .h.t'.., m-11'1'
A1'1'~ lt:1
lamb 1'0"1 mP+
When do you shear the lambs? 1'0"1 mP-I':f
1 ""'fi -l-lfA;l-lltJ 1
boiled lamb 1'0"1 ~~A
We are having boiled lamb for supper. 11<!--l-
fO"I ~~A l\10'1111
lame (v.) J<.11JI'J J<.Y:Ci J<.ll.J>.G
The accident lamed him for life. l'o!'.;>m- ;,
.t>.m-1>1 -11- J<.11JI'J J<.Y:Ci J<.ll.J><~:m-
lame (adj.)
1. }l"}I"Jlt. He is lame as a result of an accident.
q!'.;J 9"b1.1'-l- l'o11JI'J IT)..A
2. 1lq, He has a lame leg. J<.1Y: l\"1'1- 11q
~,.
The lame man clumped along. 11 q,. {I m-
Ilo ' l\ f+'l-++ ' lt!'.
be lame +I'Jll.G
His arm is lame from playing ball. 1>.11 b""
"mol- f+~"'' b1.11- +I'Jil.,:A
693 land
be a lame excuse R-1: 9"h1.1'+ l>.t'.!'-119"
Sleeping too late is a lame excuse for being
tardy. +~.P. "7CLY: H"l.t'.-1' IIDD~"''-l-
04: ' 9"h1.1'+ ' l>.t'.!'.l\9"
lament (v.)
I. J<.ll+ll. They lament the death of their
friend. m'l)i':fm- 1111'1"+ .I'II~I'Jfto
2. J<.H~. We lamented his absence. OOD~.G-1>
J<.H11
lament (n.) f.hH1 l\11-C"l-1!
The woman's lament moved the people to
tears. fll.-l-1'"'1' f.hH1 l\11-C1-f!' llm-
1 l'ollii.J>ll
lamentable
I. OIIJ9" f"7..1'1'J111. It was a lamentable day
when our dog was run over. m-71-f'l f+Jlmfi
+ +1 OIIJ9" f'"I..I'I'J111 .,., ~oc
2. 1'"7.t'..Gq, The audience booed his lamenta-
ble violin playing. f"7.t'..Gqm-1 fli\'"11.1
9"-1>1 J<.Y:"7P"'Jl OtJ>Ii+ +:t>m-+
lamentation ll~f\
Lamentations were heard everywhere when the
king died. 11-.,. 11.'1"-l- 0.1'110-l- ll~f\
+ll"7
lamp
I. of.'l"ll. We need a new lamp for this room.
IIH.tJ IL-l- l>'l.ll of.'l"ll .I'IILA~'i'A
2. on-ot~-+. The desk lamp is new. fm.GA.qm-
--ot~-+ ' J<.'l.ll ' ~,.
[See also 'kerosene lamp']
lampshade 11of.1
We will buy a new lampshade for the desk
lamp. llmo~:A.qm- ""11<1--l- l>'l.ll 11of.1 l\
1~qll1
lance (v.) J<.L.Gm
The doctor lanced the boil. .hb..oa- 111-111:
1 l>L.Gmm-
lance (n.) II'C
He can throw a lance twenty yards. II'C ?.1'
.I'CY: l>C.f. ll.m.Gm-C .t'.:f'IA
lancet [1Joll-l- 1111-l- .film- If-A fiT~ .h
11..9" I''"I.~II~AO-l- -l-111 0.'1'1']
land (vt.)
I. 1\I'J.GL. The captain managed to land the
plane despite its broken wing. fJ'tft)oe""rt\).
h1'i' 0.ll0C9" IJ"C-I:'J. l;f&C'T'I'J.1 II
"71'J.G'i'' il'll
land
2. 1\ID.:J'.. The ship landed its passengers.
ooCh!l. .,. ... -NII"l-1- 1\IDi'.Jl.:f
3. 1\Jl.i'.ll. The train will land you in Addis
Ababa on time. IJII-'1- 01\'t-1: 1\.11.11 1\0
IJ YJl.C11?1A
land (vi.)
1. hi'..l.. The plane landed smoothly. 1\IJloC'TII
). OC:>;f- hi'..l.
The cat jumped and landed on its feet.
Y:oo-t: Hll- 07.."1'1- hi'..l.
The ball landed in the middle of the court.
1>.!1. "'/,JJIJlo ooiJh/A 1\i'..l.:f
2. -'"" The ship landed. ooCh!l. -'oo:f
3. hooch11 IDi'.Jl.. The passengers landed at
noon. oo1-1Jl.'1''1l 4''1-c liS'- hooch11 m
i'..C:.
4. 1fl. Though the ball landed in the goal, it
was declared a foul. 1>.!1. "111 11T11J!I" )
'I'll- ' 4-C11 ' II')
[See also 'ground, jai11
land (n.)
1. II".!':C. This is the land of Ethiopia. Y.tJ II"
.!':i'. h.'l-f-kY ),.
2. oot.'l-. The land here is very fertile. nrw '
1\IJIJIL oo.:,:,. 0"19" fill" ),.
3. f1111. After traveling by ship for a while,
we were happy to see land. nooch11 111-'t
.!': ' hCoo1- ' f1111 ' 11<;}!. ' Jl.l\ ' 1\(11-
4. MC. He is visiting distant lands. '1-'1> MC'
:f-1- WPO'f/A
The whole land prayed for his health. h1C
n-11- flm. 1-)-t: Kflf
[See also 'pasture, piece, Promised Land, tongue,
tract']
land forces f!I".!':C li'C
The land forces are 150,000 strong. flJDS:C tn
""' I OO.f- I h,IJD{J J n: I lj(l)o
landholder fJ(Ioa.:,:,.
The landholder must pay a tax. IJfloot.-t: "I
11C ooh.I./A 1\tiO't-
landholding foot.'t- Y.~;t-
Landholdings vary in size in this province.
Oll.tJ m'I>IIY. "1~'1- 1Jlo11'1' foot.'t-
y.~;t- ODm). S'-fiYYIA
landing
1. [OJl.i'.ll" ooOQ,i'.lf IDS'-11" OJl.i'.li"'O Oil.
i'.ll" ""IJhtA Yfl 111"1 "7"-'1-Y]
2. "7-'"YJ. They tied the boat up at the landing.
~/AIJIJlo1- h"7-'"'LY,. hM'I-
694 landscape
3. ( ~ to land) "7i'.'i'. The pilot made an
emergency landing. I\1Jlot!'TII1- HI:,. 01\Jl.
:> 9"h1-Y't- IJM'I>.S'- "7i'.'i' )Oi'.O't-
The landing of the American forces in France
is known as D-Day. fi\"16\J ID;f-Jl.C':f f
.l.i'-1-<'IS'-1- !I".!':C fi'.1m-O't- 4'1- .II.
I'.S'- " .,.1111- S'-m&-IA
landing field fi\1Jlot!'TII1- "7i'.4-Y
The landing field is not marked on the map.
fi\IJloC'TII1- "7i'.4-YID- OIJC;f-ID- liS'-
hfA.,.oPflh1'9"
landing strip "7i'.4-Y f"'/.11'1- "''.JJ
There is a landing strip for small planes.
fl'l-'01-11 1\IJloC'TII'l':f "7i'.4-Y f"'/.11'1-
"'" ' 1\(1
Iand Iady IJI\0.'1-
The landlady demanded the rent. flflll.:t h.
&-1'1- mf4'l-
landlord f0.-1> 1.;1-
The landlord must fix my door. f0.-1> 1.;1-
oolf'l..f'\1-1- "7rP&-'I- 1t110't-
landmark
1. 9"/Ah'l-. Surveyors make landmarks after
they have surveyed the land. 4'Y"P-f oa.:.-t:
1- h4'fll- 0:\11 11"/Ah'l- YJl.C:>fl-
2 . .,_/A.,. f"'/.;1-fiD-. The City Hall is now a
landmark of Addis Ababa. 01\.11.11 1\0IJ
1Jlo11'1' ' 1\rJ-1- ' .,./A.,. ' f"''.;f-fiJlo ' fh1'"7
,. ' h.'l&-11 ' )ID-
3. 'I-A 'I> 11"~&-'i'. The telephone and the radio
are landmarks in the progress of communica-
tions. 11/Ah'O <1.-'l.f- noo1<;'f i'-1.!': '1-IA'I>
9"~&-'i' ' S'-H'I'/A
4. foot.'t- ' .!':1-0C ' f"YJooflhT ' Jl.1-1,.f.
The landmark was hard to find. foot.-1:1- .!':
1-0C f"YJooflh_,.,..,. Jl.1-1.Y "7"1"fT h
11'1':>6 )OC
landowner flfiC11't-
The landowners have to pay new taxes.
IJfiC11+:f' .,...,.,6 '"111C' ooh.I./A ' 1\(lf)'f'IJlo
land reform foot.'t- S'-~;t- oolflfA
Land reform is badly needed. foot,:,. S'-~;1-
oolflf/A 0"1!1" 1\11.1.111. )ID-
Iandscape foot.'t- h4'"7oo'l' 1 foot.'t- oo(A
h 1111'
The Ethiopian landscape in the north is bare.
fl\"11- h.'l-f-kY foot.'t- 1\4'"700'1'
f.,.&-.,.,. ' )IJlo
landslide
The landscape in the lowlands is monotonous.
R.JI\m- I 1\"'C I /Itt- I f'oP~..,. I ODA.h I.._,,..,. I
Ntllif'A
The lunar landscape has only reoently been
explored. fQ;J.~.+ ' 1ll" ' fi'oP~-~..,. ' a:tc
of! ' oflif'' tm-
landslide <;'I
The road is blocked by a landslide. OD')1'1-
<;'I ' 1-H"I;l:A
land tenure fout.'t- f.P:I"
Land tenure in the south is very complicated.
a~a-11 h'i'A rou.:.'t- f.P:I" f-tmtu'IO
)IJJo
lane
I. f~"IC OD')1.<:". A narrow lane leads from
the road to his house. mf11l f"-"'IC OD"t"'J!'
hOD"t1'1- ' Mlh ' ~ .... ' IL't- ' f.OJII'IA
2. m'lofl """11.<:". A car drove down the muddy
lane. ODh.tj I flQ;~.4'ffDo I ffif}ofl I OD")1F:' I
1-'lH
language
I. lll"t!ll. He speaks a foreign language.
fiJJo'f!" Me !1/"t!l/ f.<;16-A
2. .+~'t-. It is difficult to understand the
language of chemistry. fh."''.ll't-&"t .+~'t-
floP~'I't- ' 111'f"I6-A
bad language fof!A"I<; .+~'t-
Don't use bad language with children around!
A]F:'f '111-0't- fof!A"I<; .+~'t- h't-<;1C
languid A'i'll'i'll
Hot weather makes people languid . .,..+'t- hf
C A'i'll'i'll I~C:>A
languidly M-I'Ad.{ld.(l
The servant moved languidly toward me when
I came in. h 1ih~ 111'1 Mi'Ad.(ld.(l m~
):, I 0011)
*He opened his eyes languidly and then fell
back asleep. ~"t:tA<;: ~n1~~~..,. ~f.t
'l I h"f:.,. I ,.oPb\{1 I +"f
languish
I. ..,.,..,. . He languished in prison. fi~IIC
..,.,..,.
2. mmil"'. The roses languished in the summer
heat. ll"'l.t.'ll"l(; hn;~m- ...,..,.,.. f-tt"l
mmf\.,.
3. ++HI. His vigilance never languished.
.,,..., ' 9""11..11.,. ' hA-t.,.t(l
695 lapse
lanzulsh for ~ L+
The exiles languished for their native land.
M-t'l'l(; f't-m-A.<:- l\16-lfm-"t o;d.<lc
languor, fill with -, cause - Mllld.lld.
The intense heat filled the travelers with
languor. :>f.ll'i'm- ,....,.,.. oP"t1~'1'l(;"t l\11
lld.llof.lfm-
a A long illness causes languor. ~)":,. a.ou,-
111/ld.Aof.A
lank
I. 4''1' 111. Her lank hair does not make her
look pretty. "'"' 111m- 1\1-t: ~"t; hi
llouM't-,-
2. ~)":,. .,.'fl""t. A lank boy was leaning
against the wall. ~)":,. .,.'fl""t A)": "I
.<:-"l'lm-"t 1-~.,.:: tnc
Iantern of.'l'll
Hang out a lantern so people won't fall in
the hole. (ll"":f- h"I-Y:'i.<:- m-11'1' ~"t'lf.OJ
Y:<lc of.'l'll h"tmA'I'A
I ap (lapped), v. 1~.1.
Waves lapped the shoreline. '1"1.<:" f'l.b~"t
ml.lj: 1l.Lm-
lap against oo;t- t t-&1.1..1
The waves lapped against the side of the boat.
'1"1'1- ' f~A'Im-"t '1-"t ' OD:f" 1;~~1
lap over +Ut..O
One session lapped over into the next one.
h"t'l- h'i'll 1..11. h"'1.4''l'IIIJJo :>C 1'~6-~fi
lap up ~~~ l\~~1
The kitten lapped up the milk. f.t:-"":1: "IA1
A m-t-l>"t ~~~ h~~1":f-m-
lap (n.)
I. 'fl""t. She held the baby in her lap. A)l:"t
~"'l'"S: ~f. hll.,.oum":f-
2. lf"C. He was in the lead by five yards in the
first lap. foo~ou&f lf"C ~f. q,-ll't- IC
..:- ~c.,.,. f.ou6- tnc
in the lap of n - - - ~)":
His fate was in the lap of the gods. IJ.t:-11- Oh
"'IAh't- ~"1': tnc
IL't- Iape! 1>1\.;1-
He is wearing a flower in his lapel. llA.;t-m-
~,. ' hfl'l ' h.<:-c'iA
lapse (v.)
I. 1'~11. Many local customs have lapsed in
this century. nrUJ h'i'll Hou"t m-11'1' of!
If" /1C A"'IP..":f- 1-~111-'PA
lapse
2. h/1<1'. If I do not pay this premiwn my
insurance policy will lapse. h<;:J'\I.'t I)A.b.l.
A.b- ' h.'tif..!-'tl'l. ' YA.:I'A.
3. mof.. The boy's interest soon
fA."lt 'i''IH Y~a>-). mof.
*He lapsed into the bad habits he had before.
:f''I'P ' ~:1' ' II'~
lapse Into ruin
The house lapsed into ruin. lL1t ~f..~
.~.~a
let lapse ( ~ intr.) -t'III.I.(R'I-)
+Don't let your policy lapse! f.hJ'.m'l- '1'!1'1-
<; lo't'l-.!-'1- h'i'Y ll't'l.r.-t'lll'i'11U
[See also 'silence']
I apse (n.) ""~'1'1-
Any lapse from true belief will be punished by
the church. hl\m-~-t>;'w- l\!1"~'1- ""~'1'1-
RIL-l' bC!l1:1't Yil+IIJA.
*The lapse of local customs is due to contact
with the city. nc ' A."7~ ' llfmof. ' f"7.'/.
S'.a>- hh~"7 :>C R"7.S'.~1W< "''t')'~
'1- ' ~ ....
lapse of memory lll,.,il:J"mil l-""'c
He suffers from an occasional lapse of memory.
h't'l'tS'.. Yll"7!l;f'm!l "f"'c li/IR'I-
1apse of time
A long lapse of time is necessary before they
will forget. ~1'1-'t hoPCil;l'l'm- R.I.+ 11
,. 1.11. "7/l'i' hiiR'I-
Iapse of (the) tongue 9'"1\il ll..lr:T
A lapse of the tongue may easily be overlooked.
!1"'1!1 (IJ~'l' R<l'l\11- ll.:f'll'i' J'.:Y.'IA.
after a lapse of tu\L r fl:\1\
After a lapse of five years, the committee met
again. h!l"!l'l- 'i""'l- '111.1. R:\'1 S'.C'I-
ll'tS'.1<; -f-(tR(tR
larceny /1.11~'1-
He was accused of larceny. R/1.11~'1- -th(t(t
I ard fhil"7 t;-"7
Fry the potatoes in lard! ~'t'lh Rhil"7 ~
. , -rn(IQ)a
I arge, (n.) at - Rm~l\1\a>-
The country at large approved of his re-
forms . .h1111- Rm~l\1\a>- /IW<m-'t -t<I'R
II.,.
Bandits roam at large in the countryside.
R1mC ' fi'i'.,.:f ll'tS'.A.'l'l'a>- .r.H'I'ID.!-/1-
696 lash
be at lar1e hA.-tYH!I"
The thief is still at large. /l.'lm- 1<; hA-t
YH!I"
lapsed.
large (adj.)
I. (to(.. He built a large house. (to(. IL'I- oP.!-
2. ..,,..~~!, He is a large man, nearly six and a
half feet tall . .,,..., am- ~.,. l -11""-1> II
~11'1- ""1"7 -tb-A. ll.ll''t ' !/"')!/" l\J'.<I'~fl>'
3. 11,.. She inherited a large fortune. 11,.
1111'1- m~a:r-
A man with a large family needs a house.
11,. IL-f-(111 Ylla>- (tw- IL'I- YII.I.A.1'1'A.
*This room is not large enough. J'.tJ htt:A
R4! !14.'1- f/lfl>'!/"
large (adv.) R'I-A.A.-11
Don't write so large! ll'tS'.H.II R'I-A.A.-11 h'l-
l\'1'
by and large nm:Joi\1\ID-
By and large, the results were satisfactory.
Rm~'l'lm- m-m.-1> h'l':>R. ~Rc
[See also 'by, consignment, measure, multitude,
number, proportion, quantity, scale']
largely Rm~l\1\m-
That is largely incorrect. Rm~l\1\m- ll.n-t
'1- ~ ....
*He is largely to be blamed for the fight.
t\mll- !l"h't f'I- h'i'-t>;'m- '1'4-'1- f(t- i~""
largess 11:>!1~'1-
The duke's largess was remembered by the
people for years. foP!l'i'\<o 11:>!1~'1- R(t?'
:r-
H't~ 111111' 'i"":f''~- _r.;t-mll ~Rc
larva ll~
After the larva hatches, it becomes a butterfly.
ll~ h1'.1./l.l.t\ R:\'1 R..!-R.C' .r.li'<;A.
I arynx "7't-l!C'I-
He has cancer of the larynx. f"7't-l!C'I- ~<I'C
il ' _r.p;f'A.
I ascivious 11-+ f"7.+(t~ll
Her lascivious dance was finally forbidden by
the police. 11-+ f"7.<1'(t~ll 'l'tjl, RoP
... ~lf RTII.il 1'ht\hll
lash (v.)
1. 1~.1.. He lashed the horse across the back
with a whip . .1.~(1-'t t)t\'t:> ~C'la>-'t 1
~.~. ....
2. 'IiLII. The lion lashed his tail in fury.
h'tRilm- R'tS'..'I- ~.1--l>'t 'IiLII
lash 697 lasting

3. ao;l-. The wind lashed the trees. )of./l ~ that dress. Y~-l-'1 7'1Hil o-tr fltU'
G:lf?t ....;1-lftJ>o Ailll liQ.c({l:f
*This book is the last word on politics.
lash against f.flf.fl
llll o ?"111:1! h""1.7Al\.-l- ""ll.h'i!-l- o-tr
The rain lashed against the windows. m-'li'l'i!
f.tJ'I oPI\"dt'i! f"'l.,l"liA fll'l"
~ aoll!>-1>'1 f.flf.fl
*This is the last thing one would expect from
lash Into a frenzy O;JA il"'+ 1\~..,.., him. Y.tJ hcflo f."""'A .,.illl- Ll\"'1"
The speaker lashed the crowd into a frenzy. f"7Y.mfl:r- )7C )ID-
..,..,.,,.
_,.<;;>&tJ>o hf.""'''""'Ji'l 11:>11 11"'1.-l- M Iast (adv.)
I. ho-tr'l" .,..,;g,..:lf. He arrived last. ho-tr
lash out against }'&rofl.J ')o+L t]D 1 oPQ;l.iJ'f I ODll)
The speaker lashed out against his opponent. 2. floo,;g,..:lf. I cannot speak last at the meeting.
_,.<;;>&tJ>o _,.:l''l'"'l.tJ>o'l hTofl-1' HL flllofl{liJtJ>o ~f. flaoliQ.c(lf ""<;'7C t.A:fA'I"
lash together hll.l. I last heard from him in May. flooliQ.c(lf h
Lacking nails, they lashed the two poles flo fll"71Jo-l- IJIILtJ>o "l'lll-l- )tJ>o
together with a rope. ,..il"''C hl\m- 1 o-A'It last but not least fiDDQ;a..l,'i\"m-
'I n,;g,-r-:f fl7ao.(" hfl~'ftJ>o Last but not least, I would like to mention the
weather. ooo,;Q,,tJf = llll 1 h.f<- 1 mte. 1 lA.
lash (n.) ~&-'i!
<;'1C hLA;>IIIJo
He was given two lashes. tN\-l- ~t-fi: s .,.
7c':L (the) last thing
*Eating is the last thing I feel like doing.
last (v.) 00{1~-}- fl'i!l\.'1" h~fl"f"1'1"
I. -l'f. The war lasted six years. tpC)-1> llY: at last fl""liQ.t:lf
Il-l- 't....+ -l'f At last we reached Addis Ababa. fl""~iQ.c':lf
I am afraid this good weather won't last long. hll.ll ' hfliJ 111'1
Y.tJ ~ hfC ilrt- f"'l.-I'Y. t.Y,ao/111"1'1" at long last hfllf<' 1 "LtL 0:\1\
2. H~<I:H hlltJ>o. Stone lasts longer than wood. At long last they granted us a raise. hilrt- '1.
M'lliQ.+ Y.A:r- Y:'I:>Y. Y.flAT H~<l:)-l- f"L I 0:\1\ I , _ , . . , I ~ooo;,.A_'}
hiiiD-
next tO the last hODQ;Ll,i('tD- I 0,t.T I fft
3. Hll<l'. He is in with his boss, but he doubts it
will last. 1!11:1'1& :>C ll'/"'1" <;lftJ>o "1"1 You wi11 find it on the next to the last page.
f"'l.HA;r, ""If).'! Y,m&-m&-A hoP,;g,c(lftJ>o fl.t.+ IJIIID- 111" ~f. :1"
4. flt:h.,.. This suit did not last at all. Y.U A 11"'1'1\11
illl hAflc':h_,.!l" see the last of someone
5. L"f.. The examination of the witness *I hope I've seen the last of her. 'l"l""'i' h
lasted two hours. f'l"llh~ '/"CoP&- 11-1\-l- '1-'I~Y'I- h""'i'llo-
ll't-l- L"l. to the last lt.llh 1 oog;a,~if
6. ( = tr.) t.-l'f. I do not think my money He remained faithful to the last. hllh oPiiQ.c':
will last. 7'1HIL f"'l...'-l'f"1 hf.oP/111"1!1" If ;1-"7"1 ' lf'l" -l'f
*We will enjoy ourselves while our money [See also 'leg, moment, night, recourse, straw,
lasts. 1'1HIJ:f'l hlll!ll Y:c':ll h'lf.fl;l-11'1 word, year']
last one o.r
We have enough food to last us three days. lasting
11?'/l-l- <1''1 f"'l.fl:l' '/""Iii hll'l I. Hll<l:. Our goal is lasting peace. 't~"7l'l H
~<1:. (1~'1". """"l"t:+. )IJ)o
last (adj.) 2. fHII'tll'l". Nothing can assure lasting hap-
I. f""~iQ.c':lf. Saturday is the last day of the piness. fHII 'til'/" 1.11;1-'1 f"'l.Y <:;>"IT 'I"
week. :r-'1"'1. filM-!> fao,;g,..:lf <1''1 )tJ>o '1'1" )1C fll'l"
2. fltL. There was much rain last May. 3. t:H?" 1111 '1.11.. The border dispute caused
IJIILtJ>o "l'lll-l- ilrt- H)R lasting dissension. ffD(I). 1 hChC l.H~ 1\
3. YIIID- 1Hr. She spent her last cent on 11 '1.11. "1-l-ch t.llh.,.ll
Last judgment
be lastins H114l;J- tR~m-
The settlement was not a lasting one.
of> H114l;J- hAtR~tD-?"
Last judgment bl\1- ?"ll'hT
At the Last Judgment all mankind will be tried.
Rbll1- ?"ll'hT f(lm- A"l": rJo/r ll'i'e.l:""
f.4'e<IA
lastly nou ....~lf
And lastly, we shall sum up what we learned.
nou..,.~lf?" f1-"7etm-') M'm'i"-l-:1'11')
I atch oumemt.Y
The door is closed with a latch. OD1f1..ftD-
noumemt.f 1-H"l:t:A
late (adj.)
1. fou..,.~lf. The late edition of this paper
appears at 3 P.M. fiLII ;>11."1 fou..,.~lf
m- hT?" RHm'f {1'\.}- Y.m"'A
2. .,_":f-. Your late brother was a friend of
mine. .,_'li m') .I:""?"U mJ!:( t Re
3. ( ~ adv.) H"lf..f.. We had a late dinner last
night . .}-rl').}-'i" "7;1- H"l.l'-1-') h.l<T , R~')
The late arrival of the train messed up our
plans. f<IIK- H"lf..f. ou.e-~11 ohft<J":f-')
') rHr h:J>m(l11')
4. ( ~ adv.) .ff..f.. We had a late winter this
year. fH').I:""I!' h~?"T .ff..f. 1<1
5. ( ~ adv.) hllh ?"11-1>. The committee had
late meetings this week. RH.U ft?"')'l- S'.e
.,. .t.llh ?"11-1> f.{IR(l11 ~ne
6. ( ~ adv.) mS'. - - - ouou.~lf 11."7. The
leaves began to fall in late autumn. mS'. RA
d) I oPQ;J.l!,i{ I 1'-07 I :ttni\~ I OOC1'i:
late (adv.) H"/M
She arrived late. H"l.l'-;1- S'.~(l":f-
Roses bloomed late last year. Ql\Lm-
.}- l\'1.~-'!l"":f- H"l.l'-1-m- .t.RII-
be late
1. H1f. The teacher chided him for being late.
IIIIH1f hll1-"7t.m- 1U'l\tD-
2. (morning) .t.e'i'l'- OD<IJ. He was late for
school this morning. lit:. q~.T .-,.f""IICT
IJ..}- t.e'i'F- """'
3. (afternoon, evening) H.,M OOIIJ. He was
late for school this afternoon. If"- hfl't-1- 0
:\~ ' T?"Ue.}- IJ..}- ' H"lf..f. OD<IJ
He was late for school this evening. If"- Dtf
;J- T?"Ue.}- IJ..}- H"lM """'
4. (evening) .t.oulf. She came late in the even-
ing. h?"11;J- ou<IJ":f-
698 lateness
late in life 0/l~aJo hm'i" r 0:;\"-
ilrr~ He married late in life. RbS'.""/.tD- hm'i" 0
:\~ 'M<l
as late as yesterday .}-'i"').}- h')\o,')
I saw him as late as yesterday. .}-'i"').}- h')\o.
') t.Y.:fim- ~ne
at a late hour Jr..r'li.,.
They arrived at a late hour. h?"111-m- oum-
(it is) settlns late 1\.11.-1> 1'i':;I::A
It is getting late and I am getting sleepy.
1\.11.-1> 1'i':;t:A I h')ol-A'i'?" f.~>;'A
(be) In one's late {years)
*The man over there is in his late fifties.
hll.f Yllm- (ltD- mS'. ll.l:""fttD- 1-m"l:t:A
In the late
Gordon was killed in the late I SSO's. 1el'-')
mS'. !;.ifi: 'l. ?". 11."7 1-11.11
in the late afternoon h(l:'l-l- r 0:\lt f\.OD
11 ' <l.A
In the late afternoon, the game ended. h(l'l:J-
R:\~ o 11.""11 o II.A Q;l.'J';J-tD- hll4'
of late h"'-e11 1..11. m'I.U
Of late, I have been hearing about you. h"'-e11
1..11. lD-'1.11 /111')1- h')J!').I:"" ~1e h
(1"71111-
stay up late J\oPi'f
Staying up late is harmful to health. "7?"lf .}-
lllfL')t.}- '1''1- ' hf.S'.II?"
too Iate H""lU
He discovered the deception too late. f"7 ;J-11
A P'.l< oulf).') H"/M S'.~(IO.}-
I )!00?- [See also 'evening, night']
latecomer H"lf..f. fou<IJ
~ou
The latecomers were seated in the back of the
room. H""'~+m- 1 foPm--l- 1 h:\lt r ++oom-
lately
1. Rol-en-. We have had much rain lately.
o-l-en- 1111- H')fl toe
2. h"'-e11 1..11. lD'I.U. I haven't been feeling so
well lately. h"'-e11 1.11. mJ!.U rtL'i" h'l'
il'llu-
3. ( ~ adj.) f1..1f.tD-. The prices lately are
prohibitive. f1..1f.tD- f1Rf m-.e-t+ hf.
S'.LC.?"
lateness
.,..,
*He was punished for his lateness. illlH1f .,.
latent
Ia tent f.,..ll.l.)
He has a latent talent for the theater. llt1+
c ' f.,..ll.l.) ' ":f-11-:l- 1\IIID-
The city is calm now, but violence is latent.
h+""" "'"'" I Kif' I ofl~A l 11"1"-fllfto
"''t ' ll'tf-.,..11.1.) ' )IJJo
later
I. /1.~. The meeting was deferred to a later
date. 1111(lQIJJo 11/1.~ f>'t .,.~114.
2. ( ~ adv.) h'I..H. 0:\~. The last part of the
legend is a later accretion. f;l-&11- foo..,t:
lf h'i'A h'I..H. 0:\~ f_,...,.,.,t: )ID-
Iater (adv.)
I. :\11. You will find out later. :\1\ '1-f.CIIO:l"IIIJ
2. b - - 0:\11. One day later the letter came.
lt't.J:' ' 4''t 0:\1\ ' f.11.1111.1D- ' f.t:(l
3. mU-1-. Don't destroy that box; it may be
useful later. n"t "1'1''1 II:J-01\ll'ID- 1 mu
+ .e.m~9"1J .e.IJ''>A
later on
I. 0:\1\. Later on, he told me the whole
story. 0:\~ tJoll-'19" )1C )1<!:~
2. btU' 0:\11. Later on, they went to Harar.
hH.1 0:\1\ mf. mt:C 't.O:.
3. m-tto Jr..J!'f!. Prudence can spare a person
much difficulty later on. oom"t4'~ ID-11- II
.J:or: ll"t.J:''t (liD- hill!' ":f"'C 1.J:"'>A
no later than h - - - {l'\'1- 04.-l-
Please be at the game no later than 3 o'clock!
O""'P:l"ID- 11.e. hHm~ l'l'\-l- 0.1.-l- .,.1~
[See also 'sooner']
lateral f.,..'t
The fish has lateral fins as well as dorsal ones.
'\"'iD- f.,..'t h't'i''> f)!CQ b't'i' 1\IIID-
latest
I. O~Ctl- fm"'. The latest cars come in all
kinds of shapes. o~cn- ' fmm- oo!J.'>l"":f '
1111' '\,e.)-}- ~CII' 111\'I'ID-
2. o~cn- f.,..,.:.. They scrapped their old
machinery and imported the latest equipment.
1t:l!ID-'t """1&1 'I'll,. o~cn- f.,..,
6-aJo.") I ODVf~f I b~ I h1C I Jr.itODiflo
3. o~cn- f.,.uoo. The newspapers con
demned foreign agents for the latest dis-
turbances. o~cn- ' O.,.ol.l\ODIJJo ' 11'1'11'1' ' fiD-
~ ' 111C ' M"'if":f ' .,...4-,1'. ' OODIJ''>'fiD- ' ;J
H.tn'li ' )4'4-'P'I'ID-
4. foo..,t: lf. He bought a car of the latest
model. foo..,t:lfiD-'1 'I"I.A oob.o; 1'1
699 latter
5. 0"19" HOD'>'f!. Our planes are equipped
with the latest instruments. 1\ID-!!'T~'l'!J'":f"t
0"19" """"'!! '
00"1&1 ' ll~'fiD-
6. 11.11-'1.11. His shop was stocked with the
I latest goods. (l- Q.ll-'1,11 II:J'l"":f .,..,.A
;I: A
latest news :,..11-r. m~
The latest news is broadcast over the radio
in a special bulletin. +11--ft. ro&. OA '- U?
ll;l-m4:1 0&-.11.1'- ,e.)1&-A
at the latest fl.H1.e. fl.H1f.
I will be there at ten o'clock at the latest.
11H1,1'. 11H1,1'. Q&-1- l'l'\'1- 1111.1 llf.Cll
1\!Jo
the latest o~cn-
Have you heard the latest about the director?
1111 -'l.t.h.,.~ o~cn- l'l9".,.YA ?
lather (vt.)
I. flou-o; 4'Q. He lathers his face before shaving.
bODI\ ...._, ' 0.1.'1- ' .!._,') ' flou-o; ' ,1'.4'Q'I'A
lather (vi.) llt:of. <D"'ID-
Soap does not lather well in salt water. {Joo-t; 1
flQ;I.dJdP/ I (Do~ I tiJol\')' ; oflft' I i't,~'i~ I J\J'.fDfll
ID-9"
lather (n.) fll.,..., Ill:'!.
He smeared the lather on his face. k1:"J f{Joo-
o; ' lit:'!. ' 4'QID-
Iatitude
I. b.-1-C''tll. Ethiopia is located in the low
latitudes. 11.-l-f-to1 011~_,.'1..,. b.-l-C:'lll II
,1'. ' '1-1'fll":f
2. fmll11 )l\~'1-. Does your government
allow much latitude in political belief? OD't"'
P':l-":frJo O?'lltlt '1-"'.e. 1111' fmll11
)ll ).]- ' ,l'.(l"'A !
3. ~AtiJ"}. The diplomat was given wide
latitude in negotiating the treaty. .II.Til-"'/_,
fiD-11-'t .J:'C.J:'C IIDD);J1C (l'l. 111 P'A
"''t .,.l'l'l'-f-l- ) oc
4. """-'>.!.':'. In negotiating with the strikers,
we do not have much latitude. F &- r tt.,.oo-
+ I ,."JC r fi,...,.),."J1CO+ I "Lt1 J 11ft' J 00~
.,4.'1 ' fll't9"
latrine 11'1-l- 11.-l-
There is no latrine in the rented house. "-+h&-
fiD- ' 11.-l- ' 1i't'l- ' 11.'1- ' fll'l"
latter
1. r.\1\;;:. Two matters were mentioned at the
lattice 700 lavish

meeting: the former concerned politics, and the launch

latter concerned war. flilfl(tllaJo lt.e o-Il+ r 1. hL..,.. He launched a new business. h.Jlil r
"1-.<lf":f- +~l"+m- ~RC 1 f""Jf.""t.Ym- ;r 't"'Y: ' h.t.-1'
11-f:IJ ~h {l.lf't 1':\1\lfOJo I"C ~h ~m- 2. Jf.""t:. The enemy launched an attack at
2. 11-ll+'f. I will come to Ethiopia in the latter dawn. mil+ "1-.h 11.4'Y: "7'1':1''1- Jf.out;
half of the year. R~"""" 11-1\-l'lf h:>"711 II 3. oucol' ' h'tlt.t..t.. The government launched
f. mY. h..'l-1'-kY '-"'"'IIIII- a new boat at Massawa. OO'J"""P"+ 09""6'P
hJI.il ' ouch11 ' oucol' ' h'tlt.t..t.
I atti ce C11&-11 4. mt:mt:. The hunter launched a $pear at
The lattice was intertwined with vines. C1l6-
the gazelle. h.<l1' R"'L.<l 'i!f!l. llf. I"C
IJ- llf. fmf.'t .ht:"' -l'm9"T'I"R:N\ ml.mt:
laud 1'.'1"111 5. 1-h-11. The ships launched missiles into the
We lauded the writer for his excellent book. air. ouchP'Ii "'Lltf.ll-:f-'t mY. 11"7f. of'
Y.t-11..,., 1111 9"CT """""'f.
h'1"1il~m- h-11-
[See also 'blow, threat']
laudable f"'L""IIn
Generosity is laudable. Y."'~'l- f"''.oPII?'t laundry
~,. I. <11.1111. Put the dirty laundry in this basket!
fY..t.m-'t <11.1111 hli.U ~C""i'l- OJoil'l'
laugh (v.) ..,.,. hi'+
He laughed when I told him my story. ;f-t. h.'t 2. f:f"mR <11.1111. My laundry just came back.
M"'t:OJo ' "14' f;f-mRm- <11.11{1. hll-'t """'A"i
laugh at "14'(R'I-) 3. fA11il 'tK".h<; ""il""i. Where is the nearest
People laugh at him because of his deformity. laundry? ~ell- f<l\.1111 'tK".h<; oPil""i f
lll":f RhiJII- "1-Y.II-~'1- f.1"41R:f"A. ,. ' ~,. !
laugh off :f-11 hil
laureate [RIU TR11<; Rltf.'til ':f-11-:f"m-
You cannot laugh off this matter. f.U't "1-"1
fof'oullht:ll'l-<; 11<~~."7'1- mY.9" h11c N
f. :f-11 <11.'1-IIOJo h'l-:f-<11.9"
{lmOJo ' lim-]
laugh (n.), break into a ~
He broke into a laugh. h'l- 1111- ..,.,. laurel [liMit 11A"'."A"i" ~mA film- 11-
A.1.n 119"119" ~"']
evoke a laugh h...,+
A good joke evokes a laugh. '1'-1- 4'AY: f I ava fhlt-1' 1'1"<1- ~A.'I' Y:'t:>f.
I":J'A The lava spread over the plain. l'hlt+ 1'1"<1-
~A'I' Y:'t:>f. "'L.<;m- llf. .t.{l ~RC
laughable hl"oi!"i
Did you see her laughable costume? h1"'4!"i lA I avatory (lavatories) foPR.<lll' h'i!A.
11!).'t hfU l In Filoha hospital there are many lavatories.
R'i!A OJo;) ll'il'C:f"A 1111' fODR,IlJI'
laughing 4'11<11.
Cancer is no laughing matter. f~4'Clt R"li h'i!ll-':f- ' hll-
:1- ' 4'11<11. ' hf.Y.I\9" lavish (v.) h.t.{l{l
I aughing stock ouftlloi!f The rich man lavishes money on his wife.
He is the laughing stock of the village. foP't Y. qi\R;>m- "7.11-1> llf. 1'tH11 f.t.ltA
-1- ' OD{t/loJ!f ' ~IJJ-
I avish (adj.)
Iaughter "'~ I. }',qiJ"i. His son is lavish with money.
We heard loud laughter behind us. h:\ll:f't Ali'. nn11 J<.qiJ"i ~""
,;-h ' fil ' ..,~ ' 11"7't 2. ( = adv.) h't.<l1T. His lavish spending
break into laughter fl..,.,. r 4.~.11 ruined the family. h't"l1T 1'tH11 "'lm-"1
Hereupon, the audience broke into laughter. ., fl.-1'1111-'t ':f-"'c llf. "'ll
RH.U9" 1.n hJ':"7,;-'Ji R"'~ oU-'1. 3. ( = adv.) hODm't Rllf.. He was lavish in his
[See also 'gale, howl, roar, shake, tempest'] praise of me. houm1' 1 0"-,r. 1 J\""1fl~
law
*Lavish gifts will not purchase true friendship.
f{ltn;f- M'I- l\11>').,.;;' 'W.'h'fo't l\j'.1q?"
be lavish With 1tArtm09"'
The teacher. is lavish with his time, and helps
every student. OD?"IJ-1- .,'to;'ID''t?" , .,..,.:
'I.KID"t ...f.'I>'Ml f.&'IA
law
I. m"'. A man must be punished if he breaks
the law. 1\'t.l:" (liD' m"''t hRJ{I ,...,.RJ'I-
l\110'1-
His son chose law as a profession. Alt. fih..,
"} r fiD<'f r oot;m
2. J.'."Hl. The law of motion was discovered
by Kepler. fl\'t-1-ll:l'll. .<'.'til f_,.,'f"" Oh.
'l"IIC )II>'
In the name of the law OihoiJ hr"-"\h
Stop in the name of the law! Om"' l\?"~h
41?" I
practice law Oih.., I P6- I i'il"16- I r-r11
.::,.'i F6- I IP6-
How long do you have to study before you
can practice law? o,n., I F6- hoPilOIJ6-+ I
o.c.'l- ' M ' YIIA ' 'I.U ' OD"'IC ' l\llilll 1
My son is practicing law. A:( f'l'il-1-t;
P'&. ' OODP'&-'1- ' ~,. ' )II>'
lay down the law 1.7Wl ~ O"'t"JQ hllt:.tri
Lay down the law to your students, or you will
not be able to teach them. .l'.'tiJ-'t 11.,."'1&9'
:fu 0"7.1q l\11&'1 l YIIIIJ A;f-11_,.?"
&.'l'tJJo ' l\'1-:fA?"
[See also 'civil law, criminal law, martial law']
law-abiding m"' 1\hq.:
I am a law-abiding citizen. m"' 1\hq.: n
;J ' )"j
law court 'i'C.I:" 0.'1-
There is no law court in this small city. l\H.:f
'1-'t'li h_,."'l ~~>'11'1' 'i'C.I:" 0.'1- fll?"
lawful m:J'I!
Is it lawful to forbid people from eating in
the theater? t'l9':f -t.r'l-c o.'l- tJJoil'l' l\
't'lf.OII- oohAhA m:J'I! )tJJo 1
Who is the lawful heir to the throne? m;J'I! '
l\A;J ro.:-11 .,'t )tJJo 1 2. l\IIOdm0-1-. Laxity in discipline created
lawgiver m"' 1\tJJoQ;l,
Solon was a famous Greek lawgiver. {lfto't f
;f-aJ_,. f"'&h m"l 1\tJJo<"- )OC
lawless
I. m"' fll'li. A lawless country creates trouble
701 lay
for itself. m"' fll'li l\1C 0&-!l. ~f.
:f"'c :f"OdRJII:f
2. m"' f"'l.'l'il. A lawless person should be
punished. m"' f"'l. 'I'll t'l~~>' """'RJ'I- l\110'1-
lawlessness m"' ""Rill l m"' aJ'I')'f-
Lawlessness is inherent in rebellion. ih'"J oo11J
11 (m"' dl'l')'l-) fooo6 l\'t-'1. q;J.cf.
)II>'
lawmaker m"' ' """"'-
The lawmakers were asked to legislate against
prostitution. m"' ' l\ID'Q;l,9'1j;' ()..,.;;' ' l\'1&)'1-
't f"'l.:l'aJ?" m"l ~'t-'l.Yil.,.~A4- .,.mf41
lawn MIL oollh
The lawn still has to be sprinkled. f"'fLtJJo ""
llh .1\11-'t?" tJJo;> oomRJ'I- l\110'1-
lawsuit .....,'1-
Did he win the lawsuit? ..,..,.,'t &;f- !
lawyer
I. mO:l'. The fee for hiring a lawyer is quite
high. mO:l' IIOD"'q'fo f"'l.hd.IIID' 1'tH
il h'i' Yll )~~>'
2. f m"' 0'1'4:. Ethiopia has many good lawyers
to administer justice. l\.'1-I'"A"Y 'i''l-m't f"'l.
YllLr;, .... ""'" fll'). iln- fm"' o'l'<t9'
:f-1.~'1-
lax
I. "1.1:" fll'li. He is rather lax in his work.
OP'&...,_ "1.1:" fll'li fLm. )II>'
2. AA. He is lax with his children. OA,lt'fi l\
YJ'"II AA )tJJo
be lax with M"~.,..,.
She has always been much too lax with her
children. A,lt!f!"l ill!- 1.n :f"'l"~-1-:l'll:f
laxative f"'l.Yll.,.?"'l' "".l:":>t'I-
The doctor prescribed a laxative for her .
.hh.DD- ' f"'l.Yll.,.?"'l' ' "".l:":>t'l- ' """~""
laxity
I. 'I'A.,."i)'l-. Laxity in the performance of
duty is a punishable offense. OP'&. ~f. 'I'A
.,."i)'fo ' f"'l.Yll.,.RJ ' "'"""" ' )II>'
chaos in the class. fP') P'C~'I- hll""m
0-l' Oh'i'A 11>'11'1' &il1f .Lm&
I ay (laid), vt.
I. hll.,.""m. Lay the book on the table!
"""l;.h4-'t m.:A.~w- 'If. hll.,.?"'l'
lay
2. nJA. The government laid taxes on tea.
ou")"IP''t- Rlff. :jom&\ 'If. 4'<:'1' "'ii
Ants lay eggs. -,.")JI") ).")414\A f-'1''1&\
3. "1&\ l\f..<:1. He laid his hand on my shoul-
der. ).7!:") '1-hlf\L 'If. "1&\ l\f..<:1
4. 1\m"'. He laid careful plans before starting
his business. ")"IJI.") hoo~oo-~- n.c.'t- ' ),:j.JI.
") ' fi'l'") "'"' 1\DJ"'
5. 1>1'1<:. The doctor laid many bandages on
his wounded arm. ohh.""" R'll.llii<D- b")
Jl. 'If. 1111- ' 4-lf 1\ll<:il'l-
6. l\4'<:n. He laid his case before the commis-
sion. .,.JII'") ill>"''.-J:m- l\4'<:n
7. hm""f... He laid a trap for his adversary.
fliJ/l.:J6-aJ- I l\,.. I aJ'I'OII~ I 1tffiOD~
8. 1\ll:M"'. A shower has laid the dust.
""''"'" 1\!J.&.<D-") 1\ll;l-1.......
9. Mm.l.. Who will lay the rug? IJ"")"J4-")
"'/") n.,..,..,&\ '
10. ( = passive) .,.H<:<:. +one blow laid him
on the floor. Q").(' ?"'I- mill\- 'If. .,.H<:<:
She lays great stress on education. ii'I-?"IIC't-
h'l'.,_>;' 1\lt.,.ff'l- M't-
lay (vi.) ).")414\A "'ii
Our hens are laying well. P.t:iJ'":f-") ).")414\A
,.~ ..... f-'1''111-
lay ahead mr...c.'t- f..<:ll
He little knew what lay ahead. mU'I- f"''.f..
C(l<D-") ' ?"")?" ' 1\fm-:j.?" )fiC
lay aside
I. 'll.mfi. It is advisable to lay aside money for
a rainy day. il":fo"IC '1.11. nn11 oo'll.m
1) I ffi:J""Y. I i'aJo
2. l\ll4'oom. He laid aside a pretty penny.
h'i' fil 1")H11 l\(l4'oom
3. .,.m. They laid aside their childish pastimes
and behaved as adults. 'I.H.f'fm-") ).")f. .n
Y<;'t- fib")_, "'1'1'4-'1- ,_.,.,. ).")f. 0'1'4:
,...,. 11''1-
lay down
I. 1\ll.,.,.. Lay the baby down gently! .ftYS:")
....... 11illl ' 1\(l.,.,.,.
2. fi:jo.('"''.f h.l.il. He laid down $500 toward
the purchase of a car. ooh.<; iiOD"I~T 1\?"
ll't- oo.p. 11C fi:jo X:"''.f h.l.il
3. 1\.l.llll. The workmen are laying down a
coat of asphalt on the street. ..,.:..,.'1'~ oo")1
Jl. 'If. 1\llof.A't- f.l.flll-
4. 1\m"'. The minister laid down rigid rules
concerning demonstrators. "''.~ll'f--1- llil ll'l"'l
~llA'1''1'1l:jo.n"ll>m~
702 lay
5. 1\ll<:hn. The defeated army had to lay
down arms. S:IA f+oo;t-m- fllC ODUf61lD"
") "'lll<:h11 tn.:n't-
(be) laid down .,.m(l)
The prices are laid down by the government.
'I':>l"~ fiOD")"IP''I- f.,.mll'l- <;'J'm-
lay for 1t.(;l;:tn mfl+
They laid for him at the corner. oo;J-m.c..rm-
'If. 1\X:'i'mm- mn41'1-
lay In 1\h"'l'I'
Some animals lay in food for the winter. 1\")JI")
.(: ' ).")llfl ilh<:?"'t- ' f"''.li'<;'J'm-") ?""111 '
fh"'lil'll-
lay off 4'M
He laid off his workers when he ran out of
work for them to do. f"''."'&. P'&. llilmof.
....:....'1'~") 4')(1
lay on
I. .,.r..qr..n. When the mob became unruly,
the police began to lay on. ih1111- P'C't't-
I>Am11:jo ll.A ?"ll.ll ODf..Qf..11 ~oo<:
2. 4'Q. The painter laid the paint on with a
wide brush. 4'il?" 4'11.m- Rll.C. 11-1-11 4'il
?"' 4'Q
lay open
I. fi"IAII' ).")JI.;J-f. l\f..t:1. The cut of
the knife laid open his intestines. n=n. ,.,.If
t:h.,_m- li'JI. /\")~_,") fi"IAII' ).")JI.;J-f.
l\f..l11D"
2. 1\:>ilm. The arrest laid open a plot to kill
the governor. f(laJo,.m- oo.rtJ 11Cm-1
iiOD"If..A ' f.,.f..<:11D"") ' (1.&. ' 1\:>ilm
lay (oneself) open to &.flo") 1\:>ilm
He laid himself open to criticism. ii)4'1..:J- .:.
flo") 1\:>ilm
He laid himself open to a charge of theft.
fi/l.oll)'f- ll.fllhllllm- f"''.":f-A P'&. ..,.,:.
lay out
I. 1\DJ"'. How much did you lay out for me?
?"") ' filA 1")H11 1\DJ"'ll&\'t!
2. 1\H:>~. She laid out the clothes I am to
wear for my graduation. il?"<:?m- fi'tA f
?"i1111l<D-") ' A111l.") 1\H:>~
(be) laid out .,..,.f(l
These streets are well laid out. MILII OD")1P.
.,. ' fif..")11 ,.,..,.,flo <;'l'm-
lay over~
We will have to lay over in Dire Dawa on our
way to Djibouti. mr.. ~!H: /l")%.(' X:t. , J1
'I' "'lf..C ' l\i111")
lay
(be) laid over 1-'11\L
The vote was laid over until next week. S:r'if
fOD/Im-1: ?-'If. ll.llh"7.4"1'1\fl>o I'UI,..J'I
1-'11\L
lay to rest -tRl.
They laid him to rest last week. IJI\Lfl>o Ill'"
.,,.. .,.0~'1-
lay up ll.h"7'1'
He laid up a surplus of food for the winter.
1\h~r+ och'l- Yll ,...,-o
ll.h"7'1'
[See also various nouns and adjectives com-
bined with 'lay', such as 'ambush, claim, low']
lay, see lie
lay (adj.) f1-&- {lfl>o
In legal matters, it is better to have expert
advice than lay opinion. O.lt"'l '1-Jif":Y. h1-
&- .f.A:,O fO'I'-t't {lfl>o l'"hC oumf:,O
Y.lf'IA
layer
I. 1.1\A. Everything was covered with a heavy
layer of sand. rJott-1'" ~1C h'i' fill Y!f
.,. 1.1\A 1-lf'i''l" ~oc
2. 1-1.&-0.. Put another layer of paper over it!
hO'II' 1\.'1 1-UO. m~_,.'l- li.II.,.I'"TO'I-
*There is a heavy layer of dust on the table.
m~A.'Ifl>o l\.!J.&- il!l' ~ ....
form a (thick) layer 1-;>1~
The ice formed a thick layer over the ground.
0~1'-fl>o """--!: 'If. .,.:n~
[See also 'mud1
layman
I. 1-&- {lfl>o. Even a layman can understand
that. 1-&- {lfl>o ll.'tl>.'t Y.ll't't 1\.~Jifl>o ' ,.
:filA
2. ""'Y.l'"'t. Laymen may not enter the sane
tuary. BD?.f.r<;) ou:t1.11 fl>o/IT aD"'IfJ
'1-li.Mfl'l'fl>ol'"
layout
I. l\..,."7""'1". The layout of the factory makes
the work easier. fo(.ofMltfl>o ll..,..,ou.,. P'
&-fl>o't _,.'lA Y'-C1'1'A
2. ll..,.Yfll. The layout of the streets is quite
attractive. f""'t1Jl. ll..,.Yfll 0"11'" Y/11.11
:t"A
I ayover "7~'i:
A layover at Athens is necessary for travelers
coming to Ethiopia from Europe. hl\.fl>oC';r
703 lead
ID1. l\..'1-l'"kY f"7.oum-'l- OD'J11.'l':Y.
l\.1:'t '1,_ "7~'1' YIILA;>:f'I'A
laziness ll't'i''i'
Laziness makes us all idlers. ll't'i''i' P'&- L
'1- Y1.C1'i'A
lazy
I. M'i'. The teacher beat the lazy boy.
ODI'"II~ M4-'t A)': OD:f"fl>o
2. 1111-1;<. A lazy stream winds through the
meadow. 11"'1+~ 'r't"f!" "'JI:m- t\Y. 1
,_m"7H'IA
3. f"7."'i"'i't. It was a hot, lazy day. '1":1''1-'i'
f"7."'i"'i't n ~oc
be lazy (t~L
Don't be so lazy! ll.'t1.11.11 ll.'l-11~'1' I
leach 1\,_ofo ll.mO
The rain has leached the salt from the soil.
11'i'O ..,....-, ltL~ 1\U li.T!l:t"A
lead (led), vt.
1. uo&-. A general is leading the army.:(~&-fto
fl1~'} ,.ou&-A
2. ll.'l'fr ~OC. He led the Allied forces during
the war. OfPC~-1: '1.11. f:l'A h.JI't ~1'-:Y.
'1,_A ll.'l'fr ~oc
3. 110. The boy led the horse by the reins.
A~ L~{lo'J OA~I'" IIOfl>o
4. hL1-. He led the dance. JI'J{Io'J hL1-
Iead (vi.)
I. uo&-. You lead; we'll follow. ll.'t1- 1'"&- l
l\.1;' ll.'th1-'lll't
2. +Y.oo. This horse is leading in the race.
,_II L~ll 1-tJIJI&l"'ll't ' rJofto .,.J!:"J,A
3. ml'l1.. This road leads to the city. Y.ll ou'J
1!!: m1. h1-"7fl>o ,_IDIIJIA
4. f - - - .,.-,""' ~fl>o. In arithmetic he is way
down in the class, but in history he leads. om.
fli) I IIJJ! I oPQ;a.l,jf'Q)o I f'\.tr) I fl;f'~lJ I "'l"J I
fh'i:fto .,..,""' ~ ....
lead across ouc.,. J\1f1t:
The dog led the blind man across the street.
fl>ol\"OJo ~,.~ ll~'t {lfl>o. ODCofo ""'t1
Jl.'t ll.lf1~fl>o
lead around to
*You can lead him around to your point of
view if you deal with him shrewdly. ttm:tuo+
Omll-1111 ll.'t-'1.11"7"7 A:t"1.C1fl>o '1-:Y.'IIIII
lead (a) life 'l"~
He leads a lonely life in the country. il!l'fl>o't
01mC ,_'l"&-A
lead 704 leading

lead off "1"1"1~"1 )!oo.: LC 7.1i:J>.<:-9".<:"9" fh"'61J"I"I +.tl"'l.)-1-

He led off by saying, "Gentlemen, we must IIOD+)ll +'l"h&-II:Y.
unite". hfl-6-") ! OOTil.OC h.llofl'} >> 0 2. '1'"1"1". The footprints were a lead in solving
.,11.-,. "1"1"1~"1 )!oo.: the crime. fh"'C .ti-IJ9':Y. fiD"I)!II-"1 v-t
lead on ;J- IIODt:.tl+ 'i'"IT' 1)').

*She led him on to think that she would even- be in the lead oa&o
tually accept his proposal of marriage. flODQ;I.t, He was in the lead by five yards in the first lap.
If ;M'I'i'II:Y. f"'l.&\ 7.9"):,. h.tt~.::Y. foo)!oo6f IJ<C 'If. '19"11+ fC.!:" 7.C
n-r .,...,. f,OO&- ' ){IC
lead (to} follow the lead .,..,.~

1. ltith.,.l\, Do not spit in public since it He usually follows his sister's lead. ilfl< 1.11.
leads to the communication of disease. ffl7i 07.~-1> < f,OO&-&\
;J- OD-1''111'1'"1 llii"'I.J'llh+A t).l'.t)t)f, take thie lead
9"&-:J-11"1 h-1-'1-4- I. +~oo. He took the lead in the race. R~"'i
2. hll!FII. The information you gave us led .,.~00
to his arrest. fllm1i"l ooCJf '-"""~ lloof 2. +.tl"'l.)+ fH. Take the lead, and keep it!
'H hll;FII"I +.tl"'l.)-1>"1 I 1."1~ < .1'1111 ' J<.+A+~
3. h.l'.t:ll. The clash between the workers and
the factory owoer led to a strike. RU'&--1-'l''ll<i' lead (rhymes with 'dead'), n. 7.C<\ll.
R4-1161JID- 111111.+ ooiJh&\ f-I')"'IJJo "' Is this pipe made of lead? f,tJ !1.9"!1. h1.
""'"" 1"&- tD.I'. "'"~"' h~t:ll C<\il f-1-"'&- )ID- I
4. hll1T. Hard work leads to success. leaden h7.C<\ll fT"'&-
m"lhC" OD.f"&-+ ' '1'.:0 fil1'i'&\ The leaden coffin is very heavy. h1.C<\il f-1'
5. 1."1.1:-+ imperfect +l\.1'..:1. Subsequent
events led him to reconsider his position.
.,&-,. .
f~-4 ..,~ niiJr hfl.e- ~m-

leaden spirit hll.l!'" thH1

h1.11. R:\'1 foom-+ 1-01\'":Y. do<\fl-"1 7.
"1"'-1" 7."1-'U'lliln+ h.!'..:.,.:,.
6. 7."1.1:- + imperfect +14-'1-. Her anxiety
about succeeding led her to work hard.
"""'"' llou.<:-.:11 f'l+ .,..,..-,. m"lh&-
7."1.1:-'1-"'&- 14-4-+
*Where will all this arguing lead to? f,tJ rNr
T":J>"i":J> oo<Q.t:lf,.. M.i:")ID- I
lead up
I. l\.1'..:11. The latest events led up to the war.
n:J>cn- f1'.1'.t:1-'l- )1C":Y. hrnc)+ h~.:""
2. 1\ID"'. A circular stairway leads up to the
balcony. f"''.moo~HHID- ~.:)f "'~ 111):,.
fiD"'&\
lead (the} way
I. oo&-. I will lead the way, and you follow. 7.
t 1,oo&-llv- ' h"l-1' 1-h-1'&\
2. 'I'C1.f hol.-1'. Ethiopia led the way to
African independence. t...+l'"kf llh'i'&IJ
)II)+ 'I'CV ho!.-I':Y.
[See also 'astray, blow, command, dog,
existence, nose']
lead (rhymes with 'bead'), n.
I. +.tl"t)+. Russia is trying to reduce the
American lead in the space race. ~ lim
It was easy to understand the team's leaden
spirit after the defeat. h-l'lf)L R:\'1 11-.1:-
). r~.:lln+"l h'l.<:- "'""' 11ou.:.t1+ "'"
&\' )ftC
be leaden
*His legs were leaden from fatigue. h.<:-IJ9" f
1')"1 ' 7."1~"1 ' "'"'"'"" ' 1\:J>-I';J-&\
leader
I. oo6. The leaders of all parties were present
at the conference. f :re-t.,. v-11- 0069':Y. n
iliiii'IID- 'If, 1'1'STID- )RC
Who is the leader of the group? f'l.tl- 006
.,)ID-1
2. hii:J'. The police arrested the leader of
the gang. ?"fl.(l'fl f.ti-C\I-9''fl"l hii:J' 111-+
leadership
I. ""6)+. Leadership is not a common virtue.
OD6)..,. v-ir f"'L.t"'TID- K:J I l\f,~ll9"
2. od69":f. The union leadership agreed to
arbitrate. M~n~ oo69":f .!:"C!f:C 11.,
.1:-t:"' -I'll_,_
leading
I. 'tii.J'.. The leading thought was
'tftJ. do<\lt . )ftC
leading 705 lean

2. f~m+. Many leading scientists live in 2. fDo;l> hil1'1. The ship was leakiog badly.
California. 1111- f;I-OJ"' flt-"'111 il...f":f- IJ ""Cbll' fDo;l> 0"11"' J.'il1'1 )OC
il..ll!C1J.' m-11'1' .e.'l'6-11- 3. -f')ol-(1, I patched the tire, but it still leaks.
3. (= adv.)ol.'l- oj>.l:''f".Herodeiotheleadiog 1"7fDo1 1\'l'.!..fDo )OC .,1 hll-11"' .e.-t)'i'/tA
car. .1.'1- .,..!:'.,.
l\"''..'M~.,. ou!J..,.. fDoll'l' 4. IIC1 1'1. Water leaked ioto the boat.
)0C fDo;l>fDo )';A'lfDo fDoll'l' IIC1 1'1
leading man oo~ .,...,.,.., leak In
The leading man io the play was applauded. *The rain is leakiog io. II.., J.' I- ItA
0-I:J.''k- ' OJoll'l' ' OD60Jo ' T'f' ........ ' -f'""0"" leak out
011'1- I. -t-1m'lm0 I hfol-llll war. Water is leaking
[See also 'light, spirit'] out because the pipe is broken. !J-f'"!ltu- ll
11-!'liOG fDo;l>fDo .e.1m'lm'IA
leading article Cl\ll h1.,.,. 1 ~OJ'. ,.m.'i'
The drnm gets lighter as the water leaks out.
The leading article in today's paper is good.
fDo;l>ID- hfl-1111 ll_W"' OC..,II- l\foj>l\1\
f~"-.... ' :>tL"' ' Cl\{1 ' h1.,.,. ' (~o..e. ' ,..ft.
.e.~'IA
'1') ' 'M- ' )OJo
2. -I'll&-"". The story leaked out somehow.
leaf (v.) -l>mA hW"' 1 1\0DI\OD OJ"'fDo l\1!!.1"'111" 1111- -1'(16-....
The trees began to leaf in October. ~ll!'ll 0 [See also 'spring']
'1'-l>P"T ' ol>mA ' "70Jo"'T (ODI\!1"1\P") o J':OD"-"
leak (n.) oj>'l'l l f"''..J.'I-11 oj>'l'l
leaf through h11\flm
There is a leak io the boat. l':A'lfDo oj>'l'l
I am only leafing through the book. l\1-'1.11- hi\OJo
"""'"'4-1 ' 1'.1'111"11\11- He plugged the leak with a rag. f"''..J.' ol-(lfDo1
leaf (leaves), n. ol>mA "'"" ""col> w-to~-,.
There is not a leaf on that tree. 0~4- 'I.e. II" [See also 'stop']
111" -l>mA fliP"
leakage
Someone tore a leaf from the book. h1.1:' (I
t& I boPX'tflf. I t&l\T I }\"}.("I ~ffiA I +P.. I
I. 'i'lt"ii. The leakage results io a loss of
several gallons a day. 'i'ltlf. 0oj>1 l\llh
hfDo'J':I:A
1111- :>11-1 .e.Jl.CitA
turn over a new leaf +ififl\ 2. ltJ'.;t-wo}> ,..,.... .-,.. The leakage of military
He promised to turn over a new leaf. l\lflf'lll information helps the enemy. fm;I-Jl.&-'1! 11"11
IJw I itA- ?A I 1Q
m.c lt.e.;rwol> ..,.,.... .-,. m'l'l-1 .e..:'IA
[See also 'put forth, send forth, shoot forth']
leaflet "'.ft.'~' lean (vt.) hi1Jl.11-
People passed out leaflets everywhere. (19'":f- Don't lean your chair agaiost the wall! m10C
111 h.,~.o;.... 'I.e. h;l-iiJl..,I.OJo
Offl;l-fDo "'.Jt.'l' OJ!.II-
lean (vi.)
Ieague "7"fOC 1. noooP. There is a famous tower in Italy that
There is a league of war-haters here. IDC)'I-1 leans. 01\."'AJ.' OJoll'l' f;l-moj> fH"""" .,1
f"''..::'m""" (ljP";fo "7"fOC hll.ll hi\ 11 hi\
League of Nations f~IIP" ,..1.,.1";1-'l- 2. 1'1.11- l -I'Jl..,ll! "'"" The log was leaniog
"7"f0C agaiost the wall. .,"'- "1~'1,. 'I.e. -I'Jl.
The League of Nations died io 1935. f~IIP" "'ll! )0C
""1.,.1";1-'l- "7"f0C O!ilfm; ~- II". hO:I' The sailor was leaning against the mast.
ODCbO ........ f""Cbll-1 !l"(l(o -I'Jl..,ll! .,.
leak (vt.) 0.1:'11-l> )1G 'I" )0C
The minister leaked the secret to the press. "''. 3. Jl."l'i' hi\. The shepherd leaned on his staff
tll'k- 1\:>tLm'l'":f- 0.1:'11-l> P"llm.C to rest. l'>G>;'fDo 11"7G'i' H11- 'I.e. !!.1'1'
)16-'1',. hi\
leak (vi.) 4. hH)OI\. Her interests lean toward sports.
I. hi-M. This pot leaks .e.u "7liC' J.'l-ltA '1''11:1: WJ!. l\II?"C'I- J.'H)11'1A
 Iean
~~------------------~------------------~
lean backwards OJ~ :\1\ = F..1i: 11.A
He leaned backwards in his chair to make
himself more comfortable. a> 'I R~ I\ f. f. RIC\
..- Too;r:l-..,. Aou+oo"l' mY. :\1\ 1 ~'11): '
1111
lean forward h.1'11:1 11-l- h1.l.1
If you lean forward you can see him. 11'1'1'1-11'1
11:). ' 11;1-~"1 ' ;J-f1'1111
lean (the) head .0.1'1' 1111
Lean your head on my shoulder! '1-hlfl'- 1\f.
.0.1'1' RA
lean on
I . .,..0.1.1.. He was leaning on the table.
.,.., .,.....,c: ~Rc
2. .,.OD-:11-H. He leaned on his walking stick.
H'l'l-'1 _,.ou.:IJ..H
3. R +hlf 1\f. ~.,.. John still leans on his
,. '
parents. l'"do'lll 11,.'1?" Ra>l\.1,; '1-hlf 1\
~.,.
He leans on his friends for guidance.II"''.J'.O.C
1.,. ,.11- f'\.e.'l',;'l ?"he f.mf.:I'A
lean out T1au\au\
Don't lean out of the window! ROD/Ito., 11'1-
'lmAmA
lean over vi. ( ~ vt.) 11111-~RII
+The trees leaned over in the wind. ~4-ft. IJC:
'll'l 11111-'111~'f1'A
lean (adj.) -1'"1.'"'1
He is very tall and lean. R"'?" .:"Jf:?"<; -1'"1."
"J I )aJo
lean meat ilC1 P..
Do you want fat meat or lean? f9"'+LA 1tiJc
pt>IPJ I !P,;J I i'aJo I aJf,{l I 1JC"}P,. ?
lean year f .e-c:t- q.oo:,.
It was a lean year for farmers . .eu '1-oo.'J-
1R&.l":f r ....c:}> 'tOD'I- ~Rc
leaning (n.) 11'111/1.
He has a leaning toward foreign languages.
,,;,..,.. ' II'IC ' !t'llt ' I\OD"7C ' 11'111/1. ' .1\1\ID-
leap (vt.) 111111
The runner leaped the ditch. ;.:... .,.....'\)!.'I
Hill\
leap (vi.)
I. Hllll. Leap over the fence! Rll'l'~ 1\f. 11
IIA
2. a>"'. Tongues of flame were seen leaping
into the air. flllt'l- ~RAilA m.e. II"'/ f.
ll.m"l .e;~-.e ~Rc
706 Iearn
3. Hll- a>"'. The cat leaped on the table .
....OD:t 1R:J' 1\f. Ill\ a>"'l-
4. fll..A. A scientist cannot leap to conclu~
sions, but must test every hypothesis. lt,_.,'l-1:11
+ m-it~ 1\oP/Im'l- ll.e'flt-IC\?"' "7'1'i''f.,.
'I?" oPI\ ?"'I- ,.11- f.OD.:?"&-A 11'1)(
leap at lld.'i' 11.0..:1
He leaped at the opportunity of going to
Ethiopia. a>.O. 11.'1-l'"kY 1\0D't .... Y:>m""
OJo'l ' ~ ....&\ ' lld.'i' ' 11.0..:1
leap to one's feet HAt> ' +)"f
He leaped to his feet when the Emperor
m.:A.~ entered. 1.,..,.. )1P'.fl : fl.1fto s Hfr> r +)ut
leap up a>.O.I\f. Hill\
The dog leaped up to catch the stick I threw.
OJolfiJJo ' rm.:mch-'1-'1 ' ~., ....,.. I\ODf11 '
a>.O.I\f. Hill\
leap (n.) 111\f.
He cleared the ditch with one leap. Ill''I Rll'l
.... ' 111\f. ' .,.'1"1-:m-
by leaps and bounds Q"J.';tt:;J-
The lion covered the distance by leaps and
bounds. II'IRittJJo IJ'IJ;'i';J- ""'1111.'I ..,.:11
leap year HOD~ l'"do'lll
Last year was a leap year. J'l\oi.ID- -tou+
HOD~ \'"m'lll ~Rc
When is the next leap year? ~'I'"'L 11 .... 11'1-
-1''1 f"'L'U"'" ""'li ~.,. !
learn (vt.)
I. .,..,.:. He has not learned a thing. M?"
~'IC IIA-1-"7.:?"
I learned German in one year. )!CoP'I'i' 11
'1.... ' 'tOD'I- o OJo/1'1' .,."7Ch-
= A
2. om-t. He learned the truth too late.
1\0Jo~-1-'i'ID-'I ~'IC fa><I'ID- H"'f.+ ~OJo
3. 1\0D.O.. The baby has learned how to walk.
.htl- ' OD&.OD .... ' II?"J?...A
4. .0.-:II(R'I-). I accidentally learned the truth.
1\ID-~_,'1 1\'IJ;:>"l"'L .O..:Ilh-0'1-
learn (vi.)
I. 11"7. When did you learn of her illness?
OD;f'OD"J.') 0 fll"71iaJo 0 o'fi 0 ~OJo!
2. 1\oo.O.. She has never cooked, but she can
learn. ?""111 wC;J-?" II;J-~ i 11''1'?"
A'l-11?".... '1-:fl\ll:f
3. '1-?"IIC'I- 11l(tJJo). +He learns quickly
and gets good marks. '1-?"IIC'I- .f-11-
1111"7.11JID- 'I'~ m-IIL'I- Y'l'i'A
learned 707 least

learn by heart n.+A I J'H least ,..,,. .l'tJIIt. + negative verb

She learned the poem by heart. "J'J'OD-'t fl.+
!1.' }'Hlom-
come to learn OlD.,.
How did you come to learn where she is living?
1.jl f,.-'1-'l'cll'l-'t tt:t- 1.'t.l'.'l- omll>u 1
learned f-1-"7~
This professor is a very learned man. ,.r.u T
C".!,.I"IC 0"1,- f-1-"7~ (liD- )ID-
Iearner "f.."7t.
This book is for learners. ,l'.tJ ODlt'mt;: 111..
"7t.P'l- )IJJo
learning
I. '1-,.tJC'I-. Learning is very precious. -}-,-u
C'l- ll"',. m.+"'l. )m-
2. O'l'of:)-'1-. The enormity of his learning sur-
prised everyone. fO'I'of:)-1: h'i'-f-'1')'1- tJo
11-'t hi"I1~0D
lease (v.)
1. -1-h~f. The owner will not lease the apart-
ment to noisy tenants. f!IIIL-1: .t.;rC-t-"7m-'t
"'i"'i;l- 1\"'l.}'llrt- I"IP'l- ' h}'h~,l'.,.
2. -1-l>'i"-t-~. They have leased the hotel for
five years. 11'1:11-'t 11,.1"1'1- 'tOD'I- -1-l>'i"#'l-
lease (n.) l>'t'I-~'1-
We had to sign a lease for one year. IL-I:'t 1"1
'th~fiJJo 1\'t.l:" 'tODT l>'t'I-~T ODI..~,.
)fl~il't
leash (v.)
I. "7flt..l' .t.l'-~1. He leashed the dog before
he went for a walk. ilcilc hOD~-'!- 01..'1-
1\ID-"Ifm- "7/"lt..J' hl'-~1
2. 1;1-. He leashed his anger and did not say
a word. 't.l'.-l:'t 1-1' ,_,,. hllt.of-'i"1~,.
*They leashed the energy of the river with a
dam. Om-~m- "1/.llt. 1\0Dm.,.,. CD'trt-'t
11'.11-'1-
leash (n) "7M.I'
He walks his dog without a leash. m-"lf,.-, .1'
II "7flt.}' ,1'.~-l- ,l'.~~llt.
be on a leash :J"{l~
The dog was on a leash. m-"lfm- ;1-lla:llt.
hold (keep) in leash 1;1-
Hold your temper in leash, or you'll get in
trouble. 't.l'.'l-tJ't "1:1- l .I'IIHJ l-"'c m-!1
'I' 'l-1fllltJ
I was least impressed by his poetry. ll"''I'OD-
,.,,. }'tJIIt. hllt.-1-1'.1"1-l-!J.,.
least of all
I. ll-1-llf.,.. None of you can complain,
Charles least of all. h'i"'t-1- ID-!1'1' .,.,,.
IIJ"7CC hf.1fl,- f ll-1-11,1'.,- ii'CIIt.ll
2. ll'i'X-,. + (negative verb). I would have ex-
pected that from you least of all. ,l'.tJ't't )1
C h't-1- ;I-I'.C1'1'1\tJ iltlo ll'i'X-,- hllflil
11-,- )flC
at least
I. IL.Mll fl..l''tll. He is at least as tall as you.
IL.Mll IL.Mll ' .l''t-1-'t .l'tJIIt. ,1'.~11"711t.
These shoes cost at least ten dollars. ,l'.tJ "'i
"7 IL.Mll IL.Mll OP'C iiC }'CD"'IIt.
2. IL.Mll. At least make an attempt to pass
your exam! IL.Mll 1..-t-'i"m-'t 11"71\'i' 'l"hC
3. ,J'tJIIt.. There were at least a hundred
people present. ""-~' }'tJIIt. l"lm- )flC
4. f+~m- O.+C. He could at least have beeu
courteous. f+~m- O.+C '1-a.'l-<; "7ltf'l-
,1'.1f)m- )flC
5. 1\.1\m- O.+C. You may at least say
'thank you I' 1\.llm- o.+c 1."1nc f.ll'l'llt.
'{ llt.-'1-llt. f.1flllt.
in the least '1-'til,.
It does not bother me in the least. '1-'til,.
h,J'll'l"''~'t,.
not in the least O'i:K.-9"
Do you mind going with me? Not in the least.
h~ :>C il'l-~.1:" l!>C ,l'.llt.VIIt. l ll'i'X-,-
not the least
I. l..lt''l". I haven't the least interest in the
matter. 1\)1-1- l..lt''l" 'i'l\1'1- fll't,.
2. ,.-,,.. There is not the least wind today.
"" ,.,,. )4-ll fll,.
the least
I. +llllt.. He argues over the least thing.
ll+llllt. )1C f.h~h~llt.
2. htJoll- Mll-1-'1'. Who did the least work?
htJoll- Mll-t-'1' f"'~ "7)1D- 1
3. '1-'til 1.'t\\. The least bit of dirt in a
watch may make it stop. fl't'l- ID-!1'1' '1-'t
fi ' ).'t1>, ' fh!l~ ' ofl<;'{ ' 0.1fl ' 1\J.fOD
m- f.lollllt.
4. Mll-t-'0' )1C. That's the least yon could
do for him. llt.;I-I'.C"'I\'1- fll"'l-l-1\m- Mli-1-
'0'm- )1C f.tJ )ID-
5. htJol\o .1'){1. All of us have little money,
leather 708 leave

but I have the least. ll-'ll-"t9" J'tl") nnil 8. "'ll. I left the matter in your hands.
'1'<1:'1- ~.,. t fl!. "h"ti!Jm-9" hll-11- .I'HI 1-Jif.") t)").,. " " 'l'\1.'1'{111-
~ .... 9. '1--1' 'tY.. They left him for dead on the
the least of foo .....:lf Mll.,.'i' battlefield . .,..,. illlaJo htDC "~'~"'" 'If.
The least of his crimes is robbery."h/1- IIU"7 ,...,...,.,.. 'tJI.
'I'm- m")~II-:Y. 11-11- foo .....:lfm- Mll.,.'i' He went away and left the child alone. A)l:"t
11CI.,I' ~..,. ilfl'aJo") ' ,...,.,.. 'tY.
[See also 'last'] The postman left a registered letter for you.
7/l.,.l;'aJo 0 ft"-1>"7").<'. 0 fOO"J 0 Y,o(IJ!fl. 0 '1-
leather <1''1
-I'Ail 'tY.
Shoes are made of leather. "'i"7 h<l'-'1 f.w
10. 'I'll- 'tY.. He is sad because his beloved left
<1-A him. m-'1)1: .,.,...,. llll'tY.:Y. h11!<A
leather strap m'f:C II. .,.h-1' .,..,. . He left two sons and a daughter.
I tied it with a leather strap. Om'i!C hllch-'1-
leather (adj.) h<l'-'1 f.,..,.&. .,..,.
11-11'1- m"tF: A]!.:f'i' h"t-'1.'1- 11.'1- .,.h-1'

Leather gloves are expensive. h.f~ f1-w&.
=n-t m-F: ~..,.
leathery
1. <1''1"7. The elephant's trunk is long and
leathery. flflf). 11-"tll G'fr9"'i' <1''1"7 ~..,.
2. <1''1 llm.. The covering of the chair is
leathery. foo4'""""l"'" "114-"t <1''1 llm. ~..,.
leave (left), vt.
I. hll4'oom. Leave your hat and coat in the
hall! 'IC~"'U"t'i' IJTC'I-U") oo.,.'llll-,1' aJo
11'1' hll4'9"maJo
2. +m. Did someone leave a message for me?
""A"hh'l- f.,.mA'"'i (laJo hill
Where did you leave your suitcase? lf"t"'U"t
f'l- .,.....h .... l
He left his food on the plate. 9""1!1-"t ltf."'-
Cll Tmm-
l.eave the door open! no~-") h'i!'l- .,........
Leave it to me! 1\). TmtD-
12. '1--1' .,..,., He left his estate to one of
the charities. "tiiG1>"t 'l"tF: 01 hF:<~-
1'1- F:C~'I- '1--1' .,..,.
13. hmG(I. She left the house to her son.
fi.:J:") ' liA~'I' ' hm<:(l:f
14. haJoC(> .,..,., He left a large legacy to
his son. IIA)I: illl- :,.ell haJoC(>'Jo .,..,.
15. ( ~ be left) 4'.:. Three from seven leaves
four. hll'l'l- "'11'1- ll.~"' h.!-'1- J'-4'<1-A
leave (vi.)
I. 'tY.. My father left yesterday for Europe.
h'l-1: '1-'i'"t'l- mY. haJot:;r 'tY.
2. .,.~"!. The train leaves at two-thirty.
'1!1-'1- 0119"")'1- ll't'l- .,.11-A J'.~"'A
be left
I. .,.GL. Are there any tickets left for tonight?
M"- "7:1' f.,.GL 1:11.'1- hll !
2. 4'G. When I pay all my debts, there will
be nothing left. M\lo"t 11-11- llh'i!A 9"

4.
..,.llf.....
3. ll4'4'. I am leaving the job. P'.!-aJo") All
:,. ~
The boy left home when he was
")9" hf.4'G'"'i9"
leave alone .,..m
You'd better leave that alone! '1-'ll'"t il'l-.,.
sixteen. A)!: OF.!- IIF:Il'l- 'tou'l- ll.lf~aJo "'"'" J'.lf'IA
hn..,. (Ill- .,.{If (be) left alone ilil'm-"t 4'G
5. hii4'G. Leave some cake for me! '1-"til h. I was left alone as before."h"tY. O.C.1> ilil'\lo"t
h hii4'CA'"'i 4'<:11-
A long bout of illness left him weak and (be) left back
without money. f ~=rrr "LtL ;,...,..,... ~I] *He was left back in the third grade. ,ll.,.'i' h
"7'i' F:">i hF:C1 hii4'GaJo 'i!A y,~ou
6. llm. This job does not leave me much
leisure. ,.e.u JP&. ,-,,.. TC~j:. "l..rt. 11.~ leave behind .-,..-f ~
llm'"'i9" We had to leave our trunk behind. "''l''i'l-"t"t
1. aJ"'.
He left the room secretly. hll'i!ll- 1f. +n ou'tF: "'F: .r~il"t
All illl- aJ"' leave lyina around h11~h~h
He left school before graduating. ltf.ou.::,. h Don't leave your books lying around! OOl\'.hC::Y.
'1-f"uc'l- n.'l- "'"~ U") h:1'11GhCh
leave
leave off +m
Please leave off biting your nails! IJ''i:CU'l oo
-11'1-l- .,...,.
leave on h.ofiC..Y. TID
Someone left the lights on. 1\').!1. ""-fl<l--I>'J
1\-lleof -l-1'-;NI.
leave out
!. Tal. When you copy it, do not leave
anything out. l\'.Jt.f.') 11-l-11\-11'1' M?"
~1e h-1-T..,.
2. 11.4.. He left out two letters when he
wrote the name. lloo-1 1\.K"'i! v-1\."f- ~S?.fr>
'f ' 11.4.
leave out of h - - - aJoll1' 1\il+t:.
He always fights, so we left him out of the
game. II-A1.H. J.'.'II'IA ! 111\li.U h""'I';J-
..,. IJJo!I'J' ' 1\llof>t:~IJJo
(be) left out
!. .,.~'I'll- h'J.<l.of>e Tf.t:1. The children were
left out of the group of students that was to go
to Harar. A;(:r; mr. .ht:e h"''.~f.IJJo f
T"76!P'f 'if.- T~'l'I\IJJo h'J-'1.4>~ Tf.
t:1
2. 1-f.l\. The hiatus in the old manuscript
shows that something has been left out.
q.:;;e..,. fh~ ~~'"'""' ..,.n... nn.:..,.
h<i:-1- P:J- 1\')f.- ~1e .,...,..f./1-') filYA
(be) left over Tt:4.
Nothing was left over after he finished eating.
fiA-1' toll-"' fl:\'1 M?" hATt:4.11Jo?"
~fie
(be) left to oneself f"''...,"'me fA?"
+The students were left to themselves during
the holidays. fl~t:'i:-1> 1.11. T"76!P'f'J
f"''. ..."'me fA?" ~fie
*He wants to be left to himself. (lllJo h'J-'1
f.f.ellfl-1- f.4.A;JA
[See also 'breathless, disorder, exhausted, gulf,
impression, school, unmoved, unsaid, word']
leave (n.)
!. 4.-"' r.-. He has taken three months' leave.
f!Pll-l- me 4.-"'F.- m!I~A
You have my leave to stay away ~rom work
)1 1 hP'&- 1 1\oo.:Jot:.+ r ~Y; (I
tomorrow.
"'"''"""
2. li'J-11-l-. After two years of work, I took a
month's leave. v-1\-l- tt-ou+ hw&o.,. 0:\t\ ~
'I'J r.- me li'J-11-l- m(lt.-11-
leave Of absence h.P'&- I f-:tt:.:r- I I.J" F:
He took a leave of absence for two months.
709 leech
1\o-A-l- me hP'<l- f""'l-t:-1- 4.-"'f.'
m(lf.
leave-taking f""Mqflil' ' 1.11.
During the leave-taking, many tears were shed.
fl""(l~qflil'm- 1.11. -lilt" I'I!P'f T'lof>l'l-
take leave 1-(tfiflT
He took his leave of the company. hli-IJ{lq..,.
Tl'l'a"'fiT
leaven hell"'
The leaven causes the bread- to rise. ~Ci1"tDo 1
'l!lfDo"t f.~4-'I'A
leaves, see leaf
lectern 1\-l-C"Jll
The speaker placed his notes on the lectern.
.,..,_,.-...,. "7!1;1-mlf!P:r;'J 1\-l-C"JI'I- 'If.
1\llof>""m
lecture (v.) -l-?"ue-1- (lm
He lectures on zoology at the university.
flf..~lien.-t:IJJo m-11'1' Ill\ h'Jllil-1- 'I'
<;-l- ' -1-?"ue-r ' f.(l"'A
lecture someone 11PK
The teacher lectured the boys for being lazy.
h!IT"7611Jo T"76!P:r; 111\Mf. 1"'ll'f11Jo
lecture (n.) 'J"I"Ie
It was an interesting lecture. fl"'?" f"''.fllf.
11-l- 'J"I"Ie ~fie
give someone a lecture 11PK
He always gives us a lecture when we are late.
fiH1f'J 'I<Te f.1P'F.<;A
lecturer .,..,_,.-.
The audience hung on the Jips of the lecturer.
1\'1"7""',; .,..,_,.-...,.-, fiT""lllfl 1\'l.,..m--l-
led, see lead
ledge (f)1f.A 1\4-<;:
The mountain climber obtained a precarious
position on a narrow ledge. +&.-&.- m"'-
of>.,_.., 1f.A 1\4-'i' 'If. hf.1'i' o-~;1- 'I
f. f.1'f ~fie
Iedger oP"JI1-II
He wrote the debts in a ledger. fAfi-1') M
11-11- ' 11""111-11 ' aJoli'J"' ' 1\1'14-t:
leech 1\A'I--l-
On the river banks of our country, there are
many leeches. q1&-':f1- 1 m.,.11 .asc ofllt'
1\A'I--l- ' hi\
 leer
leer "Jt;oooo
He stands on the comer and leers at the pretty
girls passing by. '1"'1 .J'I" m-il 1:\"JfU.P..
:Y. {lJI:\4- f.U.9"9" tRC
(be) leery of Tm&.mt:
I am leery of anyone who promises me a
prize without doing any work. 9""19" ltt>.
w&. ilt>."'''l- f.{l-rVI>. 1111- ?A f
"''.~qt>.'S"J o-11- l.m&.m&-1\IJo
lees AT'\
Don't drink the lees of this beer! fii.U"J m'l
AT'I A'l-m"'
leeway
I. h'i''l- P:l'. There is little leeway between
the table and the wall. Rmt:A.~m-<; R"'~JI
..... DDOhl:\ '1-"Jil ' h'i''l- ' P:l' ' All
2. ""L<;L"'. His instructions left him little lee
way in the negotiations. f(tmm- oor6Y a 0
"J"'"'C 1\f. 9""19" DDL<;L"' At>.(lmm-9"
left, see leave
left (n.) "1&.
You sit on the right, and I will sit on the left.
A"JT R4>'S _,..,..,..'!" 7.~ R"'&. 7.4>00"11\o-
at the left of R - - - RIIT"'&.
We had seats at the left of the stage. R""J:'t:h-
Rll_,..,&. T4>9"m"J tRC
left (adj.) (f)"'&.
Take the other bag in your left hand! Y"'m-"J
Pelt R"'&. 1.~0 J"/1
left (adv.) tDY. "1&.
Tum left at the next corner! not.+TillD- oo
mruv mY.. 1&- ;.t-mt;:
[See also 'hand']
left-hand, adj. ( ~ adv.) mY. "1&.
Before you reach the hill, you make a left-
hand tum. 7.1tt:il:f'm- boo.J:-t:IIU Rol-'1-
mY. "1&. Tm9"H11
on the left-hand side Ol'l+""'&o
His house is on the left-hand side of the street.
IL-Io f"''.~'fm- R.,."J~-'1- Rll_,..,&. tm-
left-handed
I. "1&-'S. Left-handed people have a difficult
time learning to write. "1&-'S (l,.:y. ll'iful.'l-
fl."''""1
:f"'c Allq'fm-
2. ( ~ adv.) bA"J~'l- R'lf.. He made me a
left-handed compliment. bA"J~'l- R'lf. Aoo
Mt'S
710 legal
leftist f"'&. h"J'i'
All the leftist parties voted for him. f"'&. b"J
4- 0 f;>"ll-f:l) 0 {1-J:''f:Y. I IJo/1" 0 1\{l- 0 J:'f"/J 0 (1m-
leftOVer '1-&.ol.
The servant ate the leftover meat. A'lib~ 1
'1-&.o~.m-") I":> I R'l
leftovers fT.:.!. 9""111
The housewife eked out a dinner of leftovers
by adding rice. fiL:t 7,ooiL'l- RTt:Lm-
9""111 1\f. ~11 I .... ,..&. 117.&.'1- I Ail:l':l'
:y...,.
leg 7."1C
I have a pain in my right leg. 4>'S 7."1<'-")
Y"""'i>.
The stool has three legs. RC"""''"'" 1 1"11'1- 1
7."1C I Allm-
we are on the last leg of our trip. Y.tJ ' f.,.,,
'J'":f") I . . . Q;I,_,:lf I tm-
be on one's (its) last legs hiiJIIJi;
He was on his last legs when we saw him. h~ 1
ll<;fm- Y"''I"C tRC
*Our car is on its last legs. ooh,'ll-'l J h'l.t:
_.,..,.11 4>C;I::I'I>.
not have a leg to stand on r"')fD OdlPl,.-,.. r
fll ....,.
He claims he deserves the scholarship, but his
claim does not have a leg to stand on. lllt'IClf.
'J' 0 f.~q"{l:\ I ill\" I mf."-'1:\ I "!") 0 'J"f.,
~ I ~IJD ; ODIPt'-,:,.0 I f/l~fD
pull (someone's) leg Ai>'.I.(R'l-) l A:l-1111
He told me I had won the prize, but he was
only pulling my leg. iiA"''-to Y.c(IVI>. 11
II- t~.:'S l ..,., ilJl\'<;:il'S I tRC
He loves to kid people, so be careful that he
doesn't pull your leg. Rllm- oo4>11J:' 1111"'1.
m.J:- 7."JJIY:I'AAU 1 Tm"J4>:,0
stretch one's legs ~"'1?.~ h.ti:.:t".:t"
He got up during the intermission to stretch
his legs. Rbt:'i'., '1.11. 7."1~") 1 1\"'''i':l':l'
'1- .,.)..,
legacy :,Ocll
He left a large legacy to his son. II A:( 1111-
:,Ocll t.m-c(l'l- .,..,.
*Our legacy of freedom was bequeathed to us
by our warrior fathers. tllt:I':Y."J"J Y.Jf.l>.")
ACR'I''Jl Aq1'JI':f"J 1 <;'J'm-
legal
I. ih"' 1 fTbTII. That's perfectly legal. t~""
ih"' fTbTII tm-
legality
2. f.ft"l. My legal advisor is away on business.
f.ft"l l'o"71J611. OP'&. "1-"'J'. ID!l. tD-'1!'
't.I;..A
legal procedures fi'h."1 ~"' P"C'I-+
The committee used unfair legal procedures.
!l.C"I- -Mil qAIT) ' f .ft"l P') P'C't'l-
-t-m+oo
legal proceedings hrt
They instituted legal proceedings against him.
O(l- ' 'If. ' h11 ' t.+~fl-0'1-
legality .ft:>'I!H
We discussed the legality of the case. 1111 "1-"1
f. ' .ft:>'f!)'f- ' 1');>1C'I
legalize .ft:>'l! l'o!l.~1
Some states in the United States have legalized
gambling. Ol'o"'I.&IJ tD-11'1' l'o"J"'")~ .,~.,.
":f _,..,C'I .ft:>'l! l'o~C1'1'A
legation ll:>fi.I'""J
The French legation has many buildings.
f.!..~"J'IJ'. ' ll:>fl.f"") ' illf" ' .ft")l\jP":f ' l'oll-'1-
legend
I. h.!. :t-6h. There is a legend that a snake
once ruled in Ethiopia. h.'l-1'-kJ'"J l'o"J~ H
"JI'- .('.1~'1- )0C f"tA h.!. ;t-&h hi\
2. ,..,.'i'. Read the legend on the dollar bill!
Oil-1- ' 'If. ' J'l\t&") ' ........'i' ' l'o"Jilil
3. 00"11\"'i. He couldo't decipher the legend
of this picture. fllU"t JPIJA OD"ll\1 'r
") '-"J!l.IT) 11"7<D;r> t.A!I'II'J"
legendary ll'i"J J'-1-U.
His deeds were legendary. f(l- ~C1..1'":f
ll<n ' J'-1-~.f. ' )0<-
Robin Hood is a legendary person. l!'fl1" o.
~ h.!. ;1-&h f"7.)1CII'I- (It& )t&
(be) legible MOIJA
His handwriting is legible. f'-~ l\".ft.!..., J'.)
oqA
legion h'i'll tnC
The army of ancient Rome consisted of several
legions. f'I'"J;t-'1! ~'/" tnC 1'1&.'1!'1- illf"
h'i'll tn~":f .('.11'0'1- )OC
be legion 41:-rC llct:C f/UD'/"
The numher of sinners is legion. f;)m.l'o-1-'l'":f
il~'l- _,.'I'C 1l'i'C flit&'/"
legislate
I. .ft"l hiD"'. Parliament legislates for Ethiopia.
'l"hC ' 0._, 1\h.'l-\'"kJ' .ft"l ' J'ID"'A
711 legitimate
2. .ft"l l'o111''111.!... The lawmakers were asked
to legislate against prostitution. itt.., 1\m-Q;t,
jP'fi ' 1\1'"' ' h"'6)'f-") ' f"t:J>ID'/" ' .ft"l
'-VU'111''1A.f. -1-mf.+t& )OC
legislation
1. c'h""". There was not much legislation passed
this year. 011.11 'too'!- illf" .ft"l hAID"l'l"
2. .ft"l "7tD-"''I-. Parliament is responsible for
legislation. 'l"hC 0.., .ft"l f"7tD-"''I- ..,...
,f.)'f- l'ol\0'1-
legislative f.ft"l
Legislative reforms are needed to end corrup-
tion. fqll P'A"'o:"":f"J 'l"""q~ ll11)'f- 11"74'
'/" f.ft"l oulflfA J'11.!..A:>A
legislative body ih"'J hm-aa. hlf:A
The legislative body makes the laws for the
country . .ft"l htD-Q;l,.tD- h'i'A 11016;1:
.nH'"J J'.S'.)"I:>A
legislative decree J!-1'..?1.
The Emperor rules by legislative decree when
parliament is not in session. 9'"hC 1 0.-1: 1 Oil
iJ(lq ' 'If. ' 0"7f.1'10'1- ' 1..fl, ' ")"!-"' ' )1P'
_, 0~");>1. J'111'"1~6-A
legislative powers ih"'l fii'Jm-IIJ."f- 1 ~IAIIJ1'
The Senate has legislative powers. ih""l 1 oum{l
"'"'" .ft"l f"7t&"''l- P'A"'"J hilt&
legislator .ft"l /'otD-m
The legislators must draft and submit bills.
;,., t.t&..._,.":f ;,., t.c:r-+"'" .,;r.~"'
hi\IJ'I't&
legislature f.ft"l l'otD-m h'i'A
The Senate and the House of Representatives
form the legislatUre. ih"'l I oPtD{I'ifi.lJ'"Ci I ODfP
6ft& ' 'l"hC 0.-l'":f f.ft"l /'ot&Q;l,. h'i'
A ' <;'ft&
legitimate
1. ih..?'f!. His claim to the throne was not
legitimate. 11"4-l'- f.1q"'A "711., .ft:>
'I! hAHI~'I"
2. .ft:>'l! OD"J1~ f-1-h-1'11. His livelihood
is not a legitimate one. oo.,...-;~~~m- 1 ih..?'f! 1
.,..,1~ ' f-1-h-1'11 ' hf.S'.II'I"
3. 1'11l. The government used tax money for
legitimate purposes. oo-,.,,.,., f-1'1\0I'IOOJ<"J
"liiC IIT11l "l.JI\'"":f h'l'llt&
4. h.ft:>'l! :>il!l' f-1'11. A legitimate child
will inherit his parents' property. h.ft:>'l!
;Jii!J' f-1'11 A~ f<DII,l'.:'ll"J ")il~'f- .('.<DC
'lA
leisure 712 length

5. not. Sickness is a legitimate reason for lend oneself {itself) to

a child's being absent from school. ihOD,. 1 ll 1. 1'1. Don't lend yourself to such dishonest
A"/': h.r!l"uc:,. IL:,. {IOD:j>(.y 0-1: !l"h plans! l\'Jf.H.U 'Ill l\9"~.,. 11.11 l\
"Jy:,. ~tJJo :tY: tJJoll'l' h-r"'fl
*If all the crops are poor, a legitimate 2. Mll1ll. This tool lends itself to many
conclusion is that the soil is poor. (loflfl- 1 n.,... UseS. ~IJ I ODUf6,.f I flofllt' I "J"ol-9'" I ,.f~Jfl.
/r I ,.f)o(l I hiJ'\' I OD~..J: I OD"]"C:, I )',.,.. : {1."7 "'ilA
ll:,. 1-i"'IA *The pronouns lend themselves to ambiguity,
so try to use nouns instead . .,..m-1\m ilf"l- :
leisure (n.) .rc'i! 1.11. hlf"''. llll"''.ll'). O!l".riJ'ftJJo 11!1" h"'fl
This job does not leave me much leisure. [See also 'hand']
y.u Ft.. !I"'J!I" -rc"' 1.11. hf.l'lm'S!I"
leisure time TC~ "l.H. length
I can do it in my leisure time. n-rc~ I ...." . . . . 1. c:uoo.r. Let's measure the length of the
Au>t..tJJo l\:filllll- room! fh'i!II-'J C11"":,. l\'JliiJ
at one's leisure 1\.0D'ftJJo 2. oocn!l". The length of a speech is no assur-
Take this book and read it at your leisure! ance that it will be good. f'J"'"'-1- ODCH!I"
f.U'J ""ltdt'i! mllf.U {l.oo:fu h'J110<D- '!"1- ' {IDPII'). ' "'/l.?1""1 ' hJ'.li''J9"
3. h'JY: 'lf.~:,. C11"'1~ YlltJJo. I bought
be at leisure F~ L;fw
three lengths of pipe. 1"11:,. h'JY: 'lf.~:,. C
Call on him only when he is at leisure! P'&c 1 1\.
11"'1~ Yil'l'm- !l9"!ll"lf- 1~11-
4.:1" 11i" m1-4'<D-
*The length of a visit to a sick person should
leisurely (adj.) be only a few minutes. 01i.,.lf'J floomf:t h
1. f"'' J'.lllf.'i!. A leisurely person cannot be '1'-1::,. 1.-1:-"'l"lf- MY. oof-r hYIIt.A
made to do things quickly. f"''Y-"11.'1'7 1'1 "'!I"
tJJo h"JY: ~1c o:flt-11 l\"J'I."'t.. ll"'' length of time 't.R
Y:~"' hY.i"A!I" What is the length of time needed to do this
2. ( ~ adv.) 0~:> oo'Jt.ll. I had a leisurely job? f.U'J Ft.. ll"''h<;m"J f"''.YIIt.A1<D-
conversation with my friend. h=i~~,_ ,."JC 1 n 't.fL I ,..,. t ,.ftJA I }at- ?
~;J ' OD'Jt.ll ' .,.""l<D,.'J at full lensth .,.HI!"
leisurely (adv.) OC:>;J- He lay at full length on the bed . .,.nr: hA:>
He was working leisurely at the task of folding
papers. f<D~4'-r "''m'i!'J Ft.. OC;>;J- Yh..l'
"" ' .,.,.,
at lensth O(l.Lm-
'/.Y: ~oc He spoke at length on the border problem.
llll m{l). MY. OI'I.I.<D- _,.<;1~
lemonll-"7.
Lemons are sour. tr-ot. 1 lt9'"1lJilJ t )om- go to any length
*He will go to any length to get what he wants.
lemonade 11-"'1.<;:,. f"''.YIIt.A1<D-'J ll"''"'"f:,. f"''Yf.C1<D-
Lemonade is a satisfying beverage. fra67..'iT 1 ~1C fll!l"
fOJ.J'~l} I ODffi"]" I }IIJo
in length
*The government report was 300 pages in
lend (lent) length. fOD'J"'F.,. t..rc-r 11~:,. 1"11:,.
1. (money) hOf.~. Can you lend me a dollar? ..,...,. I ?Jt I )one
h'JY: 11C A;J-OY:~'S .r:filliU l
2. (objects) h'l'l'l. Lend me your book! keep one at arm's length hi\4'C1l h.i\ID-
ODltdt'i!U'J h<D-(l'S She kept me at arm's length though I met her
3. l'lm. The flowers lend brightness to the every day. !1"79" l\'Jl>.'J Of4'). '11'f-r
room. hOil:f llh'i!ll- Y:!/"4':,. 1-1'1"111- 9" hii4'C11 hlllf-'1
Lend us your support in our fight for judicial of some length ofllt' ; "LtL
reform! ll.h"' oolflf A ll!l"<;f.C1tJJo :,..., He made a stay of some length in Rome.
A Y: :>'i'U'J llm'J r:!l" <D-11'1' 1111- ' "Lit. 4'1-:tA
lengthen 713 less

stretch full length 1-Ht':t': lese majesty h-11~') "7:1'11/A

He stretched full length on the bed. t..A;>ID- In Japan, printing pamphlets belittling the
'If. ' 1-Ht':t': Emperor is lese majesty. O)i';r'J ID-11'1' ')
,.,. 0 ~1P'1>') ' f"''.f')\o,llll 0 OOK'do,..,. 0 "7
lengthen (vt.) t..t':H"" ID-"1..,. h-11~') "7:1'11/A ' ~fDo
The tailor lengthened the trousers. A-fill 1'1.1.
(1)- I (t-~1&1' I J\t!,HODID< lesion <IIllA
The lesion became infected because of the dirt.
lengthen (vi.) t':HOO
<111111- h4'lflftD- f-1'~"1 1-oo>t':H
In March, the days begin to lengthen. non:>ll
:,. <DC .,..,..-,. l\f t':H... on'tY: f.Y.,'l" &-II- less (adj.)
1. J'Ht. I have less money than he has.
lengthwise ""'"""" hcil- nil nn-o t..ii'S
Cut the material lengthwise! ""C<II'J noo 2. h.tnC fil. We will get home in less time
1J I .,...t!,tnaJo if we fly. OhtD-I!'T'I') h'tY:'J hmC q{l
'1.11. 1.11.:,. 1.'J"-Cllii'J
lengthy t!7{.'1"
The lengthy speech that he gave was boring. less (adv.)
f"-t':11D" t!1{.'1" .,.,.,c filil':f- ~nc 1. !HI. I work less in the rainy season.
n11'i'1l m&-:,. nil 7.w&-llr~-
lenience "'"'~.-,. 2. :,.nl. I do less because I get no reward.
Lenience promotes disobedience. AA ~.-,.. h. 'I':> lli1"7'11'Sn:,. :,.-,11 1.w&-ilrJo
(lon:J"H11') fllh.-,.'1/A
less (prep.)
*He. spent a year less two days in Ethiopia.
lenient"'"'
You're too lenient with him. ilil- OIIJ9'" lA h...,.f"kf ' ID-11'1' il't""..,. ' 11-il..,. .,."! .
A lf~llil:l"A f.,.t':fDo '1.11. t..llil.l.
lenient attitude IAA ~..-,.. *Five less two equals three. tt~lt+ = o-i\+
(L.,.~ll ' 11'11..,. ,..,.&-"'
His lenient attitude encourages the children
to be disrespectful. f"7JilffDo "'"' ~:,. A ]f. be less h. HI.
:r; qfl'l. 1.')-'l.lf). 1"-C:>:f'l't:. Tom is less clever than his brother. -f~ 011
"'"~..,. hm'JY:... n"-"'
lens ti.'Jll
do something less +HI
The lens of this camera is broken. rtt.tJ c:
You must drink less if you want to stay healthy.
+"1&-'i' "7')lf {1,')(1- 1-1'111~/A
Ill.)~ I tJ')tJ I i\OD.,.f..,. I hLi\""JU I ODffi"f" J

I ent, see I end """'~II hil-1111

Eat less, and you will get thin! '1""111 ' 11.-,..,.'}
Lent frJoJ!1. 1<'1" II ' .-,..,.'l''i'illl
When does Lent end? frNI1. 1<'1" on'li f
have less ( ~ intr.) .,.II/A Ail
A:I'A?
+J am having less difficulty with my work
lentil 'I"IIC than I used to. OP' &-\1. hY:I!' f.t.:,O h
Add some lentils to the soup! lfCqtD- tD-11 !Jo') f"'Lf ;J'I'UD'S ':f-"IC .,.iliA ' f.'IA
"' 'I"IIC ""'l"cn:,. in less than h - - l))(l 1 1..11. ; m-{1-r

In less than an hour, we will be home. tt'l.e'

leopard ~11C il't:,. q)/1 '1.11. ID-11'1' ' n.:,. 1.'JJ'.Cllii'J
The leopard lives in the jungle. Hie f"7.'f t':
iD'" I ll.IJ.C I ~liJo no less (than) h - - f'l~il
He won no less than five hundred dollars.
leper 4'"7"1 OlD-Y:~ >t'l"ll:,. oo+ 11C f'l~il
Lepers stay in a place by themselves. 4'"7 l"':f- h11
il11il':ffDo 01-ilf ' (l:J" f.'l' &oil- no less a person than
leprosy <ll'l"'l''i' *No less a person than the President came to
He caught leprosy in his youth. <ll'l"'l''i' nt.;t' see him. T &.IVI'J-1>') f"''.fiJA (ltD- il.tnf..,.
Q)o:ODfl)
~1> fHID-
 Jessee
still less
*He is not guilty of theft, still less of robbery
by violence. 7.1'\\"t f<l"''/'tH fl\.ofU-1-9"
m"t)';A t.Ad.KOD9"
the less the better
*The less you worry about it, the better it
will be. 1111' q.]-og,):,OR-1- f-t-lf/1 J'.tr'iA
[See also 'more, much, nothing']
lessee 1-h&-J'.
The lessee must keep the house in repair.
1-h&-1' !1.-l>"t "'IS'.Il t.II0-1-
Jessen (vt.)
1. 4'HI. In summer they lessen the working
hours. RR:><D- fF&- ll'H'-:f"t J'.4'"tilll-
2. h,?ll.ll. Don't lessen his service to the
state! 11?&-1> fS'.t.?<D-"t MA"'k>-1- t.
:J":l'A
lessen (vi.) +llA hi\
The rain lessened. ll'ifl- 4'/IA t./1
Jesser Mll-1-'i'
He chose the lesser evil and remained in exile
rather than return and go to jail. h.)il..,.;;:'m-1 '
Odb,&. I fioPSJ'"~~ I }11.;.. I +ouA,(I I l;.{lC
+ ' h"'l.?q ' -J-(11>. ' 4'1.
lesson
l. +rue+. Translate lesson eleven for next
time! 1\D?.+Ti\m- s "'.tL OF6- 1 n,.,.e.;;:-m-"}
9"UC-1- 1'C1'9"
The crash taught him a lesson . ..,..,..orb -1-?'"tJ
c+ tr)w-
2. h'i!A. My next lesson is at three o'clock.
f"'l.4''l'II<D- h<;:ll. RHm't l'l't-1- ~..,.
give lessons ftl'l+"'l~
She gives Amharic lessons. t."'IC'i' :J-111'9"&-
ll:f
[See also 'review']
lessor t.h&-J'.
Both lessor and lessee must sign the agreement.
t.h&-1'9" ' 1-h&-1'9" <D-/1-"t ' 00.1.,(.9" ' t.
M'l'w-
lest l'."t~ + (negative imperfect)
He hid lest he be discovered. l'."t'!J'.1't 1111-
-t-~n.,
we watched all night lest the bandits should
return. 1i<i*'ll f-1-oP/II'l- l'."tS'.If) R"'l/1-1-
11.11.-l>"t oo-{1- ll"tm-tJ:,O t.S'.C"t
714 let
let (vt.)
1. t.h&-f. The hotel lets rooms by the week.
lf-1:11- Ril9""t-l- do..il11 h'i'II-:Y. fh&-fA
2. .1.4'S'.. Her father will not let her go to the
party. t,q;t w~ :rc-tw- l'."t~-1-~~ t.
J'..t.:,O~II-1-9"
3. t.ll-stem. He wouldn't let me do it.
t.l\ .....&-9" t.ll't
let (vi.) 1-h&-f
The house lets for $80 a month. !1.-1> owe 1'1
"'l"tf -tiC J'.h&-fA
let, jussive
Let's start at once! t.v-'1-'1- l'."t)';I"'C
let alone
*He could not even understand Amharic, let
alone speak it. t."'IC'i' OD'i1C 4'C1' oo{l
"'1-1-1"' t.J'.:fAI"'
*It would have been a hot day for summer,
let alone for spring. 7.1'\\"t IIKS'.J'. J>.:,Oc<; II
R:> 7.1'\\"t '1":1'-1- 4'1' J'.lf"t )OC
let (someone, something) alone
1. ;1'1rP. Can't you let me alone for five
minutes? 119"11-1- ~<1::1' A-1-:J"?"''t -1-:Y.II/111?
2. l'."t'!/1 -t-m. If you approve of the plan,
I fl. let it alone. Rl\:,0-'1. h-1-ll"'I"'IIJ l'."t'!/1 1'
aJ<D-
Iet by t.illld.
Let him by since he is in a hurry to catch the
bus. t.w-1'-fl-l'l-"t ll""il.t.C 11/l"'l.'l'ltA t.
+ ilA.t.w-
let down (vt.)
1. t.wt.S'.. The baby is not comfortable; let
him down from your shoulder. ih'). hA+oo
'I'<D-9" l h-1-hlfll 1\J'. t.w-CS'.<D-
2. H:>. Please let down the blinds! "":>t.Yfw-"t
li:><D-
3. t.il.t.t.. I was counting on him to help me,
but he let me down. J'.t.'!'i'A -tilL 1'"'19""SR
-1- )OC I "'"t t.il.t.~'t
let down (vi.) :fll t./1
He is beginning to let down in his work.
1"&-<D-"t :Y.II "'111-1- )';9"Z:A
let have
1. l'lm. Please let me have the menu! f9""1fl-
"t liCliC 11-1-l'lm't
2. t.OS'.t.. Can you let me have five dollars?
t-9"11-1- -tiC A:J"O~~'t -1-:fii/IU 1
let (him) have it 01'\(l)o
If he insults you once more, let him have it.
~"1'1" l'."IS'.II.U hi'IS'.OU 11/I<D-
letdown
let In Ah1Q
Don't Jet anybody in! .,'t't?" A;J-h1Q
let (oneself) In for ~C m-t.T "JQ
He did not know what he was letting himself
in for when he took the job. I" 6-ID"'t 1'1.'1'0
lA M 'lf.H l--Ie m-h'l' >.'t.I'."'I.1Q
A'lm+ID"?"
let (one) In on Al!ol.ll
We Jet them in on the secret. ?"htn.-1-'t Al!oi.IA
""'""
let into h.ll1Q
The maid let us into the house. 1t:.O:.-I> MI.+
M1Q:f't
let off
I. Amt:.l'.. I asked the driver to let me off at
the comer. )')(m- hoP;J-mA.fm- s 1\..t'- ~ lt7"
ume.I'.'S ' mf:,Ov-+
2. Am"!. This machine Jets off a Jot of steam.
f.U oohS -1111- >.'tof.ll-'1- fm"'IA
3. 114'4'. The judge Jet him off with a warning.
'1::'111" .,hm't+4!f 1\'1'-1' 114'4'111"
4. Al\.,01'. The manager Jet the clerks off at
noon. JP~ oo&m- +:,.Oc 1\,e ~dut.~
,;'t Al\..01'
let on .,..,1.:
Don't Jet on that you see him! >.11-'t .,f'I-U
't A'l-..1e
let out
I. 114'+. At night we let the cat out . .,,..
. , , . . I J':OO:J;'t ' ).'tii-"':J"II't
The woman let out a scream when she was
beaten. ol.'l-1"'1' h'l-.1'.0.1'.-11 =1i;t't 114'+1-
Let the water out of the bathtub! ill"~fD-'t h
11\ OD:f"mflflD- DJoiiT A++m-
2. Am"'. He Jets out every secret you tell him.
n1ehm-'t ?"hm.e 11-ir fm"'IA
3. Ahm"'. We opened the windows to Jet out
the foul air. f1'0'1lfm-'t Me ll.,hm"''l-
oont>~ hol.'l-'t
4. Al\of.. The tailor Jet out my coat because
I got fatter. hllmol.eh- IA-IIh 1\d.m- 1>-l:'t
Mof.IA'S
(be) let out m"'
Owing to a shortage of teachers, school will be
let out early. Ooof"U&-'t >.Tt:+ f1't"'
.,_.,69'1- h'I-9"Ue'l- 0.'1- 4'.1'.9" -llllfD-
f.m"'ir
let through Ailllol.
The police wouldn't let us through. 7'11.11-
A'lil/A'i' ' All't
715 letter
let up
I. Ot:Y: All. The storm has let up. 'tm-11-
tof.fl. Ot:Y: -fl!liA
2. ;Jofl Jr.. A. Will the rain ever let up? oo:t;
f.IT't ' 11.. 11- ' ;>-II f"'l.llill"?
3. 1'm. They refused to Jet up in the fight. Y:-11
Y:ll-'t A't1'fD-?" -1111m- >.?"0. Air
[See also the various nouns and verbs combined
with 'let', such as 'air, do, pass']
letdown 11:,. .,11+
The letdown in sales caused the closing of
several stores. f7if.,_. 11:,. .,11+ -1111-9'1-
00.1'.-fll!':f ' ).'t,ll,H'I- ' A.l'.t:1
be a letdown (in, to}
1. T'l1i +n+n. There is a letdown in business
this month.OILU me 't"IY: 'l-'t1i +11:,0
!f./A
2. :,O&,;t- Ail.l'.t:(o+). The match was a Jet-
down to the spectators. "l'l'"'i.ffD- 1'0D/AIJ
,;'t ' :,O&,;t- ' Ail.l'.t:Q'flll"
lethal 11.1Y:IA f"'l.:fiA
A sharp fork can be a lethal weapon. hll:f'?"
a:IJ 11.1Y:IA f"'l.:fiA OO"f6f ~,.
lethargic, - condition IA'I'il'l'h~+
His lethargic condition is due to ill health.
IA'i'h'i'hH" Om.'tti> oo-"'mh ?"ll'tf'l- tm-
produce a letharsic condition hAL(lL(I
A hot, humid day produces a lethargic condi-
tion. '1"-"''1- >.eT-11 +'t fiAol.l\'i'iliA
lethargy oufAol.hol.h
The child's lethargy is the result of prolonged
illness. fiA)I: OO/Aol.hol.h 1 ht:;t'?" 1 1.11. ih
oPIJ"' f , .... .,..,I 'j(l)o
letter
1. "-ii.'Hl.. Are there any letters for me?
.1'.0'10.9'1- Air~ !
2. d..I'.IA. The word has five letters. -"'ir A?"h
+ ' d..l'.ll-1- ' Air+
*The judge enforced the letter of the Jaw.
'1::'111" ih1-'t >.'t.l'.1'llol.fD- P'&-O.f"
letters JP'i X'",n.fi:;
The dean of the college is a man of letters.
fl>/1.)1: ' .O:.'t fp>t ~~'"""' ' ... ,. ' ""'""
to the letter :J-A O:I"A
He follows the rules to the letter. ih'l-'t -"'"'
0-"'IA f.h1''1A
[See also 'capital letter, circular, dead, recom-
mendation']
 letter box
letter box f?'il;f' "''m&-4"''1..1' l ;rll;f'
"f'l'"t
The letter box is painted red. f?'il;f't- "''m
&-4'"'/J (;r!l;f't- ' "f'l'"t) ' .,,. ' "'"'" .,.
4'-II;I:A
letterhead hC"''
Do you have paper with the letterhead of the
Ministry of Education? f'l-9"11C'l- "ttii-I;C
hC"'' .1'1111'1- mt:<f'+ hlllll
lettuce M"'
letup, be a - 4'114'11 hll
There was a brief letup in their work. .F6-:f
,. 1\-...c "LtL ~ +11+11 f 11A- ; ~oc
without a letup J'/1.4-;J-
1 have been working ten hours without a letup.
OJPC 11'1'1- .,...11- .1'11<1-;f' 7,w&- )fiC
levee .,J:-11
There are levees in many places along this river.
nrw m"t11 .o:c fl111t- fl;f' 'If. .,~fl:f
hlr
level (v.)
1. hil1">thll. Death levels us all. '1"'1- """
:f"t"t9" .l'il1">th'IA
2. S'.fiJ'.11(1"S'.AJ'.II). The ground has to be level-
ed. """--!: oof.AS'.A hllfl'l-
3. hmf.ou. The artillery fire leveled the town.
foP~4- 1-lt'il h1""'1t-"t hmf.oum-
4. nS'.II. The storm leveled the tree. 'lm-11- )
<1-il ~4-"t 1)S'.IIm-
5. "'t:m. They leveled the trees to make way
for the new highway. 'l'lll- hm-&- 'l-'1
<; 11.11- ~t::'li"t "'t:tp.'fw-
6. 1UH~. He leveled his criticism at the nation
as a whole. '1-:f-t:"t nm:,OI\1\t- fl.lt111t 'I
f. MHt:
level off (vt.) S'.IIS'.II
The machine levels off the mountaintops so
that houses may be built. CL+ f.rP&-ll:ft& '
H"t~ oPh.<;t- f1"&-&-9':f"t ""l'i' f.S'.
II~'IA
level off (vi.) fi006.'1- ' hi;>,)' ' n.:.:
Airplanes level off just before landing. ht-I!'T
11-r:f h"''.:<~.'fw- no~.+ fl"""-'~- M\.1'
f.fi&-11-
[See also 'accusation']
level (n.)
I. ~~)f. There are five salary levels in our
716 lever
office. flOOJPt..l' rt.;f':f"t h9"il'l- fS'.'I"
11 S'.t:7/:9':f hlr
The civilization of mankind has taken thousands
of years to reach its present level. flit- A"!':
P'A"'~ ' h(lo"t ' >tllfl'l- S'.t:7/: IIOD~t!il-11
It- o l(, o '\OD;f'.'l- L"1':;1:A
There will be a conference at the ministerial
level. fl"ttil'l-l!':f S'..:YI: '1-qh. f.S'.t::>A
2. t:::,O. You can buy tea or coffee on the
upper level. h'lf.'1t- t:::,O 'If. ll"f. mf.
9" It<; A'l-1~ '1-:f-1\1111
3. oPm1'. The raid only escalates the level of
violence. aJl&.t- = fmlt-1' r oPnt"} ,.t'Q-fl(l~A
*The boy reached a high level of intelligence.
Ait 0"19" 11All maJm-
be on a level .,..oP"Jm~
His work is on a level with the best. ~&.om- 1
9"CT ' hiY)-'1- ' 119':f ' ,;JC ' f"tOD"Jm"t ' )tD-
rise to a level htj: 1 h.A
The flood rose to a level of fifty feet. fm-~w-
tJOoi\T I h.?"ft I Mi"'l I h'i! I h./\
level (adj.)
1. _e.A..';I&, We built our house on level ground.
fl.;f':f"t"t fiS'.A'I'I fl;f' 'If. w&-"t
2. 114>.,..'1- '1-hhA. The bookcase is level with
the table. fOOltdt'i' ""'-CY.t..l'm- hmt:A.~
t- ,;JC fl4>ou'l- '1-hhA )t-
3 . .I'A1"11'1'mm. He spoke in a calm and level
tone. t:.:> q11<; qA1"11'1'mm ~9"6 1"<;1t:
be level 1"il1">thll
The ground was bumpy, but now it is leveL
"""--!: hqaJ 7-q"' )fiC l h(lo"t 1"il1">th~A
*The water rose until it was level with the bank.
m"tlt- 7-ilh h'i' S'-14- 'I"A:t:A
do (one's) level best f.,..!f=At-"} 1 h._e.l.1
He did his level best to stop the riot. t:1ll\"t-"t
II"''.J'/" f1"il'llm-"t hS'.t:1
make level hil1">thll
Make this pile of sand level with the other!
f.ll"t fhlf'l' 4>AA hi\.1\ID- :>C hil
1->thllt-
[See also 'ground']
level-headed f"''f.lfflc
He is a level-headed person even in the worst
situations. h..,..l\-9'" 1 fh<f. 1..11. (LoPIIJ 1t.
"tl>."t f"''f.lfnc 11m- )m-
lever [hq~ 7..4'9':f"t m!-9" S'."t"U'"t II
OD.f."t<f'A f"tt:'l ' h"tS'. !!:"l':<r .I'll '
t:'i'r!l" f1lt:'l- H"t.,]
levity
levity '1>11m'I-
His levity makes him unfit to be a priest.
'l>11m-t> 11<1:11~'1- -Mil hYY.C1tD-9"
levy (levied), v.
l. dJI\. The government levies a tax on
tobacco. """I"IP"'-1> O'f-9"QIJ' llf, 4'<:'1"
f.'I"IIA
2. O"IY." 1\w;.t-Y.C~'I- OD/IDP/1. The govern-
ment levies troops in time of war. DP'l"'IP'-1: fl
fi'C~'I- ''-'I. lll"":f-"t O"IY." /la>;.I-Y.C~
'f- ' f,OD/1'/"IIA
lexicon 001110 :1'11'1-
We need an English-Amharic lexicon. 1."1"111.
11"'"'" ' h"7C..."t ' h"l'l"l!' ' fYH ' OD1110 '
,.11'1- ' Yiii.A1..-A
liability (liabilities)
I. ..,..,_.,.. h. ...&-. In a partnership, the partners
share all liabilities equally. 01ieh..- "t"IY."
a>-ll'l" 1iCb'l'":f- "'l"t ...a>-9" wm..- h.... &-
1.11-A f.Y.CM'f'I'A
2. ""il..-hA. Poor eyesight is a liability.
Y.tt"'l 'tf."t DPil..-hA ~"'"
3. "111.1.~'1-. The renter of the property has
no liability for the owner's debts. fi11<:1> +
b&-f. ' /IQ/1 ' "111<:-t> ' 6'1 ' "111.1.~'1- ' f/10
'I- 'I"
*He takes special precautions because of his
liability to disease. 04'1111- /1.;.1-0D'I" ll/1"7_
:f-A f-t-llf 'l""t;<l: YY.C;JA
have liability +mYof: IJ'~
Minors have no liability for damages due to
poor judgement. 't'l>ou h-'19" 1 YAf-<:(1. 1 n
l"l- I b+ ...... + ' "19"'1- ' f+~"' ' 0"7_YY.C1-'I- '
1--'1'1- +mY<I: hf.IJ''l-'1"
(be) liable~"~" ouhi.A h/10'1-
You will be liable for any damages. 11"7.Y.Cil
w- ' 1--'l'f- ' IJ... ' DPhi.A ' h/11111
be liable to
I. II + negative imperfect + hf.4'C'I". He is
liable to forget. llf.l:ll hf,4'Cf"
The boxes are liable to fall. "''J"'I''fi llf.WY.-"'
hf.4'~'1"
2. A + imperfect + 11'11. Rioters are liable
to arrest. <:11lf'l''li 11.;.1-ll~ f.l-1111-
conslder (one) liable 0"111.1.~'1- mf4'
If the car is damaged, I will consider you
liable. ouh_..-ro- f+OIIlf :t."t.11'~ 0"111
.1.~'1- hmf.'I>VIIv-
717 liberality
liaison M..-'t
He is the liaison officer for the Americans.
1\h"'UIJ'I'l- ' M..-'t ' ODb-")") ' ~ ....
liar <D-lf;.t-'1"
~w-
He is an awful liar. fQilO'I- <D-lf ;.1-9"
libation foPtn'J" ""P"''I'6'1-
The Romans made libations to Jupiter.
C:"'/tJ>oY"t ' /I"Jt"t+C ' fODtn'J" ""P"''I'6'f-
1\4'<:!1-
libel
I. fll9" "'1'1"4-'1- W"t~A. The government
is suing the newspapers for libel. OD1'"'lP'T '
;JH.fl'":f-"t 011'1" "7'1"4-'1- W"t~A b!l-'f'I'A
2. M" "'1'1"4-'1-. Libel must be proven by law.
119" "'1'1"4-'1- O.ft"l ODl:;J1'1" h/10'1-
libelous 119" f.,Ym'i-
He is accused of having made a libelous state-
ment. 119" f"7_Ym'i- K'.m.<;: K'I.VA +
1111- +b!l-A
liberal
I. 'I-A'I>. A liberal reward will be given to the
person who finds my watch. ll't-l:"t 11"7_Y1't
A't ' lla>- '1-A'I> WC:;.I- f,bi.II'I'A
2. 1\;JO. The contributions of some liberal
donors assured the construction of the hospital.
Y"t'l"tY." II;Jll 01 hY."&-'I.I"l- llfl';.l-
IJ'll"t;.l-11- ' 1."1-'1."'&- ' hllil'll
She is liberal with her money. 01"tH!L <:1Y."
/I;Jll ' .,..,.
3. ncb+ Yll. His liberal donations made the
construction of the school possible. l-r::;.t-l"'fi
OCb'l- 111111- 'I-9"11C'I- 11-1> 1\.oP&- 11'11
4. f"7f,;<:"t. The government has a liberal
attitude toward religious worship. oP'l..,P'-1:
"'l"t ... tD-")'1" fVf."'l'f'l- h'I"At> f"'lf,;<:"t
hll+ Yf'l- ' h/ltJJ-
5. 1111 Y/1. The government followed a liberal
policy toward the country's artists and writers.
DP")"IP"'-1> ' 11161> ' "''tll.l"":f-..- ' 1\d,.l.l"":f- '
YII<D- Y-"111 1111 Yll ~..,_
*There was a liberal supply of food and
drink at the party. o;rc-tro- ' llf, ' 9""111.. '
oom'l" :t."tY.A11 ~nc
liberal views
He has liberal views. llol. hll-t-..,1'111 h/la>-
liberality (liberalities)
1. 1\;JM'I-. His liberality is remembered
by the townspeople. 1\;JM-1> Ob+"'lw- ;,
1111 n-A- ,.,.....,..,A
 liberate
2. II.C. hll.,...,llil. His liberality offended the
conservative members of the church. lid. hit.
-t-.-.1111- II<D4' f"7Y.I.IA1-'I-"t fiL.,. he
M:J'"t ' hfJII-:Y.. ' M14'fOD
liberate )1\ hOJ"'
They liberated the country from its oppressors.
h1&;J:"t h"""t'l':Y.. )II hmtp.'f-
liberty (liberties)
I. )1\)'f-. Everyone likes liberty. rNr'J" II
tJJo ' )1\)'f- ' Y.m.IIIA
Lincoln granted liberty to slaves. 1\."tlt/A"t II
IJC':Y.. )1\)'f- lim
2. ouil'f-. The constitution is the guardian of
our liberties. tll1 OD"t"7P"1: ftntofl:f'l-1- a m
'14: ' )OJo
*The prisoner pleaded for his liberty. l\/t<(l;'IJJo
11)1\ ' l\").11.1\4'~ ' /AOD<; ' h4'~11
be at liberty
I. !I'll. You are at liberty to go at any time.
111.11"11iOJo 1.U 1\oo'f,J': '1-:f-111111
I am not at liberty to tell you his secrets.
'J"ilm.-1-"t /A)"Iell h/A:f/A'J"
2. 1.n IU'1'S. The principal will see you as
soon as he is at liberty. F&o oo&tiJa "l.U. a
IU'1'S OJ.II.J'IJJo). f,.)"le?IA
3. l\ile IL'I- hf,.J'.Il'J". The burglar is at
liberty right now. 1\.IJOJ- fJo-). 1.n l\ile
IL'I- ' hY.Jl.I\'J"
be set at liberty )2\. 1 +A++
The prisoners were set at liberty by their
.,..
guards. l\il~'l''f; llmfJ4:9'ii''I'OJo )1\ .,.II
give the liberty
*They gave us the liberty of the whole house.
IIIL-Io IJJo/11' ll"tfl.IAIJ:f"t ll"tY:"tll'"t I.
4'-'1-IA"t
take liberties with
+.IlL~
He takes too many liberties with me. II"''J" Y.
'll.~'f/A
*He takes liberties with his father's purse.
J'IJ-Io"t 1"tHil ll"tfl./A!I- J'OJ"'IA
take the liberty .-.Y.mY,.4'1JJo
I took the liberty of borrowing your book.
oux-m'i'll"t "IAmY.~II -t-IJJoi&'PI\11-
librarian o:I'IL ooll.lt'i''I-
The librarian won't let me borrow any books.
o:I'IL oal\ih'i'-lo oox-m'i' l\"t.IIIA'Pil bll
bii'S
718 lid
library (libraries)
I. IL-t- ool\ih'i''l-. The library has a large
collection of Ethiopian hooks. IL.,. ""llih'i'
-1o iiH- fh.'l-f'kJ' oox-mc::Y.. hll-'1-
2. ooJt:b.fi:T. He has an extensive library on
Ethiopia. ill\ t..'l-f'kJ' f.,.ll#- II"''J" il
,. , ool\ih'i''t- hll-'1-
lice, see louse
license (v.) f'J"ilbe m~4''1- lim
The ministry licenses teachers to teach.
"'Uil-1* 1\oo'J"IJ.!-"t f"7il.,."7e f'J"il
he ID~4'T Y.II"'IA
license (n.)
1. 4-:f'Y:. You have to have a license to open
up a restaurant. 'J"""il IL'I- 1\00bl.'l-
1.:1'Y: J'ili.IA:>IA
2. l\Y'i' 'J""IfJe. The invaders showed un
believable license. OJ.!-&9':Y.. II"''J" l\Y'i'
fll') 'J"""fJe l.ll.,..
3. iliA"!<;. She showed license in calling her
teacher by her first name. hil.,."7&'1'"t ll/1':7.
lloPT.!-'1- iliA"!<; h'lf:Y..
license plate 1111..11
The license plate was covered with mud.
11/I..IIIJJo 11?:1' -t-lf'i''l' )lie
lick
I. 1111. Just look at the cat licking her kittens!
J':ou;J: "IIA11r',;t il't-IAil .,.oofAb't-
2. II'J"IIil h~mll. Lick a stamp before you
put it on the evelope. 7'/l;l-OJo IIY. boollm
'I'll II.C.'I- -1-'J"il-1-"t II'J"IIilll heTIIIJJo
3. 1~1.. Flames were licking the roof of the
house. ) 11/AIJII- fiL-I>"t "'~J' 1~I.OJo
4. hlf)l.. I bet I could still lick you. l\"tiD.!-~
.r:. hll-"t'J" ' lllf"t'i'?llu-
llck clean /A{a IJ....,."t h/14'~
The cat licked the plate clean. .r:oo;J: ""').
"t IA'I fJI'-IJJo"t hil4'~:Y..m-
lick up mT.P. t;U.~(I
The cat licked up all the milk. J':oo;J: IDof--1>
"t m'l':l' ""~II:Y..,.
[See also 'boot']
lid
1. ODbJ!..,.. Take the lid off the pot when the
water boils. OJo;)IJJo 11.1.11 oPbfl..,.,."t b
)';II<;IJJo 1\Y,. h"t"'
2. b.ll"t. Does Ibis jar have a lid? Y.ll me.,..
il ' b.ll"t ' hi\IJJol

lie
3. 1.~1. The wooden lid of the box is broken.
f"''l'l- ~., ... ,. ~1 .,.(liJ,1::&\
I i e (lied, lying) 'I'll"
He lied when I asked him if he did it. hf:C~+
1.'11.11''1 ilm,1'.4'fDo 'I'll"
lie (n.) fDoJI"T
Everything he says is a lie. f"Y.Am- o-tt- : m-
11"+ ' )fDo
give the lie to b'l-J: hU1
His work gives the lie to his claims of experi-
ence. 1"6-fDo &\'1"1: hl\'1 "'11\i>'l b'l
i> 1f.C1'1'A
[See also 'tissue, web1
lie (lay, lain)
I. .,.1;. Canada lies north of the United
States. \J';"-'1 h\Wf.Tf: ili:Til Oil.,.(l"''1
+1'1Wf
The cure for ignorance lies in education.
ff:'I.,.C';" ""'i!T.h. OT'I"UCT ,1'.1'111\
2. )fDo. The book lies on the table. ODK",M
m~A.q.,. 11,1'. )fDo
3. "':>'-""The child lies on the grass. 11\'Jf. "'
'1- 11,1'. .,.:> 1:..,.&\
4. .,.'1;>1111. He was lying on his
O)';CQfDo .,_'1:>11- )OC
5. .,.HC"'-1'- :J-f. When we got to the mountain.
top, the plain lay before us. +~&olD" ..,_~
il'lf.Cil 1f1\<l'fDo ~;J-":f-'1 .,_HC"I-1'- :Jf'l
6. #ODtn. The book lay open on the table.
ODK"dt4- ' m~A,qfDo ' 11,1'. ' 1-111\11' ' #'1"1\l.A
7. (body) .,..,.0~. His body lies in the church
yard. oo..,.
hcM:1l- ;r..,.c fDoil'l' .,..,.o~
lie about Of(l;J-m- ' +O;J-.,.)
Books were lying about the room. flh~A-
<D-il'l' """-<M:+ Of(l;J-m- .,_O:J-+)m- )0C
lie back .,.'1:>1111
He lay back in the armchair. t.":i:<D- llf. .,.
'1:>!1.&\
lie down :>1.'1" hi\
If you are tired, go lie down! f.h'I"U 1.'11.11'
) ' 'IJ;';" ' :> 1.'1" ' 011\
lie over 1-ilA4f.
The other business on the agenda had to lie
over until the next meeting. Oh)';'l.llm- 11,1'.
11\fll- ' /l.llfll- ' .,..o;,e. ' I\"'L4''1'1\fll- {liJ(lQ '
,...,.111\'i' ' )0~0+
lie with one f{l- 4.'1;1- )fii-
The burden of proof lies with you. "''il~li"m-'1
"'':r>Ml ,.,.,. 4.'I;J- )m-
719 life
take lying down
*He did not take that insult lying down.
ilf:ll-'1 ' 11'1" ' illl- ' hlll\4-fDo'/"
[See also 'bed, idle, low, prone, ruin, wait']
lien, have a ~ on OtDI\f: h"lf: 1H
The bank has a lien on my house until I pay
back my loan. ~.11\lo'l "hilhb'i'A f:~!l q
'Ill- 0.1:'1 OtDI\f: h"lf: ,e.~;J-11\
lieutenant""-~'- hll-"'
My brother is a lieutenant in the army. m'l ~
"' fii'C (l&-'1!+ ...,.,_ hll-"' )m-
life (lives)
I. )'i'il. God gave Adam life. "h"IH.hil.b.C h
.11'1"'1 )<;:{1 H&-0+
2. .n.e.w+. Is there any life on the moon?
0...,~:1' llf. .n.e.w+ hi\ 1
I have lived here all my life. <h,l'.tD-1:'1 oo-tr
"hH.U ' 'f<1.11111-
3. (tm- ! r(l(l)o ihf..m:'t-. Five lives were lost
.,..,
in the accident. Qf.;>fDo h'l"il+ (ll"":f-
How many lives were lost in the earthquake?
back. OOD<I.i> ' .....,.,..,..,..,. ' 'l"h'11T ' fii'IT ' (I
l"":f- .n,e.w+ m'i';tA l
4. f<hf.tDT ;J-&h. He is writing a life of the
President. fT <I.H.'I'Ii>'l f .n.e.w+ :J-6h ,e.
K-4-A
5. 'tf.)T. Zoologists have classified animal life
in a hierarchy. ~t-11-"l{il-1'-":f- f"h'lii<'IT'I 'tf.
):,. 01.~11" b'l-'i'llm-;J-A
6. .,,..,.. Put more life into your work!
OI"~U 1\f. 1:1'+ ""''I"COT
7. "h'!:r>!l-"'ll.. There is not much life in this
small village. OH.":f- +'111 ""'11-C iiH- '-
'l:r>!l:l'll. ' fl\'1"
8. 1:'1"4'+. He was the life of the party.
1\"lil"lf"fDo 1:'1"4'+ (I'!'# )OC
9. 'tl\'1". What we do in this life will determine
what will be in the nextlife. OH.U 'til'/" f
'l"';"f.Cifll- Oro.IIJ>;'fDo 'tl\'1" f'/"''IJ')fll-
'1 ,l'.tDii';"A
10. l-C'. Village life is different from life in
the city. fQII1C l-C' hb1-"'1' l-1!' f.,.llf
)fii-
*What is the life of a battery? q+&m- '1"'1
1UA ' ,1'.<1'111\l
brlns one to life M-"'-"'
The music seemed to bring him to life. oo-fl.-"'
.... ' f"'Lf),.. :I'm- ""(Ill
life belt
come to life
1. ')ott:"il r 11&-. When Jesus touched him La~
zarus came to life. h.fft-l'a 04llflm- "l.tL
1\Al\~C )<;:II 11&-
He came to life when the pretty girl asked him
a question. <I'"J}I;'I' Alf~<:.l:" '1'.1'4: llmf+
:y..,. 1.11. )<;:II 11&-
2. J':9"+'1- 1\~T. The evening passed, but
somehow the party never came to life. ~rooif
ll.'t.l:-9". ,..,., "lofl'Jf'ID-' ,..,,. .1:-9"+'1- 1\o\
~TI"'
for life t),.e-01, All-"} ! /J~ Ah
A leg wound maimed the soldier for life.
7."1~ o\J'. 4<11A W;l'S'.~") b.l:-"'1. All-")
1\l!l\ 1-F.k> ' 1\F.<:~<J>o
The robber was jailed for life, and that was the
end of him. +"'l'i'<J>o b.l:-"'1. Ah .,.L(J'.
11-l-'i' <;:~"''.<J>o If)
for the life of me
*I can't remember for the life of me what
happened. flf)<J>o )~C 11<;:~9" '1-11
7.")\>,") 1\J'.I\"il"'
full of life .,."''.'I':Y.
People like to invite her to parties because she
is so full of life. 11"19" .,."''.'l'l- 111\lf)'l'
(ljP:f 7.!).") 00:>1111 J'.a>>lii-
His speech was full of life. ")"1"1~ 11"19"
f"''..I'MII-'1- )IIC
give (one's) life ihJ!,ID.f:"} hlthL
He gave his life for his country. o\~~ ihJ'.W.,
") 1\lti\L
lose (one's) life 'I"T
He lost his life in an accident. hF..:J 1 ill\~
1111'1- ' .,..,.
matter of life or death
1. f'l"'l- a>J'.I"' foo'l'c )~C. This trial is
serious; it is a matter of life or death for the de-
fendant. fii.IJ 'H!J'. 'i'C.I:" 11.'1- oo:]-<;11
11"19" ' )\/)/)fl. ' )<J>ol 1\.,.hltlf. f'l"'l- ' WJ'.9" '
foP'fC I ~1C I ')om--
2. f'l"'l- a>J'.I"' f1i<:'l- 'H!J'.. Let me in!
It's a matter of life or death. l\11~11-"i I J'.U f
'1"-l- ' WJ'.9" f1f<:o}- ' '1->lJ'. ' ~<J>o
mode of life M:s:c
His mode of life is ascetic. l>S:S:~ f<lih:l''l!
J'.oPMA
take one's own life
He took his own life. &-1\-"J ~M
take one's life In one's hands .n.,e.m~") a
.... ...,. "'ll
720 lifeless
We were warned that we were taking our lives
in our hands by going through that swampy
area. 11.1:"1.1:'1- <J>oll'l' oo't>l'i'") ihJ'.a>:J'
'!'")") o )\S'.;.> ' o\J'. 0 OO"Jo\:f") ' OOif). 0 .,.~.,
I!"'J' )IIC
to the life
The portrait is my uncle to the life. P'bll-
1\1--I:"J 111\l"'ltA 7."J>lll l>.i:"C1 .l'lt.I'A
way of life l>S:S:C
These stories are representative of the Ethio-
pian way of life. MH.U ;l'&I>:Y. fl\..'1-f-A:n
l>S:S:C f"''.~A~ 'i':f<J>o
[See also 'communal, duration, early, easy,
flower, hazard, late, lead, loose, married, prime,
real, retire, risk, run, sacrifice, sign, state,
station, survivor, vagrant, walk')
life belt fOO")ltLd..l' 'l-'J':]>
Life belts are placed under the seats in the
plane. foo")ltd.L.I' -l-'1':]- hl\OJoC'To\). oo
+oo"''. P'C l\11
lifeblood fF-9" P'C
Oil is the lifeblood of their economy. IIJ'.'l-
111\..l>'l'"''..l':f<J>o fl'-9" P'C ' ~<J>o
lifeboat fihJ'.a>'l- "'1-'l'i' lA<I
The lifeboats are placed by the side of the ship.
fihJ'.a>'l- "'i>l'i' lA<Il"'l' hoPCh!l. '1-"J
.,.+l"'m'I'A
lifeguard ihJ'.w'l- l>>l"i
A lifeguard is on duty at the swimming pool.
ihJ'.Wo}- ' l\>l"i ' IIOO'f'o;'ID- ' 11<;:&- ' .,.<;!;' '
)<J>o
life imprisonment iJ.I:-"'1. J'.'i':l'U l fiJ.I:"
"'1. Ah 7.11&-'l-
He was sentenced to life imprisonment.
iJ.I:""'L J'.<;:;J'U (fiJ.I:""''. Ah ' 7.11&-'l-) _,.d.
(J'.II'l-
I ife i nsu ranee
I. f ihJ'.a>'l- '1'11'1-'i' 'I':>. I pay life insur-
ance every three months. Of?'ll'l- w~ f
ihJ'.Wo}- '1'11-l-'i' ' 'I':> ' 7.h<t:i\I\IJ-
2. f ihJ'.a>'l- '1'11-l-'i'. His wife is the beneficiary
of his life insurance. "'1.11., f ihJ'.OJ'l- 'I'
11'1-'i'<J>o .,.111.4'"'1. ' 'i''l-
lifeless (adj.)
I. <;:aw; fl\.1111'1-. The moon is a lifeless
planet ...,<:.+ 'i'm-C fl\.11<1'1- 'tl\9" 'i'-l-
h.J?. 2. a..v.w-'1- fi\.I\<J>o. Lifeless matter does not
reproduce. ihJ'.QJ'l- fi\.I\<J>o ~~c l\J'.&-<19"
lifelong 721 light

lifeless (adv.) OJ!"") ll''l' be lifted

He lay lifeless on the ground. {)..("") lf'f oo I. hO:I". The boycott was lifted. f")"J"'. h-'!"
.:.'1- 'If. tDJ!".f. )OC ., ' hO:I"
lifeless body Ml 2. .,..(l~H. The governor ordered that the
The lifeless body floated ashore. tl.o'tCD- .,..")It restrictions be lifted. M~ 11CCD- 1!.1':f
6: I aJY,. I Q,jho;. I J;C;J! I 0011) 7.")'1.(1~11- hUH
lift (a) finger
lifelong f/JY:"''. Ah *I won't lift a finger for him. ?"")?" 11,11'")
These two old men have been lifelong friends. 7.C>I:I' M!.C"'II'I-?"
7.)11.tl o-1\'l 11"7"11\.P':f f/JY:"''. Ah (1..,,._
h'l;Jmm
lift {one's) head tDI.:
ID>I}r.f ' <;'J'tJJo
The pupils lifted their heads to see the plane
lifelong imprisonment, to ~ IJY:"''. f. overhead. .,...,&P''fi f"''.O~CD-") hCD-G"T'I")
<;:;I'll 1\"''f'l- mt. (1"7}!. h").:>mm-
The judge doomed him to lifelong imprison- lift oneself up ,&.(to."} }'taJtiJ
ment. >:>;'CD- IJJ!-"'1. f.<;:;l'tl .1.~!.0'1- He lifted himself up from poverty. &-11-") h
J!-1i~'l- ' htD"'
lifetime
I. IJJ!-"'1.. Grandfather has seen many changes lift up
during his lifetime. h.N: 0/JJ!-""L..''I'CD- 1111- I. .,.., h!.~1. He lifted up his eyes and looked
1\CD-jll:f hf..,..'I'A at me. '\}!.).") +<; h-'!"C~ .,..oollh.,..'f
2. n-'!" II CD- IJY:"''.. A thing like that hap- Lift your head up! <1-lltl") +<; h-'!"C1CD-
pens only once in a lifetime. l\'l~ '},._~ 2. h~"'. Lift your arms up! 7.;i!'tJ") h")"f
-}o I ~1C I Q"J.t!" I (laJo I {Jr:a' I 4Joil'l" I 11,") [See also 'hand']
-'!" "LH. 1111' f"V'.CII )CD- lift (n.), give a ~
I. ~>1. Give me a lift with this job! f.tJ")") F
Iife vest foo")o"t.U.,f '1-'1'~
<1- ' 7.C>I'f
The life vest is under the seat. foP"JilLd.ft- 2, 1.!.~(1. Will it put you out to give me a lift
+-r-l> boo+oo-J.m- FC )ID- home? 0.1: 11;1'J'.C(l'f hll't"''CVI\o- !
lift (vt.) 3. OD").f./1-") M:I":I"CD-. Praisealwaysgivesme
I. M"'. He could not lift the heavy box. a lift. '1"11.:>'0 v-A"Lll. ou").f.fl,") .f):J-:1"
hij"'.") ' "f'l'") ' "7")"1'1- ' h:l".,...... 'I' A
The box is too heavy to lift. "f'J').") 1\"7")"1 lift (n.) M")(IC I M")/1-C l .!.ll.ii_,.C
'1- 0"1?" ' hqJ!- )CD- He got in the lift and went to the tenth floor.
The court decision lifts the ban on the book. ho't")(l~ CD-11'1' o 111.,_ OF~'?CD- ll:~ tD"l
f<;:CJ!" IL-l> ..,. ... ~ foPK"do4-") 7.1>1 ,f
)"11\:I'A light Oighted or lit), vt.
2. M :I":I". The good news lifted his spirits. I. 1\h-(1, I want to light my pipe first. OD~oP&
'K-CD- o ID<l. o oP").f./1-") o M:I":I"CD- ,f "I;;r!&.") All!til
3. h'i' h!.~1. The children lifted their voices 2. hn&-. Lamps light the street. ""11<1-.,.:f 1-
in song. A;rt.'fi J!"?"Y'J'CD-") h'i' h-'!"C1CD- >I<;P':f") ' ,fO<I-11-
It is dark; light the lamp! ..,A".'LA I OD11<1--I>
"~ ") 1.11&-CD-
*The window will not lift. ODIII>-1> ID!.'If.
hAo't11 hll 3. hUH. Wait till I light the fire. M-J>") 1.
lift (vi.) /lh"'',fF-11 ' J!-~/1 .fF-
I. 1.1..1.. Toward noon, the fog lifted. mt. 7.11- 4 . ....:. Light a match so we can see. ll"''f'l-
" I +'l I "IF...., I .,...;J,. I 1LL l\.") m :fA h11&'1- "'iC
2. ) :I" hi\. His spirits lifted when he heard n1 ht (vi.)
the news. tD<l.CD-") 0(1"7 "Lll. OD").f./1- ) I. .,..,."'mil. The dry wood lights easily.
:I" ' hll !.~~ /J")..,'f- 0+1111- F-+"'m'IA
3. II++. The sky lightened as the clouds 2. h~.l.. The bird lighted on the tree. mj, 0
lifted. J'.OD';' {1.1\~ (1"'11' m<l- Of4- ' 'IF- h~.!.l-

"
light
3. 11~')1-'1- ht:.C.. His eyes lighted upon a coin
in the road. Of.'l"'ll OD')1~ 1\f. nm.r..4'
m- 11')-1:11" 1\f. 11~')1-'1- hM
4. ou;t-. The blow lit on his head . .11.1\ID- &-""
1\f. ' OD;f-ID-
5. mt:f... He lighted from his horse. h.C.t:"" II
f. ml:f.
be lit-1-,I',I'H
Is your cigarette still lit? fl.)i"&-11 h!J-')11" 1.
"tf..-1-,I',I'H ~..,.I
light up (vt.)
I. milA hf..l:1. The flashlight lit up the
woods, and he could see the animal. q-'1-,:m-
""iltm-"t milA llllf..l:11D- 1.')liii1D-"t II.
.l'fiD- !I'll
2. hll&-. A smile lit up her face . .C.1"1;1- .&.;1:
') hii&-ID-
3. ofiCV"t ltm. Hundreds of candles lighted
up the cave. llofiH- ou-r- f"'l.'lr.m'l- "if"''l"
:r- It'I' "if..,. of!en ltm-'1-
light up (vi.)
1. 41A"i" 41A"'" hit. The children's eyes lit
up. fA]I:'Il '\f.') 4lA"i" 4lA"i" ' hit
2. .C.lt. Her face lighted up with joy. .&.;1: II
f..ll;l- .C.lt
[See also 'fire, poorly']
light (n.)
1. ofiC'I'). God said, "Let there be light".
h"'ll.hofl.h.CII" hit ! ofiCV"t f.IJ-'t
2. ouofl&--'1-. On arriving home, I found the
lights on. 11.-'l- ilf..Cll DDofl&--1> IIC-1' h
1'f!J--l-
3. hoflt:-'1-. Do you have a light? I have run
out ~f matches. hoflt:'l- hltll I hoflt:-'1- hit
4'ofl~
4. f-'1-&-.l.h ouofl&--'1-. Don't cross till the light
changes! f-'1-&-.&.h- ouofl&--'1- hllh.ltm'l' h
-'l-"if1C
5. ooAh. That throws quite a different light
on the matter. ,1' 11~1'1- 11.11 ouAh f.
llm'I'A
I never considered the matter in that light.
~1'1-"t ,C.ll;'f" 1111.,1' OO&\h ' hA-f-OD/th-'1-h-
11" ~IIC
6. "'iofiU,I'. We need more light on the sub
ject. lilt 1-'ll< -1-..,"'it: "'iofl&-t:,l' ,l'li.C.A1<iA
*Sununer has more hours of light. 1111;> 4').
l:HII" f.IIA
bring to light hl11'f
The investigation brought many new facts to
722 light
light. II"Cou&-m- ofllf< hVI.ll ' ~11!':f hll
1'f
(be) brought to light .,.1'f
New facts have been brought to light. h>l.ll
DPl:)i"l":f .,.1't-1-'I'A
come to light f-11"
Some previously unknown letters have come
to light. hrt.ll 11.&.-'1- ,I'A;t-m4l f..ofl-'111.1"
:f -1-1~-1-'I'A
In the light of ll"tDPith-'1-
In the light of his earlier behavior, it would be
unwise to give him a job. f+.F.:'Pm-'1 mqf.") ~
ll"toulth-'1- P'&-m-') IIC"" oullm-'1- +
11l ' hf.f..ltll"
leading light '1-A.f f"''.;f-f. (liD-
George Washington is one of the leading lights
in American history. }(C]!! 'l'"lh"'.,.') llh"'L
t:lt') :1-t:h m-ll'l' '1-A-1-ID- h"''.;l-1<
"'" (ll":f h')-'1. ~..,.
put on the light ouo(l,:.-j:"t hii&-
It is dark in the room; put on the light! b'f:lt-
ll/t ..../tOD ' ODofi&--J>'t ' hofi&-ID-
put out the light DP-flt-~'l .hmof..
hou~~~~
Put out the light before you leave!
11.1.-'1- ' ODofl&--l:'t ' h '1'4-ID-
See the light ~1'1- 1q(m-)
He finally saw the light and accepted the idea.
IIOD ....l:"if ~1'1- ' lllt1qm- mllfl-') .,..,.lilt
shed light
I. ofiCV"t ltm. The lamp shed a soft light.
4-'l""" f"''.llmm- ofiCV"t f..o(lqq ~..,.
2. "'iofl&-t:,l' nm. This document sheds light
on the financial problem. f.ll M~ lilt 1"t
Hfl- :f"'C "'iofl&-t:,l' f.li"'A
(it's) staying light
*It's staying light much longer. )!;11"11~ -I'll-
h-'1-mATII"
throw light on
I. hofl&-&-. His confession threw light on a
mystery of long standing. ).qn.m- ltofiH- 1.
n. +ltm-1!' nn.:m-') ~1c hofl&-&-
2. 'i'"t"'" ltm. The discovery throws light on
conditions in early times. f+1TdJ4 I i'1C r
'1'1'1- o-~;t- h"t.l'.,'l- h"tf..~llt: '1'1"1"
f.li"'A
[See also 'shine, traffic light']
light (adj.)
I. llll. Why don't you take your light coat?
ll"""t 1>'1-ll"t liM h'l-mll~ll" I
lighten
2. +-\A. The consequences of the accident
were light. t.Jl.;>w- ,l'llhof-111- 4'~A )IJC
Light rain fell yesterday. +...,+ 4'~A 11..,.
11 ' "'ll
She has been given some light duties. 4'~A
1"6- of'll'l':t'l- )IJC
3. 4'1\A ,I'll. He eats only light food for break-
fast. II_,Cll f"'Lil~w- 4'11A ,I'll !1""111
11ll' ' )ID-
4. Mil ,I'll. The bank cashier made good the
shortage and was given a light sentence.
fq'HI- 1'JH11 hof.J'. f'I-Jl.IIID-') 1111'1"~
Mil ,I'll :J>"''I- of-mMII'I-
5. 11'1-11. She prefers light colors. 11'1-tl 4'11
'I" '1-IDJIII:f
6. )"1". The stripes graduate from light to dark.
ODJ"ODC''!l 0 h)"l" 0 lllfl. ' 'J'.,C 0 4'11 I ()4'
ll ' J'.of-~114-11-
He has a light manner of dealing with this
problem. )1'1-'J li.J'.11 t."J!l. hq.(- )1C
t.J'.'i<'I'C'I"
*She has a light complexion. 4'~ .l'll:f """
lighten (vt.)
I. 4'){1 (11'1-). He lightened the load, and I could
carry it easily. lfhoa-'J ll114'MA~ 114'~11-
Alfhouw- JI'Ah-
2. "l"H h'JJ1.4'11w-. We threw some boxes
overboard to lighten the boat. DPCh!J. "l"
H: /;'JJI.4'~'1- 11"'/11'1- 'I'.J:'I- "1'1'-:':f Ill
fl. qa.c ~-11'1' "'A"J
3. t.:J-1111. He was able to lighten the problem
by working hard. m'JhC' flDDF&-'1- :f"'
'1-'J 11"'/:J"IIA Jl'll
4. M"'. The sun lightened her hair. 8.hf. l\
,.~-, 'M"'w-
5. II - - - 11CY"J lim. A full moon lightened
the road. oa-11- ~:J" IIOD')1JI. 11CV't llm
6. t.Jl.oo4'. His jokes lighten any occasion.
,;Q.op;J-w- ' "'I"J ...'f'ID-')'1" ' u-~;J- ' ,I'Jl.'I":J"A
lighten (vi.)
1. 11.1"1 t.ll. His face lightened when he heard
the good news . .,.;... OJ&. 0{1"7 "LtL 4.1:
11.1"1 ' t.ll
2. m&-. The sky lightened as the clouds lifted.
Jl.OD .... fi..II:J> 1\"'11< tn&-
3. of'1111Q;l.IIQ;l.. It lightened, and it thundered
all night. 1\.11.1:') ' 11...11- ' t.fof'1111Q;l.I\Q;l.
.... ' )'1-.(-'\.(- ' t.,l'll"'l ' t.U
lighten one's heart t.ll!l.llof'
Such news lightens my heart. t."J!l.!Ltl ,I'll
m&. ,l'll!l.llof'...A
723 lightly
lighter (n.) "'14'"1m,l'
That cigarette lighter is expensive. ,1' fll..ll" 6-
"'14'"ltn,l' ' w-.(- )ID-
Iighter, get ~ M4'1111 J'.~JIA
The drum gets lighter as the water leaks out.
1-;)tJJo M 11.1111 ll..lll"' IIC"'LII- M4'1111
J'.~A
light-footed 4'A"'of.
A light-footed dancer makes a pleasant dancing
companion. 4'A"'of. Jl.oni f'I";J-ll!l.ll'l-
fJI"J11 '\.(- J'.lll"';J-A
light-headed f.,f.~q
That light-headed girl thinks of nothing but
parties and clothes . .l':f f"'l'l-~q A)(' h;rc
.,.... hA11ll llllof-4'C M'l" t.;J-1111'1"
be light-headed 6-ll-'J t.P~
The sick man was light-headed from fever. llii
of'...fJJo h'l-h-4'1- fof-~"1 6-ll-'J ,I'P~fJJo )flC
lighthearted "1.(- fl\.lltJJo
Since he is lighthearted, he didn't mind even
though he was passed by for an appointment
to office. "1.(- fl\.1\fJJo 111\IT) lf.oa+ fl..!'
A.l.tJJo'l" :tc t.~11w-
lighthouse fof...,. n.+
The lighthouse is built on a high promontory.
fof. ....w- ' n.+ ' h<;: ' qll ' 1-'1' ~,.. ' )ai-
light infantry 4'~A DD"ft..l' f,l'rt- t."'~'l':f
Light infantry followed up the cavalry attack.
4'~A """'t.,l' f.l'rt- t."'~'l':f t..l'm"'
f"'L~JI.'I-"J ' ll.~ll'l':f ' of-hof-11-
lighting 11cn
The lighting in this room is bad. fiLII h<;:A
11C?'t Jl.lt"'l )fJJo
[See also 'stroke']
lightly
I. 4'11 1111-. Please press lightly on the button!
OD'J'(.,I'fJJo') 0 4'11 ' 111\tl ' of-1)fJJo
Walk lightly so you won't waken the child.
A'JI:'t h't.tl'l-4'll:J>ll 4'11 11lltl of-6-0D.(-
2. /;')fl. 4''1A )1C. You ~houldn't treat that
warning so lightly. n"J "'lllm"J4'-t.l' t.'t
fl. <t~A )1C oe.,...mc flliltl'l"
3. t.'t\\11. He likes to speak lightly of other.
persons. llll 1\.11-:f t.'tl>.(l oe....,c J'.IDJIA
eat lightly 4'~A !l""'il IIi\
In the morning he eats lightly. 111.'1- 111.+ f
"'Lfl'ltJJo 4'i\A !1""111 ~fJJo
[See also 'roast, think']
lightning
lightning oo11.::,.
Lightning struck the church steeple. oo11.::,.
fiL.,. hCll-1:,1')-"t '1-AII'I- OD;J-tr>-
streak of lightning OD11.l:."t
He moves like a streak of lightning. Ah l\'t
F. -11.::,. ,..,.h-ltA
stroke of lightning OD1U.:Jt
The house was hit by a stroke of lightning.
IL-I>'t 0011<!::,. OO;J-tr>-
(be) likable flltr>- fiDtr>-F.!: hiltr>-
He is a likable fellow; that"s why he makes
so many friends. fltm- ODOJa/.: lll\flaJo 11
II- ' l\F.'l':f ' ,1'.1..&-A
like (vt.)
I. mU. I like this kind of cake. f.ll't 'tf.H
ll.h l\tD-'11\11-
Do you like to dance? -'l'tll '1-m-'11111?
I like him. l\mF..'PI\o-
2 .1..111. Would you like another cup of
coffee? fK" 11""!:1'1" '1-.t.A:>I\11 l
I wouldn'tlike to disturb you now. t.o-'t llll
'f"ICII t.A.t.A"I'I"
3. .,.:>OH. "What would you like?", the host
asked his guest. 'l"'t '1-;>Oq/111 1111- QI\IL
., l\'t"l-'ltr>-'t mf4'
like (vi.) M"f
I will go when I like. 11.,1'111'1 l\'t-'11111-
like (n.), the - of
I. l\'t-'1.11. Did you ever see the like of this
rain? l\'t-'1.11 ,I'll 11'i"11 l\,1'..,.11 :J-tr>-:/1'
1111 l
2. ,l'.ll't fOOI\1\ ~1C. Did you ever see the
like of it? ,l'.ll't fool\11 j~1C t.,l'.-l-11 ;J-tr>-
:/1'1111 l
likes f"''.tDF.tr>- ~1C
What are your likes and dislikes? fV"'I-tDF.tr>-'i"
fV"'I-mlltr>- ~1C M V"'t!:~tr>- l
like (adj.), - amount ,l"t). ,I'IIA
Bring me a cup of sugar, and a like amount of
flour! h"t!: ll.t lllo.C'i" ,l''t). ,I'IIA -'1-
41'1- hV""'A'{
like (prep.) l\'tF.
The roar of a mill is like a lion's. fiD'i'""" !:
ra l\'tF. t.'tOlt ~"'"
He ran like mad. l\'tF. l\11!: C'm
and the like fOD<\1\11-'1-
Barley, oats, and the like are cereals. 111ll'i"
h)f't ffiD<\1\11-'1- '1'&-'1'.:. ,I'.QII/1-
724 likely
be like OD(II\
What is he like? I have never met him. 9"1' 1
,I'.OOlll\<1\ ! 1-.,I'.'Jitr>-V" l\lltr>-:,.
just like 41C'I'
You are just like my. sister. 41C'I' l\'"r1:'t ~1i
(it is) just like him A"Y.JJ. )d)o
It is just like him to go away without telling us.
II~ lt,l'.~"ll:'t OO't!: A"''-'1- ~"'"
look like (relative verb) + oo(l/1
It looks like rain. f"''.H't11 ,I'.OOlli\A
something like 1t~.1:
The cost will be something like five dollars.
'l':>tr>- t.'t!: h'l"ll'l- 11C ~"'"
there is nothing like
*There is nothing like traveling. OD'l1.1: OD
'tf:'t fOOI\1\ ~1C ' f/1'1"
*There is nothing like leather for making shoes.
11"1"7 ""l"t.,l' ....-'l't f"''.,I'IIA fll'l"
what like l l\'ti.'I-
What is the weather like today? q.:, hf'l-
l\"t1.'1- ~"'" l
[See also 'such')
likeliest, the -
*What do you think is the likeliest time to
find him at home? l\IL'I- f"'1.1"ftr>- M 1.
11. , ,l'.fiDllAVA l
likelihood
*There is little likelihood that he will win.
11"711"~'1' ,1'1\tr>- .,.11>1- '1-"t"li ' ~"'"
*Is there any likelihood of rain this afternoon?
q.:, hll't'l- 0:\11 ,I'.H't11 ,I'.IT't l
*In all likelihood, he will get the job. 0"'/'t~tr>
'1" o <!:11:' 1"&-ID-'t ' f"''.f1'{: ,I'.OOlli\A
likely (adj.)
I. II.IT't f"''.lf-A. That's a likely story. ,1'.11
II.IT't f"''.lf-A ;1-t.h ~tr>-
2. V"'6. Is this a likely place to fish? 't"' 11"7
'J'OOf: 0 f. II o '/"'6 0 (l;J- ' ~ID- !
*One likely result of this heavy rain is the rising
of the river. ,1'.11 hQ!: 11'i"11 IU'llh'I-
A f"''.lflltr>- t.'t-'1- ~1C ftD'IH- oo.,...
11'1-. ~"'"
likely (adv.)
*I shall very likely be here again. tDF.ti.U ItA
001\ll hA4'CV"
be likely to
I. (verbal noun) + f"'lf.4'C ~tr>-. Novices are
likely to make some mistakes. l"''t.l":f ll<h
00.f"&o;J-'ftr>- f"'/ UC ~ID-
.,.,.. 0 0 I
 725 limit
liken

2. Cl + negative imperfect + hrA'C?". The take a liking to

fog is likely to persist in most areas. ~ ;J.,. fl
11n- ll:t-9'l- ltf..ff. hf.+c?"
3. A + imperfect + f.TiiA. A tense rope is
likely to break. f-t-mmt: 1""~ II.RmCl
f. l-ilA
be more likely
That's more likely! h"t'l.l' Rll'1
it is likely to f?" + imperfect + f.ODCli\1\
Do you think it is likely to rain? f"'l.H't11 f.
OD(li\VA I
it Is likely to be ll.lf't f.TIIA
It is likely to be hot in August. R)mll. 'I":I'+
ll.lf't f.l-1\A
it is not likely (relative imperfec t)+ hf.ODCII\?"
It is not likely that he will come any more.
hl\'t"IJI.IJ ' aJJI.IJ ' llaJJ'.d.of, ' f"'l.OD"J > hf.
OD(ll\?"
liken oo(lll
The poet likened the clouds to a human face.
111JOf.(l)o I F._oPrjiJ)o"'; ~ fl{JaJo I A,.:,.0
likeness oooo~tt'IA
The likeness between the two sisters is remark-
able. fll-11-1> h'r-t.,.," -1' oooo~t(IA f
"'l.J'Cl1C?" )aJ-
*That photograp h is a good likeness of you.
J' ' G:.f-"1<1-t;: ' h't-1-'t ' "11' ' )aJo
be in the likeness of r - - ~CK"
The cloud is in the likeness of a camel. f..OO'itD-
f"loPA 'JoCK" hllm-
likewise l\'tY.II.II-
Jim will sing, and Mary likewise. "K,?" f.H?"
t-A l "'/.6?" l\'tJ'.If.II-
*Watch him, and do likewise! of-ODI\h-t-m-o;
h(l- h'tJ'."'l.J'J'.C1aJ- h~C"I
and likewise - - - fJD - - .. 'r
He is tall, and likewise strong. t:..-:fDr m1tt
/,-l}P I ~ft)<
liking, have a ~ for mu
I have a liking for Ethiopian food. fh.-lI'"A-n
,...,11 ' l\m'lllll-
be to one's liking tDYJ.,.
+Js this food to your liking? f.ll't ?""111
-tmY.'I'IIIl 1
not to one's liking F..ll : J\~Al&fP
This is not to my liking. h'tJ'.II.Il J'll )1C
J'.Cl ' 1'.)1.11'1?"
*He took a liking to me right off. 1o;' IU'f'1
.,.,..IL..,. mY.Y-'1
lily [fMII 'tM-1']
limb
I. h;E-<; h"IC. He lost all his limbs in the war.
RtDC)-1> h;E-o;' h"l~'t 11-11- h"'
2. hiJA (pl. h\Jil-1'). The .legs are articulate
limbs. h"IC"T ;1-"'d. hiJil-t <;:f.,.
3. 'J>C't-t;:. He sawed the limb off the tree.
f~4-'t '1-C't""it;: ROD;>11 .,.t:m
move a limb -1-"t+ll+il
I could not move a limb. ?"'t?" A"t+lt+Cl
hAiJ'AlJ.? "
limber (v.) ht;:;t-;t-
Exercise limbers the body. A?"?"~ ilm-H
't ' yt;:;t-;J-A
limber up (laJ-)-I>'t ht;:;t-;J-
The dancers limbered up. J!'til'l''li (laJ-);J-:f
I OD(If\(l)o tJJ<'t ' ht;:;t--1>
limber (adj.)
I. f"'l.ll""'l'. The limber branches of the tree
sway in the wind. f"'l.ll""m -+ f~t;: 'Joe
't""iG:lo RHCl r.m~m~ll-
2. f+llmd.. A piano player should have
limber fingers. "CJ''l' f"'l.""iaJ'J- (ltJJ< f
+llm4- "1-l'l- l\'t.ll.'l'~'l- J'Cli.A:>A
I hl\tD-
lime (n.)
I. ir'"'l.. Limes grow in Ethiopia. ir'"'l. h.+I'"
l\"J' ' "'"0'1' f.R'I-1\A
2. if~. The soil does not contain enough
lime. hi.~ 1111" 'l't- fiiR'I-?"
lime (adj.) fll-"'l.
Lime juice makes a nice drink. fir""!. 1!-"'1
4: I '1"<;. I O'Dffi'r I f..dJifJCfA_
limeligh t, be in the ~
*Film stars are often in the limelight. f d.A?"
-1-"'i'l':r:.f ' h11~l;'tJJ<"t 'LIL f(ltJJ< 'tf.'t
f"'l.J'Ct;:ll :fm- o;:f.,.
limesto ne nv ' ~'t;>f.
Limestone is necessary for making cement.
nv ~'t:>f. il."'l.'t-1' II""Ft-'1- hOd.il
1., I ~aJo
limit (v.) aJ(I)
Limit your essay to three paragraph s! ~cil+
ll't RIPO-t h"t+K" m(l)m-
limit
We must limit the expense to $10. ..,..,_,. hOP'
c of!C ~'t.llf.RA'I' ODIIJ/I't hllofl't
*Please limit your talk to three minutes!
't"'I"'CtJ't hl"ll'l- .1'.<1::1> R~f. h;Nl~1IODID-
Iimit (n.) Ah
There is a limit to everything. 1\rNr'l" )1C
Ah hi\ID-
Speed limit: thirty-five miles an hour. f'i''l')'l-
Ah Rll't'l- "'~" h?"il'l- "'f.A
limits
1. hAA. The limits of the town are some
distance from the center. fh+"7 hAA
hODtJA h.,.., &-:t Yll )ID-
2. oom"J. As we grow older, we learn the
limits of our abilities. ~y ~)!'t il'tlt~ fl-11-
;J-:f't't ODm't ~'t1)Hql\'t
reach the limit of Q;l.l,{l
I've reached the limit of my patience. '1-b"'P'
-l:'t <U.Cl'fIIII-
that's the limit ~'t"'.ll..tJ R:J>tJ
Now that you have insulted my father, that's
the limit! hll-'t );q-f:'t hiiY.oflh ~'t"/.11..
tJ R:J>tJ I
within limit ooom').
I am willing to help you within limit. ooum\-
A~.lltJ L:I'Y.'"l )'t
limitation
1. fTSJfl)o ootrt. He is unwilling to admit
any limitations in his knowledge of Amharic.
y.,c>: l-11-;J-OJo f.,.mM outJ'l-'t 11
_,.,..'t hf.LA"l?"
2. 1.1'.-fl. Anybody can take part in the contest
with the following limitations. f"''..h-1-11-'1-'t
1Y.I':f hhof!C' .,'t'"lm-?" IIID- RID-~
'-"? _,.lt'f.f. 1\.ll''t f.~A
3. b't:t'f.'l-. His height is a limitation.
.,.,...,. b't:t'f.'l- f,tJ')'I'A
limited (adj.)
!. f.,.<D/1). We have a limited amount of
space available. .l'll't 1';1' f.,.mllt )IJ>o
He has limited intelligence. fh~?"C' :fll-;1'
m- t'Tm(l)o ' ')o,.,.
This discount is good for a limited time only.
:,O<;if. ' 1\.,.ID/1) ' 1.11. ' -fiJI' ' )ID-
2. h"'."C. Our time is limited. Yll't 1.11. h
.,..C I ')oaJo
be limited to
*His food was limited to bread and water.
?""'lit .lll''i' ID-;) -fiJI' )OC
726 line
(be) limitless mll't film-?"
Spatial distance is limitless. fmLC 114-'1-
ID/I't fi\ID-9"
limp (v.) Mhll
He limps noticeably. ll..l')hil f.;J-m:,Oo;J-A
limp (n.) .,'thil
His limp has gotten worse since his illness.
h;J-ouou IDJI..tJ .,'th/1- ofi(\0;J'A
(be) limp .,.l'fll'
My col1ar is too limp; I need a fresh one.
I>/1.;1'\L _,.l'f1i;tA l h.ll..il YilLA1'"/A
become limp Ai!i:il'i:ll If)
The cardboard became limp when it got wet.
ttc-r-1- o~mo 1.11. A'i'il'i'il II')
go limp .,.11/lLI\L
She suddenly went limp and fell. 0.(-'t1'1-
.,.111\'i'A'f. IDY.-t:f
look limp mmi\-J
The flowers look limp in the heat. hO(l'Jl
RD.hl' ?"h't.l''l- miD-A1'1'A
limpid fm&-
Her blue eyes are like pools of limpid water.
II.,Y'I! 'tf.'l'!l! fm&- m-;) _P.ouM/1-
Iine (v.)
1. J\rvoot:.. Please line your paper with a pencil
and ruler! m~-t'l-tJ't o~c.-.il'i' 0.,_....,..
&,1' hP''I"C
2. ( ~ intr.) .,.,_~~. Cars lined the road for
many miles. ouh.'i'l":Y. 11-fllt- .,,.A ""'t1
Jl. ' ~f. ' _,.Y.C~~'I'A
be lined
I . .,.ta.,AA. His face was lined by age . .!.-!:
h~C~'i' f_,.)"f _,.ta.,J!._A
2. .,.110.1'.. The trunk is lined with canvass. "f
'1'1- nil'&- .,.11-fl.t!._A
*The jacket is lined with silk. fl>.,. 1RC .h
C I ~(Do
*His pockets were lined with moiley. h..lt- = 1
'tHofl -fiJI' )0C
*The road is lined with trees. hou'J1,IJ. : 1&-Ci
-t't ~ll::f /;ti-
line outhmtrJ
We followed the plan he had lined out.
~II- ,I'<D"'ID-'t ~:,.~ _,.h.,.A't
line (the) streets 00D"J1.tJ. r -J&-Ci r +~ r 1"flAL
Crowds lined the streets to watch the Emperor
pass by. 't'l-"' )1P'.,. II..I'Ai- 1\0DODAh'l-
,l,111t 00D't1JI. "1&-'i' -t't _,.111\L
lin!!
line up (vt.)
1. ft1T. How many volunteers did you line
up? ll't."f- L:J>I'."if"'f l\"''"t-1-?A l
2. l\(11\L. The corporal lined up his men.
OP'C l\1\:J>w- <'ll"'fi't l\{11\L
line up (vi.) -1-<'11\L
There are a lot of people lined up in front of
the box office. tll.l- ouif"'w- .t.."f- 1\.L
."f- ' ofllt" ' (lw- -1-<'IA~A
{be) lined up -t-+"1'1'1\UJ- .,..,..
Cars were lined up along the road for miles.
oulJ.'i"l""'f DP't1Y: llf. 1\ofllt" "7f.A
-f-4-llf'r{UD ; JI.OOOJo r ~flC
(have one) line up h(IAL
Have the boys line up in the hall! A]!'li't 0
l\'lt.lf UJ-11'1' l\{IA'i-:fw-
line (n.)
l. oPJPOOC. I still have a few lines to write.
1'i" '1'-l:."f- oPP'aoC:"'f aDl\'i' l\11-fl'"t
How many bus lines are there in this city?
OH.tl h-1-"7 UJ-11'1' ll't."f- fl\UJ-1'11-11
oo~oor:';f. r 1\lt- 1
The soldiers formed themselves into lines.
m;l'I'.C:'Ii Ooul"aoc 111-
1 shall proceed along these lines in my investi-
gation. 9'"CDP~'"') ; flf111- I oPJfloPC I llf-r
111\11-
2. fliAh ""P'""C. The line is still busy. filA
h- ' ""P'""C l\'tl'.' -1-.I'H )m-
3. fiAtt:. People were standing in a long line.
<'ll""'f 0~~!1" (lAo;: .p.aow- )flC
4. HC. Haile Sellassie is the descendant of a
long line of kings. +.11"7'1! 'lf.ll 1"1111. 1 f
'l'"l."f- ' )1/":l'."f- I HC ' hll'l'w-
5. IIA."f-. I cannot follow this line of argu
ment. fH.tJ"I hChC 1 IIA."f- Ah-1-A l\A"f-A!I"
6 . .h~"'. Short lines characterize his poetry.
f(lo ' "1'1'!1" Q"i"C .h~.,. f.:l'm:J>A
7. 'if.)."f-. He carries the best line of shoes in
town. Oh-t-"7w- f"'l.11' !I"C'I' 'if.)."f- '"i
"7l""'f't f.ii"'A
Please proceed along these lines till further
notice! 11.11 1 ."f-M"II 1 l\llh-1-t'lm Y:~ll RH.
tJ ' 'if.)."f- ' +'1'11-
This line of policy seeks security through
military alliances. fH.tJ 'if.)."f- Til.<'l.. l\'1'
:l''t nm:l'l'.&.'f ll!l"!l")."f- 11"7111"f't- f
"'l.LA"' )m-
8. 'if.H l\:J>. We do not carry that line.
fH.tJ ' 'if.)."f- l\:J> l\'i"IIDP"'!I"
727 line
9. Y:"IOC. This is the line between Texas
and Mexico. f.tl f-t:hltll'i" f"'&h<'l.lt Y:'tO
C ~Q)o
I
10. f'i"' "7'1'oo)f. My line caught on a snag.
f'i"' "7'1'""lfl'- h "I Y: )1C llf. -!--1-0-1-0
II. "liP. The wash is still hanging on the line.
f:l'mOw- A-fill 11Pm- llf.l\'tl'.-1-<'1"1 )UJ-
12. .1'..-fl.llfl.. Yesterday I received a line
from my friend . ."f-'i""l."f-'i" h'\1'.1;'\t. 1'.-fl'l
fl. ' 1'.~(1'1
13. 1"&.. What line ishein? I" &ow- !I""IY:)w-1
*There is a long line of cars ahead of us.
ht.:J-"'i-'t -fill- ""ll.'i" -t-+"1'1'11- f.'t'lA
lines
I. :,Ocx-. This car has good lines. .l'll oolJ.'i"
* ' :,.ex- ' t.llw-
2. aoAh. Along what lines will the story be
written? :1'611- 0!1""1 ooAh f.li<I-A l
3. .,'tQC. The army advanced toward the
enemy lines. tfl~ s mi.. s m~+ "'l'lflC 14-
*There were deep lines in his face. k1: s ,.
..,_"7.1!-.A
all along the line
I. 11-11-!1" )1C. He had success all along the
line. 11-11-!1" )1C li'M."f-
2. au--tr s ooo-w. The report has proved inac-
curate all along the line. t:?"C1: IID"fr' n
-~~- ' llih-1-1- ' ll''l" ' T1"f .
{be) along the line h - - :>C -1-.1'.I'H
It is along the line of what we discussed. h-1-) :>
1C"IO."f- :>C f-1-.I'J'H )UJ-
bring into line
1. fi""P"""C l\li"IQ. The riders brought
their mounts into line. Llll"'f'f. L~(l!f'=fm
'} I OoPP"oPC I 1til1flo-
2. l\"1-'1.11"7"7 l\1'.~1. We must bring the
dissidents into line. -l-.4''1'"'l.l""'f't l\'t-'1.11"7
""" ' "7Y:~"I ' l\1\ofl't
draw the line m(l')o
You have to draw the line somewhere. 1t'}.li.
,;J r oum(l") s hAoflU
*They would draw the lineatmnrder. ihf.m."f-
h"7'1'<1-."f- 011-t<J>C "7'tl;'w-'t!l" m't;eA
f.LK""''II-
drop (someone) a line
Drop me a line! 1'.-fl'lfl. ll'i'Aoo;
fall in line +llAL
The soldiers fell in line at the officer's com.:.
mand. oooho't). ."f-l\~"11 ,.,.~:,. m;l'I'.C:
'li-1-<'1114-
lineage
form a line ..,..(U\L
The teacher told the students to form a line.
00!1"11'1- ' .,....,6jP'Ii'J ' -f-(11\4- ' h~:fiJJo
get Into line _,.{1/lL
The members of the marching band got into
line. OD-If.4''l''ll -f-{1114-
hold the line against 1-h~hll
We must hold the line against inflation.
f1"tHil ouchll 7-"t'I,I'.S:Cll ouMhA
hllil"t
In (one's) line
*That is not in my line; I am only familiar
with electronics. Y r frvllm"Htfl+ JP6-
h,I'.S:II'J"l h~' f"''11Jo4'1D- ' Ill\ ' A-1\.h'l-t!'thll '
ilil' ' )ID-
*This is not in my line! 1-U ),~1' hY,oP
llh'l-!1"
(be) In line for
*He is in line for the presidency.
T&.ll.ll"t't- 7.(1- ,1'.11"'0&\
in line of duty 01-"'IJC ~,1'. h"tllll
The policeman met his death in line of duty.
?"ll.l'l- 01-"'IJC ~,1'. 7-"tllll '1"1-
in line with n - - - oPU'~..,..
In line with our policy, we will refuse him a
scholarship. 0?"1\.{l.,l':f"t """''-'~- fU,
'I-!1"11C't- h"tl'tmDJo!l"
keep In line 1;1--
He could never seem to keep his temper in
line. !l""t 1.11.11" "tS'...,"t 1\DP"':J-'1- f"7..
:fA h,I'.OUII&\!1"
(be) out of line
1. hA+ll"7"7fD. The conservatives are out of
line with us. 1\dM' 1 f"''Y,A.A,..:,. h~ ,:JC
h.l'.ll"''OD-!1"
2. hODP'ODC ID1!" )m-. His answer is out
Of line. 00/A(t.. I hoPP'OOC I IJJotif!" I )W"
reading between the lines
*Reading between the lines, he realized his
wife wanted him to return. h"7..ll., S:illlfl.
ho\l\'i' 0 7.")S: 0 100-f"IJ)o 0 "7,!1., 0 7,")JI.OUI\!I 0
.1.1\'i"t ' -f-(.11
single line +C:l"
He disposed the cars in a
0011.<;jP'Jl") 111-C;J- ' h.f"'':fiD-
(See also 'hill, reform, strike']
lineage He
The governor is a man of good lineage.
Ht: I ODA1)9"' ~m-
728 linguist
lineal, - descendant 04''1':1- fmt.s:
A grandson is a lineal descendant of his grand-
father. fA)': &\)': haJ"t.l:' h,l''l- 04''1'
;J- fmt.s: )m-
linear fClfOU'f-
An inch is a linear measure. h."J"f. 1 fClfoo:,..
oPI\11.,1' ' )Ill'
linear drawing ")~(j:.
A linear drawing shows the plan of the palace.
"t.<:-4- ffl.-1- ou"t"'P'.,"t T~"t ,l'fi,I'A
lined (adj.)
1. lit\ oupouc. I want some lined paper.
fill ""P'""C mt.4''1- h.I..&\;JI\u-
2. f-1-IIOS:. She wore a coat lined with fleece.
00"1 111-C f-1-IIOS: 1>'1- llilflll:f
linen
I. 11. '1'. This tablecloth is made of linen.
,1'.11 fmt.A.q Ailll f-1-u>&-..,. hll.'i' )..,.
rot+~J>l\fD- I
2. fh&\;J Ailll.]Thellinen is changed every
week. fh&\;J Ailll Offl!l""t., J'.4'f&-A
liner '1-A'I> ouch11
The liner carries more than 1,500 people.
'l&\4: ouchil hlf. h!l"ll'l- ou.y. (ljP
:r- j'.0&\'1' ,e,eq&\
lineup
*We could not identify the criminal in the
police lineup. ?"11.11 W'.t.S:&-'I'm- (ljP:f
ouoh&\ m"t)!ll'i'm-"t ll""llf'l- hAiJ'A"t!l"
linger
1. Jtv-'lfP Itt\. A trace of smoke lingered in
the air. hfol- m-11'1' hu-"tr '1'4:'1- m.ll hi\
2. .ff. We lingered awhile after the party.
"'il'Jf'm- IJI\4' n:>.~ 11'1'4:'1- 1.11. .r;n
linger about tDjJJ mJt,.U hll
He lingered about after everybody had left
so that he could be with her. (lm- u-tr h'L
S: 0:\~ h!l. ;JC 7."t.11.4'C mll,,' m
.11.11 )'.&\ )0C
linger on h.tl-'lfP 1"1"f
00
The custom of propitiating spirits lingers on
in some country districts. ll~flC fODDIJ1r.'l ;
IJIJA hll-"t!l" IJ"t'l"t.l:' 4'01\.jP:f 1'1
single line. >;'&\
linger over 1tH1f
He lingered over the decision. m-/t).lD"") ltWJf
linguist flll"tlll o'l'4:
11ClD" The linguist studies the structure of languages.
flll"tll/ 0'1'4: !Ill lll"tll/ u-~;J- ,I'm<;&\
linguistics
linguistics f!f/'t!ll '1'011
He is interested in Ethiopian linguistics.
fh.'l-l'"kf't !1/'t!l/ '1'011 f"'l'l'<;'l- '1'~1'1-
IIIIIJJo
lining 10c
My coat needs a new lining. lt-i: ' h.ll.h 10
C J'li~IA1'1'1A
link (v.) IIJ'.VH
The new bridge will link the island to the
mainland. IIJI.~ ~IA~J'. .P.Il.1>'t h'l'
<;IJJo ou,:.'fo ;>C J'J'J'.~IA
be linked "l't"t'~T IIIIIJJo
The police officer is linked with the criminal
group. f 7"11.~ ouho't't hiD't~ll'l''li 'I
~ ;>C "l't"t'~T IIIIIJJo
link arms
They linked arms. h't ~ llh't ~ of"J',,,.
link up of"J'J'H
Your story links up with what John told us.
ll'tof" f~1Ch't<; l'".h'tll n1t:'t fof"J'J'H ~,.
link (n.)
I. "'IJ'1"1". One link of my watch chain is
broken. f(l'\'1- "'l{lt.J''I- ll't~ "'IJ'.f'Of"
of"O'l'itll:f
2. f"''..J'J'I'-11. Our generation is the link
between the past and the future. fl;' TIJJo/A
~ ' J'II~IJJo't<; 0 f"''..OD"'IJJo't ' TIJJo/A~ ' f
"'1.11111 ~,.
linseed of"/AQ
They make oil from linseed. hof"IAQ HJ'.T
J'tD"'II-
Iint fhc<; f""col> 11<;'S
Lint collects in the pockets of the suit. h.ll
IJJoll'l' fhc<; r ....c:,. 11<;'S J'.m&-4'"'1/A
lion ll'tOit
The lion is called the king of beasts.
ll'tOit J'/.o'ET 't"I-P" ~,. J'.Q~/A
lip
I. h't~C. He cut his lip while shaving. tn....'t
11.~"1." h't~~'t ot.l:tniJJo
2. 11'1'. The lip of the cup is chipped. fll.tiJJo
11'1' of"ifC~/A
bite one's lip :I-11P
He wanted to return the insult, but bit his lip
in order to avoid a scene. oP/Ai' : t\ll,_ofl 1
~IA1 ~oc 1 "l't rqn m11 l\'t-'11~...,
0"'111'1- :1'1"'
729 lisp
hang on the lipS Of fl+OO(lf1l I }'\,IJiOOtn
The audience hung on the lips of the lecturer.
11-'l"'l'""'li o of"<;;>(.IJJo't 0-f"ODllll' o 11-'IDDtn-T
lip service, give - Oll'i' 11!1' .<'.1111
The hypocrite gives lip service to the church.
"111,. O.of" hcM:J"l't Oll'i' 11!1' J'.
.P./A~/A
lipstick fh't~C 4'M"
Almaz went to the Piazza to buy Hpstick.
IIIA"'111 fh't~C 4'11?" IIOD"I~T tDJ'. 7:
, ... ''t..P.:f
liquefy (liquefied), vt. 114'11tn
The cook liquefied the butter in a pan. OJT n.
1> ol>O.IJJo't oo>'J'Olf ~J'. 114'11tniJJo
liquefy (vi.) 4'11tn
Let the butter liquefy in a warm pan! OTh-{l
OD'J'Olf ~,. ol>O.tD ' J'.-l>l\'1'
be liquefied mY. Ll\"lh:t- +llmm
Gases can be liquefied ."JJfl- 1 mY. 1 Lil'lii-~l- ,
1\.lltDtn J'.:f~ll-
liquid (n.)
I. ~it1i ~1C. He is only allowed liquids.
fof"~_,..P.II'I- ~it1i ~1C 11!1' ~,.
2. ~it1i. Chemistry is the study of solids
and liquids. ll."''..ll'l-t. f'l''l'C':f't<; f~iti'l":f
't mQJ'. fm<;IA
liquid (adj.)
1. &.'l'li. Do you have liquid soap? A.lt7i 1 flo-
<; ' 1111111
2. 0.,.~11- tDJ'. '1'.:0 1'tH11 1\.lltD'l' f"''..:f/A.
Bonds are liquid assets. fl1X" r 04'1\1\- a mi.
'l't. 1'tHofi 1\.IIID'I' f"''..lfA o 't11."1- o
~,.
3. /All/All 111. The girl has a liquid voice.
IA"/:-:1: /All/All 111 ~6 l\~'1-
liquidate
I. h~ll. He very soon liquidated his debts.
tD-'I.J'IJJo). 6-'IIJJo't u-11- h~ll
2. ,.t'.ouft(l. The dictator liquidated his enemies.
II?"Q1~). 0 tn~.fo'li't ' J'.OD{l(l
liquor 11/AI>/A
Drinking a lot of liquor is not good for the
liver. IIAI>IA 111111-1' oom"l'l- 11"1-0'1-
'1'~ IIJ'..P.II?"
lisp of"ho~of"~
She lisps when she talks. li'I-~;>1C '1-h-~of"-1-
ll:f
 lisping
lisping I>A:f"of. M:nc
His lisping is annoying. ffl- I>A;f-of.
C ,I'Olt"'iA
list (vt.)
I. 011C11C 1\L ! 011C11C h'l"<!. He listed
all the equipment that was lost. fmof.ID-") on
"'(.,f 11-ll- 011C11C 1\L (011C11C h'l"<!)
2. oPH10(+ooH10). This item is not listed.
f.ll ' h:J> ' hA-foODH10?"
3. hODI\h-1-. The bill of fare lists only Ethi-
opian food. 11C11~ f"t,I'DPI\h+m- fh.'l-
1'-k,l'"t ' ,...,-II -11!1' ~m-
Ust (vi.) hH~OI\
The boat is listing from a hole in the side.
01-). ~f. l!l\m- -1'.11.11 f-1-~"1
hH"J-11!\_A
I ist (n.) liC11C
Make a list of the things you must do! "Yf:<!
.., I f""l,1f1tJ") I ~1C I 1fC1fC I }\tfJolfl
His name is not on the list. n,.,. 11C1fo;..
lD"{lTI ft\9"
listen
l. h.IIDPm. We listened. but heard nothing.
h.llOD"J'"J "'"J ?""J?" hAI'I"Y"J?"
I like to listen to good music. T"- ,..H.:J> "''
J;OD"J" I l._m,.c;{llJ..
2. 1'1"7. I tried to tell him that what he was
doing is stupid, but he just won't listen to me.
f"t,I'J.'.C1<D- ~1C f"Yf.<!Q ODif)."J ' ~
CIJ.'I- 1 "'"J h.l'-1'1"7'1?"
listen for (loy
Listen for the sound of the bell! fT.mll-"J !:?"
6' 11"7
*The mother listens for her baby's cry. M"-1:-1>
A!_ 1'1.,1'1\:,01\ h"JY:'I-1'1"7 C:J> h'l-'tf:?"
listen in +..e..fl"" h..lloPm
I think our neighbor listens in on our tele-
phone conversations. 1-t.IL;f-h 01\Ah II
"J~:nc +J.'.-1141 f"'L..'Il?"-r f.""llll'"tA
[See also 'reason']
listless, make - 'i'1111 h1'.<!1
Hot weather makes him listless. 'I":J>:t- l\f
C 'i'1111 ,fi'.C1'1'A
list price f++oo~ 'I':>
He sold the car at 20 percent off the list price.
ODtJ..'i"tD-1' I h+.,.OD~(Do I 'f,;J 1 "/Y I (lOD.f I
-I'"J(I' il"m
730 literary
lit, see light
h~:n
litany (litanies) 11.,.,-,
The priest recites the litany. l!IJ). II."'"J ,1'1'.
CltA
liter 11.'1-C
Give me a liter of milk! h"JY: 11.'1-C m+'l-
llm'1
literacy
I. f1-A"Y(Il- '1-?"IIC'I-, He is a strenuous
campaigner for literacy. 111-A"Y(Il- -l?"IJC
'I- -IIC-1> +".7.'1l- ~m-
2. oPI\'i''i" "Y"J0-11. Literacy is of primary im-
)';AQm- portance. oPI\'i''i" "Y"J0-11 ODrP<!;f-'1! hilL
....1.. I ~1C I }DJo
literacy campaign +rt: s orth+"''C ! +9"1!"
"711-1-"YC HOD!" 1 fLT.A ' 1'1<1-'1!'1-
Many young people engage in literacy cam-
paigns in their spare time. oflrt mnJ..P.':f '
s 0'1-C'i' 1,1,1':fm- 0-1-?"C' "711-1-"YC (0-1-
?"C' "711-1-"YC HDP!I') f.I'I"Y<!-11-
The literacy campaign helped many people to
read. fLT.A 1'1<1-'1!'1- -1111" l'l,..:f-, hVI.
,1'~!1- ' lll
literal
I. ( ~ adv.) h"JY: Q"Jf:. The robbery victim
gave a literal account of the robbery to the
police. f-1-H<!A..m- (lm- Ill\ H<!of.m- h
"JY: ' Q"Jf: ' 1\?'ll.(ll- ~1<!
2. ( ~ literally) :J>A O:J>A. Please make a
literal translation of that! .f'"J"J : :J"IA r 0.4"/A s
+c.,..oom-
literally :J>A O:J>A
You must not take him too literally. f"t'i"1<!<D-
"J :J>A O:J>A A'l-m!IT.m- hf.1Q?"
The teacher asked the students to translate the
passage literally. OD!I"IJ~ +"Y&,..'Il ,.-,q
!1-"1 :J>A O:J>A h"J-'1.+<!.,.....,.'1- mf-1'
*She is literally penniless. -l'llll 'i'<!-"Jh f~
'l-9" 11"711'1- f.!I'IIA
literary fP'~ X',_'i'
His latest novel is a literary masterpiece.
o:tco- rmtJJm- A-ll m111: ODX"m4-
..,~,.. fP'~ x-,_o;o :ten ~"'"
Literary men gather at the club to discuss
books. f P'~ X',_'i' l'l,..l- Ill\ ODI\ih'i''l-
ll""m.l'f'l- nhno- .enonq11-
literate
I iterate f.,.M
A literate person is needed for the job. Ill"&.
w- f_,."''~ (lm- Y(li..A.:>A.
literature
I. I " ) 1\'dt-'i'. Have you studied English liter-
ature? 1'1>"1"111..11'1' I " ) 1\'.ft.'i' .,..,.~?A l
2. f.,.."-L. He has an enormous library on
medical literature. !Ill ihh'l"'i f.,.l\4- 1111-
ODl\ifo'i!."f- ' hl\-."f-
3. OD""JI\fiJ.. We wrote for literature on the
electric typewriter. !Ill l\1\.h."f-tlh :J-Wr oo
"111""1 l\VI.A.IJ-A."I 1\'i'"l
litigant .,.".7.:>-:f 1 )1~.,..,
One of the litigants asked me to write an appli-
cation for him. h.,.".7.:>-'ll (M1~.,.'1''1l) h"l
J!- ' "''ODI\h!J' I l\"!J:-1\''i'll."f- ' tnf4''{
litigate .,.".7.1.,.
They have litigated about the property for the
last two years. qiii..ID" v-11'1- qoo:,- !Ill
C:il-1> ' .,.".7.1-1>
litigation,.._.,..,_
Litigation ate up all his money. aD--""J~.,. r 'J"}H~
"I ' v-11- ' .... ~(10'1-
litigious .,.".7.:>-:f
Litigious persons spend several days a week in
court .,.".7.:>-:f (19'-:f tlll'/""1-l- m-il'l' 11
If ' 4'"1 ' 'i'C:.I:- ' fl.'t- ' r.w-~11-
I itter (vt.)
I. h-1'11. Don't litter your desk with paper!
m~A.~tJ"I tlm~+'t- h:J--1'7i7i
2. ti:J-.,.). They littered their toys from one
end of the room to the other. oPftJ.m!F:fm-1'
h'i'll- m-il'l' h'IC llilh 'IC: ti:J-.,.).'1-
Iitter (vi.) WIII'-
The cat had littered in the closet . .1:-0D'): ll"'
'I" "''l'l- ID"il'l' Wlll'-:f
be littered .,.~1..~1..
The battlefield was littered with corpses.
f,nc: ' "'L'IID" ' ..:,{) ' .,.~'i'C:G:tl't- ttiC:
litter up .,.11~h~h
Dirty clothes littered up the room. f-1'11 A
11(1 ' h'i'll- < Wil'l' ' .,.11~hC:!> ' ttiC:
litter (n.)
I. -l'lflf. Pick up your litter after the picnic!
h7ic:7i~ ' tl:\1\ ' ol'lflfm-"1 ' A-4''1"
2. :1' ..:.~. The man was carried to the hospital
731 little
on a litter. tl7i.,..,m- tl:l'otl.~ mil- lfil"C:J-
A. ' .,.m(ll'-
3. "IA."Ift-':f. Rabbits are fecund; they can
have several litters a year. 'l'"l:fft-':f m~P.:f
illltJ"). ' tlqOD."f- ' ID"il'l' ' 1111- ' "IA.1fl-'f < f.W
A.'lll-
little (n.) '1'-1:'1-
The little of his work that I have seen seems
excellent. '1'-1:'1-'1" fl.lf"l Yfv-'1- l"t.m-
ll)/.'"1 f ti11J'/" ' 'I'~ f f.ODill\1\
on so little tllf.IJ Mil.,.., 1"11111
I earn only $20 a week, and I cannot live on so
little. f"'11'fr- tlll'/""1'1- ?Y 11C: 11!1'
tm- l tlli.IJ Mil_,.., 1"11111 A.'l"C h
A.:fA.'/"
little (adj.)
I. 't-"17i. She has a little girl. 't-"17i o!.'t- A.
11.' M!J'."f-
2. Tot::,.. Won"t you stay with me for a little
time? 11'1'-1:'1- "Ltl. h~ ;>C h't-ol'f.'l" 1
3. f"''f.~q. She frets over little things. tl"''f.~
n- ' t1C"'f ' '1-tlll"'ill:f
4. 1f~ r fl\, The girl has a little voice, and it is
difficult to understand her. A.)l."): 11-'1> Yll
.1:-'1"1> ' M~'t- ' IIODil"'''t- ' Yil:f"lt.A.
5. h)il.,.'i'. This idea is of little matter.
f.tJ dtll11 Mil_,.'i' 'I':> Yllr- tm-
*It is only a little walk to the store.
WI'- ' oPfl-11~ ' 1111- ' hYill~.i:-'1"
*That is of little value to me. l..9""111f~ 1 h~
tn-'J>OD'{'/"
little one A.)l.'
How are the little ones? A.l{'f Y.-,.,- <;:fw- ?
little (adv.)
I. '1'-1:~. She gives little to charity. liM ' h.i:-
t.H .1:-C:)/.'."f- f'!"."f-(lmr- '1'-1:'1- )m-
It's a little warm here. l\lf.IJ '1'-1:'1- '1"-l>
f.I\A.
2. M'l" + (negative). He little knew what
lay ahead. WY.J.'t- M l\"11'-"'U'-Cil '1""1
'I" hYm--'1>'1" )tiC
3. l\"1-'l..l'm- + (negative verb). He little knew
that the police were about to arrest him. 7"1\..il
ll_f.Um- l\"11'-ttl~ l\"IJI.Yr-'1" h~W4'
4. l\'1"11~'1" + (negative). She is little known
in the city. tlh.,."''m- m-il'l' l\'1"11~'1" h
."f-:J-W-'J>'I"
little better than
He is little better than a thief. ht\.11 '1""1'1"
YtJA. hf.lfA. 'I"
littler 732 live

little by little fishermen. OIJ,'hC '!Cil' '1-.I]IJil f"'L'/''1-

1. '1-.1f.C. Little by little, he calmed down. (ljP':f ' h11~'l',; ' 't"' ' h'l'"'':P:':f ' ""'"'"
'1-.1f.C ~:> '1-.11
2. 4'11 04'!1. The waterlevel rose little by little.
liturgy (liturgies) f0.-1" hc!ltf't F) JP
f'OJ-~lJ)a I oPJ.'.{I I rf>{l ~ fl+(l I h~j:. I J\/\
C't'I-
The Ethiopian liturgy is much like the Egyptian
little--known l-9"11tf9'" s f!A~m+
Coptic liturgy. fh..'l-f-k1 0.1" hcilt1"1
They live in a little-known town. '1-.11"11~9" JP) I JPC't'l- ' h"111ll' ' I>Tth ' 0.1" ' hC!I
IJA;I'm4'':f h-1""'1 m-11'1' f>'/' &-tr t1't ,;JC 0"19" f,OD<'IMA
a little
I. '1-'t'ii '1-'t'ii. I can speak a little French. (be) livable 1\oP'/'61 ""'
.t.~'t<'lf>'O' ' '1-'t'ii ' '1-'t'ii ' '1-.'i'1&-1111- The house is small but livable. 0..,. '1-'t1i
2. 11'1'<1:'1- '1.11.. Sit a little with me! 11'1'<1:'1- n.on!l" /loP'/'~1 r.n:l'A
"'.tL 1 h~ ; ;JC r T+OO'l" quite livable f-t.fool- r lf'f
a little way '1'-l::."f- He found life on the island quite livable.
Of.cl..,. ~f, ).f!' f"7.1oo':f 11''/' M"f..,.
Come a little way with me! '1'<1:~ lf"f~ 1 1

make little of 11:,. ' hJ.!"C") = +out\h+ live (v.)

He makes little of my trouble. ":f"'t. 't 1 11~
h.I':C1 ' f,ODI\h-I"'I'A
not a little OIIJfD
He was not a little annoyed to find I had
disobeyed him. '1-'1-.~1!-'t l.I\DD4'0/I.'t fl.1m-
:,. I fliiJf"" I filL
*The problem gave us not a little trouble.
""'II' 1 :>moo"! ":f"'c 'I'<!: 'I- '1-.f,f.l\9"
think little of
1. 11:,01"'0' "19"'1- '1-.1\m-. I think little of some-
one who destroys books. oP~,O~j:.-}o") : 1\IPIJ
n~if. .,.,.,,n.o:-
nl"':f 11:,.1-'0' "19"'1- '1-.11~
2. 'I':> '1-.'t.llllm- )1C 1 '1-.A4:.m~9". I think
little of driving 50 miles to see a movie.
II"''f'!- h9"<'1 "''Y,A ou'tf.-'t 'I':> ' '1-.
"1.11/lm- ' )1C ' hA4:.'l'C9"
very little
I. '1-'t'ii. We slept very little last night.
'1-'i''t'l- ' ..,,. f-1"'0') ..... '1-'t'ii ' )IJ)o
2. '1-.'t.ll't.l'... I see very little of him since he
moved away. h'tf. ~9"1!' ' f"''fiD" h't.ll't
1. cr~. Before the war, I lived in France.
hi11C)_,. Ool-'1- .t.~'t<'IY, Me '1-.'/'C )OC
He lived a very happy life. 0"19" ~!11"'0' ).
~ I 'fl_
The Chinese live largely on rice. il'f>'i'l"':f h
11~'0'm-'t ' f"'L 'l'<-'1- ' 0'1-11 ' )ID"
He Jives well, even though he hasn't much
money. 1111- 1'tH11 1 IJY,'/'~m-9" f."r'i' ' r,
'l'&-A
I earn only $20 a week and I cannot live on
so little. f"'11"fm- 1 0<'19""1'1- ?1 11c 11
if' )ID" l OH.tJ M!l-1"'0' 1'tH11 A'l'C
hA':fA!I"
fl.~"'' 2. 1".11!.~. He managed to live on $40 a week.
0<'19""1'1- hCIJ 11C ' .h.<'l11 11.1"-'lf.C /I'll
*He knows how to live. f).(!""} r HI.. fJ-
:l'A
*His memory will always live in our hearts.
9"') ' '1.11.9" ' .,.,.,~ .......
live In llfL-l- r If l,
Does your cook live in? ID~J" n.+ r 1P&-.-T

1., I ~IJ)o
[See also 'finger, how, mind, mischief, short,
while']
littler, the - h)!l 1 111..,.
The littler of the two children is my son.
hll-11_,. A]1.:':f Mil ,f"'LII"'" f~ AY; )m-
littlest, the - hll-11- f"'L1"!(1m-
The littlest child got nothing. hll-11- f"'Lf't(l
m- AY; !l"'t!l" h~119"
littoral region fiJ,'hC .IIC/1' '1-.I]IJil
The people of the littoral region are mostly
'O'u f!l"'l-'l' ~..,. '1-.0.'I-u )..,. !
live off
I. 0 - '1-hlf ' '/'~. He lives off his parents.
OID'\]1.:,; '1-hlf f,'/' &-A
2. h O"'Lf11m- 1".11!.~. The soldiers lived
off the land. m;l'f.C',; hhi]IJilf'l'm- 0"7,
111-'1- ' 1".11!.'1-
live (on)
I. OD'/'<1-'t 4'mll. The old people died, but the
young people lived on in the village. roo,. F...;..
'li"''"/1\.l"':f ' hllofl ' ,,.,.,.,; ' "l't ' hrt.J'ID" '
ou<;&-'l'm-'t 4'mll
2. 01\. The people on this island live on
live 733 livestock

nothing but fish. fH.ll f.ll.."f- )'l'tll'':f 111 livelier, be a little ~ ),1> hil
't"' ?'"t9" h,I'.OII-9" The patient seems a little livelier this evening.
3. ++Cat 1 If~- His great words live on in our 0'11 .......,. ~.:. hoPlf ' ),I> ' 111 . j/.08!11\ol\
hearts. f-t-'01&-'fiD- ;1-11:,. .4'11'1- OAq:f'Jo
livelong uo-11-
ID-!1'1' ' -t--te?.ID- ' f.'f &-oil-
She is busy the livelong day. <l')o't uo-11- I"
live out hl\41.. &- 'If. ' ):f
She won't live out the winter. ht.9"'1-'t h;J-
A'i'9" lively
live through hf I. 't-1!. He is a lively boy. 'to!! A'f: )OJ<
He lived through two wars, and one revolution. 2. ff.DP<I'. That was a lively party we had.
;rettD- 0"1'}" f)'.DP<j> ' )Oe
11-11'1- ' flleH:f-'0 ' h't .... ' ODoP(.:J-'1! ' /liD-
3. 1."7:,.. She likes lively colors. 1."7:,. <1'11'1"
... hf.:t:A
:f ."f-ID-'1/I:f
live to
4. .,.:,. 111. He played a lively tune. .,.:,.
*He lived to a ripe old age. 0"19" he~ '1"-t-
,f/1 Hoi.'t -t-"'iiD-t-
live to be },(lh.lf~(J)a tj l. Their house is very lively. o.;t-;rw- 1 ,.,.-,. :
He lived to be a hundred. .,..,_ 'tDD."f- h!lh. 111 )ID-
li')ID-'ft. 5. h~ 1 Yll. He has a lively interest in political
*He did not live to be as old as his father. events. !Ill 7'111:lJ 1-'li":f h'i' 111 il"'l.
h't'lq-J> he~ hA'I"-t-9" '1-. h/\ID-
live up to fl - - - oowl.T l j l. 6. ( ~ adv.) !1"'1..'1- 0"'1..<1'11:,.!1 hl>.:\'t . He
He tried to live up to the ideals of the Christian gave a livelyaccount of his adventures. illl~~
religion. OheM:n ?f."'/'f'l- f.'til ou"'t. 110'1- )1e !1"'1.'1- O"''..<I'IITil hl>.:\'t -t-
.")- 1\0D'fe 'l"ht. '01t.
*He didn't live up to my expectations. h't'lllil feel lively Tf.IIT
11-'1 ' ll''f ' hl\1111-'1-9" Horses prance when they feel lively. .l.t.(l'fl
[See also 'affluence, camp, morally, seclusion, 1\.1'.11-1> j/..1,)"51\-
style']
make lively J\.F.OD+
live (adj.) A jocular person is needed to make tbe party
I. )'i'il 11\tD-. It was a real, live lion. hiD-) lively. ;retiD-'t 11"'/.I':OD:,. <I'M.,. !'ltD-
.,_.,. )'i'il 11\ID- h'tO<'l )Oe 1il.I.A;>A
2. h))<;:ll- 111. I bought some live fish. hH liven hf.ou-t
<;:{)'ftD- ' 111- ' 'l"'lP:f ' ,~,. Music livens a party. uo-Jl.? 1ii'IJ"'I Yf.?"
3. t,QJ,,J>""-1:. The border problem is a very ,I> A
live question right now. fm(t). ~c h
liven up )-,.4> : )o:J" ' hll
11-'t'}" ' h~JJ,,l>"'i-1: ' 1-'lf. ' )ID-
She livened up after a nap. ~.F.r 111\ : h+)o
4. ;1-:1"6. A live, young man may succeed in
"'?f ' 0:\1\ ),I> ),I> hill-
making this store earn money. h't.l': :J':h'
ID"'."f- ,1'.11 DPf.ile illl- ."foe<;: ' h't'l.,l'1 liver 1-0'1-
'1 "''.l':t."' f.:fA f.li''OA He has cancer of the liver. f'l-ll'l- lJ'tlle h
5. tf''i.Emancipationof theslavesis no longer 110'1-
a live issue. fQl!"l- ~R oPCIJotiJ+ Qu-). 1.
livery (liveries) AI' Ailil
II. ' "'" ' 1-'lf. ' hf.f.ll'}"
[See also 'coal, wire'] The servants in the palace wear livery.
fiJ.T oP't11"'1- h1ihl!':f AI' Ailil
livelihood ""-t-'lf.t.1 f.llil<'l/1-
His livelihood is not a legitimate one. oo..,.JJ1.6
lives, see life
11D- .h;>'l! DP't1.1':'t fThTII hf.f./\9"
earn (one's) livelihood ..-.-;~c: livestock hil.f?f
He earns his livelibood by farming. f"''..T'If.t. We cannot get enough feed for our livestock.
ID- 01ile'O )ID- llhofi-H'?f't o-t '1"1il h'01'1?"
 livid 734 load

(be) livid IV'"X' llllil lizard h'J7i'lll.'l-

His face was livid with rage. h'JS'.'l-
Uf I ~.J: I hoP:' ~ t'\0(1
living (n.)
I. >C". Living is awfully expensive here.
).C" I ~lltJ I OtlJ9"
I m-~ I ~(Do
2. ool'f:. The old man is tired of living.
71"'1"11\.tJ>o ' OD'i'C ' iiA:f.f.:I'A
3. hS::S::C. The preacher urged the importance
of right living. ill\h.tJ>o f'l-hhll'? h.)..).C
'J h!MA1.~T ll'l'il~ hflilll
do for a living
What does he do for a living? !I"'J IPC+
YY:&.A l
make a living +.4,_~
He makes a living by selling shoes. -"7 0
ooif'l' f.+JI~A
make one's living "fw&. ' 'r ~
How does he make his living? 9"1 hflP&-
J.'.'i'&.A l
[See also 'cost, earn, high']
living (adj.)
I. IIM'l- f"'/.11:1' iii". We pay our workers
a living wage. IIIP&.-1-V'i"l-'J llc!ll'l- f"''.ll
,., J'.'l"ll iii" ' ~ .... f!I"'Jh'i:ll'ftJJo
2. ( ~ while he is alive) llihf.ID., flll. A living
author does not often find recognition. iliND
'J 1.11. J'.&.fl. llihf.m., flll il_. hY
m&-!1"
3. f"'/.IP&-11'1-. Amharic is a living langoage.
h"''C'? ' f"'/.1P&.IIT !lnW ~ ....
4. 11!1"11!1". The tree was struck by lightning
while it was still living. tf4- 1'i ltfDlt'r
i'tl\ I OD1Ji:.:Jo I OD:}-tiJa
f-1-~ The lizard walked on the wall. h'J7i<\ll.'l- fl
"IY:"I'I"'" ...,. 'tJ'.l-
load (vt.)
I. "'i~. Load the cases on the truck! "''l''i''tl'J
ooh..,...,. ' 4\f. ' "'i'i''f..,.
They loaded the car before the trip. h1fl..,.
fl.t.'l- ""h.'i'"'"'J ""1).
Before going to market, they load the donkey.
1flY hoo't'l'f..,. fl.t.'l- hUY J.'.~tr
The farmer loaded grain on the donkey.
1fl<l...,. hUYtJJo'J hUA "'i~
2. h:l' hflLt: I "'i~. Why don't you load the
truck? h:l'tJ)o'J ooh.'i'..,. <\f. II!I"'J h:l'
ll'i'C!I" (h'l-"'n!l") l
3. 1-11.:. He loaded his stomach with food.
ITJl. 'J fl!l""lil 'l-Ilt:
4. h'l-t:il. The soldiers loaded the gnn and
fired. ID;I'J'.C''fl ' mOD'J)f'ftJ>o'J h.,.CiltJJo
-1-h-fl.
load (vi.)
I. -1-"'i~. The ship loaded at Massawa.
oochll- ' !1"6'1' ' ...,. "'"""'~
2. ( ~ active) h:l' h{)Lt:. The bus usually
loads at the rear door. h..,.-1'11-fl. h:l' f"''.
Yll'i't:tJ>o hil'l'?tJ)o'J 1.11. fl:\'1 fie ~..,.
load with
I. "'i ~. He loaded his workers with too much
work. 1P&.of-V''tl'J illl- 1"&. ' "'i'i''ftJJo
2. fl1'i' hJ'.t:1(11'1-). He loaded his friends with
gifts. II~J'.V''tl iltR:I' fl1'i' hJ'.t:1'11f..,.
be loaded
I. -l-""1 ~. The baggage is loaded on the plane.
~II- h..,.C'T'I). 'If. -1-"'."S::A

~~. ... .,., . ....

*He is the living image of his father. .,.C'I'
~
2. '1-t:il. The gnn was loaded. moo'J)f..,. '1-
C!l..A
be living llihf.IDT ' 'i'.: be loaded down -1-lfhoo
I don't know whether he is still living. llihJ.'.tD She was loaded down with packages. -1111- f-1-
'I- oo'i''I-'J h'ltJJo~!l" m.,.lltr h:l'l""f- +lfh"'' )flC
living conditions f).C" v-t.:J- be loaded with
Living conditions here are very bad. llrt.u I. flq(fl+). We are loaded with work. 1"&.
f).C" I &).:J- I OlfJfD I OD"'J'f:: I SolD- flll+il'i'A
living costs f).C' aJoJ!"io-l- 2. m.:Y.(fl'l-). She is loaded with troubles.
Our wages are pegged to living costs. J'.'l"'l illl- ooh&. tD.:J'.I\'1-
"f-'J h).C' tJJoY:~T ;>C J.'.II'I'ID'QA
[See also 'standard'] load (n.)
I. ifh!l". The load is too heavy for him.
living room flii-'J ifh.- llfl. hoam'J fl'IJ.'. hi\Y: ~..,.
The living room of this house is large. fii.U 2. "1."~'1-. I ordered a load of coal. h'JY: 'I."
11.'1- 1\11-'J ill. ~ .... ~')- hilA hHllh-
loaded
loads of ooq.:,.
He has loads of money. oo'J:,. 1'tHil hllfD"
(a) full load of 0 ...11-
He has a full load of classes this term. 011.11
_,.C'I" f"''.llmfD""t :,.'I"IIC:,. 'Jf.):,. 0
"""II- f.IDII.IIA
have a load of O~(o:,.)
+r have such a load of work that I must work
on Sundays. 1"6- llll"''.O~il'f 7ui>Y: h"'"Y:
6-,.
0D / " 0 hl\il'f
take a load off one's mind ..ftlUl-"} h.?l\
II(H)
Her safe arrival took a load off my mind.
0.<'.~ ... ODY:~!l. .htaO:t h?IIIIA'f
loaded (adj.)
I. "11'):,. fO~o:,.. The loaded truck broke
down. "1/'):,. fO~o:,. oo!J.o; .,.llO~
2. t,Q;L?"'I.-1:. That is a loaded question.
h ....?'"i4! 'l'J'of: )ID"
3. 1'1-~ll. You will get hurt if you fool with a
loaded gun. 0'1-~ll mou't)l" il:,.'"iiD:,.
A,.'l-11 :,.:Y.I\1111
[See also 'heavily']
loaf (loaves), - of bread liP
We need two loaves of bread. 0.11:,. liP J'
III.A1o;A
loaf (v.) M1m 1 PH)
He was loafing on the job. OF &olD" J'l\"1'1'
(f.P11't) )OC
loafer 1"&- 1.:,.
His wife divorced him because he was a loafer.
1"&- l.."f 111\lf) "'1.111> l.:f':Y.ID-
loam 'I'AIJ oo.:,:,.
Cotton grows best on loam. '1''1' R'PAlt s oo
.:,:,. 1\f. .<'.~o; hY:C~ f.O"'>IIA
loan (v.)
I. (money) hO.<'.~. He loaned me five dollars.
t-'1"11:,. ilc t.o.<>.~'f
2. (object) h'l'll. He loaned me an interesting
book. f"''.J'II.<'.II:,. DDK".h'i' h'l'll'f
loan (n.)
1. (money) iiY:C I f1'tHil iiY:C. I refused
the Joan he offered me. ID-o'IY: J'll'f't ilY:
C 7.'1"0. hAil-
Loans are decided by civil Jaw. f1'tHil il
Y:C O'i':,..h il.t..C $"1 f.IDo'lo;A
735 local
2. (object) oo'J'II. The Joan of books is not
allowed. ODK".h'i' OD'J'II hf.l.'tY:'I"
loanword r:,.,.ll:,. ?A
English has many French loanwords. 7.'t"'l\.11
'i' ill!' fl.~'tilf.'i' r:,.,.ll:,. ?11:,.
M:,.
(be) loath .<'.II Mll(tJJo'l")
I was loath to go to the party. IDS'. ;ret
,. t10'/.Y: .<'.II hllll'fll"
loathe 0"1'1" mil l h't1lf1lf(tJJo)
I loathe pork. fhil"'/ I" ;J 0"19" 7.mll
IIlio (J"t1lf"'lf'i'A)
loathing '1'11!1'
He eyed the food on the table with loathing.
hma.. ~,. 111- J'l\tJJo't ll""'il O'l'llil' .,.
1101\h.,.,.
loaves, see loaf
lobby (lobbies)
I. oo.,.l\ll~J'. They are waiting in the lobby.
tiP.,.I\Il~J'fDo Ill'- f.mil?ll-
2. [fll"hC o.:,. h'lll-":f't 1\"'1"1'1'1:,. f"''.'l"
h~. lll"":f]
lobe }(f!'
She pierced her lobes so she could wear
earrings. ~:,.!1' 7-'tY:;l.<'.C"J }(f!''l''t .,.0
ta:Y.
local
I. fl11C ' tJJoll'l'. Our papers carry local and
international news. ;JH.tnil'":f't f1J1C tJJo!l
'l'o; ' ffDo"'/' ' h1C H.o;JP:f't J'ID"l/1-
2. J'1C. He was not familiar with local
conditions. J'1~'t o.~;f' hA.,.IIoo.<'.tJJoll"
3. fh.,...,. The city administration abated
local taxes. f"'/H;J)I" o.:,. fh.,...,tJJo't "'ii
c. 4')1l
An express bus passed the local bus. 0&-&
..... h,.,..,.IJ-11 fh.,...,,... h,.,..,.IJ-11 .,....
QDIJ)o
4. Of"'II.J'fDo f"'/.4''1". A local train takes
twice as long as an express. OfiiJOJ'(Do rot.
4''1" IJII-C 0.,.'1':1' h"''.'t.<'.fDo f.A"'> lJ
'l''i' 'LH. f.IDII.IIA
5. IJ'tY: (l:f' Ill'- flf). The injury was local;
so his leg was bandaged, and he went home.
~.111: f.<'.~llfDo IJ'tY: (1;1' 1\f. 111\lf)
7."1~ 04-lf ' ;f-Ill!' ' IDS'. 0.., ' '/..<'.
locality
locality (localities) 4>011.
There is no school in this locality. ntt.u +fl
11. +?"uc+ o.:,. f/19"
(be) localized
*The infection is localized in the foot. r+.,.JS
(Do- I ,.,.,....,. I -fl:.F I ~(&
locally llltii0.11Jo 11!1'
The flood did much damage locally. 7-Cf. II
ltiiO.IJJo 11!1' 1111- 7'1+ h ...:(1
locate (vt.)
I. ,i..A.'I h7'f. I could not locate him. ,/..A.
1. '17'ffDo hA.!I'A.b-9"
2. t.ouflh1'. Can you locate Addis Ababa
on the map? OltC;fIJJo '1,!'. h'l.il hOII"I
Pl,:f'ODflh+ ' +':f'l/111 !
3. hll/!1/ou. He located his store in the center
of the city. h1'"'111Jo ' ODIJhPI. ' OD...11C ' hll/
*""
4. .._<:(1(0+). I couldn't locate the trouble.
:f-"1~"1 hA....<:ilb-0+9"
locate (vi.) {1,/..:
Early settlers located where there was water.
f'l'"l+ M-t<l"':f IJJo~ 11110:,. (l;f' ,!'.(1
"'~'~or.
be located
1. +1"f. Where is your new store located?
hJl..(t- ou...11CU f"7. 7'f1JJo f+ ~IJJo 1
2 . .,. ....... A new school is to be located in the
town. h'l.il +?"IIC+ n.+ h1'"'111Jo "'"
{ltp I l'l.rP&- I ~(Do
location
I. h.,...,ou'l'. The location of the hotel is ideal.
flf-J;fl- h4>"'1""'1' f(tm ~"'"
2. ,.,..,"'(:,.. The location of missing persons is
the duty of our office. fm4- (tl":f-"1 "'l"l'f
:,. faoP'&I ll.;f':f-"1 1"'111C ~,..
lock (vt.) ~"-
Don't forget to lock the door when you leave!
il+\\ .... ' 0~"! ' OD'i'.fl'f' ' h+C.I\
I locked it in my desk. m<:A.~\Io IJJoil'l' ot.
M:~ro+
lock (vi.)
I. 1'41/1,/.., The door locks easily. 0~ 0+'1
flo ,!'.41114-A.
2. ~h(t. The wheels locked, and the car
skidded. 'l"'lf& illl~h(t ooll.';''l' .,."!If&-.,.
.,.;r.
736 lock
be locked
I. -1"104>. His jaws were locked, and he could
not say a word. oo"};J;Jt.D- llll+tiJn+ ' ?"""J
9" OD';''}C hA.!I'II9"
2. ( = active) 'i'./1,/.., +The secret was locked in
her heart. 9"ilm.~"l OA.!I. IJJoil'l' 'i'./1,/..
':fiJJo
lock arms h"!.... llh"!.... 1'.1'IH
The girls locked arms and walked down the
street together. A.)I'7<:P..~ h"!.._. llh"!.._.
1',1',!'.HfDo h1I:11Jo 0'1-'I';'IJJo '1,!'. 1'"1lf
&-If~
lock In h(t<:
The police locked in the criminal. 7'11.(1- w
"1)!/l'ffDo"! h(t:
lock (oneself) out OO"''ft.f J\11)
She closed the door and locked herself out
because she forgot the key. 41A.4-"! f&il'l'
<:il;l- 0~"1 iliiH;>':f OD"I0.,1' h"'"f
(be) locked out
I. 1'H:>(O+). If you don't get in by midnight,
you will be locked out. 00\lrll 11.11.+ II
+711 ,I'.H:>117A.
2. 0~ ..,.H"I-fO+ .,..,.. h ...<:. I was
locked out last night. +';'"I+ "'I;1- 0~
_,.H"I-r-11'1 IJJo'fl' h ...C.Ir
lock together +.'\1"00
The two cars locked together in passing.
11-11-1: oull.o;l"':f (1.1'1\M 1''11'..,.
(be) locked together 1'-t.'l/1,/..
The bumpers of the two cars were locked
together. fv-11-1: oull.o;l"':f ,i..:4-"l'l':f ,
. 1'41'1114-
lock up
I. 'i'.ll,i..(O+). They herded the prisoners into
a room and locked them up. 0\h<:'l'~ h
"! ..... h'i'A. IJJoil'l' h.,..<:IJJo ot./14-ll'fiJJo
2. 11-fl-"1 ~7C 41'111,/... Be sure you lock up
before you leave! hOD\\.._.11 0,1..:,. v-flo"!
~ .. c. 411\A.'i'
3. h"''l'"l 41/1,/.., Lock up your jewelry before
you go away! hou\\.._.'11 oo~.:,. 1."1 1.'1''11"! ,
h"''l'"l 4141\o!.O+
(be) locked up
I. 1'4111,/... The magician was locked up in a
box. m"!ll/1' "1'1'). f&il'l' 1'41A.Il:O;I-A.
2. 0\ilC. n.:,. 711. He was arrested by the police
and locked up. 07'11.11 ..,.,.. 0\ilC. 11.
,. .,q
[See also 'hom1
lock 737 log

lock (n.) 2. '111-1' of'l.. The bullet lodged in his shoulder.

I. f.,.<l\'i' 1\<;-l-. The lock needs oiling. f.,.<!\
4- l\<;"-l- Hf,.'f fM.<I\1'1'11\
2. (f.,.<l\'i') 4"'1'1. He could not put the key in
the lock. ofl<l\4-") 4'-'l-'l..,. "'"liT oob.,.-l-
h<l\!1'119"
3. HM. A lock of her hair was found in his
wallet. IIPC{)..,. tJJoiiT fK1-;,: Hill\ .,.1")"
lock, stock, and barrel ).."}1;1\
I bought the store - lock, stock, and barrel.
00.<'.11~") ' l\")Jlll ' 1ql]o-}-
be under Jock and key .,..,.11.1.(11-l-)
The documents were under lock and key.
(l)p..'Jl .,..,.11\G:ll:ftJJo )OC
locker "'T")
He stowed his clothes in a locker. 11\11(1-") 111
tj>jl\/1" ' "'T") ' tJJoiiT ' hllof'ODffiCJ)o
lockout F&- ""H:>-l-
The workers demonstrated against the lockout.
w&-.,.'1''11 'u&- OouH;>-1: M"7' 1'111\'i' take In lodgers
h.<'.l.1-
locksmith .,.11\'i' w&-.,.lf
The locksmith fixed the broken key for me.
.,.11\'i' w&-.,.lf f.,.(lfil.CJ)o") .,.11\'i' w&-11\~
Tf,.-1> -l-b!ftJJo ' tJJoiiT ' 111-1' of'l.
3. .,.,_,. of'l.. The kite lodged in the top of a
tree. ID'I")Jl'f' ' q4< ' ""i'i' ' 'If,. ' .,.,.q ' of'
t,";f
be lodged .,..,.l.of'l.
His foot was lodged between two rocks, and
he could not get loose. l\"1~ hv-11-l- !liT~
ool)b<l\ llll.,.of'l.of'l. IIODtJJo"'-l- h<l\il'
119"
lodge (n.)
I. f"7U.f 'l]t;. He owns a lodge in the
mountains. 11.,.&-&-..,. 'If,. f"7l..l.f 'l]t;
hlltJJo
2. f"7~0C :,0C")""'i'. The lodge meets every
Tuesday. o-<1\1.11. "7hl'l'l' f"7~0~ :,OC")""
'i' 11111'1'1 ' f.<'.C:><I\
lodger .,.h&-1'.
How many lodgers does she have? 11")-l-
.,.h&-l'.ll'"'f M..r 1
*The widow makes a living by taking in
lodgers. '1!1. f'l".,.ll-l- ll.-l-1" f9"-l-.,.-'l.<'.l.
CJ)o ' 0.:1: ' tJJoiiT ' l;").';")J:;' ' h'i'<l\ ' 1\fb&-
f";f ' )CJ)o

lodgings oo'ft.f
locomotion oo'l'l"lf" His lodgings are on the second story. oo'fl.f
Trains and planes are means of locomotion. tJJo OIJoll.,.'ftJJo G;:,O 'If,. )tJJo
.,,..,.
'111-C<;" l;CJ)of!'T'I") foP'I'I"If" HJ'.ll'"'f
take lodging 0.-l- .,.h&-f
I took lodging with an elderly lady. lJVI.-l-
locomotive '111-C Ill.. ' lJII- ' 1\-l- ' o..r '
.,.h&-fiJo
Smoke comes from the locomotive. '10><;
"1"11 ' ,..,.<!.<!\
loft ~T
Store the hay in the loft! J:'C~ if.") M""'"
tof,. hJ:'C1tJJo
locust h")O"'
The locusts are bad this year. 1;")0"1 011. lofty
tJ ' ~"".r '
h'i':J:<I\ I. b'i'.,.lf. His lofty aims proved impossible
[See also 'cloud'] of realization. b'i'.,.'f ~'1"7ll''li 11"7h<;"m
lodge (vt.) ") f"7f,.il'll- ' If').

I. h'l"l.. We will lodge the refugees in the 2. 0"19" b'i'.,.'f. The lofty mountain peaks
schoolhouse. ll.<'..,.'l''Jl") -l-9"tJC-l- 0.-l- can be seen from here. 0"19" b'i'.,.'f flf'i-
CJ)oiiT ' l\<;"'l"&-:f'f'll") -l- f.,.&-&-ll''li ' ""iG:"'f ' hll.tJ ' 11.:1'1< '
2. hof'l.O. I lodged a complaint against my f,.";ftoll-
opponent. 0111'1-!: 'If,. h0.-1::1' hof'l.11h- 3. 'I"+ fll. He treats his colleagues in a lofty
*The hunter lodged a bullet in the lion's heart. manner. fP'&- 'l.<'.'l''Jl") '1":,0 'Ill h\>,:\
h.<;')< ' 1;")0/)CJ)o") ' ji\(Jo") ' IITf,.-l- ' OD:J'CI)o
") ' f):>"l&-'1''1'11\
lodge (vi.) log (logged), v.
I. MO.,.. He lodged with his relatives. I. DD)tlll.. They are still logging the forest.
bHooP..'Jl :>C Mil.,. ""ilJtJJo") ho-")9" 00DOD")ffiC 'If,. <;:ftJJo
log
2. 0"711;1-m!f .1'.11-1-C 1\.f. How many flight
hours have you logged? ll"t'l- fO<:&- ll't
'I- 0"711;1-m!f .1'.11-1-Cll K:.f.YfA t
log (n.)
I. "'l"t .t:. The log is still burning. "'l"t-'1. h
1Jo"t9" ' J'.)J!fA
2. "711;1-m!f .1'.11-1-C. The airline pilot keeps a
log. ffC ' OD"t1'1. ' l\fD"I!'T'I"t ' ))( "7
11;1-mlf .1'.11-1-C J'.J'.qfA
*I slept like a log. l\"t:t>fA'i' .t:11"t h.t:C1
mll.l'.'t
log (adj.) h"'l"t.t: f-1-IP&- l f~"t..,-'1-
He has a log house. h"'l"t.t: f-1-IP&- IL-l-
l\llfD"
They lived in a log cabin. f~"t..,-'1- 11( fDoll
'I'' 'l"-1-
logic
I. 9"C9"C. He is guided by logic, not by
feelings. f"'LOD&-fDo ' 011"''1- ' ftJ'.ll'"t ' 09"
C9"C )fDo
2. l\ll-1-ftll11. His logic is faulty. l\11-1-ftllll-
11.1.-1--1-'1 ' )fDo
3. 'l-hhll'1 l\ll-1-ftll11. Logic will show that the
two ideas are incompatible. 'l-hhll'1 l\11-1-ft
ll11 ' IJoll., mft!l:f f"t:J>t:)o ' ODII''i"'ffDo
' '"'"'
"t -tr
4. 'i'1C. There is much logic in what he
says. f"tllfDo 1111" <1!9" )1C l\110'1-
5. 11-i(h. He studies logic at the university.
\<kltCII.-1: fDoll'l' 11-:(h fm'i"fA
logical -l-11l l\ll-1-ftll11
It is logical to look for a fire if you see smoke.
tn.ll ' {1.;1-J'. ' l\ft'l- ' /110'1-"t ' (l;f" ' OD.f.ll"'l '
-l-11l ' l\ll-1-ftll11 ' )fD"
logical reasoning h-)(h"J s f1-oPl.t...H 1 9'"C
9"C
Logical reasoning is required by science.
OftJ'."tll 11-i(h"t f-f-oot:h-H 9"C9"C
J'.Lti;JfA
loin m111
I have been sitting a lot, and my loins ache.
1111" 1111-1-+""'l'h ID11L"t h'1"'1A
gird one's loins ;t-m+
Samson girded his loins and went into
battle. ft9"{l"t ;1-'l'.f> m.l'. tnC)., ~.1'.
loincloth
*He wore only a loincloth. .-,o;:.:.,"t lloPlf.f.
"t fUll\ 11!1' 1111J).fA
738 lonesome
loiter -1-"t+'l'llll
The police kept the young men from loitering
on the comer. ?"ll.{l:f fD"'.,.,;"t ll!P:f
OD"t1JI. ' 'IJ'. ' l\"tJ!J'."t+'l'll/1- ' l\.l'.t:"l-
lone
I. 11'1''1. The lone traveler was glad to reach
home. 11'1''1fD" OD"t1.1'.'1 IL-l> Ooo.t;-,:
.... ' .1'.11 ' l\llfDo
2. ( = adv.) 11il'. He was the lone survivor of
the accident. IJ.I'..;JfD" f-1-t:.f.fDo l\ll- 11
!I' ' )fDo
3. 11il'fD""t f.f>DP. A lone house was built
on the summit of the hill. 11il'fDo"t f .f>oo
IL-l- 01><:11;1-fDo 'IJ'. l\11
loneliness 11'1''1)-l-
The misery of loneliness was now compounded
by his poverty. .t:1H'l- f11'f't)ol- F:J>f.
"t l\QllO'l-
lonely
I. f11'f'1)'1-. He lives a lonely life. f11'f't)'l-
).1!' ' J'.'l"&-fA
2. "'I'C 111. It may be dangerous to walk at
night on a lonely road. "?C Ill\ DP'}1J!"
'IJ'. 11.11.'1- .....~.("- ' l\.1'.1>;' ' ll.ll'"t ' J'.:f
'I fA
3. 11il'fD""t f.f>DP. He sequestered himself in a
lonely cabin. 11il'fD""t O.f>DP 11( fD"ll'l'
-l-1fAII- .,..,..,..m
be lonely
1. 'V'C : 11.1\. This place is quite lonely in win-
ter. 011<:9"-l- ' J'.U (1;1- "'I'C 111 )fDo
2. 11'!"1)'1- -1-1'1"7(..,.). She was lonely
when among strangers. Ol\"t"'IJ'..:f ""IJhfA
0)0t::fO'l- "1.11. 11'f't)ol- -l-ll"7'l-
lonesome
I. 11'f'i'. The lonesome widow sits for hours
at the window. q!l f'I"-1-Q'l- 11'1''1 fl.
'1- 111111" ll'tofo:f ""111>-1> hm111 'l-
"""""'ll:f .
2. ( = adv.) 11'1''1 ll''l". He spent a lonesome
evening at home. 11'1";' ll''l" 9"il.,"t l\IL
'1- ' 1\ftll.f.
be lonesome for ~ L4-
She is very lonesome for her family. IL-1-llP!!!
"t 0"19" 'i"'i':J>II:f
feel lonesome 11'!"1)'1- -f-ll"7(fDo)
She has felt very lonesome since her husband
went away on business. q,._ OPto ~,_
1111~.1'. 11'1"1)'1- 0"19" J'.ll"7;1-A
long
long (v.) 'l'l
I am longing to see my parents again. 011\}(:f
., ' }.")f-1 .. ' ll.,f,.. ' 'l"I'!Fllv-
long (adj.)
I. t:Y:'I" I t:"Jf.'l" ! t:1C'I". The road is long. .,...,
1-'l- ' t:Y:'I" ' ~ ....
He made a long speech after the dinner.
bt-'1- R:\11 t:Y:'I" "J11C hS'.t:1
A year is a long time. h"JS': 'ioP'I- t:Y:
,.. I "l.fL I )liJo
2. t:H'I" fll. A long drought disheartens a
farmer. t:H'I" f/1 Y:C4'+ 10"-"J 1-M
fll<t.C"'A
3. llt:Y:'I" 'l..li fof-S'.t:1. The long siege
turned into a war of attrition. llt:Y:'I" 'l..li
f-t-S'.t:1m- ""bOil >.>JS'. .,-'lb'l" tnc~+
.,.~
4. ( ~ length) C11""+. The room is twenty
feet long. fh'i'll- C1JoP'I- YY ~,.,. ""&.,
*He is late; he must have taken the long way
home. fH1ftD- h!tt-"i'" qAII"~m- oP")1S':
0..0D"' f.ll"o;A
long (adv.)
I. ill!-. I can't stay long. ill!- A4'Y. AA"f
A'/"
2. ill!- 'l..li. He's awfully long getting here.
>.rw /ltiDf.t:ll ill!- 'l..li Y.OillS':R;I-A
3. llt:Y:'I" 'l..li. A reform long advocated by
the younger generation was finally adopted.
001"1-l> +m-AY: llt:Y:'I" 'l..li f-1-mf-l'tD-
oPlflfA OoPQ.t:lf Ft. 1\Y. "II
4. /Iiiii- 'l..li. War has long atllicted mankind.
tnc~+ /Iiiii- 'l..li (ltD-") R"''l" 1-Y:.f;I-A
5. b + perfect +
4'f. I have long intended
to call on you. Am.Jl.:,OII IJ(lilb- 4'Y.!I'IIv-
be (become) long
I. t:H"". The trip became long. oP")1Jl. t:HoP
2. filA ~m-. The holidays are six weeks long.
f6t:<;:'l- 'l..litD- llY:ll'l- itM'I- filA ~,.,.
long after h +
perfect +
bill!- 'l..li R:\11
He got there long after we did. M' bS'.t:il")
bill!- 'l..li R:\11 S'.t:(l
long ago
I. bill!- (bt:Y:'I") 'l..li 0.1.'1-. That hap-
pened long ago. Y.ll fii"~OJ- bill!- (bt:Y:
'I") 'l..li 0.1.'1- ~,.,.
2. b'I'"J'I- J;'I"C'. The medicinal value of this
plant was discovered long ago. fll..ll 66
"-"'ih+ ' b'I'"J+ ' J;'I"C' ' f;l-014' ' ~ ....
739 long
3. b + perfect +4'f. I knew that long ago.
to01-1Jo'l- 4'Y.!Fllv-
long since
This monument has long since fallen apart.
Y.ll dtm-A'I- bLt:(l HoP") film-'/"
(a) long time ill!- 'l..li
The trip took a long time. 11'tD- ill!- '1..
" ' .r..,;
(a) long time ago
I. bill!- 'l..li 0.1.'1-. Latin died out a long time
ago. fil-l:") !t")!t ""~1'1- bill!- 'l..li 0.1.'1-
4'C:J:A
2. -'1-C'. That was a long time ago. f -'1-C'
~nc
(a) long way to f--- 0"1'1" <1-:,0
It is a long way to the top of the mountain.
f-1-t-t-m- ' ""i'i' ' 0"1'1" ' '1-- ' ~ ....
(be a) long way 0"1'1" t-4'
The school is a long way from our house.
'1-'I"IIC'I- IL-l> biL;I-';f") 0"1'1" ft-4' ~,.,.
(be a) long way off AA-1-:I't:R'I"
Christmas is still a long way off. f1o; R'iA
hv-"J'I" AA-1-:I't:R'/"
all day long +).1' a IID"fr 1 ~~D-/r n
All day long, he sat there and cried. 4')..") au-
11-' <-~~-' 4'")) ' }.H..ftD- ' .,"l'"' il/1"' h/14'(1
(do something) all day long ll + imper-
fect + "II
The child cried all day long. A)l: (IJII:,Oll
..II
(do something) all night long ll imper-+
fect +
hS'.t:
The child cried all night long. .ftf).. ll.f/1:,0
ll ' hS'.t:
as long as
+
I. :t.ilb perfect+ S':t:il. It does not
bother me as long as the work gets done.
Ft-tD- l.ilb -1-"'t- S':t:ll 1S': fii'S'I"
2. b + perfect + H"JS':. As long as you are
here, have dinner with us. >.11..11 to/Ill H"J
S': ' >.t-+ ' hilt:'!i") ' ill\
as long as you wish f4..1111im-") 'l..li f
IIA
You can keep it as long as you wish. f Lll11i
OJ-") 'l..li filA A;l-4'fm- '1-"fil/111
(be) awfully long ill!- 'l..li OIIIS'.(R+)
He is awfully long getting here. >.11..11 /IODS':t:
il ill!- 'l..li Y.OiiiS':R;I-A
long-ago
for so long l\~;Eor "Lit.
I have not used mathematics for so long, I
cannot do the problem. ilt.Y:'I" "1.11. .h.lt
11 MAJP<l-11- f.tJ") 'I'J'<f: AP'<l- I>
A"f-A'I"
go a long way toward
*This will go a long way toward meeting my
needs. f.tJ .,...,&.") 1111- J':I'AAA"lA
the long and the short of it q~
The long and the short of it is that they will be
forced to sell all their holdings. q~ ")11(.;1'
'fm-") l\Vllfm- f.1!f..Jioir
[See also &before, how, just, keep, overdue, run,
so, standing, that, too, trousers, twice, while,
way']
long-ago fTH
The engraving shows long-ago London.
:,Ocl\- fT">'I- ~1'-">"> YltJ'A
longanimity ;1'.?1iH
His longanirnity was exhausted by her endless
complaints. :1';>1i)-Jo O.,J'!'IC'P ">'1-c
\>, l>h-t-oo
long-distance f-1-:,0 ' OOP'ODC
Long-distance phone calls are expensive.
'"".:,0 I OPJPoPC I fil~b I T6 I iD"$:
longer t.H'I" 'Ill "1.11.
I wish I could stay here longer. t:H!I" 'I
II "1.11. l\ILIJ 11f. !f..il Qii'S )flC
any longer l\")"'JI.tJil l h"J"'JI.tJ ' tDJI.J'
I cannot stand it any longer. l\")"'JI.tJil A;f-1
P' I>A"f.A!I"
I can't put off the matter any longer. )1-1-")
h")"'JI.tJ tD"'-J' 'lii-1-'IA.I..m- I> A"f-A'I"
make longer hla~HOD
You have to make the dress longer. oJ>"'l.ll-")
.,ilt.H'I" 1>111111
much longer 14- hJ!-C-)
His training is incomplete; he needS to go to
school much longer. f-J-(lmm- '1-!l"tJC'I-
f-1-.,_'1 l>f.!f..l\!1" I 1'1- M':C'I ,...,C J'il
LA1'f'A
stay longer 4-f
He wanted to stay longer, but I was sleepy.
l\11- 1\Af. LA'I )OC l l\~ "'") ./>")oJ>'I'i-'S
longest, at the ~ "1<1- O.A
~ I can stay only three days at the longest.
"14- O.A iP!i'l- oJ>") 11!1' l\J'ii1Jo
740 look
longevity fiJ!.':"'l. ouCH'!"
Longevity is increasing because living standards
are improving. f)-1!' !f..t.'Ji l\f-1-lflfII nou
't-'1- f6!f..'"'l. OOCH!I" l\f....OO(. Wt.PoA
longhand, in ~ Ol\Y:
Write the letter in longhand! !f..11Jioll.m-"J n
l\)(' l!.'i'
longing
1. 1-1-'1-. His longing for fame caused him to
die for his country. 1111...- f)Ot:m- 1-1-'1-
l\111-1- ' bOD'f"'l- o />!f..(.{lm-
1 . ...-'i''1-. He spoke to her in words charged
with longing and love. ..,..'1'.,_'1-..,.. 'i':,Oc QH
II />\>,;\") />);>1t-'l-
longingly, eye ~ 0""'1-!l"l'l- -t-ooilh-1-
He eyed the chocolate longingly. 'fl>l\1>")
flOD'I-'J"l'l- 0 -J-001\h-J-
Iongitude h.hl!'il
Longitude is a line drawn from north to south.
h.hl!'il hl'l"'l.") tD!f.. !f..IHI f-1-"'""'-
OD~ODC I ~lD-
long-range ft.Y:'I" "1.1:1.
Our long-range plans aim at secondary edu-
I ')oe& cation for all children. ft.Y:'I" "1.1:1. l\:,01'-!J'"f-
") IIA]F:'i- 11-lr fll-11-1-'i' !f..t:'li '1-'l"tJC
'1- 1\.,!f..'l:il )m-
long-standing ff
The long-standing feud ended with tbe de-
struction of both families. ffm- m11 0
IJol\-Jo 0 ().-J-{1(1"{- 0 OD'J''i-T 0 -f-.1..1\oP
long-suffering 1111- f;f-1"'
During his imprisonment, bis long-suffering
wife kept the family together. Ol\il<l-1> "1.11.
1111- f;f'1JP"f.m- "'Lil-lo ().-J-(1(1-") ' il11il
q YH"f-
look (v.)
1. -1-""ilh-1-. He looked through the window
and saw that~ the room was empty. flODilltio
-f-oPAh-f- h'i'ir Ql'- ODif)-") hf
He looked her up and down. hl\"'C l\ilh .:.
!1.. -1-""ilh;f-'1-
2. 1>'1-11-1!' -f-ODI\h-1-. We looked, but saw noth-
ing. />'1-h-l:") 1I")ODI\h'l- ' !1"")!1" ' )1C h
'lf")!l"
3. oo(l{\. The picture's coloring looks fine.
fP'6ir +11!1" !f..W f.""MA
look
4. hHHIII. Conditions looked toward war.
rH;J-IJJo mS'. tncH hH~OII
He looks his age. oool\11- ol\h 7,")S'. M:
DIDJo I iom-
look. about hf'l- hf'l- hS'.<'.1
Look about and see whether you can find the
book. oo1.m4-"> :J-1"i 7.")S'.II'~ 7.1111. h
f'l- h f'l- hY:C"'
look about for Ll\1
Are you still looking about for a job? ho-">9"
P'&- OOD.I.II., 11.1'. ~II !
look after
I. mO+. Is there anyone to look after the
children? A~'ll"> f"7.m11:,0 II,. hll ?
2. hiiO(II'I-). He needs a wife to look after him.
f9";J-111111'1- "7.11'1- :J-11.1.A1'1'11":f
3. O't.l'."> .,.h.,.ll. They looked after the train
as it left the station. q(H. "'IU'IJJo"> 11.11
:,. O't.l'."> _,.h.,.ll-'1-
look ahead ODQ;t.m-"} ~ h(IO
He's never in straits because he always looks
ahead. OOl.IJJo") !111"7..1'1111 ":i-"IC S'.Cr'O
..,. h.l',.:,-9"
look alike +oalt(IA
The two sisters look alike. v-11.,. h'lM"7
"+ .('.ooltM/1-
Iook around
I. ~~~ .1.111. Did you look around the book-
stores? OfooK-m'i' OOS'.1J~ 1'<'.11 4.11"111!
2. .1.111. We'll have to look around elsewhere.
11.'1 (l;J- OO.I.II"I .f.'l'C11'i"A
3. hoo~n~. Don't make a decision in a hurry;
look around well first! O":i-1>'1 <I<CT mlt11
h:J-J'.'C'1 f hll+J'.'ODtl ' l\OD~lf")
4. O't.l'.l- :1-"r. He looked around the room.
h'i'll-") O't.l'.l- :1'1
look around for mv I m-t.u I Alit. I Lll1
When I looked around for her, she was leaving
the hall. W/JJ ' WJI.ll , h.fAII" 11.1.A;J'f- '
IVI&-if. ll'f-m"' hf:\'1-
look at
I. hf. I enjoy looking at pictures. F6A "7f
'f- 7.W-'lii!Jo
2. oot.oot.. You must look at all the facts.
oot.lfl"'ll"> v-11- oooocooc hll1111
look away
I. ,..,.") nwc hs-.<'.1(0'1-). She looked away
when I tried to catch her attention. h ") s>.-'1-oull
h_,."i 9"Ah~ ll""llm'l- 11'1"hC 4.;1:">
nmc hS'.t.1":i-11"i
741 look
2. ,..,.") W/JJ hilt.. Don't look away while
I am taking your photograph. G:.f-"1&-'i' U
"''ll o .t.'f-'11") ' WIJJ ' h;J-tl-6
look back fiC All
She looked back and saw her mother waving
to her. I'C 11'1-A 7.<;;1: 7.{.") ll;J-C10"1
11 ' .,.oollh.,.":i-
look back on
I. <R'IIll1111- hiiO. Lookingbackonmyschool
days, it seems as if they were a century ago.
f'I-9"11C'I- 0.'1- 1.il.tlo") oollil 11tlo '111
OIJJo ,...,_ -too'f- fll'~m .('.001111'"/A
2. h!l;J-Wil. He likes to look back on his
youth. fA~~:,. 1.11.1JJo") "7ll:J-mll .('.m-'lA
look back over hil~m(t
He looked back over his childhood and realized
how lucky he had been. fA~~.,.") 1.11. hll
;J-m-r' 9"")'"/ 6.1:'11'"/ h">S'.~O<'. _,.1~HO
look down
I. hH:,Oll .,.oollh.,.. He looked down at the
valley below him. hO;J-'Il .fiiiJJo") lfII
hn:,011 .,..,..llh.,.
2. <;+. You must not look down on people
just because they are poor. (UD1' ..e-"fi illl
II'~ 11!1' .,...,..:,. ' h.('.1qtl9"
look for
I. .1.111. We are looking for a room. h'i'A h">
.I.A.:> II">
Did you look in every drawer for the letter?
S'.11-'l0.m-") ' !Joll-9" ' 00'10..1'' IJJoll'l'' .1.11"11iiJJo!
2. mO+. I'll look for you about 3 o'clock.
OHm"i 11'1'1- 1S'."7 7.m11:,0VII!Jo
look forward '1'1 J 01-1-'1- .,.mqo+
I am looking forward to meeting you.h").,.")
11"7f'l- ' '1"/'il'llv-
We are looking forward to our vacation.
fM'i''l- 1.11..1'-:f")") 01-1-'1-. h")mqO:f'll">
look 1ood h"7<'.
The house does not look so good from the
inside. 0..,. h~JJo11T h ") S'.,...._.,. h.1'9"C9"
look In on 1-&- -fill- mf+
Let's look in on our friends on the way home!
mS'. 0.'1- ll">~S'.' m-'l~il'":i-">"> '1-&- 11
II"> h">m.I'.:,O
look Into
1. out;,oP~. We will have to look into the matter.
~1~") ' oooocooc ' hll11")
2. h"'&-. This may or may not be true, but
we will look into it anyway. f..U Am-~:,. s t\,
look
11"1!1" , 'l.f.ll"'!l" .f."'f-11&1. l Y!l" II'~ .f.
U ~1~'J ll.o;"'&-II'J
3. om.J>. You cannot look into the future.
,,.,,..,_.,., ' &\;JotJJo:jo ' h.'l-l-&1.!1"
(they) look it too
*These shoes are cheap, and they look it too.
MH.u "'i.,S""'f clt11 ""'"" 1 ou&~.lt'f'tJJo
II" .f.ouii!J&-A
look like DP(tl\
That pencil looks like mine. Y 7.CIIil
li.CIIil _l',onll'IA
f~'J
After reading the news, I think it looks like war.
;Jti."'IJJo'J lt~Oii!J. 0:\'1 fllC~'I- li.'Jf.
"'I.~"' ' of-II.,'S
look on .,.oPI\bi"
The police did nothing to stop the rioters,
but merely looked on. Tl\.11,; lillf'l',;') II
.,~II" li.C9'11' ' ll.f.roil>l- 1111" illltJJo ' .f.
""llh:t'f'"" ~oc
look on one as ~")F. - - - 4l.ml. I )\'1~
of-ODIIhof-
They looked on her as a stranger. l\.11.. 7.'J
"1.0: '.,.m<::+
I look on him as my best friend. li.'Jf. Ail
~f.'i'l'o 7,onllhoJ-'I'II1Jo
look oneself
You don't look yourself. 7.'Jf. m'I-I!'U l\.f.f.
IIU!I"
look out
I. IDf. ,.,..,_. oJ-onllhof-. He looked out
the window and saw a parade passing by.
Oonilto'l- IDf. ,.,..,_. IL""IIh'l- IIA.I.
'l'"'f ' 1\.Y&\4- ' )\f
2. mf. ,.,..,_. h.f. She parted the curtains to
look out. rof. ,.,..,_. 117f+ on;Jl7fl"'li
'J 111m"'f
3. l\110. The selfish girl looks out for herself
exclusively. 7.&-!l.'J ro.O:f." &1.7f1lf." 11&-
!l. ilif' :f'MII"'f
4. of-m~.J>.J>. He has to look out for his health.
illl m.'J~., onm'J.J>:jo l\110'1-
Look out! There are things falling. of-m'J.J>:jo '
f"''.mf.":jo ~1C l\11
look out (at, on)
I. h.lf"ll!' oJ-OOIIIJof-. He leaned on the ship's rail
and looked out at the ocean. oonc!Jo- ouf.11-Y
'l.f.of-f."IG:rof.DJo:jo,l"l'il h.lf"ll!' of-onllbof-
2. h '1-.f.'- ~"'" Our windows look out
on a large square. onilto;Jo"'f'J lt'Jf." ll.f,
1\f,.fJfJ.f. ' ""-"''" ' ~,.,.
742 look
look over
I. Of.'Jil of-onllbof-. We must look over the
house before we decide to buy it. o..,-,
II""
"1~'1- bonrollo;"'f"J 01.'1- Of.'Jil onoo&~,
h'l- ' h.llii'J
2. O'J''J :Jo<l: oJ-onllbof-. Please look over your
papers before you hand them in. 1Dl<I>'I-U'J
bonilm'l-u 01.'1- O'I''J:l'ofl of-on&~.hof-DJo
3. h.ilof-DJoflo h.f. He looked him over from
,,.,.
head to foot. h7."1C 7.ilh &-11- h.ilof-DJoil- h.
4. h.'J1.,'J il:jo h.f."Ci of-onllbof-. The fledg-
lings looked over the edge of the nest. fro<;:
"'i""-l'"'f Oi}':DJo 1 mCJI 1 'l.f. h.'J1:f''f'DJo'J
il:jo I h.f."C11JJo ' oJ-OOIIb.,
look through
I. .!.of-if. Look through your clothes and see
whether you have any of my shirts! &l.illl"'fu
.1.'1-'llo; I if"''.l ' of-J'.fJ&\~ I 7.'Jf.IJ'~ I 7,
') I
.f.&I.'S
2. OiJJoiltf'to I nr. The glass is painted so that you
cannot look through. ODJoilm- 1 11"7f'l- 7.
'J}l.f.if'&\ I of-f.Ci I OD(I:f'IJJ., I .J>II!I" I of-.J>il
;I:&\
3. M'lilfll of-oullbof-. Look through your notes
before you take the exam. .1.1-o; !JonDJollf."
U 01.'1- f.ilof-CU'J M'lilmU 1 of-on&~.bof-DJo
look to
I. "'"'""~.The country must look to the army
to defend it. 016;1: llonh'I!JY OfllC
11<1-''1- I ODof-.,OD'J I l\llfJ'I-
2. o,g'lofl /H. Look to your fences, or your
cattle will get loose. h.'J'CU'J Of.'Jil Y11
YIIH.Y 1 f<I>'Jf." hii.Y."'fu .f.m'i-11-
3. Oof-il'i- of-mfJO.J> l oo;<;:~'l- of-mfJO.J>. We
look to the day when world peace will be a
reality. f~llll" Mil" f"'1.1'SO'I-'J 1.11.
Oof-il'i- (M<;:~'I-) 1 7.'JmfJO:l'II'J
look toward 0 '1-.f.'- 1 ~,.,.
The hotel looks toward the lake. 11'1:11- Om
,..,. ' ""-"''" I ~IJ)o
look up (vt.)
I. oJ-onllbof-. For my essay, I have to look up
several books on the subject. llf."CIIof: 1 illl h.C
7.(1., ' f"''.1&\l\. ' ill!- I ODl\.h'i''l- I ODOD&\b
"" ' h.llii'S
2. .1.111. I have to look up something. 7.9".1.&1.
"J(Do I '>"IC I AA
When I came to Addis Ababa, I looked up an
old friend. h.-'l.il h.OfJ iiOD"' f~f ~f.':'
\1-'J ' .I.II"IIJo'l-
 look
3. ouff mr+. Look me up some time, won't
you? ll't.P: 1.11 OD'J'.,.Il mf-4''{ I lll(?
look up (vi.)
I. 4''i" 1111. He did not even look up when
I called him. ilm&-,. 4''i" ll'tl>.'t /IIIII?"
2. .,.lflfII. Things are beginning to look up,
now that he is back. llv-'t ili\.,.ODI\fl )1
~ .,.,.. ODlflfA ~l"'t::A
look up to
I. 1\oallh. She looks up to him because she
thinks he is almost perfect. 'i'l\.9" flll"'l.ODil
liT ;f-ODAh'l'll:f-
2. llhO<:. He looks up to his older brother
and follows his example. ;t-1\;r. a>'t.P:..,.'t
ilii"'L.I'h1l<:fJ>o 1\CII.I'fJ>o't Y.h.,.IIA
look (one's) way m~tt- 1 lfC hi\
He did not look my way when he passed by.
(U'A'i' WJ'..~ PC?" /IIIII
[See also 'bare, dejected, downcast, favor,
fit, forward, grave, like, limp, nose, pensive,
pleased, round, sharp, small, sullen, well']
look (n.)
1. oPt\h. A look of pleasure came over her
face. fJ'..Il;J oaAh lld.:t liS'- ;1-f
2. 1\il.,..l'fT. He gazed at me with an abstracted
look. O.,.oailtn 1\il.,..l'fT IITit~ .,.ODI\h.,.'{
looks ODAh
All we got was angry looks from the neighbors.
h1-<:IL.P.iF:f-'t .f1'f)fJ>o f"1 ODt\h '
1lil' )0C
by his looks ho-lr.;l-fJ>o
To judge by his looks, he is a warrior. ho-lr.;t-
f.ODill\t\
, . ' tnl;>;'
give (one) a look +ooAh+
He gave me an angry look. 0"1 .,.ODI\h.,.'{
have a look
I. oaflll. The town has a European look. h.,."'l
fJ>o f/lfJ>o~;J"'t ' h.,.'l"lf- .f,ODill\t\
2. /If. Let's have a look at your hand! llilt
ll~ll't ll'tfiD-
take a look at ..,.ouAh+
Take a look at this painting, and tell me what
it is supposed to be! S'-ll't P'6A .,.ODAh.,.
II ?"'t l\'tJ'..II') 't1<:'{
[See also 'desolate, foolish, glacial, icy, intent,
sheepish')
looking glass fd.T ou{l;l-w~
She broke her looking glass. f ,~..-,. uP{l;t-w
;l:'t fiO<:lf-w-
743 loose
lookout "'l"'l
A lookout was placed on every hill. Ofl><:ofl;l-
tD- I ll.e. I ..,.., TIPC.,. I )OC
be on the lookout for
I. ol..l\111. I will be on the lookout for you
when you arrive at the station. fl&C tiJO
.1' ilTJ'..Cil llol..I\A"'?IIu-
Whenever he goes to the market, he is on the
lookout for old books. WJ'.. 10.1' Oa>"'
'1'C 11~1. ""ll'.h'i' Y.ol..IIA;>A
2. .,.m)4'4'. Be on the lookout for snakes
while walking in the forest. O"'i!JID- ID-il'l'
ilT'/.J!: l\Q11 .,.m't4';r.
keep a lookout +mQO+
Keep a good lookout, and tell me when you
see the train! O'J''t_..<l: .,.mQO+'i" QIK-'t
il;l-,. 't1<:'{
loom (v.) ;1-f
A tall shape loomed in the darkness. 0""'11"'1
m-il.,. ll't.P: <:~?" ;r.cll' .I'll,. )1C
;t-r
loom (n.) fil'"'llr. ll_..
The weaver is weaving on a loom. if"7:t,dJo
Oil'"'l~ ll_., A1lil Y.w&-A
loop (v.) we,.~ /lltllol..
He looped a rope over the branch. -,ouJJ,.'}
o;r.C't"'i4- I\ f. wcw-~ 11 'Ill of.
loop (n.)
I. 4'1\0T. The letters d and q have loops.
J'.. ll'i" ' 4' d.J'..II->:f- 4'110.-,. 111\:fw-
2. !1/mC'. The loop of the rope is wide. f1""
JJ. I 5tmf!" I (l,l. I )'(Do
loophole
I. 4'.11'1. The soldier made a loophole in the
wall so that he could fire at the enemy. W;I-J'..~
Omll:,. 11.1' 1\.,...,_boil ll't-'l.OD:ffJ>o R"'.P:"'
.~~ .....
liS'- 4'.11'1 110~
2. "'19"1\"'i OD't1.P:. The lawyer found a loop-
hole in the laW, mn..cJ>dJ4 I hih..,.. I +c..,..,.. I
"'1?"1\"'i ""'t1.1': M'f
loose (v.)
I. 114'4'. The girl loosed her hair. A)l'1<:-'l.:t ll
1-t::'t 114'4'lf-ID-
We loosed the wild horse. .I'A.,.1t-w-'t ol..<:
il ' 114';r.),.
2. Ill\ 111'..<:1. He loosed his grasp. 11.1'.1'11-
't ~~~ 111'..<:1
loose 744 loosen

loose (adj.)
1. AA. It is easy to plow loose soil. AA h
LC"J "'U.h .,.1\A ~m-
2. ~A:Nt~. The loose ends of the rope
became tangled. ~A:Nt~T f1oo.O:. -&c:>f.
TtDlt(tll-
3. Ahhhh. His loose conduct was ground
for his dismissal. Ahhhh P""''q~ hi""
&. II""""""" P"h"J~.-,. ~oc
4. O.I'."J-11 ~AT.I'.~1. A loose count showed
there were more than fifty people. O.I'."J-11 ~A
T.l'.~1 -t.m&. h"1P"lt (ll"";f- fO/Im '-"t.l'. )
0~ ' l'.ltf
5. 0"1!1" f"7Y.:l'~-ll. This is a loose translation
from Amharic. lt"7C"' 0"1!1" f"7Y.:l'~
-II TC"I-P" )m-
*He is known for his loose business practices.
0'1"1~ l""&.m- 'If. 7.P")T 1'.1'-'lf.)-1>
f:t-m.,. ~.,.
loose life, lead a .-
*He leads a loose life. :r.C'm- fTAh(lh(l
~ ....
lOOSe tongue, have a .- tut,.:;= I ~dJ-
She has a loose tongue, so watch what you tell
her. mt."' hlltr~>f. hiiP"T~"I&.T ~1C m"J
.,.:j> OA
be loose
I. 'Ill. The button is loose. 4!A4- 'IA;I:A
owner of the store tied up, and they cut him
loose. f(l.<I!"J q/IIJ.T :J-IIC' h/1 M"f.T
'-h&.-I>"J 'kemm- 11.,..,.-,.
3. "7(l&~m-"J .,.~m. The box was tied so
tightly, they had to cut it loose. "''J'). 0"19"
O'l'-ll:J> :J-hC' h/1~0~ "7/l&~m-"J _.,.._
~'I' ' )O~q'J'm-
cut loose (vi.) OD.lfi1i J:ou.l
They cut loose the minute the teacher leaves
the room. hll+"''&m- 1t: mil) (l.A OD
~Oil f. J':9" &oil-
get loose
1. l\DP/Im. One of the lions in the zoo has got-
ten loose. Oh&.'I!T DP/1-111111..1' ll'i'&. 1111-
.-,. ' l'."JO(o:f h"J.O:. hP"AtJI.A
2. OJ"!. His foot was lodged between two
rocks, and he could not get loose. 7."1~ hll-11
.-,. *"''{ DPlthA hll.,_.,.~.,.~ 1\DPtD-"1
:,. l'.Aii'IIP"
3. mtf... Look to your fences, or your cattle
will get loose. h'J'CU"J ' O.I'."J-11 ~11 fllfi.J'
f.,."J~ h-11-l':fu Y.m411-
4. "7/l&~m-"J l.:t-. The dog got loose and ran
away. m-ifm- 1 "7fl~.t>tu-'l ' L.Y. ' J\oP~m
hang loose +'lH~l.L
The coat hung loose. It-!> T"JH~LL
let loose A~+

2. TL:t-. The dog has been loose all night. He let loose the chained dog. f:J-{l~m-"J m-
m-"ifm- /1.11.-I>"J oo-~r TL-1' ~oc "if ' 11.,..,..,.
break loose (be) on the loose h~llC n.T 1 }tooi\.m
1. L/1.,..,.. The criminal broke loose from the The criminal is on the loose. m'l:t:A~m- h
policeman's grip and escaped. m")J':/1.,.,. h '-hC !I.T l'.P"AtJI.A
?"11.(1. 7.)!' LA:J-4' l\OO/Im run around loose
2. }l.ooi\m. The man broke loose from prison. *Is the dog allowed to run around loose?
(ltD-11om- h'-hC !I.T l\DP/Im m-"ifm- mJjJ m-'l,U '-"t-'l.A Y.ll.,.:l'A!
3. T0tJ){l I TL:t-. The box that was tied to the set loose A++
back of the car broke loose and fell on the road. He set loose the trapped animal. Om Too.(" f
hooh.o;m- oto.,.l':cq no~m- ..,.,.., .,. T~Hm-"J ' '-"thlt 11.,..,.
O'J'(o (TL-1') oo"J1~ 1\f. w.l'..,.
4. h"7(l6~ l\DP/Im. The dog has broken loose. shake loose h.li:A++
m-"ifm- ' h"7(l6~tD- ' l\oP/Iffi His grip is tenacious and hard to shake loose.
h~flt- fmO.,.'i" 11"7hii.,.:J> f"''.fh'I'"IC ~w
come loose A++
The seam on my coat is coming loose. turn loose /....Y. A++ i A++
fit-!: roo~.:,. '-f/1.,..,. ~.,.
He turned the dog loose and let it run. m-"if
m- '-"t-'l.C''I' L-1' 11.,..,..,.
cut loose (vt.) He turned the cat loose. ~ou:t"J 11.,.:l'T
l. oflt:.m. He cut loose the boat from the pier,
and it san)<. l':Aqm- hDP-1'"7.~"'" ;JC loosen (vt.)
f:J-II~OT"J 1-~ h/14'-~llltD- nmoo I. 1'.1111. Can you loosen this screw? Y.U"J :J>
i
2. '-h&.-I>"J 'ketn 11.,..,..,._ They found the C"Jf-~ A:t-1\~m- T>f.~IIU 1
loot
I want to loosen my shoe laces. f"""711-'t "7
(l6Y 11"71\1\'l- 'I.I.IA:>IIu-
2. lllll'lll(l. Oneshould loosen the soil
before planting. h""1M-'1- O.L'I- ou"-'1-
't ' "711111111 ' YIII.IA:>IA
3. M?~+. The strong wind did not loosen
the posts of the fence. hQ-'l- )4-11 Y<N-
't ' lll"''.l":f ' lii\):J>):J>lf'tJJo9"
loosen (vi.) 1\1\ 1111
His hold on the children loosened as they got
older. 0/A~'Ii 1\.t'. f)Ot:tJJo "''l"l'C lA~
,; ' 'I.YJ'.'I- ' ol.~-'l- ' 1\1\ ' 1111
loot (v.) llt:l.
The soldiers looted and massacred for three
weeks. m:t-1'.~'6 111"11'1- l)f"'t;t-'1- YUIA
o\.HCI-<; o\.1~11-
4'1<
loot (n.)
I. 9"Cio. We raided the enemy's camp and
got much loot. fml\'1-'t (li.C mt:'t 11
If' 9"Cio 111TI
2. fHt:l.tJJo, The robbers divided their loot
among themselves. H&o.LI"'Ii fHt:l-'1-'t of-h-1.
1.11-'1-
get loot Ht!L
The robbers got much loot. +"7'1''6 1111'
Ht:l-
lopsided of-"1'1"
The picture is hanging lopsided. 1"/JII- of-"1
'I" ofo(l'I-!).IA
be lopsided 11:>1'.11
The load on the mule is lopsided and will
soon fall. o'l-11-tJJo 1\.t'. YlltJJo .,..),. II
:>J':!)./A<; 11'1-CII- Y.m~?IA
loquacious 11<;:1\.L
His sister is very loquacious. J\~-lz
<;:1\.L' .,,.
lord
I. 1.1\.,.. 4&&-.,.., He is the lord of that area.
flU' ' +0/1. ' 1.1\.,.. ' 4&&-.,.. ' )tiJo
2. 11'9". They honored the lord of the town.
fh.,"7tJJo't 11'9" llhO~'I-
Our Lord 'l.:t':f't
Our Lord died on the cross. 'l.:t':f't 0""11
+A ' 1\Y, ' '1"-fo
lore
1. m..,. Indian lore may be forgotten in
another generation. fU1'P..l- dJ""I lf}.:'
'1-tJJofAJ'. 0:\1\ Y,<:l) .t'.IY<;IA
745 lose
2. IA"7~. The scouts learn Indian lore. 'I.IIIItJJo
-Hi fU'tP..:f't ' /A"7~ .1'."7&-11-
lorry f.,..)'f- ""h.<;
Load the lorry with bricks! f.,..)'f- ""h.<;tJJo
") I trtofl I .&j,~Q)o
I ose (lost), vt.
I. llm4-. We lost hours in the heavy traffic.
hDDh.<;tJJo 11q'f- fof-)"1 1111' (1'\'f- llm4-'t
2. 11"1. He lost his entire fortune during the
war. ll"'CH 'l.IL ?11-l>'t 0..,..11- 11"1
They lost a son in the war. OtnC)o.J: ~.e.
/Alf'l'tJJo't ' llm-
3. "'ll i m-1.(0'1-). Ilost my pencil again. 'h'tl'.
1<; 'I.Cii(I.'t "1/Ah- (m-1-11'1)
4. ltofo. Don't lose your way! ""'t1~U't 11'1-
l)'f-
He lost his head in the crisis. OJ'.t:(IO'f- :f"'
c ' &o(lo't ' ""'
5. ll""llm(tJJo). +I did not lose a word of the
lecture. h't"'"'~ ll't~9" ?lA 111\""11
m'19"
6. of-01\. He lost $200 gambling. 0.,"7C u-
11'1- .,..,_ 11C of-01\
7. ofolHI.. We lost the game. O"''I'"''.YtJJo ofo
lf)<;:'t
8. ofot:;J. I lost the lawsuit. _.,.,'t of-t::t'u-
9. ofo-tt:m. He lost a leg in an auto accident.
0""h.<; 111'.:> 9"h'tY'I- ll't~ 7."1~
ofo-t.:m
10. of-'1-'l. You will lose nothing by waiting.
11'1-4'.1'. ' 9"'t9" ' ll'l-'1-'19"
II. h - - - tD"' l h -- - ofo(l<;Oofo I II++. He is
morose because he lost his job. hP'&otJJo 1111
tD"' (1111-fo(l<;Oof-, or P'&otiJo't 111111++) h
'i'.Y.:t'IA
fiiiJ9"" l\ 12. h(lt:. We lost on that deal. OIU' 't"'~
MC't
13. h - - - 11"11\. His mean remarks lost him
many friends. llllh.L llllof-Yf-1> hOif'
'IJ'.'I''Ii ' 11"11\tJJo
14. (DJ'.. :\~ +t!. My watch loses three minutes
a day. {l'\-1: O+'t 1"11'1- 1'.4!? ml'. :\1\
'1-+&-ll:f
lose (vi.) ofoif).C.
We played well, but we lost. .,..,_ ofo""ltJJoofo
't )0C "''t ofoif)'i''t
be lost
I. m4-. My shirt was lost in the laundry.
if"''.IL IA1111 ll"'ll. 0.'1- m4-
2. of-01\if. The harvest was lost because of too
loss
much rain. h11'i'il il~'t- fT~"' DD'Jl<-
.,.fl'lif
3. f"'l.Y'-C'I""''I t,y,..:,.,., Since his wife's
death, he is completely lost. h"'l.ll-1> .,.,.
m-'1.11 f"'l.Y'-C'I""''I fl'i'~9" hY,..:,-9"
4. DD'11X: liT. Being lost in the desert is an
unpleasant experience. O.l."li m-ilT OD'}1~ -
00/J.+ I OD'f'f: J h,;JII)ot_ I )'OJ-
5. .,.,.llm. He was lost in a book and failed
to hear us come in. flDDK"d\4- +ouiltn il
lltfiC 11'11Q llf.ll..,'l _,.,:
6. T'l'tn. He is lost in thought. flmllil .,.,..
liLA
lose (the) battle ~A ' +'i"'l
The enemy lost the battle. m'l't- X:A .,.
~.,
lose {the) edge '-~11
The plough must be tempered to keep it from
losing its edge . ..,,:'if,. ~'l'lf.'-'111 fl~ll
:,. "Itt- """''~'"''~' hiiM
lose {the) fight Tif~l..
When I was losing the fight, he came to my aid.
fiX;-ofiX;-fl- Aif~'i' IIA II.Y"Ill'S ' ODfl)
lose (one's) hair
1. 2\'1-.;~ +ouAm. He is losing his hair be-
cause of a disease. bfl'li;t- fT'i"1 2\.,.-r r 7..
f.,..ooAm 'im-
2. ToPAat. He's beginning to lose his hair.
ODODI\'J' ~9"Z:A
3. fl,t. ll"'i. I am losing my hair. 06- oorr
1, I )(Do
lose {one's} memory "7/t.;l-mlt. h~+ID<
He lost his memory because he was hit on the
head. &-ll-'1 hT"":I' fD-'1.11 ..,11;1-mll h
.+.,.,..
lose money hfl.l.
He lost a lot of money in business last year.
Ql\1.,,.. ' '\DDT ' 0'1"1X;' ' oflffo ' hili!
lose oneself m4-
The boy lost himself in the crowd. A)!: 0..1.
1111- """hA m-1-
lose sight of
I. H~:>. We must not lose sight of the fact
that he is a thief. t\.Q ootr).'l oon'l..?+
fl\11'19"
2. m-1-(fl't-). +IIost sight of him in the thick fog.
'1':,.'1':,. Qll,.. "'l":>"1 m-11'1' mof.ii'S
3. h'lf!l". I have lost sight of him lately.
n:,.cil 1..11. t..'lfv-'t-!1"
*We must have guidelines to keep from
746 lost
losing sight of the goal. 't'l..,:f'-1 "111-"t ~'I'I
f.ll't- 1\..,X:G"I OD!I"6Y ~'1-'l.'i"<!'l
MQA
lose {one's) stl'"ength .r..hoo
I've lost all my strength after this long trip.
hll.ll ' h<!~9" .,.~ fD-'1.11 0'1'~9" '-h
"''..YI\11-
[See also various nouns with 'lose'. such as
'balance, life, weight']
loss
1. ..,"'T.Loss of health is a serious matter.
mS ..,"1:,. hllllfl. ~1C ~,..
2 . ..-4.+. Losses in war are not soon made up.
fltnC~'t- !l"h'l y:,. f"'l.'-Cil- '1'4-1'-:f fl
1'-tt- II.Th- hf.:f'-11-!1"
3. 1-.ll't-. They suffered heavy losses. h'i' ,PI\
.,.,~~,. ,_,:(lq'f'm-
4. ""'1'4-'t-. The old man was embittered by
'li..,.,l\.,..
""'~'"-"" ..,.....
the loss of his money.
,:,:
fi11HII-
5. 'l"'t-. She grieved for the loss of her son.
Om'IX: A.( 'l"'t- hll~:f'
6. ,..,.,. . He bewailed the loss of his son in
battle. A)!: fltnC~-1> 'If. fl""'l"i> hll.,.ll
7. ooooA..-. Nothing can be done about loss
of hair. llA 1 ~..,.C 1 ooooA..- r ?"~~ 1\..r..
<!"I hf.!I'A9" ,
8. 11.11&-. I sold the house at a loss. IL-1:'1 0
h. II&- if'1'11-'t-
*Can you come without any loss of time?
1..11. 11;1-Qh'l A't-OD"' 't-:f-'11\U 1
*The loss of life increased each day. f"'l.'I"T
tlJ. I c'\IIJ. I ok..-C I h+~ f aJF.. I .,.,. I 1\.fg;J,OD
,: ' .,,_
be at a loss "1&- 1Q(,..)
+I am at a loss to understand your actions.
hX:&-~'t-U'I 1\0D<!.II't- "1&- 1111'-lfA
*I am at a loss to explain his absence. r+~Jl
't- 9"h'IY't- f-11 ~,.. AA hA:f'A9"
be never" at a loss for"
1. !1"'11..11.!1" hY"'!I". He is never at a loss
for a excuse. 9"11..11.!1" 9"h'IY't- hY"'!I"
2. h,.,.,<!,..!l". He has presence of mind and
is never at a loss for an answer. 1l.'h~t:t& 1'
41 111111'~ !l"ot'l..ll.!l" ""All hf-'1'"1<!
*He's never at a loss for something to do.
~)I: P' &- 1..1'- t,y,..:,.,.
lost, see lose
lost
lost (adj.)
I. fqM, Lost time can never be made up.
fqht "1..11. hf.ODtlll'l"
2. fmof.. The police found the,ostboy. ?'fl.fl'f-
fmof.fDo"t A"/!: h11-':,.
3. OD"I-11." fmof.. The lost traveler saw a glim-
mer in the woods. oo').,~ fmcf.BJo OD"J1~
If ' O"'iiJfDo fDoll'l' fOD11olo:,. o "P'\1-"PA
:J'ffDo
4. mt:IP f-1'17. Turn in lost articles to the
principal! mt:<J>fDo fi-11-' '/\:l'l"'f-1- lll"olo
OD(.fDo ' hll<:h11
5. f."A frno:,.. The lost battle was fortunately
not an important one. ~.;A fli"~O.!'t tfiCtT
'/\1-J'. ~f."A IT'l" 'I',;J hA~O(.fDo'/"
be lost h'tf."t i-llm<:
The hill is lost in the distance. lt<:11:J'fDo he
.,.-,. fi-~"1 h'tf.1- i-llfDoC::A
set lost mof.
The dog wandered off and got lost. fDo!ffDo
fl."tholoi-:,. mof.
lot
1. oo~.!'f-. How big is your lot? OO.'.."NJ 9'"')
J'UA llof.:,. hllfDo l
2. ODJ'-11. They measured off the ground into
small lots. oo.:,.,.,.
o:,.1-1-11 ODJ'-11 hof-.1.
11-..,.
3. ~"1. Let's draw lots to see who should go
first. "71- ' ODY.,OD(.J' o '/\1-J'."7.,'tf: o ~"' o '/\
""'""'
4. His unhappy lot made him look old
~f."A.
prematurely. DD'l'fO': /J~tr fA "l.fLtD- 1 f
(.Y., ' hllOD{l(lfDo
He cast in his lot with the gangsters. ~1."11-1-
hm"t01.l"'f- ,;JC h"l-1: hF-<:1
5. 'I':,.A, I will send you the books in three
separate lots. ODK"dll;:'li"t O!l'll:,. 'I':,.A h
'i'll. '1\AhA?ll,.
*He is the only one of the lot that you can
trust. hoollh'l'ffDo A.-,..,..,oo.,.o:,. ff":,.'{-
tlfDo ' '/\{1- ' 11;1' ' ~ ....
lots of -fJft'
She has lots of money. 1111' 11-H11 h'l:,.
a lot 0"1'1"
We like him a lot. 0"1'1" '1\"tmF.'I'll"t
He is a lot better than people think. '1\ll- Ill"
'{- ' h"7..1'1".,..,. ' 0"1'1" ' fi-lfll ' ~ ....
a lot of ofllf'"
I still have a lot of work. ,.,,..,.,. 1'i' 1111'
l"olo ' hli'S
747 loudly
quite a lot
I. 1111' "1..11.. I saw quite a lot of her when I
was in Ethiopia. h..:,.f't.:J' fDoll'l' 0)0Ch-
"1..11. 1111' "1..11. h11f:,. )OC
2. 1111'. For one day, he accomplished quite a
lot. q1-1: +1- 1111' "-~""
quite a lot of och:,. ' J'(l
I have quite a lot of money. och:,. J'll 1
1-H11 hli'S
(the) whole lot m:,O'I'I
I will let you take the whole lot for only five
dollars. m~'lfDo"t qrll'l- 11c '1\lf'l'
A?il,.
[See also 'mean, think']
lotion :,Oq'f-
She rubbed her skin with a soothing lotion.
;r..oor O"''..J'll:J'"ll" :,Oq'f- IP-'1'1'1- hlf'f-
[See also 'soothing']
lottery 11--l't.
I bought a ticket in the national lottery.
h"l-1: ' f11.h.olo'l! ' 11-i-(. ' -!:h...,. ' 1q,.
loud (adj.)
I . .,.All l h'i' J'll. She has a loud voice. 1-
AII (h'i' J'll) 1:'1"6 h'l:,.
2. ='li:,. fOqo:,., The loud demonstration
disturbed the quiet of the evening. ='li '1- fO
qn:,. 11'1"7'1! IIA'i' f'/"11.,1- ~'l':J' h
mh,.,.
3. ""'h J'll. We heard loud laughter behind us.
h:\'l'f-1- ' ""'h ' J'll ' ..,:,. ' 11"71-
4. f"''.."l-""1.""1. The loud boys were told to go
away. f"''.."l-""1.""'1- A]!.'f- umc '/\1-.!1.11-
i-)1&-'ffDo
5. F-"7:,0, I do not like loud colors. F-"7:,0 +
ll'l" hAmf:'l"
loud (adv.) ""'~
Don't talk so loud! '/\1-J'.II.U ""''fill h'l-'i'
1C
[See also 'crash, think']
loudly
I. O"lJ'.A. Someone knocked loudly at the
door. h"l-1: (lfDo ""li"I..J'fDo"t O"lf.A
h"l-'9.'9.
2. ""'h 1111-. He spoke loudly. ""'h 1111- .,.
'i'1l:
3. ""'~ He emphasized the word by saying it
very loudly. 0"1'1" P"~ R""'i'1C :1'11-1- h
,;J))
 loudspeaker
loudspeaker fJ':'I"6 ..,.,..fiJ
1 heard the announcement over the loud-
speaker . ..,ll;J-moJ:,I'tD<"t OJ':'I"6 ..,.,..(IJ
(Do I fl'"ill-
lounge (v.) -1-11o;o;
Several young men were lounging around the
counter when I came up. ~~ iiF.Cil 1 nch
,. ' ,I'll' ' ID"11'-"f ' RQ"tl>m- ' fl-&.1' ' J-'.11...,.'
~0-1-
lounge (n.) fou11o;'l' h<;:&\
Coffee is being served in the lounge. 0oo11o;
:;' h'i'&\ tD<Il'l' ' "'" hf;J-S'Jt. ~,.
louse (lice) ~..,&\
Lice are carriers of disease. :,0"7A CI7i.+
ll+IIII.C. ~,.
lovable fJ'.llJ'.Il ,l'flm- 1 J'.ll f"'l.&\
She is a lovable baby. fJ'.IlJ'.Il ,1'11-l- (J'.Il
f'l"-l-&\) a.n ~"f
love (v.)
I. roJ'.J'.. I Jove apples. of>'(. hro-'lflo-
He loves her very much. 0"1'1" J.'.ID-'1;1-&\
2. 0"1'1" J'.ll hfl(m-). Would you like a
cup of coffee? I'd love one. h"tJ': ot1 oo;
'1-.C.&\.:>fltJ 1 0"1'1" J'.ll J.'.fl'l'&\
love (n.)
I. <;:~C. Love is blind. 'i'~C 'lJ.'."t fflm-'1"
2. ootD<S'.J':. Hisloveofbooksled him to found
a library. oPK"th'i: oPtD-.f.~ 2 O.+ r oo2\lft
'i'-l-"t h "t"l,,'ON<'I" ~'(..4.m-
..,Ill.,,. .
3. <;:111-l-. I study languages for love. oll"toll f
(1<;:111-l- 11!1' ~,.
*The theater is her great love. 0"1'1" f'l"-l-
roJ',m- ~~c t.r-rc ~,.
be In love t;:.:J>C .rn(Da
He is acting so strange, he must be in love.
,l'fiiD't-t:m- h"t-'l.IJ f"'l.ll"~m- 'i'~C J.'.
1'-l- ,I'.IJ'o;&\
fall In love 'i'~C ,I'HID<
He has fallen in love with her. h!l ' .?C
~c ' J'.I':J-&\
for the love of God itA A"'lrth.1ld..C oflAU
For the love of God, don't do that! llfl h"lll.h
11do.C 11fltJ ,l'.tJ"t h:J-J':C"I
no love lost
*There was no love lost between the two
brothers. Rll-fl-1> ID"tJ':"l..,'ICf ooiJh&\
'1'11!1' ~0<:
[See also 'philter']
748 low
lovely J'.ll f"'l.&\ l hllJ'.il"f
They have a lovely home. J'.ll f"'l.&\ 0.-l-
M'fm-
Her complexion was a lovely dark brown.
oP&\\>, J'.ll f"'l.&\ mJ'.'I" ~oc
The trees and the brook make a lovely picture.
~t.":'lio; 'l""t"" hllJ'.il"f '1-ChJ'.-l- ""'"'"
we had a lovely time in your house. O.Tu '
o.r.no.r "LIL O"''l" J>.ll 1111-"t ~oc
lover
I. <;:~<::;' l <;:~C+'l'. Romeo and Juliet were
famous lovers. t:"'l.9'o; )1':11.11--l- f;J-ro4!
'i'~<:'l'"f (<;:~C-1-'I':f) ~R-1-
2. Ill-'!'-'. He became her lover shortly after
= h they met. O.,..'l'i"F fl'?C "LtL r tDoillf' m
-'1~ .,.~
be a lover of mu
He is a great lover of books. oPl\<h'i'-l- 0"1
'I" ' ,I'.ID-'1&\
loving
*She has a loving nature. ilaJo mJI.(" )l-
lovingly O'i'~C
The child embraced its mother lovingly.
&\)1': ho;-!>"t o-;:~c h+'(..-l-
low (n.)
*He heard the low of a hungry cow. f+&.O:fiJlo
11'1" h"t!l. ' Il-l-&\ ......,
low (adj.)
I. 11~ ,l'fll +(lll+'l'. He asked the visitor
in a low voice, "What do you wish"? 11:t
Qfl (R+(lll+'l') J':'l"6 'l""t ,I'..C.&\;>11- ot
&\ '1-11'fm-1 mf+
2. 11~-1-'l'. He always gets low marks. 11-&\'LIL
11~+:;' ' ..,Ch ,1'1:;'&\
People of a low income bracket live in this
neighborhood. 11~+:;' ~fl. ,l'll'fm- (l9'';f
011.1! hiJQfl. ,1'.'1"&.II'
She had a low position as a kitchen maid.
RID'!' 0.-l-~-l- 11~-1-'l' fll"~ ' F&. ~0&.-l
t;:
I have a low opinion of him. llfl(l- 11~+:;' "'
'1"-l- hfi'S
3. 11~+:;' '1'.:>. Twenty oents a gallon for
gasoline is very low. ll"tJ': .:>11-"t O."tH."t
?,1' il"t-1:'1" 0"1'1" 11~-1-'l' 'I'.:> ~,.
4. Mil ,l'fl. Three is a low number. !Pil-l-
Mil ,l'fl 4!'1'C ~,.
5. CIJ'li. Parcel post rates are low in this
country. hH.tJ h~C h:J- O?'ll:J- f"'l.llhO
-l- ' 'I'.:> ' CIJ'li ' ~,.
lowbred
6. 1\'I.'"C. Do you want shoes with high or
low heels? f'l"'t-I..A"I.lD" .,.~bH ~"1!:'1"
""i.,
7. P"'
~lD" m.l'-fl _,.~bH 1\'J.'"C l
Yltll. The low flame doesn'tgivemuch
heat. P"' Yltll ~0/Jt.QA -1111- .....,.:,.. 1\J'.ll
'I' 'I"
*Crossing at this place is possible only at
low tide. OH.U (l:J- oalhC f.,.!l'lllD"
lD":'lD" 01-.l'.ll 1.11. '""' ~(Do
low (adv.)
I. 11~ -1111-. That plane is flying too low.
Y 1\lD"C'Tit'J 0"1'1" 11~ -1111- J'.O&-A
2. 11~ 1\Y:C'I. Aim low, or you will miss the
target. 11~ 1\Y:CitJ MnJ'I'C t YllOlllf.Y
'\.lt.,lD"'} 't-ll.,.'PlltJ
(of) low birth b11~.,.'i' fl..,.ll-11 f.,.tDllf.
Men of low birth have occasionally attained
high office. b11~.,.'i' O..,.ll-11 f.,.tDll-'1. ll
9':f 1\A&:: 1\A&:: b'i'_,.'i' P'IA"l'J J'.
H'PA
low grade (of) oa<;l;'
A low grade of meat has a lot of fat. """'i'
,..,;J -1111- ' ,....., 1\{l(l}o
low prices CIJ"Ii
Buy at low prices, and sell at high prices!
OCIJ"Ii 111_,.U OlD".<'." "li'l'
be low
I. 11~ 1\ll. Prices are low compared to what
they were during the war. fNl' 1':> 0/PC
~of: 1.11. b~O~lD" ;JC (l.oa~H'J 1\11-'J
11~ Yll ~lD"
2. I\H4'H4'. The sun is quite low already.
~'/"0.?;: 1\11-'1-'1- I\H~11:J'll:f
3. f.boa, The sick man is very low today.
O"li.,.'i'lD" (llD" ~&. 0"1'1" f.h"J.IA
be low on 1\tn~(lD")
We are low on water. aJo;) ATI!'i'IA
be In low spirits hlf~
I was in low spirits after I failed the test.
~...,..,(Do'J hmf.~ll- O:\lt t.11"'E ~oc
be In a low state of health m:a"" ;t-mh
He is in a low state of health and cannot travel.
tn.'J~-1: llll:f"tDb 11.'\11 1\J'."'f-A'I"
feel low b'f.(lD")
I feel very low today, although I have nothing
to complain about. M'l" .h'J\\ f.,.,c
~lD" ~1C QJ'.'l'C'I" ~&. b'i'.f-'i'A
get low
I. h~ll. Our funds are getting low. 1'JHQ:f'J
AY~ll ~~A
749 lower
2. 1-f.ll. The well is getting low. f1-Y:'\JI. lD"
=' hf"l-f.ll ' ~(Do
lay low
I. hf.4'4'. Illness has laid me low. O"li:J- 1\Y:
~ol''i'A
2. hoo&.'J- f.Qll4'. One blow laid him low.
1\'JY: ll"'t- hoa&.'J- f.Qll4'lD"
lie lo" Y:'I"B-'J 1\'l''i'-fo .,.1.04' I .,.f.-11-1'
ol'f
The rebels lay low while the police were
searching for them. ?"II.<',; fl.I..A'\'I'lD" o
DD6"'1',; ' f."'I"Y!f'lD"'J ' 1\'l''i'.,.lD" ' .,.f.ofl4'lD" '
~oc
The thief lay low until the police had gone.
?"11.11- Mlh.~Y: Y:~ll 1\.QlD" _,.f.-flo!' ol'f
new low
*Prices are expected to hit a new low. ~ 1'
:> 11~ J'.ltiA i"-1111- J'.mO:J'A
run low tD~Cflll\4:: )BJo
Supplies are running low. ffl.'t- 4'll-fl mf..,
M' ~lD"
speak low Y:'I"B-'J 11~ 1\Y:C'I .,.'01~
He speaks low; I can't understand him.
Y:'I"B-'J 11~ 1\Y:C") llll"'1.'01C All.,lD"
1\A"'f-A'I"
[See also 'crouch, high, tide']
Iowbred 1\lt-'11. f"l-f.lllD"
Lowbred children are disrespectful. 1\lt-'11. f
1-f.lt'l'lD" AJ('f- Qll1.9':f <;'l'lD"
low-cost, ~ housing Q~ll.,.'i' nn-o f
"'Lh&-!l 0.-f-:f
The city prepared a study on low-<:ost housing.
h.,..,'P Q~ll.,.'i' 1'JH-fl llll"''.h&-ll 0.-f-
";f ' 'I''O't- 1\H.:>~
low country ol'lt
They are going down to tbe low country to
gather salt. ......,.. ll""{l-flll-11 mf. ol'ltlD" ""
(Do~JI'I'lD". ~ ....
lower (vt.)
I. 11~ 1\.<'.~1. Please lower the blinds! oo;>~"Jf
9''1i"t 11~ 1\Y:C;>'I'lD"
His cowardly acts lowered him in our eyes.
I..&H llll- no~'J'J .,.,.:,.. 11~ l\.<'.~1lD"
2. 1\ma. We lower the flag when darkness
comes. fl.ou"li ll'Jf.~ 'tlt.,(Do'} .h<;tDC'Ill'J
3. 4'tll. Lower the rent, and you will have
more tenants. 11.&-ll'J -IIM'Jll -1111- .,.h
&-.('. :1"1'i'llU
lower
He lowered his voice when he saw her come in.
ll'lou"J Q.l''l- 1.11. Y:?"IJ-') +HI
lower (vi.) h.,_l\41.1\
The sun lowered slowly. 8mf..,. 011"1;1- h41.1\
41.1\'lf-
be lowered
I. wt..l'.. The flags are lowered when darkness
comes. o\,ou'li (I') s-.:,0 't'l"'l f.WCIIA.
2. ,.~. Food was lowered to the workers in
the mine by a rope. R"'I6Y:'J a>-il'l' 'Ill-
rP&-.,.'I''lf- ?""1-11 R10DY: .,_iiU'I'fw-
lower oneself
1. &-ft-'1 n~~~. He would never lower him-
self by taking bribes. 1-11 Rou+RA. I..'G'I"
&-{1-'J h.I''I'CY:?"
2. mt.S'.. He lowered himself to the ground
by means of a rope. fl1DDX" ' mY. 004..}-
tD(.Jl..
lower (adj.)
I. fR;t-'lf-. The higher court affirmed the lower
court's decision. htt:.+;;:m- t;:C..(; o.+ f
R;f-'lf- "i'CY: 0.'1- w-it~ hlU'.+
2. nil. My competitor sells at lower prices
than me. f'J"IY: .,.tIIII&\L l\~ h?"ll'mw-
'1':> nil f.ii'"'A.
the lower part FC P~
The lower part of the wall is painted blue.
"IY:"IIIw- P'C P'~ il"'l.l'' .,_+-II:J:A.
lowermost, adj. ( = adv.) hP'C Rh-A.
The lowermost books were not damaged by
water. hP'C Rh-A. .1'11-'l-'J ODIY>"i''l-
w-;>w- h'IR'IIf'fw-?"
lowland 4''1
It is very hot in the lowlands. 4''1 R"'?" f.
'I":J>A.
lowly
I. h.,.&- f.,.tIIS'.. A lowly person may often
be more polite than a well-hom person.
-1111' 1.11. h.,.&- f.,.tDI\S'. (Ia>- h ....
'I' A.~ f.A,:,O .:r-.....:r- f.ll"t f.lf'<;A.
2. t&-11. Pottery making was considered a
lowly occupation in olden days. fifh'l P'&-
R'I''J'l- 1.11. l\'JS'. t&-.11 P'&- .1'-41-mC )0C
3. Mil.,..,., His family lives in a lowly cottage.
(J..,.(I(I'Jl Q)il.,.'1 .,~ a>-il'l' f.'r&-11-
4. ( = adv.) 11:,0 hY:C-t. Hehadalowlyopinion
of himself. &-{1-'J 11:,. hY:c-t .1'-1?"'1-
)RC
750 luck
loyal ;1-"'I'S
You could not have a more loyal friend.
f.,_ IfII ;1-"'I'S 'lS'.... A.;t-1'1 h'l-':f-A.?"
He has always been loyal to the government.
1\0D'J"IP'_,. ' M1.11.?" ' ;1-"'l'S ' )a>-
loyalty
I. ;1-"'l'SH. You can depend on his loyalty.
;1-"'I'S).,. h.l'm&-'I'C?"
2. :t-"'1'1 ODIJ"t. Nobody questions his loyalty
to the government. 1\0D'J"IP'.,. ;1-"'I'S ou
If').') "'I'J?" hf.mt.'l'C?"
lubricate Hf.'l- hm"l
I lubricate my car every month. oah,<;\L'J Of
m~ Hf.'l- hm"'l\11-
lucent f"7J''JMc:,O
The lucent clouds seem made of silver. f"7J")ll
QC.,.'l- S',OD<;jP':f ' h-fiC f.,.IP"- f.ODil
'Ill-
lucid
I. fm&-. Fish can be seen swimming in the
lucid lake. Rm&-w- mf.:,O a>-il'l' 't"' o\,
'1''1 .1'-:t'.I'A.
2. "IA.'G. His explanation was lucid. l\1'11\l\.
"IA.'G )RC
lucid moment
*Even the insane have their lucid moments.
l\-IIY: l\')\>,') f"'l.""?"'l-0'1- 1.11. hi\
luck
I. 6Y:A.. My luck has changed. 6Y:tt. .,.1\wm
It was my good luck to find a $5 bill. h?"il'l-
-IIC tY:ol' "'1"11'-1: '1'"- 6Y:A. )RC
I wish you good luck. oaA.IJ?" bY:A. l\oa'S
A.?l\11-
2. 1Y:. This man does not have good luck.
f,IJ I {teD- I ~ I "J.f: I fi\CJJoiJ'"
3. h:>"l"'l.. It was his hard luck that the flood
washed away his land. 'I-C4- f(l-') ou.:.'l-
"'1'1'1\:,01\.,. ' OD'J'&; ' l\,;J"J"'l, ' )aJo
*I wish you all the luck in the world. ..,-,.,.w-
?" )1C l\"JJI.+<;u r-.oa'SA.?I\11-
be In luck ;1-S'.I\
We are in luck; our chance in the lottery won.
;1-Y:I\'OA. I fll-.,_& 6"1':f'J tD"'A.'J
be out of luck IJ.f:ll llil )BJ-
When it comes to getting theater tickets,
we're usually out of luck. f-1:.1''1-C 1:11.'1-
0"'1"11''1- t.1Y: 6Y:I\ 0.1\l- )')
*You are out of luck! We just sold the last
luckily
ticket. Ah t.u-'1 foo..,t:lfiD-'1 -1:11.'1- lf
'1''1 ! i>~AIJ ' ~ID-
good luck I s>-:j-<;1}!
have bad luck t.A<I'<;ID-?"
He had bad luck in that card game. OIJC;f-
""''P:f"ID- ' t.A<I'<;ID-?"
[See also 'ill, pure, stroke']
luckily F."'~-1>
Luckily, she did not see me. F."'~-1> t.llf~?"
lucky i>~ll"'l
We were lucky to escape punishment. h:jo"J'I-
"7?"11"1'1''1 i>~IIV''f ~'!
*They recovered their losses when they made
several lucky bets. ~~ <I"!;J:'I'ID- t.'l~ u-
11-1: h-1-al&-l:JI. 0:\11 fof-OIIQ'f'ID-'1 ~'IH
11 ' t.lloull""
lucky charm
I. fooAIJ?" ~~ ou~t'l-. He always car-
ries a lucky charm in his pocket. A(to ti-A"L
II. ' fODAIJ?" ' ~~ ' -~t'l- ' Oh."" '
S'-S'-qA
2. fouAIJ?" i>~A h;f-11. He wears a lucky
charm around his neck. t-'1~1> ' liS'- fooAIJ
?" i>~A h;f-11 t.IIZ:A
lucky coincidence 'I'.;.. J\;JtiJO?.
It was a lucky coincidence that both of us
came at the same time. v-il:f'l-7SJD ; fl1J!"
"J.II. ' OD?""J;f-'f'l ' ~ ' h;J"l"'L ' ~IJ)o
be pretty lucky oJ><;(ID-)
+so far you have been pretty lucky. l'.IIIJu-'1
<1"14'-YA
lucrative '1-C'i' .1'110'1-
This is a lucrative business . .e.u +eli: .tllO
..,. I JP&. I )'tJJo
ludicrous f"7111'1'
His ludicrous attempt to speak Amharic made
everyone smile. h...-,C~ f\OD'i1C ,.tJ?..~./ItJJo
f"711~'1' ' -h&- ' 11-11-'1?" ' {liD- ' h"'<l'
lug Ougged)
I. O~IJ?" '1-'I-.Y. hal"'. We lugged the rug
into the yard to clean it. M"14-'l II"''X"-'1'1-
O~IJ?" '1-'1-of-'1 all'. ID-1/" t.al"'~ID
We lugged the heavy box upstairs. h'IJI.'I "1'1'
'I all'. G::jo O~IJ?" '1-'1-T'I t.al"'~ID-
2. O~IJ?" '1-'1-.Y. t-11~'1. He lugged the
television set into the room. of:tl.li.'fn'l o
~""' ' '1-'1-.Y. ' all'. ' n.-r ' hll~f)IJ)o
751 lumberyard
luggage '111
Where can I put my luggage? 'Ill.'I f'l- II
11<1'?"'1' l
lugubrious 0"1?" t,ltq'S
The lugubrious tale of his misfortunes made
her cry. 1111 ooh&-ID- .l'al&-ID- 0"1?" t.ltq
'S ' ;f-t:h ' t.llll<l'<\'1-
lukewarm
I. Ml .I'll. Take a lukewarm bath! ~1111'1
1111 'Ill ID-;> ;f-m11
2. +11:J'q. The applause the speaker received
was lukewarm. 11-f-<;;Jt:ID- f-1-F.l:~ID- "11"11
""'" +11:J'q ~oc
lull (vt.)
I. t.ll:f"~"'. I tried to lull her suspicions by
pretending I was going to visit a sick friend.
f;f-ouou 'IF."'l\1.'1 f?"ms>-:jo O"''llou{IA
'l'C"'t-'1''1 11"711hl" 'l"hCh-
2. <1'~{1(11'1-). The good news lulled her fears.
ODAIJ- ' IJ,<; ' 'i'CY:t'l ' <I'~M'I-
Iull (vi.) 1\'1' toll
The wind lulled. H-"" 11'1' toll
lull by singing softly l'.ik-~ ' toll
She lulled the baby to sleep by singing softly.
l'.lf.~~ l'..l'll'f .l>Y't-'1 t.ll-1-"'l'fiD-
Iullaby (lullabies) l'.lf.~~
I know Amharic lullabies. .I'"''C"'l l'.lf.~~
hiD-.4'1111-
slng a lullaby l'.ik-~ toll
She sang a lullaby to put the baby to sleep.
.ltY't-'1 11"711-1-"'l'l- l'.ik-~ t.ll'f
lumber <\'I:J'
How much lumber will be needed for the book-
shelves? IIODI\.lo'i''l- ouF.Cl'.t:.l'l",; ?"'!
.I'IJA lt'I:J' .1'114-A;.oA l
lumberjack i>'l""''l- 4.11"11"
The lumberjacks cut down all the trees.
{1'1 ....'1- ' 4-llfl'"'f ' qG:'f'l ' 11-11- ' 4Lt:m-
Jumberman i>'l""''l- 'IL&-"11"
The lumberman felled the tree. i>'l""''l- 'IL&-
. , ' q4o'l ' "'ll
lumberyard fi>'!""''l- OD{l'!m4:.1' 0.'1- 1 f
i>'l""''l- "'111"7;1' hAA
The lumberyard makes boards from the logs.
fi>'l""''l- OD{l'!m<t.l' n.'l- h"''!~ lt'I:J'
'-"'&-A
luminary 752 lure

The lumberyard is where the boards are stored. In a lump sum fim.)oltt\aJo
tt't.+.,. f-J-hoPl:6Jo O~'t"'-'1- "7h"7!1'6Jo The insurance was paid in a lump sum. f'f'ilT
hAA. I aJoiliJ' )oaJo .,.,. 1'tHofl Om~I\I\6Jo 1-hd.ll
luminary (luminaries) f1H II.~ lunacy 7-oflf..'I-
Einstein was a luminary in the field of physics. It is sheer lunacy to walk in the desert without
b.f.'tll;f"f.'t Ool.lLhll 'till'" f1H II.~ )0<: water. 00<:? 6Joll'l' rJJo;) ttf.H- DP'\11
luminary (adj.) oflCY't f"'i.ll'l' 'i'l\.!1" Mlf.'l- )6Jo
He observes luminary bodies with a telescope. lunar f"'-<:.+
oflCY't f"'i.llm- b.t,ll-:f't h'I'Aof 0"7. The lunar landscape has only recently been
Yttf. "")II"C f.""ilh;f"A explored. f"'-l:.+ 111" foJ-oPl:oPl:6Jo 0
luminous ~co- ).,.
I. oflCY't fO~O'I-. The luminous room blind- [See also 'eclipse']
ed him momentarily. oflCY't fO~O'I- h'i'lll
11'1'-1:'1- 1..n 'tf.).'t b.ttm<:.,.
lunatic 7-oft~
He is acting like a lunatic. b.~&-1.,. 7-'tf..
2. "'lAX". He gave a luminous report of his
trip. 1111 .,_,..,. "'"'~~"" ftr) .:rc'l- t...,.<:o "'"~ )<J)o
3. ~fO foPfli\.. The luminous sunset makes lunch (v.) !l"tt 011
the mountain look on fire. J?.~ foo(IAm- Will you lunch with me? !l"tt h~ ;>C
fBmf. 'l'A4''1- 1-&-&-6Jo't 07-tt'l- f-1-YYH 'l-0111111 1
b.ll....{li\6Jo
4. f"'i.YO&- .,.11!1" foJ-4'Q. A luminous plate lunch (n.) !l"tt
is put on the telephone poles so you won't It is almost time for lunch. f!l"tt ll<t'l- II.
bump into them in the dark. 0"'-11"7 hilA f.Cll !l"'t!l" b.A4'<:6Jo
h 6't.....,_:f ;>C 7-'t.tl'l-;>"!.'" f"'i.YO&- lung tt!I"Q 1 tt'tQ
4'1\11" f-t-4'11- lliiJII":f Of6't..._., llf. His left lung was seriously infected. M&- ttl'"
J.l.f.<:;Jil- Q6Jo h#-... 1-1-~of )0C
be luminous h~Kil~+ [See also 'congestion']
The stars are luminous. l>hll'll Y't~QC.+il-
lunge, ~ at Hil- hd.'i' b.f.<:1
lump (vt.) b.m.+i\11 The dog lunged at the stranger. .,.lf.,. Hil-
Can we lump all these items under one head- 7-'t"l.ti<J)o't {l<J)o b.d.'i' hf.l:16Jo
ing? MILII't )1C':f Q't~ b.C7-ll'l- I"C
N;m.+AII:f6Jo 7-'t:flli\'t l
lurch (v.), ~ forward M1-'t1'111. V.I.
The wounded man lurched forward. f<f.{li\6Jo
lump (vi.) '\1-11 {l<J)o 7-f1-'t1'111. '/.1.
Porridge will lump unless well stirred. 1'tt::
t,A-J-"7{11\ J.l.'\'1'1\lll lurch (n.), leave in the ~ '1-of V.I.
His secretary left him in the lurch at the peak
lump (n.)
I. '\Ill. What are you going to do with that of the busy season. ~"'"""'" 1"&- 0"7.0~
lump of clay? f.1i't fifhll '\A !l"'t A;f"
0'1- ' 'l..n ' 'I-;1"6Jo ' '/.f.:f
f..C"/0'1- )<J)o l lure (v.), ~ away
2. b.'t\\C. I take only one lump of sugar in I. hQoflll- mM. He lured away my maid by
my coffee. 1\R-<;1'- b.'t~ b.'ti>.C lli>.C oft offering her more money. fOi\m 1'1H-n OOD
il' ' J.I.O.+ ...A llm'l- 1<:1..'t hQoflil- m{lf.
3. 7-oflm'l-. If you feel a lump under your skin, 2. mttll-'t h - - - 'If. mM(O'I-). The sound
go to see the doctor. 4''111 I"C 7-oflm'l- f of the parade lured the students away from
oJ-ll"711 7-'tf..ll") mll.ll" H't~ 'U: their studies. flllll#- ~!1"6 f-J-"7&1"'1l't
lump sum 11'11. mttofl h'I-!1"11C;f":f6Jo 1\f. m{lf.q:f.,.
The insurance gave the widow a lump sum of lure into
$10,000. f<t.f.m'l- '1'11'1-<;.,. Q!l, 11'1"-1-Q 1. h'1QQ. He lured me into going with him. h
'1- 4.'1- OI"C 1( oflC Q'tY.. h.l.l\'1- II- ;>C 7-'t~'/.~ h"/QQ'S
lure
2. h:Nt hil1q. They lured the enemy into
an ambush. m~'l-"t h:I'IIOJo ~l.m-11'1- (l:J-
hil11t+
lure (n.)
1. H"-. Women have many lures to attract
men. (l..f-:f m"tP.:f"t 11oooy,:h illl" H
~ ' hi\'I'OJo
2 . .,.!<11.~'1-. The lure of city life brings many
young men to Addis Ababa. fh1"'7 l-C" .,
o~<ll.~'l- illl" m"'.f-:f-'1 mY. h-'1.11 hl1
q 'j.'.{lqA
3. ftol1. Gold was the lure that started a
rush to California in 1849. 11!;!lf!71i 't. 9". il
,. (tl":f-'1 mY. tul.t::eu> ftol1 me'!>
~11e
lurk
1. hY.I.m. There is some animal lurking in
the bushes out there. liH.tJ 41'1'1/tn m-il
T YY..Lm 1\ID"t!. 1 hi\
2. 7.J>Y.q ltY.. I saw a man lurking around
the building. h"tY.- (tm- 7.J>Y.q 1111.1> :\
~ ' (t.ltY." ' hfll-
luscious "14-.,..
He picked a luscious, ripe peach. fO{II\ trJ
<f..,. ' l>h ' 114>00
I ush 119"119"
Lush grass grows along the riverbanks. Om1"
II" 'le!f' 119"119" "'e ).'.11'1-~A
lust (v.), ~ after .,.oo,-
He has lusted after my job for years. llilll"
'tOD:J''f- o P'.!-\1.") o (t.oo'f ~11e
lust for 11.,"11"'1- Til111111
The tyrant lusted for more power. a;t.ll/"): 1
1C fl111m P'A"'"t lloy"11"'1- Til111111
lust (n.)
1. h'i'T'l' .,..,.,., His lust for power was his
dowufall. IIP'A"'"t n11.:m- 1 b'i'.,..,.. 1 .,.
.,.,. ' lim-Y.-4>'1- ' t,U(tm-
2. 1ftJD<o+. Lust is considered a sin in some
religious. 11-'1- q")>;")Y." v.eoy<:'f- 1 ll
"tY. 1 ~m.h'l- J.'.'ILm.!<A
have a lust~~
He has a lust for power. IIP'A"'"t 1 J.'.'\'IA
luster
1. oy")llflt:'l>. The luster of pearls makes them
desirable. ftrfto~ oy")llq.:'J> ll"t'LDDlC'I''f
.... I fS'.C:>A
753 lying
2. Y.-9"4>'1-. Sickness has made her eyes lose
their luster. ;r.oor 1 f'tJ.'.'l'!Jrl' y_-,..,.:,.
11.1.
add luster to
1. h;>~~(ll'l-) l fl111m h;>H(II'I-). The
9
runner S victory added new .luster -to his fame.
f~Q;k ' oylf~'i' ' 11o;m-") I h;>HII'I-
The victory added luster to his name. Y.-tr II
-") fl111m li:>HII'I-
put a luster ll"t'Lf")llqe'J> hY.t:1
Polishing put a high luster on the silver bowl.
oomAmA 1-Y.-'I'Im-"t file toih"t 11"19"
ll"t'Lf")l\Qe'J> liY.t:1<JJo
lustre, see luster
lusty f<f.<f.
The lusty baby gave a loud yell as soon
as he became hungry. f<f.<f.m- ;r,n mJL.rm-
ll"tY.o~<Om- Y.-9"11-"t h'i' hY.-C1 hll4>(t
lute [OY."C" ' 'I..U ' f"'/..IP.!-0'1- ' llilb ' ?f h
o~<'l- hm-:J-c-~ .rtr'l- r.-H.:I' """'&fl
luxuriant '1''1>'1''1> 1 111
They cut their way through the luxuriant
undergrowth. '1''1>'1''1> fllm-"t 41'1'1/tn llf"'
(1-1- I 'tJI.
luxuriate
1. TY-(IT. He luxuriated in a hot bath.
11'1"4> 1 m-~ (tOJo~-f>") floo:J-mil TY-(1+
2. llil'l'l- 114>11. The plants luxuriated in the
new soil. ~D'I'-1> Q-'1.{1- oo,:.'J- ~).'. Oil
.,,. ' 114>11-
iuxurious r'1-o;' m-o'l- 'film-
This hotel has luxurious furniture. ~u lf1:A
r'1-o; m-11'1- '~"',. 'h:f'l"~ htr'I-
Juxury
1. Y.-tt-'1-. Most Americans live in luxury
compared with people in very poor countries.
11"19" I y_-'lj ' blf).'J- ' h1C"~ I ih11il I ;>e I
{lo;m>;Y.".!<T<JJo I hil~'l'l"~ I h"'Ult~ I 11
Y.-tt-'1- ).'.<;'.!<tr
2. r'l'+. He likes the luxury of a soft easy
chair. bllill\11 ' m"tl1e I f"'1..11"m-"t ' r'1- '
).'.m'IA
luxuries fMtn'l- 1 li:J"l"~
Jewels and furs are luxuries. 6"t4<9'~o; fll.,.
e ' Aill'~ I f'l>"ttn'l- l\:J-9'~ ' ""'"'"
lying, see lie
48
lynch 754 lyrical

lynch .l.:>'l! qAII'~ OD"J~K- ~f.il lyrics.,.,.,..

The mob lynched an innocent man . .l.1111- "J He composed the lyrics for the school song.
f'I-9"11C'I- 11.-I>"J f0011..,.C .,.,.,.. f.~ll
~m."J /lfDo .l.;>'l! qAIJ'~ OO")~J:' ~f.il

lyre h&.c lyrical II""+ f"''..~lt

This man knows how to play the lyre. llm-\l.tD" She gave a lyrical account of her trip. 1111 1-fl
h&.e -m+ y;:fiiA 1' 11""'1- f"''..~lt OO"Iil""' llm:f

lyric [.,11'1! 11""'1-"J f"''..~All" h'f/"C .,.,.,..]

macabre 755 madly

macabre hll:l'-1: be mad at -1-'i"Y.Y.

The battlefield was a macabre sight. ftnCB She is mad at me because I insulted her friend.
"'1.11 hll:l'-1: '1-i>f."l'l- )OC 'IY. ...'I'"I IIMY.oflh-Q'f- 1-'i"llofl...ll":f
be mad for
macerate (vt.) 7."/II.IIIIAII OJo;> OJo/1'1' H *The dog was mad for water. m-Wm-'1' OtiJr"
"""""
She macerated the meat for two days. P' ,;JOJo
mll".,_'l- )RC
get mad 1-'i"Y.Y.
7."/II.IIIIAII llrJ.II'I- 4>"1 OJo;> OJo/1'1' H
<1-H<I.":fOJo He got mad and called me names. 1-'i"l'- MR'S
macerate (vi.) ou'ioou) JO mad hOY.
The ascetic's body slowly macerated. fOD'i'"F He went mad during the bombardment.
{IOJo)T 4>{1 04>11 OD)OD) Rl'!l"ofl Y.'ofiY.QOJo "l.li haY.
stark raving mad
machine ""h.'i" He was stark raving mad. "'-1:41"/ '1'!\.A
The machine is working again. ootJ.'iBJo :1\'t
madam IDf.HC:

.
Y.~'i" f.rP&- ~ODC

machine gun ""'~-~fll ..,_., . ,.....,,.., """'"

Madam Marnmite came yesterday. IDf.HC: "'/

He sprayed the advancing troops with a madamell'."''.-1:

machine gun. f"7. ~of.OJo"/ tnC OOD'f-all Madame, your purse is open. 7."'1.-1: I I'CiljP
~<1.~<1-0Jo h'i''l- )OJo
machinery 4-ll<llt madden
New machinery has just been installed. hll.ll I. h<'IRY.. The drug maddened him. "".1:':>~1:
of.ofl&lt ~ ... hrJ."I -t-1-hll hliRY.OJo
2. h'i"Y.Y.. His iguorance maddens me. f/lo .1:'
mad "141C'i" Y'i"Y.'Y....A
I. Ml.lt". He drove like mad. 7."/Y. l'.ofl.lt"
)II made, see make
He was bitten by a mad dog. Rl'.ofl.lt" OJo'll" mademoiselle 7.1: 1 IDf.H<I'I-
-f")h{l
Mademoiselle, please come here! 7..,. 1 ) f.
2. h"/1:. The dog made a mad effort to catch l'.M:
up with the train. OJo'II"OJo RQIK- 'If. II"" Mademoiselle, how are you? IDf.H<I'I-
.1:'.:11 h"/1: -h&- hY..:~ 7."/Y.M hll'li l
3. "lf.ll .... A mad gale swept across the chan-
nel."lf.ll"' )of.ll RQihC Mm. 'If. h made-up fLm&-
114. This is a made-up tale. f.U 1 f Lm&- 1 +~'1- 1

be mad tn<l. )OJo

He was so mad that his face was red. OIIJr' tn
t:: llii)R~ .1.1: Y.f" IIRII
be mad about
I. hRY.(II'I-). She is mad about him because he
is so pleasant. R"'ll" hMlll- !IIIII') .1\
oflllll:f'll.,.
2. hAh YIIL mY.Y.. She is mad about hats.
QC~"' hAh YIIL '1-IDIIII":f
madhouse f'I-CII"ll 1':1'
The stores are madhouses during the Christmas
rush. R~'i" 1 R'tA 1 "l.li 1 ODY.oflr:":f 1 fTcll"
II I (l :f'l"l- I 'i"'I'OJo
madly<'lf.,..mofl
They worked madly to fix the bridge. Y.'AY..''-
"1 I ll""ffi~"j I llf....ffifl- I ~
 madman
He was madly in Jove with her. fl'i!:,Ot:: ' hil
J;..A
run madly :l\fh}L r C"tn
He ran madly down the street. noo11.0:. ~f.
1.fht.f.. C'm
madman .rns-. o'uD
Madmen have to live in a sequestered place.
.1'11.0:. II,.:Y. 11-t-hllll I';J- ooorc hllq'f'..,.
madness 1.iiS'.'I-
It would be madness to climb the mountain
during a storm. 11"1f.llo;: 11..,.il "1.11. -1-&+<JJo
1 ' OOtJJoi'IT ' MIS'.T ' ~ ....
magazine
1. OD.."JH'1. The ammunition is stored in an
underground magazine. 'I'.I'Ao ' f-1-h"'''I'<JJo '
q')S'." ' hoo&.'l- ' fl;J-:f ' q11 ' OO;JH') ' <JJo
il"l" I }aJ-
2. oox-..h.."I-. This magazine appears twicemonth-
ly. f.tJ ' oox-m.-r ' owe ' v-11'1- ' "1.11. ' f.
a> "'A
magic (n.)
I. hll"'''l-. They used magic to bewitch their
enemies. m~ofii''I'<JJo1 flhll"'''l- .1'4.,. ~oc
2. oo-t-'1-. It suddenly appeared as if by magic.
Ah floo-t-'1- 1.1S'.II'~ ~1C flS'.-11'1- ;f-f
3. <JJofl'l-. The magic of poetry captivates many
people. f:,O!> <JJofl'l- il,. ll,.l-1 f."''CIJA
masic (adj.) flhll"'''l- f-1-"'&-
A magic palace stood in place of their hut.
111;f:1''1'<JJo ' 4.1;1- ' flhll"'''l- ' f-1-0P&- ' a.+ '
""1"/F'I- ;J-f
black magic hll"'''I-
The witch doctor used black magic to injure
his enemies. hll"''+o;:w- m~-Mi1 ll""'l'-'1
T flhll"'''l- +m+oo
magical, ~ spell hll"'''I-
A magical spell was cast on her. flhll"7'1- +
MII:Y.
have a maslcal effect on ~'I'll H&-(11'1-)
The sight of money had a magical effect on
the tired man. 1'1Hofl .,f-fl f..P..hoo1
llw- ' ~'I'll H&-11'1-
magician
1. hll"7+o;:. The magician conjured a rabbit
out of a hat. hll"''+o;:w- noo-t-., hqcl>
llfaJ- IaJ-/lT I T'l:fA }UDilJ
2. m1!1:f.. The magician foretold my future.
m1!1:1' 1111 wU'I- I>S'."il. ~1<:'5
756 magnificent
magisterial FA"'" .l'llw-
The captain spoke with a magisterial voice.
?1"9"1111- FA"'l> ' q11w- F.-9"6 -l-....1<:
magistrate f.lt"l qiiFA"'1
The magistrate has the authority to perform
marriages. f.lt1- ' qiiFA"'1 ;Jilil'1 II
004.'1.9" FA"'1 hii<JJo
magnanimity II;Jll~'I-
His magnanimity prompts him to help every-
one who is in trouble. II;JM., f-1-'1'1<:1
IJ-1\- ' IIDDC'I'I- ' f.14-4-1'A
magnanimous
1. Uc Q.f.. He is magnanimous toward his
enemies. m~-Mi1 .e:,Oc q.e ~,..
2. 'l'c. This magnanimous king is loved by
his people. f.tJ 'I'C 11-F fl.ltllll- f-1-a>
AA' ~,..
*He showed a magnanimous attitude toward
the conquered enemy. S:A. f+oo;t-m-"} me\
-r R'i!:,Oc ' ~f.1 -f-DDIIh+
magnanimous with money 1\;Jil
He was magnanimous with his money and
lost all his inheritance. 11"1!1" II;Jll !IIIII'~
fa><:llw-1 Vil'l- v-11- hm'l-
magnate FA"'1..,. tJil'l- .l'llw-
The magnates control all our industries.
1.1.0:.11'1-&,.:Y..1 v-11- f.l',.'l- FA"'1 ....
Vil'l- .l'~'l'w- ' ..,..,,..
magnet "'1"11>'1-
The magnet picks up nails. "'1"11>'1- ' 9"11"'/C '
hoo&.'l-n"'A
magnetize
1. m~ IIIJ""I1..'1-~.'J- l\tDm. You can magnetize
a needle by rubbing it with a magoet. DDC.(.')
11.,"/l>T ~f. flOO.I."/4."1 WS'. ' "7"/l>T~
'1- A'l-llw-'1' '1-:Y..~IIIJ
2. "7<:h. Her beautiful voice magnetized the
audience. f"''.J'9"<:<JJo F.-9"!1. hS'.""'/""'1
.,<:hw-
magnificence h!IS'...,.<I:~'I-
The magnificence of mountain scenery attracts
many visitors. f.,.&+..,. h!IS'...,.<I:~'I- -II
,. 'l-ii'5,.:Y.1 f.MA
magnificent
1. I>'I.AI F.-1:,.. The Emperor's palace is magnif-
icent. n,., ~1F., 11.-1- oo')"/FT I>'I.AI
F.-1:,0' ~ ....
magnify
2. 0"111" ~-,:,.. This is a magnificent idea.
f.U 0"111" ~:,0 dolo11 tiD"
magnify (magnified)
I. h'l'A.,. t.lof. This lens magnifies six times.
f.U ' ODtR"C ' 11~11+ ' "~ ' h'l'A.,. ' YIIYA
2. h:>U. He magnifies the deeds that he has
done. fP'il-'fiD"'t MQC':f Y:>'tt;A
magnifying glass f"''.Y"lll oatR"C
You can see it only with a magnifying glass.
A:'"fiD" fll"'l-:fiiiD" R"''.Y.,_II ""tR"C
11!1' ' tiD"
magnitude
I. oPm't. The magnitude of the building makes
it the largest in the world. ftlt'l~m- oPm"J 'to
1111" llf. IJII-'1- rJ.II- '1-A:f- YS'.C'I'I'A
2. b'i!-J-:;'t+. The magnitude of the loss ruined
the business completely. fb.loil-ID" b'i!-t-:;'t
'1- 't"'.tl-'t ~R".,. t.RIIlfiD"
of great magnitude "-:Eo.., bfj:. Yll
War brings problems of great magnitude to
many nations. tnCt+ 01111- h1C':f 1\f.
'-~"1 b'i! Yll- :f"'C':f't Yllh'IIIA
maid 1.:~
We hired a maid last month. qt\Lm- me
1t:~ ' .,.tile'!
maiden (n.) A"Jf1t:~
A maiden should not trust a young man's
praises. A7f1t:~ f'l-t:ll"lo't _.,.., hll"
<; ,._,.RA fiiQ-l-11"
malden (adj.)
I. YA-1-I!t::f. My maiden aunt is coming to
see us today. YA-1-I!t::fiD" t.hll-1: Oftl. A
'1-mf..,.'t ' -'~-"""11\:f
2. fOD"Y.oPt.f. This is the ship's maiden voyage.
f.U foPCb!l foP"J!uo&y 1-Jf tm-
mail (v.) 0?"11:1" lib
Please mail the letter for me! S'.11/!lt.ID"'t fl
?"11:1" llhA'S
mail (n.) S'.111!1L
In some American cities, the mail is delivered
twice a day. Q'tl!'t~ ft."''.(.IJ b+"'/9':f ,.
11'1' S'.1II!IL nn u-11-l- '1.11. f.:'"S'.IIA
by mail R?"ll:'" IL-l- RIJ.A
The package will be sent to you by mail.
'l':f-11- 0?"11:1" IL-l- RIJ.A f.llhAYA
[See also 'return']
757 mainstay
mall box f ?"II:'" .,mil-.,."''.Y "''i''t
Where is the nearest mailbox? .,.t:ofl YIIID"
f?"ll:'" "'lmil-.,."'LY "''l''t f'l- tiD" 1
mail carrier S'.111!1L t.DDI\11'11
A postman is sometimes called a mail carrier.
?"11-t-:;' h'tl!'t'- S'.111!1L t.uollll'ii f.QIIA
mailman ?"11-t-:;'
I hope the mailman will bring me a letter.
?"11-t-:;'ID" S'.111!1L '-'tS'."''.YDD"'A'S -1-
llol- ' toll'S
maim t.IJII .,..S'.lr'
t.S'.t:1
A leg wound maimed the soldier for life.
f"'~ llf. 4111A ro;1"S'.~'t 6~ AIJ.'t
t.IJII .,_S'.lr' hS'.t:1tD-
main (n.), water ~ !1.11"!1.
The water main broke and so we had no water.
!lll"!ltJJ- ' 1111-1-ilflt: ' ....~ ' h"l't
In the main
1. 1t.1llf~m-"t "t.I'L. The discussion revolved in
the main around two questions. l'l-tltJ~m-1' "L
u. ,.,.,."' 1111 rJ.II-t> 'l'Y-1:9':-f toe
2. Rm:f-111\ID": I agree with him in the main.
Rm:f-111\ID" bil- :>C '-11.,"'/llrJ.
main (adj.) '!'<;
You have forgotten the main thing. 'P'im-1'
t1C H't"'-1-YA
Did you inquire at the main office? IIJ''i"m-
oP.f"&Y IL-l- mf..,.YA 1
[See also 'point')
mainland f1111
We crossed from the island to the mainland
in a boat. bS'.Il.-1> WS'. foflll R"J!AQ h
9/t:'i''t
mainly t.110f:;'ID"'t 1.11.
He comes mainly on Tuesdays. h110f:;'ID"'t '1.
H. ' "'lhil'l' ' f.oP"lll\
He is mainly interested in making money.
'!'t;ID" 'i!l\11: 1'tH11 "'1"11'1- tiD"
mainstay
I. """'.:+. The mainstay of Ethiopian econ-
omy is agriculture. fh.'l-f-kY fll""'~ 11
ofl'l- """'.:+ '-Cif tiD"
2. '!'<; S'.:>l- lll"ilfo. He is his parents' main-
stay; without him, they would starve to death.
fWII.)t'Jl '!'<; S'.:>~ '-il- tiD" l '-il- ' Q
Y.'l'c o.:~ ,..,."' tnc
mainstream
Through her work she was the mainstay of the
family. OP'<~-'1' ffL.,. "11(' ~9-m- ~n<::Y..
mainstream 'I''> -nqc
The mainstream of American politics favors
the center. 'l''>tD- .'"'1<11)1 ?"111:1) 11q
c f"Y.h-1-lltD- h.,l)\<1 0011.1': ~m-
Main Street 'I''> 1-'1'>
Main Street was full of cars. 'l''>tD- 1-'1'>
QOOb.'> I -H"A.f. ' tOC
maintain
I. hii-J-'1.0:.<:. He spends a hundred dollars a
week just to maintain his family. IL-1-1111-1 II
.,111-'I.O:.C ilil' 0/)!1"1'1- oo.f. iiC fW"'A
2. .fH. You must maintain your equipment
in good condition. OJJUf~.ftJ'l ; 0~ ' ~~:1'"
00.1'1f ' 1\lliJil
3. mO+. The church has a vested interest in
maintaining its schools. IL-l" hCil-1:11 '1-!l"ll
C'l- IL.f-!1!1 lloomo;r. h!t1 f"Y.~I) 'I'
;r.vo M'l-
The government is trying to maintain friendly
relations with all countries. on1'..,P'-i: bu.&
!I" ll11!l- :>C m'l~~+ lloomo;r. f.
'l"h<!-A
4. O"Y.1q mO+. It costs a lot of money just
to maintain the road. on,.-,..._'} ' 007..-JQ on
mO.,. il,. 11Hil f..l.)fA
S. lt.h. He maintains that he was there.
7.11..1' ~ncb- Y.IIA
6. +ht-ht=. He maintains his innocence.
1lt-.h 1111 ool)'). f.h<!-b<!-A
7. hllbO<:. The police must maintain public
security. ?"11.11 f.h11111 l\'1';1- .,llbOC
MO'l-
8. h.0:.<:1 (1-.0:.<:1). Contact with the main office
is maintained by radio. h'Pcam- 1 onp~.f lL
'I- ;>C "111'~'1- f"Y..0:.<:1m- 0""-'1.1'"
~m-
*Everyone wants to maintain a good reputation.
.,1!1" 1Lll'1 ooAI)!I" II" ~1-'l.'l" <:m-
f..l.A:>A
[See also 'hold"]
maintenance
I. oom0-1:1. A thousand dollars have been
granted for road maintenance. Aon'}-,,.(- onm
0-1:1 1\1.1': I( 11C 1-II'I';I:A
2. oo-J-'IUf. Taxes pay for the maintenance
of schools. h"111C f"Y.1Tm- 11H11 11'1-11"
llC'l- IL.f.:Y.. oo-J-'I.t:.<lf Y.m-IIA
758 major
3. 11).1! filA. His small farm provides a
maintenance, but not much more. -l-'l~ 7t.C;f
m- II ).C:m- filA h 17( fOIIm hf.ll'l'!l"
4. "7b0C. Maintenance of quiet is necessary
in a hospital . ..hb.!l" IL'l- m-11'1' l\'1';1-1
.,hOC hll.l.il'l. ~m-
maize 04'11-
Maize is seeded in May. 04'11- f"Y.H<~om- 0
"11(1'1- ~m-
majestic qii"'C.,
The palace is a majestic building. lL+ 1 on'}.,
,...,. qii"'C., .h1ll ~m-
majestic appearance ..,COl/ 1 'fP-Jil
He has a majestic appearance. -JCay 'JP-Jil 1
/\lim-
majesty (majesties)
I. "'C.,. The majesty of the night sky im-
pressed him. fl\.11..,. II., f. ' "'eO? 0"111" '
h!l.<:.~+m-
2. '1"111. The majesty of the mountains awed
us. f-1"<1-<!-tD- '1"111 ' 1\11.<:.~+1
3. "1,A., Policemen and judges maintain the
majesty of the law. ?"II.(':f.:; ' 'l'l'l- f .h"l
1 "lf.A fllb11<!-11-
majesties ~-JF;t--l-
The wedding was attended by tbe majesties
of Europe. fhm-r:;r ~1P':l-'l- O;>ilil'm-
ilf. 1-1'11-m- ~nc
His Majesty "'C.,'~;1-'I'm-
His Majesty will see you now. 1t.~1' 1 "'IC
.,'I!~:J-'I'm- <~.'1- ++cqllll
Your Majesty I "'C.,'I! II'f.!
Your Majesty, may I present to you the
Swedish ambassador. "'C.,'I! II'f.! fll'.1':11
1\!l"ql).<:.C 7.1-'I+Cil f..I.+.I':A'S
major (n.)
I. WII:J'. The major was promoted. WII:J'tJJo f
.,b<:"l ~.1':1'1- h1T
2. 'I''> '1-!l"llC'l-. What was your major in
college? toll.~ ll'~ll 'l''i"m- '1-!l"llC'l-ll
!1"1 ~nc 1
major (adj.)
1. "P'i. A major cause of accidents is driving
while intoxicated. f.O:.:>V'l- 'l''i" !l"h1f'l-
OIII)C 0014.11 001'1'1- ~m-
2. '1-A;r.. A major war will probably put an
end to civilization. -l-A.-1' tnc~:,. ll~'1 P'
A"'t1 o\fm.l':!l" hf.+C!I"
majority
3. h'i' 1 111. Garbage disposal is a major
problem for large cities. II:N\II:J> 1 h.,..,9':f 1
"'"""" I .,'t"fT I h'i' I 111 I :f-Ie I tliJo
major part .e.OAm-
The major part of my income goes for rent.
h10.\l. I f..IIAm- I f"''.liJollliJo I IIILT
tliJo
majority (majorities)
I. Ml~'l':f. The majority was against it. Ail~
'l''ll 1 . , . , . , .....,.T 1 toe
2. IJq 1 111 1 m1't. Ethiopia aligned herself
with the majority on that vote. l\..Tf"W1 1 Y:
'/"{) I IJ"''.{l'I'IJT I "I.IL I IJq I IJIIliJo I dJ1
't I .,.{1/lol,:f
3. fY:'I"b 1 iiA""l. He was elected by a bare
majority. f.,.ou~m,. 1 'lt/1.,.,. 1 fY:'I"b 1 it
A-1 I )OJ-
4. 'l:J>"" 1 A.ll'l". When will he attain his major-
ity? ll'l:J>OD I A.llll" I f"'Lf.e{lliJo I OD'Ji I )liJo 1
5. AIJII 1 ""m't 1 'l:J>"" 1 do.'l''t. When will she
attain her majority? l'>!l. 1 AIJII 1 ""m't 1 (II
'l:J>OD I do.'J''t) I f'/"T~C{lliJo I OD'Ji I )liJo 1
(the) majority of Aoflq,.9''1l
The majority of the students were sick.
Aoflq ...9''1l I .,..,69':f I ;J-OIIliJo
majority vote fS:'riJ -fiAftl.
The farmers have the majority vote in all
elections. ll.,'t,.,..,. 1 'I"C""l 1 11lt.9''1l 1 f
Y:'/"b I ofiA""l I A'l:fliJo
(the) great majority of l'>;t'"l 1 f"''.Oq,.
The great majority of people favor having
elections. l'>;t'"l 1 f"7.1Jq,. .1 .81111 1 'I"C""l
l'.'t'U'-~"1 I f..~"14-A
[See also narrow, preponderate']
make (made)
I. A~~1. They made him chairman. 11.4' 1 " "
"tile I M~"I-T
2. AY:Ci 1 II'"". The President made him his
special envoy. Tt.IVI't-1> 1 AI' 1 ""Al'>h.,.
... I AY:C1l1Jo ' li'....T
3. AH:>)';. Since the mother was at work, the
daughter made the meal. M'Tf"'l' 1 P' &- 1 'I
f. ' lllltll~:f ' '1""111-'t I A:t':t ' AH:>)';:f
4. oP&-. The man made a bed. {lliJo\l.liJo 1 AA
;J I IP&
5. Mm.r.. The maid makes the bed every
evening. 1~.11..-1> .,;J- 1 . , , , . AA:> ;J-)'1'
4-ll:f
6. h1"f. How much do you make a week?
IJft'/"'tT I ll'tT I :f-1... /IIJ 1
759 make
7 . .,.~H. We have made eighty miles since
noon. hl'.ll-11 ' 4''t I aJ-'l..IJ I {l.,'t1 I . ,f..A I
_,.'I'H<;A
8. "'"'. Our teacher made the front page of
the Amharic newspaper. ""'i"IJ&-:f"t 1 q.,e
11.&-f.. ....... I ;JIL"J 0 IJOD)';OD61 I 1K' I 1\f.. I aJ"J
I I
9. m"'(liJo). +If you study hard, you will make
a good doctor. lleT.,.II 1 IJm<;IJ 1 'No 1 dt
11.'1" I f..a>"'VA
10. A.r.&-. His disdainful attitude made him
many enemies. (ldVJ fOD'i.ifo mQtl ofllt'
m'IT 1 A.r.&-IIT
1I. ~~{I( liT) ! Uh. Do you think we will
make the train? 'lfK.'t 1 fM~lliiT 1 f..ODll
AVA?
You can make home by sundown. Pdtf.. 1 H:J>H
T ' llTA I l'>ILT ' AT~Cll I Tl-'IIIIJ
12. All-stem, or A-stem. You make me
laugh. :J-P'4',.110
IlT I A.."t:f' A'tY:' ""i.,
13. ll't. Twelve inches make a foot. OP'&- 1 II-
.I f..II'<;A
Bread and milk will make a supper for us.
,11(1<; I dJ.,.T I l'.<J.T I f..IJ't<;A
Two and two make four. 11-IIT<; 1 11-IIT 1 A
<loT I f..IJ'<;A
I tOe 14. tliJo. This makes the fifth time you failed
an exam . .r..,.o; 1 llTa>Y::J> 1 f..IJ 1 A'/"11.,.,. 1
"LILli I tliJo
*He'll make his way in life all right. W!'liJo 1 f.
:J-<;11;1-A
make after AilU
The men made after the thief, but could not
catch him. {l9''1l 1 ll.f)liJo't 1 Al'o~-'1-T 1 "l't 1
/l.f.II-T ' AAi#'ll-'1"
make as If
I. (relative verb) + OD{III, We will make as if
to leave, then come back and bring him a
present. f'l"'t'tY: 1 ""llll't lltn;J- 1 f..H'tll
T I l'.'tODIIll
2. :J'"'. He made as if to strike me. 11."":1"~ 1
:J'"'il~
make away with
I. f..l' m4-. The embezzler made away with
thousands of dollars. A"l"OefJ&liJo 1 1111- I( 1
iiCf..l'lm<f.
2. ...,~{1. He made away with the whole loaf of
bread. ,ll(lliJo't I IJ-fl- I ....~{lliJo
3. 1un4-. He made away with his enemies.
m'I-Hl"t Am4-:f,.
make do (with, without)
I. 11'1. You will have to make do with
make
roasted beans for dinner. A"-6-+ .,.A- oo1)
'1'1- f.'l'Cii?A
2. 'l' t.. During the war, we had to make do
without coffee or butter. OtnC~,., "LH. fit
flo ...... ' Yll ' ~tl. ' OD'J'C ' )Ot.il'l
make (for)
I. IIOD<Io. They made for the hills. tD!l. l>t.il:l""
,.,; ' 11""'1-
2. ~(1~(1. The soldiers made for the enemy
camp by night. tD;I-f.C''fi tDf. m'l'l- t'l.!.C
011.11.'1-' ~(1111-
3. 11"7"17'1- t.JI. Respect for the rights of others
makes for a happy life. f/1.11-:f'l ouo(J'f- "7
hOC .1'.11_,.>;' 1>-C''I 11"7"11'1- f.t.JIA
make (one's) fortune 0-fl:f'"gs" I fY)
He made his fortune in oil. OHJ'.'I- '1"/J:-
IJil;l-?" ' II')
make it
I. f.t.t'l(O'I-). He just made it; the bus was
leaving. ll..,..,_floll- 1\.)"1 11'1'4:'1- f.t.(IO'f-
2. 11')(11'1-). You don't have to worry; he will
make it. 11:1""11il I f.li''III;I-A
make of hA
What do you make of his strange behavior?
f.IJ'I'I 1\'1"/JI miJ\!-'1 ?"'I 'I-II'I'IIIJ1
make off lfiiof 'tf.
The witness to the accident made off before
the police arrived. I],I'.;JtJJ< ' not. ' 9"11hc '
?"11.11 ' hODJ:'(.(lo ' O.f.'f- ' lfiiof 0 'f.ll.
make off with .elf m4- I Ht:L
The thief made off with all my money. 1\.IJtJJ<
~'IHtl.'l IJ-11- f.Jf m"-
Someone broke in and made off with all our
money. II'IJ:- (ltJJ< tl.;l-:f'l'l t'lill!' 'Iii
t.:l"":f'l'l Ht.L'I
make out (vt.)
1. 'fP~. Have you made out the application
blank? f"70Dol\hlJ'tJJ<'I C:C?" '1"'1111
2. llf. I can barely make out the ships in the
distance. h-1-~ ouchflo'l 1\l"'il~l"' IIAIIJ'.I"'
3. 11J(tJJ<). +Can you make out what he means?
f"'LIItJJ< f.~IJ?ol\1
4. liL. He made out a check for fifteen dollars.
fOP'&- 11?"11'1- iiC 'lih l\L
He made out his will. 1>-~H.tJJ<'I OIL
5. llt'lO(II'I-). Please make out our bill!
.Jo.41J:f'l'l ' 1111i!A'I
make -out (vi.)
I. II'). How did you make out yesterday?
"""""".... ' 1\'lll..'l- ' ll''lh 1
760 make
2. Hll+. He will make out all right. nt.w f.H
A?A
3. YH(tJJ<). +How are you making out in your
new job? 11.11.11- I" <loll 1\'lll..'l- J'.Jf?A 1
make (one) out
*He is a strange person; I can't make him out
at all. miJ\!- f.,.llf 111111') 1\'IJI.Il )tJJ<
11"711'1- ' IIA:fA?"
make over
I. 1111.,.'1/IL. He made over the whole of his
property to the national trust. llil1:'1 ' n-
Il- llildo.&o' J:-C~'I- 1111.,.'1/IL
2. Oil- 11?" ll~mt.(ll'l-). Her father made
over the farm to her. 11'1:1: out..,'! Ojl.
11?" ' ll~tDt.'l'l-
3. lltDm. She tried to make over her husband
after their marriage. h.,..:>flo ' o:\11 ' '1!1.'I '
A'l-lltJJ<mtJJo 'l"ht.:f
make up (vt.)
1. Ltn~. He is very ingenious when it comes
to making up excuses. rti"Jf:,.O r floo'i!mC ;
11'11'.>;' ' )tJJ<
2. IIH.:>)!. The druggist made up the prescrip-
tion for me. ODJ:';>l:.'l- 4'"7"'LtJJo ouJ:-;>l:.
1:'1 ' 1\H.:>)!A'S
Did he make up the speech himself? '1"1"1'1-'I
YH.:>)!tJJo &oil- )tJJ< 1
3. II.,A I still need five dollars to make up
the sum you asked for. fmf~1i'S'I ~'!Hi!
11"7-:'t'l'l- 11?"11'1- iiC f.4't.>;'A
4. "'&-. Make up a sentence with the word
'no'! flt.'r OOJ.Am- ?A h.'l.e o
t;:+ I i-1C I JP6<
*Water makes up most of the earth's surface.
J\"fltf~OJ- }oo~+ I "JJr I fldJo-;) I frf"'ifL~ I )olD"
(not) be made up
l. .....,.., llf.:fol\9". Losses in war are not soon
made up. OtnC)'f- ?"h'IY'I- f"'LLl.C11 'I'
oj.'f- Oofll- II._,.IJ II.J'.:fol\9"
2. h.A:+ooll.ta.r. Lost time can never be made
up. fiJh) 1.11. II.J'.OD/111?"
make up for
1. ftt'..oP. You cannot make up for past
mistakes. YIILtJJ<'I 11ih_,.'l- 11"71.9" 11'1-:fA?"
2. lfL)(/1'1-). His kind act made up for his
rough manner. ff."/)'1- 1"&-tJJ< '1111. m'l
\!-'1 f.lf'i''III:I""A
make up with :1"~+
He made up with his wife after the quarrel.
h"'L111: .:>C h.,.nJI\ 0:\'1 ;f-t.4'
make
[See also 'bed, believe, face, fortune, good,
mind, nothing, time, way']
make (n.) "J.'.H
What make is your radio? &-JlMtl 9'"'l
"J.'.H ta>-!
make-believe f"7ilouiiA
A mak.,.believe battle was performed on the
stage. nou.t:-<:11- ~.I'. f"7iiDDIIA IPCH
1-D'<l-
makeshift
I. 11"'1-h. When the electric lights went out,
we used candles as a makeshift. 1><:1ta>- 0
m<f. 1.11. 011"'1-h- lf"7 h0&-1
2. 011"'1-h- /1.~ t1C. We couldn't find any
pliers, so we had to use a makeshift. oo~'} m
"" MAtO<:") 011"'1-h- 0/1.~ t1C oo
m4'11" tO<:il1
3. O.m. He used a makeshift screwdriver to
remove the screw. fl-lt->'l Aoo~;.t--l- s omoo
"))f I OJJfj~!f! I fl.tn. I ..,.ffi.,.OD
makeup
I. h+"7oo'l'. The makeup of the front page
iS DOtclear. f00"f..OD6ffDw I 1K" I 11.+47'10DIJ" I "}-
.1\UhJ.'.f.ll!l"
2. ,..,, f#flfla>-. Her makeup was washed
away by the rain . .1.:1:1 f1'4'flfl"'l'a>- 011"
11 I IID"/Aiif!" I -flit- I ;f'm0
3. f-1'.1.'1'1!' mfJJ.'.. Shyness is part of his make-
up. "J.'.t h<f.CH f-1'.1.'1'1!' mfll' ttiJo
wear makeup .,.\\1;\A
She wears makeup all the time. 11-A1.11. '1-l>.l>.
~II "'I'
making ooP'&-'1-
The making of a violin requires great skill.
>i\'-11.1 OOP"tl-'1- '1-Ail> TOil J.'.mJ.'.:I'A
makings llihC,.e.
I see in him the makings of a hero. f"f..""J'i
fJ<hCJ.'. hJ.'.'IiO;I-1111-
maladjusted IJitfJO.a>- :JC f"7J.'.il"7"7
The maladjusted children show a tendency to
be sick more often than the happy children.
IJIJfJO.,I':ftiJo :JC f"7J.'.II"'/- A]f;"'l'
h.P.i11-'l'"'l' A]f;"'l' fOIIm foo;J-aoll" 11'1'1/1.,
,I'll,!'flo
malady (maladies) 011;1-
Lying and cheating are social maladies. ooi!p
if'I-.. ' "'i"l'OCOC f~il<:-1' llil 011;1-9'"'1'
""'""
761 malign
malariamfJ
He got infected with malaria while in the
SWamp. ~..,l."t- I CD-/l'J" I IJI\ I Wt) I fHID-
male (n.) m'!.t:- 1 1-flol'l-
ls that dog a male or a female? f BJo;f m"}
.<:- ta>- mj.'.il rl.'l- !
This basketball team consists of three males
and two females. J.'.U fii>C""'1- \>,II 11-.1:-'1
11'11'1- 1-IlM.,.... u-11'1- h'lll.f-"'1' hii"Oor
male (adj.) fm'IJ'."'I'
Our school has a male choir only. '1-II"UC'I- 11.
;1-T'I ,l'lla>- f0011-C 'i.l:' fm'IJ'."'I'
il!l' ' ttiJo
male being OJ'l..t!"
Only male beings are allowed in this monastery.
~H.U 1-'111" IIOD"Ifl'l- f"7.ol..+.t:-~:fa>- '
IJJ'IJ'."'I'' il!l' ' ""'""
malediction ~C"I"'/'1
A father's malediction has great effect.
,1''1'1- ~C"I"7'1 h'l''IT J.'.llii&-A
malevolent, ~ character 1-'lltoll'ft."f-
His malevolent character shows in his constant
efforts to belittle everyone. 1-'lltoll'ft., u-A
1.11. lla>-'1 11-11" 11"7:1'11A O'"l.J'S'.C1<D-
'1'<:'1- J.'.;I-ID:I'A
malformation O."f-htJA hllooiJ4'A
A malformation of his teeth prevented him
from chewing well. fTCII- 0'1-hhA hll""
ii+A .!'.~ .. h.!:'C'I ~'1-'I,I''ID hS'.l:1tiJo
malice 1-'lltoA
His malice was responsible for my losing my
job. P'&-\1.'1 11"7"1'1- ,1'.1'.<:11'1 fll- 1''1
boA ttiJo
malicious 1-'lltoA ,I'Hfl
His malicious remarks irritated everybody.
1-'lltoA ,I'HII hil-l',l'f_, 11-11"'111" lla>-
hOllo:u.
malign (v.) h"7
He maligns me when I am not around. Rf\.Av-fl
'1- 'M'fA
malign (adj.) f"l'IJ~
The malign rule of the tyrant caused revolts,
massacres, and exile. f"'-*"'f. f'!l'lJ);. 1 lt11J11 1
11-h'l- 'i';i>:'l-'1 .. hU1C oo/1.1'..1:-") hilh-1'11
*Gambling has a malign influence. ~"7C ' .,..-':
'1-1 ,l'ilh."f-~A
malignant
malignant
!. 1\1'.7'1. The growth on his shoulder turned
out to be malignant, so it was removed.
0'1-hlfm- 'If. .l'f.t:O'I- Mlm'l- 1\1'.7'1
11'<:' hl\-1-71 O+F- T7'i' OJ"'I\'I-
2. O"'r 1\t:ool!.. Hitler was a malignant person.
'L'I-1\c O"'r 1\t:""l!. l'lm- ~oc
3. f-1-"tli-A. The malignant plot to oust the
director failed. 'l.<!.h-1--1-"t 1\oolfc f-l-f.t:7
m- f-1-"tli-A 1\1:"1 hlf.!.
malleable ooo+T+T fl.w&- f"''..l'A
Gold is a malleable metal. me~ Ooo+T+T
fl.w&- f"''..l'A foflt:;l- oflt:'l- ~y.~:,.
~m-
mallet fb"t ... 'l- oop.lf
malnutrition f,....,ofl .,.,_.11'1-
Malnutrition can cripple children. fgo.>Jofl : .,..
1'."11'1- .OY'i''l-"t 1\l!l\ 1-f.ir' fl..l'f.C:>'f
m- Y.:f'IA
malpractice hl\"lqofl m-'i" fll'~ .nhr'i'
The Medical Association hopes to prevent
malpractice. f.fthr'i' "'110C hl\"lqofl m-
'i" rrr~ .nhr'i'"t ll"''hm7r.- .l'hqA
maltofi~A
We make beer with malt. hofi~A mil Y.m
OD:J'Il\.
maltreat l\"t7'1;1-
He maltreated his horse. .!.t:l'l-"t l\"t1'1;1-m-
mamma 7."'1"'1
Mamma came to visit me yesterday. +t\1'+'1
1."'1"'1 ""'1':1- mf+'f't
mammal m-1-'1- rr'I-I'IT 1-."thil
Mammals suckle their young. mTT f""Lflm-
1-."thil'l- "111\.7/r'!l''fm-"t .l'mqll-
man (v.)
*During the war, the women had to man the
factories. OtnC~-1> "1..11. (l..p.:f Om"tl'-:f fl;l-
.,..,.h.,.m- Ofof.oflt:l!l"'ll oop&-'1- ~o.:q'fm
man oneself dl"fP-fJ"} *mt:
The captive manned himself to endure torture.
rc!>'i'm- F :l'f."t
m.:
"""**"'
.h'l"-l>"t
man (men), n.
l. flm-. God created man in his image.
7-."IH.I\ofi..,_C l'lm-"t qr1111- .!.mt:
762 manage
He is not the man for it. 7.1'1- fH.U (lm- 1\
""""'
2. f(lm- A:t,'. The two men engaged in a long
dialogne conoerning the rights of man. 11-11-1>
l'll":f hi\ l'lm- A:t.' ""'""" .::e;r m-r.r.
,. 1\f.t:.,.
3. qA, Man and wife are buried in the same
grave. qA'i' "''..h-1> q"tf." oo:J'oflC .,.
+oo~-
4. m"tf.". The army will make a man of you.
m-'1-f."C'i' a>"t f." .l'f.C"I?A
5. m;l-f.C. One oflioer and four men volunteer-
ed to capture the rebel.l\"tf." oolt-"t'!'i' 1\6-'1-
m;l-f.r:l' ii<;:;J-m-'1 11"".1'11 Uf.V':f 11').
They were killed to the last man. 1\"tf."r 1'1
m- 'lf.+C 1\114<
any man ..Y"Jfl"
Any man can do it. "''"tr fl."'&-"'" Y.:f'IA
as one man Q")J!")-l-
They arose as one man to protest the verdict.
<;:CJI."t ' 1\0D:J'mr ' q"tf.-~'1- ' _,.~..,._
to a man
*To a man, the members of the team did their
best. 7-..l'"t'l"t.ll. fR-f."). 1\qA f"''..!l'l\a>-"t
.I'UA 1 "'C;l:A
[See also 'aged, estate, leading, mark, mean,
note, old, room, white, young']
manage (vt.)
I. 1\l!'tf.. He managed the store for six years.
""'-11-1-"t ' 1\hf."h'l- ' ~.,.,;!-,. ' 1\l!'tf.
The house is so big that I wouldn't be able to
manage without help. IL-l> O"'r '1-A~ h
1111'~ .1'1\t:'l'l- 1\l!'Lf.m- 1\A':fAr
2. 1\h-1-'lf.t:. Who manages the estate? Ch-l>"t '
"''"t .l'h-1-'11'."6-A l
3. -1-'l<"'mt:. I cannot manage the children.
A;t>:'f?t A'l<"'m&-'fm- 1\A':f-Ar
4. 4-J\OD. He managed this difficult alfair
with admirable address. Y.U"t 1\h'f:>6 .,..~~,.
O"''....'hf."t~ ':fw:l- .~.~~.,.,..,.
5. !I'll. How did you manage to get the
tickets? -I:IJ.ol'-'f?t 7-."tf..'l- 11"'1"11'1- !I'AU l
He managed to see the governor. tt1l. 11ClD"
"t I\.,~;>1C !I'll
w
6 . .,.,..,.(11'1-). He barely managed it. 11'1'<1:'1-
-1-'ll!l\'1-
manage (vi.)
I. -1-'lf.t:. We have to manage very carefully
on our small salary. q~h-1-'i' f.'l"~':f"t 0'1'
"t :J'"' OD-1-Jif.C 1\1\ofl"t
manageable
2. ll.'l'C il'll. How can you manage on that
salary? Olf..l' ~1"11 ~"t.l'..-1- A.-1-'l'C +
:Y.'Illlll
3. 'l'~. How will she manage with her husband
gone? q!l. V.P. ~"t.l'..-1- -1-'l'.:.li:Y.!
manageable
we must begin while the task is still manage-
able. I"MD- II."'.J. O"t:fA.0-1- 'I..IL h
v-"t oo)!ooc 1\MI"t
management
1. 1too&-c. The management of the store is not
very good. f001.ofl"" lv,.,~C Ont~ If'.;.
hf.~li'J"
2. l\111-'l'lt:l":Y.. Complain to the manage-
ment! '1111-'l'lt:l"~ l\DDA.h-1-
manager
I. I".J. hilh..l'~. The manager left town.
I".J. 1\ilh..l')l: hhi-"'1 tD-"J!> '/.~
2. l\111-'l'lt:. His wife is a good manager.
"til., '1'1- l\111-'l'lt: "'~-
mandate
I. f-1-"'AO+ h~. Our mandate allows us
to do all we can to develop the country. fi-"1
Ml"t h~ ll~t:;t"t li"''OA.K"I f-1-if'll
")") v-fl- ~")J:-'0~ J'..l.JI>Y:A...A.
2. 01""11L-l-"t+ f"''il-1-'I~C "1'1.1.)-1-. The
mandate over Syria was given to France.
{l&f"t 01""11L-l-)-1- f"''il-1-'I~C "1'1.1.)-l-
f-1-iltnm- liL~"tflf. )OC
mandated 01""11L+ hil-1-'I~C I"C f'l"
'1-~~ ! 01""11LH+ f'I"-1-1-'I~C
Southwest Africa was a mandated territory.
~o-il 'l"c!.J.il M't:l! 01""11L-l- hil-1-
'I~C I"C f'l"-1-~~ "1~-1- ' ) O~:f
mandatory "1.1'..;1-
Taxes have been mandatory. "'JoflC ODhLA
"1.1'..:;1- )ID-
mandatory power f1""11L-1-)+ hil-1-'I~C
l"l>."l"t f-1-iltniD-
A mandatory power is in charge of the man~
dated territory. f1""11L-l-)+ hil-1-'I~C 1"1>.
"'"t f-1-iltnfD- 01""11L-l-)'f- {1"7_-J-'1~~,_.
.,~+ "1'1.1. )ID-
mane ;J"7
Comb out the horse's mane! fL~(to~ ;J"''
1\0'I'~ID-
763 manhood
maneuver (v.)
I. 011.1'. ll..l'il~q 11'11. He maneuvered his
car into a small space. ootL'i.... OH1. lt
"t-'L+ mqofl P;l- ll..l'il~q il'll
2. h"t+fl+il. The admiral maneuvered his
fleet into an attack position. 1\Y:"t.J.fl- ll"'/'1'.4"
+ ~"t~"'l,ou:f hY:C1 oochP~ h"t+fl
.,. ...
3. 0H1. DDt.. The chairman maneuvered the
discussion to his own advantage. A..,.DII,.fl?-
ID-J'.J'._,"t Ail- ~"t~"'l.ou'f'm- hY:C1 011.1'.
ao,:.m-
4. fD/fJ m.tu hi\.. Their maneuvering at
the conference was a play for time. flh>fl(lq
IJ)o I "Lfl. I tD/fJ I CDJI.U I "71\;1-:fiD" I 1..fl. r
ll"''"l'f+ )ID-
maneuver oneself lt.1~9"'19" +ir-A-hAlt 1
~~(I
He is trying to maneuver himself into a higher
position. ~"t~'l""t'l" -t-1111-hA.l> m~ h'i'-1-
"' ~~JI" {IOOY:~il ' J'.1"h.J.i>.
maneuver (n.)
1. IA'JOIJPI:. The troops are on maneuvers now.
hv-"t m;J-~1!'~ 01>.'1"'/"Y: 'If. ""',_
2. fill>.tn-1- 11.1'.. When we refused to use his
idea, he tried to force it on us by a series of
maneuvers. f{)o'l dtltfl r&. J lt"7fJ'IA :
~'1"0. il"tl>. ~"tY:"t+Ollm- 01>.1'- 1>.1'- f
iiA.tn-1- ll.l'.l":f ' II.~<!-<!-"t 1"h~
manger "IC"I'I"
They put oats in the manger. .,C1f'" aJoitT t
hll". h'l'-1-
mangle +~mL
A trap has mangled the rabbit's paw. m'l'ooY:
f'l'"t'f'!l."t 00-'1'1' +~tnLID-
mango "''"t1
manhandle 1\"t~'I:J-
The police manhandled the suspected murder-
er. 0)'1'11 "1-'IJ'. f-1-m~m~m-"t (lm- ;r
ll.(l:f 1\"t~'l.,+
manhole [.f.lflf oom-~JI" (lf. m-il'!' /loP
"IILJ' ' f"'l.nll"li>. ' OO")~Y: ' 'If. ' f{l ' q
{I h'l"t "1-Y:'lY:]
manhood
I. hlill oom"t. He has reached manhood.
'IliA oom"t ~C!l-1>.
2. a>"tY:)-1-. Manhood is not acquired by
 mania 764 manner

avoiding difficulty and hardship. :f-Ie<; ODh
&-") D-lf11 "''~~..,. l\f.1'S!I"
3. CD")J'.";f o-11-. The manhood of the nation
answered the call to defend the country.
l\1tN") hCD&o& IIODMhA f.,..J'./:10Jo")
O'P~ CD") 1'-"'f ' 11-il- .,.4>Dil-.'f-
mania, have a ~ lf4>11
She has a mania for new clothes. 1\-'lil:
ll '1-lf"'-'111"'1-
manifest (v.)
1. 11111. He manifested his joy by whistling.
.J'.ll;f-DJo") D4-......,. 11111
2. ;1-f(D'I-). +she does not manifest much
of a desire to marry him. l\1\-") 11"7"7q.'f- 11
,. 'i'l\1'1- 1\f.;f-f.q.'f-!1"
manifest itself ;I'-m+
When did your illness manifest itself? D11:f-U
f;f-CD4>U OD'Ji ' ~OJo l D/1111\'1! 'i'm-C 11-11- .I'll f"'1.1<f..<f.. 11
manifest (adj.) "!All"
manipulates people to get his own way.
11AU f?"M:I:J /IDJo f"''.I.A10Jo") 11"7"7
"f.'f- ill""'f") l\").J'.I./11DJo Mqq'f'PA
4. 1\"7;1-. The bookkeeper manipulated the
company's accounts to conceal his theft.
dt.il11 .J'1CDJo llC.f.,") IIOD.J'.D-1- fh-q")
.J'OJo") dt.il11 1\"7;1-
5. 1\").J'.AD- 1\.J'./:1. He manipulated the pli-
1 A-fl
ant twig. .,.11.,...,., "'-C100i'i' 1\").J'.AD- .1'
J'.C'IOJo ~IIC
mankind
1. /IDJo. Mankind was created by God in his
image. /IOJo") l\"7f1.1\11.h.C Dl\!l"llll- I.
mt:OJo
2. f/IDJo A~. Mankind has committed crimes
against nature. f/IDJo A~ .,.I.'J'C"") D~~A
3. ('(1111.1! 'f:m-C. The desire for praise is
a strong drive in mankind. ~il:;J~ 1 ODLit"'' 1
C_, '11-A ~..,.

This is something that should be manifest to manlike /IDJo f"''.oollA

all of you. f.U 1111-'ll-o-!1" "!All" ODIJ' A manlike ape once lived in what is now
") .I'IID'I- ~1C ~..,. Kenya. IIDJo f"''.ODIIA 1f"))!C" 1\IJ-") h.")
.1' D"''.qiiDJo I\1C f.'l'C ~DC
manifestation """71105
His whistling is a manifestation of joy. fll- 4- manly
...,.-,. f.J'.ll;f- """71105 ~ .... 1. CD") .II CD")~. He is a very manly boy for one
so young. 1\").J'.II- .I'll CD"''I- A~ D"'
manifesto """71105 IJD I 611'.'; I aJ'}X" I ~Q)o
The students' manifesto demanded far-
2. feD")~. Boxing is a manly sport. llhll feD
reaching reforms. f+"7&9':ri 1 DD""IllMi 1 (14. 1 ")~ .....'P;f- ~ ....
.I'll ODlflfA 1\VIJ.t:"l mf4>
3. 'I-D11. If you coddle your child, he won"t
manifold grow up to be manly. A~U") I:J'1"'14>"1-1iDJo
1. 11,. HC'i' .I'IIDJo. This manifold subject '1-011 IJ''l' 1\.1'~!1"
requires years of study to master. 1llt- 1 HC'i! man-made /IDJo ..,&-11
.J'IIDJo") .'f-!I"UC.'f- 1\m<;'.f 11"7CD"i' f11,. Man-made objects were found in a cave.
'tOD;f-.'f- 'J'<;'.'f- .J'lli.A;>A n'Plf OJoll'l' 11..,. ...&-11 1\,.,..,. .,.11'
2. AI' AI'. His manifold duties included
editing a newspaper. hAl' AI' .,..,qc-'li manner
1\").IJ. :Jfl."l "70.:>)!'1- ~DC I. mq.e. I do not like his manner. mql'") 1\
ACD.J'.DJo!l"
manipulate 2. 'tf.~'l-. What manner of man is he?
1. Dl\~ 1\")4>1\4>11. He manipulated the con- !I"") 'tf.~'l- /IDJo ~ .... l
trols of the car, but could not drive it. fODIJ.<;'DJo 3. o-i.;J-. He sang in an amusing manner.
") ODofl."lm&.l'l1'"'f Dl\~ "7")4><\4>11 "'f~ D"''...'P'-1- o-~;1- HOD/:
A "7") OD")JI.'f- 1\f.l-A!I" 4. H.l'.. What is the best manner of peeling
2. l\")4>il4>ll. Even though he is young, he onions? 1i1'h-CT1' 1 {loo"\., 1 ~m- H~ 1
manipulates the tractor well. 1~ 1 mnJ+ fl ,..,~~ .... l
11'")!1" fl\Clf ODIJ.<;'DJo") ....~ 1\~Co) 5. (noun of manner). His manner of dressing
.J'")4>ll"i'ii'PA shows much care. 1\llqon- 11,. ....,,..
3. l\").J'.I.II1DJo 1\"lqq_ A clever politician "7~/:"fo") .l'li.I'A
mannered
*These houses are built in the Mexican manner.
MH.U 11.-I':Y. N.,.~'l- l\"J.I'. ~hll.l> 11.
.,.:y. ~
manners
1. A"''~. The manners of the ancient Romans
are described in this book. f'I'"J'l- 1':"'/IIJof
., """'P.:Y. RH.U DDJI'dt'i' IJJoil'l' .,.
71:\l\'1'1:\
2. QUA. The literature of a nation reflects its
manners. f"JJ'.: tm: P'~ 1\'.t.'i' f1
~") QUA J'.7A'I.A
3. mQio. He has good manners. "'~'"- mQio
hllm-
4. P'C't'l-. After the guests left. the boy got
a sermon on table manners from his father .
l\"J"IP.,; h~-'1. R:\'1 hQ'l-1'-m- IIA:(
!Ill 70;1- P'C't'l- P"hC flmm-
*She has no manners. ltY: 1 'i"-l-
bacl manners oflA"''i" I DDT&: 1 9'""'7QC
It is bad manners to stare at people. flm-"J h
'i''l'fll .,f'l- -RA"Io; ~"'"
You shouldn't correct your children for
their bad manners in public. llA 1 oo-r&: r
"IQ<~o'fm- A;:Y.u"J Q.I'.QQJ'. ou:fodJ'l- h
J'.7QUP"
[See also 'decisive, ease, ill, proper, smooth']
mannered, see ill-mannered, well .. man..
nered
mannerism mQJ!.
Each of us has his own mannerisms. l\.n'l"t'l
':f"t fMA mQJ'. hii"J
mannerlyOD.'I'
A mannerly child is a source of pride to his
parents. OD.'I' AT: lla>'l;,; ou&t:f ~"'"
mannerly way "'-'P~-l-
He spoke in a mannerly way. ROD.'I'~'l- -t~l:
mannish fa>"JJ'.:
She has a mannish voice. J'.:P"!I. fa>"JJ'.: J'.:
P"6 ~
man-of-war (pl. men-of-war) ffllC ""Ch-R
Portuguese men-of-war appeared in the Red
Sea in 1520. R!ii~XI 't. P". f?"C.,;>A ffll
c ""Chii:Y. +f. q;r.c m-IlT """
manpower flm-
They need a lot of manpower to build new
roads. h-'1.11 """J7J'.: 1\0DP'<!-'l- -Rrt- fl
"'" fllLA:>'f'I'A
765 manumission
The army is short of manpower. (l&o~il 1 (lm-
f")li'I'A
mansion 'l-A:fo R.'l-
He lives in a handsome mansion. O"tfrc 1
'l-A:fo ll.'l- IJJoil'l' J'.'l"<I-A
manslaughter
1. l'lfH nm- """I.I'.A. He was convicted
of manslaughter. l'lfm-:,0 nm- 0"""1.1'./:\
-tLCP..R;J-1:\
2. ~o;:n 7-'IJ'.~'l-. The driver was proven
innocent of manslaughter. ~:q:m- M'i'll 7-'IJ'.
~:,. "Jl\.ih ouiJ"). -tl::>7m
mantel [hl\ll'l- "l"t.l'.lf R'IJ'. f"'l.7'S ou
.I'.CU.I']
mantle ttq
The nobles wore silk mantles. oui>,"J"J., f
dtC ttq 11-nnm- ~nc
manual (n.) DDP"<If
I am writing a teacher's manual. f'ODf""U&-1'
,.,,.<If l\11'4-llv-
manual (adj.)
1. f'l-AR'l- I f'l" ,.,..,.~:,.. He looks down on
manual labor. f'l-AR'l- (f'l"f-t.,.~'l-) P'<I-
"J ' J'."J:I'A
2. fl\"T:. Using a loom requires manual skill.
rlf.,li. l\:1' fl\"T: -n f"'l.mf.:f- ~"'"
manufacture (v.)
1. w&-. They manufacture rifles and ammuni-
tion in this factory. RH.U 4--R<Ilt m-11'1' 'I'
y.:,.o; mou"Jlf f.P'<I-11-
2. Lm~. The lazy boy manufactured excuses.
IIH A"?: P"li"Jf-l'':f Lml:
manufacture (n.)
*The code on the label shows the date of
manufacture. R"J"IJ'.: l\:l'm- 'If. film- A
I' .,!1;1-mlf l\:l'm- f-tP'<I-R'l-"J .,_"
foullh;f-A
manufacturer QII'I--Rt:lt
Don't deal with middlemen; write directly
to the manufacturer! lt'l-11-.1. :>C h'l-'1''1'1:\
+'1';1- IIQII'I--Rt:ltm- 'l.'i'
manumission t.c~'l- "'"""~""
Manumission of slaves is an act of piety.
qc-':f"t t.c~:,. . , _ , . r-t+.P.n .,..,
qc ~""
manure
manure tt:..,
Manure is used by farmers to fertilize their
fields. 10t.l":f out,:J-'I'tJJo"J 11"7-'IOC O'i'
"l.&m+"711-
manuscript
I. f11t-o; oux-m'i'. I wantto buy an Ethiopian
manuscript. fh.'I-1'-A:.I' f11t-o; oux-m'i' II
OD"/~'1- "l.ti.A;>IIII-
2. f7.~ K"m.'i'. This is the earliest extant
manuscript. .&11 f7.~ K"d.'i' h'l"t.f.lfi v-
II- f"''..,. .!:'?" ~"'"
many 1111-
I have many books. 1111- DPK".h'i' All'S
many a o(lft'
Many a man owes his success to his wife.
1111- {ltJJo 0"'1.111: ll"h"t.l''l- P't-tJJo
,&:J-o;II:J-111
I have passed here many a time. 011.11 Oil-A
1111- '1..11. l>A4...1'1111-
many of -flft'fl:f + suffix pronouns
Many of us left early. 1111-l"il':f"J +Y.II"
1111"J ~.1:-"J
a great many oflft'
A great many books have been written on that
subject. 011.11 l>C"I.h'l- 1111- DPK"mG::f
_,.K"tl.'I'A
In as many flf..l'). .I'IIA
You made ten spelling errors in as many lines.
O~C I OD~ODC I X"LU I fHJ). I ftJ/A I
fti.Y.A {I;J,.,.,. l>.I:'C1YA
one too many
*I feel that I am one too many in this company.
011.11 "111..,. 1\.& DD1'f-f: f.,.tl.ll1 l>,&ou
hii'SII"
so many
I. OtiJ?" 1111-. So many people have failed to
pay attention to the warning! 0"111" 1111- Ill"
:r- "7hm"t+4!.1'tJ>o"J hMII" IIJ'.-t-M-'1- *
2 .&ll"t .I'IIA. Do you need so many? .&ll"t
.I'IIA .l'hti.A"I'IA I
too many
I. l>11AID. You gave me three too many. ?'h
'1- l>11Amll llm1i'S
2. 1111-. A student who has too many activities
does not have time to study. 1111- .,..,q~:f
f"''...'ho;tJJo"J .,..,6 .
11'1'.,,. '1..11. flltJJoll"
map (mapped), v. IJC:J- M"'
1bis scholar mapped Western America. .&11
11"11-C ll"bt-11 l>"'UIJ"J IJC:J- l>~"'
766 march
map out
I. O"t.l:''i' l>OJtiJ. The general mapped out the
campaign. :(.~t-11- fHODJI'tJJo"t hA'I- O"J
.1:-'i' l>OJtiJ
2. mrn. Have you mapped out your route
yet? f'l-l'll"t l;:,Otq"'i mM'IA I
3. Y.~ll" OS'.~ l>maJ. The students mapped
out the week's tasks . .,..,61".,; f"ll""t1:"J
P't- Y.~ OY.~II" l>mm-'1-
map (n.) IJC:J-
He is making a map of Sidamo province.
fl\.-'l'l""t m:,OI\,e "lifT IJC:J- 7.f1Pt- ~"'"
put on the map f:J-m+ l>Y.~1
The discovery of gold put our town on the map.
Oh.,...,:f"t tJJoh'l' mc:,O ""1'f1: r:rm
+:f M~'l-
mar (marred) l>mh
Nothing marred the happiness of our outing.
oiie11t-:f"t 1..11. no~"J"J Y.h:J- M
II" ' ~1C l>I\IDbtJJoll"
be marred
I. .,.01\lf. The painting was marred by cracks.
Fbll- o-+.o;s:.o~. .,.O'Iii-1'- ~oc
2. .,.':?...,~ I .,.!1...,~. This table has been
marred by knife marks. .&11 m~A.If Oll"tm.
.,.':7-"l"a:A (_,.!1."l"a:A)
maraud m~~
The gang marauded over the countryside.
m"JOS'.I".,; 1m'l-"t m~'l-'1-
A fox marauded the chicken coop. +O~ h
P.~tJJo 11.'1- 111-1'- P.~l":f 01\
marauder m"JOS'.
The marauders pillaged the house and then
set it on fire. m"JOS'.I"'Jl 11.1:"J hHM 0
:\1\ .,....,. llh-11-0'1-
marble 7.11~ 0~.1:'
The statue is made of marble. .htJJoA1: f.,.
IPt-IJ)o I b7.11~ I 0~.(- ' ~IJ)o
marbles 11,&
Boys like to play marbles. OJ"J P.:f fl\]"'f 11.&
OD"'ifDT. ,&OJ-'111-
march (v.)
I. .,.{lAG: -MH. He drums when the soldiers
march. m:J-~'Jl .,.IIAtl.tJJo 1\.IJH- :J-11"11-
c.eao:J-A
2. OIIA'i' ~-Did you see the soldiers march
ing? m:J-~'Jl OIIA'i' "-" Mil I
march
march {someone) off m(t~
The policeman marched the thief off to jail.
?"(1.{1- /l.llfDo1 m~ MIC (1.-'J- m(l~liJo
march on
Time marches on. "LtLfD- J.'..).,..-'IA
march through h.WCfl' ~,g
The soldiers marched through the desert to
the front. m;J-~1!",; O.!?fDo1 l>ltemfDo m
~,..enlle~.ll.
march up and down ilf,'i :f'':f Aft
He marched impatiently up and down outside
the doctor's office. IWth.,.... 11.1!" liJ4f!" f
11 -l-6"11"-l- """ :r"'f ""' toe
[See also 'doom, head, step'}
march (n.)
1. "1-JI. We still have a long march ahead of us.
~<; ' .!'lf:'l" ' .,.,. ' Y.+.!<;t.
2. .,e"li. The band began with a march.
'""'ll.+'l':r; 'l.l:" o.,c"li J':"".!
march of events h1.U. m~1.tL foyJ.l,-,...
t~l!"";f
The march of events shows us that life is
getting more complicated. h'I.H. "'~'1.11. f
"'l,.l'..!"l--'1- t~l!"";f 1-1!" M-1-mii(IO ""~
.11.1 ' fll'l-<;t.
forward march "1il;JI\
Their forward march was blocked by a river.
rtc(l- "'il:>l\ 111.1:" m111 MP. toe
March "":>11.-l-
11 rains in March. 0"";>11.-l- f.H111t.
mare 1111&-
He kept two mares in the stall. ;>"'fDo fDoil'l'
11-11-l- ' Q1f&- ' 1\{1.!
margin
1. "'""' Leave a wider margin on the left side!
0"1&- 011-A (lof. fl\ ...'1"1 hil+C
2. 'IC!I'. The margin of the lake is overgrown
with reeds, fQ.lt'lo 'IC!I' O<l,m., -~""'"
tp.t\
by a narrow margin A'l'-t:T
He escaped defeat by a narrow margin.
1\'1'-t-'J- ' hODlft'i' ' 'It
marginal
1. 0..,'1.,. fDo{I'J' f-1-1\1.. A marginal note
explains that the book was printed in 1910. 0..,
'1"1- fDoil'l' f-1-1\l.fDo .,ll;f'm"lf """
.t.l- O!Jifl 't. '/". OD:J-1-""'1 MMA
767 mark
2. ( ~ adv.) )..1~'1"1'1" 1111-. The crops in that
region are adequate for marginal s.ubsistence.
OH.f h'i'A u~c fll"'" )..Ut. )..1~'1"
1'1" 1111- ' 1\0D'fo'.f ' fUt. Y.O:I't.
be marginal hltLil"L )"IC 1\f,Mr
This is marginal; we need not consider it in
our plans. f.U hill.il'l. t~C hf.~l\'1" l
oM'I"'f1 fDoil'l' t.<;il~Q"'" hffii.A"''I"
marinate 0.,..,..,. HI.HL
Marinate the meat to make it more tender!
I" ;>l1Jo1 Y.OA'I' 11.,1\ill\il 0"'""'1" H'i'
1fl.l1Jo
marine (n.) ODChll:f
Ethiopia has a small merchant marine.
1\..-'J-f"t;f ' '1'-t-'J- ' f1"1.J:" ' ODehll:f ' 1\!1.-'J-
marine (adj.)
1. fQ.ltC. Whales are marine animals. 't"f t
Q&9'";f fQ.ltC ).1il(>:Y. <;'J'fDo
Marine insurance protects cargo ships. ftlihC 1
'Pil-l-<; ' 1\'II')T ' ODChll:f ' 'Pil-l-<; ' f.{I"'A
2. hll.ltC f"''..~'f. Marine products are sold
in Massawa. '1"6'1' hQ.ltC f"''..~1' lr+fl'
:f' Y.il""'ll-
marital
I. fQA. Providing for one's wife is a marital
obligation. "''..il-'1- f"'LJ'ili.A;>-l-1 11-11- ),
1.1:"~'f .,.1:".!"1 fQA ..,111.)-'J- )fDo
2. f:>11!1'. A man and a woman take marital
vows when they marry. ID1.1:"<; 1\-l- ll.;>
o- f :>11!1' :Jot. M1 f.I.'G.,II-
maritime
1. fll.ltC ilf.. Maritime commerce was harmed
when the Suez canal was closed. fftot11 Pt.
OODH;>-r. fQ.hC ilf. 1"1.1:" 1-'1-'1
2. fQ.hC 1\'PII'f. Eritrea is Ethiopia's mari-
time province. II.C-'1-&- fh.-'1-f"kf fQ.ltC
1\'PII'f m.,.IIY. "'lf-'1- <;-l-
3. fQ.ltC. He studies maritime law. fQ.ltC a.
"' fm<;A
mark (vt.)
1. 'l"t.b-'1- 1\~.!~(0-l-). I have marked the
important parts of the article. f'G .t..4-1 'i't.
t~C 'I"Ah-'1- 1\.I:"C'I.O;J-1\p.
Have you marked your laundry? f"'l.:J-mOfDo
1 t.11ilU1 'I"Ah-'1- 1\.J:"~IJO;J-t. !
2. 1\.!0D. When will you mark our examina-
tion papers? f 1.-f-<; ID.!+:J-:f11 OD'f] :1'
c-,1\1)!
mark 768
~~------------------~~-- ----
3. ftoohh+ . His answers mark him as a
good student. f"'Ut"''ffD o oofA(o";fo .,.~
T"''& ODII'"I't J'ODI\h:h\
He marked the enemy position on a chart.
m~'l- ,1'110'1-'t h'i'&- OIIC:f- ~J'. h
oollhT
4. ~1111. He marked his satisfaction with a
smile. Y.h:f-fDo't 0.1.~"1:1- ~1111
5. f+llf 1t1..t:1. Many importan t invention s
mark the last hundred years. ill!' :f-~~:,0 1 <;:
/A{lof.l""'fo I ,1'11+-'i-'J I OD-1' I 'JOD:f-'1- I fTI\
f. .I'Y.C~'f'I'IA
6. A.ofl 11.1'-. You had better mark my warning!
"''hm't+< l:.l'l'-'t /Ail 1 ii'I-IA 1 J'.lf~IA
7. 'l"""l"l.t: . Be careful not to mark the table!
m<:A.~fDo't 1 l\'t'l'l-'l"" i"L"C 1 Tm't+:,O
8. (~ pass.) :1-tD+. +A frown marked her
displeasure. hllooY.(l ;t 1 .L;t't hoo!l/m~ 1
:f-tD+
mark (vi.) hhT'I'II
Mark how carefully he moves! l\'tF. 'I-
1 O'l''t
:J'41 I l\'JY."t&-DDY.' I hflTfDo/A
be marked
1. :l-tD+. His face was marked by years of
hard WOrk. 'l.ll.fDo'J I ohqY.' 0 P'&- 0 J'fll\.1. I
ootl'"l 04._, J'.:f-tD:I'IA
2. m+m+. +His face is marked by smallpox.
"-""'t .1.'t"'"' m:,O'I'ol':f-IA
3. TODIIhT . The borderline is not marked
on the map. Y.-'tO~ OIIC:f-fDo ~J'. hiAToo
llhT!I"
mark down
I. l\.1.. I have marked dowo the things I want.
f!I".I.IA:J'ffDo't ' )~(!"";(- ' o-11- ' ll'.w''f'l' llo-
Mark dowo the address! hY.-&-lffDo't l\'i'
2. 'I';J .,:,. hY.t:~. The store marked dowo
the coats from seventy to fifty dollars. ooY.ofl
~ ' fl>.,'t ' 'I';J h(lq ' IDS'. h!l"lt ' iiC '
.,:,. ' hY.t:~
(be) marked for TS'.~(l(ll'l-)
+The informer is marked for death. ;1:1!" mO.
.... I .,...... ' TY."'M:f -IA
mark off 0!1"/Ah'l- llf
He marked off the distance on the map.
c+.,'t 1 oiic:t-..,. ~J'. O!I"IAh'l- llf
mark out 1\tvOD~
We marked out a tennis court. f1:~11-'t "'L
)I I 1ttvODC')
mark up
1. "~.DDt:. The store marked up the prices ten
mark
-----------
per cent. ou.,P.ofl~ 'f' ;~fPm oJPc Ooo.f
OQ.DDl;
2. '1""'1"1.<:. Don't mark up the desk! mt:A.~
fDo't h'I-'I""''"L "C
[See also ' time, word']
mark (n.)
I. !1"/Ah'l-. Make a mark after the names of
those present! qit-'1- (ll""'fo h!l" h'tl\C !I"
IAh'l- hY.'C"'
His face shows the marks of old age. "-"" 1 ~
J'. fl\C~'i' !1"/Ah'l- J'.:f-J'.O:f-IA
The wet glass left a mark on the table. l\C'I'
11- iiC"l"ol' mt:A.~..,. ~J'. 1 !1"/Ah'l- TW
2. fDotiL'!-. He always got good marks in
mathematics. l\C/1- 11-IA'l..ll Ooh..ltil 'I'
~ fDom'l- h'1 )OC
3. '\.~"'1. He hit the mark with his first arrow.
o-~-&.1'..,. +h'l- ' '\.~"''fDo't , oo:J-
4. H~-1: fiT) DD:f-(111.,1')'1-. Theodor e
left
his mark on Ethiopia. 1:l"Y.'C"h Oli..'I-1'-J\'
,1' fDoh'l' H~-1: fiT) oo:f-(lll.J ')'I-'t
'1-T'I'IA
5. fTtiJ(l) Y.t:7t. His dissertation was below
the mark. 1\'dJ.i- h-1-WI'ltfDo Y.<:7f .,:,. 1
,I'll )OC
6. 00"!11"'1. Remove the price mark from your
new suit! II-'1.11- /Aoflhll ~J'. f'l';JfDo't oo
"111""1 ~'t'I'IA
*Standing there, the lion was an easy mark.
l\11.,1' ' l\'tS'..f.OD ' h't0fttiJo ' 0+~11- ' (I.OD:f- '
J'."fiA )OC
as a mark of fot1AX'"
Accept this gift as a mark of my esteem!
J'.ll't ' hhill!"-l; 't ' f"7..~1AII' ' h ...:f- ' .,..,011'1
(be) beside the mark h'l-'lf. 1 fDo"1" )OC
The answers given by the witness were beside
the mark. !l"hh~ f(l"''ffDo oofA(o";fo h
'1-'!f. ' fDo"1" ' )0~
1et blackan dblue marks
Where did you get those black-and-blue marks?
(ltJJo)'l-ll't I 9"'t ' hOI\HfDo I
make (one's) mark 1f'i"J 1\1-~L
He made his mark in the world. 0'111!1" ~
11'i"t hTt:.l.
make dirty marks on hol'lflf
Who made these dirty marks on my new book?
h-'1.11-'t ooA-m4't "'''t h.f.lflf.., . 1
man of mark 1ft~
His uncle is a man of mark. h1-., 11)'1'
<;'ftiJo
marked
not feel up to the mark J\'1~ m-l-t:>m- tt..w~
hf."f-IA'l"
A tired person does not feel up to the mark.
ff.b""fD< o'lfD< ' h'H'. IDT~fD< ' 1\.IP&- hf.
"f-A'I"
(be) off the mark Ah hf.l.l\'1"
His opinion is off the mark. hll-1-J'f-1> Ah
hJ'.I.l\'1"
[See also 'identification, passing, punctuation']
marked
1. "t-A.U. There is a marked difference between
the two brothers. 1111-ll-1> OJ'H':"''"''lJCI' oo
ltbA "t-All flY) Af.)T hll
2. 'I"AhT f-l-1.t:1flT. Did you read the
marked passage? 'I"AhT f-l-1.t:1flT1 M
'111 h11lfl?A 1
3. .,.mCIIJ6. He was a marked man once his
revolutionary past became known. +Y:'P Y..
oo )fD<'I' h11.)flt: b;f'OJof' 11:\~ -1-mC
11)6 I (ld)o I IT~
markedly 11"1'1"
He has markedly improved. fl"''J" -l-lf1i!I,A
marker'I"AhT
The marker for the exact spot where Theodore
died was made of bronze. -l:l"!i':~ll f'l"-1>11
:,.-, Thhll'i' ll'i'&- f"'L..'<\fm- 'J"AhT
b)ohll ' f-f-IP&- ' )fD<
market (vt.)
I. lf m. The farmers market their grain
through cooperatives. 1fl.:Ol"'ll hll<\lffD<1 n
-.11..::,. Y:c~:,. R!J.A J'.lf"'ll-
2. ( ~ intr.) li1RJ' +<:fl. My invention-needs
a few refinements before we market it. fLAI\
'i'IJ.T ll1flJ' h""~t:ll- no~.:,. h1J11!i':
""lflfA J'II.I.A1'1'A
market (n.) 1flJ'
Everything is cheaper at the market. MflJ' 11-
11-'J" )1C <:bll J'.~A
How is the coffee market today? q.:, fll-'i'
1RJ' h11..T )m- 1
The market is under way. ~O.,fm- cf.oP
The market is in full swing in the afternoon.
bl'l~:,. 11:\~ 1RJ'm- J'.f.&-A
The market is over. 1flJ'fD< -1-R-f-)
be in the market for Aou-,q:,. LA't
Are you in the market for a good car? 'No
""b.'i' ll""'1q:,. TI.A.:>llll 1
769 mar.rlage
be off the market h"101 m4-
That item has been off the market for a year.
J' h-"' '11!i': ~,..:,. b1flJ' m'i';tA
be on the market 1fll' 'Pi\
Fresh vegetables will be on the market this
week. J'A'I'll J'~l.t: hThAT 1111.11
<\MT m-11'1' 1RJ' f.-A
be put on the market 'lOY m"'
This toothpaste has been put on the market
only recently. J'.ll f'I'CII <\.....,. 10J' fOJ
"'fD< b~C11 '1.11. OJJI,Il )m-
there is a market for
*There is a big market for warm clothing during
the winter. 1flJ' m-11'1' Rht:'J"T .,._,..,_
flf'l- ' A-11/l"f- ' J'.)"f/1-
there Is no market for Ll\"1.. flttD-'r
There is no market here for these typewriters.
hll.ll Mll.ll fK'ihi.T oob,'i'l""f- I.~ 'I.
f~lfm-'1"
(be) marketable 11C M"f
His invention is marketable. 7-.1'1- f l.llo'll.m-
)1C 11C J'1>;'A
marketing, do - 1flf
She does her marketing in the morning.
fii.T fii.T T1RJ'll"f-
marketplace 1flJ'
He went to the marketplace to see how the
goods were selling. h?l"'ll h11..T 7-.11.
"'l.lfm- ll"''fT ,,_ 1flJ' ~1.
marksman M"'"'<l
Since the hunter was a good marksman, the
bullet did not hit the ground. hJI'F -No h)
"1"1<1 lllllf) 'l'J'.-1> .....:,:,. h&\OJ1.4>'J"
marmalade "7COO~;f'
maroon (v.) J'll oooo(llf hllof>t: ! J'll oo
oo(llf l\4>4>
The loss of onr boat marooned us. f~AfJ"f-1
OI"J'of.+ ' J'l\ ' DDDD(Ilf I hilof'{;")
Pirates used to maroon people on desert
islands. fiJihC 1i'i'+"f- l'll"h 11<:?"7 II
IY'I- 1-ll.+"f- 'If. hfOJI'IJI. Yll """"lllf
J'.ll!lllfm- )flC
maroon (n.) [lfh~ ~M:,. of'li'J"]
marriage
1. ;Jofl;r:. His marriage was considered a
disgrace for the family. fl'l- :>11JI' llfl.-1-
1'111- 7-.11. -.'1'..::,. -1-'kmt:
49
marriageable
We wished the bride and groom a happy
marriage. 1\ou-'li&;J:<; 1\0D-'Iio!-..,. fJ'.ll;J-
.:>11!1' "'M.IMII'I'IIJo ofooo'f'tii'I'IIJo
2. .:'f-~C. Her career is more important to
her than her marriage. 1\Cil. h-l-.11~ Y.A
;r. P'o!-'1' Y.OA'I'Q;J-A
3 . .,"'Q-'1-. Before her marriage, she worked
in an offioe. h.,"'Q;I: 04.-l- Ill!" 11Joll
'I' -'1-,..o!- ~OC
arrange marriages
Arranging marriages for one's children is
outmoded. f<DII~'I'- IIA~'I'- f).l!" 'iJ'.'i'
oo'/"~'1' Y:l!" 4'C;I:A
civil marriage follm.&-'1! .:>11!1' P'C't-l-
They had a civil marriage. fofo;>Il--l- 011do.o!-
'l! .:>11!1' P'C't-l- ~ ....
(from her) first marriage hooloo&,l' Q!l,
She has a daughter from her first marriage.
hoolOD&,I' Q!l, 11.-l- A'Jt: <DA-'III'fo
give in marriage ~l.
He gave his daughter in marriage to a minis-
ter's son. AJI:'t 1\"'Ull-l-C A'Jt: .II~
[See also 'propose, servioe')
marriageable 11-'1--'IC fJ'.~{l
He has two marriageable daughters. 11-11-l- II
-'1-.IIC fJ'.~{lo 11.-r-'1'- A~ hil--l-
married (adj.) ,1'1Q 1 foJ-.11~'1'-
He is a married man. l\fto J''Jll llm- ~m
She is a married woman. "!1. ,1'1Q'fo 11.-l- <;-'!-
The adventurer looked for an unmarried girl
whose father was rich. 1.""1\,IIJo ,I'Aof-.11~'1'-
fQIIll;> A'Jt: d.l\1
married couple QA.-,.J;C
This house is only for married couples.
Y,U 0.-'1- 1\QII-l--'IC 11!1' ~..,.
married life :t-JSC
Married life changed many of his previous
habits. -'1-.llc 1I11'11Jo't fY:I!" "'-"'"''t
lUDtn8Jo
marrow:r-A'I''I"
The marrow is taken from the bones and eaten.
:r-~:t.'l''l" lt'l''t-l- IIJoll'l' <D'I'-r- Y.OIIA
marry (married), vt.
I. MQ. Is she going to marry him? A;f-1QIIJo
~ .... ?
Is he going to marry her? IU'1Q-l- )IIJo l
2. .II~. He married his youngest daughter
to a writer. -l-'tl('t AJI":'t 1\UII.. "'ol--l-
770 martial
3. h:>Q. The patriarch is going to marry
them. ;r-'1-&,I'Ch- IU';>Q:fiiJo ~..,.
marry (vi.)
I. h1Q. He married late in life. 06Y:"''.11Jo h
m<; 0:\11 MQ
2. QA MQ'fo. She married late in life. QA
nq:f...,. 06Y:"''. hm<;'l'- 0:\11 )IIJo
marry off Jll.
He has married off all his daughters. 11.-l- A~
'll'to-11-Y:?/.A
be married
1. h'J'l. Were you married in church?
,1'1Q1i11Jo Oofohii.A ~..,. l
2. of-:>flo. They've heen married over a year.
hof-.:>11- 'too-l- 1\A:f,'I''I'A
get married ft1ll
When is he getting married? oa:r: i'aJo rD?.
,1'1QIIJo l
When is she getting married? "!1. f'I";J-1QIIJo
oa=t: ~m- l
marsh ~..,~.,
They are draining the marsh to build houses
on. 11.-l- 1\oPP'o!--l- ~"1~1-'t VF.M <;
"'"'"
marshal (v.)
I. hH:>l. He took great care in marshaling
his facts for the court. 1\'i'CY: 0.-l- f"'1.4'C
OIIJo't 0'1-A:r- 'l''t:l'4: hH:>l
2. oot-. The host marshaled them into the
fOOm. fliUL-Iz I IIJ.f.. I }Jij:l\- I aJo(ttp I OD~:ftiJ-
be marshaled Oh11C ofo<D{lJ'.
The foreign visitor was marshaled into the
presenoe of the Emperor. f.....,. Mol- "'t
"1.11 't'l-"' ~1P'-I> <D-'111-0-'1- Oh11C
ofo<DM
marshal (n.) [OIPC {lt-'f!-'1- 11Joll'l' h'i'ofo
'i' QIIP'A"''t)
marshland ~"1~"1 ll'i'&-
This marshland is a breeding ground for mos-
quitoes. Y.U ~..,~., ll'i'o!- f<DQ -l-'t'S
OOCIL,I' ~ ....
marshy ~.,~..,
Marshy land shelters many small auimals.
~"1~"1 oo.:.+ 1111' -l-'t't'li h'tllll-'1-'t
.l''l'o!-A
martial
1. fl"''t)-'1-. The Ethiopian patriots showed
martial law
their martial spirit in battle. fh..+f"kf hCO
'l':f f)!"I'H+ ll"''.:l"'l'""1 OtnCtoJo II
" hill'
2. "7C1i. Helikes-martial music. "7C1i oo-u.
:J> f-a>llA.
martial law m:f"f..tl-'1! ..,..,
The governor declared martial law. "J1CfDo
:1"1.&-'1! ..,.., om)';
martyr ll"711T (pl. (1"711:1"+)
The church honors all martyrs. fl..,. hCM:f
1 (1"711:1"+1 11'11' :l"b-fl&-ll:f
martyrdom ll"711+t+
The martyrdom of St. John the Baptist is the
subject of a new play. fOD'J',...,. f"m1ll (I
"711+t+ fll.ll tf+C hCl\llT t..,.
martyrize hP':J'f
The ancient Romans martyrized many Chris-
tians. f'1'1T 1::"7..,.11 ofltl- hClltf'l':f
1 hP':J'f.
martyrize oneself
He sought to martyrize himself. ll"711T 1\0D,..
llA 'l"h<:
marvel (v.) .,.f..t+
I marvel that you were able to succeed under
these difficult conditions. OH.Il htJJ:- 11'~:1"
OD\thA llll.,.llltAil l\f..t:J'I\11'
marvel at hi!.)+
He marveled at her skill in typing. fODII.'i"
K".n.t.+ :tA'I"i''i"1'1 hf..t+
marvel (n.)
1. ,.,.C.
The marvels of modem science are
amazing. fHOD'i"'l! llf-1(1 :I",..C fMC
"7A
These pills work marvels. MH.Il ll.t'l':f :1"
,..Cf-P'tl-/1'
2. rltta.. Your room is a marvel of neatness
and order. h'i'Ail f'tK".n'i"'i" fP'C'tT ,..
t ....
~~~
marvelous "'"""'
This is a marvelous cake. 1-11 "~"-"'
h t ....
masculine (n.) .,.<111:1"1- 1<:1"
The masculine does not have a special marker
in Amharic. ti"7C'1 lln!t .,.<111:1"1- 1<:1"
AI' ,..AhT fll..,.,..
771 mass
masculine (adj.)
I. fa>1J:-. Football is a masculine sport.
fl\"IC \>,(I fW1 J:' .U.1':f" t..,.
l\{1- .,.<Ill:I"1- .,._m
2. +Q6~.,e.. "He'~ is a masculine pronoun.
ll,.. t..,.
masculine gender, see gender
m mash (v.)
1. hf.."'-~' A rock fell on his foot and mashed
it. J:-1:>1- l\"1'1- 111- mJ:-$ hf.."'"'""
The elephant's heavy feet mashed the grass.
1111'). Oh<IJ:- l\"lt:'ll "1'1-1 hf..........,.
2. "-"" I just have to mash the potatoes.
~ ... J:-"t'll't OD'i'.U.T hllofi'S
3. M ... m. They mashed the chickpeas to
make stew. W'l' 1\0DP'ti-T 1i1ofltl-""1
llt+m-+
mash (n.) :tA:tA
The baby ate a mash of bananas and water.
.ntt- fDD-11'i" f..,.~ :tA:tA 011
mask (v.)
I. 1.0+. He masked his anger behind a
smile. oflll"l"-lo1 0.1..1"1:1" 1.0+..,.
2. l\1/lY.:J"m:t lr.t.t. The robber masked his
face . ..,.,.,...,. l\1/lY.:J"m:t ,!.-lo1 If.t.t
mask (n.) ODf..OoJ:.I'
The robber wore a mask over his face. -1'"7'1
..,. .l.-1:1 oouf..04:1 lr'i''f toe
*His smile was a mask to hide his disappoint-
ment . .1..1"1:1"..,. :t~:l"...., 1\DDf..O:t f.,.f..
<:1 toe
mason "110'i'
The mason will build the wall. "110'1..,. "IJ:-
"IIl..,.1 Y.1tt1A
masonry M10'i't+ P'tl-
He is an apprentice in masonry. l\{1- 0"110'i'
t+ P'tl- .,.11"7"7~ t..,.
mass (vt.) h1J:-t+ llOllO
The general massed his troops for an attack.
:(~&oil' a>:f"f..t:'ll1 llf1Jo1J h1J:-t+
(10(10
mass (vi.) .,.(10(10 l Ooflq:,. .,.(10(10
h. Crowds were massing in the square. fJ,_QfJf.
111- ofiH- .n11ofl .,.lloflllll toe
The troops massed for an attack. m:J"f..t:'ll
11"7'1':J'T OofiHT .,_llOllll'
mass (n.)
I. h,..C. A large mass of feathers will be light
Mass.
in weight. Til~ ' f'lq ' hi"'C b11~.,.
+'lA ' ~fll-
2. "111-'i'~T. He couldn't move the piano
because of its mass. b"/11-'i'~.,. f-1-~"1 T..f
'l"fll-"t ' fi.J'~:J'"t+fll- ' 1\IAJ!'AI"'
3. ( ~ adv.) 011qT, Mass meetings are for-
bidden unless a permit is obtained from the
police. bTII.ll UF: l!A-1-Ilm Oll-1-+
C 011qT ""1\111\11 hAbit. ~fll-
Mass production results in lower costs.
7.:1'1 ' 011qT' ODJ"&-T ' fODJ"&,f' 'I';Jfll-"t '
M"t<'IA
*The mass of opinion is against the plan.
f1;.11q ...fll- ' 1\fll- ' 1\ll.J-ltl\11 ' 7.~'1-"t ' f"'L
:J'ml"' ' ~fll-
*The car is buried under a mass of mud.
.... ~~........ ' .,... ' fll-ll'P ' -1-+0~:f
masses ..,.&- tlt11il
The masses are illiterate. +&-m- .lt111l oP
IJJ/.1"' ' ~fll-
in the mass om:,.~ltfD"
The valley, in the mass, is extremely fertile.
lfA-'fll- Om~'l'lfll- 0"11"' ill"' ~fll-
Mass~.lll\
Mass begins at 7 o'clock. ~.111\ f"'L1qfll-
hl\l.T q"tF: llqT ~fll-
celebrate Mass :,...q(L "lfl
The priests are celebrating Mass now. rJ:lt:t: ~
~.Ill\ 111-1-'I'A
go to Mass
She went to Mass. A;J-ll+F:ll 't~:f
[See also 'sing']
massacre (v.)
1. 1~11. The soldiers looted and massacred
for three weeks. m;t-~~'ll ll?'llT ltl"'"t
;1-T II.HCf-'i 11.1F:II- -'f.
2. ~JI.. The enemy massacred the wounded.
milT 4!llll'l''ll"t ~'ffll-
mass acre (n.)
l; l'.A<I:T. At Siddist Kilo there is a memo-
rial to the Yekatit massacre. llF:llT 11.11-
'If. ' llfl!-I:T l'.A<I:T f-'oo oo;t-1\0..f do
fll-AT 1\ll
2. 'i'~T. The malign rule of the tyrant caused
revolts and massacres. f~~ f"Pilt h1tf
'II 11-hT'i 'i'~T 1\llb.J-A
massage (v.) 1\lf
He massaged his cold fingers. 11CF: . foo ;1-
'ffll-"t . ' "1-Hl"t ' 1\.lf
772 master
massage (n.) oo;t-lfT
How -much does a massage cost? Aou;t-if'.Jo
l"'"t ,ftJA Y.b~'IA 1
get a massage :t-il'
I'm going to get a massage to help my aching
back. f"'',.foo't"t JI..Cq\l."t l'.VI.lfll't 7.;1-
lfllll-
massive
1. ..,,.,..t;:.
He was locked in by a massive door.
.,,..., ' OD'If'LJ' ' -1-H;>RT
2. ofltt-. Massive evidence showed that the
president was the embezzler. "r&.H..II"t.,. f.b
'1111 ' 1"tH11 ' f"'L.f"l"0~11C ' ODif). ' 0
1111- ""~li' ;t-m+
3. htt: 1 Ill. His massive erudition impressed
the audience. b'i' .fll ~fll-.,..,. 1\.11"7'""'11
"t ' 1~.,,fll-
4. ouq.:r-. A massive swarm of locusts invaded
the country. ooqT fh."tO"' DD"t;> 1116;1:
"t ' m~~
mast foocb11 l"'llf\
The sailor was leaning against the mast.
oocbO ...fll- fODCbll-"t l"'llf\ -1-~"1.:::
""" ~oc
master (v.)
1. m"t~-' om+ 1 O~"t-fl 1\"'C.P. om+. It
will take you five years to master Amharic.
1\"7C~ m"t~-' ll.,m~ 1\l"'llT qoo
T' ,.~~'"
He was bent on mastering Amharic. h.'"IC'?i
O~"t11 1\"'C.P. il"'"'~ "'~
2. 1\m'i-' om+. The manifold subject requires
years of study to master. 1ltl- HC!Ii: lAID"
"t TI"'IJCT 1\m'i-1' ll.,m~ f1111-
q"";t-T 'P'iT Yll~A:>A
3.1\'I'C.P. om+. He has mastered three foreign
languages. ?'liT ftD-"1" 1\1C ~"t~l":f
1\'PC.P. ,ffll-:J'A
4. 1;1-. It took him quite a while to master
his temper. "tS'..,."t A"""';I-T 1111- 1.
H. ' mll~OT
master (n.)
1. '1:1". No man can serve two masters. h"JJP:
I"' 1\fll- 1111-liT 1.;1- 11.1q 1\Y.:fAI"'
The master beat the dog. "I.Tf"fll- fll-lfm-"t
"";1-fll-
2. OOI"'IJC. The master taught his pupils how
to read. ODI"'U'I- -1-.,&l"'li"t "tq11 1\ll.J-"7
&-'ffll-
masterful
*He is a master at story telling. :.,..to+ (lJOJ
&- 1""/J'hl\fDo fl\'1"
*He is master of the situation.
fOOJ"&-T 'f-11-;1- />1\tJJo
'1..1'~ ~~;t-m-
master of the house QllO.T
The master of the house is not in. Qll0.11 a AO.
+.fir'/"
master (adj.) 1'<;'
The master bedroom has a large window.
'l'<;'tJJo oo'S;I- 0.'1- '1-A:t oollt>+ />1\tJJo
master musician foo-rt..+ A.:t-
He is a master musician, and everyone admires
him. f.,..H.:I' 1\.:t 111\ll'~ v-tr Yf.'l
4'1'11\
master plan ourvl:.,.. "T#\1
A master plan is needed for the city's develop-
ment. i\hofotP/m- 'A~+ oPrPl.+ T#\1' s
YIILII\,;JII\
masterful
1. 1"11\"1'1 f-J-ODI\0'1-. His masterful tone
frightened all the clerks. 1"11\"1'1 f-J-OOI\0'1-
1:'/"tJo ' 'lf""''lh ' v-tr ' 1>111.~1"1'ftJJo
2. '1'011 f-M"I\0'1-. His masterful ways gained
her love. '1'011 f-M"I\0'1- 1"&-tJJo f!).
'I -;::,.e l>ll1'f11+
3. <::4::,0 flf~. The masterful performance
of the pianist enchanted the audience. f'I:Yt
11-fo t:4::t flf~ f'I:Y'l' t.oo;l-'1- 1>'1
.,""',;, hllf.(l;l-'f'tJJo
master key 't,l'.~-1-'f 4111\'i'
This master key will unlock all the doors in
this building. ,I'.IJ 't,l'.~-1-'f 4111\'i' O.ft'lll
"'" fDoll'l' Ytr+'~ o~l- v-tr ,l'.h'i':I"A
masterly fmR.-11
He did a masterly job of repair work. 0'1'1<;'
Oil-A fmtl.11 1"&- oP&-
mastermind faJm~ (\fDo
The mastermind behind the revolt was caught.
v-h-1>'1 v-tr fOJm~,. (lfDo 1-YH
Master of Arts "7111-C l>'i' t.e+ll
He received his Master of Arts from the
University of California. f"711-J-e l>'i' t.e
+II '1."16fDo'! hlJII.G:C'IY l''!iiell.-t 1>1'f
master of ceremonies 1>111-1'1'4:
He was master of ceremonies at the concert.
o ....H.,..,. O'tA 11.r. t.II-J-1''1'4: ~oe
773 match
masterpiece ;1-1\:t :tell
His latest novel is a literary masterpiece. o:,.
en- ym"'"'" A-n m11~ ,
fl"~ ,..,.-;: :tell ~,.
""""'*" .
:1-11:t ,
*This painting is an artistic masterpiece. .eu
1"611\ :1-11:t e-t+ 111,. I"~ 'I'O
oft I ~liJ-
mastery
1. 01\,I'.H. The two teams vied for mastery.
IJ-11... ' n-~'1- ' 1101\,1'.~'1- ' 1-0J'If..-1-
2. ":ftr-:r. His mastery of arithmetic is noticed
by all. Odl.lt11 t:1~ '""'" '1-11-:1" ov-
tr H'lf." f;/"OJ-1' ~,.
3. 1\004\"'me Yl\fDo '1-11-:1". His mastery
over his temper helped him greatly in life. 'If..
1>'1 11""4\"'me fl\fDo '1-11-:1" O.ft,I'.OJ-1>
t;,48J"
8J"(l'f" I .... ,.. I
masticate l>'fh
He tried to masticate the tough leather.
m'llJ&-fDo'! m'i'e 11"7'fh 'l"ht:
mat (v.) 0;1--J-~
The sea breeze matted his hair. hQ.fte f"'L""
"'fDo ~4-11 li"K-'1 0;1--J-~fDo
be matted
!. -J-4/."'mt:. His hair is matted with blood.
li"K- 01.'1" 1-41."l'I'Z:A
2. +~oo~oo. The grass was matted because
the animals trampled and rolled on it. h'llllt+
llllt:;J1tnoT<;' 11111-'lf..QIItrO'I- "1-1- -1-1.
OOf.OO
mat (n.) (Ill.'!
Put a mat on the floor to sit on! l\OD4'0odi. 1
Omlltr 1\,1'. lll\.'I l>'l'l''i'
match (vt.)
I. -J-oolto\,1'. ~"'" This color matches that one.
,I'.IJ 4-fl'l" hH.Y'i'fDo :>e -J-ooltlt,l'. ~,.
2. />btl. My skills in typing do not match his.
foob.<; 10.ftLT 'f-11-:1"\1. f(l-'1 Joo.l'hA'I"
*I'm ready to match my strength with yours.
1>'11-'1 R'IAOT 11""**'1" 11"1)1: ~'1
match (vi.) -J-OD/t/t,l'. ~"'"!I>'! f." 't,l'.~'l- ~,.
The two candles match exactly. IJ-1\-fo 'lf"7l"
'fo ' 'j:l\.'/" 0 -J-00/t/tf"'f- 0 <;'ffDo
Your socks do not match. fh"le ~&--RIJ
1>'1~ 't,r.~+ 1>,1'.1.11'1"
match (n.)
1. hofl6-l-. Give me a box of matches, please!
1>'11." ;rt> h116+ lim'S
matchmaker 774 materialize

Strike a match; I can't see in the dark. hil&'l- 1 *The lion and his mate were sunning them-
""'C I OOQ.II"7 I 11"7f'l- I I\ A :fAf" selves in the cage. I\'tOll,.., 1 1\'tOIIf.-1: 1\ilt:
2. 1'1'"'1..1'. Who won the match? 1'1'"'1...1'....,. 1 'f- I 'J,l11Jo I fDo(l')' I 8dof. I f.'1"41 I ~OC
"7'J I 1\lf~l. l
3. .,.OD/1/If.. I am looking for a match for this material (n.)
1. "'-C~. I have enough material to make a
paint. flf.tJ't I 4'119" I .,.OD/1/If. ' 1\I.A;JIIII-
COat. f>'f- I IIOD(lof.'f- I 04: I OQ.C:f> I 1\
4. 1\h-J'. You're no match for him. He'll
II'S
flatten you with one blow. 1\h-J'm- 1 1\f.Y.IIU
,. I fl't~ I , . , . I f.HCC?A
2. 1\:J'. We use only the best materials.
1\'f I ff"'tiPtl-fl'flJ)o I f"C'I' I 1\:J'jP:f I o(J!J' I
5. :>il!l'. The parents did not approve of the
'i''t'fDo
match. 11>1\,l~ 1 :>il!l'm-'t 1 I\A1.4'JI.9"
The raw material is processed by the factory
arran1e a match J\;Jq and turned into plastics. '!'.!."'" 1 1\:J' 1 of.ofl&
She tried to arrange a match between the IJm- "'"il'l' I b.,.IPtl- I 0:\11 I " ' " I Tllil
I
bachelor and the widow. m'tY. 1 llm.....,.'i' 1 q th~'l- I f.I\ID"'A
!). f'l".,.fl'f-'J (\'f- 11"7;Jfl'f- I 'l"bG:f
I I I
3. AI' AI' "7il~9':f. He is collecting ma-
be a aood match terial for a book. OOJtdtt;: 1\DD~fi: A'-
I. ll:>il!l' 1 .,.11"7"7. He is a good match. AI' I "7ilt:ll"9':f't I floP(lo(J(lo(J I llf. ~ ....
1\(\- I II;Jofi!J' I f"'l.il"7"7 0 ~lf)o
2. .,.11"7"7. These colors aren't a good match. material (adj.)
MII.U I 4'11'1":f l\f.il"7.,..,. 1. ~1\011". She's only interested in material
be a match .,.il.,.IJhll things. 1\!). I fl'lii"7'J! I ~1C':f I ofi!J' I 'f-J'.
(1;1'11~
She is not yet a match for her mother in
cooking. 09"1il 1 1\w&-C 1 1\'i':l:'t 1 1\'l-il.,. 2. "I-AU. There's no material difference be-
IJhAf" tween the two. R.,.A'it 1 ool:)bA 1 r-tf'" 1 "1-A
[See also 'wrestling'] u I A\!.~'1- I fllf"
3. m:J'"'l.. The judge warned the witness
matchmaker 1\"7"1." not to hold back material evidence. J'.;;:BJo 1 fP
The matchmaker arranged a marriage between (lb~ I m:J'"'l. I "7ilt:JI"jP:f't I 1\'JJif.J'.ofl:f- I

these two couples. h"''""

ll"-il.J:"J (IJP~ MmH41'1-
II;Jofi!J' I 1\11"7"7 4. 'P'i. The baking is a material factor in
making cake. h.h 1 (l.IV,t.. 1 'P'iBJo 1 JP,&. oo
mate (v.) ;J1~ I ~lJ)o
l. .,..m?. The animals in the zoo haven't 5. 111\IJA 1 f"'l.(l'l'. Food and shelter are
mated this year. 01\tl-'1!'1- 1 ""m04:J' m-il material comforts. ,-,11c; 1 ODmlal 1 ia.h.tt
.,.,.
'I' 1 ,rtt-'1- 1 1\'tilj\:f 1 OII.U 1 'lOD'I- 1 1\A.,.m A I f"'1- I f"'l.(lm- I 'i''I'ID-
material needs f{U&~+ 1 ODIV;1'-~ 1 fj:;t\1+
2. 1.111.11. Birds mate in the spring and build
Every man needs to satisfy his material needs.
their nests. mr:.:f 1 f"'l.l.ll'i'it-'1-'i' 1 '1.1 1 f"'l.
(liD- I !Jolt- I f(lfDo~'l- I ODIPG;l''l! I 'i'll'l-f:'t I
...~,. I OIU'.f. I ~"'"
11"7CIJ'I- I f.I.A:>A
mate (n.)
I. 'JY.'f. He and his mate left the school at materialize (vt.)
!2 o'clock. 1\(l.r,' I 'JJ'.'fm- I 0(1.1(-(l'f- I (l'l'f- I I. floa)';ODtJ' 1 1\ID"'(II'I-). An inventor mate-
h'l-f"UC'I- I 11.'1- I " ' " ' " rializes his ideas by building a model. I.A/1.1-
, . I 1\.IPtl- I J'(tflll)o'J ' ~1C I flOD)';OD<IJ' I 'I"Jl.
I lost the mate of this glove. fii.U 'J'tt 1 '\F.
'I'm- 1 mof.ii'S A I J'ID"'I\:J'A
2. f'I-'IC 1 'JY.'I'. One should treat one's mate 2. h1il 1 1\Y.Ml. He materialized his ambition
with consideration. 1\'t~ 1 (lm- 1 f'I-'IC 'JY.'f tO become a dOCtOr. doh.f" I IIODif'J 0 f)flt:
ID-'J I 9"'P'f- I b1-ll I 1\J'.t:{l
" ' " ' I 0"'1.1fl I ODJ'111 1\110'1-

3. qA. The lioness and her mate were sunning materialize (vi.) RFt- t\~ 'PA
themselves in the cage. 1\'tO/If.-f:'i' 1 f!!). 1 1\il Our plans did not materialize. 1\:f-P..!J':f't 1 liP'
t:'f- 0 'J,llf)o I fDo(l')' I 8dof. I f.'1"41 I ~OC tl- I llf. I 1\A'f'ft-f"
materially 775 matter

materially matron [Db~ m'i' $11- ,1'"111- mY.'F'

I. D"''F'. The teacher's ideas helped materially qA f'f".,.q'ffDo mY,.HC')
in planning the play. 1:$~'t D"7H:>~+ ~
11: $11.,."7&"'" m<'lfl':J' D"''F' ~""' matter (v.) llllL'I"I. )fDo
2. Dou"f&$ ~11:. The enemy was strong It hardly matters one way or the other.
materially, but weak in leadership. m'l'l- Dou $'F' II') Y.ll li'Jf:"l'F' llllL'I"I. 1\Y..I'.ii'F'
"1&$ ' ~11: ' m'tiJ&. ' ,..,., ' ll't'l[ ' DOD
& Dh-A .I'.IJ"7 )DC matter (n.)
3. Dllil'l-. The nation got better materially, I. '1-"lf.. It's not a matter of price. f'l':> .,.
but worse spiritually. 111&-1< Dllil'l- 11'1- "lY. IIM'./19"
lflfA DDD'tL<'I'I! ~11: "l't l\f_,.D'Iif 2. )1C. I'll look into the matter. )1'1-'t l\DD
:r- ' 't.I'.'T ~'F'~'I'IIIJ-
You're only making matters worse. \o1o;..'l ~
maternal qo(l(l'l'/111
I. fl\'i''l-. A child needs maternal love. A'Jf: 3. 'l't. )1C. The matter of this book concerns
fl\'i''l- 'i':J>C $llLA1'1'A everybody. fH.tJ I ODX"thfi; I ~~ I \o1C I rJ-
2. Rll'i'-1< Dh-A. His maternal grandparents flo') 0 f"7..DD/Ih'J- ' )fDo
are still alive. Dll'i'-1< Dh-A 11$-Hi llv- 4. 'I':>. This idea is of little matter. Y.ll II <'I
't9" aa.y.m+ /Ill- il Mil_,.,..
'1':> $/lfDo )fDo
maternal care ra.,o;+ 1\ll.,."l.l'."l 5. 9"h't$'1-. If a man is robbed, he has matter
Maternal care is being taught by health teams. for complaint to the police. ll'tf: /lfDo f
f.n,o;'l- llll.,."l.l'."l 'I-9"11C'I- DtiLo; _,..,.., ll't.l'.l/') il?'ll.ll IIIL-1<;1- /1"7:J>~
'iP..':J' Y.II"'A il 9"h't$'1- Y.'l'~'I'A
6. "'H'I' $/lfDo )1C. Solids and liquids are
maternity (n.) ml\1: ouiJ"t matter. 'I''I'Co; L'l"li )1C'T "'H'I' $'1'1'
Maternity changes a woman in many ways. "'" )1C'"'' o;'l'm-
ml\1: ODI/''t 11.'1-'t Dill!- OD't11: Y.il
fDo"';I-A matter of fact, as a ""'
I. l\'t"lJfDo'F'. As a matter of fact, I'm leaving
maternity (adj.)
for that country myself. ll't"lJfDo'F' ll~ &.
I. f"7'1'illl'. This hospital has a maternity 1\, I IDY,HJ I 1\"JC I OD'/,y_ I \oaJo
ward. Y.ll mh.9" IL'I- f"7'1'11ll' h'l' 2. ll't.l'. l\fDo)-1< hi/'). As a matter of fact,
A 11/lfDo
I wasn't even there. ll't.l'. l\fDo)-1< hll') ll
2. fliC'I-11. She wears a maternity dress. II.J''F' 1\A)DCh-
fl\C'I-1! Ailll '1-ilil'til':f-
a matter of i\11,..
mathematician fm.llil 0'1'<1: We waited a matter of hours. llofU,.. iltlT
A mathematician is needed to solve this prob- mD:J>'t
lem. Y.ll't't TC'ili\.'F' /IDDJP&-'1- fdo.'t be the matter iolt
il 0'1'<1: $llLA:>A What's the matter with tbis motor? Y.ll't 'I"
mathematics do.<'lil
.,.c ' ,., ' l )IJ<D-
What's the matter? Why are you crying?
I study mathematics every day. v-Ai"t do.<'l 'F"t )IJII ('F"t II'WA) i liM ;J-/I:J-<'11111 l
il llmo;/lv-
for that matter ll't"lJfDo'F'
matriarch [IL.,. llil't mY.9" '1-<'l't f9" For that matter, he can stay where he is.
;1-ll.,."lf:C l\DDIL'I-) l\'t"lJfDo9" l\II.J'fDo 11.-JY. Y.':J''IA
In the matter of fl - - - flh-A
matriculate 1>1\.'Jf: 1q He is strict in the matter of discipline. OP'~+
I matriculated last year. 't9"o; 1>1\.'Jf: 1qv- Dh-A 'l'il:J> )fDo
matrimony :>iii" It does not matter .,1: I rltr
Matrimony is the goal of many young women. It does not matter; I shall go myself. "11: f/1
filii" A'K1~P..':J' 't'l"7 :>iii" )fDo 'F' l l\~fDo ' &.ll. ll't"lii!Jo
matter-of-fact
It did not matter to him whether he got paid
.,.,.
or not. R.hi..IIID< 'l,l'.hi..IIID< "'!l: hA~n.:
it's of no matter h.t'i'aC.119'"
It's of no matter. The cut is a small one.
f-1-ot..:m.,. 'l-"t11 ~.,. l h,l'ltll11?"
no matter what g-Jr it imperfect +
No matter what I do, it doesn't please him.
M?" 11"'&- h.l'IIJ'.II-1-ID-?"
Time moves on, no matter what we do.
M?" 11<;~ '1.11. "'Ill<;: h,l'.4'C?"
*We're going, no matter what you say.
,l'AhiD-"t 11'1-A J."t~'lll"t
what does it matter 9"1' fJ'..C;J/J\
What does it matter? I'm going anyway.
M ,l'!'.C;JA 1 ,1'?" II"~ ,l'.U oo~J!. ~.,.
[See also 'course, dead, fact, form']
matter-of-fact(~ adv.) ?""t?" J."t'IAII"~
hfl:C-)
His matter-of-fact explanation of the accident
surprised everyone. fF..:Jt-1 ,.i.:t" r'J,..
J."t'IAII"~ hfl:C-) oo<;1<1- IIID<"t rNr hll1
.:oo....
mattress 'i'&-11
I need a new mattress for my_ bed. llh.IA;J~
h-'1.11 'i'tl-11 ,l'III..A1>i'A
mature (vt.) h.,..lloull
This experience matured his character. ~tJ
;,.,e.m-1> f!'..:lln+ ~1c m'll'"t h.,..lloo
{liD<
mature (vi.)
1. fl(U\. Wine matures in three months.
m,l'.). IIDD1111A 1"11'1- me ,l'.I..~R;t-A
2. 1ul\oP{I. He seems to have matured as a
result of his experience in the war. hlllc~:r- a q
11"1D- A?"?"Jl: f,_llooll ,l'.ooMA
3. m'tht::. Most animals mature faster than
human heings. 11,. J."tlltt+ hiiiD- 4'1'.'1"
11111D- ,l'.m~h&.ll-
4. fh'i',l' 1..11. 1'..:11. When your saving bonds
mature, you can collect their full value. frflmtl
ll"t!l:ll fh'i',l' '1.11. II.!'.CII """II- 'I';JID-
"t A'l-mll!l: '1-:Y.~III.I
mature (adj.)
l. ffl(ll\. A mature mind is capable of com
paring things. fRIIII hJ.?"C" ~10 "'/OO
~H"t J'.:Y.~A
2. f"l-A?"II<;. Fifty is a mature age. ..,,.... f
"JoA?"II<; b!l:"'L ~.,.
776 maximize
3. 0'1'<1:. This job can be done only by a
mature woman. f.tJ'l ATIP&- rrT~A :
0'1'<1: a.+ 11!1' .,.,..
be mature
1. fl(ltt The boy is very mature for his age.
A)!: 011.1.1 b!l:"'LID- 0"1?" ' RM.A
2. Tm..-++. His plans are not yet mature.
fll- J.:j.Jl: 1<; hA-1-m<;oJ>oJ>?"
of mature years ffl(lt\
Persons of mature years are needed for this
job. lllf.U l"tl- fRill\- lll":Y. ,l'III..A;J/1-
maturity
I. o:j.ou h-'19". He had reached matnrity
by the time he was twenty. ?,I' qou+ II.'I"
~.,. 11o:j.oo h-'1?" !'.Cft ~nc
2. o:j.ou .t..'l'"t. She had reached maturity
by the time she was twenty. '/~ r floaT lt.
.,.~,.. 11o:j.oo .t..'l'"t !'.Cit ~nc
be far from maturity 1'i h.AO(II\r
Even thongh he is 30 he is far from maturity.
"'~" qou+ 0.11"~,.,- 1<; hARIIII?"
bring tO maturity b""Jil I lt~~(l
We brought our plan to maturity. J,:j..o;:Y."t"t
h"111 h!'.<:ll"t
reach maturity
I. -I-".7A When their plans reached maturity,
they were able to begin. J.:j.'l'fiD< R-1-".l~
0 '1..11. IIOO)!OOC !1'11-
2. 01111. The oranges on the tree will reach
maturity in two more weeks. Otll.l 1 IJ'i! 1 t\f.
,1'11-'l- 11C-I>IJ'l':Y. hiJ-11'1- lt?""t'l- 0:\~
J'.RMII-
(not) reach maturity (JS:ortm- : llf.~Cll .,..,.
Many fish and frogs never reach maturity.
11,. q..,,..,... ' J."t.,&.&.Y.:Y. ' b!l:"'L,l''I'ID- '
lt,l'.!'.CII ,1'.'1";f-Il-
m au I R"'/"t1~:f'+ .,....;
The lion mauled his trainer. 1t'l0llto h.IPA
"11'"t R"'l"t1~:f'+ ,_..;.,.
maxim ?"ltit.
"Make hay while the sun shines" is a maxim.
h'l'l- ltll h'l..'l' i )!"tRC ltll <1-'1' f
"''.IIID- ' ?"ltit. ' ~,.
maximize
1. h;~U. He maximized the importance of
what he had done. fiP&.ID<"t ~1C '1-A:j-~'1-
h;JH
2. h-'10.:. He will maximize profits by re
maximum
ducing costs. IDI'tl.") oou4'Hl TC'i'") f
Jlofl&-&\
maximum (n.)
I. ouQ;I,~"If. I'm willing to pay twenty dollars,
but that's the maximum. ? 1 1 -flC 1 I\ODh4.
A 7.11"'1"'11111- 1 _eu "'") fouQ;I,~"Ifm-
~ ....
2. fou..,~"lf
h'i'-1-'f 'i''l'~T. The speed
limit is 40 miles an hour; drivers must not
exceed this maximum. f'f::Ti'.fl m(J(} s O(l'l
:,. 1\CQ "'I.e&-. ~,. 1 ~"l(l":f _eu") roo
""~"If h'i'-1-'f '1''1'~:,. "'111'1' fiiQ'fm-11"
maximum (adj.) h'i'-1-'1'
The maximum temperature ever recerded in
the city is I 00 F. MIIJII-") RH.ll h-1-"'1 fof-
OOH101D" h'i'-1-'i' ......,.,. 100 o(.~")?.e-r
~,.
He pays the maximum amount for old books.
~C'"/, OO~.ft'i'T h'i'-1-'f ~-" .eh'l'~&\
The maximum weight for baggage in air
travel is 44 pounds. 01\ID"C'T~") ~_e f"7..1..
4'f.m- fh:l' hofU'.T ~").1:' 11m- 1\CQ
h&-T ~'I'C ~,.
May"'")ll+
may (might)
I. Uussive). May I offer you a cup of coffee?
I\") .I:' ll.t 11-'i' AII'I'IJ I
May I go now? A'f..l:' I
May you be very happy! f.ll .enAu
2. (verb) + _err<;&\. That may he so. 7.111..1'
.en _errt;t.
I may he able to come. &\OO"' h':f&\ .err'i'A
I may he too late already. 1\11-")11" fl.rT") H
"'f.'f _errt;t.
Be good, and I might let you have my bicycle
tomorrow. mQ.etJ") to/louch ~1 oflllhl\.
i:") hll'l'tJ _errt;tA
3. II.IT") .e':f~A. It may he true. hm-~:,. II.
IT") .e'f~A
*If we had rushed, we might have caught the
train. ofi")C''J' 'l'C' Q(K.") &\")S'.CIIRT 7.")
':fA ~oc
*You might at least say 'thank you'. 1\,~m- fl.
4'C h"'UC .ell'l'&\'5 A+A ' _e1QA
may as well
we may as well stay where we are. iUf.lJ All.
tJ QII")RT 7.")-l'.e
(this) may or may not be ll.IT")II" ~_err")
'/" ' .e:f~A
777 meager
This may or may not be true, but we will
look into it anyway. .eu hm-~:,. ll.IT")II"
~.enll" .e~A 1 fll" rr~ .eu ~1"-")
h'i'"'&-11")
be that as It may fll"i'lD- llii""J i 19"' II"
~ .eu 1 "1&-11" ~1..11 4''5
Be that as it may, I will go to New York any-
way. rrr~m- fLIT") (fll" rr~ .eu l "1&-11"
~1..11 4''5) ' 7.~ ' IDf. tm-\"Ch OO'tJ'. ~ID-
maybe
I. 'l"'i'&\QT. Will you come? Maybe. :,.oo"JIItll
'/"'i'AQT
2. ll"'i'AQT + gerundive + _errt;A. Maybe
he's lost. 'l"'i'AQT m'i'.Y. _errt;&\
mayor
I. h")-J:Q. Who is the mayor of Addis Ababa?
fl\-'1.11 1\0Q h")-J:Q "'/") ~,. I
2. f"'IH;J]f o.-r if.ll". Who is the mayor
of Dessie? ff.i\ "'IH;J]f o.-r if.ll" "'I
") ' ~,. I
maze OO"Jfl.f oom-'"im- f"'l..ff.'i"''C
Many ancient palaces were mazes. -flrt-fP~ fT
")T 0.-f- OO")"JF.f-'f OO"'fl.f OOID"'"i
'I'm- f"'l..ff.'i"''C ~RC
This maze of facts and figures is hard to
understand. fof-ID/11111-T") 'i't. ~1C':f'i' "'
'I'C':f oo~JI:,. fll'f-1&-&\
be in a maze +"7:1'"
I was in such a maze~ I couldn't answer.
of-"'l.f-ofl'5 1111~0~ &\00&\11 1\Aif'Ah-11"
me, expressed by the suffix pronoun -='S'
Did you see me yesterday? Tt;"):,. l\.eof-1i
'fA I
Give me your book! DDX'dt'i'IJ") llm'5
meadm~
Drink this mead! It's good. .etJ")") m~ m
IIJ j ~I i'lD-
meadow oullh
,.&, .
The meadow is bordered by trees. Oou(ltt-
~G::f 1\11-
meager
I. f"'lfm"'ofl. He ate a meager meal of cold
boiled potatoes. f"'lfm"'ofl fO~f. :,.:,.p, .1:'
")'f o~
2. f-1-1-11"'-11. The meager face of the beggar
aroused his compassion. frf"..,.i'JoJr.Am- fAD?
")< kT 1\IIH~m-
meal
3. l'o:E-"19". The Central African Republic's
resources are meager. fODIIhl\>;' l'o'i'<ll:t .:-.:
-11/l,h ' fit.'!" ' fof-.1.'1'1!' ' 11-11'1- ' l'o)!'"'9" ' )fDo
be meager l'o9"-11'19" '1'-1- l'oo!\)0~9"
The results were meager. m-m.~ J\r'-fltfr ~
~ ' l'oo!\)0~9"
meal 9""1-11
Breakfast is the first meal of the day. <I!CII f-1'
'1- o fOD"f.!"'<lffDo o 9""J-fl > )fDo
I haven't eaten a decent meal in weeks.
11-1111- <l9""J'l- '1'-1- 9""1-11 l'oAO'III-9"
*Three meals a day aren't enough for him.
0<1'") V'll-1: ' OD-fl'IT ' l'o.i'm"'0fDo9"
humble meal +&- ,.....,.,.
Will you partake of this humble meal? f.lllf"t
of-&. 9""1-11 h>;' ;JC A'l-<lof-'1' '1-L:t'l
1\11 ?
[See also 'festive, midday']
mean (v.)
1. 071\oT iom-. Falling leaves mean winter is
near. :tm'l :tmA 1\~"1'1' h~9"'l- of-
:I'C!l.A "'111'1- )fDo
What do you mean by that? l'o"t-'1.11 11'1-A
,.., ' "'111'1-11 ' )fDo 1
2. l'ohO. I meant to call, but I forgot. AS'.fDoA
l'oiiO. )0C "'") ~<lll-'1-
1 know he means well, but the way he does
things annoys me. :,., "'/{If!-") l'ofDo:l'l\11- l
"'"t hrP&.-1- f<;~S'.>;'A
He says exactly what he means. f"''. <;1~,. A
h f{IOfDo"t )fDo
3. .1.111. I didn't mean for you to see the letter.
S'.-11-'IO.fDo"J l'o"Jof- l'o"J~;J-ffDo l'oA.I.I\"111-9"
)OC
4. f9">1-"t )fDo. He certainly meant what he
said. f9">1-"t )fDo fof-<;1~,.
He meant those words for all of us.
5. (I)H~.
l'ollof-ff_,"J fMH~fDo llrJ-'I:f"t9" )OC
6. Allh1"A. This frontier incident means war.
.eu rmoc "'"P'l- fllC)'l- fllh'l-'IA
7. f---9"Ah'l- )fDo. Thoseblackcloud smean
rain. f hfl~ S'.t1D<; f11<;9" 9"Ah'l- )fDo
8. 'l-C'J-9" /1,'i' ~,. ;FA. One word often
means several things. l'o-IIOf>;'fDo"t 1.11. h"t
~ :I'A -1111- 'l-C"J-9" ll.'i'~fDo .e":f'IA
9. '1-C'I-9" )fDo. What do those signs mean?
MIU' 9"Ah-l'":f '1-c-J."'''!'fDo 9"")~),. 1
10. '1-C"J-9" hm. The dictionary tells you
what words mean. ""1110 :1''1'1- f:l''l'l-
, '1-C"J-9" f,{IIIJA
778 mean
*I am sorry I offended her; I really did not
mean any harm. ll'lh'i'f9"\>.'l- l'o11<;1\rJ- I 0
hC"''l' ' hof.'l- ' )',(10. ' l'oo!\)0~9"
mean a lot TA:,.O i'1C ~cD-
His friendship means a lot to me. fC(l- ~S'. 'h
'1- II~ '1-A:t )1C )fDo
mean business fr?1" \oat-
When you say you'll fight, do you mean
business? hiiJ'II\11- 11'1-A f9"Cil"t )fDo 1
mean everythlns
*Money means everything to him. 1"JH-II )'I'
.... ' )fDo
mean nothing h9"")9" hf.<t.'l'~- ! 9"")9"
hf.S'.I\9"
The high cost of living means nothing to
some people. l'o"J'I"J~ (19'-:f f'I-I!'"J """'
S'.~ ' h9"")9" ' h.e<t.~'l-9"
It means nothing to me. II~ 9"")9" hf.S'.I\9"
meant to be
*Is this number meant to be a one or a seven?
.eu <k'I'C l'o"t~ )fDo m.ell h'l'l- 1
mean to say .,1\-h i'm-
Do you mean to say you saw everything?
11-11-'19" )1C l;f,;r'l\11- "'111'1-11 )fDo 1
mean well
*When he punishes his child, I know he means
well. A)l:"t 1\'i'IIJ 0~ tiD"JLII t1DII''I-"t h
fDo:l'l\11-
not mean much 't;J flttD-'r
His promising to pay you back later doesn't
mean much. 11.'1 1.11. l'oh'i''ll\11- "''ll., 'I'
;J ' fl\fDo9"
mean (n.)
!. l'o"'/11'1 do<l-11. We must seek the mean
between the two extremes. 1\11-111> fof-&.&.<1!
do<l(l:f ' l'o"''l:t"f."t do<l-11 ' .....~.~~.., ' )',(1-fl")
2. l'o"''l:t.e. Gray is the mean between black
and white. f'I'<I!C<; f)op <1'119" l'o"''l:t.e
"1&.-i ' )fDo
means
!. t1D"t1~. We won the game by fair means.
.....;f-...., ' flf)'l')fDo ' 0'1-hhl\>;' ' t1D"t1~ '
)fDo
2. o:t9". He doesn't have the means to do it.
f")"t 1\DDP'&.T O:t9" f A -
He lives beyond his means. 11:,0,... O'lf, .e
'i'&.A
*He uses paper as a means for sweeping up
the dust. l'o!].&.fDo"J ' Om~-1''1- f,mC;JA
mean
means to an end
It was just a means to an end. J',tJ h..,ft
1\0D~l:ll f"'LG'I ~1C ~,.
by all means RP"'t!l" 't,M'I- 0.1/"t l 011"
't9" ' M>,:\'t
By all means take the job! OP"'t!l" 't,M'I- 0.
1/"t P' <1-ID-'t .,.4'0A
Avoid that by all means! OP"'t!l" h\\:\'t 1
't't ' hli<D"'J'.,.
(not) by any means f"~f" + negative verb
He was not surprised at the news by any
means. RID'-"'" P"'t!l" hA.,.J'.~4'9"
by means of
I. 0. You can regulate it by means of a
screw. O:f-C'tf.~ 9"li.,C A;J-li.,.IJhl\,.
'1-:fiii\U
2. n- - h.,IJ.... ~'I-. Among the deaf and dumb,
communication is carried on by means of the
sigu alphabet. J'.'t.fr:<; ~JI flf). {I
ll':f dtftfl f"'LI\ .. <Dm-'1- 0111'1- P"Ah'l-
h.,IJM'I- ~,.
by no means
I. OP"'t!l" 't,l'.~'l- + (negative verb). By no
means will I allow you to do what you planned.
.l'+~biD-'t l'.'t~'l-"'<1- RP"'t9" 'tf.~'l-
hAtl.:fo~AUP"
2. O'i'lt.P" + (negative verb). He is by no
means stupid. R'i'lt-11" AAfl h,I'.J'.l\9"
man of means IJAX;J
He is a man of means; he can afford to pay
more than other people. 111\ll;> lll\lf~ b/1.
11-:f {ll":f ,I'.RA'J' ll.b'i'A f.:fiiA
[See also 'foul, ways']
mean (adj.)
I. <D&-'1. His mean thoughts are unworthy
of a person who is a priest. <D&-'1 hll.,.>\{1
II- ' 4111 ' ""~ ......... .,.10. ' h,I'.J'.l\11"
2. ( ~ noun) <D&-'1~'1-. It is mean of him
to treat you like that. h't.,.'t l'.'tJ'.H.U .,~
<!:1- ' <D&-JIH ' ~,.
3. hllho!.. His mean remarks lost him
many friends. h!lbol. hll.,.,l'f., bfl,.
0\J'."t':f hiiJIIID-
4. oovhA ~. What is the mean temperature
of Addis Ababa? fh'l.ll hRIJ ooubl\'1
.....,. .... ' ll't'l- ' ~ .... l
5 . .,l'.bll,l'.. The mean number between 3
and 9 is 6. fl"ll'l-<; fUm'S .,l'.bll,l'. .JI'J'
c 11~11'1- ' ~ ....
6. lt..,il..,ofl. A miser is mean about money.
"":to l\1'tHfl ll"'fl"'fl ~,.
779 meaningless
7. .(.ftlt. He lives in a mean, little house.
0'1-'t'li J'.ftft 1,1( ,.111' ,l'.'f&-A
no mean ObiD-4'., b'i'.,.l;'
He is no mean scholar, and everyone knows it.
Ob,..,.., b'i'.,.l;' ' 11"11-C} ODif).'t ... .,,,.. '
fiD-4' .. A .,_,,.
of mean birth b~'Jj f.,.<DI\J'.
This boy is of mean birth. ,I'.U A~ b~'Jj
,.,.,1\J'. ~,.
of mean quality oofj'i'l
He wears clothes of mean quality. OD'i"/1 A
fill ,1'.1\fi>\A
[See also 'trick']
meander
1. '1lf1"'f'ODAODA .t.(t(t, The river meanders
across the flat plain. m'llt' r A'l' ttAOJo 61
Jl ' 11,1'. ' l'.f.,.'J'ODI\""1\ ' ,l'.ti.>\A
2. .,.'t'I-<1-AA. We meandered through the
park. nou<;tf.lfiD" ' fDoll'l' ' .,.,.,.<1-J'.~'t
meaning
1. ~'f. This word has several meanings.
,I'.U :l'A fl,. 'i':f hl\ID"
2. '1-C'I-9". What is the meaning of life? fOD'l'C
.rc.,.- P"'t ~~,. 1
*He does not know the meaning of fear.
'i'C?'I- ' P"'t ' l'.'tJ'.If~ ' hf~D":t-11"
meaningful
I. .,.10.. The choice of Amharic as the
language of instruction was a meaningful
decision. h.,Cl;''t 1\.,ll.,..,&,l' !1/'t!l/~'1-
OD9"<!:1' .,.1n. ,.,..~~. ~nc
2 . .,..II- 11"1.'1- f"'LI'I'I'. The teacher asked the
students to make up meaningful sentences.
I ,.,.1\- I {lfllj,..,. I f"!,ftfllo I
OD9'"t)<;. 0~~... I
~1r::f l'.'t.ll."'"" .,..,&!l''ll't mf+
3. ( ~ adv.) RAI' 11"1.'1-. She gave me a mean-
ingful look. RAI' 11"1.'1- .,.,..1\b.,.:f'S
meaningless
I. '1-C'I-9" fl\.1\,.. His meaningless gestures
showed that he was dazed by the blow. '1-C'I-
11" fi\.1\ID- l'.'t:foll:l'I'I.ID- 011"., fti.HH
ODif).'t 0 hODl\b.,.
2. .,.;J 1 fA.Am-. Most scientists never do mean-
ingless research. fl,. fft,l'.'tll ll.:l'ID"'t'l-
..:> fi\.1\ID- 1'<;'1- tl.10''1" h,I'J'.C'I-9"
be meaningless +c.,.,.. 1 hA(tm?"'
The argot of thieves is meaningless to other
people. fl\.{l:f AI' 't"'"IC 1\1\.11-:f '1-
C'I-9" h,I'.{IT9"
meantime
meantime (n.), in the -
I. nouull-. The police were busy fighting the
fire. In the meantime, the criminal escaped
from jail. Tll.{>'ll )VI_,.") OouhllhA
f.niS:.4- ~oc 1 ooou11- m1~11"'"'" hl\ilC
lLT I h_oPfltn
2. 7-.llhlf..l' .(-~ll. In the meantime, I'll just
have to wait. }t.{lhrt.J' 1 ~t:.il 1 11,..
1 11'- 1 uo
mn~ hili!'{
for the meantime ll"LillD"
I'll do as I've always done, for the meantime.
111.ll.iD" hll.ll 0.1.'1- 7-.1'1S:.~"711-'I- hS:.C;JIIIl-
meanwhile 7-.llhlf..l' .(-~{1 l 7-.llhlf..l'
Meanwhile, it had gotten too late. hllhlf..l'
.(-~ll R"'?" H"7M ~oc
We must wait for him here. Meanwhile,
we can play cards. >t.ft-'l ; Mt.o- 1 uomn:t> 1
hllil1 1 7-.llhlf..l' IJC:f" 7-.1"'im'l-
measles b-o;:'{
He got the measles while in Harar. dtl.C 1 0~0
~n+ 1.11. &o;:'{ "'""'"
measly h~ll-1-,.
He can't get along on his measly salary.
O~:f q~{l-J-"' S:.'l"tl- 11.'l"C hY.:fA?"
measure (vt.)
1. lllt. We'll have to measure the room before
We buy the rug. ?"")"J4-") ' hDD"7~;f":f") ' fi
.1.'1- h'i!ll-1 ODIIIJ'I- hili!")
2. .1.-J-~. The novel measures the skill of an
author in writing long stories. Aofl IDI\~ 1
:f"&h S:.&-ll.tJ>o ~"J':?" :f"&l>:f IIODl\'i!
.flltJ>o") Tir':f" Y.I..'I-'OA
3. UDif~. You have to measure the importance
of the issue before you make a decision. lD-itJ:. 1
hoo{lm'l-11 0.1.'1- f"l-'11'1 m?'U'I-
ODODH") hlli!U
measure (vi.)
1. f Ah 1 ~aJo. How much does he measure
around the waist? fm111- 1 Ah 1 M 1 fUA 1
~"'" l
2. ~noo. The front of the building measures
20 feet . .l.1llm- h.l.'l- 11.1..,. ?J' """'
Y.~11.,A
measure off h4f.Ll\
They measured off the ground into small lots.
oo~.,.") 0'1-1111 ooS:.il Ml..ll-'1-
measure out DDif~
He measured out three kilos of sugar. ~Pil+ 1
h.lr' {1\>.C ODH~
780 measured
measure up o(lof!: 11"~
As an administrator, he couldn't quite measure
up. llhll-J-'1'1&~'1- il41 hA ~0~?"
measure up to}..")~- i 11"~
The exhibition did not measure up to that of
last year. h."7H.O.ih 7-.1'1111..m- 'loo'l-
hAlT~?"
The party did not measure up to her expecta-
tions. .(-"7(1- .f{lO:ftJ>o") .filA hll1"f:f
m-?"
measure (n.)
1. Ah. The cloth is cut according to meas-
ure. ..,C41 f-J-4'AAtJ>o OAh ~"'"
2. uoA hJ. An inch is a measure of length.
h.1:f fC1foo'l- ""llh.J' ~.,.
3. ao{li.&J'. The measure I used for beer
disappeared. mil llon~J!'I- f-J-m4'?"h-O'I-
ou{li.&J' mof.
4. ih..,, Congress passed a measure for flood
control. ?"hC IL'I- ftJ>o;lo") aa'!'ll~ll~ II
.,1Y.. f-1-H;J~ .l."7 hillll..
5. lt.Cf"")f. All necessary measures have been
taken. hll1..111.m- ' 7-.C?"ll" 11-11- -J-m(l~A
6 . .hili!. The administration and the staff
locked horns over the proposed measure.
hll-1-'IS:.~<; ' >P&-1-'P'Il 04'~0"'" .hili!
~,. ilf.(l.,_ ' 4'?
beyond measure hoom") 1 01\f,
His joy was beyond measure. F-tt.:raJo hoom
1 OilY. ~oc
in large measure h..fiq;,;:m-") "LH.
His success is due in large measure to hard
work. ll.iliJII'I- fil'lltJ>o h11~"'"'"' 1.11.
m1hl!" ooop,.:..,. ~..,.
in some measure Room).
Their success was in some measure the result
of careful preparation. ooom.,. ' m-m;f":fm-
1\..f?"C f!J'IIm- 0'1'1.4-4: hooH;J~;f":ftJ>o
f-1-~"f ~ ....
some measure ( = adv.) Room).
The government had, at that time, some measure
of power. OH.f'l 1 til. ~ uo'}..,JP'f: Room).
"1Y.A ~n~"'"
take the measure Alt
Did you take the measure of the lot? oot,.-J:") 1
llh-1-?A l
[See also 'defense']
measured (adj.) f-J-m(l)
Drive over a measured mile to test your car's
me_asurement s 781 mediator

speed! fouh.o;'U1 ~'1'~'1- 1\.,.,~ 1\-f-dJ(l) mechanism DD"f&Y

.,,_A 1-'1 A pulley is a simple mechanism. oonm-c +It 1

A I --.~, I )m-
measured words ODCtfl r f+'i"'lt.JftD- ..4"1\T 1
*Sand in the mechanism will stop a watch.
The speaker's measured words brought ap-
hlf'l' (l'l.'J- fDoil'l' h~Q 1\'i-111 y.,.ou'I'A
plause. -f-o;';>&fDo ouctn f-1-o;'~&-lffDo :J'
*The bones and muscles are parts of the
11'1- h.l:'o;'.,.'l-1 h-1-M
mechanism of !he body. h'J'1.,.:fo;' m-1;1',..
with measured steps fl+oum~ 1 nt"'~ ~C
:f YllA h~ll-:f o;'lfm-
Mr
The funeral cortege walked with measured mechanize OHDPo;''l! DP"'&Y hl"t't.<'.
steps. A+il-1-'1.,. O-f-oum~ 1"11"1:1' 1.C?" We need to mechanize the gold mines. fmC.,1
1f ' -1-'iH .,/J.I:''l':f '
111
"""""'!! ' DP"'&Y ' .,tt't.<:- ' hi\
measurement s Ah
Her measurements are 36 - 24- 38. f!J, A 1 ~'1f1
medal "'L-'If.
h ' .<'.t:.'J- ' ~i I m~11 ' ~fi I Jlo\. ~$ ' ~ ... He received a medal for bravery. f;e"l1~'1- "'L

meat 'If. (t'1f1) M'f

1. JP ;J. He won't eat raw meat . ..-~ r JP ;J 1

hf.OII?" meddle ~q 1 "'A:l' ~q

The meat of the nut is tasty. fl\fDort- P' :> He likes to meddle in other people's business.
"14-"l"' ~ ... OM ' (lm- ' .,..o;,. ' OD"IQ.'J- ' ("'A:l' ' ,...,q
2. 'U. ~~C. The meat of the book is its '1-)f.WJIA
description of 18th century Ethiopia. fou
ll'.hf. 'i!.l. ~~C h.'l-f'kY OOP'&- il?" meddlesome f1.C1 11111
1-1-'1.,. h~A nou1 no.::fo'l-1 f"''..~ His meddlesome wife is into everything he
All''~.,.
does. f1.C1 11111 fll'~:fm- "Y.il1: 1.
(to I fl"ttP,&.dJ- I JP,&. I dJ-{llf' I l}o(to I lf'A:,. I
[See also 'lean']
'1-111\:f
meaty
1. P' :> fOqo.'J-. Meaty brolh is given to sick media HJ'.,..:f
people. P' :> fOqO.'J- out;~ 11011-1-'l':f Radio is one of the news media. &-Jl.\'- hw
ll. .,(1&-""A HJ'.,..:f h1.!1. ~.,.
Mt"'A
2. .,,.. ~~c f-1-'1"11. His meaty speeches are
listened to with great attention. ,.,.. 1 )"JC medial ouvhl\'1
f-1-'1"11 1"1"1'1-1 OK'I':t' hJioum- The medial section is 15 em. wide. fouobl\'1
fDo h~A il4-'l- OF&- h?"il'l- <'11-I:"'L
mechanic -~~~h '1-c' ~.,.
I need a mechanic to fix my car. ouiJ.o;'\1-1 f
"''..oP&-A'f ' .......~ ' 1.1-A;>I\IJ- median h.,ttf. "'"'c
The median of 1, 3, 5, 8, 9 is 5. flilrl ii 1$1
mechanical D h.,ttf. "'"'c ii ~.,.
1. h....,...,-th. Some mechanical device opens
the door. 0'1- f"''..hl.-1-fDo Q1.1:' h.,..,...,-1: mediate Ohil:t'&-4:~'1- ~q
h I ODUf~f I )OJ- Sweden will mediate in !he dispute between
2. f'I"-1-C. A mechanical failure caused !he !he two countries. il'l!.<:-1 OIJ-11-11 MC':f
plane to crash. hfDoC'TII). .m.<:-.,. II.(IQOC outtbA 0-1-l.mt:m- "l"~"l"~ Ohil:t'&-
f;FI\m- h'l"-1-'1- oo>OIIlf'l- f-1-~"1 ~.,. 4:~'1- ' '1-~QI\:f
3. .<'..1:~. His reading is very mechanical.
MQOD- .<'..1:~ ~.,. mediator hil:l'&-4:
The mediator discussed the issue at length
mechanics (ill\ """'&Y 1.1~il:l'll.o;' ~f.A ; wilh both sides. hil:t'&-4:m- ill\ .,.-'11' h
f"''..~Al\' <\f-1il] IJ-1\-IJ?" m~'l':f :>C O(l.C.m- -1-~:>~t:
medical
medical
I. f.lth,.'i'. He is attending medical school. O.lt
h,.'i' .r,.uc.r n..r nouoyc 11.e ~..,.
2. fmh.,.~'l-. Family tradition destined him
for the medical profession. fmh.,.~'l- F~
fHtl-'fiD" ' fiou(l'). ' 1.1\-,. ' mh.,. ' II'~
3. fm:n.r. During the President's illness, a
medical bulletin was issued daily. T "-IVI"J.,
n;J-ouou '1.11. fm "J~;I-'ftJJo OD"/1\"'i Of
-t> .eu"'l ~ nc
4. ftiL'i". A medical examination is required
of all entrants. IVI.II 11ll":f' rNr fm'i'
,.CODtl- ' 7."J~<:"lll'f1D" ' YIILA;JA
medical supplies oo..e-~t+
We need medical supplies because of the earth-
quake. IIOD"-"' OD"J-1''1'+'1' ,.h"JY'I- 1\!l.
<;(ltD- ' ?-'1-l- ' OD!l.";)t'l- ' YIILA1'i'A
be under medical treatment :f"hoo
I am under medical treatment because of the
car wreck. Oouh.'i' t.!f.;J 1\!l.<:llil'f .,.
'I 'I- Oou;1-h,.. II.P. ~Of
medicament oufl.";)t'I-
In the old days, they had few medicaments.
O'J'"JT ' '1.11. ' lll":f' ' '1'4:'1- ' OD!l.";)tof:f' '
~OZ:'ftJJo
medicate +'I
The doctor medicated the wound with iodine.
mh..... "'1111-"J 1\l'"'l."t -!''ltD-
medicate oneself oo..e-:)t.-,.. mAA
It is often dangerous to medicate oneself
without a doctor's advice. 1llt' -,.n. dth.
,.. ltY11 ODfl.";)\T ODID"(lfl." l\1!.1>;' ~ID"
be medicated oufl.";)t-l-~'1- l\1\ID"
These candies are medicated. .eu h<:"'ll
oPfl.";)t-l-~'1- l\IIID"
medication oufl.";)t-l-
1 need some medication for my chapped lips.
1\_,.ll~"'m+tJJo h"Jd."- oPfl.";)t'l- YIILA1>;'A
medicinal, ~ value L'l'ih'I-
The medicinal value of this plant was dis-
covered long ago. fiLU IJ/1 L'l'il~+ h
'I'"J'I- )!,.I!' f;l-m+ ~..,.
have a medicinal taste oPfl.";)t'l- oPfl.";)t'l- l\11
This liquor has a medicinal taste . .eu fl\AI>
A OOm'J' oofl.";)\T OD!l.";)\T .P.IIA
medicine
I. ovfl.";)t'l-. This medicine tastes bitter.
.eu ""!l.";)t'l- ,.....~"'
782 medley
2. .lth,.'i'. My daughter is studying medicine.
A:( .lth,.'i' ;1-m'i'll:f'
medieval foolthl\>;' nou"J
This country has medieval habits. .eu Me
fODI}hi\>;'ID"' JIOD") ' mQ.P. ' l\1\0T
mediocre .,.,:.
Despite the considerable research involved, the
study is mediocre. 1111- 'l''i''l- f.,.!l.<:10'I-
llii'"J,. 1.")\>, ' x-m.+- .,..:. ~ ....
be mediocre
*He is not an excellent student, just a mediocre
one. 1-011 _,...,~ 1\.P.!l.ll,. 1 11''1',. ,..
"),.. ' 1\.P.A
remain mediocre h,-,.r a Jt,.t.-t.mC
Even if we discount the irrelevant material,
the thesis remains mediocre. f...,,e~QttJo'l 7-
'I.P. 7.")1>, h"''I'C 'l'i'1'1 ll-m.4- hll""t!l" 1\
.P.4r.mC
meditate
I. 1\ID"' 1\rD<:!l.. The general was meditating
on an attack. 1!:'~11- 11"7'1':1''1- YID"l ymc
!!." ~nc
He meditated upon his misfortunes. llA 1 oo
'1'6: ' {J!l.-11- 1\ID"' ' 1\rD<:fl.
2. 1\liO. He meditated revenge. II.R+A 1\liO
3. 01\"JhC' 1\liO. Monks meditate on holy
things for hours at a time. ""~lt-(l.l":f' 1111
rto ll'tof:f' Yl\"7*<:'1' 1111 :J-'1-11 ~1
1!'':1' 01\"Jhl!' Yil'lll-
medium (mediums, or media), n. u~
Radio is a medium of communication. ~r-
fOD1'i'>;' ' Jl.l', ' ~ID"
A temperature of 70' is a happy medium.
70 1!.11 f"'L,,'(l'f ODUhl\>;' --t'l- ~ID"
through the medium of n
Vacant positions are made known through
the medium of the press. h'i!'l- f F ~ 11;1-l"
:f' 0:>11."1 II.P. 0"711;1-ID<J:Y .P.ID"'I\-
medlum (adj.) oPI}hl\>;'
He is of medium height. "'"""' oPI}hl\>;' ~..,.
medium-sized ovmt>;'
It is a medium-sized business. ""m~>;' "J"l
!!." ~ ....
medley ID"'I'"J:r-'1'
There is a medley of races in Hawaii. rl1'"' 1
tD-11'1' fHC ID"'I'"t:J-'1' l\11
meek
meek f'l'll
She is as meek as a dove. 1.1~ C"'ofl f'l'll
'i'"l-
be meek mQtl A(li\IJ )8Jo
His wife mistreats him because he is so meek.
mql' liM{) 111111'~ "'1.111: :J-ov:l'f'l'll":f
meet (met), vt.
1. M'f. Did you meet him on the street?
,.,~Y: ~ ..... .1'1'f'llfDo 1
2. 1'.,.011. He met us with a smile. Ooi.~"I:J- 1'
.,.0111
I must go to the railway station and meet my
mother. m~ qo-c "'IU' 't:( l.'i'-1:1
,...,.OA 1>1111'1
3. 1''1'tJJ.,.. Pleased to meet you! 1111 1''1'm0:,.1Jo
II ~II 1111-'1A
4. h - - 1''1'tJJ.,.. Have you met my sister? hl...,
-1: :>C 1''1'.......VA 1
5. oi.I\OD 1 uoa(ll"l-). They couldn't meet
their obligations. "l"'lf'l'l1Jo1 IIIIDol..l\'1" h
Ail'tr'l"
He met all my demands. fmf.:,OIJo"l-1 IJo/lo
oi.I\ODA'S
6. hol.ll. He did not have enough money to
meet his bills. ,1'110"1-1 do,/)11 IIODhoi.A f
"'1.0:1' ~1H11 hA~O<:fDo'l"
7. Ifol. ~. I can barely meet my expenses.
m<U.\L1 f'l"lf'l'~"" n":f"lc ~..,.
8. 1'ollolloa. We must modify our requirements
for admission to the university to meet the
new situation. l>JI..Il-1 11'~:1" lloaol/ol/'1" II I'
\l'iCil.oJ: IID"IIt,.l' f1'~~~~fDo1 ~111 '
"7'11''11'A 1>11111
Whatever befalls them, they are ready to
meet it. f"''.,,':>'1'"7'1'fDo1 IJolr ll.ol/oi/DUo
1'H:>~A
*We met the boat at 2 o'clock. 011'1"1"1- ll't
"'" IIDChll- (l,t1D"' 1.11.,1' ~OC1
meet (vi.)
1. 1'~'i"f. We meet once a week. 01)'1"1'1- h
11': '1.11. 1.1~'i"1111
He met with the President and spoke with him
for an hour. hT4.1V111: :>C 1'~'i"Sofo 1>1
Y: ll't'l- M:>~<:..,.
The two ends don't meet. 11'111: "''l::":f h
M'i'l-'1"
2. lloflllq h~<:~. The Senate will meet next
month. f ..lo"l aomlll;'fDo ll"bc IL'I- 0"'1.
"""'"" me lloflllq ,I'~C:>A
3. 1'110110. The UN General Assembly meets
783 meeting
tomorrow. foJoqno~-+ OD1"11":1"'1- m.:,OI\1\
.,_q11, ~~ ,I'.IIOIIqA
4. 1';>moa. The two teams met to play for
the Mrican Cup. 11'111: 11-Y:'l'":f llh'!'&l)
fl'1-& +.?moo-
be met ll.ol..l\'1" il'll I 1'ol.ll""
My demands are easily met. fmf0:,.1Jo'l- 0+11
lr ll.ol..l\'1" ,l'.":fi\A
The stipulations have not been met, so the
contract has been invalidated. Om-& tD-itT
f-l'm.,.ll-'1- "IJ!.:J-!P":f MA1'oi.I\DUo fDo/r
oi.C!LA
meet halfway
*I am willing to meet him halfway. 1.11-'1" ,1'.
1'fDo 1.~'1" A1'fDo
meet {one's) needs hllLA"Im-
They starved because they did not take enough
food to meet their needs. f"''.,l'lloi.A:>'I'l1Jo1
'1""111 qll "",l'q'f'fDo 1'<1-11-
meet with h:>mOD(fDo)
On his trip in the desert, he met with mis-
fortune and never returned. OOt=.VGJo tt.~'U
q;>mDDfDo tiD'J'f:: ()J':A 'l"h1,1''1- 1.1~
roll) +t=.
The proposal met with unexpected opposition.
f.,.<:OfDo hll1',1'f"l- ,I'A:J-110 1':#'fDo'l"
h:>m""""
meet with one's approval 0 - - .,.il"7"7
+Does this explanation meet with your ap-
proval? 011.11 "711<1-<1,1' '1-11"7"711111
make both ends meet 1111:1":1"
I am having difficulty on my salary making
both ends meet. ~'1"11.1 "711:1':1''1- Jo,:,Oofo
I;'A
[See also 'death, disapproval, doom, end,
obligation, refusal, response, reverse']
meeting /111M
There were five hundred people at the meeting.
Olloflllq..,. 1\,1'. 1>'1"11'1- oaofo II!P":f
~0~
*I had a chancemeetingwithafriend. '1~'1\L1
f"7"1'f'l- ()J':A h;>moa'S
meeting place f"''.~'i'1'0'1- 11'1'<1-
We chose a central meeting place. f'1"1~'i''SO
'1-1 I "7l.hi\'J! I /1'1'<1- I DDl:'J'1
arrange for a meeting lt.1.11.'1~ 11.1.~'1
I arranged for a meeting of the two. 11'111: 1.
1JI,~..... ~<:"Ill'
[See also 'order, summit']
melancholy
melancholy (n.) .hH't'i" .-,.,111.
He suffers from melancholy. O.hH"t'i" 0'1-lt
H.-1-<D-IJI.A
melancholy (adj.) .hH"t'i" '1-ltH. J'm?w-
Hamlet was a melancholy person. VIJD/l.:t- th
H"t'i" +ttu. f m?w- (ltD- ) OC
mellow (vt.) t.MM
Sorrow mellowed his nature. th.H'} mflf-1'
t,II{I(I(I<D-
mellow (vi.) 0(1(1
The mead has mellowed for two years. m)t:
"'"-'~- ' 'iOD'I- ' oooh.:- ' OM.A
mellow (adj.)
1. t:;J fA. His father is a mellow old
gentleman. t.IJ-1> t:;J fir t.~w-"t+ ' 'i"'fw-
2. AIJ ~A. An expensive violin has a mellow
tone. ~ fll") iif"I'L"J AIf YltOJ- ~,.
6 ' t,(ltD-
3. TD-9'". This is a mellow wine.
fiDf."t m~ )ro-
,.tJ
TD-9'"
be mellow fl(IA
If mangoes are not mellow, they have a sour
taste. "7"t1 ltAO(l(l f.1-"""II~A
melodious M J'(l
The priest's melodious voice makes the service
beautiful. f4:(1. (I~ J'(lw- S':'l"il :r-'!ll.w-
"t fit 'I" &-A
melody (melodies)
I. HL"t. Wesangafamiliarmelody. t."tS': f'l"
'i"-w-"t HL"t HL"t"t
2. :l''i" f(lw- ..,."-"'. I heard him playing a
wonderful melody. "1-1-'1" ' :l''i" f(lw- ' ..,.If.
:1' ' {I. ""liD+' ... .,.,.,..
melon .hil.hil
melt (vt.)
I. t.)mt:. The good housewife gets up in the
morning and melts butter. flAoo-.Vf.-1: f(L:,.O r
7\oPIL+ ' IJI.+ -f")F;I- ' :roiL I ;1-)T&-(l:f'
He is melting gold in a melting pot. 0"7:r-A""l
w- w-ilT mc:r- J')T&-A
2. h"J. ".7.. He melted the sugar in hot water.
ilto.o~-"t o-:r- w-~ t."J."J.ro-
3. w-~ t.f..t.1. Tears melt my heart. A:r-f'o
AIL") w-~ J'f..C1'1'A
melt (vi.)
I. ".7.".7.. Sugar melts in tea. il\\C o?f.e w-
ilT f."J."J.A
784 memento
The candy melted in his mouth. ht."'l\w- It
4- <D-ilT ' ".7.".7.
2. +Am. The butter melts easily on the fire.
:roiL 1\il'l- (l.)ltw- 0+1111.- f.+A"'A
3. All- w-;> ll"). I melted at her smile.
L1"1 il-l-A AIL w-~ ll")
melt away
I. -1"1LL. The clouds melted away, and the sun.
came out. J!ooljtiJa +1LL'i 6th~ m"'l-
2. mof.. His fear melted away. 'i'CV-1> 1 mof.
melting pot .,;r.A""l
He is melting gold in a melting pot. 0"7:r-A-
w- ' ID-ilT mc:r- ' J')T&-A
member
I. t.IJA. Are you a member of this club?
flf.IJ hOi! t.IJA HI !
He is a member of parliament. r;rcl\"7 t.IJ
A
I )tiJa
2. h - - t."t)l.. A member of my family carne
to her wedding. hiL-i" (l(l'Ji t."t)l. (I(IC
~ I ODIIJ
3. +h;:t-Y... Christian practices have occasion-
any been adopted by members of other
religions. t."t'l"tS': fhCM:n 'l""IIJC':f
011.11-:Y. l\'1")-}- -i"h;l-1'-:f H"tJ': -!".,.
liM+ t."I'S-1-'I'A
4. IJAf..t.IJ. The members of the company
have to report to their superior officer. f~-'J. 11
Af..t.P:f hOIIf. ODho"t). H"tS': ou:r-.:-o
ltM'fw-
5. l\~'i" 1\"IC. All his members were covered
by a plaster cast. l\~'i" l\"1'1-- O:(f'o -1-if'i'S:A
membership (n.)
I. t.IJA)'l-. Membership in the organization
costs $3.00 a year. 0"7')0'1-o w-ilT IIlJA)
'I- f"''..hLAw- 1'lHil O'iou'l- ?'il-l-
iiC )w-
2. ft.IJII-:Y. .,..,.c. Our membership is down
to less than one hundred. ft.IJII-ii':Y."t 41TC
boP+ o 0;1-:f I ll"S:IA
membership (adj.) fltQA)-l-
1 don't haVe my membership card on me.
fltiJA)-}- "":I'ID4!S' mt.+-l:'t t.AJ'"IIh-'1"
memento
1. ou;f'(I(JJ. He gave me a ring as a memento
of our friendship. 1\'\f..'S);I-:f") OD;I-{IIIJ'
f.ll""t H"tS': +AO'l- (1m'S
2. "7il;I-ID?f. He has some mementos of the
memoirs 785 mendacious

Italian occupation. ll:h h..trJAn mt..&-
h"t-'11.1:- .,ll:l"mlf .1'-!I.A
*He wrote a book dealing with mementos of
the past. f'1'1'l- ~1C":f"t f"'U'<Dil ""~~'"'
'i'' li'~A
3. f.,ll:l"a>ll :f-11-:1". My memory is not what
it used to be. f.,ll;l-a>ll :f-11-:1"\lo 7.1.1'. .1:-
c-m- ' h.l'-.1'.11~
from memory R.:J-1\-o
He recited the poem from memory. ..,..,.,....,. 1

memoirs R:l'tr a>"'tD-

I. f ;,.em+ :l"&h. Winston Churchil wrote have a good memory
his memoirs. '1!111-1-1 'fc:f-A f;,.em+ *He has a good memory for names. ilr fOJil
:l"&h-1 ' ~.~. ;J-a>/l 0 'No I :f-11-:J- I l\1\IJio
2. -l-1t:Jo. He wrote his father's memoirs. have a poor memory
hQ-1> .l'll'fm-"t 'l-11:1" li'~A I have a poor memory for names. llr 1 ..,tt;r
memorabilia 'l-11:1- a>ll h.I'-11"1A'f~
His book is filled with memorabilia of the honor the memory
war years. DDJrdtf. RlflC~-1> "1.11. 'l-11:1" *We honor the memory of our heroes. f}!"1"f
f-1''1"11 ' ~,. lf':f-11 oo:J-(IR.f h';'h-11&-111
In memory of A--- ou;t-(lflJ'
memorable f.,.l'-l:il
This was a memorable day . .eu f., .1'-l:il .,. The inscription reads: "In memory of
f-1-.,.l:~m- ll'oft.'i' 7.1-'l.U .1'-IIA II- --
1 ~nc
oo:J-(IR.f
memorandum (memorandums, or memo- retain a memory of ltll;t-ml\
randa) .,ll;J-mlf She retains a clear memory of her childhood.
Here is a memorandum from the Foreign fA~~+ "1.11.'1'1 RS'-1-11 :1-ll:J-m-... ll:f-
Ministry. htJJo1.'" 1-'1.1'- "7.~M:C fOD"'
wlthln one's memory )..(to )t')I:...,_,CD-+tJJo
.,ll;t-mlf .e"lim-
1

hll"~
memorial (n.) oo:J-(IR..I' dtm-A+ This has been the hottest summer within my
At Siddist Kilo, there is a memoral to the memory. 7.~ 7.1.1'."'"'""'"'" hll"~ fH1J:-C"
Yekatit massacre. llJ:-Il+ h.ll- 11.1'- llfiJ R:> hoo'lim-~ .1'-RA'I' 'l":l''l- )m-
.,,. ' 7.A4:+ ' f4'0D ' OD;J-(IR.f ' dtm-A+ ' [See also 'lapse, lose, refresh, search']
htl
men, see man
memorial service foP;Jo(ULJ' Kit--l- I T11ltC
1

They are holding a memorial service for my menace (v.) hll:>

father. IIQ1: foo:J-(IR.f ~11-+ .I'S'.C:>tr War menaces the entire world. tnC).:'f- 1 au
Ethiopian Christians celebrate a memorial IIIJio"t 'ttl~ .l'll:>'I'A
service on the fortieth day after burial. menace (n.)
fh.'l-Nr.r hcllt.l''l":f- llm- R'l"-1- qcq I. ~!I'. The radio broadcast a speech filled
>;'m- ' n ' -i"111JC .l'a>"'tr with menace. ~!I' f'I"'IR+ 1"1.,C R&-.11.
memorize R:t"A ltm'i I'" -1-IIIIL
I have to memorize my speech. 1"1"1&.1 R:l' 2. m1"1>. He is a menace to society. 11'\-IIG-1-
A .,.,..,:,. hll-ll'f llll- ' m1"1> ' ~,.

memory (memories) mend

I. 'l-11:1". I have pleasant memories of this
town . .eu h-1-., 'No +11:1" .,.CJ<-11
'1A
His memory will serve as an inspiration to
posterity. +11:1-m- f'l-m-AJ:-1 OD1Lil
.I'~:I':I'A
2. .,ll:l"a>ll. He suffers from an occasional
lapse of memory. l\1'111.. f.,ll:l"a>ll :f-
"IC hiiR'l-
1. m.,.,... Wben will you mend my shirts?
lf"7.H."t oolf +m-l>~A'11111l
2. m~~. The workers are mending the road.
1P&--i"'l"'i , oo1~11.1 n-m~1 11.1'- "'"'
3. hlflfll. You'll have to mend your ways.
mQ.I'-01 .,"lflfA hii-IIU
mendacious 'I'll"
The mendacious old man cheated me again.
'l'il"m- ' 11"'""' '
7.1.1'.~';' ' h:l"llll'f

 mendacity
mendacity '1'11")'1-
His mendacity is well known, so don't trust
him. 'l'ii"H f:J-m.,. lll\11") l'o'l-oo)OJo
mendicant 1\.,'S
Mendicants are forbidden to sit in front of
onr hotel. 1\.,'l':f 11"-1:'1:-f"t l.lr'i' 7.'J.'I,e.
"'"""'" ThAhii'I'A
mendicity OOI\oo')
Mendicity is not allowed in the streets. oo')1J!""
'I.e ' 001\00') ' l'o.e-4..,.J!"""
menial11:,..,.:;:
She spends a lot of time on menial tasks such
as washing dishes. /lilt') ' .,mofl') ' ooollllll- '
11:,..,.:;: P'&-,.:f oflll- 1.11. :J-mof.ll:f
menses
She is having her menses. K"'l. ) :f
menstruate l\1.4-.:f
Women menstruate from the time they become
sexually matnre. 4.-fo:f 1\o:,Ooo .&.'1'1 h
1.<:1'1-0'I- )!rc Y J:--4-11-
menstruation l'ol.'i'
Menstruation occurs once a month. (&...-,. A)!-
l'ol.'i' f"Y..:J-Y-'1- omc l'o1J:-o 1.11. )OJo
mental
I. fl'o7.rc. Her illness is mental, not phy-
sical. 01i:J-'I' ' fl'o7.rc ' 7,'):( ' f(IOJo)'l- '
A.e1.11r
Mental patients must be treated like those
who suffer from diseases of the flesh. fl'o7.r
c a.oor.,.'l':f 7.11. l'oiJA 01iT'l'
:f oo:J-f-'1- l'ollfi'I'OJo
2. f7.ofiP..:f. A mental hospital treats the
insane. f7.ofiP..:f ll"il'C:J-A fl'o7.rc a.
our.,.'l':f"t Yh.,A
mental Institution fl'o7.rf!' 01iT'l':f .hh.
rIL'I-
One of the inmates of the mental institution
escaped. fh7.rc 01iT'l':f .hh.r IL'I-
OJoilT )'1'<1 hiY).'I- 01iT'l':f l'o1JI. l'o
ool\m
mentality (mentalities)
1. l'oilTIIllofl. His mentality is that of a five
year old. l'oilTIIllll- 7.11. l'orll'l- 'IOO'I-
A)r:' )OJo
2. fl'o7.rc :f-11-:J-. He is a person of average
mentality. ODIJhl\';' fl'o7.rf!' :f-11-:J- Yll
,. I (UIJo I ~QJo.
786 menu
mentally
*He is mentally ill. fl'oM"C' 011.,.:;: )OJo
*He is strong mentally. h'AtJPt:OJ- 1'ck iom--
[See also 'deficient, distnrbed, retard, unbal-
anced']
mention (v.)
I. .,....,<:, He didn't mention the price.
'I';>IJio') l'oAT'i'1<:r
2. M"' i m&-. I heard his name mentioned.
ll_, ' ll.f).... ' ... .,flo
Mention my name, and you will be admitted.
il"'L1 '1'&- Yil1!1-?A
3. m.,.ll, I would also like to mention that ....
OT<Q..,<I Amol-llOJo fr4.A10Jo
don't mention It! 'r')tJD h1--F.A
Thank you, Mrs. Graham. Don't mention it!
7."1H.C .eilTA'S "7..1'1.11 "1&-Vr J Mr
l'o.ei.A I
not to mention _.., +mOJo
I enjoyed the meal, not to mention the con-
versation. f""'ll- O"'r l'olll.ll-1-'S I ""'1':1-
. ..,.,., 'TOJIJio
*We are too busy to take a holiday, not to
mention the fact that we can't afford it. OJ.U.OJo
') 1JIIooif''l:f1r 11.'1 P'&- ilii"Y.O~ofl')
llb<:'i''l- 1\00~J:-- l'o1:fAr
mention (n.) .,,..,.:r-
Mention of the incident caused surprise. ~1
-1-') ' .,,..,.,. ' l'oil1<:0D')
mention is given +m+fl
A brief mention of the flood was given in the
newspaper. ill\ OJo;:>OJo OO'J'I\-l-11-l- ;>11."1
..,. OJoil'l' ~~- Tm:,O!}.A
make mention m+fl
He made mention of his coming to Ethiopia.
mi. t..'l-i"kY oor"'.,., m.,.ll
receive honorable mention {lou- 1 Oh-f!C 1
Tm&-
He didn't win a prize, but received honorable
mention. 1iA.,'I- IJY1'Sr 11- RhofiC
TmC;J:A
mentioned, above ~ h'IS'- fTm.,.ll
The above-mentioned people will not be ad-
mitted to class. M.e fTm.,.ll-'1- ll,.:f
h'i'A 7.1.11.111- A.e4..,.J:-o'l'l'..,.,.
menu fr"'ofl 11C11C
The waiter brought me the menu. l'oii'I.LOJo f
f""'ofl 11C11C l'o.,.<:OA'S
mercantile 787 merit

mercantile f't"'J!' have mercy on Me ItA

Mercantile law specifies how contracts must Have mercy on the poor sinner! ~llb.)-1 ..,
be drawn up. f't"!J!' .lt"l ID-A 7..,...._,. m.l\.,....
I f.~C I 01\IIJ<

"'"I"I'A 7..,.~"t1q f.IIIIJ.<;A show mercy r .ltl.T M~1

mercenary (mercenaries), n. ~'I'C 111;1-~c
The mercenaries deserted when they were not
paid. ~...c 111;J-~t:'ll ~.,...., ltf.ho!.ll'l'
lJio 0<1'~ '1.11, hJI.
mercenary, adj. ( ~ adv.) 1111-H-tl n.A
His mercenary reasons for helping the rich
man were soon discovered. 011~ (UD-
f"t~-'1.,. ' 1111-Hofl n.A ' ODIJ'). ' 111-'IJID- '
;1-111<1'
merchandise (v.) t1~
My father merchandises office furniture.
1\q-J: ' ftl.t: ' 7.? ' Y.t"''IA
merchandise (n.) lf+IIJ lf<l''l'
The merchandise arrived in good order.
lf+nJ lf+m- o~w 11-t:J- ~cji.A
merchant (n.) t;>.<'.
The merchants live in a special quarter.
t:>.<'.l"'ll 0.,.11, 11o1.c Y.<r&-tr
merchant (adj.) f't"'J!'
Ethiopia's merchant marine is still small.
fl\.'1-f"kY f.,."lJ!' ouchP:f 1\11-.,.!1" 'I'
They showed mercy to the defeated enemy.
1\.,.lftol.aJo I ffii\T I !l".ft~T I 1\~~.,.
mere, adj. ( ~ adv.) -Ill"
The mere thought of it disturbs me. "71111- ofl
!J' I f.~ofllf...A
The mere sight of a dog makes him afraid.
ID-l!' .,,., I -Ill" I YIJ.o!.i!-1'A
merely
I. 7..,.-'IJID-. I was merely joking. 7..,.-'IJID" 1 +
A.<'..,. 1 toe
2. 11!1" -1111-. The police did nothing to stop
the rioters, but merely looked on. 7/Lf\'ll 1 ~
ofllf'l''ll.,. o 11"7-'!1" I 7.C!I"))" I /tf-111/J.,IJ. ' 11
!I" I ofll\lJio I f.ODI\h;J:'f'IIJ< I t0C
merest OIIJ!I" MIJ..,..,.
The merest trifle upsets him. OIIJ!I" 1\t/J..,.
... I t1C I YO/t ...1'A
merge (vt.) h1'm~
The big company merged various small
businesses. '1-A-11 1 h-q.,.y 1 A\< 1 A\< 1 ,MIJ.
.,..,. I .,...,,_;r..,. I 1\1'~

4:'1- <;'faJo merge (vi.)

[See also 'retail']
(be) merciful &-li-
The judge was merciful to the offender.
""'.,. ll'l'of...,....ID" 11-il-11'1-
merciless ..,..:OS
The people did not like the merciless ruler.
.R1111- ..,..,..,. 11C 1\AIIIU.,.,..
mercilessly Yll C"ri!-..,
4.~11-.,.
He whipped the horse mercilessly.
II C"ri!-.-,. 1~oi.ID-
mercury qu:J>
If you swallow mercury, you will get sick.
qH,:J> h1''1'h 't-;J-OD"71\U
mercy !I".R~'t-
He pleaded for mercy, but the judge sen-
tenced him to death. !I".n~'l- 1 7..,.JU'.~"'II'I- 1
1\0Dt I ..,.,. ""'.,. I ,.,..,. I 'i'CJ!' I .1.~0'1-
He has no mercy. !I".R~'t- 1 flllD-!1"
at the mercy of
*He is at the mercy of his employer. <I'IIJ<IID"
7..,.-'!l!'IIJ< 1 1\J~ID" I f.:fiiA
I. .,.1'~. The two companies merged into
one. 11-11-l> h-q.,.yjl':f 1 1'1'd\JI.
2. .,.<1'11<1'11. The blue slowly merges into the
greC,n. 11"7Y'f!ID- 1 <1'/J. 0<1'/J. 1 hh~.,.'i.<'.IIJ<
;>C I f.<I'II<I'IIA
3. .,.;>m"". Traffic merges here. .....,.,..,. ML
u Y.:>m"7A
meridian [~11-q'f!aJo.,.<; 1 II"Y.'t"'f!.,..,. 1 1'A:I" 1
Y , .....A I f"'LqllaJo I ODFODC I "1<1'1.
n 1 f.qiiAJ
merit (v.) .,.,q(ID-)
+I think he merits a raise. f~'1"11 1 "1""'1<1 1 f
"t1qlD" I f.OD/J.I\ ...A
merit (n.), merits
1. ""Aii!l" 1 Fil-. His merits have been widely
recognized. ODAII!I" 1 Fi!-IIJ< 1 Oll.f,.,. ;r.,.
-'11;1-A
2. ""Aii!l" 1 .,..,qc. His vanity detracts from
his merits. "'ofl11t-l> ODAII!I" 1 .,..,q~.,. 1 f.
....,.IJ.R;J-A
3. :fii-:J-. His merits as a teacher have been
 meritorious
recognized. ,l'il+"''tl~'l- "'fflo:I"IIJo :I"IIJo.fii:I"A
Promotion should be made on the basis of
merit. fl"tlo M:-1'1- R"'fll-:1" ouu>t~'l-
""ll''t hllfi'l-
4. ,..~:1". Judge the case on its merits, not on
your feelings! "1-'!f.'t 1.'tl'. tH.:I"IIJo 1.'tl(
1.'t1'. il"l'I-U h'l-'i'tl.l:"
*There isn't much merit in giving away things
you don't want. f"'I'I-.C.A111Jo't ~1C ""ilm
T .('.U't ,I'UA f"'L..'il""il"n hM'..(I'I"
meritorious hiloull:>'S 111<; f"''....'-I'C'i'
He received a medal for meritorious conduct.
Q/lOD/l;J'S ' l"tl-IIJo ' "''.JJ.('. o -f'lf(IOD
The saving of lives is a meritorious action.
fi'IIIJo"J a..em'l- "'IJI't 11<; f"'l.,l'-i'C'i'
of'"IQC ' ~IIJo
merriment 11-tl:l'
The children's merriment annoyed the old
man. fA)('Il 11-tl:l' 11"'1"1/I.IIJo't hfiit"'-11Jo
merry 1'.11-l''i'
She is always merry. fi-A'I.Ii 1'.11-l''i' <;'!-
Merry Christmas I tt'l\\'l 1 t\-fiCV~ 1 AF..-h
hl'.tlit"'fo- I
make merrY d..'lm1fY 1 hF..~'1
They were making merry during the holidays.
nn~11- '1.11 .c.'tmll.l' .1'"-C'~- ~nc
[See also 'vein']
merry-go-rou nd [0'1"-i'C f"'l.IIC hit f
II'~ "".1:-tlh i Rill' II.('. h"IJI"'l. m'tRC'
"'f<; hcl't"'-'1- f-l'+tl~ .r.t~(l"'f ,1'11-R'I-]
merrymaking .t.'tmll.l'
Sounds of merrymaking came from the house.
f.C. 'tmll,l' .1:-'1"/J hiL-l> IIJoil'l" .('.fi"'IA
mesh (v.) -i'1"Jmoo
The teeth of a zipper mesh. fll. TC 'I"Cil
.('.1"1m"'IA
mesh (n.) +JIJI
The net has five-inch meshes. oot~n-
h'l"il
'1- h.'t":f.. 11<(..'1- .l'll'f +JIJIJP"'f h
11-'1-
mess (v.), ~ around -i''t1-JI1-S'.
She likes to mess around at home. 1.1L'I- II
'I' ""'t1-JI1-.I:" , '1-mJI(I"'f
mess up
I. hHRt~-L:+. Who messed up the papers on
my desk? mtlA.'I\L II.('. .l'liiiJo"J mt~+
T .,., hHRt~-tl+IIJo 1
788 messy
2. h"'-"'111+. Don't mess up the floor with
your wet feet! RC'I"il 1."1CU mtlflo't h:l"
...,.,A:,.
3. h:l'mi'I(R'I-). The late arrival of the train
messed up our plans. fQfK.. 1 ,..,,_..,. 1 ooS;~
II doitQ"'f't't o-11- h:l'mflil't
mess (n.)
1. 9"'111 o.+. Common soldiers cannot eat
at the officers' mess. +~ m:t-F.t:l- oob-
't'l'":f.. 'l"""il IL'I- IIJo/lT 1.'tJI..RII- h.('.
.c.+.<:-ll'f'm-'1"
2. "1"1. Cheating got him into a mess. :,O'l".t.T
"'"' IIJo/l'l" h-1'-i'IIJo
3. .Jiflf. Call the janitor and have him clean
up the mess! mtlo'l.fJJo't Ttl-<; .Jiflf 1.'tJI..m
C"l 't1tl11Jo
4. '/"i1:,0A:,0A. The house is in an awful mess.
IL-l> 'l"il:,OA:,Oflo ID'I';I:A
5. IIJo'l"'t:,O'l". I can't find anything in this mess.
RII.U liJoT't:,OT fDo/l'l" .,.,.,. ~1C II
1'S hA"'fA'I"
6. llilC:,.c:,.. He burdened me with the
1 responsibility of cleaning up the mess. .('.U't
llilc:,.c:,. 7.'t'lil-i'lthA 'lllol.~'l- "'i~il'S
7. 11ChCh. She's a mess! liChCh ~"'f
make an awful mess h1f~h~h
When the baby got into the flour, he made an
awful mess. A7!: Jl..</1-1> IIJo/lT 1il1' hll
tlhGhiiJo
message ""Al.h'I-
Is there a message for me? t\i. 1 ODAJ\h+ 1
hill
He found a message written in code. nrilm.C
K'd>'i' f-l'l\.C. ODAJ.h'l- h1T
messenger
I. ooA.l..h+;;:. The messenger is waiting for
your reply. ""Al.h-i''i'IIJo ooAIIU't .('.mil
:l'A
2. hilittl. Dawn is the messenger of the day.
..,,., f+'t hilittl )IIJo
Messiah ""l'l..lo
Some religions wait for the arrival of the
Messiah. h'tJI't.l:" V.e"'l'l'+"'f oon.a. .('.
"""'A<;A illiiiJo ,l'.mil:l'll-
messy
I. f1'11tlhtlh. I have to put my messy room in
order. f1'11tlhtlh11Jo't h'i'/l.'t "'IS'.tl-)!'1-
Mil'S
met 789 midday

2. f-t-OIIlf. There was a messy political housekeeper. '"l.il-1: 011.'1- hJ'J'll I"C'l
situation in the Congo. 01>1~ tJJoil1' f-t-011 '1- J'll'l- o;:,.
if f?'M:II IH;f- )OC 2. ( ~ adv.) OHJ'.. His methodical habits
be messy 1111C:J.C:J. l\11 enable him to solve many problems. OHJ'. f
The kitchen was messy. "7Y: 11.-1: 1111C:J. OD/"&-T 0 &\"7-'J. ' 1\1111' ' :f"'C':f 0 OD'i!T
C:J. 1111- )OC m. l\1'U"''S J'il:fii'I'A

met, see meet meticulous '1'14!:J.

He is very meticulous in his work. RP'&-IDa 0
metal (n.) "'ll" '1'1.,:J. )tJJo
I. 11~'1-. Gold is a precious metal. mc:J. fh
0~ 11~'1-. )tJJo metric
Is it made of wood or metal? fi"IP&oto h61 *Ethiopia uses the metric system. h.'l-f-t;J' 0
..,,. )tJJo mJ.'.il h11~'1- ? "'1.'1-C II}'. 01-0DP'~-J- ODI\h.J' HJ'.
2. 11~;.1 11~'1-. Cars are made of metal. '1-P'&-1\:f
oPh.o;"l":f h11~;f- 11~'1- f.P'&-1\- metropolis '1-A:J. h-t-"7
Copper is a metal. oPJI11 h11~;f- 11~1'-:f h New York is a metropolis. tm, I'"Ch '1-A:J.
1)}. I )oaJo.
h-t-"7 )lD-
metal (adj.) h11~'1- f1-P'&-
He washed his hands in a metal basin. ll)('ll1 mew t:-1i
h11~'1- 0-t-P'&- 7-Y:'i.ll <\.1.1 tJJoil'l' The kittens mewed loudly. Y;oo.f-'ll O..,J.'.A
:f"mO
po"fi.
[See also 'sheet'] mice, see mouse
mete, ~ out mM microbe(s) M::Jo )'i!<\'1-
The judge meted out punishment to each Microbes can be seen only through the micro-
criminal. Jl':'tJJo 11.1'1.111-'J. m1)!11':' :J-"1'1- scope. ~4::Jo )'i!<\'l-1 "7fT f'"l.il'llm-
mM 0"71'J' oP)l\'C 11il' )m-
meteor 0&-& l>h11 microphone J/:!1"6 "71'J'
A meteor was seen in the sky last night. Please use the microphone so everybody can
0&-& l>h11 '1-o;,'l- "7:1" 00"7J.'. IIJ.'. ;f-f hear you. IJ-11- Otll- 11.0"7U }'.:fA H1
Y: OJ/:!1"6 "71'J'tJJo -J-<;-JC
meteorology J'fC mQJ.'. '1-!I"UC'I-
Meteorology instructs us about atmospheric microscope f"71'J' oP)l\'C
changes. J'fC mQJ.'. '1-II"UC'I- ill\ l\fC Our laboratory bought a new microscope.
oPI\'I'dJ'I' J'ii~JIA 11.1- -h&-:f-1 h.ll.il f"71'J' oP)l\'C
1~
meter
I. "'1.'1-C. A meter is about one yard long. mid l\;J"71i
h1Y: "'1.'1-C h1Y: J'CY: J'UA J'.~11"7A The term lasts from mid-June to mid-August.
2. 'lt.nJ~.The water meter is not working. -t-c- hO~ l\,:~"711 l\ilh )dill. l\;J
tJJo;) o&"'&tJJo l\}'.P'&-!1" "''ii J'..fJ'A
3. 9'"11J~. Poetry is written in various meters.
"1'1'!1" 01-IIJ'f !1""1~ J.'.l\of.A midair, in ~ O"''J.'. IIJ.'.
The bomb exploded in midair. 11!1"11- 0"7}'.
method HJ'. 1\J.'.. d.)JI
Broiling is a common method of cooking meat.
midday (n.) +'1-c 1.11.
oP'J'Oil f-J-1\0D~ fi";J "7110J' HJ'. )m-
The town is quiet at midday because of the
Thls student worked with method. ,r.u 1-"7 heat. h-+-t: f-J-)"1 h-t-"Ym- 0+'1-C '1.
& OHJ'. l\mo;"
H. "PC J'.'IA
methodical midday (adj.) 0+'1-c f~~"'
I. I"C'l'l- J'l\m-. His wife is a methodical The midday rest period in hot countries is
middle
called the siesta. 0'1".4''1- l1m:"'fo 0.,.'1-c f
"'1.1-~~m- f~~o;:.")o '1..11. 1'1.11.11;1- J'.<IIIA
midday meal 9"/J:
I take my midday meals in the hotel. 9"11\l."t
f9"01\m- 11'-f:A ~..,.
midday sun f'm&-&- 8dtf..
Don't go out in the midday sun! Om&.&. ll.h
, h'l-"'""1
middle (n.)
I. ID~il. He seized her around the middle.
ID~!J."t h:tC: ' .f~.")o
2. h:>.,11. I'm leaving the middle of next week.
fi"''.OD"JIJ)o ' 1\r"t.")o ' h,;>.,11 ' 1\J'. ' h~r\11-
3. oo'>iA. The man collapsed in the middle of
the Street. (lDJoo..... I OD")"J.IJ. I OD"IjA I T1f
r\'i'AC: ' ,,_.,.
*They were in the middle of dinner when
I called. llf.m-AI\:fm- &.'1- J'.OII- ~ac
He's put on weight around the middle.
I'C"l" htD4';1:A
middle (adj.) ootohr\'i' l OOI/hr\'i'
Open the middle window! ootohr\'fm-"t oolllt
'I- hL'l-
He is a man of middle height. oo!Jhr\'f .,..,..
'1- .fr\IJ>o lltD- ~ ....
*He is in his middle forties. IJY:ortm- mY..
hC<l h9"111> ~..,.
[See also 'finger']
middle-aged m'i" .l'r\
He is a middle-aged man and is still strong.
m'i" .l'r\ (lm- O.ll'"t9" m"tto&. ~..,.
Middle Ages ootohr\'f ooo"t
The Middle Ages stretched from the fifth to
the fifteenth century. ootohr\'fm- HOD"t hh
9"11-t-'fm- ouof qou.")o hllh 01"&. h9"11
-t-'i'm- ooof qoo.")o Y:~ll ~ac
middle class ootohr\'f ~a. .I'Am- .lt11il
The middle class was hard hit because of the
war. OtnCt-1> l"'h"t.l''l- outohr\'f ~0. .1'
r\IJ>o .lt11il 0"19" 1-'1-.11
Middle East ootohr\'f 9"1"&-:t
He is studying in the Middle East. oPtohr\'fm-
9"1"&-:t IJ>oll'l' aoo.,c 1\J'. J'.~'fA
middleman h'l-&..L
Don't deal with middlemen; write directly to
the manufacturer! hh'l-&..L :>C 1>'1-'I''I'A
.,.'1';1- r\<lr\of.ofl&tom- 1\'i'
790 mighty
midget Y:"th
In olden times, midgets used to be chosen as
palace jesters. RT"t'l- 1.11. Y:"tlt"'fo r\0.-t-
OD"t"'P''l- l'.""i'l'"'f-~'1- -"'""~m- ~ac
midnight hlJ.r\ ll.r\..'1-
It was past midnight when we fell asleep.
h"t:tA'i' {l.mllf."t hlJ.r\ 11.1'1.'1- l'.AC: ~OC
midst, in the ~ n -- ouYhA
In the midst of the crowd, we saw a policeman.
0-f-(lO(lOm- .lt11il ouYbA l'o"tY: Tr\..11
l'.M
midway l>"7toJ'. ll'i'&.
Addis Ababa is approximately midway be-
tween Asmara and Nairobi. h'fPI\ 1-S'..A t h.
'1.11 ' 1'.0<1 ' r\l'.P'OO&.'i" ' r\'i"J'.C'O. ' ,..,..,, ' II
'i'&. ' 'i"'l-
mldway through a - - - 1'.:>"711 ' 1\J'.
He caught cold midway through the campaign.
OlD-Y:~ 1'.:>"711 1\J'. "1-"t<f."t .I'HIJ>o
midwife h'PII~
Call the midwife when the labor pains begin.
9"'1' {l.J'.~'l- ' I> 'I'll~"t ' 'I'&.
midyear rqou.")o ' h:>"711
He just passed his midyear examination.
rqoo.")o h:>"711 L-t-'i"m-"t ~'i" "7M ~..,.
This store has a midyear sale. f..tl oPI.-ac
rqou.")o ' h:>"711 ' 11.1'"1" hr\IJ>o
might (n.)
I. "1-AO'l-. He works with all his might.
<lr\IJ>o "1-AO'l- 11-11- J'.u>&.A
2. ~J'.A. Might does not make right. ~J'.A
oui).")o ' hJ'.f.r\9"
might, see may
mightily 0"19"
The workers tried mightily to finish before
dark. u>&.of"'I''Jl bou9"1f1> 0.1.'1- """""~
II 0"19" "'~
mighty (aclj.)
I. ;1-ll:t. He is a mighty man from a mighty
nation. h;l-1\:t .lt11il fooiiJ :1-ll:t (lm-
~ ....
2. ~J'.r\'f l '1-011. Theodore was a mighty war-
rior. -t:!PY:C'II ~J'.r\'f ('1-011) "'~"' ~ac
mighty (adv.) 0"19"
I was mighty glad to see him again. h"tf.~'i" il
,..,. ' 0"19" ' 1.11 ' hii'S
migraine
He has done mighty little work today.
9" '1-"t'ii oPC.P. 1'11
migraine '1J'.II.,. f&.ll 9":1''1-
He has been suffering from migraines lately.
b~Cofl '1.11. m'I,U '1J'.II ... f&.ll 9":1''1-
yao1'A
migrant +H1'1'~
He hired migrant workers to harvest his fruit.
'i't. 11"7/llloJ>f" +H1'1'~ oP&-+"1''1- oJ>m~
migrate
I. LMI. The Galla migrated from the South
and settled in central Ethiopia. :>tro'f- b~R
ofl LAI'lfDo ooiJA h..'I-NrY (IL~
2. +'lH. Ducks and geese migrate southward
in the fall. .tlb!L'i' 11\L oaao,. m~ ~o
il 'J'.'l~ll-
migrate into 1111..--- 1 LIAfa 1 1q
The Arabs migrated across the Red Sea into
Ethiopia. o~P'f- oJ>J'. qa,C') +lf"l~fDo
m~ h..'l-'f'k:Y LA(lfDo 711-
migration
1. hP:f" IIIJ1.. 1 {l:f" oan'fmC. The government
is trying to prevent the migration of the nomads.
DD"t"IP'.., fH~'l''f-'1 bP:" m~ (1;1' ao
H1'aJC lloubAbA Ooo'l"bC ~J'. ~,.
2. ( ~ verb) Llll'l. The migration of the
Boers was from the coast into the interior.
{lf!"';f 1 hmt:'i: 1 LA(Im- mF.. 1 oovA 1 1flo
migratory +H1'1'~
Migratory workers travel about from one job
to another. +H1'1'~ oP&-+'1/''f- IJ't'l.
,..,6- I IDF. I MiD- I Y.H'PID6-fto-
mild
I. +~A. He received only a mild punishment
for his crime. llaJ'J)!II- oJ>~A ~"'T +oJ>
011
2. 7C. He is a mild person who wouldn't
harm a soul. .,.,.,,.. IIOD'I'.tl'l- f"lf.LA"I
"lC I (IBJ- I )BJ-
3. IIMll. They prefer mild tobacco for
cigarettes. (L;J&. floPP'oti-T flMll '1-9"
qlf ' J'.""C"'II-
This sauce is mild . .e.u 1 ID'I' 1 llil~/l = )m-
4. oo!Jbfl"' Because Addis Ababa is in
the mountains, it has a mild climate. hJlil 1
t.oq 0+&-&.l"'f- aoubA Ooolfs; ao!Jbll ...
1\fC M'l-
791 militarize
~" 0"1 mildew
I. If;>:". The bread is full of mildew. ~'J)!&.fDo
lf:>:l' 011.P.0:1'A
2. oa2f1+. The moisture in the air causes
mildew. YfC CTO'I- ""lf7'1-"t Y.LT&.IA
be covered with mildew 2f1i-
The bread is covered with mildew. Jl(lfDo lf1
:I:A
mile "lf.A
He ran a mile in 4 minutes. q&-'1- q&-'1-
~oJ::J' 1\'t~ "7Y.A C'm
[See also 'stretch']
mileage
*His mileage on the trip to Asmara was close
to five hundred. 1\P'OD&. (l.'t~ m~ 1\9"
ll'l- OD.P. "7Y.A Col>'!- ~CI\ ~OC
*He gets good mileage from a gallon of gas-
oline. q')~ ,;>ir''J IL'tll.'t ofllt- "lY.A
Y.'t.tiA
milestone
I. Col>'!- f"''.Y""IIb'l- ~'t:>Y.. The milestone
ShOWS the tOWn iS ten miles away. C-t+ I f
"''.YODIIh+fDo ~'t:>f. b+"7fDo OP'C "7
J'.A ao&.oii'J YllYA
2. 1\-'l.ll 9"6&-'i'. The coming of the Portuguese
is a milestone in Ethiopian history. f?"C""'-1'
,. ' ODf""'T ' Rh..'l-f"lrY ' :"~h ' fDo/l'l' ' 1\
-'1.11 ' 9"6&-'i' ' ~ ....
militant
1. floo1' :>'1- f'IL~m. A militant defender of
freedom is prepared to fight in its defense.
fl""1':>'1- f'IL~m )!1'i' At!!.~'!- flao1' :>'1-
111)1: ' ~ ....
2. ~,.m.,., The crowd was led by a militant
leader. f+(l0(10fDo .lo11ofl O~""m"' ""
~ f.""otlo ~OC
become militant flOD"P ..?+ 1 4l.C:m
The Indians became very militant as settlers
began to move west. aDm.l".,; m~ 9"6&-ofl
l'l.7f. u'JP.'f- """1':>'1- ~m-
militarism O,nc '1f.A ,...,...,,...,
The UN tries to combat militarism. f+qo~
'1- ""'t"IP':I''I- O,nc '1J'.A """'"'""'t't
IIOD!I/!1/9" ' OOD'I"hC ' ""' ' ~ ....
militarize O,nC '1Y.A 1\~~)!
Hitler militarized Germany after 1933. 'L'I-IIC
h!ilf~li 't. 9". 0:\~ )!Cou'J'J O,nc '1f.
A' 1\~~)!
military 792 mimic

military (n.) l'lt-'1!'1- mill about 1-1-t:"Y""I'I

The military took charge of the village.
l'lt-'1!-1> ""1 f..tl-1>1 Ol\)1: llf..t:1
military (adj.)
1. fm~~C. He was wearing a military uni-
form. fm;.l-f..C ff..111 Aoflll 1\oflf\
toe
2. ftnC '1,.r.A. The distribution of our troops
is a military secret. fm;.l-f..C:!I"f1 ~A~A f
tnC ;f.A l"'llm.C tdJo
3. f11Jo'l- ~c<;. A soldier should have a military
bearing. m;.t-f..C fdJo'l-~c<; M/9" l\1-'l.'l'
t:IIJo YifA
militate, - against 1-JI'I- 1\f. "'ll"'"
His rashness militated against him. ":fb-A~1J
'HI'I- ' "" ' "11\IIJo
militia oflm.t-'1! tnC
The governor exercised his power to call out
the militia. 11C"'" RP'A"''l- 1-m:)-'1"
ofl.t..t-'1! ' tn-1-1 ' llllhTT
milk (v.)
I. 11110. They milk their cows twice a day.
II"Y:f11Jo1 01'1 tJ.I\-1: YAlJ.;.I-A
2. "''lffo() me") m(l.,g, He is milking his busi-
ness as much as he can. h'l"'l.tJ. Y1"ftD-'l 1
IJA 11H11 mCi f.OJII-'IA
milk (n.) m1-'I-
Don't drink unboiled milk! YAI..II m1-'l-
11'1-m"'
[See also 'powdered milk']
milk tooth fm'i: 'I'CII
The baby's milk teeth fell out one by one.
f.hY'l- fiD'i' 'J'Cf\:f 111~ q1~ 14-
lose (one's) milk teeth ..,.., totlJ(iVI)
The baby has lost all his milk teeth . .hY'l-
"1"1 OJ'I'-1'-11;.1-A
milky m1-'1- YIIR'I-
The milky sauce tastes good. m1-'1- YIIR'I-
ID'J' ' f."''i'"'A
Milky Way fm1-'l- 1--'1<;
The Milky Way forms a band of light across
the night sky. 01\.11.'1- l'l"''f. 'If. fm1-'l-
1--'1<; 11Jo;J;J1 Y.;.t-YA
mill (v.) oi..<Q.
The women mill a little grain for their
househoid. 1'1.-1'-:Y.. 110.'1- f"''.ll'1 '1'4:'1- l\
IJA ' f-1..""1.1\o
The frightened cattle began to mill about.
f1-f..<;"1m-'l- ' f4'1~ ' hofi-1'-:Y.. ' ... .,.;:.,... 11 '
l"""~-
mill flour L"'-
The stones mill flour from the wheat. mt;:~fJ
'll ' 111.<'. ' f-1..""1.1\o
mill (n.)
1. m~ n.:r-. When are you going to take
the grain down to the mill? 1l.tJlt-"} mt;:P'"
n.'l- f9"'1-mllf...,. ""'li t.,. l
2. m'i'&-. A pepper mill is used to grind pepper.
rncnt. m'i'&"" ncnt. 1\""'i'...,'l- n
11"11\A
3. <f.ofltll!. We ordered the paper straight from
the mill. mt:4'1>1 04''1';.1- h<f.ofltll!IIJo II
H111
millenium 111~ i( ~.,.,.,..
The Axumite Empire came to an end a milleni-
um ago. fllhl'l-9" Od"t"'P''I- fa>f..4'11Jo h
111~ ' i( ' ~...,.,.. """"" ' tdJo
millet "Y1ill
Millet is widespread in Ethiopia. "Y1ill 011.'1-
f'kY 011~'1- f.1>:'A
million "''.ll.f'1
millionaire IJ11:1"9"
The charity was established in perpetuity by
the millionaire. 1/ofl;l"oo- fBi ll~t-i-1>1
~c~'l- Y**"""'" 119"11.11.9" t.,.
millstone f~1;Jf. m'i'&""
This millstone is too heavy to lift. f.IJ1 f~1
;JJ'. m<;>&- ll"n"''l- hq~ tdJo
nether millstone mtt:~ i l-'i"T : mt;:,;-
The nether millstone is made of a hard kind
of stone. OJ'i'&""IIJo (l\<;'1- OJ'i'&'"'IIJo) hm1
lit- '~1;Jf. ' ,.,..... t- ' )IIJo
upper millstone oo:E-
So that the grain can be ground thoroughly,
the upper and nether millstones have to be
carved. l\IJA 01.111 ""'i'<Q.'I- l\1J!Jl'
A Od)t<;" ID'i'&""tD- OdaJ4'C l\110'1-
milt "1"-Y
When a sheep is killed, milt is given to the cat.
R"' 1'1.;.1-t:~ "1"-Y"'" 1\~ou'l- f.I'I"'A
mimic (v.)
1. oollf\- +~. We will get him to mimic
mimic
our old music teacher. "li"'l""ll\.aJo'l roo-f'L.!I" 1
hil-1-"7&.~'-f'~'l ODilll- 11'1.11.4'A.I!" ll'i'.l'.C~
'I' A'I
2. +Jifl. Parakeets mimic human voices.
a:,.a.+ fll,.., .1!"'1"6 .1'-+JIA
mimic (n.)
some comedians are skillful mimics. h.'l
'1'1.1!" fi>"'/.JJ. -J-"'i'l''1'- foo:,OJI't- :fll-
;t- h~'l'tJ>o
mimosa Mt-C .,,_~,.._ ~'i!
minaret fllll-'1- "'"!'&$ 1'1"11
Each mosque has a minaret. 11$'1JI'IJI. ou111..
.J!" ' fl\11-'l- ' ODJ'&$ ' 1'/"11 ' hl\tJ>o
mince h-t-.1.
The woman is mincing onions. {l.+f"'P 1 "li'l b-
e+ '1-hH-tt:f
Mince the meat finely and cook it! JP,;JaJo'l
h.l!-:,04'11 h-1-4-'i' F &tJ>o
not mince words
I won't mince words with you. }..<}-a;k"} 1 ll~
1CVI\1Jo
mind (v.)
I. mO+. Who is going to mind the baby?
.nn'l .,., .l'-m11:l'A 1
2. -!-+Ott. If you don't mind my warning,
you'll be hurt. "7ilm'14'4:,1'1L'I IJA-t-4-0A
h '1-1-JIAIJ
3. -1-m~++. Mind your step! The stair is
loose here. -1-m'I:,O-tu -t-t-ou.J!" I 1111..1'
:> .l'.<'.!{tJ>o ~A:tA
4. il"7. My son doesn't mind me anymore.
A)!: .11~'1 oull"7'1- '1-:tA
5. :f"IIH. You must mind the policeman.
1\?"1\.il ' OD:f-H11 ' hl\1111
6. :,Oc htt(tJ>o). Do you mind if I smoke?
Q""il :,Oc .1'-AVA 1
*If you don't mitld, I would like to have
another cup of coff~. 11-'i' 11'1-.P.1ou'S .l'.ll
.1'-tt'I'A . have a mind h.ftO
mind now!A11 h.I!"C"I
Mind now, this is not a definite promise.
A11 h.I!"C1 ! .1'-11 f-1-'l&<'.m :l'A h,l'..l'.tt'l"
mind you Aofl 1 OA
I have no objection, mind you, but I think
it's unwise. Aofl I OA j rr:J-moom- I t1C I
ftt'S'I" l 1'1 ~a. h.l'-""lltt'S'I"
never mind J '1Y: rltr
Never mind! I am not hungry. 1.1!" ftt'l" I h
At-O'S'I"
793 mind
not mind
I. ~ htt. Don't mind what he says! 111\- f
"7.tttJ>o'l ~ OtttJ>o
2. 1.1!" ftttJ>o'l". He doesn't mind the cold
weather at all. tt11CJI. 'i!R-'1" 1.1!" fAt&'/"
mind (n.)
I. doo't11. I have changed my mind. do 'tO.'I 1\tJ>o
"""""
Is he still of the same mind? h1Jo'l'l" do 'til-
, ..... 1
~..,.
On my way home, the thought flashed through
my mind. ID" I fL-f: I (l'tl;: I tftf\-fl I -flAT' I
MA'S
2. h'l'l-A. He has a very keen mind. 0"1'1" 'I
4l 11'11-A 1\tttJ>o
3. h.)..9'"l!". You need an agile mind to solve
the problem. tt:f1-1- ou<;:'t-.h. tt"7il17'1-
.,., 1111'/"r: $ll.I.A1?A
4. m0..1l. Who are the great minds of our day?
fHou'i':f'l ;t-~~:,. mO.Q'I M"7'1 'i''l'm- 1
bear in mind l.il::f"dJ(t
You must bear in mind that he is a foreign
StUdent. )..(to I ftiJ<oap I Ji.1C I T"7~ I ODlf").
'I ' "7il:f"Wil ' l\ft1111
bring to mind h.il::f"ID{t
That brings to mind a funny story. liF-t'S
;t-&h ,l'll;t-a>-(l'i'A
call to mind 1\ll;t-w(l
That calls to mind a story I know. f h."JJ!:
f"7tJ>o4't&'l ;t-&h ,l'(l;t-t&(l'I'IA
cross one's mind Othi'Jtl- 1 ODIIJ
It never crossed my mind that he would object.
,l'.:l'W"7A 111'- Odoo'tO.'I" hAOD"J'/"
give someone a piece of one's mind ol-e 1 )..
'l.l'.-J-(17 ~ttlltt+
I will give him a piece of my mind for telling
such a lie . .1'-11'1 ooft,l'. t&lf'l- hM~<'.'S
:,.c 11'1.<'.-t-fl'f,. II~A~ttt:t-tt,.
I have a mind to punish him.l\1\-'1 ttoo:,O"J'I-
1\MttiJo
have {one's) mind set on tf&CIP r .,.~..,
She has her mind set on going shopping today.
~"' ~or ttoo"'""''~- 'I&C"' -t-~F:t-tt:f
have in mind h.(lO
Have you anyone definite in mind for the job?
tiFt-a>- 0-J-11.1'- .l'll11htJ>o (1,. lltt 1
keep in mind 1\{l;f-W(l
We must keep in mind that foreign students
minded
have different training. ffo'P h~C .,...,&
!P';f f.,.IIJ'f '1-P"IIC'I- h'tWfm- "'Ill
;f-mll 111\ofl't
keep one In mind 1111;1-m(l
I expect that there will be a job open soon,
so I will keep you in mind. n:r-cofl '1..11. P'
tl- f.~'I'IA ofi\L 1111~1"''1- llll;f-m-11?1\rJ-
keep one's mind on dtla&"J - - - t'\.e. r AlJ.l:L
I can't keep my mind on my studies when the
radio is playing. t-.11.1'" l'l.""lm'l- d\40.'t 'I'
'i'-1: ~f. 11"'14~'1' IIA:fAP"
know (one's) own mind
*He's too young to know his own mind.
f"''.m:r-ODm-'t'i' f"''.'l-'lm-'t 1\0DI\f'l- ~'i'
A,; )fDo
make up one's mind 'll.~m 1 dtltflo'l r 'l:.t::m !
rom)
I cannot make up my mind which girl I like
better. f'l-'l''l''t IA1f~~to fRI\m l\'tS'.P"
mto IA4&C'I' IIA!l'Ah-!1"
Sooner or later, we will have to make up our
minds. "ltl-!1" )d.(l 4>'S .h<'IQ:f'l't ""
.....~... ' 111\ofl')
A man of decision makes up his mind what
to do and then does it. .,cm'l' l'lm- M
l\'tf."'LTS'.C"I mT'l" OFt- ~f. Tm-1\'I'IA
(be) of one mind .,.11"'1"'1
We are all of one mind on this matter. OH.II :
'l-'lf. ~f. rJ-~:f't!l" .,.li"'IP".,.'i'IA
(be) of two minds 1\m~ml\
I am of two minds regarding the proposal.
11114>~Rm- .h4ofl 1\m~m-~1\,.
(be) on (one's) mind 111'10
What's on your mind? ll"'t ;f-IIQI\11 l
(be) out of (one's) mind 1..01.
Are you out of your mind to go out in this
heavy rain? fiii.IJ I hQ.(" I 1ffj1) I mi. I tiJ-
"f." fi"''I-~S'.m- lloflr.?A l
presence of mind fl1.Arl!' J\C;J~
She had enough presence of mind to remember
the license plate of the speeding car. R'i'T)'I-
f"'l.R~m-'t fODIJ.'i' (11\..'1 1\"'lll;f-mll f"'l.
Tll:fA flll\P"C' l\C;>;f- )Rtl-'1-
(have) presence of mind 1\'Af"l!'tD- 'l~ iom-
He has presence of mind and is never at a loss
for an answer. lll\P"C'm- 't., 111\11') OD/A
11 ' llf.'f1~m-9"
(show) presence of mind IJ,.~)-"1'1' 1 ~;J 1 hA
When his clothes caught fire, he showed great
794 mine
presence of mind by extinguishing the fire.
Aofl(l. Rl\4'1- ~'~.Tnt <'lf.S'.~"I'I' ' ~:> ' ofl
lit" llm4-m-
set one's mind on tiL~m
He has set his mind on learning English.
l\'t.,/1.11'1' 1\0D"'IC 4&CQI.IA
(have a) small mind d\411- mQofl ~"'"
He has a small mind and cannot be persuaded
to accept new things. tbiltt- 1 mQ-R 1 laAtr)o a
11.11.11 .h4ofl l\'t-'1.4'0/A A:f""IQQm- II
'I-:flAP"
take one's mind off
*Try to take his mind off his troubles! 1111 ';f
"IC''Il ' l\'t'ITMIIA lltoc~m-
to my mind 7t."t~~
To my mind, she is the right person for the job.
l\')~ ' liP'tl-fDo ' .,.~n. ' ....... '
l\!l. ' .,,..
would you mind
*Would you mind opening the window?
OD/1!>-1>') 0 ofl'l-b'i'.,.fDo !
[See also 'flash, frame, keen, load, open, peace,
piece, put, read, reel, rest, right, sink, speak,
turn over, weigh']
minded, be so - d.M
He could do it if he were so-minded. R.d.A"I
(I.TS'.C~m- Y.:f~A
be - minded II - - - 1f')QI\, 1\1\fDo
He is mathematically minded and grasps every
problem. 1\dt.<'lil 11'tQII. Mllm- "'l't'l''fm-
9" 'Jf.)'l- TC'ofiii.P" f.~Q'I'IA
mindful, - of RDDii"'I'I-
Mindful of your advice, I went slowly. P"hCII
')o(IOD/I"'I'I-11.,ofi!L~toh-
be mindful
1. om4'. Father was always mindful of the
needs of the family. IIQ-1: fl!..,. 1'111-'t 'I'
~"1'1- IJ-IA'I..tl. ym-:r- )OC
2. Aofl llll. Be mindful of the many dangers
you facellll\"'1.1'1'-11 ofltl- :f"lc-';f Aofl RIA
mindless "11.1111
He is mindless of all dangers. 1\"'l't'l'm-9" liS'.
.:> ' "11.1111 ' )fDo
in a mindless sort of way lt.fla-R
He does things in a mindless sort of way.
ll'tto )1C (I.TS'.C"I t'iTllofl )m-
mine (v.)
1. llm"'. Do they mine gold in this region?
l\11.11 IIIIQR. mc:r- Tm"'tr l
mine
2. 4."t"l( 1 <l'fl~. The enemy mined the road
to the harbor. m'l+ 1 tDS/. 1 tDS/.11- 1 fl"Y..I'""
~IJ)o I DD"J~-" I ,!."J"l( I <l'fll:
mine (n.)
I. .,~_,"t. Are there coal mines in Ethiopia?
flh_'l-f-A-.1' I IJ>oii'J" I f-""J;J.('. I h(IA I .,~
-"'l'">f I to/1- f
2. 4."t"l(. The rebels planted mines in the road.
OOD9'1''ti I OU"t~JI. I '1.\'. I L "t"l( I "'"""
3. 9""t"P. A good dictionary is a mine of
information. '1"1- 1 ""11~fl 1 .+11+ 1 f~IJ>o<l'
+I M"P I ~IJ)o
*He is a mine of information about ships.
Ill\ I ODChfl">f I o(IIJ- I .('tJ>o:l'A
mine (pron.) f~
Jt's not yOUr hat, it'S mine. n+ I qc~"J I 1t
.1'-1.119" 1 n 1 ~IJ)o
of mine (suffix pronoun)
A friend of mine gave me this. h'l F: m-'IJ:,
.1'-ll"t"t 1 lim'S
miner .,~_,"t 1 'IL'I-6
Miners often endanger their lives. "'~-""t 1 otof.
69'">f I o(IIJ- I "J.I I ifo.('.fJJ;I-:ftJ>o I fl"Y...'{l;J I
IJ-~;1- I 1\.('. I ~IJ)o
mineral "'~-""t
Coal and salt are minerals. f-""t;J.('. 1 hliA'i"
....IJ)o I .,~_,<r">f I 'i"'ftJ>o
mineral oil fM)(' H.\'.'1-
Mineral oil is used in cars. f~.&;~ Hf.+
1\0D h... I .1'11\"I'IA
mineral water mOA
This mineral water is effervescent. f.U mRA
.1'-oi.'IA
mingle (vt.)
I. to'!flll. One should not mingle sheep with
tigers. n~">f"t ' ht-llt:'">f I ;JC I .,'IRA '
to.\'.1'19"
2. ( ~ vi.) .,..,'I<I'll. The two rivers mingle
their waters. fo-1\i: 1 m"t~">f 1 tJ>o;) 1 .('.<I''I<I''IA
mingle (vi.)
I. .,.S/.'111<1'. The detectives mingled with the
crowd. ]l:.t:' 1 mfl.9''ti 1 hih1111- 1 ;JC .,.,.q
M<
2. "JffiOD. He is very shy and does not mingle
much with the children at school. fl"'9" 't
.1'-"t ' toof.c 111111'~ I 'I-9"1JC'I- I IL+ IJ>oll'l" '
hA;tt.">f ' ;JC I 7.9"-11~9" ' to.\'.~'1"9"9"
795 mining
3. .,..,'1<1'11. The waters of the Missouri and
the Mississippi rivers mingle nem:- St. Louis.
f"Y.IJ-6'i" I f"Y.(l.(l;I; 0 fJJ"J~">f 0 1\.('."J'I- I /1-'l!
II tom~-11 1 .('.<1''1<1''111-
miniature (n.)
1. tfP ~A. In the museum, there is a miniature
of the ship 'America'. fLT 1 ooub.;.. 1 aJoilT
to"Y.6lt)) ,.,.ll'f">i-fDo I DI'Ch-11 .,.I'.A I toll
2. fl"'9" 1 '1-"t'li 1 P'~A. There is only one
miniature in this manuscript. RH.U f-fl~'i 1
K"m.'i! OIJ>oii'J" I .('1\fDo 0 to"J-" 0 fl"J9" 0 '1-"J'Ii I
P'~A I '""' I ~IJ)o
miniatures T:J":,.'l JPIJir-":f
There are many miniatures in this manuscript.
fl!LIJ 0 fofl~'i" 0 K"m.'i! 0 fDoii'J" 0 o(IIJ- I 'J".++"J I
p>~(to">f I toll-
miniature (adj.)
1. T :J>:,.'l. There are miniature paintings in
the old Geez manuscript. fl'l""t-1> f"lc!11 f-11
~.. I K"m.'i! I tJ>oll'l" ' T.++"t ' P'~ll-'">f I
.1'-1'1'11-
2. 1t Hl+~. There is a miniature train in the
park. OD'i"4.7ffDo fDoll'l" 1 Mll.,.'l' fiii-C
M
minimize
1. +ttl. Proper care will minimize the danger
1 Of fire. ~fl. 0 T"J:l'<f! I fl\it'I-"J I tof.;J I 1\.
<l'"t(lfDo I .('."'f'IA
2. to.+l\11. He minimized his act of bravery.
f~"I"J~+ I tnk.('fDo"J I to:l'l\1\fJJo
An ungrateful person minimizes the help
others have given him. aJoll~ 1 R.ll liOJo 1
1\.tt-":f ' .I'S/.~.,.11'1-"t I l\C-'1:1" ' .l':l'A'IA
minimum, n. ( ~ adv.) 7.;1('"1 1 fl..l'"tll
Eight hours of sleep is the minimum that
children should have. ih!'i"'l- 1 7.)('"1 1 fl..l'"t
II I liM+ I ll<t+ I .....,.'1'+ I tollfJ:ftJ>o
a minimum offlJ10 rtnn
Study a minimum of three hours a day!
fl..l'"tll 0 fl.nll I fl<l'') 0 1"11'1- I (l't'l- I to'J"'i"
minimum (adj.) l\~11.,.'1'
The minimum salary is a hundred dollars a
month. Mll_,.'l'.,. 1 S/.'1"11 nmc .....,. -lie
~.,.
mining (n.) .,IJ>o"'+
Coal mining is the chief industry of several
states. f-""t;J.\'. hliA .,tJ>o"''l- f-1111- 1 "I
~+">f ' .,..,. ' h."t-'1.11'1-6 ~IJ)o
 minister 796 minute

mining (adj.) f"7<l.l:""t 4. 'I':l'M. The office boy takes care of minor
A mining region produces gold and silver. things. 1-lll\h.m- 'l':l':,O"t F&.l":f"t .fh'i'
f"76.1:""t 4'011. mc:,O<; iiC Y.mnr:l-/t,

minister, """' to "'"""'

5. "HC"HC. Minor details are circumstantial
compared with the main facts. h"P'i"m- 1 .,...-;
1. hhoo. I need someone to minister to my
f. :>C il.""qU). 11C111!''li ~11!'':f- h:>
wounds. 4<illl."t f"''...'hii"A~ ilaJo "A~A
:>lW "'"''.l""f- ""'"'"
2. hh'i'm~. After his wife's death, his sister
minority (minorities) .
ministered to his needs. OOZ.l'..,1 h'fP+':f 1
I. O<II'I'C Mil+'f fll'~ .ft11il. The minority
0:\l\ "A1>f: f"''...fild..AWJ"t rNr ;J-h'i'
must often do what the ml\iority decides to do.
m-111'1- ~oc
O<II'I'C Mil+"' fll'~,_ .ft11il ill!-
minister (n.) '1,.11. ' hilq'faJo ' .ft11il ' r\"7.1:"<:"1 ' f"''..ID
1. 11.1\:J>. Our church has a new minister. il~I!Jo"t "7.1:"<:"1 hiiO'I-
0.+ hCM:.f..-:1-"t lVI.il hr\:l' hr\IIJo 2. 04<TC Mil+'f ID1"t. We were in the
2. "''..~il'I-C. The Minister of Education visited minority. Ocf=IJ'C h)'il+=i" fiJ")'tD- 1 6J1.,. 1
our school today. f'I-II"IJC-1- "''..~il'l-~ q,:. ~OC"t
'1-II"IIC'I- O.;J-:f"t"t 1-01'
minstrel h11"76
[See also 'deputy']
A minstrel will play songs at our wedding
ministry (ministries) feast. ilC:>':f-"t 'If. h11"76 f.U<;:"tA'i'A
I. "''..~iloJ:C. He works at the Ministry of
Education. '1-II"IIC'I- "''..~iloJ:C f.oP&./:t. mint 1"tHil ' OOF6.f
2. -1-l'l'i". His son is intended for the rriinistry. The mint is coining pennies. 11'Hil 1 ODF~I
A)!: r\:,Oil<; :t--J!o:J:A ,.,. ' lt"t-t'l""f- ' 0"'1-t-11" "" ~ ....
*The ministry is sometimes chosen by parents a mint of 7,~ fllf-
for their children. A]!.;"f fO.+ hCil-l:.f"t He made a mint of money. 7t.~ 1 .,..,. 1 1.,.
h1A:>f-':f- "A"t-'1.11'> hVI"t.l:" '1..11. 0.1- Hil h+<:d..
ilfl!l':faJo .fltil!l:f'I'A
minus (adj.)
minor (n.) I. f""4'~il. The minus sign is-. foo4'~il II"
I. r\hiJr\ ""'"' .fAUil ilaJo. No liquor Ah'l- - ~,.
will be served to minors. 1\hltl\ 1 oom.,. 1 ltA,g 2. ( ~ adv.) hH.I!' O;J-':f-. Minus three is
<:11- ill"':f- ""m'l' hf.ifTII" a negative quantity. hH.I!' O;J-':f- !Pil'l- fh
2. r\0:,."" <h.'l'"t .fAJ'.<:il':f- 1!.'1-. Sexual tr;J- mqy. ~,.
relations with a minor is a criminal offense. minus (prep.)
1\o:,..,.. <h.'l'"t IJAJ'.<:il':f- 1!.'1- :>C <;:'l-m+ I. il.4'~ill 1\.~"1. Three minus two equals one.
F :> oo,u,!l" O.ft"' .fil4'"1A h!Pil'l-' 11-r\'l-' il.4'~il '(1\.~"1). h"t.l:". Y-4'&-l:t.
3. (0'1-II"IIC'I-) +'1>-"76 P"C"'i. He has a 2. ~1\. I found the book minus its cover.
major in history with a minor in sociology. ""1i'do4-"t .fr\ 114-> M"fll-'1-
'l''i'IIJo TII"IJC>f: ;J-6h il.ll'"t -t'r:Ll."76
mlnus (adv.) hlf.l!' O;J-:f
II"C"'ii!Jo~"''l" f1il<: ilil '1-II"IICT ~,.
The temperature is minus five degrees. ~f~ 1
minor (adj.) 'MJ:l'lf. hlf.f!' ' 0;1-':f- ' hP"ilT
I 0 Jl."16 '
1. 4-ltA. He suffered minor injuries in his fall. IDC~A
0""11Jo~4< f~<:ilO'I- 4<ilA 4''1/:t. ~,.
2. Mil+'f. I made only minor changes. minute (n.) M::l'
.f~<:..,,.,. 11.....,. Mil+'f ~oc I'll be back in five minutes. q!l"ll-1- ~4::l'
3. 11:,0+'f. He plays a minor part in the govern- IIJoil'l' ' "I.OOr\ltllrJo
ment. 0....,..,,..,. aJoil'l' .fr\IIJo "ll\d.~ minutes ~It 1 .,.q~
'1- 11:,0-t-'f ~,. The secretary will read the minutes of the last
His brother is a minor official. m"J..\!"CJOo 111:t+ meeting..l\dtd.IIJo .fr\~aJo"t ilofl(lq :I'll
'f ' qf\P'f:t."'"t ~ .... .,_q~-, .f~IJA
minute
any minute h,."J
The train will pull out any minute. lJIK- hv-
") Y.t"'A
in a minute O.f-11- I 0.<'.4::1' fDo/1'1'
He'll be done in a minute. O.f-11- ,...,ellA
(0.<'.4::1' fDo/1'1' f.""'eiiA)
just a minute hil.f: 1 .fo~
Just a minute, please; I have to answer the door.
1.111: "" .. (I~") f"'''"t\\\\fDo .,., 1.")
.<'.ll"tAY.
the minute 7.").<'. + perfect + 111P,.J'fDo
I'll call you the minute I know. 7.").<'.11"711- tD
JI.J'fDo h.<'.fDoAA'/Av-
this minute I A.,.).).
Come here this minute! hii-'J.'J. <;
up to the minute h~.., 1 lfOD...-"f
As far as fashion is concerned, she is up to the
minute. 04-'li"t <'.1: 7.)!'"1 HOD<;' <;'!-
minute (adj.)
I. <'.4:~. It was so minute, you could hardly
see it. <'.4:~ bouii"'J. f-1-t"' A"7f'l- f
11'1'"1&-A
2. 1fC1JC. He gave me minute instructions
about how to do my work. P'&-Y.."t h")S'.
'f- ' h"),l'.'/""'&- ' "HC11e ' fll"t OD'J"(.J'
llm'1
3. ( = adv.) h"tY: ll"tY:. I have checked every
minute detail. 1-.111'") h"tY: lJ")Y: -J-oPA
h~'I'Av-
*His story is of minute importance. ffl. 1 :t"t'.h 1
oflH-'1" ' m:I'"'U'l- fAfDo
minutely O"HC'He
The plan of attack was minutely prepared.
hJ'.;J fOD"'/1- h~Y: O"IIC11e 1-H:>)!'.f-
toe
miracle 1-h'l"e (pl. 1-h'l"&-'l-)
It was a miracle that he escaped unharmed from
the crash. 0"1"1"-1> IIY.'I-.11 ""~<'.-!> -1-h'l"
C I 't8Jo
Christ performed many miracles. heh+ll 1 ofl
II- -1-h'l"&-'!- "'e;I:A
miraculous
1. 1"hrc. Her recovery is miraculous. oo.,ll
S: -1-h'l"e tfDo
2. A-1-h'l"e I"'U1e. He had miraculous
success in his business. R"J.,R:' P~lJio A1"
h'l"e I f""U1e fDotn.'t M"f'
3. -1-h'l"&-'1!. Penicillin is a miraculous drug.
"J;t/1./1.") I -J-h'/".1-'f! I ODY::)t'f-' tfDo
797 misadventure
mire. vt. (= intr.) ""7'1' ~ lD"il'l' 1 1Q
He mired his car and had to go for help.
ODh.<;fDo "7'1' fDo/1'1' hMlJ 'tP.. 7-e.II;J-
DPtl../1"1 "IY: ll"tO'l-
mire (n.)
I. "7'1'. We waded through the mire to reach
the road. hOD"t1Y: /IODY:<'.h 0"7m- fDo/1
'I' 1-'l"lf")
2. OD..,~f'l-. The mire of the road delayed the
travelers. fOD"J-1)1.. 1 oua..TrT 1 OD'}1,g,'ljii=J?t 1
hH1J''ffDo
turn into mire h.Q;t.+f
The rain turned the dust of the road into mire.
"H<;(Jo 00")1.11-") h ....oi'ffDo
mirror (v.)
1. 1i\Jt His face mirrored his feelings.
.C.-I> h""-1>") 11111
2. "'"'"!."
.t.Y:e1 hllf. The book mirrors
life in the countryside. OD1t"tb.f.. 1 f1mC'l 1
'J.I!' _,.A"l" hY:e') J'/IJ'A
3. 'I'll hllf. The water was so still that it
mirrored the trees along the bank. fDo;)fDo 0
"1'1" f<'.:> hAtO<'. O.lleil'tiJo J'/1-'f-") f~
c:':f 'I'll hllf
mirror (n.)
I. ou(I;J-111'1-. Her mirror is old. DP/1;1-111;1: hi!'
"J, I ~Q)o
This book is a mirror of life in Ethiopia.
r.u ODI\"da'i' rt..'l-l"*n f"J.I!' v-l!.:J
f"''..J'IIY. OD{I;J-111'1- ttiJo
2. '1"1111.. That soldier was a mirror of bravery.
f 111;J-.<'.e f)!"l"tt'l- '1"1111. toe
mirth"'~
His sides shook with mirth. All- 0"1~ tl.<'.il
miry "7'1' fO~O'l-
He couldn't press forward because of the miry
road. 00")1.11- "7'1' fO~O'l- IIAII't 11.1
il"lh hAii'A'I"
misadventure OD"J'S: /JR:'A 1 OD"J'f:: ~1C 1
f.<'.<'.IIO'l- ':f"le
They failed through misadventures, not from
lack of skill. ':fll-;1- h'l'-1-fDo IIY.II""t OOD'J'
c: I bY:A 'l"b")J''l- 111S'...,.
We had several misadventures on the trip.
01-JffDo IIY. -on- OD'J'&: t11!'':f h;J'J'ODIJ>o
"t toe
She spoke in a merry vein of her misadventure.
hh.<'.lilll'l- ':f"le v-11- M-I'A.<'.':f +<;1<'."1-
misalliance
misalliance filii' :>11!1'
A misalliance should not become a marriage.
filii' :>11!1' '1--'IC 1\.J.'.If"J?"
misapprehend 0~")11 ll.oil\1Q(CD-?")
+The workers misapprehended the orders given
by the boss. JPt:..,.'PlJl l\.11~- f(tmCD-
'1-1.~11 ' 0~")11 ' ll.oil\1QlfCD-?"
misapprehension <lf.1QCD- -~<:'!-
Their misapprehension of the orders caused
a delay in the work. '1-1.~11- 'lf.1QlfCD- -
~<:_, P'tl-CD- 1."J'I.H1f. l\.~<:1
misappropriate li..,..M
The treasurer has misappropriated the club
funds. 1"JH11 f'ICCD- fhOII-"J 1'JH11 ll.
.,_~II
misbehave Qll1
The children misbehave when their father is
away. AJ('Jl li.Q;t-lfCD- <lf.'l'C J.'.Qoll\:>11-
miscalculate l\.1-oil\ 1_.,.
He miscalculated the distance he had to jump.
~IIA no.:o.r-, c+-l- l\.1-A 1-.,.
miscarriage
*She is in the hospital as a result of a mis-
carriage. illlila><:-'1'1- lfil'C;t-A 111;1-ll:f
have a miscarriage hllmt.t~+
She had a miscarriage and had to go to the
hospital. Milm<:-'1-l- lfil'C;t-A -v.F: to
<:Q-l-
miscarry (miscarried)
I. ll.ilm<:-'1'1-. Our neighbor's wife miscarried,
and had to go to the hospital. f.,..<:O.;t-:f"J q
1111.'1- Milm<:-'1'1- lfil'C;I-A -v.F: tO
<:Q-l-
2. .,...,.,11.. I am prepared to admit that my
plan has miscarried. f mil fl.., _..,,'1' '
11"7_., ' 11-m: t'S
miscell an eo us ( = adv.) Of'tf.t.,.
He owns a miscellaneous collection of Ethi-
opian-made things. 11..'1-\'"lrf CD-il'l' ,.,..,.
'1- t1C':Y. Of'tf.t_, f't11il!I.A
mischief
I. ftb-A. A child's mischief may cause a
serions fire. fA~ .,..,II-A hQF: :l'mll-
IIJM"' ' J.'.:flloil\
2. 1--'1'1-. People who tell tales about others
can do great mischief. 1\.'IQ<J:l":Y. 1111- 1-
-'1-l- IIJ~(Io J!.:fl\11-
798 miserable
you little mischief! l\.").,. hS'-f't.
You little mischief! You tore my book.
li."J.,. hf.f't. 1 -x-m.c.., +~h
mischievQus
I. .,...,'I':Y.. The mischievous puppy amused us
greatly. .,...,'l'!t! 11-:fll 0"1?" ll."l+:Y."J
2. f.,."Jb-II'I':Y.. Mischievous slander cost him
his job. f.,."Jb-II'P:Y. l\.11-Qoil\;J- P't:.CD-")
li.II"'CD-
misconceive 0'1-hhA 1\.A.,.<:-'I(CD-?")
He misconceived the problem. :f-1'1-"J 0'1-hh
A li.A.,.<:'ICD-?"
misconception ll.ll"7m~
Many mistakes result from misconceptions .
1111"7a>~ f_,.t"l 1111- ilih_,.'l- J.'.~C'IA
misconduct
1. ODIJ'I:: hOD/A. He was punished for his mis-
conduct. nou..-.:: }lootr +.,.tiJ
2. 'l'ol-'1-. I'm honor bound to report your
misconduct to the police. 'l'oi-'1-II"J 11?'11..11
1."JF:1oil\X" ' ~11..<;\1. fii1F:~'1A
[See also 'flagrant']
misconstrue Oilih.,.'l- .,.<:-'!(CD-)
He misconstrued her silence as approval.
11?";1-'1'") 1.")~ -11"7"7-l- li.F:C't Ollila
...-r '
.,.<;,lieD-
misdemeanor ll.til.,.'1 m"J)';A
It is a misdemeanor to throw litter in the
streets. ol'lflf -"J1F: llf. """'A Mil
_,.'1 ' m"J)';A ' )CD-
miser.,,..,
A miser does not spend money on his children.
"Jf."' IIA]I:'Jl "I'JH11 l\.fa>"'?"
miserable
!. ll.f't:l'<J:. He talked about the miserable life
of the refugees after the war. hfiiCt.,. 0:\11
M.,."'' ll illltO'I-0'1- l\.(1:1'<1: ~C' 1\.mt:.
2. DD'l't.':. What a miserable meal that was!
M 'tf.t'l- ""Ttl: ,...,-o toe
3. ~1111. They live in a miserable shack.
~1111 11( ' CD-il'l' f.'l' tl-11-
4. oflil<D. A sick child is often miserable.
f;f-O<JDD A~ ' l\.11~ ........, "J.II, 11il<Uo teD-
feel miserable +U(CD-)
I feel miserable today; my stomach is upset.
~4. If!I."J 1111-0D'S +6:'1A
miserly
make miserable
She makes life miserable for him. ).C"m-"t ""
~ ' ;t-~R;t-ll:f
miserly~
This is a novel about a miserly man. ~tJ Aofl
tDIIF: :t"<lh 1111 1\"tF: ~ f"''.'i'1C
~ suffer misfortune ODh<l- ~l:I'I(R'l-)
miserly habits "tf.n+
His miserly habits are noticed by everybody.
fll- "tf-1)'1- Rll-11- H"tF: ;t-m-#:Pt.
In a miserly fashion fiP'P"-l-
He lives in a miserly fashion. RP' I"+ f.'f&-Pt.
misery (miseries)
I. :f1c. The poor live in misery; they lack
everything. M!l" ~1C 11111\.'l'l'm- F:'Jl:f
R:f1C f.'f <1-11-
2. :f1l:.,.)'l-, Some people rose from misery
to fortune. 1\"t-'l"tF: l'll":f h:f1l:l;')'l- of"
~1"-t-m- llofl:t"'l":f II').
3. ODh<l-. Misery follows war. ""h<l- fllC~'l
"t f.h-f"'IPt.
4. P':1' f., The misery of loneliness was now
compounded by his poverty. F:1i~+ fofl'l'
'h+ P':f'f."t 1\fii'IR'l-
be in misery OIIJ9'" ..,.,.:t'f
He was in misery from a toothache. R'I'CII ih
""V" R"'V" f.ov:J'f. ~RC
misfire hll".l.
The gun misfired, and the deer ran away.
"'""" RODhll"f. 1\;JH). 1\0DIItn
Our plans misfired, and the criminal got away.
1.ii'J'.!f'7f't llllhll"f. tD"t)!;ll.,.,... 1\""llm
misfit hl'lm- ;JC f.,f.1flfl l'lm-
A misfit never finds friends. hl'lm- ;JC II.,
f.1flfl ......... ~~.... f l l -
be a misfit Pt.h 1\Pt.IT~-
His coat was a misfit and his trousers baggy.
""" Pt.h 1\P\11'~- l 11-&m-V" l'llj:>f-R;J-Pt.
misfortun e
I. ODh<l-. He commiserated with his friend on
his misfortunes. tD-'1~ Ml:I'IR'l- ""h<l- dl
H)."t 111&
2. ""'1'1:: IJF:Pt.. He is brooding all day long
over his misfortunes. ROUTS: br:lr ,..A-
M RdlH"t 1'1.-t-h11 f.m-'IA
3. hf. i'"t. Misfortune tests a person's charac-
ter. hf. n fl'lm-"t mflf. f..l.'l-'i'A
799 misinterp ret
be a misfortune
I. 1--'1. It won't be a great misfortune if
you don't get it. 'l;t-11m-V" oflrt- 1\S'-1--'1
UV"
2. il"l h'l(m-). It was his misfortune to be
killed in the war. RfllC~.., 'If. f'l"-t-m- iJ
.... hF:-1'+ ~ ....
He suffered great misfortune when his wife
died. "'1.11.., R'l"-t-:f 1.n '1-Pt.lf- DDh<l-
~l:I'IR'l-
misgiving s 'I'C"'"-
He had no misgivings about his ability.
1111 :f-11-';t-m- 'I'C"'"- 1\A~Rl:-
have misgivings lf>c 1\ll(m-)
We had some misgivings about hiring a servant
who was suspected of theft. Rl\.ofl~'l- f-f"ml:
ml: 1\'lihc IIOD!f>mc 'l'oJ:'l- lf>c oflll-'"t
~nc
misguide 1\<\11-t-
The lawyer misguided his clients about the
inheritance. 1111 m-CII- .,.'If. mR:J>m- ~
"tR'I''tl"t 1\VI;J-'I'm-
mishandle
I. 1\'1''1'1. The night watchman mishandled
the dog. HR ...m- m-lfm-"t 1\'l''l'lm-
2. R"''.1'1 1\AtnRof'V", The heirs mishandled
the estate. m&-ll"'ll Cll..,"t 1'1"'1.1'1 "f.tnofloJI
+4'<~--
mishap
I. ~-". The mishap was reported in the
papers. 1\~;>m- R;>nfll:f- -t-1Al< ~RC
2. '1''1-'l-. The spilling of the sauce was his
only mishap. fl'.l:l'lm- '1''1-'l- tD'l' ODF;of.
+. oflll'. ~""
misinform 11Jol1"'l- ~1l:
He deliberately misinformed his employer
about the situation. A+IIJt.(l)o itA v-~;t-m-
II'~ oflll-' m-il"+ ~1l:fDo
misinform ation f-f"..,..,-f" ""l:'fi
His report is a hodgepodge of lies and mis-
information. .:;rc.., m-ll"'l-'i' f-f"..,..,-f" ""'l:
'If f-f"of''lof'IIR'l- ~
misinterp ret
I. Rllih-t-'1- -f"l:1-oP. He misinterpreted his
silence as giving consent. 11V":t"m-"t +11.,,.
:J;Pt. R.,ll'l- Rllih+'l- -f"l:1-0DfDo
 misjudge
2. ooarrt.: I h. f. He misinterpreted my intentions
and was offended. dtltll.'t 11"'"1'6: Mfw-
~c Tfl'f
misjudge
I. llil.bTT ~oo.,.. He misjudged the distance
and fell into the water. c+-l>'t llil.bTT II
OD10Dif I dfo;:)tD- I Q)o{ltp I IDJ'..+
2. IIT<'l<'lT hilT.l'f'l- ~ooT. I have misjudged
his character. mQI''t IIT<'l<'lT hilT.I'f'l-
~ODTh-
3. 11~ h.I':C-'1 ~oo.,.. We mustn't misjudge
the seriousness of the situation. t'u-i.:f"DJ-'l
h<'t<\IU'I- 11~ h.I':C1't oo~oo:,. fl\11't9"
4. ( ~ intr.) .,. .......,.. You misjudge him if you
think he is !rYing to hurt you. II.'1-JI'f .I'M
A 111111 h't~IJ") T<'lilTYA
mislaid, see mislay
.,.,.
mislay (mislaid) f'l- h't>lil+oomw- hllm
I've mislaid my glasses. oo)~tt.'t f'l- h't
Jlil+OO'l'h- ' hll~9"
mislead (misled)
I. llil.bTT ""6-. Our guide misled us in
the woods, and we got lost. oo')~.l': oo&~
't llil.bT'I- ill\oo&-'t "'ill CD-il'l' ~11
T't m<f.'t
2. hititT. He misled me into thinking that
I could buy the house cheaply. IL-I>'t IICIJii
1\.....,~:,. fii"~A 11"7ilOO{lA hititT'f
3. hOIIif. Bad companions often mislead
young people. h.,.A 'l~'l"~ h11~':'CD-'t "L
II. ' 01"1-f~'t .l'lllllf /\-
misleading hit<\~
The description is misleading. OD'"lAGLm- hit
...~.)CD-
mismanage nODT: I J\OD&-C I OD6-
He mismanaged his father's store and soon
became bankrupt. .fQ-I>'t oo~11c 11""'1'
C:: ' hOO&-C ' ili\006-CD- ' OIJI..I'CD-). ' hflC:
misplace .1'1111;1-w- h'I'C:
He misplaced the book of poems in the science
section. f"l'l'_., ""ltdt'i' .1'1111:/"CD- liP')
'i''I'C:'I- h'i'A h'I'C:CD-
misprint fh'l-9" il.hTT
This word is not a real word; it is only a mis-
print. J'.ll .:I'A '1-hhA hJ'.~I\9" I fh'l-9"
il.bT'I- tw-
800 miss
mispronounce IITititT rJolo.:/" MilO
Some foreigners mispronounce Amharic words.
h'tJI't.l': fdl"'l." h~C (ll"~ .1'"7C':'
.:1'11'1-'t IIT<'l<'lT IJolo.:/" .f)!l.'f'I'A
misquote .1'111\CD-'t hi\
The student misquoted the teacher in reporting
the aocident . .,..,&..,.
h~:>w-'t ll"''...'ilC:-'111
T "1.11. ""9"11~ .1'111\CD-'t hi\
misread (misread)
I. ll..l't11 .,........,.. She misread the recipe and
spoiled the cake. fl"'""11 h1P&-C ooV"&.I'
CD-'t il;l-tofl ' ill\..,........,.~ ' h.h-'t ' hllll~....
2. hA.1QaJofD. She sometimes misreads my
expression and thinks I am angry. h'tJI't.l': "L
II. f.l-1: IJolo.:/" <\J'.~Q'I- fT'i'~h- J'.ooM
:1-A
misrepresent 11"7J'.~Q rJolo.:/" h+C:II
The salesman misrepresented the product.
hlflf"" h:l'w-'t 0"7J'.~Q rJolo.:/" h+C:O
miss (v.)
I. houllm(w-). +I missed the first part of his
speech. f't"l"l~ f""Y..oo&.rw- h'i'A
h""llm'f
+Do you think I'll miss my train? QIH- f"''.
.fODAm'f f.ooilA'/A 1
+I missed the chance of a ride to town. m~ h
T"7 ' ll""h.'i' fOD~.f: ' iJ.I':A ' h""llm'f
2. +c:. Hemissedschoolfor a week. ll't.l': it
V"'t'l- h'I-V"UC'I- IL'I- +c:
3. hllfll". I missed the beginning of the race.
fCD-.I':~'t fooY..oo&.f h'i'A hllf!JoTV"
4. hA~Q-. +You missed the point of the
story. f:/"&11- 'i't. nc IIA~QU9"
5. itT. Our house is so easy to find, you
can't miss it. IL:I"~ 0+1111- illl"''.~'f A'l-
ilTCD- h'I-~A9"
He fired, but missed the target. Tlf-11 '\.11"7
CD-'t ' ....,.
6. 'i'd.+ I 'i'd.+(w-). I'll miss you terribly. 0"1
I'" h'i"i'~YII!Jo
+He is a precious friend, and I shall miss him
when he leaves. f"''.m~ 'l~'1 illlll"t
(1.~.1': ' J'.'i''i'+':'A
7. OD'J'<f.-l>'t om+. When did you miss your
briefcase? IIC<\11 ""'1'4--l>'t """' 001~11 1
mlss(n.)
His first shot was a miss. fOD~OD/.YtD-"'J r +
!foil ....,.
[See also 'hit')
Miss 801 mistaking

Miss mY.H&'I- misspent filM

Did you see Miss Laqetch? mY.H&'I- 'I.,.:Y. He mourned his misspent youth .. Ollh)om- r
"t MY'!- l rm"''l-~'1- """'~- -t-llll-1-

misshapen f-1-0'Ilf mist (v.)

His misshapen body results from an accident in
his youth. f(UD~-1> 'J>CII" f-1-0'IlffDo OA
~~-!> 01.~110'1- hi.;J ?"h"t.l''l- ~ ....
(be) missing
I. m'i-. The child has been missing for three
days. A)l: hm'i- IPII'I- _,..,_ ~.,.
2. '1-f.ft. There are two pages missing in this
b00k. hrJ.tJ I ODJrdtlj: I BJo(l'f" I ,.fl:J- I 'JX" I
.,_f."!I.A
3. +~. Four children were missing from
class today. ~"' 1\&-'1- A]t.:Y. hh'i'A .,.C
-M'A
[See also 'action']
mission
1. ODA"-h+. He completed his mission success-
fully. OOAI\h-J>"t 0"7.111 1\h'i'ID~
2. ovAI\h-1-'l':Y.. The Japanese trade mission
visited Ethiopia. \'li".T"t fi"lf." ODAI\h
-t-if:Y. 11..'1-I'"A".I'"t .,_O'f.
3. -t-AM. The mission of the troops is to catch
a band of robbers. ffD:J-f.f!'=J; -t-AM f.,.
"77f:f"t '}f." 00.1'11 tfDo
4. '1-ilD'I. His mission in life is to help the poor.
fihf.ID-f> ' 't'l"7 ' f."~:f"t ' OOCJIT ~fDo
5. 01/./tf-"}. There is a Catholic mission near
here. OltU 1\'J>&-fl..l' 1\"tf." flt.fll.h "'t
ill'""t 1\11
go on a mission noo+
The chaplain who went on a mission with the
soldiers gave the blessing. hm:J-f.f!'=J; ;JC f
HOO-f>'!- ofl{l 11-&-IJ. > (lm-
missionary (missionaries)
I. ftD11.A {IQh.. Missionaries disseminate
the Christian belief all over the world. ffD"t1.
A llllh.l":f fhCiltn"t 1\7"~'1- Oov'l
..... 'til?" f{l&-"'1.11-
2. otilK1!. Missionaries are trying to convert
the pagans. "'tiiKtD-n 1\<:ov).l":f-"t 11"'1
lloo"t Oou'f"hC 'If. 'i''l'tD-
misspell 11.11"'1' 4.1.11-"t 1\1111-t-
He misspelled the word "rhinoceros,.
1\fDo&-&il f"'tllfDo"t ?A 11.11"'1' 4-!l..ll-"t 1\
IIII-I-
*Tears misted her eyes. Of.'l";t! 1\"tll 1\.,.
<:<;.
mist (n.) "'.";J"I
The hills are hidden in the mist. 1><:-il:J-l"'li
0"1.";J"I . -t-lf'i'~'I'A
mistake (mistook), v. I\A111(fDo?")
+You mistake his real purpose. '1-hhlll;'tD- 't
'l"lfDo I\A111U?"
*Please don't mistake me! frABJo"t 1 mi. 1 t\.
'I 1\'I-1-C'l-OOIJJo
*Sorry, I mistook you for someone else.
1\ll'i'llfJ- I 11.'1 (lfDo ""illl1i'S ~tJJo
mistake (n.)
I. ilih-t-'1-. How could I make such a mistake?
1\"t.<'.'l- 1\VI.U .I'll ilih-l-'1- 'II.C"I 1\
:f'lllu- l
Sorry, I took it by mistake. l\11'i'llu- Oilih-1-
:,. ~ ..... fiD/11."11-'1-
2. -r'i-'1-. I am sorry; it's my mistake. l\11'i'll
f1. i f), I IJ"4..+ I )oBJo
make a mistake +itlt+
He made a mistake when he married her.
1\!J."t "7"111-1> 1-11111-
mistaken (adj.) f-1-11111-
That's a mistaken belief. f-1-11111- 1\?"~.).
~ ....
A mistaken person should admit that he was
wrong. f-1-11111- /lfDo oullll-l>"t "loo"t , 1\
110'1-
be mistaken +ltlt+
With regard to what you say about the French,
there you are mistaken. illl l..<:"tllf. 01-'i'
1ChfDo ~1C 1-llii-1-YA
be mistaken for
He's often mistaken for his twin brother.
1\11-"t'i' OO"J:J- ID"tl:'..,."t ' .l'llil:t'f'f'A
"'He is often mistaken for an American.
ill!- 1.11. lll":f 1\"'UII' f.DDM'f'rA
mistaking -rc-rc
There is no mistaking what we ought to do.
ODP'&-'1- Mllofl"t ' ~1C Y""t?" ' "I'C"I'C
fll?"
"'There's no mistaking his intention. q.-\"7CD- 1
lltD-C 1\f-1.117"

"
Mister
Mister, see Mr.
mistook, see mistake
mistranslate hil!l-1'- .,.....,...,.,
He mistranslated the passage and got a bad
grade. ll"'tQII-'t hill\-1'- III\Tl.1-0Dm- ""
Ttl: ' "7Ch ' h1'f
mistreat
I. OM. He mistreated the children. A]!:<r;'t fl
.~Nfm-
2. 1\tv ?f. His wife mistreats him because he
is so meek. mQI' 1\Mil !IIIII') "''.M
;1-P':J>f'l'll"{-
mistress
I. J..ooo.T. Servants obey a kind mistress.
h "lihC'"f. 1\f.., l\ODILT f.:J-H~II-
2. ll"'Q'I-. He considered her his mistress.
ll.,Q., h!l!."C'I .._mt-'1-
mistrust (v.) Tmt-ml. 1 hi\OD)!I"
He mistrusts my intentions. tit flO. 1 ,..m&.
mt-11\
I mistrust the story he told about his discovery.
!Ill 'i'/i\1\'i''i"m- fT'i"1l.fDo't :1"6h h'lll"'t
II" (l\mt-mt-1\u-)
mistrust (n.) hii""T"7't
Mistrust prevents them from reaching an
agreement. hi\ODT"7""'t h!III"II")T l\'t-'1
f.f.Cflo }'ll.C:>'I''I'/1\
feel mistrust of +m&-m~
He felt mistrust of the stranger. l\'t.,'lm-'t
.,.. ..,.m&-ml.CD-
(be) misty
I. ..,_.:>., fl~(fl'l-) I .,.,. 0~(0'1-). August
is misty. Moi\. "'1.":>., (1-11") f.fl~fl;J-/1\
2. l\'tQ hHII. She didn't cry, but her eyes were
misty. h'1114'fl"f-!1" 1 "tf.'t!l! .,'t l\'tQ h
111\fDo )flC
misunderstand (misunderstood)
I. flf.'til h/i\Tl.-'111". First of all, you mis-
understood me. """J!""6Y )1C flf.'til h
li\Tt.'l'li'SII"
2. h/i\1Q(m-11"). +You misunderstood when I
said that I was coming on Tuesday. "7h!l'l' l\
OD"JI\11- }'Ah-11 ' h/i\1QIIII"
*Don't misunderstand me! f!l"l\m- ,_.,QII
misunderstanding
I. hi\OD.,QQ'I-. They are trying to clear up
802 mix
the misunderstanding between Poland and
Czechoslovakia. fl?"'l't!l!."'i" fl'lilo1111-lih.Y
oPlJh/1\ fTLmt.m-'t hi\.,...,QQ'I- 1\"71\ID
1Ji!." flOD"JC 'If. 'i"'ffDo
2. Of.'til hi\ODl.-'1'1-. Her misunderstanding
of the recipe caused her to make a mess of
the cake. fll".,il hoP&+'t OD9"6}' Of.
'til ' QI\OD(.-'1;1: ' 11.11- ' Tfl'llf
misuse
I. h1-il..,ll. He misuses his horses by glVlng
them loads that are too heavy. hODm't OilY.
hQ.(- ' fiJ'jo. "'1.")-1'-"f- flOD"'i't o Ll.(\'fl't }'1-
{)f"'\'f'l'A
2. }'II h.,Qil hiD"'. He misused public funds
to buy a car for himself. 1\t-!1- ODh.'i" II""
.,~'1- fOD't.,P'T 1'tHil }'I\ h.,Qil hiD"'
3. }'II h.,Qil Tm4'ou(fl'l-). He doesn't know
Amharic well and misuses the words. 1t."7C~
Of.'til !ll\"7}'m-'!o :1'11-l:'t }'1\ h.,Qofl f.
m4'!1"Q'f'I'A
mitigate M'lfll
He asked the judge to mitigate his sentence.
.O:'l'm- 'i'OI-'t l\'t-'l,.l'lf"lill-11'1- mf4'
mitigating
*There are no mitigating circumstances for
your behavior. f,Pt-'Jim- P't- 11.:1"1\'i'
hf."f./i\11"
mix (vt.)
I. h4''14'11. I mixed yellow and red. il"'i'i" 4'
(I
" ' 4'1111" ' h4'1\4'/i\h
2. ~QA+. Don't mix business with pleasure!
P't-'t ' h""'l':l" ' h'l-f.Q/i\'l-
3. """"l.. The servant mixed a little oil into
the dougb. 1l.-'l.;l: 1\,m- fDo!IT Tof:T
Hf-'1- ' ..,_t."f-
4. 1\ID!I. He mixed pepper with bile. OCO&.m-'t
flh'l"'l- 1\ID!Im-
mlx (vi.)
1. T'l'm-'1. Water and oil don't mix. m-;W H
r.+ ll.'l'do'l- hf."f-11-11"
2. Til"'/"'/. The two colors mix very well. M
H.ll 11-11'1- ' 4'1\'l""f- ' 0"'1.1Q ' f.{l"'/"'/11-
3. TA'I> hi\. She likes to mix in other people's
business. fl(lm- )1C T/1\'l- "'111'1- '1-w-'1
II"f.
mix In T/1\'1- hi\
Don't mix in. This is none of your business.
T/1\'l- h'l-0/1\ l h}'1QIIII"
mixed
mix up
I. l>~RI\11-1>. He bas mixed up everything.
1Joll-'t9" ~RIIA.<I';I-A.
2. Aoo'l-1>11. Don't mix up the cards! IJC;I-a>-'t
l>;l-oolt:J.A.
mix (one) up
1. h.1Q. Don't mix me up in your argument!
"Jl':Jo"fl':J-'fo- a>-IIT l>;J-!11-'S
2. ~<;u.. His explanation mixed me up
completely; I can't understand the problem at
all. fll- MIIIIK' "fl'<l-ii ~'i1t.'S l "I'
C'-11/l...,.'t ' R'i!l\.9" ' A.t.Jia>- ' l>A.7fA.9"
(be) mixed up .,.1"f(RT)
The mayor is mixed up in the scandal. no..l"S:.
X:C'I..T a>-IIT h'J-J:qa>-9" f.1'1R;I-A.
(be all) mixed up
I. .,...,;1-(RT). I'm all mixed up. Is be coming
on Tuesday or Friday? .,...,-r-R'fA. l f"''.ODnJ
..,. ..,hll'l' )a>- mf.ll 'c"'
1
2 . .,.,.11:1'-1>11. The books are all mixed up,
and it took me some time to sort them out.
""K'mll:'ll _,.,.(l:J-:Jolla>- IIII)RC Rfoo
A.lt- ' 11..,/1-J>ODT ' 1..11. ' ID/I~ofi'S
{get) mixed up 'JmOD
Don't get mixed up with that gang! MILIJ
Jl.<l\1-l"'f :>C l>T"Im9"
mix well .,..,qq
He mixes well with all kinds of people. h..,'t9"
:>C ' f."lqqA.
mixed (adj.)
I. f.,.~qii-J>. He bought three boxes of
mixed nuts. V'IIT "IT't f.,.~qii-J> 11D"11 1q
2. f.,.IIJ.'- lll"'f f"''.'l'~RT. He lives in a
mixed neighborhood. f.,.IIJ.'- lll"'f f"''.
'l'~RT ' AIJqR. ' J'.'l' 41-A.
3. fOD'J"IP'T'i' MA. 1>!119" J.'IIRT. The
mixed economy of the country proved to be
fairly successful. fOD'J'1P'T'i MA. M:
9" J.'IIRT J.'1<11o M'l'"''. ""A.IJ9" w-
m.'l- ' l>'lf
mixture
I. :J.A.:J.A.. This drink is a mixture of fruit
juices. ~tJ oomT fA.(!. Alt ~fJ'f
.,...,4! ' :J.A.:J.A. ' )a>-
2. x:of~A.:Jo. Nigerians are a mixture of several
different ethnic groups. 'i'J'."t,<IJ.'a>-J."t foflll'
A.- ' A.- ' '1-ill"'f ' x:of~A.:Jo ' <;'J'w-
3. f.,.oj>oooo "".i:?tT. He takes a special
803 mobilization
cough mixture for his cold. 111-'t'l.). R.,.IIJ'.
f_,.-1>,...,. filA. ooX;-;>tT f.IDIIJIA.
[See also 'indiscriminate']
mix-up 9"/I:J-A.:J.A.
That was an awful mix-up. J.' A.h f/1.11
a>- 9"/I:J.A.:J.A. )RC
moan (v.) l>:J-11.,.
I could hear him moaning in the next room.
l'."''.-I>TIIa>- h'i!A. a>-IIT IT'l' (IJ:l'IIT
)',(1..,..,. )RC
moan (n.) ..,:1-(IT
His moans disturbed me all night long. f(l. "f
:J-(1.-,. /1.11.-l>'t Rou-11- Amh'S
moat [RT'JT H""'t milT l'.'JJif.1q II""
hllhA. R"l9"ofl 11-<IJ.' f"''..,.d.C ' TA.-1>
.-,.-; 114-T J.'lla>- 1-X:'iX:]
mob (mobbed), v. mt.t.
The crowd mobbed the consulate. ih1111- <l''tll
Spectators mobbed the courtroom . .,.,.A.IJ
";f 'i'CX: R.1o't mt.~T
be mobbed
*The stores are always mobbed right before
Christmas. 1'i MCII -~-RC''f (Ia>-
"'"' ' J'.rJ''ill-
mob (n.) ih11ofl l f"''.t.oflii ih11-fl 1 11..,.41-,...
II n Rt. ih11ofl
He barely escaped being beaten by the mob.
hih1111- x:-n~q 11nii Aoollm
The soldiers were forced to the extremity of
firing to scatter the mob. m;I-~C''Il f"''.t.ofl
If..,.., ' ih11ofl ' /lOUR.,.., ' .,.tt-11 ' ODbd.
.-,. ' '1X: ' IT)q'J'w-
Tbe mob almost lynched him. 11..,.41-""11 n
Rt.a>- ' ih11ofl ' ih:>'E ' qA.IJ') ' OD'J1X: ' II.
1X:IIa>- M9" l>A.4't.a>-9" )RC
mobile .,.H'P'P<I
The Ministry of Education organized two
mobile libraries. T9"1JCT "''.tM:C 11-IIT
.,.H'P'P<I R..,. ' ODl\ih'i'T l>H.:>;Eo:tA.
*She bas mobile features. 1-:1: f.II'PID"'A.
mobilization fh.,..-,. (1&-'ET TM11
Mobilization was decreed by the Emperor.
fh_,..-,.
(14!-'ET Tl'.'l11 R't1-"' )1P'1o
;l-ID)';
 mobilize
mobilize
I. Ailh-1--1-. The President mobilized the
armed forces. T&rfA')~ ftflC ~,e.tt-'l r
t.ilh-1--1-
2. lloP1"1F'I- -f-"'qc l\'1'11. The President
mobilizes industry in time of war. OfllC~..-,. 1..
fL TC:.IVI11> h.1JI.il'l-&l":f-1 lloo1"1F
:,. -1-"'qc .l'm-'I'I''I'A
be mobilized 1-h-1--1-
The army was mobilized to meet the attack.
mum-1 llooll'll/9" il&-'1!'1- -1-h-1--1-
mock (v.)
I. M~m(O'I-)IA.I..li(O'I-)1 Ail"d.(O'I-). The boys
mocked the blind man. A}('ll ~~1 ilm-1'-
M~m-0'1- (t.l,.ti'O'I- I t.II"4-0'I-)
2. hLt;(t. His actions mock convention.
t.Y:&-11> A"7Y:1 .l'd.C"A
mock at 71.'l~ r +A.r: "'t.mt;
He mocked at the idea of a peaceful settlement.
fill\"7'1! "'""1 -,..<;f.1l\1.<'. of>AY: 4r.m<:m-
mock (adj.) fof>AY:
The dance represented a mock battle. 1!-L&-ID-
fof>AY: tnC~'I- f.ooiiA ~OC
mockery
I. fooof>IIY: .l'tJA. His trial was a mockery
of justice. 'i'CJI. O.h"' foPof>IIY: .l'tJA
~oc
2. 411. Their mockery and insults made me
cry. .t.~'l'm-<; iiY:q'fm- Ailllof>il'f
3. """114:.1'. Through his foolishness, he be-
came the mockery of the village. O~A~oJ> 9"
h1.1''1- foP1.l'.'l- """114:.1' II'~
mode
I. 'PY:. He dresses in the latest mode. A.!l.il
fa>"'m-1 'JOY: f.llofi"A
2. HS'... Riding on a donkey is a mode of
travel. J\tJJ' I OD+oP'l" I foP~~"If' I liS',. I )ID-
model (v.)
I. 9"i1A w&-. He modeled the minister's head
in clay. f"'Uil'f-'1-1 &oil 9"iiA Olfh'l
w&-
2. OoPh-f-A t..P.&-1':. He modeled his strategy
on Napoleon's . f<;.r/1..1"11 ftnC iiA'I-
OoPh-1-A ftnC HS'..m-1 t..P.&-'J':
3. 'PS'..A t."f. They model dresses in this shop.
MI.IJ oP.l'.ofiC m-ilT fAoflil 'PS'..A
.1'11.1'11-
804 moderat e
model oneself OD')"'.f: r Tb+A
He modeled himself after his hero. f"YJ.l'.1of>m-
1 ']!"'<; ' oP1~Y: -1-h-i-11
model (n.)
I. 'PS'..A. He is working on the model of a
bridge. fY:AY:f. 'PS'..A O""P'&-'1- 'If.
~ ....
His sister works as a model. >t.'\1J If"F-A IT
'i ' '1-w&-lll-
2. t.Ct..l'. His behavior is a model for others.
,...,q-1- ll/l,trol- t.Ct..l' ~..,.
3. 'lf.~'l-. I want a dress like yours because the
model is becoming to me. 'lf.~oJ> illl"7.il"7
"7'f n:r: 'lf.~'l- Aoflil ""Aoil l\o~.
A:>lltJo
model (adj.) '""/1, fll'~
A model farm was set up to spread new
farming methods. A'lil fl\Clf HS'..l"l-1
11"7il&-Q;l,'f- 9""/1, f"7.11'1 l\Clf -1-l!'ll/oo
.,.,.
*She is a model housewife. fll.'l- <lt1"""
moderat e (v.)
1. Oil+ ou')flc~+ DD&-.. We need someone
to moderate our meeting. iloflilQl-11 Oil..of>
oo10CH f"7.""il-A1 ilm- .l'iloi.A~'iA
2. llilllil A.P.<:~. During the argument, he
moderated his views. OhCh-1- "l.fL
1 llilllil A.<'.<:~
"'"o-
moderat e (n.) OPtJhll'f fll'~
The radicals got many of the moderates to
follow them. 1-&-"7}('1l 0.?"111:11 t.il-1-.1'
f:Jo'fm- ooohll'l'l- fll'l'-'1- l\1-'l.h-1-~'1'
..,. 'M<:?-
moderate (adj.)
I. oomH'. He is a moderate drinker. ""m~'1
mm. ~m-
He has a moderate income and cannot afford
to buy a house. 111. oPm)o;;: lU\ll")o R.
'1- 1\00"1~'1- Af.l-A'r
2. oulJ:hit~. His political views are moderate.
f.?"ll-1:11 Ail-1-.l'foJ> ool1h11"1 ~..,.
3. llilllil .I'll. He wrote a moderate reply to
my angry letter. 01S'..'I- IIK'i'h-'1- .l'.ofi'IIL
llilllil .I'll oPA.il lid.
4 . .<'.~<;. Wheat is sold today at moderate
prices. ~.:. i11S'.. 0.<'.~<; 'I':> .elf"'A
He has moderate success as a painter. filP'to/L~
,. ....~... i19" l\lldJo
moderately
moderately
I. 11111111 h.J:-C1. They expected him to give
a fiery speech, but he spoke moderately.
f;JII ' "J"l"IC ' Y!f.C:>A ' ill\tJJo ' hiiOtJJo '
~OC "l"t 11111111 h.J:-Co) 1'<;-iG
2. OODtn'i-. He drank moderately. ooom').' tn"l
He acted moderately. '1-ih'l-'i' hllf
moderating
The UN exercises a moderating influence in
world affairs. f1-QO~'I- OD"J"IP':J-'1- .J:-C"/5
'1- 0~119" ?-JII'":Y. IIY. h"J!f. 11"7"11\.
IJ''l" Y.w&-A
moderation ( = verbal noun) oooom")
Moderation is necessary in eating. hflltA1
ODtn"J ' YIILA:>A
practice moderation ODm)'
People who are too fat must practice modera-
tion in what they eat. flt1J9'" m~&-,.. fiT
'). 0 119':f- 0 f"'/.OD1!1-'J-"J 0 ODODtn"J 0 hl\q'f'tJJo
with moderation ooom).
Eat and drink with moderation! flODm). 111\
tn"l
moderator ftJJof.f.'l- oo&
The moderator kept the two men from be-
coming very angry at each other. rm-~1-1: oP
& 11-11_, (l9':f- h"J'If."7G~ h!f.G1
modern Hou'i'' 1 fHOD"J
The university gives courses in modem
languages. l'tliC{l.ttJJo fHDD'i'' II/"JII/9':Y.
'1-II"IIC'I- f.(l"'A
Television is a modern invention. i:A.'ii.!fr1. H
OD'i" ' 'i'AM ' ~ ....
Schools should adapt their curriculum to
modem needs. '1-II"IIC'I- IL-I':Y. P'C~1'
'1-ll"IIC_,"J hHOO'). '1'111'1- :>C "7&-00.J:"
hM'I'tJJo
modernization Hoo'i"C P"A"'t
Ethiopia is making great strides in moderni-
zation. h.'l-1'-t;Y OHOD'i'' P'A"'~ ;J-11:,0
hC9"!i' 0"7.J:"G"l llf. ~:f.
modernize
1. HOO'i"'f! hi.L..1. We must modernize our
house. IL;J-:f-"J"J H""'i'' "7.J:"G"/ hllil"J
2. h'lf'lfll. We must modernize English spell-
ing. fh "t"lll_11'1"t II'ihL'I- "7'/f'/fA hllil"J
modest
I. '1-m.'l-. She's a very modest person. 0"19"
'1-m.'l- ' lltJJo ' 'i''l-
805 molar
2. aom~'i'. Though his income is modest, he
dresses well. 1fl.tJJo ""tn~'1 fl.II'"J9" hl\qR
f'\-I~I)Q)o
3. Mil Yll. He lives in a modest little house.
M(l q11:Y. IL~ tJJoil'l' f.'l"&-A
mQdesty '1-ih'l-'i'
Everyone likes her modesty. 11-11-9" '1-ih'l-'i'
'l"t .em'IA
modify (modified)
I. 1\mtn. Having learned the facts, he modified
his opinion. htJJo~1''1tJJo"J ~1C 1Jm4' 0:\
II hii1-Yf_,"J 1\mtn
2. h 'If 'IfII. The judge modified the jail sentence.
oo .l;';'tJJo ' fh(l&o.,., ' :,0"1'1- ' h'lf'lfll
We must modify our requirements for ad-
mission to the university to meet the new
situation. h'lii-"J 11-~;J- 1\00II/11/9" lll'tii'
C{l.t OD"/IU' f1-!f.~11tJJo"J !!."til "7
'lf'lfA hllil"J
3. 11111. In the phrase 'old man', the adjective
'old' modifies the noun 'man'. 11"7"11\. (I
lD- I flD7.,fllD" I l'h~""' I aJ-{l'f' I (( 1i"7'1/l. )) I
f"''.lltJJo :,OwA n,. f"''.lltJJo"t !19" .e
1AKA
modulate
I. h!I1'1Jhll. The cantor wants to modulate
the hymn. 11-4' ""Hil"&o'i- ll"7tJJo"J 11"7!11-IJ
hA Y.LA;>A
2. hl\(11\(l. He modulated his tone considerably
when he discovered that it was the minister,
and not the secretary, who was on the phone.
OIIAh f"'/.Y~;>"/GtJJo 1\...LtJJo llf.IJ'~
"''.t(l'J-~ ODIJ''i''l'tJJo"J qm4' 'l,ll s:-9"9-
"J R"'!l" hl\(11\(l
moist hC'I'il
The ground is moist. out-if ~c....O )m-
moisten hGmO
He moistened his lips and went on talking.
h"JL~"J hC'I'(l "J"l"l~"J 4'tnl\
moisture
1. CTfl+. Themoistureintheaircauses mildew.
YfC ' C'I'O'I- ' OD'/f1'1-"t ' f.L'I'&-A
2. ..,..,. . The heaviness of the air iS due to
moisture. Yf~ hqs:-~'1- h1-'i- f1'~"1
~ ....
molar, ~ tooth OD"J;>;>
My brother does not have his molar teeth yet.
f~ m"J.J:-9" 1'i' ao"J;>:> hllm"l9"
 mold
mold (v.)
I. 'l"llA P'&-. He will mold the head in clay
before he makes the statue. .hiD-A-1>1 h""P'
&-1> fld.'l- f&-ll 'l"llA hiOJ'I f.P'&-A
2. hl..,.. His father's discipline molded his
character. ,l'q-1> 1\,1',1'11 mqf."t ht..,.m-
3. oo&-. His speeches were intended to mold
public opinion. "t"MC''6 f.1.1111"t hili",I'
f'l- 11""'1"6-'l- f;Noll- ~fl<-
mold (n.)
I. :1'11.11. When he poured the metal in the
mold, it cracked. 11l.-l>"t :1'11.11 'If. 11.,1'
l.o"tm- _,.Mtn_,.
2. :JocK" "'/ID-""l. You can use this mold for
the cake. f.ll"t llh.h- :JocK- "'lm-""l "'"'""'
'l"fi'I-
There was a layer of mold on the cheese.
hf.ll- lf1'1- 11-C'fl;f-A
*The son is formed in his father's mold.
A)!'!Lm- 1\q-f:"t 4tC'I' ~,.
molding hl.'i'
The moldings around the windows of this
room are made of wood. fH.II hi:A oPil
""" ' hl.t.':l- ' hb"tta'l- ' f.,..,<- .,,.,,.
(be) moldy lf11"
Since the bread is moldy, throw it away. J.l(lm-
lllllf11" tiJ/ItD-
mole'i'AI.A
The mole heaped up the dug-out earth. 'i'AI.
II- hl.<-1 .,.AII-;1-A
have a mole '"lCYtJD ftool-m-
She has a mole on her cheek. 1-"t"il. '1,1'. "'I
C,l''l" 11"'1;f-11:f.
molest
I. hflltta. The child molested her older sister.
A7&: ;f-'I:J> h'l:t"t hflltta!l''l-
2. ~n~n. The beggars molested the tourists.
11"'1'1''6 h1C 'l-fl"l"'6"t ~H~H-'P'I'ID-
molllfy (mollified)
I. }\qfl/1. She mollifed the crying child.
f"t,,'II:J>Ilm-1 A)!' 1\qflll:f.m-
2. .,.~ll. He mollified his demands after he
understood the situation. rJok:f"8Jo'l h+-':
0:\'1 ,l'lli.A1~A f"''.IIID-"t ~1C _,.)(!
molten.
I. h.,.llm 11l.'l- f"''.P'&-. A molten statue
was worshipped by idol worshippers. h.,.llm
806 moment
11l.'l- f"''."'&- .hiD-A'!- "'P'I- fl"t..'""A
11- lll"l- Y.ll.J:-11'1- ~oc
2. ,.,..,.lim. The molten metal cracked the
mold. ,.,..,.1\mm- 11l.'l- :1'11.11-"t llflt.m-
moment
1. "LtL. At that moment, there was no one
around. 011.,1'1 1.11. flhl)qfl.m- "'11'1"
(tm- 1\A~Ol.'/"
2. 61\-l-. The moment of her arrival was a
happy one. hil. f'l"'l-"""10'1- bil-l- ff..ll;f-
-r.n. ~oc
a moment
I. '!-"til. Wait a moment! '!-"til ~f.
2. 11'1'4:'1- 1.11.. He stood on the doorsill
a moment. A-rot+ 1..U 1..4c ",e. .foP
a moment ago h'l'-t+ 1..tL OA.-1-
He was here a moment ago. h"l'cf:-1- 1..tL 0
"'"" hri..IJ ~Ill.
at a moment's notice Bflh;f-IDcf!f 1 A"t..l'.T(I
mOJo IIDJl.f'OJ-).
Be ready to leave at a moment's notice!
"'lil;f-OJ4:,1' ' 1\"tf...,.lltniJ ' OJJI.,I'ID-). ~~-~
"1'1- ' 1-H:>)!'
at any moment
I. hv-1 ltv-1. He was afraid he would
~ be captured at any moment. J\rl""t 1 ltrl""t 1 +
,1'1111- 1\,1'11 f.fll."l"l ~fiC
2. 1\o-1. He will come at any moment.
hv-1.1'-"""'A
3. '1"1 1.11.'1". This wall is so weak that it may
go at any moment. ..,X""'~Jim- 1 AlA boorr
). f-1-~"1 '1"1 1.11.'1" II..I.Cil f.:f.'IA
at the last moment "1'4:...,. (l.+~m-
He arrived at the last moment. '1'4:'1- ll...,.l.
tiJa I ODIJ)
at the moment i\!t.tLOJ- ! hl1-"t
At the moment, I can't give you any further
information. A1.tLtiJa 1 fr"fl"l'U 1 +"'-"7,t 1 ,..,
ill.ll' fii'S'I"
At the moment, our friendship is somewhat
strained. hv-1 'if..'f);f-:f'"t '!-"til lfha:A
for a moment ll"1'4:T 1..1
A bright light blinded him for a moment.
11'1-IJ 11CI'"t 11'1'4:'1- 1.11. 'if.)."t hllllm-
great moment ;h\.:,.. 1'"6~~
The Emperor's return was a great moment in
Ethiopia's history. n . . .IP I ~1P"-IJ I 00001\fl I 0
h.'l-f"k,l' ' ;f-&h ID-il'l' ;f-'I:J> 'l"b&-'i' ~fiC
momentarily
(be of) great moment ;1-1\:j.H hl\fD'
This decision was of great moment. .eu
,..~ :f'~:j>~.'fo Yll.,. ~oc
important moment, be an """ h'f:-t;;: (l;:f"
'"
His presentation at the court was an important
moment of his life. IL.,. OD't"'l"'l- ou:j>t;
11- oa..ew., ,.11.,. h'i'.,.'i' ll:f' fYH
~.,.
In a few moments ll'l.t: }\'j:.:J"
It was all over in a few moments. fl'l.(- h
'i';f' ' hll+
in a moment
I. hoo:j>K"O"'. In a moment, all was changed.
hoo:j>K"O.'fo 11'11-'l" ~~c .,.1\wm
2. h!Jo't. I'll give you your change in a mo-
ment. hrJo't DD&\IIU't llll'I'7111Jo
just a moment h1Y.. : .J.e
Just a moment, please; I am on the phone.
h'tl'. /Jf. 11&\h f."lf:YIIrJo
Just this moment hll-1' r 1'1
I have just this moment heard the news.
BJi'..aJo1' I }UJo"J ~ 1lJ' I ODil"''rf: I ~(l)o
not for a moment LYt'fP
Have you thought of doing it yourself? Not
for a moment! ~lUJ A."f-tPt-CDo hllOU
~oc ? LK"'l" 1
of moment h'i: = fit
The President is busy on a matter of moment.
"l' &.H.-'I't-1> h'i' Yfl '1--'lf. ~f. <;'l'fD'
the moment Ah ll1'~ + perfect
I started the moment your letter arrived.
&\h ~11-'IILU ll't~t:ll~ T~"fiJo
[See also 'crucial, lucid, only, precise, spur,
unguarded, very']
momentarily
I. fl'l'-1:'1- ~-t:J> I 11'1'-I:T '1.11.. I saw him
momentarily between two classes. Ou-AT 1 h
'I'll ' 'I.II.YT ' ODfh&\ ' 11'1'-I:T ' 1.-t:J> ' hfiJoT
The luminous room blinded him momentarily.
11Cfi fOqO.'fo ll'i'&\ ' 11'1'-t.'fo '1.11. 't
f.jo.'t ' h{)a>t;fJJ'
2. Of1.H.aJo. The danger of fire is increasing
momentarily. fll{).'fo h~;J Of'l,ll.fD' llf
Q{l ' f.~-'1&\
3. A"LH.QJo. I am momentarily out of cash.
ll'l,ll.fD' '1'&. ~'tH11 fll~'l"
*We are expecting the doctor momentarily.
thh.,.,. I OD9"18Jo I ~(Do.
807 money
momentary,
~ I. ( ~ adv.) 11'1'-t'l- '1.11.. There was a mo-
mentary silence in the room. i\"1'4::,. r "LtL 0
h'i'tr ,.11.,. K'l':f' ~oc
2. ( ~ adv.) O.l:"'t~T. They live in fear of
momentary annihilation. 0~11+ r 7t.'iA~Il1 r
0"'1.&\ 'i'C?.'fo f-'1"&11-
momentous h~j:. Ylt
The opening of the Koka dam was a momen-
tous occasion. f.f? "7.(;-ofl. oubLT htt: y
fl O't&\ ~oc
momentum, gain
I. l\Yfll ~~. The campaign to make him
President gained momentum. 'Aft-1 T ~HA1
'1- 11"'/.l:"t:"' f"'l.~t:~,. '1-"'A l\Yfll ~~
2. '1''1'~'1- llf""""t: ~~- A falling object
gains momentum as it falls. 1\1: ~"lC f\_m
.(":j> llllh.YC'i' .l:"t:ll 'i''I'~T llf""""~
f.~-'1&\
monarch ,..,..lP ~1P"-l-
Haile Sellassie First is an Ethiopian monarch.
4>-'1"'1' "1f.ll l"~ll. fh..'fof"kY 't'l-"'
~~1"'1- ' ""'""
monarchy (monarchies) 't'l-"1' h~WII
Monarchy was established in Ethiopia centuries
ago. Oh..'fof"kY fD'Il'l' 't'l-"1' h~q11 f.,.!l:
*"""" h-ort- .,..,. 't"":f''~- o.r.'l- ~..,.
monastery (monasteries) ~-'1'1" (pl. ~-'1"'/'1-)
There are many monasteries in Ethiopia.
h.'l-f"kY ' fD'Il'l' 1111- ~-'1"'/'1- htr
monastic h-'1'1" 1 foo~ho{).'fo
He lives a monastic life. f~-'1'1" (foo~h-4'1-)
jo.f!' wr &-A
Monday ll"if'
monetary f~'tH11
The dollar is the monetary unit of the U.S.A.
-tiC ' fh"'L&tt f1'tH11 """"m&Y ~..,.
*The old car has little monetary value. hC"''.tD-
ouh,<; ' 'l"'t'l" ' YU&\ hYa>"''l"
money 1'tH11
I'm losing money on that deal. RH.Y 't"'.l:"
1'tH11 llhll&-1111'
make money 1'lH-fl r h1"f ! 1'lH11 h+~L
I have to make money on this job. OH.tJ F
&- 1'tH11 "'1"11'1- hl\11~
moneylender 808 month

He made a lot of money on the sale of the monophysitism f-1-'l'ihP. Vf."'l'l"."f-

house. IL1>"t o\.lf'l' illl- 1"tHofl 1\1-1:4. Monophysitism was accepted by Ethiopians in
put some money down +11~ hL" the fourth century. f-1-'l'ihP. Vf."'l'l"."f- mY.
You have to put some money down on this car. 1\.."f-Nr.r rt&-1-'i'.,. h'i!/1 Hou"t 1<1
/111.11 ' OOh.'\" o +ii.J:- ' ooh&.A ' 1\/lilll monopolize
[See also 'close, expenditures, free, lose, I. hm:J-11- llil!l'm- .I'H. The company seeks
magnanimous, ready, roll, sum, tight, worth'] to monopolize the coffee market. h-ll"JYtD- r
moneylender 1"tHil 1\0'1<1 IK"m-"t 10.1' hm:J-11- lloflil'tJ>o /IOU.1'
I need money, so I'm going to the moneylender. 11 f.4.1A:>A
1"tHofl llll"''...'lld.A1'S mY. 1'tHil hO 2. ilil'm-"t .I'H. He is always monopolizing the
'l<ltJ>o ll.~/111- conversation. fJoA 1.tL mt.av) 1l;J!m--'1 ~~
H'I'A
money order m'l''l
Can I buy a money order at the post office? monopoly 'l"'l"?"A
h?"ll;l' IL-l> m'l''l A1q ll.:f'l/111- l In some countries, tobacco is a government
monopoly. <l"t'I'I.J:- ' h1C':f ."f-11"<111' fou"t
monitor (v.) mAG: 1\Jioum "IF."f- ' 'l"'l"?"A ' ~fl>o
The police are monitoring the telephone calls
of all suspects. ?"ll.fo:f f-1-mC"'&l":f"t IIA
monotheism <l"t.J:" l'lll"'lh "'IOD"t
ll'T u.tr me\L(I)o OIP/JlODT It~ 'i:fiD"
Christians and Moslems prefer monotheism
to polytheism. hcllt.l''l":f'i' li.M'I":f hofl
monitor (n.) 1\II:J" l fh'i!A 1\/I:J- II- 1\"'IAh."f- f.A:J> <l"t.J:- l'lll"'lh "'I
The best student was appointed monitor of his OD'}"J I ~ODCtrJ/r
class. hu-11- f-1-ll'/lfl>o 1-"'1& fh<i!A hll
monotonous
:J> IT'f +oo~m
I. f"''..l'flll:f. Life in a small village is monot-
The monitor set the children against the new-
onous. T"fli oo"} F.C m-n-r oo"f'c fO?..f
..,..... A., .
comer. fh'i!A 1\/I:J"fl>o A.)('li"t l'l.ll.ll nou
'If. h<\f..OD
(1/l:f ~ ....
2. fTh. His speech is monotonous. 'J"'I""l<-
monk ou~w-1!. f'l'h. ~ ....
The monks always pray during a fast. ou~tf-(1. r be monotonous It~"} (l{llf
01<11" 1.11. 1111-."f- .rnm."f-&.A The landscape in the lowlands is monotonous.
monkey (v.), - around with
O.fltm- I h1C I fllOJo I roo&+ I "IX' I ltf."J I
~~~~~
f.Mii'A
Stop monkeying around with those tools!
Mll.ll"t OO"f<l.l'l":f 1\."f-~IJIJ monster
I. 1-.J:-. A five-legged calf is a monster.
monkey (n.) 11"tl':C' hll"il."f- li."/C .1'/lm- 'J')f 1-.J:- ~m-
The monkeys destroyed the wheat. 11"t)';C'l" 2. "fJ"&,:,.. He painted a picture of Satan in the
'li l\1111-"t 1\mf. form of a horrible monster. (lf."''l"t 1\ilU
'1"&-:J. 1\{lOD{l/1- ' "f/ltJ>o
monogamy
*Most religions preach monogamy. h11Jf~=ti '/ 3. TCD-'1-'1~ ft\.ltm- tu~oo~. He is a monster
f."'l'l".f.:f 1\"t.J:- m"t.J:- IJ"t.J:- 1\."f- f"''.llfl>o of cruelty. fl'l"IJ~m- 1-m'l'l<l f/1./lfl>o
1\~-~ ~tJ)o
"t .l'll-1-11"&.11-
monstrous
monolithic boll'l''f f-1-4.114./1 1. fl11J9" 1 J\(1..4"-J!. He committed a monstrous
There are monolithic churches in Lalibela. crime. 0"111" 1\(1?4: fll'~ m"t)';A 4.11""
0'111.0'1 m-il'l' holl'l''f f-1-4.114.11- IL-l- 2. ou~:,.. The public debt is monstrous.
hCilt.l''l":f 1\11- f'OD')""Ip-'-fl I t)~ I 00~:,.. I ~(J)o

monologue, deliver a - ilil'fl>o"t 1-'\"1~ month (n.) me

The aCtor delivered a monologue. ..,_.,..,_ 11 I earn a hundred dollars a month. omc' oP.fo
if'm-"t 1-'\"1~ -oc l'l1'i'11u-
monthly 809 mop

monthly (n.) nfm-1- f"'l.m"' :>rt."'
He writes for a monthly. Ofm~ 1\"Y..WtiJ r
:>rt."' ' lt....'i! }'H;>)fllt.
monthly (adj.)
1. fmC. If you miss one monthly payment,
they won't complain. f"}Y; 1 me hlf:l
11'1-HIIt. hf,Q;J,-"'""-IU19"
2. ( ~ adv.) Rfm-1-. You can pay the amount
in monthly installments. th.ltfl""J Ofm"" 7-.
fhol.llt.ll llt.'l-..,Cll '1-:fl\IIU
3. ( ~ adv.) nmc. His monthly salary is $500.
,...,..,. nmc h9"ll+ .....,. 11c ~"'"
[See also 'popular')
monument
1. dtm-AT. A monument to Menilek was
erected in the city. fM. 9"tllt.ll dttD-IIt.+
flh1-"1tD- ID"il'l' ' -!'".tilt.
2. :1"1\<l- :t-cl'l. Homer's works are monuments
of Greek culture. flfODC lt,..G::f II"Ml>
:r- '1U11t. ,..~:,. :J>cii:Y.. ""'"'"
3. :J>cll. The Egyptian pyramids are pro-
digious monuments. f"111lt "C&-"'l.P.:Y.. f"'l.
Yllt."l.,. :J>cii:Y.. ""'"'"
monumental ;J-~:J>
Building a bridge is a monumental task. Y:AY:
f, ODF&-+ ;J-~:J> F&- ' ~ID"
since she lost her job. hF&-'1' h-1-il"fl-1-:Y..
DJ'I.U 1111..., lf ..ll:f
moon (v.), - about fldt<\11 '1'1111
She was mooning about all day. fldt<\11 II+
'l'llt.llt. 'I'II:Y..
moon (n.) ""l:-"'
The moon appeared today. tft. "'-l...+ m.,.
:f'II:Y..
fLJII moon oo-& ' Q;~.l,ft'
Is there a full moon tonight? tf4'- oo-tr ,;u.
<:-"' .rm..,II:Y.. ?
new moon
*We can see the stars better during the new
moon. ""<:-"' fl9"+miiY:fl+ m:J>+ ll'l'
1111+ 111."111 ' f,;f'f. ..llt.
once in a blue moon hi'ttJT h'lJ.'..
He visits me once in a blue moon. bin:,. 1 h'l
J'.. ll.mf,-1'~ f,OD"'ilt.
moonless
*It is a moonless night tonight. ID.t:,,.+ If&.
hllt.m"l:f-9"
moonlight f""l:-"' 11CV"I
The garden is beautiful in the moonlight.
fl""<:-"' 11CV"I }''1-hllt.-1< (l;f' J'.ll
.r.~llt.

mood H:f' moonstruck

In his present mood, you better not speak to He acts moonstruck. mLIJ! Yl..l-1111- ~oull
him. hll-"1 '11111+ o-~;J-m- 'l;f'~:>"l<:m- .r. ~lit.

lf~llt.
moor (v.) hill!' h"""
moods o-~;t- The sailor moored the ship to the shore with
His moods change from time to time. &).;f"m- a thick rope. onclJfl'i'm- ""Ch!l"I flm'i!&-
flf1.rt.m- f,II'I'DJ"'ilt. 9" ~""Y: 'l.ft-1- .IIC!J' ~f, hill!' h
be in a bad mood J'.ll h~ll(tD-9") -11"1+
Don't talk to hiffi now;-heis in a bad mood. moot hh&-IJ<I l OD/It.il f"1f,~~11+
ho-"1 h;f'~:>"ll:tD- I J'.ll h~lltD-9"
Which one of the two started the war is a moot
be in a sood mood point. ho-11-1< tnC~-1<"1 f~ODl:tD- "1"1 ~
He is in a good mood. J'.ll J'.ll 1111-;f'llt.
be In the mood for hll'f(ID")
'I',., .
"'" ' f"'l.lltD- hh&-1)6 ~"'"
Whether the Germans would have surrendered
+rm not in ihe mood for that. Y"l"l "1Y:<:"I had Hitler died in 1944 is a moot question.
Mfl'f~ll" 'i.+IIC ' flliif\lii 't.9". fl'l"or ' 'l'l!' ' ~COD'l'
+J'm not in the mood for laughing . ..,:,. h~(l'f :r- h)f'fm-"1 .r.hm- ~nc "111-1- oollt.ll
~9" f"1f,~~ll+ ' .,.,., ' ~"'"
[See also 'ebullient, wayward']
mop (mopped), v.
(be) moody 1. mAmA. I have to mop the floor. mi\A-'1 oo
1. +LL. He is a very moody.person. o-A"l.tl. mllt.mllt. hll11~
h"IJ'.-I'ol.ol.tD- ~.,. 2. m<:~. He mopped his forehead with a
2. 1111= If~. She has been moody ever handkerchief. "1"1'1-1-"1 floPdtl:11 m<:~
 mop
mop up 11:1'.,..,..
The soldiers are mopping up the scattered
enemy units. fTO;f-Tl-+1- rm~'l- 'lP.:Y.
tD;f-S'.C"'Il 0001\:J'.,.,. ~,. ,.,..,.
mop (n.) oomAmY
She swept the floor with the mop. tJJI\11-1- ooo
tDI!\tDY tDI\tDII:Y.m-
mope :,Oc 1\ll(m-)
He moped indoors all day. -f>l-1 -11- :,Oc
1111-'1- l\11.'1- 'I'll
moral (n.) 'i'.tl. )~C
And the moral of the story is this .... f;f-&h-
'i'.tl. ' )~C ' Y.1i.m- ' )D>-
morals "111<: ~ofl l "111<: ~ofi)'I-
He has no morals at all. "111<: ~ofl fl\.1\m-
(UD ~m-
The church condemns corrupt morals. R..,.
hCII-I:YS: m-.r::,O "111<: ~ofi)'J-1 ;1-tD"I'III:Y.
moral (adj.)
!. roo11.11. I need your moral support.
nT1 fOD11.11 .1'::>'1' 1\I.A:>II,.
Our country won a moral victory in the UN.
11~&-:f-1 OTIJO~+ OD1"1P';f-'l- roo11.11 '
.I':A ' T"l-'OY.I.:Y.
2. f"lofl<: ~11. Freely admitting one's guilt and
accepting punishment is a moral act. lf'4-+") 1
l\9"<:' :,0"1'1-1- oo>f>OA f"lofl<: ~ofl _,.
"IIJC ' )D>-
3. O'P4!. Man is a moral being. flaJo O'P-1:
'i'm-C' )D>-
[See also 'value']
morale 'l"&-A
The morale of the troops was excellent.
ftD;f-S'.C"'Il 'l"&-A 0"19" 'I'~' )0C
morality "111<: ~ofl)+ l "111<: ~ofl ""11'1-
Critics complain that morality is declining in
this country. T'El":Y. RIUJ ll~C D>-11'1' "I
11<: ~11)'1- aoom-y_:,. ~y. , )m- l>YII-
f"''C&-11-
They argued about the morality of dancing on
Sunday. 1\m..l': 1\m..l': ooS'.)II "111<: ~ofl
111\0DIJ'l- Th&-h~
morally 0"111<: ~ofi)'J- Oil-A
What he did was morally wrong. l\1\- YS'.<:~
m- 0"111<: ~ofi)'J- Oh-A llihT'I- )0C
live morally ~oflt:: 1-R~+ )flt:aJo
Because he lived morally, he gained the respect
810 more
of his neighbors. "111<: ~ofiH 111\)0<:m-
f"l-<:11.-r-l-1- l\h-fl<:+ l>T<:I.
morass, turn into a - h"'-+f
Heavy rain turned the highway into a morass.
hfJ.I': ' 11'09" ' 1\tD-&- 1-.ll'OD>-1 ' 1\ ....,.,....
morbid 1\llh.C.
He thinks morbid thoughts. m0\11- ,.11-
1\llh.C. ' )D>-
more (adj.) TIA"''&
He is asking for more money . .,....,...,& ~1H
ofl f,I.A:>A
I need more men to help me. f"''.<:.ll.~ .,....,
"''& lll":Y. 1\I.A:>II,.
more (adv.) OY.OA'I'
Be more careful in the future! llm1..U 1 0.&
OA'I' Ttn14':,0
more or less
I. h'l"~ 1-S'.A. I believe that report is more
or less true. Y &?"'C'I- h'l"~ 1-S'.A +h
h/1 ... o f,OD/11\ ...A
2. Y.ofl'f ' Y,)ll. All the offices on the first
floor are more or less like this. 09"'-'!"C 1 O.T =
f"'1.~1'+ ' ll'ihl.'l- ' n.-r-:Y. ' f,ofl'f ' Y,)ll ' l\1-
S'.II.Il Yll- <;'fm-
more than
I. h--- O~Y.. It's more than a month ago that
I saw him. t,r,.:,. 1}1.1': roc R~Y. II'S:A
There is more than enough. h"''.O:I' O~Y.
l\11
2. h - - Y,l!\:,0. She is more beautiful than my
sister. l>!l. hl\'"11: Y,l!\:,0 ;f-9"&-1\:Y.
3. h --- fOAm. The elevator cannot carry more
than ten persons. l\0\111~ hOP'C lim- f
01\tn ' 1\Y.llll"
more than once lt'l.l!" 1 'lolL 1 flit.& j lt'l'.e..r
,.111:
King Theodore defeated Ras Ali more than
once. l\~ 1:l".I':<!"II &-II '\II.1 1}1 .1': "1.
11, o~.e (1}1-.<'.11" ,.111:) .r:A 1\S'.<:'l'fm-
as many more RTta"''& J'1). YIIA
You gave me ten apples. I should like as many
more. OP'C -toof. II'I'T1i ...A I RT...,"''& y
1-l- J'IIA 1\I.A:>II,.
get more and more ~OA'l' ' (O.&OAT) "-
r + perfect + 1\Y.
This disease is getting more and more compli-
cated. Y.ll Oii;f- Y.OA'I' MIJIIO'I- Y.\\JIA
Everything is getting more and more expensive.
,.11-9" )~C Y.OA'J' 1\fTtDS'.S'. Y.\\JIA
moreover
He got more and more involved in the matter.
fU~~ O~OA.'I' 1-lt'l-~ 1.fll') ~~
tiVe more Q;I.OD~
Give me two more bottles of wine! trll+
c-11 m~'t m)!' ""?"CA.'S
have some more Q;Loo~
Won't you have some more soup? l\"cll 1 h
-l-""?"C?" I
in more h - - - 0:\11
The oranges on this tree will reach maturity
in two more weeks. fltlll 1 lftt: 1\Y. r fir
:,. 11c1:1t'l":Y. h~~o11-r ll?"'t-l- 0:>.11 , ~o
Mil-
no more 9"1-9" + negative verb
I have no more money. 9"1-9" ' 1'lH11
(be) no more 4.i:c\
The house I lived in is no more. f'l"Cil-0-l-
fl.-l- Lt:il
no more of
No more of that, please! 1\'t"l'LU "-"'
no more than
*He's no more able to read Chinese than I am.
1\il-?" ' II') ' 1.~ ' il'~'t'l' .,'t011 ' h.'t:fA.?"
not any more
Don't do that any more! 1\'t'I~II?"~U
the more the
*The more he spoke, the madder he got.
0-t-..-~.:
4l'I'C 'tS'.oJ: 1.fQiiO-l- ~~
the more the more
*The more I give him, the more he wants.
Oilm~~o-l- 4l'I'C ~OA.'I' 1\'t~ilmfDo ~L
A.;JA.
what more btltl 1 01\Y. 1 9"'l
What more do you want? htttl 01\f. 'r
't -l-LA.;JIIU I
[See also 'any, even, hardly, nothing, often,
once, what']
moreover hH.U?" 011~
Moreover, he talks a lot. hH.U?" 011~ ~II
LA. 'I-A
*He is fat; moreover, he is short. mlf:&-,.. h
""ll'l>-?" ' 011~ h."f}'C )fDo
moribund, be ~ 1\fof>.: ~~
Astrology is moribund as a science. rh~h11
r 'll.m&. ... ~'til)1: M+.: ~~A
morning
I. IJI.-l-. He slept all morning. IJI.1:'t oo-11-
-t-'1.f ' h..:~
811 mortal
Yesterday morning I came to see him. :,...-:,.
.,. IJI.-l- Am~.,.,.. ""'l''li tnc
2. +'l. A few mornings ago, birds were
1 m hopping about in my garden. h'l'-1:-l- +'l""f
n.t.-r m,;::Y. nh.-l-hA-l- fl:J'\L fDoil'l' m-
11 m-11 il..ll- toe
early morningiP/IlJI
He gets up in the early morning. 0.,11'1 ~)
"lA
good mornlngll\'t~?"'t h.~Ch I (2nd masc.
sg.)
in the morning hours ql...-,. 1 q1.:,.
I like to work in the morning hours. q1.:,. fll.
:,. ' ""p> &.-l- ' 1\fD'III!Jo
r/1.~9" the following morning fl"7..,P'-k 1 q1.:,.
They made all the necessary arrangements to
leave the following morning. OIP/..,P'it tp.
-l- II""~~ h.iiLII1.fDo't 11"1).!'-l- 11-11-
h.~.:...
the next morning 001/..,P'-k
He came in the next morning with a smile on
his face. 0.,"/1"1: LoJ:'t L ~., h.~C1 ~q
this morning If&. ttl.+
There was a lot to do this morning. If&. tP.+ 1
1111- P&. tnc
[See also 'thing']
morning star .f''l'fi.J' l>h11
Can you see the morning star? ,.f'l"flJ' llh1l
~;J'J'.YA. I
(be) morose h'i-(fDo)
+He is morose because he lost his job. h.F'&-m-
illlfD"' ' h'i'.f:J'A.
morphology 1\CQ:J'
The morphology of the Amharic verb is very
difficult. q.,c'l' Mil 1\CQ:J' 0"1?" .f'il'l'
"/&.A
morrow, on the ~ )11 00);JfDo
I will see him on the morrow. \-1; J\1l'fl\u-
Some say a red sunset imports a fair day on
the morrow. B.h~ 11-l-mA.:,O ~?" ""ll"il
!1. ' 00);JfDo ' f11&. ' +'t ' 1\'t~"'LII''t ' .f'
oollh;J'A. ~QIIA.
morsel, ~ of food 4l&.1i
I haven't had a morsel of food since I left the
house. hfl.-l- hfD"'!Jo 4l&.1i?" h.II~T!Jo
mortal (n.) 1-&. (lfDo
Entry into the holy of holies is not for
mortality 812 most

ordinary mortals. ~.1:-11+ ~JI.lt') ,.11'1' mortar fire fh'l'i'~ +tt-11

.,...,q-r ' f"t.L<I>.I'. .... ' l\"7')':'tD-I'" ' +<~- ' {I Mortar fire held up our advance. fh'l'i'k +
.... ' hY..I'.I\1"" tt-11 m.r..L't- t.')'1')14- h.l'.<:n
mortal (adj.) mortgage (v.) hiiYH
I. ":/.'f. Man is mortal. {ltD- ":/.'f ~ .... He mortgaged his property in order to get
2. h'l"'l- f"Y.J'.I'.CII. His injuries proved mortal. money for a car. 1\oPh.'i" _..,,_ ?1flil
"1-'1-1> h'l"'l- f"Y.J'.I'.CII rJ''l' +1'f l\"7"1'f't- I'I.A ')iJ-1>') hiiYH
3. hQ.I:'. Only God can forgive mortal sins.
hQ.I:' :>m.h-1-') Y.~C QY. h"'ll.hilm.C mortgage (n.) oo Y'lf" l ml\.1:' h"'.l:'
iJlJ' I ~ .... The estate is encumbered with mortgages.
4. iiC:f- fll7,..1llm-. They are mortal enemies. Cll-1> ooy..,- +1'1'1';1:/A
fiC~ I f"7Y.1Q'ftD- I t111\1''f I 'i"'ftJJo I have a mortgage on his house. 11.-!>') Rml\
5. f(lm-. We all have mortal weaknesses. .(- ' h"'.l:' ' F-11:'1'1\IJo
IJol\'f')l'"f{ltJJo I J'.IJ"7~'1- I hl\iJ')
I
mortify (mortified) h,_lt'lr.ll
6. ( ~ adv.) f'l"'l- YUIA. The people live in
He mortified his body in order to find salvation.
mortal fear of the nearby volcano. l'll"'ll 1 Rh 1\.l\.(-~ 0 hllil I {1 ....~-j.') I h,.lt'lr.l\
IJqn.y'fm- I Yl\tD-') I hit+ I 1'1"&- I f'l"'l- I
YUIA I hf.L-1-'1- I Y.'l'<l-11- be mortified R"'l'" h.L<:
I was mortified by my son's rude behavior.
mortality RIA:( I i!A"''i" ' R"'l'" ' h.LC!J.
I. "::.'f~'t-. The mortality of man is a subject mosque ooii1..1:'
of many philosophers. f{ltD- 1 ":/.'f~'t- 1 filii- 1 Muslims go to the mosque every Friday .
.f.l\llof.l"'f I Ch{l I ~1C I ~ .... hM'I"'f 'tCil 'tCil 1 m.r. 1 oo111..1:- Y.lt'lll-
2. f"Y.'I"-1> 1 l'll"'f. The high rate of mortality
has been reduced by modem medicine. mosquito fmq 't-')'1
f"Y.'I"-1>'1- I (ll"'f ' <I:'J'C ' qt~, ' RHOO'i"'l! I 00 We were all bitten up by the mosquitos.
.1:-:>t-1- +.J>')IJ.IA ~Jo'l:f')l'" Rmq .'J-')'1 +~.1'.<;:')
*The epidemic had a high rate of mortality. [See also 'net']
m<:c111' 1 Rill!- 1 f"t 'II. me 1 ob11il .L'Jf. moss
infant mortality fD?. ,.."= ih.''i"+ !. f.I'.')"J.Y 11R't-. He scraped the moss from
The infant mortality rate has been going down. the rock. f.I'.')"J.Y 11R'I- h.I:'')"J.YID- 1\Y.
f"t '1"-1> ' obt'i"'t- ' <I:'J'C I 11~ I Wll I It 4-<1>
.I;..lA 2. h<:')'l.l'.. The stagnant water was covered
with moss. fl:;>ID-') ,.:> h<:')'l.l'. lf<;:'l'
mortally hAil ;t-IA
The soldiers were mortally grieved by the
death of their general. m;t-.I'.C''Il R:(k&-1\'f most R"'l'"
....*HeIwas00.,.,. ' hiAil ' hH't-
mortally wounded. RK"'t- 1111'11.1'111
The talk was most interesting. .,..,..,.;.. OlfJ
II" hll.l'.lt'f 1 ~Rc
The music pleased me most. oo-tt..4'm- ntJJ
hiA+<:.LI'"
II" ' hll.l'.l'l+'1
be mortally offended h')'Jf..-1> +'lr.<:m *She received us most kindly. oPAltfD 11.+
He was mortally offended when she refused QRIA h.1'.<:1'fiA')
to speak to him. hi\~;>"'CIII'" Ql\";ftD- 1.
most certainly 00"1'1'
H. h')'Jf..-1> +'lr.<:m
I will most certainly go. RC"''I' hlt'IIIIJo
mortar most everybody Jtofllf~=li
1. oo-+AJ.. She ground the spices in a mortar. Most everybody has gone home. hil~'l'=J; m
~oo....., R.....,.""l m.J>m'f .l'.fll.;t-'ftD- lt.I'.'I'IA
2. 1'1."Y.')-1'. The wall is made of stones held most of
together by mortar. "1.1:-"''IID- 1 RI'I."Y.')-1' h k hoflq>;',.') 1.11.. He was ill most of the
+YYH- .1:-'):>f"'f f+w<~- ~,. summer. hR:>m- 1 hiJq>;'ID-') 1.11. 1 :t-'1" ~RC
mostly 813 motion

He is on the road most of the time. h-fl~'i'..,.., mother (v.) h'tS'. ho;+ h'thfJhO
'1.,11. IDS'. t1Jo"J.. Y.'t.P.IA She mothers him all the time. h'tS'. ho;+ v-
2. hofi~'l',;. Most of those present were IA'I..II. :1-'thflhO'I'I\:f
against it. h-M1''1- n,..:f h-fi~'l''li .,.:J>
mother (n.) '-"'~-
tJJoODm-+ ' ~oc
My mother is forty years old. ho;-J: hCIJ 't
3. hofl~'i'tJJo't. He did most of the work. h-fi~
~tJ)o") I ~~I fiP~IIJo I 1._(1.. I )(Do
oP:J: ~liJo

at most tfllf mother-in-law h"'l'l-

At most, the bill will come to twenty dollars. My mother-in-law has much land. hfl71: 11
o.o~ m.llll- 71 -oc O.lf't ~tJJo 11- en+ h~'l'tJJo
at the most ..,4- R.A motherhood ho;+~+
At the most, it's worth ten dollars. 14- O.IA She took the duties of motherhood seriously.
hOP'C oflC O~Y. hftD"''/" ro;+~-~>'t ...,~"-~+ h'l'-fi:J> Yn:f
make the most of fOIJ.~llm-") IUA ..,..m
motherland f'l-tJJoiA~ ' h~C
"'"""'~-
He did not have many opportunities, but he They defended their motherland. MtJJo/A~ h
made the most of those that he had. -fill- b ~6-'FtJJo ' ...h~h/1-
~lA h~~'f'l" I "l't ' f ;JmDDtJJo't ' b~IA '
f"Y.!J'II..,.., fiJIA .,.m.,..,..o+ motherless '-""" f'l".,.:fO+
*She is not really beautiful, but she makes the He is a motherless child. '-""" f'l".,.:fO
'1-IA~~tJJo
most of her looks. 0.,.4.'1'1!' .f>'t]( hY.Y.II:f
'I" 1't IJ~'l- tJJoO'l- rNr O"Y.!J'~'l- motherly rho;+
+m.,."'lll:f A young child needs motherly love. .nn lA
the most ~ fho;'l- <i::J>C Y..f.IA;JIA
I. ho-A-r. This is the most dangerous animal. motherly person h'i".-,..
f.IJ ' hv-11-'1" ' hS'.~'i' ' htJJo<l. ' ~lJ)o She's a motherly person. h!l. ho;+ o;+
2. Y.OIArn-'t. Who did the most work? Y.OIArn-
"J I ~~ I fiP&-aJo I "''"} I ~(J)- l mother tongue fho;+ ,.,.,.
3. hv-11- Y.OIA'l'. This is the most beautiful His mother tongue is Amharic. fho;+ ,.,.,.
chureh I've ever seen. l)f:\'l'tJJo tl..,. hCI'It tJJo h"'IC'i' ~tJJo
y'l":f 11-11- Y.IJ Y.OIA'l' f'/"6-IA
4. -fill-. The pocketbook with the most money
motif 't~"'l
The motif of his book is that crime does not
is hers. -fill- ~'tllofi fl\0'1- IICI'o f!l. ~tJJo
pay. fOOK'dt4-' 't~"'l ' ID't)!IA ' f"'lf.m:J-'1" '
*That's the most I can pay. Ah'i'IA f'l":fll
oPif)."} I OD""Jl\Jt' I tOJo
lJ)o ' h'i'....... 'I';J ' f.IJ ' ~lJ)o
*Do the most you can. f!J'Ah..,.., fiJIA 1"6- motion (v.)
[See also 'far, kindly, part'] I. '1"/Ah'l- l'lm. He motioned for the taxi to
mostly stop. ;1-hr\.tJJo h't'l._,'l" 'I"Ah'l- l'lmtJJo
1. f.flAlll". The audience consisted mostly or 2. m.,.l'l. He motioned me to be quiet.
women. 01'1-fil'lfJtJJo n0<;-'1- Y.OIArn- r\.P. 11'1" h't~IA m.,.I'I'S

:f ' ~"""
2. h-fl~'i'tJJo't '1..11.. He is mostly out on Sun-
motion (n.)
I. oo~:t~:t. The motion of the car made him
days. hofi~'i'..,.., '1..11. hm.~ hm.~ htl.'l- sick. foohStJJo oo~:t~:t hTIIil'llil'tJJo
hf.tJJoiA'/" 2. 't:Joo;o!:. Watch my motions carefully, and
3. 0-filt' (.~~-He's mostly right. 0-filt' (.~ you will see how I do the trick. Aofi ofii\IJ
~ ' '1-hhll'i' ' ~lJ)o f"'IS'.~..,.., "t:to;ol: _,..,..Ah'l-o; h't.<'.'l-
moth fhto+ h&-'1- h~'l. '1-'t"IC-I>'t h'tS'.'I"w&- ;1-fi\IJ
There are many moths flying around the 3. h't:til:J>r\. If a thing is in motion, it is not
lantern. -fill- fhl'o'l- h&-+:f 04-'l'l'l- 11-&f at rest. h't~ ~~c Oh't:J-1'1-"'r\ ~y. hlf
Y.0&-11- ~ hA.,.OD'/" "'111'1- ~IIJo
motionless
4. f.,.<:R m/111. I second the motion to lower
the taxes. :1-hll 1\"M,.,.)II f.,.<:RtJJo"t m
1111 ' l\J'."Iof-1\IJo
be in motion h&\.fOD'/" I ofo"t_,.ll.,.(l
.,....,.
The train was still in motion. Qfl'"- "J'i 1\A.
If a thing is in motion, it is not at rest. h.'lY:
)1C ' R"''."t_,.II.,.IIR."fo 1.n <:"I.Y. h&\.fDD
'I" "'lll."fo )tJJo
zo throuzh the motions llf.'l"{tf;\ ' mll.f
tDJI.U hll
He doesn't really do anything; he just goes
through the motions. llf.'l"l"lA tDII.f roll.
u f.~A ll"t'l[ 'l""t'l" f"''."'<l-"'" m-"'
"'1. ' 1"<1- ' fll'l"
[See also 'circular']
motionless 119" oflf\o>
The lions stood motionless. h"tRj\,; 11'1" 11
/t.IJJoi~OO<'
motion picture ofo"t.,.ll-"''11 4-A'I"
Motion pictures are now being made in
Ethiopia. ofo"t"'ll-"''11 4-A.,.~ hrJo"t Rh.
."fof'toY '-"'<~-~
motivate 14-4-
What motivates him to work so hard? ll"tS'.H.U
m"thC' 11""1"<1-."fo f"7.14-4-tJJo 'l""t.l:')tJJo 1
motive (n.)
I. 'l"h"tY."fo. What was his motive for killing
her? ll!l."t f1S'.IIR."fo 'l"h"tY."fo '1""t )RC 1
2. f"7.14-4-tJJo m/111. His motives are only
too obvious. f"''. 14-4-tJJo m/111 R"IAlt
f"''.:l-tD:,. ' )tJJo
motive (adj.) f"'l"t_,.ll.,.lf
Engines supply motive power. .,.of-C f"'l"t.,.
11_,.11" '1f.A f.l"l"'A
motley (adj.)
I. 'li""t"JoC"I-C. Her motley dress attracts
attention. 'li""t"JoC"JoC A11!l. f(ltJJo '\f."t
f.ilfiA
2. AllAil.Amotley crowd filled the streets.
f;\ \!- ' f;\ \!- ' ih1f11 0 DP"t1JI.") 0 .,.~tiJo
motor .,..,.c
He put a motor in his boat. 11)!&\qtJJo .,..,.
c ' hil1qll."fo
motorcycle .,..,.c ll.ll.h/l.."fo
Many traffic policemen ride motorcycles.
ofllfo ' f."fo<!-4-h ' 7'11."~ ' ....,..,.c ' fi.(Lh/1.
."fof.IJ!~
814 mount
motorize RDPlJ.<; h'I'IH
We have motorized the entire army since
World War I. IJ"tS'.I;'tJJo f'\11'1" ,nc)."fo "'
JI.U ' l"l<!-'1!-l- ' f'/"<;'l"l'HtJJo ' RDPII... ' )tJJo
mottled 'li""t"JoC"I-C
The hyena has a mottled pelt. ~ 'li""t"JoC
...c I .f-'1 I }U\CJ)-
motto """""''
'Think before you speak!' is a good motto.
hoo<;1CU R4.-l- hllofl f"''.lltJJo "I'
~ I ODOD~~ I )dJ-
mouldy, see moldy
mound
I. "Joofi:J-. The mound that we see is undoubted
ly a grave. f'l"<;ftJJo "Joofi:J- Yll "I'C"I'C ""-"'
ofiC )tJJo
2. """'"' I found the book under a mound of
papers. oo~tm4-"t hro.:.,.:,. """'"' P'C
MTrJool-
mount (vt.)
I. .,..,.,.m. Hemountedhishorseand rode off.
ol.<:(lo"t _,._,.'/",.. .:>IIR
2. "'"' He mounted the ladder. ooM~ ~f.
"'"'
Theodore mounted the throne in 1848. h'l -1:
I" .1:'1!'11 tfoof."t ~f. ftDIJlool- R!Sf!'i '\. '1".
)tJJo
3. hll1q, He is mounting photographs in an
album. Rh&\11-'1" tJJoll"l' S:-1'"1.1-'il Vil1q
)tJJo
4. moPS'.. They mounted a gun on the fortress
wall. R-l-A_, '1"'11"1 "1'1"11 ~f. oo.(-'1'
mDPJI.
mount (vi.)
I. ol.<:(lo"t .,..,.,.m. He mounted in haste and
rodeaway.ol.l(lo"t R~l>~ .,..,.'/",.. lfoPmm
2. "'"' The children mounted to the top of
the steps. A)('ll IIS'.<:)f tJJo ""!.'!' ~f. "'""
3. Al.oul.. Our costs are mounting daily.
"'~ ' Rf.,.'). ' 1\f.W.OD<: ' f.~'IA
mount (n.)
I. +~. Have you read the Sermon on the
Mount? f+<!-<1-tJJo"t lloflh-l- h"tofiRYA 1
2. 4.<:11 I fi>Cil' 4.<:11. The riders brought
their mounts into line. ol.<:l"l'l''ll ol.lj\il"ftJJo"t
Rl"lA'il l\-
The general bad an excellent mount. '(~<!-~
R"''l" '1"1- fll') fi>Cil' 4.<:11 )R<:tJJo
mountain 815 mouthful

*His usual mount is a mule. ofltt-m-1 1 1..tt. r r 04'11<- 'If. 1111" r\4'1lT'I'"f (.11H1'T'I'"f)
"'1.4'oomm- fl-l-11- tm- tfl<-

mountain Tt-t- mournful

How high is that mountain? Y Tt.t- h'i' I. r dtH"J. The priest read the prayer in a
;l"m- M YIJIA tm- l mournful voice. 4:1l- 1111-1:1' noo-'1- fl
a mountain of OD'\.:'fo ohH1' Y:'1"6 tOe
He overcame a mountain of difficulties. oo'toT 1 2. .IIH1' fTOD'Ifl'l-. He answered my letter in
b1'-l>M"f1' TOIRJ a mournful key. S'.11'111.11.1' .IIH") flT""'I
mountain (adj.) """ I M'lr\11' I ODr\IIIA"i

I. fTt-t-. The mountaintop was covered

with snow. fTt-t-m- ll'i"'l- flfl~P.. .,. mourning
!fo;:'l" toe I. IA-l>t\ I r\ol>t\. The sound of mourning can be
2. flT~ 'If. f"''.'l"e. Mountain people heard in the church. hii.T heM:Yl- "Ill.
are used to a cold climate. flT~ 'If. f"7.. 'l" tAol>t\ f.II"''IA
<- lll""f 4'11:J'q life li'I"S'.'PIA 2. hiA. She still wears mourning. llu-1''1" htA
[See also 'range') 'l-ll11 ...ll"f
be in mourning thH1 r I\~ 1 ~m-
mountain chain lf1'.,.~e
l'm still in mourning. llu-1''1" ohH1' 'If. t"i
A mountain chain separates the two countries.
lf1'T~e tl-r\1:1' Mt:"f Y'Pil'i"'f'PIA mouse (mice) llf.'l'
mountaineer [)t1'S'. 117'e'l- aJf.'l" 7.1'S'. The cat caught a mouse. Y:OD;t: llf.m-1' YH"f
Ft. .,.'l't:'l- Tt-t- f"''.aJRJ lim-]
mousetrap fllf.'l' aJ'J'ODY:
mountain goat f"'/..'1 'i'fiA The mousetrap does not function. fl\~"1" z tD
The hunter brought down a mountain goat. 'J'ODJI. ' llf.u>t-'1"
11'11" f"'/..'1 'i'f!l.1' Tlt't\ 1S'.'I'I-
mountainous +t:.t--7 mouth
+Rho +t:. I. ll'i'. He opened his mouth and showed his
This region is mountainous. ~u 1 J

t:.fl7 I ~QJ-
teeth. 114-1' h'i'.f 'l'ell-1' ll"f
The dog stopped at the mouth of the cave.
mountainside fTt-t. '1';>'1- m-lfm- < b'Plfm- I ll'i' < '\f. ' f.Ct\ < """
The house stands on the mountainside almost 2. OD'"IOJ. The river broadens at its mouth.
all alone. 11.1: Tt'l'll- flTt.t-m- 'I':>'1- aJ")ffo (JOD"/fl.Ym- 'If. ' f.llof.IA
'If. f.1'1'1A *He has four mouths to feed. llt-'1- T4''1fl.l"
'f-1111-'1-
mounted 4.~11'1'
Mounted police accompanied the parade. from mouth to mouth ft")-4. 1 tiJY.. 1 h"J-4.
4.~11>:' ?"tl.t\"f IIIA4-1' ThTII-'1-
The story passed from mouth to mouth.
:1"611- >t1'JI. mS'. 111'"1- T'lll4.
be mounted 04.~11 'tS'.
Troops that are mounted are called cavalry. put words in one's mouth
04.~11 f"''.'t"'- aJ;f"S'.t:"f 4.~11'1'"f ,r.q'\{1- Don't put words in his mouth! Y'lr\m-1' 11'1-'i"
1e
mourn [See also 'hand, roof, stuff, water, word"]
I. .IIH1' 'If. tm-. He mourns his father's
death. qq1: '1"'1- .IIH1' 'If. tm- mouthful .,.elf
2. IIHt. The wholenationmournedhispas sing. The sick boy couldn't eat more than a mouth-
fill- '1"'1- 111"- o-11- IIHt ful. f:f"oooom- 1 lA~ >t1'Y: .,.elf fflllm
3. TIIAT. He mourned his misspent youth. tl.fl'l IIIA!J'r\'1"
nqhtm- rmRJ'I-t'l- """l- .,. mouthful of food ...Cif
mourner li4'11T'1' 1 .IIH1'T'1' He took a large mouthful of food. '1-IA-l- .,.e
There were many mourners at the funeral. lf. '1-~11
mouthpiece 816
take a mouthful of
*He took a mouthful of beer, but spat it on
the ground. 0..,.."}~ 1D'"fr ~ ml\ +1-"J1.1".f-
0 'If.
ODt:,oj> 0 .,.4.1&
mouthpiece
1. h. 'I:. The mouthpiece of my flute is broken.
f'l'"/i')-1; ' h<;: ' .,. ...11;.:111.
2. hit.,..l'f'l- f'"I..~A.ll". Al-Ahram is the
mouthpiece of the government. h.AiuJ&-9'"
foP')"'P'-f>')' hil.,..l'f'l-' f'"I..~A.ll"' :>1''1 ' )I&
movable .,..,<1'/I:J>"Ii
I sold all my movable property . .,.')<1'/I:J>"Ii ')
11.:-~;-, o-1\- il"Th-'1-
our fingers are movable. "1-f-!l"'f"J .,..,<1'/I:J>
1i ' <;'I'ID"
be movable ..,.lltpmm
Christmas is a fixed holiday, but Easter is a
movable one. ~<; f'"l..l&ll\0'1- <!'') f.,.fD(l
) )I& < 4-II.II "''J Y.II'I'ID"'A.
move (vt.)
l. lfC l't.Y.~1. You'll have to move your car.
ouh..<;u"J ~c "7~.:., .t.1111u
2. hH'I'<Dt:. Let's move the table! m.:A.~I&') 1.
<;H'I'I&t:ID"
3. h'J<I'II<I'I'l. She cao't move her foot.
.,...,;,:-, ' A.;f-')<1'/I:Jo!l ' h'l-:f-111.9"
4. h=l=lH. Trucks were used to move troops
to the front. m~F.t:=th- mF.. lflC ""I'JQC
11"7'1'111 Oh'l~ ouh..<;l":f .,.m<too-
5. mftS'... A moving company moved our
furniture. 1-.:J> f'"I...I'""'III\(IID" 11-'I'J.1' fiL
,.. ' .t.:J>:f')') ' fD~II\')
6. It)..,, Step aside while we are moving the
table. m.:A.~..,.., A.<;)"!l& )IJ>o<; ~c 0111.
7. m/111 h<l't:O. I move that we adjourn.
il111'l'IID" 1-.'J-'U'O:J> m/111 h<l'C'II\11-
8. ~4-4-. Nothing I said moved him to offer
his help. f_,.~Ch-'1- )~C 11-t\- 1-.CJI;J-
h'J-'U'~C"' hA~4-4-ID"9"
9. ll"'L'I- )II. The eloquence of the President
moved the audience. I'Tt:.IVI'J-1> h'J~O.,.
Cof>c))'l- .1'$':"'/ll'"'fo') ll"'''l- )I)
move (vi.)
I. .,.-,11-lfh-lf. I hear something moving in the
dark. fi""II"''ID" ID"il'l' h'J~ )~C II.
"Jh-lfh-1i ' Y.l'l"'''i'A. .
2. IL'I- ' 11<1'<1' I IL'I- 1\fDm IIL'I- <l'ft:. We're
moving on October first. f.IJ') IL'I- 'I':J-9"
,.. ' h'J~ ' <!'') ' 1.')1\:J>I\')
move
We moved three times in the last year. lll\Lm- '
't""'l- Y'll'l- 1." IL'I- 1\ID'I''J
This house is too small; we will be better off
if we move. Y.U IL'I- 0"19" '1-"J"Ii )IJ>o I
IL'I- 11"J<I'Y.C Y.'lf'IA.
3 . .,.1iht:ht:. When you press the button,
the wheels of the machine begin to move.
41111.4-') ' ll'l-""i)IJ>o ' foPh..<;IJ>o ' oP')hotl-h-
c::f ' Y."liht:hil-1\-
4. .,.'IH. We are moving at a good speed now.
.t.u-"J f9"')'11IO'I- 'i''l')'l- ~w )IJ>o
5. +~ODS'.. Mark how carefully he moves!
.,.., ... ,.. O'J''J:J>4: h'J~'"I..il-OD~ ' hll.,.ID"I!\
6 .,.):J>)<I'. His fetters clanked when he moved.
II.):J>):Jo fh"'C 11.:-1> _,.:J>..,_II
7. .,.IIU'.. The work on the new gymnasium
moved slowly. J'JI.{to ' ll?'C'I- h'lil-1i P'
.:- O<l'll;J- _,.II't.l'.
8. ~~ll.. The police move quickly whenever a
crime is committed. m"t)!A 1 n+-c.&OD ~tL 1
?'fl.fl:f ' l.'l')ID" ' Y.~C/11\-
9. 'I'll. He moves in the best society. ID"ir'ID"
h'I-A.A.:Jo (l9':f :>C )I&
move alon1m~4..:,. "t~
The policeman ordered the crowd to move
along. ?'ll.(to f-1-I'IOI'ln-'1-"J l'l9':Y. m~l.
'1- h'JII.'tll- hHH
*Things are finally moving along now. fiooQ,),~
lf "''"J'i'ID"9" ~~c oo&~.h h.l'~'f ' 't
.c;.,A.
move around +H'PIDt!.
Although the mao was very old, he still moved
around with alacrity. 9"')9" 1.')\o,') lliD"IIo
..,. ' 0"19" .l't:'/f. ' 0.11').!1" htJ-')9" ' ):J> '
111\ID" Y.H'I'IDil-1\-
move aside 4..+:,. 1 1\F..t!.'J
Move the table aside! mGA.~IJ>o') l.<t:Jo h~
~IJ)o
move away (vt.) i\.1\ ;J mi')F..
Move the table away, please! mt:A.IJQJo") i\.1\
,:JifD-(a.RaJ-
move away (vi.) IL'I- ' 11<1'<1'
They moved away a long time ago. IL-l>') hl\<1'
41 11n- 1.n.I''I'ID" )..,.
move closer tn;J 1\F..~'J
Move the lamp closer! ""11il-of>'J m:> h~
~IJ)o
move in ~'1(0'1-)
The office is not occupied; you may move in.
U.C:IJio hA..,..I'H9" I A.h'IO'I- '1-:f'IIIU
move
move into 1Q
We're already moved into our new house. lt-'1.
flo fi.;J-:f't 1il.,_'i'A
move (a) little 1111 1\1'..1:1
Please move your chair forward a little so
I can get by. 11"711'1' l\'t~:Y.A l\111: m"tll
Cll't IDU'l- 1111 I\~C111Jo
move on 1\1\L i ~1.
Time moves on, no matter what we do. M'l'"
il'i'Y.C"' 1.11. "71\f. 1\J.'.of>Cf"
Move on! '1.:!
move out
*The train moves out slowly. QfK. +lt
II '1''1')'1- }.'.~9"<1-A
move out to 1Q
My parents have moved out to the country.
fl..,. (Ul'li 1tnC 111-H'A
move slowly oM.,...,..
The work on the building moves slowly.
f.ft'tl!.IJJo F.!- J.'.'l.,.;J-A
move to1fl
We're moving to a new house on October first .
...~,.'1- 1\'t~ of>'t 1\.11.11 11.'1- l\'t1qll't
move up 1'.1.1
He moved up fast in his new job. fl-'llt-
JP~tiJo -fir' h.1.1
move up and down hC1010
The bird moved its wing up and down. m:J,
h't:J,'t I\C1R1R:Y.
be deeply moved il1.fz r 01119"' .,..i-tt I hflF:
dtH't .,_11"7(11Jo)
I was deeply moved to hear about his tragic
death. 1\ltq"f."t 1\".7.".7.-l>'t Rl\"711- 1.11. II
"'1.-1: 11"1!1" .,_)it (hq~ dtH't .,_I\"7'S)
make move Ail~
The muie balked, and nothing could make it
move. 11~11-'1' II.,., 111\.Joo:Y. Mf"
IU'illVI'l- 1\Ail'l\9"
[See also 'heaven, limb, tear']
move (n.)
1.....~. Whose move is it? fG?1 1 ..,..~ iotiJo l
2. l\CII"ll". This is a move in the right
direction. J.'.ll mY. '1-hhll.,..,. 1\~"'"'i
f"'l.OD<!- o l\C9"lf o )IJJo
*What will his next move be? 4"Til- l.~fD
M J'Y.C"' J.'.ll''t 1
*Do you know all the moves in chess?
fl\'tmt:'fn ~1';1- .ft1-'t u-11- ;J-IJJo:l'l\11 1
817 moving
be on the move .,..i'Uf
Our planes reported that enemy forces were
on the move. 1\IJJoi!'TII'l"ii':Y.'t ftnll'l- tnC
OD)"'-!>'t ' I\/I;J-ID41
*They're forever on the move. 'r't'r '1..11.
1\J'Cf-9"
make a move
1. h.l.t.1. He can't make a move without
asking his wife. "'1.11-l>'t IIJ.'.mJ.'.~ Mf"
IU'Y.C"I 1\J.'.:Y.Af"
2. .,.'tof>llof>l\. Every move I make hurts.
0-l"'tof>llof>llh- 41'l'C J'OD...A
[See also 'strategic']
1 04"
movement
I. l\'t~il:l'll.. The enemy's movements were
closely watched. ftnll'l-'t l\'t~ll:l'll. 111'-'til
J.'.h:J-.,_11- )fiC
By a series of rapid movements, our forces
managed to halt the enemy's advance. IICh'l-
Qll- 0 <l."''t ' l\'t~ll:J'Il.l"".f o ID;l-1'-l!'iJ'".f't o
ftnll'l-'t l\C9"1( 11.11> ii'II-
He never belonged to any political movement.
hM9" ~J.'.)'l- f?"M;It l\'t~ll:l'll. :>C
.,'t"f.)'l- 1\A)fi.I:IJJof"
2. OD"'IOJ' ODtiJ-1. His movements were
closely watched. oo..,OJ oPIJJoAJ.aJ-"} OT'
11~ J.'.h;J-.,_11- )fiC
movie ll.Af"
They are showing a good movie today at the
cinema. q.:. 11.)."7 11.'1- '1'<1- 4-Af" J.'.;J-J'A
movie camera ll.t"7 D'71?f
I bought a movie camera for my son. ItA:( 1\.
)."7 ' "7'tlf ' 1qtJol\'l-
movie theater 11.)."7 11.'1-
A new movie theater was built in the Mercato.
ooclt-1' 1\'1.11 11.~"7 11.'1- .,.,..C;t:A
moving
I. f"'l.'tof>ll.,.ll. Any moving object attracts
my attention. f"'l.'tof>llof>/1 )1C 11-11- dt
1111.'t J.'.IIR1'A
2. 11"'1.'1- f"'l.)lt. He told us a moving story.
11"'1.'1- ' f"'l.)lt ' ;J-&h ' )1t:'t
moving spirit
I. 1''i' 1\H:>~. He was the moving spirit in
planning for the party. f~<l- 1''i' 1\H;>')f.
l\<l- )IIC
2. f:MA. He was the moving spirit in getting
the bill passed. f.ft1- .1:4!~ l\'t'LJ'A'i' f
;l-11\IJJo l\<l- )fiC
mow 818 muddle
mow O"~>~ how much 1
I must mow the grass . ..,-1-") '"I""~ 1\llil't I. ('I':>m-) 11'}-r. How much is this? J.'.LI
mow down OQ;L~ 'f;Jm- s lrFt 1 )om-?
He mowed the captives down with a gun. 2. 9"") YLIA. How much will this car cost me?
9"Cit'l''fi"J flmou"Jlf O""-'l:fm- AH.LI ODIJ..<; ' M ' YLIA Yllb'i'II-...A 1
how much!
Mr.
I. "'1.11-1-C. Where is Mr. Smith? "'1.11-1-C II I. 1\"Jf.-r. How much I love that! n"J 1\'}
,..,. 1\0J~'I'llv- ' OD{l{IIJ I
"'1.11 r-r <;'I'm- 1
2. 1\of. Where is Mr. Kebbede? 1\.f bfl~ f 2. 9"").... How much I love this country!
..,. <;'I'm- 1 J.'.LI:f'J I\1C M':' 1\m-'l:t-llv- !
make too much of .h.;JU
Mrs. We mustn't make too much of this incident.
I. "'1.1111. Where is Mrs. Smith? "'1.1111 11"'1. Y.LI"J"J .,..o;y. "'':>n flloft"JII"
11 r-r <;'I'm- 1
not much (of) l\9"oft~9"
2. my.nr:. Where is Mrs. Belaynesh? mf.nr: He is not much of a scholar. fCft. ; ro-c):,.. 1
111\J.'.)'/i r-r <;:fm- ? l\9"oft~9" )m-
much this much J.'.IJ") YLIA
1. ofllt'. There isn't much food in the house. What's going to happen to you after you eat
MJ.-r m-11'1' oft,. ,..,oft fAll" this much? J.'.LI"J YLIA fiAof-1.1 M A-rll'
2. 11"19". I feel much better. 11"19" -t-'liii-"'A ') I )fDo f
You should work much less; you are hurting *This much is certain: He won't play tricks on
your health. m."J).-,.1.1") llllll".-,..,..-'1 P'&-1.1 us again. -'1"1"""' l\"J~"''J.'.""".m-roft"J fof-~
") ' fi"J9" ' ODof>){l 0 1\{loftiJ ;J1m ' )fDo

much as r'"Jf'" 1\"J'>."J [See also 'ever, so, thank, that, too, twice, very']
Much as I should like to go, I feel I must stay mucus 'l'i!T
here. 9"'}9" 1\"J\>,"J {lou'/.~ oft.I.A"I 1\H.LI
Wipe off the mucus! 'J'i''J'LI'} '1'~"1
ODol'f..,. ' 1\{loft'f
much harder fOAm m'lhl!" mud "1.":1'
You must work much harder. fOAm m"th~ Jn the rainy season, it is difficult to go through
IJ ' ODP'<Io..,.' 1\{loftiJ the mud. flb~9".-,.' "'.":I'm- 1\YIIb..J:-9"
much less be covered with mud AL+f
*I didn't see him, much less speak to him. The doorstep was covered with mud where
"''<;~c +c.f 1\1\fv--rll" people had wiped their feet. lll":f 1\"1&-:fm-"J
much of h.111J~lD" llllm~'l-fl.-,. ~4- ..,;r.,._,.
)IIC
Much of what you say is true. fll"-rAm- )~ deposit of .nud FoltA.
c 1\oft~....... 1\m-)..,. )(Do A deposit of mud covered the field after the
(be) much the same Mil" ftJA 1\Aof-ll flood had subsided. .,..C4- b.,..~ll fl:\1\ ~ll
mm9" A "'LJ!m-"J 1\llflllm-
The patient's condition is pretty much the form into mud Jtm.+f
same. ffl'li-1-.....,. 11-~:J- Mil" YLIA 1\A The rain formed the dust into mud. 11<;11- ou
-t-llmm9" ,:..,") 1\....of>fm-
as much as layer of mud M.A.
*This would be as much as saying 'I accept The flood deposited a layer of mud in the
your idea'. J.'.LI 1\ltofti.I"J 1\of>fii\Av- f"''ll streets . .,..C4- ftou'}~-'1. 1\J.'. ~AA 1\b
.-,. YLIA )ftC '"I 'I'
as much . as ---r---r muddle (v.) 1\"'':J-
It's as much your fault as mine. lta.+-t~ ft.r a you have muddled the scheme completely.
n-t-9" )m- l>:r--'1-"J fi'I'K-9" 1\"'1-t-'li'I'A
muddle
muddle up t.l.'i'1G
A financial crisis muddled up the British.
7.1"11\.~:f-1 f11Hil :f"'c t.l..<;-~&-'fm-
be muddled .,...,..&--""(1
Everything was muddled by the late arrival of
the train. RQIK- H"'M ""I:Gll !l"h1.f
'1- -1111- )1C .,_..,_.&--,.(1
muddle (n.), in a ~ .,...,.,1'\:l':J>h'
When mother came home, she found the house
in a muddle. 7.<;1: MJ.+ ll'I-1Q 11.1>1 .,..
OD(I:J":J>h' ' M'f:fm-
muddy
I. f""+f. A car drove down the muddy lane.
ouh.<;m- R""+f mQ-11 ou111: .,..'iH
2. f"f.":l". Don't walk around with your muddy
feet! 0"1.":1" h"'CII <Dil..f <'1.11 t.'l-'t.l:
3. I:~Cll. We need a filter for this muddy
water. 1111.11 l:~ll m-;> .,lfl&.f .flld.
/:\1<;/:\
4. f.,..,,._ His muddy thinking is difficult to
understand. f.,...,;J-m-1 t.ll.,../1(1!1-1 ii""G
.o;+ .f"l"';J-&\
be muddy
I. ""+f. The ground here is muddy. Ml.ll ;>
2. .,'1'
"""'"' ' "":J>f.:tt:\
-11!1' )m-. The shore of the lake is
muddy. f mf.41 "'C!l' .,'1'
-11!1' )m-
muffle
I. lfd.). She muffied her throat in a warm
scarf. t.11:1:1 nm~&--!1" .1'11'1- &\-fill
lfd.)"lfm-
2. t.d.). You have to muffie this loud noise,
it's disturbing everyone. f-111 h~ .I'll 1:
II"~ ' .,d., ' t.ll-1111 i (lm-1 ' ,,.,.. ' .fll'f"'&-&\
muffler "f."ll . , _
My car's muffler is broken. f'ODh.CJ't'- "l"'ll
.,m-'"i ' .......-11~/:\
muggy "1"~"1"1 !II
During the rainy season, the days are muggy.
nh.:ll"+ 1.11. .,..,. "1."~.,., 111 )m-
mulch [h111Q h:J>mh':f<; hiiMII t.d.C f
.,..1-.QII+ .,.o;n&!J
mule R:J>h'
You can find a good mule for two hundred
dollars. 'No R:J>h' ' Ro-11'1- ,.._,. of!C '1-
1 ...11-:f
819 multitudinous
muleteer ll'i"'l.
He hired a muleteer and four mules when he
went on a trip to the mountainS. tnl. -t~~
i& I (l..,..fl' I tDT.f I fl~fl(: I "l.fL I 1\.'}f: I fl=l"!,
<; t.&--'1- R:J>h'l":f .,_.h&--f
mull (over) ll..f<lfl ll.}'mcl: .fof
He mulled over the decision for days. m-lt~m-
1 11-1111- +<;-}- ll..f<lfl II.}'<DCI: .fof
multicolored -1111- +II.,+ film-
She put on the multicolored dress. ill!- +II.,
+ .film- &\-fill IIR(I"lf
multifarious f.,..ll.ff ~f.)+
He has multifarious interests. f'1"A1f' 1-f.i-+
~111'1- t.llm-
multilateral
1. ofltf- -,..-,. fit~-. The hexagon is a multi-
lateral geometrical figure. ~h/111 -1111- .,.
1 .flltD- fl[r-1.'1-c :Joel\"' )tD-
2. f;>&-. The NATO nations signed a multi-
lateral defense agreement. fM- l:c~+ t,q
A fll''f. Mc:"lf il""hllh.f f"'l.ll'1 f
;>&-- ' ll!l"!l")'l- ' .,.d.&-.:....
multiple
I. Rch+ .I'll. He suffered multiple injuries.
RCh'l- !II .fiJI:\ .,..o;+ f..G(IR'I-
2. A\!. IAtt.. He's a man of multiple interests.
AI' &\I' )1C::f f"'l.<l: (ltD- )tD-
multiplication table f1.11. 11.+
Learn the multiplication table! f1.11. 11.+
t.-r<;!
multiply (multiplied), vt. M~
If you multiply 10 by 4, you get 40. ~I"C1 R
t.&--'1- ofl;l-R~ t.CQ f.ll'<;t:\
multiply (vi.)
I. .,..&-Q. Rabbits multiply very quickly.
"1'1'fh'"lf .,.h' ' f.&--QII-
2. R~. His troubles multiplied. ooh&-tD- n~
multitude, ~ of R"'!l" -IIII-
A multitude of thoughts passed through my
mind. Rlfl!l" ill!- )1C:"lf :J-(111-'1
large mulltude {l#j:C -lt'1"C f'A.Am- ib.11-fl
A large multitude gathered in the street .
ou11.11. llf. ll~c 41-rc fl\.1\tD- a.11
-n .... nnnn
m ultitudi no us Rlfl!l" -flu-
Multitudinous birds sang in the trees. Rlfl!l" -II
II- mt:::f 0~4- llf. f.1'"i"" ' )RC
 mum 820 murmur

mum, keep - l\'1' 1\11 2. 1\0illf. She murders the song everytime
Keep mum about this; tell no one! lU\H.U .,. she tries to sing it. OIIL~:Y.. 41'1'e HL).
JIJ'. l\'1' OA I 11"7"t9" l\'l-"t1e "J :1-0illf'I'II:Y..
mumble 1\1',....,.,....,. murder (n.)
We can't hear him because he always mumbles. 1. ~~ll ..,"1!1-. The murder was not discovered
lH\1.11. 1111"7..1'1'"".,_9"'1- f"''.llm- 1\ until a few days later. t'i'il "''ll' l\ilh '1'<1:
J'.(l"7"J9" '1- n .1:"<:11 1\A:J-m.,.,. toe
2. ~'I'll 1JIJ'.t'l-. The prisoner did not bat
mummy [7."t.IIJ'.Leil OOD.I:":'k'l- I\"71JJ'.~'I- an eye when accused of murder.llil<:'l'm- 0~
f.,.tn0-1' ' f(lm- ' lloiJ] 'I'll 111J'.)'I- (l.OJ)~A 'tJ'.)-1 l\1\\1
1\AM<:II"
mumps Jr: ~"''i'
3. "'.I:"J'. The murder outraged the citizens.
I caught the mumps. ]r: ~"''i' J'.~'i'A
"'.l:",l'fDo t'l'<l9''1l"t 1\11-a;"''ffDo
munch,- on 4. "":>~A. The antagonism between the two
1. J\4\oom. He is munching on a cookie. villages led to murders. 011-11-1> OD"J~r::Y..
ililh-'1- ' J'llii""'A ODIIhA ' J'lllll- ' 'l'il!J' ' l\(lh 0 OD;J~ '

~""'"'"
2. 4L~moo. He is munching on parched grain.
/#itt' ' .eoa;.:'I'"7A 5. ""1~A. The murder of the child was a
beastly crime. fol.Y). ""1~A fl\fDotl.t'l-
mundane fll.ll 'lllll" .,..,qe toe
Monks are uninterested in mundane affairs. 6. 1\".t".t'l-. The news of Kennedy's murder
OD~Ifol)'l- ' lllf.ll ' 'tll9" ' "l-JIJ'.' "1.1:" 0 fil'flll-9" astounded everybody. l'h.M. 1\".t".t'l- (lm-
municipal f"7H.:>lr IL-l- "t u-11- l\~t1m
Municipal bonds will finance the new water- commit murder (lmo 11.1\
works. f"7H;>)f IL-l> (l"JP..:Y.. ,1'11.(1-"J f He committed murder, so the police arrested
...., ' "7(1.!-"'i ' J'.h'i'llll- him. (lfDo ill\1~11 Tll.fi:Y.. J',.'l-

municipality (municipalities) murderer ~'I'll 1'1J'.

I. hT"7. There were mostly Moslems in this
municipality. 011.11 hT"7 m-ilT l\o(Jq'i'9''1l
1\M'I":Y.. ~o~
2. "7H;>)f IL'I-. The municipality building of
Addis Ababa is new. J'll.il 1\oq "7H.:>lr
IL'I- ih"tll 1\11.11 ~,.
munificent :J-Il"Jo
He made a munificent bequest to the uni-
versity. lll'kliell.-t:m- :1-ll"Jo "til<:'!- 1\m
<:(I
munition(s) '1-'l'"Jo'i" ,....,:,.
The war was lost due to a shortage of muni-
tions. Ol"e~-1> f.,.lf~'i'~"'" '1-'l'"Jo'i' F"t
:,. ' 0"7~(1- ~ ....
mural (n.) "1.1:""1.11 IIJ'. f.,."'ll FIJA
There is a large mural in Africa Hall. 01\'i'<IIJ
1\.11.!-"ii "1.1:""1.11 IIJ'. f.,_"'ll '1-A:t- FIJ
A 1\11
murder (v.)
I. 1~11. He was accused of having murdered
his wife. "'1.11-l>"t ODD"'~A .,.h(lit
The murderer escaped from the jail. )'i'!l 1
.Ill< billie IL'I- 1\DDIIm
murderous
I. 11.1.1:"A f"''.:Y..A. The villain aimed a murder-
ous blow at the hero's back. .,..,11-ll::'m- l':"''i'
m- ~eq IIJ'. 11.1.1:"A f"''.l-A 9"'1- (l~H.:
2. ~'I'll 11"7'1'4-'1- f:l-"'~. A murderous plot
was uncovered by the police. t'i'(l 11"7'1'4-'1-
f:J-.,.~m- 1\.1:""7 117"11.!1 .,.~<:(10'1-
3. IJLe f~qA:to. He gave me a murderous
look_ IJLC o~qA:,O 1\ii.,.J'f'l- 1\I"S
murky ""11"7 fll't
He could not see anything in the murky cave.
"'-11"7 Oll')m- 'I'll" m-ilT Mil" II.J'J'. 1\
J'.:Y..A9"
murmur (v.)
I. I\1'<:DD.:ao. They murmur about the work.
1".!-lll- iiiiOqq'fm- ' ,1'1'G~~"e"711-
2. 1\~= l t;"01i. The wind was murmuring.
~4-ra- J'~"f!" (J'.t;"01i) toe
murmur (n.)
I. "K-9"~9":1-. I hear a murmur of dissent.
muscle
fflODil"''"'':l"'f'tD-1 f"'1.1AK' ' 'K-11"~11";1-
f.ll"'1'1A
The brook's ceaseless murmur is enjoyable.
f"'l,l'l\'CmiiJo fll""tm 'K-11"~11";1- AMlt
:f tiiJo
2. "'11'~'1"~11". He paid the fine without a mur-
mur. :f-"1-Jr"t f'l"t'l:f "'11'~11"~11" h.l.fl
muscle lll'"til'
Physical exercise develops muscles. ~ll"'i'M:h
lll'"til'l"if':f"t"t f'lilt-A
[See also 'strain']
muscular
I. flll'"til'. He has a muscular ache. flll'"til'
<hOD'/" f.I';I-A
2. lll'"t!l""'l. He has muscular legs. 1."1~ ,....,.
"'"" tiiJo
muse All'lllfl
The boy spent the whole afternoon musing.
A:<!: hll'i-l- 0:\'1 {l.fll'lllA 1.1l.tJJo"t Ail
flo!.
museum R.+ oonhc
Let's visit the museum! O.+ ounh?-1'
il'fiiJo
mush
1. 'ltt:C". He eats mush made of cornmeal.
fO.ffl- 1''1'1!' f.O'IA
2. "7'1'. After the heavy rain, the old dirt
road turned to mush. hqJl. 11'i'il h"lfl 0:\
11 AI!'"LtJJo fA!l.t- ""1'1.1': "'1'1' rn
mushroom (v.) i!:f> i!:f> M
Stores mushroomed along the highway. O'l''i'
,. 001'1.1':. "1.!-'i' .,.'S {1-.f:f. i!:f> i!:f>. AII-
*The little town mushroomed into a city.
-l-1'1( h-1-"7 .foil- Af.1:f
mushroom (n.) 1.1'-Nif.
Mushrooms grow in the rainy season. )t").,.JI~
Oh~'l"-l- f.O:f>'IA
music .,..11.:1'
I like to listen to soft music. Allltlt oo-fl:J"")
oo{l"'/-l- M>'lflv.
musical r-11.:1'
Ethiopia has several kinds of musical instru-
ments.l>.-l-f"kf illl- 'if.)-}- r-11.:1' """'
&fl":f l\!1.-l-
musician oo-fl+~
The musicians took their seats in the hall.
_11..,.'1'~ q.o;,!.~ tJJo{I'J' {l<j:t-'ftJJo"t '""
821 must
musk 11q.l':
Musk is obtained from the civet cat. 11q.l': f
"'1.1'ftJJo h'I'C'S tiiJo
musket )'i''l'
I have a musket that my grandfather used.
Af1: f.f.ll--l- no~ t'i''l' All'S
musketeer t'i'm'1
The three musketeers are a famous trio in
French literature. lf'll-1: t'i'm'l':f O.l.~"tlt
,. P't X'dt-'1' tJJo{I'J' f ,.,.,. flf'll-l-
{IS":f 'i.l': tiiJo
musky f11q.l':
This has a musky odor. f.ll f11q.l': 1t
,. AfltJJo
Muslim l.M'I"
There are many Muslims in Ethiopia. 01>.-l-f"k
1 tJJoll'l' illl- 7.M'I":f All-
muslin lf1t
His head was wrapped in muslin to keep off
the dirt. A!)..!-tJJo t-{1- 'If. 1.1''11-01'0-l-
~"'}1- lf1t Alii!' toe
muss 0;1--1-t
The wind mussed her hair. )of-{1- 1!.1-,ll:"t 0
;1--fotiiJo
must (v.)
I. Afl(O-l-). This must be the book you want.
fll"-l-.I.A111Jo ODJr.b'i' f.ll ..... .,.,. AflO'I-
We must see what can be done. r1' ,.,~~
"' 1.1'1."'1.ii'A "'lllil Aflil"t
You must do as you are told. ,.f&t.J"} -~
t--l- Aflilll
2. gerundive + f.IT'i'A. He must have sneaked
into the house. ~Ah ilfl- 1il.f. f.IT'i'A
I must have left my briefcase somewhere.
IICltiL"t A"t'l- :> -l-'I111Jo f.IT'i'A
*I must ask you not to do that again. 1.1'11-1."1
'/"II Altllil?flV.
*I must try to see him more often. -fltt- "LIL
1
~,,. 1.'1"ht-flv.
*You mustn't do that! 7.1''1;1-f.C111Jo
must have fh.I.A1'1'A
She said she must have a new hat for Easter.
fl4-{l.lt A.ll.{l qc~"' f{I.I.A1'1A Afl:f
must have been ltf.IT"t Af..,.CII"
He must have been in Ethiopia at 'that time.
Olf.f"t 1.11. l>.-l-f"kf IIJo{I'J' ltf.rrt A
,..,.ell"
must
must (n.), be a ~ "11.:1" )ID- l MY: 111
4-A;JA
To finish on time is a must. 0'1.tL oom.~il
"11.:1" ' )m-
In winter warm clothes are a must. Obt:9'"+
'1":1''1- Aoflll MY: 1114-A;JA
mustache 611
He is growing a mustache. 6ffo"t fitS': :JA
mustard ll'i'i''i"
Mustard is sold in the market. lt'i'i''i" ~Of
m-11'1' f.lf"'A
muster ltRitR
The lieutenant is mustering the troops.
fDDof hll:l'ID- a>:J-f.C:'Il"t f,{IOIIQA
muster (one's) courage 1-~.J:'l 11l0m ! F-t.
-l>"t ' ~of.
He mustered his courage and went to see the
director. f.t.-l>"t ~Aofl"' (~'i'of) 1"6- oo
611Jo't 11"7);J~C 'tf.
muster In 1\a>:J-f.C)'I- of-OOH~R
He mustered in last month. llllLm- me
1\a>:J'f.C)'I- of-OOH~R
be mustered out +(tlj"flrf"
He was mustered out of service after the war.
h"'C)-f> R:\11 to~A"III-'1- -1-ll'iR-1-
musty Rllofl{> flh-f-
The room was full of musty old clothes.
h'i'll- Rllofl{> Rlf~-1- he:"!. Aoflll -1-'I"A
of )OC
be musty lo'i lo'i hi\
The room is musty from being closed so long.
oflffo ' "1.1 ' -1-H"Iof ' Q004'f-l> ' ll'i'll- ' lo'i '
lo'i ,I'.IIA
(be) mutable Rf"LI11Jo f"''.ll'l'a>'l'
Tax and voting laws are mutable. f:J-Illl'i f
II"C"'i a.H'- Rf"l.r11Jo f"''.ll'l'mm- ih
-t:f ' 'i'l'fDo
mutate -1-llmm
The vegetation of the earth mutated during the
Ice Age. foo<~o+ ' 68'1''1- ' f-1-llmm-+ ' ana '
HOD'} I ~Q)o
mutation ooAm'l'
A mutation of the earth's vegetation occurred
during the Ice Age. foo<~o+ 68'1''1- ool\m'l'
ftl')fDo ' RRt.P.. ' Hoo"t ' )ID-
mute (v.) hllltlllt
He muted his voice. S':ll"f!."t hllltlllt
822 mutton
be muted Mit
The sound was muted by the distance. hC4>
-1> f-f-)"1 S':ll"f!. Mit
mute (adj.) >1.'1
He was born mute. .ll,-'1 lf'r +(liAS'.
remain mute 1"..?1~
When the lawyer asked him a queition, he
remained mute. mO:J>m- 1 Omf+m- 1 "LH. 1
-1-:J~t.
[See also 'deaf']
mutilate
I. 41.6-t.m. The robbers mutilated the body of
the victim. 4>"7'1''1l f~f.ll-'1-"t {1m- ~~~
41.6-t.m-+
2. hRIIlf. He mutilated the page by drawing
black lines on it. ..-chc 1 oo,_uaoc 1 JtYrPao
t, ~l\."t hRIIlffDo
mutinous hJ':oo>/
The mutinous crew threatened the captain.
hs>:oo'l''ll oocbR'I':f to"I;-1;1-"t hiiL&-'1-'1-
mutiny (mutinied), v. ooos
The Russian army mutinied before the revolu-
tion. f-1-fi.,J'' a>:J'f.C::f' h1iofl'l-' O.C.'Jo ' OODIJ.
mutiny (n.) "7006
The mutiny of the troops was due to low pay.
fm:J-U'Il "7DD6 01'.'1"11 "7)11 ll"ll"t
1'1- )OC
mutter (v.)
I. h"l't.oot,oo. Thunder muttered in the dis-
tance. )1-S':~-'1- h-1-:,. h"l't,ODt,oo
2. AR- h...,..~aoL.ao. He muttered in his sleep.
Rl\"t:,.A'i' All- h"l'l!ODt.""
mutter to oneself fl~~ 1 Jr..m&-
He was muttering to himself as he walked
along. ofliJ'fDo"t l\ftD6- ,1'.'/.-'IA
mutter under one's breath
*He muttered a curse under his breath.
011'.11- -1-ltf.R
mutter (n.)
I. S':ll"6. We could hear the mutter of distant
thunder. fODoflt,:,. S':ll"6 h-1-:,. ,1'.11"7'iA
2. "1-CII"CII":J-. There was a mutter of dis-
content in class. Ob~rj:.& 1 m-11..- 1 f-l-~;t-
"1-CII"CII":J- ,1'.{1"7 )OC
mutton fR"I P';J
The Ethiopians like to eat mutton. h..'1-f"*,J'fDo
f"t fR"I I";J f,tD-'111-
mutual
mutual f;J&-
The contract was extended by mutual agree-
ment. m-tr 11:>&- llii"II"H :N'.(l
Mutual respect is essential for true friendship.
1\~toH... '\Y.'h'l- f:>&- hh111!''1- !11
4-IA:>IA
It will be to our mutual advantage. T.:Jooo- f
:>6-':fo"t ' ~""
muzzle (v.)
I. hfo"t h1l<:. He muzzled the ox so that it
would not eat the grain. ll.!.to ~IliA ~"t'l
.f.ll'l ' hfo"t ' h1l<:to
2. ~~~~'1- hllhll. The government muzzled
the press. OD"t"IP"1: f:>lttn':fo"t ~~~~'1- h
1\hll
muzzle (n.) h<;:
There is blood on the dog's muzzle. m-lfm- h
'i''l.f.Y. II"hll
*Oxen wear a muzzle so they won't eat the
grain. llol.jP':fo ~IliA ~"t'l.f.lltr h'i-'fm-
.f.:1'1l6-IA
my
I. f~.This is my book . .eu f~ ODl\"do'i' ~""
2. - e, - \1-. He is my father. h1l- foq-J: ~""
This is my table . .eu m<:A.~\1- ~""
my I my! hO.'I- hO.'I-!
My! my! What a pretty child she is! hO.'I- hO.
'1- ' ~"t!.'l- ' :1'11"6-1\':fo I
myriads of ll'i'C ofl'I'C f1M'fto
There are myriads of stars on a June night.
11(1~ 11"11'1- ll'i'C ofl'I'C fl\.1\:fto h'P
h11'1- ' .f.:l'ftr
myriad (adj.) ofl'I'C fllo'l'fto
They were admiring the myriad stars of the
summer night. ofl'I'C fllo'l'fto"t fii;J h'Ph
11'1- !Y."tofl ~IIC
myrrh hell.
Myrrh is found in the market. hCO. h111Y
.f.1 ... 1A
myself Mt.
I'll do it myself. 6-ll. ~oP&-'1'1\IJo
be myself
I am not myself today. ~.~. ~"t!. m'l-cm-
h,f.!.I\IJ-11"
by myself
I. 11!1'11-"t. I sat by myself in the garden.
h'l-hiA-1: ' to!l'l' ' 11!1'11-"t ' .,..,,..,.flo
823 mythology
2. 6-ll.. I cooked the meal by myself.
11""111-"t 6-ll. hH:>)>;o-'1-
mysteriou s
1. h1'""JJ.l 1 flf)o. His mysterious behavior made
the police suspicious. h ,...,.-.; flf~m- 11-1.~
to ?'II.(>'Ji"t 'I'C"'ol. hilf.<:q:fm-
2. AI< 't.f.~'l-. There was a mysterious light
in the sky. 111l.,.e 1\,f. AI< 't.f.~'l- 11C'/"t
HIC
mystery
I. ll"lltn.C. The mystery of the minister's
disappearanc e was never solved. fottll."K-. oo
'1'4-'1- ll"lltn.~ h1AT!.<:1lll'l-11"
2. fT1l1D<: 1-'l.f.. The detective untangled the
mystery after a few days. m")~A = OOCII'/6tJJo
fT1l1D<:to"t 1-'l.f. tl'l'-1!'1- 4'"t 11:\'1
!.<:(1111-
3. <:-t:J> ~1C. One of the mysteries of life
is love. b.l..f.ID'I- <:-t:J> ~11!'':fo h"t-'1. <;:
:Joe ' ~OJo
be a mystery hA;l"tD.,.r"
The name of the thief is a mystery. fA.Qm-
illl" ' h1A:J-ID4'11"
mystic (adj.) <:-t:J>
I am studying the mystic teachings of the
ancients. f'l'"t:J-to.l'"t"t <:-t:J> '1-ll"tJC'I- h
tno;'I\IJo
mystify (mystified) f"''.l\to"t hil"lto
The magician's tricks mystified the audience.
fhll_,.,..,."" .r.-cvr-':fo .,.,.AII'1i"t f"''.
tr'l-"t ' hil"''fto
myth
I. hL :1'6h. There is a myth that serpents
ruled the land in ancient times. fllf'1+ s HoP
"t H"tP.jP':fo h1~"t .f.~H- ~IIC f"''.IA
hL :1'6h hi\
2. oPIP,lT s 0..11 ~9'"~-l-. Racial superiority
is a myth. h"t-'1. ~11.' h/1.1\to .f.IIIA"'
lA ' .,11,. '
,.,..<:.,. ' llll ' ~11"~'1- ' ~""
3. T<:'l-. His large stamp collection was just
a myth. 1111- -f:II"11C 1l11110.fi\1Jo f"''.ll
liJo ; .,..,l:,. l )(I)-
mythical llh4. :1'6h fT4.tn<:
Hercules was a mythical hero. 'tCfloll.il llh
L :1'6h fT4.tn<: )>;"lo;' ~IIC
mythology (mythologies ) h4. :1'6h
We study Greek mythology in school. 11'1-11"11
c'l- o.'l- f"l&t>':fo"t h4. :1-&h ~"t.,&-1\"t
 nag
nag (nagged)
I. ..,.,...,.,._ He nagged his father for a car.
hfl-l>'t ouh.<; "I~A'S 't.ffl ...,.,...,.,."'"
2. 1\w.:l'f. This headache has been nagging
at me all day. &oil ?":J'T 4').'J .,...flo II.
fw.:l'f'S 'I'll
nagging 'tll'tll
She drove me to drink by her constant nagging.
O.,f!I/C'I" 'tll't!l. hm"'.'")T h.J!.<:{t:f-'1
nail (v.) O?"ii.,C OD:J'
Please nail the board to the wall! {tft.J!tJ>o't "I
.1:"'1-'lfDo 1\Y. O?"ii.,C ?";l'tJ>o
nail down .,(t&f ' h.1!.<:1(11T)
Signing the contract will finally nail down the
agreement. m-1\-'l OOl.'1"' ~ l'l:rr~.J:'l oy
{t&f f.I!.C"Ifi:I'A
nail together nrll-,c I hYfH
Nail the boards together! ll't .:1'9''1i't O?"il.,
c 1\fY.~'f,.
nail (n.)
1. 9"'ii"""C. Don't hammer the nail in too far!
?"fl.,-1-'t ' 0"1?" ' IDS!. ' fDofl'l" ' hT?":J'tJ>o
2. 'l"'i'C. I just broke a nail on my left hand.
M&- 't.:(, 'l"'i'C _,.(tO<:
hit the nail on the head ).,.PaJr1' s }loP/\b+ l
't,;r>""'J .,..,1<:
Your analysis hit the nail on the head.
'1-'t.,.o;u "t.;r>""'t 1\0Dflh.,.
When you told me he was a cheat, you hit the
nail on the head. h:I'I\Y. )tJ>o -IIIIU fiT)
"1<:'1 "t.;r>""'t _,.<;1Ch
[See also 'tooth']
naive 1&-.1C
She is a naive young woman. 1&.1C fll'~~
OJ"'T o;T
naked
1. &-4:+ + suffix pronouns + 'l. He is
naked. &-41-l>'t )fDo
The children run around naked . .bY<;-1> &-41
;f''ftJ>o't Y.~fl-
2. IJP... You can't see germs with the naked
eye. )';C'I":f't OIJP.. 'lY.'t .,fT hM1'A?"
824 name
*The trees were left naked of leaves. f~G:'Ii ;r>
mll-:f n.,...fl- <:"ld.fDo )OC
(the) naked truth "t.;r>='t
He told me the naked truth. "t.;r>""'t )1<:'1
[See also 'strip']
name (v.)
1. llr m&-. Can you name all the stars?
fh'l'h-11-Mi't IJoflo il?" Ttn&-fiU I
2. il'l"' ' m+ll. Can you name the most impor-
tant people of Asia? f'hilf't ;1'1\'l;r> (t9':f
il?" ATm;r>rt Tl-111\U !
3 . .,..,1<:. Name your price! fii"Tlf'I"OT't .,..,
1C
4. il?" 1\fD"'(fiT). He named the baby May.
ihYS:'t ""y. -1111- il?" 1\0J"'I\T
5. h.+tW i (lin. She named several reasons for
her delay.ilfl ODH"If;J: -on- ?"h'tf.Y.:Y.
h4'<:0:f ((tm:f)
6. m{t). The class named the day for the
party. _,..,&9''1i f;rC1:11Jo't 4''t m{t).
name after fl ~ ~ ~ ll!l'" ' m&o
They named the baby after his father . .hY).'J
Ohfl-1> M" m'I-T
be named
I. .,.~~""" Mr. Smith has been named acting
director. "''..ii.,.C il"''..ll .,.mflfl-1: Jl..:.h.,.
C I lf'f I ....trQIJ
2. r ~ ~ - llf" 1 .,..m+(t. Three persons were
named in the report. ~rc~ 1 aJoil'l' 1 fV'
liT (t9':f il?" _,.m;r>!l,A
name (n.) il?"
What's your name? llf"tll "7~m- l
He got a bad name. DD"f'~ ilf" 1\.,..l!.L
I know him only by name. f"?m-+m- 1 flllf"
-11!1' )OJo
call someone names flf.fl
He got mad and called me names . .,..,P.. (1.1!.0'1
(a) good name ll~
He got a good name in the war. flf1lC~~ 1 11
<;'t 1\.,.<:d.
in name only flll9'" ~ 1l:'F
He is president in name on1y. r~tt..~J1'+~~ =
Oilll" -oil' )fDo
narrow-minded
narrow-minded m<'tn mflofl
A narrowminded person hugs his optmons
closely. m<'tn mflofl ii<D- .hft!l-") h"t
ol' ' f.f.~A
nasal fh'i'"t"'"l
The nasal sounds are m. n. ao n s cc ~ >>
fh'i'"t"'"l !f:'I"P":f- 'i":fw-
have a nasal (pronunciation, voice, tone) ll
+ imperfect + 1')of..).l.
French people have a nasal pronunciation of
Amharic. .l.~")ftf"":f- h"7C'i' ' 11..1')!1- f.)of..)
of..II-
He has a nasal voice. il.'i"1C f.)of..)of..A
He sings in a nasal tone. ii.H'I"C f.)of..)of..A
nascent n"7.1'."1 ll.f. Yila>-
The nascent republics of West Africa made
mutual treaties with each other. 0"7Y.."'"I 1\
f. Yll-:,0 f'l"6<l-11 h'i'&IJ "1~-f-":f- f:>
.:. ' il'/"'/"):,0 ' h.l'.~"l-
nasty
1. hllmfd., The nasty remark angered her.
hllmY.I.w- hil1'Yf:,O h'i".!'.-'1:,0
2. oP~C.:. This medicine has a nasty taste.
!W ""!f:;'t:,O ""'I'G: "16'1" hila>-
A nasty rumor about him is floating around
town. hil-"t f"''.oPilh:,O ""'I'G: ro&. nh
1'"7<D- f.)'i'ftA
3. 4-ifif. The room was nasty and smelly.
h'i'll- -l'lflf'i" "1'1" )nC
4. r+LL. Do you always have such nasty
weather? Yf~ v-~:1' nro:r-c 1-o"t.I'.H.U
f</>.1..1. ' )ID- 1
be nasty Q;a.b)
Don't be so nasty to children! nA}'.:":f- ll.f.
1-o"t.I'.H.U 1\:,0al.h"t
nation
1. h1C. The whole nation mourned his death.
Oftc I 1"."1- I h.1"- I ODD-i\- I ltH')o
2. oP")"IP':,O (pl. oP")"IP';I':,O). The nations of
the world need to unite to stop war. tnc~+'l ~
11"7-1''1" f'M'I" oP")"IP':J:,O oP1'flnC h
ilfl:f<D-
national (n.) U;J
He is a foreign national. flD-6f!" h1C ; ti.;J
~ ....
national (adj.) -fl.h.<l-'f
The government supports the national theater
826 nationhood
financially. oP")"IP'i> il.h..l-'f<D-") i:YTC
nnHofl f.~A
The national defense costs the government a
lot of money. ofldo.&-'f oPhil.hY oP")"IP'-1>
") 1111- 1"tHofl Yilro"''I'A
Next week there will be a national election.
1 n"''.</>'l'ii<D- ft'l""tT ofl.h..l-'f 'I"C"'"l f..!'.~:> A
national anthem f.h1111 ,..11,...C
The children sing the national anthem every
morning. 1'"7&lP'Il tp.:,O tp.:,O f.h1111
001J,...C f.H'I" .l-11-
national holiday -fl.h.<l-'f R'~A
The 23rd of February is a national holiday.
fiJt:,O rJY >"11:,0 </>"t -fl.h.<l-'f n'tA )a>-
nationalism ofl.h.<l-'f !l"'LT
Nationalism is one of the characteristic fea-
tures of our age. ofl.h.<l-'f !l"'LT 1.UYT
") ' h"''.ilf.fl:fa>- ' 1--'lf"":f- ' 1\")-'l- ' )ID-
nationalist (n.)ofldo.&-'f ll"'L:,O Yila>- ii<D-
He is an ardent nationalist. ")J',f\11 1 1ldt.&-
'f ll"'LT Yila>- ilw- )w-
nationalist (adj.) ofl.h.<l-'f
The nationalist movement was repressed by
the colonial government. il.h.<l-'f<D- ' "):,0'i"4:
n'I>'S ' 11CID-. OD")"IP'T ' .,.al..,....'l' ' )nC
nationality (nationalities)
1. U"I)T. What's his nationality? U"l)i> 'I"
")!f:") ' )ID- 1
2. h1C. There were three men of different
nationalities in charge. V'il+ 1 fAf. 1 A\t h
1c n1":f- -'111..1.)-l>"t ro!l.l'.w- )nc
3. ~K'i'+. The protectorate achieved nation-
ality last year. n'I""IH.T):,O P'C :,01'-'I.I'.C
nn~":f-w- h1C flil.l.a>- 'toPT )l\);1;"
") ' h1"f":f-
nationalize n"""t"IP'T P'C 1\.1'.~1
There was a movement to nationalize the
railroad. QfK..'l ODD"J""IP':,. P'C ll-?Y:l.
"I "t:,O'i"ot )nC
nationally il.h11!1- ' n-Il-
The President's speech was broadcast nation-
ally. rr&.H.-'l"t-~> "t"l"lc ila.11n- n,...
II- ' h"t-'Lil., n&.-'1.1'" 1')1~
nationhood oP")"IP':,O):,O
Israel obtained nationhood in 1948. hil<l-h.A
n"""t"IP'T)T f;l'ro</>":f-a>- O!ilf~ 't. '1". )a>-
native
native (n.)
I. -J-61'1)!'. He is a native of Ethiopia. fh...'f-1'-k
' ' -J-61'1)!'' ~"'"
You speak French almost like a native.
d.~"'tllf."l 11\h l\"i~ -J-611\;l('ll 11\.'f-<;~C
M?" l\11\.,.~11?".
2. l\~t. l f~C -J-61'1)!'. The colonial govern-
ment oppressed the natives. f-l-~ 1 "J1C$Pl- 1 oo
..,.,,....,. ' 1\~t.m-"'t ' (1~~.., ' -J-dll\)!') ' .... .,.
native (adj.)
I. f.'f-tD-11\St:. The United States is my native
land. l\"'C:IJ f.'f-tD-11\St: l\~t. <;.'f-
2. fV1C. It is a native custom in America
to go to church on Christmas Eve. Ol\"'?IJ m-
Il'!' O~<; 1'11.., 61~ 0.-J- hCII1:f"i
ao'tSt: fii~C 11\.,St: )tD-
The groom was splendidly dressed in native
attire. .,..11.:-m- omc 11\1111 l\lf11c.r.
)OC
3. ( = noun) f.'f-tD-11\St; li~C. He returned to
his native Harar. m~ 1 +m-A~ a V1ct- mf..
.h~C -J-aDI\11
4. f-J-d.'I'C'. He has a native ability for
languages. lll'l"i!ll f-J-d.'I'C' III";J- l\1\m-
*Tobacco is native to America. hOOL&11
QIJ' ' )\~~ ' )tD-
native-bo rn fii~C -J-m'l)!'
The paucity of native-born engineers harms
our development. fii~C -J-61'1)!' aov"'t'I.":Y.
.,)II l\St:~;J-':f"'t"'t f~h""1'1l\
*He is a native-born Ethiopian. o+m-A~
h..'l-1'-kf'l! )m-
l\~c
native country f'l-tD-11\St:
He never returned to his native country.
61~ '1-m-11\St: 1\?~ O'i'~?" l\11\-J-aDI\11?"
native speech fl\<;'1- 91'191
The native speech of most Americans is
English. f1l~'l''tl l\"'?IJ'l':Y. fl\<;'1- 91'1
91 ' l\'1"111.11"1 ' )tD-
native tongue fl\<;.'f- 91"'191
Amharic is his native tongue. f11.'i"+ *'l*m-
1\.,C"t ' )tD-
Nativity 11\~.'f-
The church celebrates the Nativity of Jesus.
0.-J- hCII1:f"'t fhCII.fll"i 11\~.'f- ;J-h11
Ml':f
natural
t. f+l.~J>C". He has a natural talent for
827 naturally
painting. 111"611\ f-J-d.'I'C' III";J- l\1\tD-
Ethiopia needs to protect her natural resources.
h..'l-1'-kf ' f-J-d.'I'C' ' ll1l:t"i ' aomo:t> ' l\1\Q.'f-
Biology and chemistry are natural sciences.
Ql'-11-'l(<; ' 11."7.11'1-C: ' f-J-d.'I'C' ' llf."ill ' <;'!'m-
It is natural for a bird to fly. oo-fi~C 1 t\m~ 1
f-J-d.'I'C' ' )tD-
2. f"7.~Q. It was natural that he should hit
back. ""II\"
ao?";J--1> f"7.~Q )m-
3. f+lloPF.. It is natural for rivers to flood
in the rainy season. flh,lr+ 1 fm'l11 01Joo
11'1- ' f-J-1\0D~ ' )tD-
Speak in your natural voice. Don't try to sound
so educated! fllfm- fl+flooF.m- 1 ~r6tJ 1
-J-<;~C l f-J-.,~ lim- 1\ao?"llll\ l\'1-'l"hC
4. fl\m-).'f-. The fruit in this picture looks
very natural. lt.ttU 1 JP/JA f 1'\.e f YAm- 1 ~
t. ' fl\tiJ-).'f- 'i't. f.ODII'IIl\
0 0
5. ( = adverb) 0-J-d.'l'c:'tD-. She is a natural
painter. O-J-d.'I'C'1' "'~II. )':f
*He died a natural death. l\"'rt.C ~~lim
natural state +4-IJ'C"
In this zoo, animals can live in their natural
state. 011.11 ft-'1!'1- onmO-tf (l;J- l\
il-'1!'1- ' l\"i~ ' -J-d.'l'<::'fm- ' ll.'l'~' f.':fi\11-
f tVI!r [See also 'resource']
naturalize frt."').'f- on1J.'f- lim
The new law naturalizes those born abroad
who have one Ethiopian parent. hJL(t- 1 ih"J 1
Om-"l" l\~C f-J-dli\JI.. Q"iSt: m~<;'fm-
h...'f-1'-WftD-f"i fll'')..'f-"'t frt."').'f- on1].'f-
I
f.ll"''f1'1l\
naturalize d (adj.)
*He is a naturalized Ethiopian. H."J)o-JJ'l 1 A
tD-1" ' h...'f-1'-kf'l! ' fll') ' lim- ' )tD-
naturalized citizen flih"J 1 fH...,)-1- 011-fl+ =
~'f ' lim-
Naturalized citizens are permitted to vote.
Oih"' frt."').'f- on1J.'f- ~'f..'f- 119'':f
St:!/"6 1\aollm.'f- f.d..,.St:'l'f'l'l l\
be naturalized tL;J 1 If)
Aliens in the United States can be naturalized
after living there a certain time. fto-"11" 1 h1
C 119'':f Ol\"'&IJ tD-11'1' 11-J-mll) "1.11.
h'l'~ ' fl\"'?IJ ' 11.:> ' 1\oPIJ"'i ' f.'f-'111-
naturally
1. 0-J-d.'l'c:'tD-. He is naturally shy. 0-J-d.'l'c:'
m- ' ~f.) ' l\of.c ' )tD-
2. l\"i~ -J-d.'I'C'. Speak naturally! Don't try to
nature
imitate some actor! ll'll. .,..L~l!"U
J.'M'H~: _,.'l'<;f. /IOD<;1C 1\-l-'l"hC
3. 7.')1..;1-. Did you answer the letter? Natu-
rally! 11~-IVULID- oo>AII llmll l 7."t1..;J- I
Yes, naturally, we will go. J\')1..;1- I J.')y;-'1/l"t
4. -'1". She offered me some candy. Naturally,
I took it. h<:"'L~ J."tto 1\ll':f-'1 I 7.~9" .,.
.,.flAil-
s. -'1" J."t-'1.11-. Naturally we want you to come.
h.,.,..,. J."t-'1.11- J.').(--}-oo>"J J.').I.A;>/1')
behave naturally
She behaves very naturally. /IOD'I"IIA h+
'l"hCIJ" ' (or, ODII/1" ' /IOD:J-f-}- ' 1\-l-'f'!") '
nature
I. 1"L"l"C". He enjoys the beauties of nature.
fl.,..I.'I'C' ID-fl+ f.~{l:J-A
He is by nature a just man. O+L"l"l!"iD" :,..,
(liD" I )aJ-
2. '\1-t-l-. I can't tell you anything about the
nature of my job. 1111 1"&-'1- '\1-t-l- '!"')
'I" A t"ICII I\ A ':fl!o.IJ"
3. Q:t.c.e.. It is human nature to be
some and suspicious. mO~'i rf'm&-."1~
., f(l.,. q,ncy. t.,.
4. mQf... Because of his evil nature, he doesn't
make any friends. flh4- mQI< f.,.t., 'l
~V"':f h.$'1'19"
*She is of gentle nature. ~;J 1 ~lt":f 1 (1m-
In a state of nature O~C
Wild animals live in a state of nature.h&-.1!+
fl.IJ.C w:&-11-
[See also 'second']
naught 11.1!'
Five minus five equals naught. hh.rll+ 1 taf..
1\'1"11-l- 1\.,.tll 11.1!' f-11'<;1>.
bring to naught h'l.JJ 1 hF-.~1
He brought my plans to naught by his intrigues.
fl.,."th-11- 7."1-1..') h"t.,. l\~l:11D-
come to naught h'l>i: IF)
All his efforts came to naught. '1'<:.,. 11-11- h
.,.,. lf't
naughty
I. .,."th-11>:' I Q/11.. You're a very naughty
child. fl"''l" .,."tholl'f P..'f: ttl
The naughty girl was the despair of her parents.
Q/11.'1' l!o.'f: m~]!!f!') 1\IIODC&- tflC
2. .,."th-1!1. It was naughty of you to pull the
eat's tail. f.I!"OD;l:"t '1:&--l- .,...,_.,.-l-11
_,."th-A tflC
828 navigation
1"'i1C i be naughty Ql\1
She switched her child for being naughty.
1!1)1: 11/IQI\1 1l:.l.':f1D-
nausea, be overcome by ~ h-'1-/llflllf(.,.)
+I was overcome by nausea after having eaten
too much. ofltl- 11/lfl~ll- 1\"l-lllflllf"i
nauseate
I. 1\'I'ID/IID/1. The fishy smell of the store
nauseated me. fl(l.~ ID-11'1' YIIID- f'\
., he'l--l- h'l'mllm/1'1
2. hllmt\. His behavior nauseates me. &).:f"
.,. Yllm~'i'A
nauseous, make feel ~ 1\~lllflllf
The motion of the plane made me feel nau-
seous. 1\ID-C'T~'i- (l.y;.(- Y~lllf P..lf'fp..
nautical fODChfl'1t-l-
Nautical subjects are taught in this college.
flll.ll 1>1\.'f: ID-11'1' fODChfl"it-l- T'l"
IJC-l- ' f.(l"'P..
quarrel~ naval
1 oPlF I. fQ.RC. England was a great naval power.
>."t"ll\11 nq.nc ..,~ 1<;<; tn<:':f
2. fQ.RC ..,Y.I!o.. Naval officers are visiting
us. fQ.RC ..,f-A ' ODho')'l':f' ),'f') (JOD
1-il'f-l- ~" <;:fiD-
1 'i+
navel >.'l"ilc+
The donkey has no navel. 1\IIY >.IJ"ilc+ f
/IID-'1"
navigable /IODChil '1-P f"'tlf'"t
None of the Ethiopian rivers is navigable.
hl\.Tf"A-Y ' OJ')P:f' ' 1\').1!-'1" /IODChofl
1
'1-P f"'tlf'') f/1'1"
navigate (vt.) OD&-
It was difficult to navigate the ship during the
storm . .,~fll!o. fl.,.t., 1.11. ""Chfl-') ,...,.
&-+ 1\ll:f;>t: tflC
navigate (vi.) fl<:<:
Planes need radar to navigate through the thick
fog. '1'~'1'"1- ' Q/IID- ' '1-'1" ' ID-11'1' ' /IODofll:C '
J."t-'l.:f-11- 1\ID-I!'T~'l'':f &--'IC YII.I.A;>lf'I'A.
navigation
I. fl)!P..Q ,..y;.l!". A precipitous flow of
water prevents navigation. fl1"-A r "y. 1 f07.
Lll ID-;) fl)!AQ hODy;.(- M-'IA
2. 1\~"'""i"t fOD/IfT TII"IIC+. They have
to study navigation before they are allowed to
 829 nearsig hted
navy

nearby (adj.) Ol\~c!-11..1' f"''..~'S

fly. l\tJJol!''l"ll"t 7.'M.. )JI.. h""l.."'JI.. o.c..-r
l\~"'"'i'J fODI\f't- '1-II"UC't- .,'l'o;'t- ' l\/1
Ask at a nearby villlage! Ol\~c!-IU'U ml-"'1..
q:ftJJo ~'f"'" ""'Jf.C ~1-U mU
nearby (adv.) Ol\l)qO.iD" l OH.U o l\l)qfl.
navy yqa.c ~f. A
There is a park nearby. Ol\ltqO.tJJo fODo;.r..'lf
The Ethiopian navy is in Massawa. fh)tt'-k
(l;f- ' l\/1
y rqa.c ~f.A f"'1..11'"'" 11"6'1' llf.
Is there a restaurant nearby? fltUJ h.lJ.flll
)iD"
f,._,-R IL-l- l\11 l
near (v.)
I. -~""'~0. Slow down as you near the curve.
(be) nearer
m1. ODmii"H'IfiD" 11'1-,...::-R 11., OA His house is nearer to mine than yours.
2. -I'm;>. The ship was nearing land. ""Ch lt'J-I'iD" f.A~ fll- IL-l- II~ Y..,.cqA
!1. m1. f-All fl""m;>'t- llf. )O.:::f
come nearer +,l1l 1 hi\ ! +m;J
near (adj.) ~c-R Come nearer! +,l-R 0&\
The station is quite near. tiJ(lJm- OliJ9'" ~ If you come nearer, I'll hit you. -R-l-m;>'S 7.
C-R ' )iD" Od;f-Yilll-
near (prep.) 0 - - l\~c!-11..1'
A nun lives near the church. OIL-I' bCll-I:Y nearest
'1- ' l\~c!-11..1' ' l\'J-'1.-l- ' ""HNI..'t- ' f.'fc!-11- I. f"''...,.C-R. Is this the nearest way home?
near at hand 1\IL't- f"''...,.COiD" QD'J~J.': f.U )tJJo l
Always have a good dictionary near at hand! 2. f~C-R. He is my nearest friend. f~C-R 'l
11-A'I..II. 'No ODli~O ,..11'1- l\m~-RU f.'l-C 1.':''- ' 7.11- ' )iD"
near each other ftm111 l\m11l
They are standing near each other. l\m~-R II nearly
m~-R """'f'A I. A+ imperfect + 9"')9" l\A"'~"'" It's nearly
near here OtLU h:t-,e..flJ one o'clock. 11q:,. il't't- II..II''J M9"
Is there a hotel near here? OH.U l\~c!-11..1' l\A.,.O::iD"
11'-I:A l\/1 l I nearly suffocated. A;f-l..'J Mil" l\A.,.~
near relations r:tcofl uoop..'fo '59"
They are my near relations. Mil- f~C-tl H 2. fUA. There were nearly forty people at
...,.,; ' ""'"'"
near side liLT
the wedding. OiiC'I- llf. l\cq lll":f fU
A )0'1-
We can see the near side of the moon, but not The rock struck her on her head, and she was
insensible for nearly an hour. F:1;J~ &-(1..1 1
the far side. ,.,.,~,...., .C..;t'J 7.'J'l[ )';cq'f'
'J ' .,,,_ ' l\'J:fA9" ll/IOD;f-'1-' l\'JJ.':' {l't't-' YUA' )'i'!\...., ' ll;f- '
)OC
as near as lt'l~
As near as I can guess, forty people came.
3. A + imperfect + )0~. He nearly lost
;>,~ 7.'J1.~9"1'tJJo foom-'1- l\cq lll":f
his sight in the accident. qf.;>tJJo 'tf.'l- II.
mof.. )flC
""'"'"
come near T :1" l.O
[See also 'pretty']

We ran for cover when the storm came near.

nearsig hted '1-~ 1\.,f-l- f.,Y.':f-A
~f./l':'iD" 11.,9" 11..,..~-R 1\0Dm/IA C'
'l"J Nearsighted people usually wear glasses.
-~-~ ' /\.,,,. ' ,.,,..,...II- ' ll,.:f ' l\-R~':'tJJo'J '
get near .,.m;J
'1..11. Od)K'C YI.C;>II-
Don't get near the fire! 7.11-J>'J l\-l-m;>
nowhere near be nearsight ed lt'i''J"'iiD" l\f.C~II"
*The work was nowhere near completed. His policy on foreign affairs is nearsighted.
P'c!-iD" ' ..,~~ ' l\1111 llil ..,...,. Me 1-'lf. YiltJJo l\""c!-C
[See also 'draw, far'] lt'i''J"'iiD" l\f.C~II"
neat
neat
I. 11\...n. His desk always looks neat. m<:A.qtJ>o
li-A~H. I "}1\..ih I ~QJo
.,.,.
2. '1'"1-. She always looks neat. Ha>'I-C '1'"1-
3. T1'4tol>. A neat worker also works fast.
'1'1<1<:J> w&--1'>;' 4."11 w&--1'>;' ~,.
4. f..il f"tA. He drew a neat design on the
paper. Om<:.,.., lt.f. f..il f"'LA :J>Cl\"
"'ii
neatly 0'1'1:J'<t
Her gloves were neatly paired in a drawer.
1'7.)!' ' if.&-1'!)! ' OD{)O.f ' tJ>oil'l' ' 0'1'1:J'.,. '
0'1'1~ 0'1'1~ -l'f..C~<:'I'A
be neatly dressed T7i+t!+l.
He is always neatly dressed. 11-A"I.H. '-1f..-l'
11.,.<:.,.<: ' ~,.
nebulous
I. f..OD'i'"'l. In September the skies are nebulous.
Oooilh<:?" il"'ll' f..OD'i'"'l f.IT'i'A
2. f..11qq, He had nebulous ideas on the
subject. ilil "1-.111' f..11qq hilT.I'f'l- ~O<:tJ>o
3. "'AX" fAIT~. He has nebulous plans con-
cerning his future. lll\ mUT ').t!"m- ""IA11
.1'A IT) 't'l"'l hiltJ>o
necessaries t.il.l.it."l. ~1C':Y.
Food, shelter, and clothing are necessaries of
life. 11""111 I 0.'1-'i' A11il il.hf.m'l- t.il4.
'1"1. ' ~1C':f ' 'i':ftJ>o
necessarily
*Big men are not necessarily strong. ""Jff"fi: f
IT~ u-tr m11J&- )tJ>o "'111'1- t.f.!f'A?"
necessary (adj.) t.il4.'1"1. l T.l.it."l.
Can you raise the necessary funds? Ail.l.'l"l.tJ>o
1 (T4.it."l.tJ>o1) 11H11 A'l-il0il11 '1-
:f'lilll l
It is necessary that we get ready early. .,.f..?"
1111- ' ODH;>)!., ' hil.l.lt."l. ' ~,.
necessitate t.il4.111(tJ>o)
Your proposal necessitates borrowing money .
.1'.,.<:11htJ>o .h{)11 f11H11 11~C f"'L..'
ltL/A1tiJa I ~tJJo
The hard words in the article necessitate the
use of a dictionary. fiK"'dt-f'j:; m-ilT Y&+
hq~ ' :J'It.'l- ' OD1110 ' :J''IT ' .l'il.I.A;>:f'I'A
necessity (necessities)
I. t.il.I.'I"I.)T. We understand the necessity
of eating. fODDD1111 t.il.l.it."I.)T 'h'i'tJ>o:J'I\1
830 nectar
2. t.il.l.'l"l.. There is no necessity to do that
more than once . .f'l'l lt")F: "LH. fll\,.('. =
ODF&-'f- hil4.'1"1. ' hf.f..il?"
3. f"'L..'il4.A1tJ>o. She did without necessities
to be able to pay for her daughter's piano
lessons. f"'L..'il.I.A:>'I-1 u-tr :fit. 1111 II
AJ!. "l:.l''l" "'lilT"'I&.I' h4.ii:Y.
4. t.il.l.'l"l. fiT~ )1C. We must bow to
necessity. hil4.'1"1. fiT). ~1C':f1 ,..,.OA
hil111
5. :Y..,c, He was driven by necessity to steal
food for his child. IIA)I: 11""111 '-1'1.ilC:J>
:Y..,c t.il1UtJ>o
necessities hil.l.it."l. ~1C':f
Food and water are necessities of life. ,_,11'1
tJ>o;) ' 11).1!' ' hil.l.'l"l. ' )1C':f ' 'i':ftJ>o
be a necessity litLA:JA.
When abroad, a passport is a necessity. tt1C =
,..,. q~ro'l- "1.11. ff.il'i' m<:.,.'l- .r
il.I.A:>A
in case of necessity hilL"-'1. I fl(J"~ I 'l,.fl,
In case of necessity, call the hospital! hil.l.it."l.
OIT~ "1.11. ITil"!;;I"A f..tJ>olr
of necessity MY:
He did it of necessity, not because he wanted
to. a>P.. {)f.IT1 f"'Y: iliiiT~O'I- )tJ>o
foP&-tJ>o
neck h11'1-
He fell down the stairs and broke his neck.
hf..<:lftJ>o "" ' (l.aJ~ ' h11-f> ' .,..,..,.,
The bottle has a very narrow neck. fmCOD-fr
h11'1- 0"111" mq11 )tJ>o
[See also 'stiff, wear, yoke']
necklace .h11A 1 .1'11'1- '1.'1' l ~.-.
She is wearing a beautiful necklace. 0"111" f
"'L..'?"C .h11A (.1'11'1- '1.'1' I ~&) h~C
:>ii:Y.
necktie h&-'i'l-
1 bought a necktie for five dollars. qrn'l- 11
c ' h&-'i'l- ' 1ql]o
necrology f'l"'l- H.'i'
The author's necrology appeared in the Sunday
paper. ff..&-(l.tJ>o f'l"'l- H.'i' Ol\dt-~ ;>H.
tiJ I""' I GJIIJ
nectar .roq "'IC
Flowers secrete nectar. t.OI':Y. .roq "'IC
.I'a>"' {to
need
need (v.)
I. hii.C.I\1(.,.). +Man needs air in order to live.
....... ' {IOD'l"C ' hfC ' Yii.C.&\1'1'&\
+Plants need water in order to grow. c')O"f'-T =
11"71'."1 .,.~ Yii.C.&\;>'f'l'&\
2. .1.111. Don't hesitate to call if you need me!
h.C.fl"l1i'S ' (IODj!.(Df;\ ' h;f-OD1;J-
We have all we need. f?'"I.C.&\1.,. )1C 0
-rr hll1
3. hliO'I-. Does he need to know? "7m:J> h
fiR+!
*You need not bother. h+'f1C
need (n.)
I. '1''11+. Father was always mindful of the
needs of the family. hq-1; fiLT (IIJ-1 'I'll
1'1- 11-&\'1.11. y.,.:,. )OC
2. Toi.'I'I.)'Jo. There's a great need for wool
in winter. Oht:ll"'l- (1-<;: h'i' Yll .,.
.1.'11.)'1- ' hll ....
3. hii.C.'I'I.)'Jo. He emphasized the need for
careful driving. 0'1'1.4"<1: !Ill OD1J!'I- hil
.1.'11.)'1- h'l'il~ T'i'1t:
4. f:f"IC 1.11.. He was a friend in need. o:Y.
"IC '1.11. f"''.!'.Cil '}!'.!;' )OC
5. h4- .,.1. You are certainly a friend in need.
h1T O""'"H fh4- .,.1 mJ!;Eo )U
*His needs are many. 11ft' )1C 1-:f"'~'PA
at need hlM.I\"1. ' Olf) 't.tL
You can call me at need. hC.LI\"L Olf) "1.
H. &\'1-mt-'S '1-:fl\liU
be in need of Yii.C.&\1'1'&\
He is badly in need of a vacation. fbl.~T "L
H. h4-'1 Yii.C.&\1'1'&\
have a need of Ll\1
He has no need of your charity. :fl!';f-U1 h
f..C.&\"111"
if need be ltii.C.I\1
I will go myself if need be. ltii.C.i11 t-Il.
l'.'!1111-
there Is no need to 1\fC.LA..,'r
There is no need to worry. ou,;g,):J> hYII.C.&\"111"
[See also 'material, meet, sore']
needful hii.C.I\'1.
No needful service is to be looked on as base.
"71"'"'"'"~~" "")"" hii.C.I\'1. P'&- l\11'.
mt-'1 )1C ouot.mc fliO'I-11"
needle (v.) .,.M(o+)
We needled him about his big ears. ](1!'.,.
&\&\:J> ilfiiT) ' .,.(IK;-10'1-
831 negative
needle someone into 14--f..
We needled her into going with us. ftil~'1
l'.1K:'I-K: ' 14-of.'i''l-
needle (n.) ouco~,.
A needle serves for stitching clothes. ODC4 It
&\ilil ' OD'f'.,."''.Y Y1il"l'l&\
needless T1!l Y&\IT) 1 f"7f.1q
His needless grumbling annoys people. T1!l
Y&\IT) (f"7f.1q) "7"7.:~ (1.,. YOll""i&\
needless to say ffP lf'i 1 1
Needless to say, he kept his word. IVU If~ 1
y .+tt-1 hhO.:
needlework 'I'&\ 'I'
She does needlework for a living. "''Afi! 1 flou
P' t-+ ' '1-1-J!!'.c!-ll:y.
needy :f-"1.:11 I fT'f1t:
The government is building houses for the
needy. OD1"1P''I- ll:f"lt:if':Y. IL+ OouJ"t-
:,. 'If. ' )tJJo
They dispensed tbe clothing to needy refugees .
IIT'f1~ ii!'.Tif':f &\ilil Ol'.tr
nefarious hll.oJ-4:
The dictator's nefarious deeds shocked the
world. fhll"q1H hll.oJ-4: .,..,qc q(lll"
1 hlfo.:
negate
I. 'I';> llil h!'.t:1. Thisnegatesa llourwork.
r.u P"t-l-11 o-rr 'I';> !lil YI'.C1'1'&\
2. h.C.t:ll. The facts negate what he says.
fiT).,. )1C l\{1- f"''.il"'"1 Y.C.Cll&\
negation
1. hll-;1-. Shaking the head is a sign of nega-
tion. t-111 ou):J>):J> fhtr;J- 11"&\h'l- ).,.
2. T.4"&-t. Darkness is the negation of light.
'1!'11"7 fiiC?1 T.4"t-t ).,.
3. f"''.Yii-J-qil&\. The statement he made
today is a negation of his former beliefs.
q.:, fT'i'1t:.,. f.,. Y:'r" l'.II"H1 f"''.
YiiTqofl&\ ).,.
negative (n.)
I. htr;J-. 'I won't' is a negative. l'.ll"!l "711
+ htr;J- ) ....
2. ~;>-J:.fl. Only the negatives of the films have
been developed. f;J-mO.,. f-1.&\oo- ~;>-!:
.flii!J')tJJ o
*I asked him if he wanted to go, and he replied
+ in the negative. fiODK;- f..C.&\"1 l'.1!'.1T1
ilmf..,..,. hlilK:II" hli'S
neglect 832 neighbor

negative (adj.) (be) neglectful of ':f'l l'.t\

1. rl'll\o~. Minus three is a negative quantity.
hH.t:' n;J-':f l"il.'f- fl'.t\:l' mq,l'. ~..,.
2. 1&.. The teacher criticized the child's
negative attitude. l'.il1'"7&m- fA)I:"t 1&.
l'.ili'tuHI ~+.t.
3. f~f"''Q.:t". His answer was negative. ODA{lo
fl\l"'ll.:l' ~nc
He maintained a negative attitude toward
cooperating. nn..:m- ' ,.....,qq:,. ' ll"tq/1. '
fl\l"'ll.:l' ~ nc
4. <l.-1:. The negative charge should not by ac-
cident come in contact with the positive.
flot:"ttm- <1.1: hm"t!',m- ;>C R.l:'"t1.'f-
OD1'i"f.'f- ' ft\R.'f-9"
5. '1-.1:-t\.'f-"t ' f"7,.foPt\h.'f- l '1'-1-.'f-"t ' f"7..fOD
Ah+. His criticisms are always negative. fft-
.'f-':f.'f- 11-A'I.H. '1-.l:'t\.'f-"t ('1'-1-.'f-"t) f
"7,J'ODt\h.'f- 0 ~dJ'
The results of the blood test were negative.
fl'.l"' 9"COD&.dJ' m-m..'f- hO'Ii;J- "t~
ih ' ODII')."t ' 1\0Dt\hi'
negative results fi:~aJo h.I\""'"""C
The negative results of his work discouraged
him. fF&. 'NI.m- l'.t\"7"7C 1'11-1- 1\ilofl.t:mm-
neglect (v.)
I. ':f'l l'.t\. He went to dances and neglected
his studies. Rf'l"t~ ll..'f- {L;,:;,:'I' 'l''i'.,"t
':f'loflll-:l'A
Lately, he neglected his family. h~Cofl '1.11.
a>JI.tl ll.i'{lll,.;"t ':f'l ofi!I,A
2. llH~. Don't neglect to water the plants!
1\;J-hA.,"t m-;) h"7m"'.'f- l'..'f-llll"t
3. il + negative imperfect + +t:. He
neglected to tell me that you were here.
l\II,IJ oo'i'Ctl"t /1.1'.~1t:'1 +t:
neglect (n.)
I. 1!'..1\'li~.'f-. The car has been ruined by
neglect. oo>h,'i''P fi'R'Ill":fm- h1!'.t\'li~
..,. ' ,.,.~.., ' ~..,.
2. ':f'l "71\.'f-. His neglect of the truth is
astonishing. l\..,.~.,"t ~1C ':f'l "711., f
"7..1'il1C9" ~..,.
3. 'f'A:l'. The house had gone to ruin from
neglect. R'f'A;J- l"'h"t.l'.'f- II.., L&.t:{l
neclect of duty "tlltl'IA~.'f-
He lost his job due to his neglect of duty.
R"tllti'IA~_, F~"t 1'."1
He was neglectful of his health and fell serious-
ly ill. m. "t~.,"t ' ':f'l ' 11'111 ' R"'l"' ' :J'ODOD
negligence 'f'A1''1~.'f-
She was dismissed from the job on account
of negligence. hF&.m- fi'ID11'.':fm- R'f'A
1''1~:1: ~RC
negligent 'f'Ai''i'
He is negligent in his work. OP"~tJJo =fA+
s;: ' ~..,.
negligible l\9"oflq9"
The harvest this year is negligible. Rll.tl "too
.'f- MIA l\9"11q9" ~..,.
(be) negotiable
Their quarrel did not prove to be negotiable.
'l''l'f'm- '11"71/1. f"7.1qm- ll''i' l'.A1'1"f9"
negotiate
1. T).71~. We are negotiating with our
employers about our wage claims. ill\ f.'f"q':f
"t hl'.,&l"JI'':f"t ;>C Roo~;>1C '1,1'. ~"t
They are negotiating the sale of our house.
II.;J-':f"t ' illl"7.li''I'R.'f- ' 'P;> ' ROD~;J1C ' "
.... '.,.,....,.
2. 1'11"7"7. They finally negotiated a peace
treaty. nou,;u,..:lf f(l'\9" m-A 11"7.1:'t:1
1'11"7-
negotiation
I. fil9"9"~.'f- "t.,.,C, Negotiations were bro-
ken off after a week. l)"t .1:' 49""t.'f- R:\'1
fil9"9"~., "t11C i'ltt:m
2. .1:-C.I:'C. If the strike continues, the govern-
ment will have to take a hand in the nego-
tiations. F&. "79" h+mll OD"t1F.'f-
R.I:'C.I'X- ' dJ'il'l' ' 1''1-l-,1'. ' OUIJ'"t ' ,l'.'l'C
R;J-A
Negro'I'.,.C
The majority of Africans are Negroes. fh'il&>i
ih1111 ofllf'dJ' 'l'"'C ~..,.
There are many Negroes in this city. Rll.tl h
.,.., ' dJ'il'l' ' 1111' ' 'l'.,.t:'':f ' 1'.11-
neigh l'.'li>i>i
I heard the horse neighing at night. "7;J- L
c(~ 0 {lflil)l) I {1"711-
neighbor (v.) Ma~
My property neighbors his. ou.:.-1: f~"t ""
.:..'f- .I"Pil'i'A
 833
neighb or
neighb or (n.) 1-<':11.-l-
He and I are neighbors. 7.~<; 1\il- 1-<':11.1'
":f. )"!
nelzhbor (adj.) 1-<':11.-l-
Sudan is a neighbor nation of Ethiopia.
ll-.11"1 fh..-'1-f-kY 1-<':11.-l- MC <;:,.
neighb orhood
1. 1-<':11.-l-. The whole neighbor hood was there.
1-<':11.1: 0-11- MJ..I' )OC
2. ,...,,.C. Many artists and merchants live
in our neighbor hood. OD')Y.&o'f.,. (1)-{llf' 11
It" ' P''tl\.l"":f-<; );JJ'.I"":f- ' S'-'1'6-11-
3. ii.U:. Is Churchill Road a good neighbor-
hood? f'I'C":f-A 1-.11<; 'I'~ M-C )CD- l
4. t.l)qo_. He wants to live in the neighbor -
hood of London. 011-"!P.."I t.ltqo_ {lliD'I'
c S'-1-llt.:>A
5. t.l)qo_ liD"! ~:C. The potter makes pots for
the entire neighborhood. lfhll P'&CD- lt.h
l)qo_..,_ ""'~s:c o-11- flfhll 7.? y.
P'6-A
6. O:,.cofl)-'1-. The neighbor hood of the airport
is a serious problem for us. fhaJ-(!"TI\.'l "''l..k
y :,.cofl)-'1- 11'1 +A:,. :f-Ie )<D-
in the neighbor hood of '11....,
This house costs in the neighbor hood of
$30,000. y.u n.:,. "''~" ltu oflc 1S'."''
Yt"'A
[See also 'gossip, immediate')
neighb oring
1. f"'L4''1'A. A fire broke out in the neighbor-
ing village. O"'L+'I'it.CD- liD"!S'.C CD-/1'1' 7.
11-l- .f-)"1
2. 1-<':11.-l-. The neighboring country gave
asylum to the rebel. 1-<':11.-l- h1C lt.OODfl
';'a>- '1'1'h+ ilm":f-
nelghbor lng country 1-<':11.-l-
The neighboring countries of Sudan and
Kenya are plagued by locusts. 1-<':11.1'-il'":f-"1
h."!y<; ll-.11"1 Ot."IO"' -1-<D<':'I'A
neighbo rly, very - ODAit,. 1-<':11.-l-
The people here are very neighborly. MLIJ
.R111!- ODAI),. 1-t:M":f - <;'feD-
neither (adj.) bll-111: h"l"l-,.
Neither answer is correct. bo-A-It l\1.11-9'"
ODA/1 ' Ah ' hJ'.S'.It.,.
neither (conj.) - ,.. - ,..
He doesn't sing, neither does he dance. hJ'.H'i'
'~"'"' hJ'.S'."Ii l,.,.
nerve
*If you don't go, neither shall I. ltA~S'.'h h
A~.(-,.
(be) neither here nor there hJtCll.ll+ I ~
)CD- I hlLIJ "Jq f"''J'.qA )1C )CD-
What you are saying about the accident is
neither here nor there. ltA lJ.;JtD- fr' ;t-
<D6-CD- ht.Cl.il-'1- IIJ1> )CD-
The fact that her family has no money is
neither here nor there. 11.-f-{l(l!f! 1"1Hofl f
11.1\'I'CD- liDU'<;'fa>- hlLIJ .,q ' f"'' y.qA '
~1C I ~(Do
neither nor
1. - ,.. ll') + (negative verb). Neither he nor
I will be there. 7.{1-,. ll') 7.~ h"l"""'' "
I have neither time nor money. 1.H.,.. If'~
1"1011 flt.'1,.
2. - ,.. - ,.. + (verb). I could neither cry nor
laugh. "''A+il, . t1D"':,0'1" h:J>-1-'1
I am neither for nor against il S'..:>l.,. -1-:J>'I'
..,_,. hJ'.S'.It.ll-,.
neither of
1. h"IS'.' + (suffix pronouns + negative
verb). I like neither of them. t.VI'I'a>-"1,..
hA<DS'.',.
2. h"l"l-,. + (negative verb). Neither of them
will he satisfactory. h"l"l-,. h'l':>ll hJ'.S'.
II,. +
negative verb
in neither case hrN\1: Q"JJJ-9'"
In neither case can I agree. hv-lt.-1: q")Jl-,.
Ail"''"'' hAl-A, .
nephew ftD"IS'.',. A)': 1 fl.'r-'1- A)':
The nephew is considered as a brother.
f<D1S'.',. (fl.'r-'1-) A)': 1\"IS'. tD"IS'.',.
Y.<llm6-A
nerve
1. fS'.?"P' C.Hecut the nerve in his arm, and
now he cannot move it. fh"l"l- fS'.,. P'
c illt.-1--ll<':m 7.)1:"1 .,):J-)0:,. t.Y.":f-
A,.
2. )':"'1-l-. My foot is numb; I must have hurt
the nerve. 7."1&. S'."I11!1.A I )':"'1-1: .... )h.f-
Y.ll'<;A
get on one's nerves h.Oli:Q;~. I hlt&"Uo)of'
The constant noise is getting on my nerves.
f"''Y!IIC'I' "'i"'i;f- YOIIa\.'1A (.I'll..,"!
+';'A)
It takes nerve S'.''i'<':-l-"1 Y.mY.:J>A
It takes nerve to pilot an airplane. h<D-~11"1
OD"!-'1-l- S'.''i'<:-l-1 Y.mY.:J>A
..
nervous
lose one's nerve oott.IIJmC 1 1-IJ.i-(m-)
The soldier lost his nerve and fled. m;t-S'.~ oo
<t;"'mC Tll.'l''l- 1f1f
[See also 'jar']
nervous
I. fTS'..,1m. His calm confidence steadied
the nervous passengers. fl.;J Ari'-t: 1 f
TJ'..,1lll'T't ' OO't1J'.'I':f ' """"'ftiJo
2. fll"''1- ih'l'lt'l-. The nervous system is
very complex. fll"''1- ih'l'lt'l- h"'t.C 0"1
'/" <!<J::J> ~,.
(be, 1et} nervous
I. oo"t<~.h- .,...,~.,.. She takes tranquilizers
because she is so nervous. OO'lL!).. fitiJ9'"
111\"''...,~:J> "711:1"111' ooY.-;>t'l- '1-tiJo"'o\:f
2. T0lt .... The last few days I've been very
nervous. qM'I- '1'<1:'1- .,..,.,_ T0lt"J.>'Ii ~
oc
3. TCOS'.OS'.. I get nervous when you watch
me working. 7.~ ll"'<l- 'l-Ite .01\U II
'f-oollh-14 l.COS'.OJII\u-
4. ( = make nervous) hll"-t.. She is nervous
about staying alone at night. 11.11.'1- .O!I''I''t
"7J'.. hii<I.C;I:;I"A
make nervous h.,....~m~m
Anticipation of the battle made the soldiers
nervous. IPCH't .,..mqo:J> m;t-S'.t:'Ji't h
.,...~m~"''f,.
[See also 'jar, wreck']
nervously ooo..,~:J>
He paced the room nervously. h'i!it' 1 m-l'l-r
Ooo..,~:J> tDJU' tDJI,U hi\
nest (v.) 'II( "'<l-
Birds nest in trees. mt:::f 'I ]('l''ftiJo't f"'L"'
~'I- Oq'i' ' lt.f. ~,.
nest (n.) ftD'i' '11(
There were four tiny eggs in the nest. fimfi! 1 1:Jt
, . ' tiJoil'l' ht-'1- 'l-'t't11 1.'t411t.ll-:f ~0~
nestle Too!f':f.P. .,..,.
The baby nestled in his mother's arms. ;,yo;.
1..,-1> h'tS'.- lt.f. Too!f':f.P. .,..,.
net (netted), v.
1. hmODS'.. The fisherman nets fish. 't"f h'1'"7
'It ' 't"f 1m'I"JIA
2. fT"'<l- 11L hll1'f(ll'l-). How much does
this business net you a year? ~u f1"1.f: 1 P'
t. q.,..:,. M 1UA fT"'<lo 11l 1111
'SA7A l
834 never
3. hll1'f(ll'l-). The sale netted me a good
profit. 111... 'I'~ '1-C'i' hll1'fA'S
net (n.)
I. OD<!.fl. The nets were full of fish. OD<!(l'Ji 0
't"f .,..,.A.,.,. ~oc
2. I\' 'I-. He was caught in a net of lies. ft1Jo1f'l-
1\''1- , ODIJ'l- , ;t-m.,.o'l-
mosqulto net rmq '1-'t'S oohlt.h1 h'IOC
I need a mosquito net to put over my bed.
hA;>IIo't f'l".:>CS'.-0'1- fmq '1-'t'S oPhit.
h.l' h'IOC 1.4-A;>I\u-
net (adj.)
I. fT"'<l-. My weekly salary is fifty dollars net.
Olt'l"'t'l- f"71'ft1Jo fT"'<l- S'.'l"li '1'1"
IJ. I oflC I )oaJo
2. (= adv.) .fl!l'tiJo't. The net weight of this
truck is four thousand pounds. ooh.'i"m- 11
!f't1Jo't ht.'f- If. ?'tiJo'tS'.- f.OD11.,A
nethermost foo..,<!lf
No light reaches the nethermost depths of the
ocean. .ocn hl~Jo:J>1'l'll foo..,<!lf 'I'A
.,.,. hf.S'.Cil'l"
neuter "IIJ-11 1-:1"
The Latin noun has a neuter. flt.1:'t 11'1" "I
IJ-11 1-:1" hl\tiJo
neutral
I. 11\A.,..,., Sweden was neutral during the
First World War. Ooo~""61t1Jo f'tl\'1" II'
C~'l- II'E~'t 11\AT... ~O<!:f
2. S'..OH11 111. Gray is a neutral color. "lt."'i
S'..OH11 11\ .,.o\'1" ~,.
neutrality 11\A.,..,.~:,.
The big powers do not often observe the
neutrality of small countries. '111t.'t OO't"ll"
:1"'1- }'o.j)q.,.,., 1.1i f'l-.,11 ....,.,
1":1"'1-'t 11\AT... ~T h.l'h.fl~'l"
neutralize
1. fi!t'.. lll'l l'tF..l.1. His carelessness neutral-
ized his efforts. m't:1':1' ho\""IT'i- '1'4!-1>
't 'I'll. ILII l'oS'.<!1fJJo
2. 'I':> hlt"'. Our artillery neutralized their
cavalry. f.,. oo~<~.'l':f f~h-'t 4-<!ll'l':f
'I':> hlttp.'ftiJo
never
I. ,~.,...,.+ (negative verb). She never eats fish.
't"f ,~.,...,. h'l-011'1"
2. "-"'I" + (gerundive) + h1tiJo:J>'/". Never in
nevertheless
my life have I seen such a fire. R.lt'-"'"" l."t
~II.U Yll l?.fl'l- :l'mll- Lrt" h'-
'liMfDo:jo!l"
3. h-1' + (negative verb). We never travel
without a spare tire. """'ft.Y 1"7 fl"t Mf
h.f- ' OD"J1.1:" ' h"J~.I:-!1"
4. gerundive + hJ'fDo:jo!l". I never went to
Ethiopia. m~ h.'l-f"kY ~;( MH!I"
5. M '1.11.11" + (negative verb). A carrier of
bad news is never welcome. oPif'S: mt.1 f
"'LJ'OD"' M 1.11.11" R~ll;t- #fl'-~'1-
hY,"i!l"
*On his trip in the desert, he met with mis-
fortune and never returned. RRG7fDo {l.'i11
fl:>m"""'" ""'I'll: 6.1:-fll. !l"h"tY'l- l."t~
mnr' .,.G
never again
I. 11-111-'1 +(negative verb). I'll never go there
again. u-111-'i' l.lf.Y hfii.J'.CII!I"
2. 'i"l""'i' L~'l" +(gerundive) + hYfDo:jo!l".
She never again came to visit me. JI..,OD;o;' A.."f-
m,..,."i Lrt" OO'J';t- h;t-fDo:jo!l"
[See also 'loss, mind']
nevertheless fll'~
11''1'
Nevertheless, I still can't believe it. flf) ll''f
hu-"t!l" llll'"t ~1<1-"t ~M hfll"'ffll!l"
new
I. h-'1.11. I bought new clothes for my brother.
1\m"t.<:-"'1. h-'1.11 A-till 1'111-11'1-
In the new year, we hope to get out of debt.
fl-'l.il- ~oo'l- hM u. il""ll'"t 1-ll<f.
l.'i'~C:>ll"t
2. h-'1.11 ~1C. What's new? M h-'1.11 ~
1C hll l (M '-mil-A !)
That's all new to me. '-U u-tr II~ h-'1.11
~1C ~..,.
3. l."t"l-'1. I am new to this town. llh1-"7fDo 1.
"t"l-'1 ~"i
The idea is new to me. dtiJfto tUr. J\1..,~
~ ....
new arrival 7t.1..,JI
He is a new arrival here. Show him around!
1.'1"1'1 111111'~ M<l-"t hflffDo
be new from h .. - - hJlll ODIIJ
My servant is new from the country. h'ilh<~o
fi~1C ' h-'1.11 ' fOD"' ~fDo
[See also 'high, moon']
newborn baby hil-11 fll.)\'
She held a newborn baby in her arms. hil-11
fll.)\' ;t-:jo<f. ~RC
835 New Testament
newcomer
1. hll.ll ODRI., All newcomers m1,1st register
here. h-'1.11 ......._,..,_ u-tr hii.U """"11
1-tl hllfJ'f'fDo
2. ~..- foPiiJ (lar-. He recapitulated the argu-
ment briefly for the benefit of the newcomers.
1'i' il""at-T ll9'l- {l.fll. f1-~G1fDo"t h
ChC 1l"t~1'i' fJ"l/'<1- 11\K
newfangled HR'i''- l HOD'i''l!
The old man railed against newfangled ideas.
'il"7"111.fDo ' {lfDo ' HR'i''- ' (HOO'i''f!) ' hll-1-
{)(lfJ"'f"t"t h1D1H
newly h-'1.11 1 1'i' h-'1.11
The newly bought harness broke. h-'1.11 f1-
1'1fDo fLGII 1.:1' 1-R"'mll
A newly married couple rented the next room.
1'i' h-'1.11 f-1-:>R- flfll.'i' "'l.ll'l- f"'l..,.'l'
1\fDo"t h'i'fil. 1-hil-\1.
newlyweds n:jocn- f-1-:>R- flfll.'i' "'l.ll-l'"'f
The newlyweds are giving a party. n:joctJ- f
1-:>R-'1- flfll.'i' "'l.ll-l'"'f "1-tl"lf" Y~C:>fr
news
1. Ill<!.. The news came entirely unexpectedly.
aJ<I.fDo L~'l" o'l'-:l"ll-tl ~Gll
2. '1-A:jo H.'i'. His discovery made news. fL
1\llLliJo h-'1.11 ~1C '1-A:jo H.'i' h'l-C~fll.
*That is news to me. 1'i ODi'l..,1: ~co-
be in the news fl(td.CDo 1 ~OJ~A
His efforts to invent a plane are in the news
lately. hfDol!'T~"t 1\0DLfll.ll<;: f"'LJ'~C1fDo
'l'G'l- Rll.LfDo '-"'il-fll.
latest news h-'l,l'l OJ/. I +tt-l'l 1 OJ/.
Tell me the latest news! h-'1.11 ('1-11-11) m.:.
"t1G"i
[See also 'break']
m.:.
newscast
We listen to the newscast at five. ROP'il- h
"tY: ll~'l- Ill<!. l.'i''l!l""'ll"t
newsman :>H.m'i'
They shut all newsmen out of the meeting.
:>H.m'l'"'f"t u-tr hii-RllfJfDo 7."t'1'-1R- h
ilh!l.'l'fDo
h newspaper :>11."1
This newspaper appears twice a week. ~u ~
11."1 RflM'l- 11-111: '-"'"'"'
New Testament h-'1.11 IVI"t
The deacon studies the New Testament.
.ll.Y.f). h-'1.11 IVI"t Ym'i'fil.
next
next (adj.)
1. +.:>;'. "Who is next?" the nurse asked the
patients. +.:>;' n..,. 1 -11'1 )C!l. ih""
11"+'l''lh mf+:Y.
2. f"''.+'I'A. Next time do it right. R"''.+'l'll
..,. '1.11. D+hhA 1"&-..,.
The next bus will arrive in ten minutes. f"''. +'I'll
..,. 11.....,_11-11 QP'C 1'.4!:1' CJ>oll'l' f.I'.CitA
3. fDY.ODtiJ. We are coming next month.
D"''.ODIIJCJ>o tDC 1\"tODIIJI\"t
By this time next week, we shall be in France.
D"''.ODIIJCJ>o ta9""t+ f.U"t '1.11. l.t!:"tlaf.
II~C )"t
4. ( ~ adv.) +'I'll-. Take the next turn to the
right! +'I'll- mr. +~ f"''.;f-mi.CJ>o"t ""
"t~.f: J'1l
next (adv.)
1. hii.U R:\'1 +'I'll-. What will you do next?
hii.U D:\'1 +'I'll- 1/""t ;1-I'.C;JI\U l
2. +'I'll-. My name comes next on the list.
D11C"II~ CJ>oll'l' II"'L +'I'll- f.""IIJA
3. 11-11+.,.. When next we meet, smile! u-11+>;'
ll"t~~~ 1.~~ DA
next day D.,~ll.,.
He spent the day at the market, and the next
day he got sick. 1D.I' I CJ>oj\o I D.,~~~... I ;f-OD(ID
next to
1. h +'I'll-. Hewasnexttomeinline.DI\A
4- 'If. h). I +'I'll- )DC
Which town is next to London insize?Ooom1'
hl\""tf."t I +'J'I\" 0 fi\CJ>o 0 h+"1 I f ... I )CJ>o!
2. f +h;J-f.. He is next to me in rank. D.,
tl~ f), +h;J-f. )CJ>o
3. '1-"t. Sit down next to me! '1-l< ++""'I'
4. h llm~ofl. They live next to the church.
n.;J-'I'CJ>o hU.+ hCM:.I"l' llm~ofl )CJ>o
next to nothlnl' Mr"
No wonder she's so thin; she eats next to
nothing. ~'1');1; ll.l'lll'."t~9" I 9""t9" II+R'I
the next best thing7t.,."1JLU 1 f.,.~m- 1 A.l\m- 1
~I )"JC
There are no tickets left for the circus. The
next best thing is the zoo. tJJI'. 1\Chll- l."t-'1
"t~Q -tiL+ IIA!IIA I 1\"t~JI.U f+t!:"t
1\ACJ>o - )~C .1'&-'+ oomDof!.I'CJ>o ~
'I"C I),..
[See also 'door, last, morning, time']
next-door (adj.) f~Cofl
We are next-door neighbors. f~Cofl '1-<!:0.
+. )"t
836 nicety
next door (adv.) D"''.+'I'IICJ>o n.+ CJ>oll'l' l
1."'1.+'1'1\CJ>o n.+
The tailor lives next door. Aoflll 1\d.CJ>o D.,.
+'I'IICJ>o n.+ CJ>oll'l' f.'f &-A
Please go next door! 1l"''.+'I'IICJ>o n.+ 't.f:
next of kin f~Cofl noo.f:
As soon as he died, they notified the next of kin .
1\"tl'.'l"+ 1\~Cofl H""JI. )~~
nibble lr&-<!:1.
The mouse nibbled the bread. llf.l!l. -'lllCJ>o"t
lf&-t:I.:Y.CJ>o
nice
1. - Let's go for a walk! It's a nice day
today. 'lic'lic 1\"t't.f: 1 q<~. 'I'~ +"t )CJ>o
That wasn't a nice remark. - llll+.l'f+
IIA)Dt!:9"
2. F-"1. It wasn't very nice of you to refuse
that old lady a seat. 1\t.l'"t QA-1:+ T)P'
+U llll.,ll+oo'l'tJ 1'."1 11'11'.<!:~1111"
They are nice to strangers. 111\"t~P.:Y. 1'.-'l:Y.
~"'"'"
3. <!:4!~. Artists must make nice distinctions
between various colors. "''ill.l":Y. D+ll.,+
ODI)hA <!:4!~ I AI!-)+ I .,.f:t!:~ I IIM'I'CJ>o
nice and ...
1. r.w. It's nice and warm by the fire.
1./a... -'IC I'.'W f.'I":I'A
2. Dl'."tofl. Be sure the beer is nice and cold!
(U.CJ>o Dl'."tofl '"'""'" ODIT\o-"t llt!:;J~'I'
nicely Dl'."tofl
The bench will fit nicely in that recess. 11~-'1
"''.CJ>o tD"tDC RIU' ~~-'1 .,11~11.,1' ..,.
11'1' O.ll'"t Dl'."tofl f.~'I'.,A
do nicely, that will "' .e"fi.., 1 ,...;...
Would you like a sandwich? That will do
nicely. lt"t.f:'l!:f +I.A;JI\U l f.'li., -
quite nicely ~ 1\.t:C"'
You did that quite nicely. - ll.f:C~U "'
c+'li"A
nicety (niceties)
1. .:+~ .I'IICJ>o. He knows English well, but not
the niceties of grammar. l."t"/11.11>;' 1'.'1~ II
.f:C"') .I'CJ>o:I'A ~"t t:+~ .I'IICJ>o"t fl\ .. 11
..,. ' 'I'D-II ' II.I'CJ>o~9"
2. f"''.OD'Jl )~C':f. The niceties of life cannot
be obtained in the desert. 111'-C' f"''.""'li )~C'
:f"t 1/".f:t!: D-'1 CJ>oll'l' .,~'f+ llf.li'A9"
niche
niche [IIAI' AI' l.:J' t1Df.CU, l."tJI..I'
,II"IA 0"1.1:"'1"1 11>"11'1' f"t,'f .,.1."'\
"' ll'il&-]
nick, make a ~ lf<:.r.
She hit a cup and made a nick on the edge of it.
1\l:......, ,<?:t- hi- "" If<:.r.":ftJJo
In the nick of time Ot'illl l."t-'li.CII
They summoned a doctor in the nick of time.
.bh....., Ot'illl l."t-'I.I.CII m~'l-
nickname f:r>K'A 119"
Edward's nickname is Shorty. fh.I."'PCI." f
:r>x-A 119" ~~-~~ )II>"
niece rJ.-.'1- A~ 1 fro"t.<:-9" A~
My niece is going to be married tomorrow.
fl.-.-1: (ftD"tl.""'/.) A~ ), A'I-JIC )tJJo
niggard -t."t!l:'i"
His father is a niggard and will not buy shoes
for him. hQoJ: -t."t!l:'i" 111111') "'i"7 l."t\>.
hf.,qll'l-9"
niggardly
I. <k"t!l:'i". His father is a niggardly sort, and
won't buy him shoes. hQ'I-\LID" -t."t!l:'i" IL
m. 111111') "'i"7 hY.,qll'l-9"
2. MII-J-'0'. This niggardly gift of a pair of
socks does not repay me for the work I have
done. fl."IC 11'&-11- htii-J-'0' llfl':t" 111111'
) ' f"'&-v-'1-"t F&- hf.OD'J''t9"
nigh, draw ~ 1-:J'<:O
The time draws nigh. "I.H.tJJo 1-:J'<:O
night 1\.11.'1-
He traveled day and night for a week. lt9""t'l- 1
oo-11- I .,.., .. o 1\./1.'1- I -J-0\H
nights 1\.11.'1- 1 1\.11.'1-
He works during the day and writes at night.
.,.., I .,.., I J.f"'<l- I 1\./1.'1- I 1\.11.'1- I J'.l\'<1-A
night and day '11"7!1:<:'1'
He worked night and day until the job was
done. F&-11>" 1 7.11ltll.,. 1 1."<:11 '11"'1!1:<:
T I tP&-
(the) night before QII<I.ID" 1\.11.'1-
The night before, my father came by train
from Addis Ababa. Qll<l.tJJo 1\.11.'1- 1 hQ-1: 0
QR-C I hhJI.III hOQ I ODIJlo
good night! ,...,.,. 7.1-C (2nd masc. sg.)
last night '1-lo"t'l-'i" "7:1"
We had unexpected company last night.
'1-lo't'l-'i" I "7:J- ,A:J-(10 I J.'t"IJI OD"Jofl"t
837 nightmare
late last night q,!, 1 1\.11.'1-
Late last night I heard a noise. q,!, 1\.11.'1- 1
1."9"6 I (1"7fJo
put up for the night q,!, hill.<:
Can you put us up for the night? q,!, 1 A:t"
ltl."<:"t '1-":floi\U ?
stay (two, etc.) nights.,.., 1 hi.<:
He stayed at my house three nights. hiL-l: II'
11'1- .,.., hi.<:
take In for the night hill.<:
She took him in for the night since there was
no place else for him to go. ,..y;!f MAtO<:tJJo 1
hltl.<:":ftJJo
tomorrow night t1 "7:1"
They are going to the movies tomorrow night.
) , o "7:J" I tDf. I 1\l:."'' I f.y;JI/1-
[See also 'before, dead, retire, settle, spend,
take in, young']
nightfall, at ~ 1\0D"li
Children must come home at nightfall.
1\0D"li I A"/('f I hiL'I- I ODh-J-'1- I hiiQ'ffDo
nightgown fl\.11.'1- A1111
Her nightgown is made of black silk. fl\.11.'1- 1
A11!l. I h'I'"'C I .bC I '"'""'&- )II>"
nightlong, adj. ( ~ adv.) 1\.11.-lo"t ...li-
The nightlong rain caused a lot of damage.
i\.1\.-J:~ I IID"fto I fU)oODQJo I 1f'ig&- I oflft' I .,.
Jl'l- I hf.<:(l
all nightlong A.A.'it1' ,..lr
They typed all nightlong to finish the report.
&?"C-Io"t 1\tiDQ;).l:ll 1\.11.-lo"t I -~~- 0""
h.'i" I 1\K'I- I hf.~
nightly, adj.(~ adv.) "7:1" 1 "'':t"
His nightly bath takes 20 minutes. "7 :t- 1 "'':t-
,lotJJo") I I\:J"m11 I U, ' l.of::J' I J'..r.lfA
nightly (adv.) 1\.11.'1- 1 1\.11.'1-
He wakes up nightly. 1\.11.'1- 1\.11.'1- f.Q"t'i"A
nightmare :r>11"'1-
The child woke up screaming because he had
a nightmare. A')l: I O:r>11"'1- '"'"~ 1-)"1
be a nightmare R"'9" 1 hlll."t:>'? )0<:
The train crash was a nightmare I shall never
forget. fQ~ 1 "1"1''1- 0"19" hlll."t:><? 1
111\tO<: ,.-,.,_11.9" hA<:lt~~>"9"
have a nightmare *.,.
He always has nightmares. fJoA"I.rt. f.:Mf"A
night school 838 noble

night school "7:1- 'I-9"UC'I- IL'I- nipple ""i'i'

He is attending night school. "'';1- 'I-9"UC'I- The nipples of the breast of a woman who
IL'I- Y."''&-A gives birth must be kept clean. fmtt ffioT
""l'i' R'tK-.ft<; oomn:r> hiiR'I-
nightstand ll""'l.'l" nipple of baby bottle m-tn
There is a nightstand by the bed. hA:>tJJo h
She washed the nipples of the baby bottles.
m1il lloo'l.'l" hll
"""'"'"') hmO":ftJJo
nightwatchman fl\.11.'1- liR.,.
The nightwatchman keeps an eye on the
no
I. fll9". Is it Monday today? No, it isn't.
house. fl\.11.'1- liR.,. IL-Jo't Y.mil:I'A
~.:. (I~ ~"'" l fll9" hY-~119"
nimble 2. h~1..1tr. Answer 'yes' or 'no'! )o(l)o m1.or
I. .,.A"'-1-. The monkeys are nimble in climbing hY-~119" iliiU ODA{I
trees. ,n"'l"'ll ~'i' RootJJo"''l- .,.A"'S:":f 3. (verb in the negative). He has no money.
<;:ftJJo 1'tllil flltJJo9"
2. 't4<. The boy had a nimble mind and could The desert is no place for a weak person to be.
think up excuses for every occasion. Alt. 1'41: 9"Y:C: RJI ~lt"'' (ltJJo hY.ll"''"'''l"
h'-9"!: llii~RC:tJJo ll"'''t ...tJJo'l" ~1C 9" *No talking! oo~;>1C hAhA ~"'"
h't.l'+ Y..t.'l'C ~nc no one
!. "7't9" + (negative verb). No one came to
nine lim~ see me when I was sick. ;f-9"'"7. i\1\o- "'71
nine o'clock V'il."f- flf\o+ 9" hAmf.,.~9"
I will come at nine o'clock OV'll-l (lq:,. 1l 2. OJ1r it + negative verb
OD"JII!I- It is an axiom that no one lives forever. "71'9"
(ltJJo llllllll9" '-'t~"''Y.'l"C ,_.,..'t ~"'"
nineteen OP"&- lim~
no one ofJ\1.(- + suffix pronouns +negative
ninety lim<; verb
No one of you can lift it. h'tJI":fo-'1" A:J'
ninth lim~.,. ~-+ . h'l-:fll-'1"
nip (nipped), v.
no other man "71'r + negative verb
No other man can do my work. P'&-'1-'t "'''t
!. ~hll h.J'.C:1. The puppy nipped me, and it
'I" 11."'&- hY.":fA9"
hurt. flo":f-11'1' ~hll llii~C:1":f~ )<,oooo~
[See also 'later, mo~, sooner, time, whatsoever']
2. h:l'mll. The cold nipped our ears. ilCJI.
.i!l:'l'":f't't h:l'mll't nobility
3. .,.OQ.. A late frost nipped the first flowers. !. oul>,'t't'l-. The nobility accompanied the
H"'Y..f f"'ll tJJoC'P floPtJJo"''l- IIY. Emperor to church. 't1-"' ~11"-lo 11.1' hell
no~+-t hR!l":f "'""'"'"'" -tn ll.'t.<~. oo~>.-t-t-~o o)';!l.'f'"'"
4. .,.C:mof.. +He nipped his finger in the door. 2. '1-A:r>~+. We did not agree with his method,
0D1f1JtJJo I IIJ.f:") I +~tnA.,aJo but we admired thenobilityofhisaim. flHY..CD-
nip off ~og, Q'tll"7"79" f'lll"''tJJo't '1-A'I>~'I- h~~:r>'t
The dog nipped off a piece of meat. "'"~~""'"
P';>tJJo't ~OQ, noble (n.) ool>,'t't'I-
be nipped ( ~ active) oo;t- Only a noble may receive the title of Ras.
f&-M+ "''i>C"' f"'1..1'1~ ODI\'t't'l- i1
The plants are wilting because they were
nipped by the frost. tJJoC'P (llloo;l-:ftJJo .,. i1' ~"'"
hll-'ll mtJJoA1'1'A noble (adj.)
!. ll:>ll. He is very noble when it comes to
nip (n.), have a ~ of 4-'1- M(ll'l-) giving money. fi"l1'Hofl 1 A.:Jll 1 )CD-
Have a nip of this whiskey! hH.U tJJo(l h. 4- 2. r,;u.1'. He is a man of noble character.
+ OAII'I- ra~.q- I mil,. I YACD- I (tm- I ~
nobleman 839 nominal

3. fll+. His noble thoughts manifest them- noise

selves in his actions. fll+ h!l-t-<'u'lll- OF I. "'i""i;l-. The noise in the street distracted
~,. f-;1-m:N:. me from reading. OD"I1'1. 111- fi\fDo ""&""&
[See also 'countenance, presence'] ;1- "7"1011 bilbil't
2. fDol);l-<; '"'&""&;I-. His ears were attuned
nobleman (noblemen) oo\>,"1"1'1- to the noise of the big cily. ]!.r:,. f'I-A41"1
The nobleman has an obligation to support b-1'"7 fDoi);J-<; ""&"";1- 119"P.;I-A
the church. OD\>,"1"1-1> 0.1' bCM:.I'"I"I foo 3. J':9"6. I heard a faint noise in the dark .
...,'!> "IS!.;I- hi\0'1- ""11"7"" fDoil'l' J':9"6 ooflf. (1"7,.
nobody make noise T"Jftl-J.
I. "7"19" + (negative verb). Nobody saw him. Children, don't make so much noise! A]!.:f I f.
.,.,,. hllffDo9" 11"1 fll<C\ h'l-"1""&...
2. "7"19" (lfJJo +(negative verb). Nobody may noiseless S':9"6 f/1.1\fDo
leave this room. ...,.,,.. {lm- bH.U hfi:A r She owns a noiseless typewriter. Y:'JD6 fA.A
h"IJI.IIIIIJ I hf.I..4'J':i\'l-9" OOb.<; ' hll'l-
fDo I fl\".fti..'J- I
3. h"IJ':9" + (negative verb). We saw nobody
.,,.
we knew. h"IJ':9" f9"<;,..,.,. (lfDo hllf noisy
I. "'i"'i;l- f"''.Oqo+. That's a noisy office.
nobody else Aoil "719"' {tm-+ negative verb "" ""i"":1" f"''.oqo'J- llr: ),.
Nobody else offered to help me. /1.11 "7"19" 1 2. "'i""i;l- f"''.fOq. The owner will not lease
(lfDo I h<C\~.II't!l" the apartment to noisy tenants. Qi\0.-1> h:r
C1'"7fDo"l "'i""l;l- 1\"''.,I'OH- (ll":f h,l'b~f.9"
nocturnal 3. ~.'li.. The noisy boy did not let me finish
I. f/1.11..'1-. The owl i a nocturnal bird. "J-"l-'1- my letter. "il.'li."" <C\~ ,._11.110.\lo"l h"l
f/1.1\.,'l- I iD'i> 0 <;'1- .II<C\..,Cll h,._~1't
2. ( ~ adv.) 11.11..'1- 11JI'. Stars are a nocturnal be noisy
sight. ltbtt:f 11.11..'1- 11JI' f"''.;l-1' httll-:f I. 1-"l"'i""l. The children were noisy when the
<;lffDo
guests were trying to talk. h "I"'P.'Il II..""im-1>
nod (nodded), v. <C\]!.'Il f."l"""" )0C
I. h"l'l-lll. He began to nod over his book. 2. ""1i'~- hOq. The patrons of this bar
ODl\"do4-"l 11..,1')11 ,1'"1'1-11~ )OC are asked not to be noisy. fiLII o-<; 0.'1-
2. ~(1-"1 )4')4' I '1-11"0!1 +<; h,._~,. She ,._"IO'l':f ""1i'l- h"I.II!OH- 1'm,..,.1'A
absently nodded in response to the question. 3. :'1:'1:1" Oq(O'I-). The party is too noisy;
0/1.11 .J.t\11 I fDo!l'J' I TfD-dJ I ftl\:f I 1\'J'f
I let's slip away! :ret,. 0"111" :>:>:1" 011
4:fDo OD.c\!1 I ~!)."j I )4')4':f
I -f-0;1-.c\ I lf.Ab 1111"1 h"lfDo"l
Nodding your head is equivalent to saying yes. nomad Hll"l
~11"1 '1-9"0!1 +<; "7J':~"' M( f"711'1- Nomads take their cattle on a search for grass.
!ll<C\ )fDo Hll'l''ll .,,..71 'i>i\;'J b11-f-JI'lffDo"l f.H
3. -t-mqmn. Trees nod in the wind. q,;:'Jl 0 ,. ' f.H1'1D~II-
)<f.(l- f.mqmq/1-
*He nodded to me as he passed. II..,I'<C\'1' ~(1-"1 nomadic, ~ tribe Hll"l
)~"1-' Mll";l- (lm't Nomadic tribes live in eastern Ethiopia.
Hll'l':f 011"1"~~ t..'J-f"kf f.'l'~ll-
nod (n.) ~(1-"1 oo)~)~
He signified his consent with a nod. ~(1-"1 0 nomenclatu re oo&.h :1'11'1-
00)~)~ 00!1"7"7-1>"1 11\l\ Every scientist must learn the nomenclature
of his field. .,.,,...,,.,. fftf."lll II..~
give a nod
~ f""'!fD-"1 oo&do :1'11'1- "7'1'<;'1- hi\0'1-
*He gave us a nod as he passed. (tJ/At;:
....., Ooo)~)~ Mll";l- (lm"l nominal
greet with a nod I. 0"111" '1-"1'11. There is a nominal entrance fee.
He greeted us with a nod. h~ )"#"! fOO"/IlffDo o 1';'J I 0"19" I 'l-"1'11 I )fDo
nominate 840 non-stop

2. ( ~ adv.) RM" 11!1' i 1111..... The queen is 2. 1\'t.(- + (suffix pronouns). None of them
the nominal ruler of the country. .,.,,...,., has yet come back. l\11ltu-"t 1 1\'t'l'fm-,- 1 l\
u16.,., f"''..111'1- nM 11!1' )m- {lt..,.ODI\{1-
Though the king was the nominal ruler, his none of your business
son governed the country. .,...,..,.... 1 All_.. 1 ., That's none of your business. ft"}+"} ftY'lQtJ?'"
"IC ILtl''t!l" l\16.,-, f"7.J'II1'1.(-<:m- /lt. none other than &-flo
71: )flC The one who called you is none other than the
nominate director. fm~IJ 1 -'1."-h.,.~ 1 t-ll'fm- 'i"'fm-
1. l\"oP. The President nominates his ministers. none too good 4..~'1" 1 ~..;.. + negative verb
'1""-ll)l't., ' "'1..~11'1-C',;., ' 1-1'"'1/lt. The play was none too good. t.l'~ 1 I.~
2. l\4'<:fl. When do the parties nominate .,. I 'J'~ I }\{lt.)fl0::!1"
their candidates? ;rctl",; l\..,l"!J''ftJJo') none too high 1111" 1\f.S'.II,.
f"'L..'4'CII-'I- ou'li )tD- l The salary he pays is none too high. f"''..h'i'll
be nominated n.,.D'I'I6)'1- ' 4'.::n tJJo I J'.'l"1f I 1111" I 1\f.J'.I\,.
He was nominated for the office of President, none too soon Ab 1 0(1't1z
but not elected. 11'1""-IL'I't'l-)., n.,.m'l'l6) We arrived none too soon since they were
'1- 4'CP ' )flC l "l't ' 1\/lt..,.ODO::m!l" just beginning to eat. 'J'i' oP1}A 1 oP'1..oP&-:f
tJJo I 111\)flO:: ' flt.h I fl{l't., 0 J'.0::11')
nomination ou;J-OQ.'I-
[See also 'worse']
The senate accepted the nomination of Mr.
Parker as ambassador. fih..., 1 oPaJ(IOj=m- 1 rh nonentity (nonentities)
C 11.'1- f"'1..11.,_C ;rCbC't II!I"Q/IJ'.CH My neighbor is a nonentity. 1-t:.O.-t~ 1 hH.tJ 1 ..,
oP;J-OQ.'I- ' #fill q ' f"''f.Q/lt. ' ....... ' )tJJo
*We will now hear the nomination for club
secretary. llhflll- 1\dul.)'l- "'''t l\'tS'.;J- nonetheless 'I~ 1 . , . ,
..._ 0 l\!Jo') I l\'){1"7/1') Though he cannot leave the house, he is busy
nonetheless. bll.., 1 1\Y.mnr,- 1 'I~ .,., 1 I"
nonchalant "11..1111 t- I fl11+R;J-/lt.
He is nonchalant about his debts. Mllfl'l- 1 ~
'I I "/1..1\11 I )tJJo nonexistent fi\.A
He worries over nonexistent dangers. 01\.A 1
nondescript 1-11 1 )m- 1 f"''f.Q/lt. l\S'.;J I f.OQ.):J'(lt.
A small, nondescript dog came into our room.
}\').(" I f.IJ 0 )tJJo I f"'if.Q{lt. I '1-')11 I tJJolf I (be) nonplussed .,.S'-):>10::
b'i'll'f-') I 1Q The speaker was nonplussed by the sudden
interruption. fl.(-'t1'1- M!l/.::m-'1- 1 .,.'i":>6
none tJJo I .,.J'.);J10::
I. 11"'111" +
(negative verb). I needed some
string, but there was none in the house. nonsense
II_Qi I l../lt.1. I )flC l "/') I biJ.., I tD-11'1' I ,.. 1. f..,.&~ll 1 )'JC. Don't talk such nonsense!
'til" ' 1\/lt.)fl<:,. l\').11.1) I J'/1 I f"'if.O::Q I )1C I l\oT'i"1C
None of the money is left. h'J"}Hfl- 1 9""}9" 1 Don't spend your money for such nonsense!
1\/lt..,.O::I..!I" 1'tH111J't I IIILIJ 11"71-0::Q ' )1C I l\;f-'1'4-
2. l\'t-'1-,.. +
(negative verb). None of my 2. l\Cl}"} 1 fA7i. His conversation verges on
friends could help me. b~S'.'I''Ii 1 l\'t-'1-,.. 1 11. nonsense. ta.IIP;t-m- },CQ"} fA7i s ll..IIA 1
0::'1~ I l\/lt.!J'I\!1" ,...,,.. I }<,f.4'0::tJJo,.
none but the best ~ 1 ~m-"} 1 )'JC 1 ofl;..: 3. ouqbc l ""ll1i' /lt. l 'P:> IL11. This is perfect
They choose none but the best. v--A."'..H. 1 ~ 1
nonsense . .1' 'i'~,. 1 ouqbc 1 (oul!'l!'A l 'P
'NotD-') I )1C I 11!J' I f.ODC"' flo :> IL11) )tD-
none of nonstop 4''1';1-
1. fD)-9'". None of this money is mine. ~tJ 1 .,.,. He flew nonstop from New York to Paris.
H11 I 11"'1-11" I f~ I l\1-S'.II,. b~tJJof"Cb I l\11b I ;T611 I 4''J';f- I fl0::0::
nook
nook [Oh'i'A. m-11'1' 1-hA.II- f"7.1'{ ~~
11-J->;' ' (l;f-]
noon li!J.II ot't
Toward noon, the fog lifted. m!l. li!J.II ot't
11.., "1.":>1- 1LL
at noon
I. 0-t'l-c l ot'I-C 'I.e.. She is seldom home
at noon. 0-t'I-C l\IL;I: f9"'1-1"fm- ~A.G:
~A.G: ' ~,.
The manager let the clerks off at noon. ~&
....&,. , +'1-c 'I.e. lldtLl"'l?t ~o't'i'O-J-
2. fl{l'JoT. He comes home at noon for lunch.
01\'t'l- ' l\(L., ' 1\9"1) o f.DD"'A.
nor
I. -9" + (negative verb). I have not gone
there, nor will I ever go. l\li.J' ~:( ~'lm-'1>9"
m!l.L'I-9" ' O.ll''t ' ~A.~!l."
2. -9" -9" +
(negative verb). He cannot do it,
nor can I. l\11-9" l\~9" A.'t,.,&om- ~'t"'fA.9"
nor- nor
Nor silver nor gold can buy it. -ocr If~ m
c'l> 11.1~,. ~.e."'fA.r
[See also 'neither']
norm
I. DDm~'l' 41'1'C. The norm for daily production
is about 10 cars. 0-t't 1-,.,C-J-m- f"'Lm..,.'l-
DDh.<;l""'f ""m~'l'm- 41'1'C OP'C ~,.
2. f-1-1\DD!l.. Two cars per family is the norm
in many American cities. flofl,.. f}'tOJ.~lt1
h~l""'f ' fD-11'1' 0 11-1\'1- 0 DDh.<; o 4\'t!l." o
IL-1-1111 f-J-1\0D!l. ~,.
normal (n.) DDm't
During the rain, the river rose five feet above
normal. 011<;11- 1.11. m'tH- hODm)o ~9"11
'1- ""i"'l ~A..:: .,.,..,. ~oc
normal (adj.)
I. f-J-1\0D!l.. The normal temperature of the
human body is 98.6 Farenheit. f-J-1\0D!l.m-
film- ' ~~~" ' -+'1- ' 98.6 4-~"t?.e.'l- ' ~,.
It is normal to make a mistake sometimes.
~'tJI't!l." 0 'I.JI. 0 DD{)l)')- 0 f-f-1\0D!l. 0 ~fDo
2. ll'th't f/1.1\m-. He is a normal child. ll'th
, ' f/1.1\fD- ' A.~ ' ~ ....
3. u-~;f-tJJo f-J-1\DD!l.. Some people are normal;
insane people are not. ~'tJI't!l." 1\l"";f u-~;f-'1'
.... ' f-f-1\DD!l. ' ~ .... I l\111'-"'f ' .,, ' ~.e.!l.ll-9"
normally
I. 1111- 1.11.. You will normally find him at the
841 nose
office at 10 o'clock. 1111- 1.11. Q&--1- ll't
'1- ' II.C'dJo ' ;f-1"f'I'I\IJ
2. ~11~>;'11Jo't '1.11.. Normally, I take a walk
in the morning. ~11q'I'11Jo't 1.11. IJ).T 111.'1-
Ol\'1"' ll'tlf&-lf&-1111-
behave normally o-:t.;J-m- ""l'i If~
He has behaved normally since he finished his
treatment. .Oh9"<;11Jo't hQ;J.~(l mJI.IJ u-~;1-
"'"'!l.'W li'S:A
not act normally h.\1.:\.,. r ~,,_ JJ.~m- h.~~
r
1\9"
He is not acting normally; you think he is ill?
~\>,:\). ' ll't!l. ' Jl.l!'m- ' h.e.!l.l\9" I f;f-DDDD '
.e.-IIA?A.l
north ll"1't
Asmara is to the north of Addts Ababa.
~""""&- h~JI.II ~oq Oll-1-ll"'l.'t ~"'"
northeast
I. f(l"'l.<;' 9"P'&-:,0. The northeast wind rarely
blows. f(l"'l.<;' 9"1"&-:,0 ~4-11 ~AG:
~AG: .e.~'i'llA
2. hll"'l.<;' 9"1"&-:,0 f"'L~'i'll. The northeast
wind brings rain. hll"'l.<;' 9"P'&-:,0 f"''. ~"'
""'" ~4-11 11<;9" Y"""'A.
northern ll"1<;'
The northern part of the island was flooded.
f!l.ll.-1: (l"'l.<;'f! h'i'A. ' 07-C'i' 1-'1'11-tll-t
North Pole fll"1't 'I'A.;f-
The North Pole was reached by man in 1907.
fll"1't 'I'A.:f" f-1-!l.~llO'I- !Sf:iil 't. 9". ~,.
northwest
I. f(l"1<;' 9"6&-0. The northwest wind rarely
blows. f(l"'l.<;' 9"6&-11 ~4-11 ~A.G:
~AG: M'i'llA
2. hll"1<;' !l"ol&-11 f"'L~'i'll. The northwest
wind brings rain. hll1<;' 9"6&-11 f"''.~'i'll
"'" ' ~4-11 ' 11<;9" ' YOD"'I\
nose (vt.) ML~L
The dog nosed the grass in search of a trail.
tJJo"/fm- ' DD't1J': ' 'I'll:> ' ..,~, ' ML~L
nose (vi.) ~IlL
The little boat nosed carefully between the
rocks. -1-'tj( ~AQ 0!1/'l''l''Ji ool)hA 0
'l''t .+41 ~IIL"'f
nose (n.)
I. ~'i''t""i. Greek statues have straight noses.
f"l&h .hm-A-f"'f +'I' Yfl ~'i''t""i ~4\'l'tJJo
nosebleed 842 notch

2. f"711-l-:,. ":f-~:1". Most dogs have a good nosy m.:. f"'l.<D~

nose. h11~'i'l"=J; tJJoif";f f"711-l-:,. ":f~:J-'1' He is so nosy that he always knows what's
ID'- I h'f: I Ylt I ')o(l)o going 00. ID~ I {lflD7.,lD.(- I f07.lf~8Jo I ~1C I

blow the nose TIIJLm 11-11- t.fouAmtD-'1"

I have to blow my nose. oo<;d..T hl\11'1
not, expressed by the negative verb
count noses flp:l'l- 4r.mt:
Did you do that? Not I. h"l-1- HI f.U"l flc:
Each time the troop left an exhibit the leader ~"11itJJo l 7.~ ' hf.lc:l\11-'1"
counted noses. 'IJI. bh."IH.0.11). R<D"' He warned me not to be late. 1."l'!AH1f. hll
4:TC ""<I"'" fll"=J;"J ,..,..,.c ~nc mH.,.'1
following (one's) nose Oil1:t- ofl~ not at all
It had been many years since my last visit, !. d..~'l" i "1!'&-11! 7.">-'U'tD-'I". Are you tired?
but I found the house by following my nose. Not at all. lc:b'I"?A l d..~'l" I ("1!'&-11 l 7.">-'1.
b%~11- ~"J':'I" -r.u IT'l''1 ~nc 1 ~1c .,.,
ftD-'1")
011"'1.:,. 11ll' IL-l>"> 11"7"17:,. li'Ab- 2. d..~'l" +(negative verb). I'm not at all sure.
have a nose for L~'l" 7.C"Im'i' hf.lc:l\11-9"
*He has a nose for news. m~ h.YooAmt-VO 3. 9"'1'1" hf.lc:A. Thank you very much! Not
(m.:. f:,. 7."llc:"'l.1'1 ftD-:I'A) at all. R"''l" t.oull"l<;l\11- ! 'l""l'l" hf.!l.A
lead by the nose not even ll"J\1.1' + negative verb
*He let his wife lead him by the nose. "'1.111> Not even a dog would eat that. tJJolf 7."}1>."}
7."}-'!lf:,. 1."l~:J-Ic:C'ltD-' ":f~ 'h~:,. hf.R~tD-'1"
look down (one's) nose at IIJ+ not only but also -o;.: r ilf.IY"} - - - ,.
He always looks down his nose at foreigners. He was not only a good student but also an
ftD-"1!' t.1c lll"":f"> um:,.c 7."llc:<;.,. outstanding athlete. 1-011 -1-"7& 11ll' 'If.
~"'" IT"> 11~'i' il?"c-1-'1'1" ~nc
tu,.n up (one's) nose +mfL ! li+ [See also 'any, anybody, anything, bit, yet']
He turned up his nose at the food he was
given. f.,.~nll:,."l '1""111 -1-mfd.. notable (n.) :r~:r- (ltD-
She turned up her nose at the suggestion. Many notables came to the President's recep-
f.,.~RtD-"l m/111 <;.,.";f..,. tion. 1\T&.H.'!"l-1> "111.,. 11,. :1-~~:r- lll"
loroPIJlo
under one's nose h-- -'\.f..'} FC
The theft took place right under the police- notable (adj.) f"'l.:J"<DII
man's nose. liC-'42 f+Lg,oPQJo = h?"IL.ft. The restoration of independence was a notable
'\f..7 I FC I ~(Do event. fU.~:,. ooool\11 f"'l.:J"<DII IJII:,.
[See also poke, running'] ~nc

nosebleed, have a ~ Hl~(tD-)

He had a nosebleed from working too hard.
liP'&- 11~:,. f-1-~.., ~11c-:,. ~n~
nostalgia
*His nostalgia causes him to constantly talk
of the good old days. f'l'"l-1> :,.11 1.11\tD-
Mil+-:,. .,..,.-,. 11-11- 1.11. f.<;1ti-A
nostalgic
She was nostalgic for her youth. fA)':~:,.
11.'1' :,.11;1- hAI\_,.:l'.-,.9"
nostril h'i'"l~
The doctor inserted a tube in his right nostril.
mb..... n.,.'1 h'i'">~"'" -t>ll b-1--1-n:,.
notary [tD-~":f"l<; MP.":f"l f"'l.fll~ ""
.,.,,....,. ' '"'"'"'" ' h'P'Pf.]
notation(s)
I. "711:1-<Dlf. The notations that he made on
a bit of paper were illegible. n:,."l11 ..,~.,.
:,. ~f. fl\LtD- "711;1-mlf hf.~R11'1"
2.6j:1". Someone who is not a musician cannot
understand musical notations. oo-ff.+~ YIA
IT~ (ltD- f..,.H.:l'"l 'l';J-l"":f II.~'! hf.":f
"1. A'l"
notch, make a ~ 1\'I"Ab.-,. fUA 4t.~m
He made a notch in the sheep's ear with a
knife. fR'I"l ;t;:C" 1\'I"Ab:,. ' fUA 00.~
'I'' 4t.~m
note
note (v.)
I. .,.1tHO. He noted that her hands were
dirty. 1?..(1- ,.._,lf7i
_,.,tHO
2. .hll.,.'l'll. Note the difference between the
two! Ov-11-to ODl!hA .1'110Jo1- Al't'l- .hll.,.
tiJ<A
3. .,.onllh.,.. The groom noted that the horses
and mules were fed properly. qAJ>.&-{1- .u.
l'>'ll<; 0~11-l"'ll OP'C'H onon1q'ftiJ<'t
.,._II h.,.
4. "711;1-a>lf hJ'.t':1. I have noted it on my
calendar. 0<1'1- ' oormt..f'tiJ< ' ,.,. ' "711;1-
a>lf .hY:C'I..f'llv-
note down ODH1R
The policeman noted down every word I said.
?"11.{1- f.,.<;1Ch-'l-1- :J'A v-tr ouH10
note (n.)
I. "711;1-a>lf. See the note below! h"IC'I. .1'11
tJJo1- 0 "7ll;f-1Dlf ' .,.ODAh'l-
2 . .h"i"CJ'.-11-'IIL.Hesent me a note of thanks.
h"i"C fl"'ll.:><; J'.-IMIL ll.hA'S
3. m~++. He cajoled me into signing the note.
J'.AII- IDt':<l'-lo't ' hiiLt':OD'S
4. tr~. A skilled musician reads notes without
any difficulty. "!'OO'f oo-rL<I''f .1'11.1-.ll:f
:f"lc -;;1- 11..:.11 Y.:fii.A
5. ilC. I have only five-dollar notes. I'll'S q11
hl"'ll'l- ilc ill!' ttiJ<
6. Y:l"'b. There was a note of doubt in her
voice. ll'l-<;1C f"I'C"'O:. Y:l"'b t0&-'1-
There was a note of humor in his films.
OoP&.tiJ< LA'/" tiJ<II"I' Mll.,.'f f<I'AY:
II'"L'l- to.:o-r
compare notes Dllll;f"'mii" h.il+lf
They compared notes about their experiences
in Ethiopia. Oh.'l-1'-A-.1' M.:>m"7'1'tiJ< t1C
.f'll.'l'tiJ<'t ' "711;1-a>lf ' .hll.,..1'1'
keep notes on RDifil;f"lDif IH
The student kept notes on the lecture. +DY6m-
'1-'I"IIC-Io't 0"711;1-a>lf .f'H
make a note of 0"7/I;J-m')(' ,fH
Make a note of the time he left! f~J'.O'l-1- 1.
" ' 0"711;1-IDlf ' .1'1J
man of note r:f"m+ = {laJo
A man of note came to our town yesterday .
.......,. .... o h'tJ': ' f;f-ID<I' ' l'ltiJ< ' IDJ'. ' <1'01\.
Y:f"t ' OD"J
take no note hr1'9" h.Aofl.ml.m-fD
He took no note of what was going on. ~1.l.'1
ftOt;tiJ<'t v-tr hl""tl"' .hA'I&mt;tiJ<'/"
843 nothing
take note Ail .hl'.t':1 ! Ail hi\ I All.,.'!' II
Have you taken note of the fact .that he is
always late in the morning? tjl.'l- tjl.'l- f"''.H
11- ' ODIJ"').'t ' Ail '.hY:C1YA l (Ail' iliiYA !)
Take note of what he says. f"'1.<;1Ga>-1- hll
.,.IIJ<A
take notes """ii:Nif 1 m(l~
The students were told to take notes of the
lecture . .,..,t.9''1l fOD'/"11-1-1- 1-"I"IC "711;1-
a>lf ' ~1--'l.a>IIJI. ' .,.t1-l-
worthy of note ~')'i fO{QA
There are few plays worthy of note this season.
qv-'). 1." J>.W f"''.qfr "1'4:'1- -1:.1''1-1!'
:f ' hfr
notebook f"711;J-a>lf J'.il.,.C
I bought a notebook in the stationery shop.
hK".nL'l- """'"~' ooF.ilc f"711;t-mlf
J'.il.,.C 1~v-
noted (adj.) f;f-ID<I'
This town is noted for its pottery. ,.e.u : h.,."''
Olfhll. ~:J'9':f f;J-ID<I' ' ttiJ<
noteworthy f"''.~t~
The first flight across the Atlantic was a
noteworthy achievement. .h'l-11.1--l:h't 0"79/
/;"!' ' 1\0D"f..ODt..f' ' 1." ' f.,.J'.t':111J< ' OG&. '
f"''.F.t~ t1c toe
nothing
I. 1"'1-'1" + (negative verb). Can nothing he
done? 1"'1-1"' "7Y:t':"l hY.ll'A'I" l
Nothing came of our plans. ~~.ll:f"t hl"''tl"'
.hAJ'.t':l'l
The house shows nothing of its former
splendor. IL-Io '1"1-'1" fY:I!'tiJ< tiJ<O'l- hY.
:f-Y.O'l-'1"
2. LK"'I" + (negative verb). It was nothing
like that. LK"'I" ~1-J'.ILII .hAtOt':'l"
nothing but
I. h--- OII.,.<I'C 1"'1-1"' +(negative verb).
They got nothing but bread and water. htiJ<~
<; h-'lll OII.,.<I'C 1"'1-1"' hll.11-'l"'
2. 11;1=. For weeks our diet consisted of
nothing but fish. 1\ilH- lt'/"1--1'-:f l"'"lq:f"t
~"' ill!' tRC
nothing doing .hY.IM'I"
How about lending me your pen? Nothing
doing. il~Cll't il;f-tiJ<II'SII l .hY.IM'I"
nothing less than 1t;J=
She was used to nothing less than the best in
notice
life. O.:h,l'.a>;t ' f/lODf.TtD- ' '1''1-fl>o"t ~1C
il!l' ~oc
nothing more
*There is nothing more for me to do here.
hh"t"l.ll.U MLU f'l"w&-m- ~1C fll'S'I"
all gone for nothing ODCi +t:.
"Six months of hard work, all gone for nothing,"
he cried. fll.l:-11-'1- me h'l.l:" P'&- -
<; 4'<1! I illl- '""'Ji
be nothing 'P;J'r f(l(l)o
Money is nothing when you are without health.
m."t~-'1- h/1./lU 1"tllil 'I':>'I" flltD-
be nothing like
I. O'l""t'l" h,I'.ODIIA'I". He is nothing like his
brother. m"t .1:-..,."t O'l""t'l" h,I'.DDIIA'I"
2. 4.~'1" hYUA'I". His new novel is nothing
like his first one. hll.f\o Ail mli~ DDK"m
4- 4.~'1" fOD"J!OD&Ym-"t hYUA'I"
for almost nothing Oill\i'i --- YtJA
I got it for almost nothing. Oill\11 Y,1u-'l-
YUA ~m-
for nothing
I. O~X. He works for nothing. 0)11 ,l'.w&-A
2. Oh"t-1>. It turns out I did all that work for
nothing. Y"t"t u-tr fw&-u-'1- flh"t-1> )m-
have nothlne on
She has nothing on. 11-"':t' <;'!- (hC.4'S:
, ' <;-'!-)
have nothing to do with
I. 'l""t'l" "l"t")')-'1- flltD-'1". This had nothing
to do with the matter we were discussing.
.eu ll"tmy,e h~flc~m- 1-'1,1'. :>C ,..,,.
"l"t")'~-'1- ' flltD-'1"
2. 'l""t'l" 1-'1,1'. hA)flt:m-'1". He had nothing
to do with him. hi\- 'l""t'l" 1-'1,1'. hA~fl
t:m-'1"
3. fl'l""t'l" 'l,l'.)-'1- hA1tnOD'J". I advise
you to have nothing to do with that man. htt.f
l'ltD-\1. ;>C h-r- fl'l""t'l" 'l,l'.)-'1- h"t'l-'1-1'1''1"
h""hCU/lu-
make nothing of
l.h'l""t'l" h,l'.-&'l'.t!tD-'1". He makes nothing of
his children's disobedience. fA}('Ii"t hllOD
:1"1111 ' h'l""t'l" ' h,l'.-&'l'.t!tD-'1"
2. 'l""t'l" hA1'1m-. He could make nothing of
the complicated directions. f-1-l'lmm- f-1-a><'ll'l
fl ""'1"6Y 'l""t'l" hA1'ltD-
to nothing
*The sound faded to nothing. s:v- ~,.,.
mof.
844 notice
to say nothing of
*He had seven children in his car, to say
nothing of two dogs and a rabbit. llll ll-ll-1>
m-'{i"fo<; h"t.l:" 'l'"t'I'A h<;'t"l<; ou!J.o;m-
m-11'1' 1'1'1-l- A~ h<'l'i!a:A
[See also "else, ever, mean, next, think']
notice (v.)
I. hf. I didn't notice the sign before.
h!LU ' fl.l.-'1- ' Y"t"t ' 'I"Ah-'1- h'lfu--'1-'1"
2. hf(ll-'1-). Everybody noticed his tie. l'lm-
u-tr ' h&-li-l>"t ' hfll-'1-
3. Ail hll. She scarcely noticed him. Ail
,. ' h'lll"f-m-'1"
I notice that he left early today. ~"' .,.,_,.
illl- ' OD\tJI., ' Ail ' ii\I.Yilll-
4. Ail hf..t!1. Did you notice the fear in her
voice? OD'i!ll-;t"t fl.~:-'~"!1. Ail hf.t:"IU 1
5. oro4'(:1"m4'). I noticed it right away. mv
m- om:,Ou--'1-
His good humor was particularly noticed.
-i"""'l'"f-)-1> fl-1-ll,l'. f:l"m4'1l-l- )m-
6. h<l<'l" )1C "14.. It would be beneath
my dignity to notice his insults. fl\-"t 11.1:-il
h_,'l" )1C """''i' hilt."t ,1'.4'"t<'IA
notice (n.)
I. "711:1"a>4!Y. Did you read the notice on the
bulletin board? fl"7ll:l"m-tYm- 1'111.'1 II.('.
f"7.17m-"t "711:1"a>4!J' Mflilh 1
2. "711m"t4'4!Y. He was fired without notice.
Yil "711m"t4'4!Y hP'&- -1-m1t.
3. -'1-"f--l-. The new movie received good
notices. h-'1.1\- .I.A'I" '1"1- -l-"f-'1- of-f..t!1
Il-l-
attract notice ( = pass.) 1-A..,. ~f
In a big city, peculiarity attracts less notice
than in a small town. fh"t"l'l~-'1- m'l,l'. h-'1-
1\A:,O h-!-"7l""fo ,I'.A:,O fl-l-<;"t1i hT"'/l"
T ' tD-11'1' ' '1-A-r- ' ,l'.;l"YA
come to one's notice (t., I OlD.,
It has come to my notice that students are
not handing in their homework. of-"76l""fo f
IL-'1- P'&- hll"711t:h'l'l'm-"t l'l'l"!l'llu-, (om-
'I:Yilu-)
escape one's notice 11.1\lt+'PAr
I don't know how it escaped my notice.
h"tS'.-'1- h"t'I'III-1-'I'Ah--'1- Mm-:,0'1"
give notice
I. hll;l"m4'. Did you give your landlord
notice that you were moving? IL-I>"t f'l"'l-ll:,O
ODIJ'"tU"t ' ll'lllll.-1> ' hii:I"-7A 1
noticeable
2. 1"&-ID-'t l\"t.<'."'l.IIT 1\(l;f-m+. Our maid
gave us notice last week. ~<:'l:f"t Qllol.dJo 11!1"
"t'l- F&-ao-"t l\"t.<'.!l"'l-11:,. t.n;t-m+:f"t
3. 1\(lmt++. The driver sounded his hom
to give notice that he was going to tum the
comer. ODmf'"H'JfiD- 1\.f. f"7.mouH1f ootr
)."t ll.,hm"t+:,O t)(ao- -N-"tQID-'t H
pay no notice
She paid him no notice. .r.'l- 1>.1:\l'lm:fao-,-
serve notice 1\{I:J'm+
The boss served notice that smoking is not
allowed. 1\IIT\LdJo .,..,n hl:\hl:\ ou
tl')."t ' t.n:J-m+
take no notice of l-1\ 1\il
Take no notice of what he says! Ml f"'l.llao-
"t ' :f-11 ' Ollao-
take notice of Aofl Jru\
Take notice of what I say! f!l"<;~<:ao-"t 1:\
"'' 01:\
until further notice II.~ .,(l;f-ao-t.J' l\hh"'l.
1\'1' ' .1':<:(1
This store will he closed until further notice.
11.~ .,n;t-m-t..r l\hh"'l.I'IT .r:<:n J'.ll
1'1-T J'.H:>I:\
(be) worthy of notice
His last book is worthy of notice. fou..,<:lfao-
oux-.t.4- '1':> 11.1\mao- f"'l.~Q ~..,.
[See also 'moment')
noticeable
1. I:\ I' 'tJ'.t'l-. There was a noticeable odor as
we entered the hospital. rrn-r:;f-11- ' ao-(1'1' ' n
")~q ' 1:\1' ' 'tJ'.t'l- ' 1i;f- ' +l'l.,"t
2. ..,..All. There was a noticeable difference in
his manner when he returned. ht~Joo45P h1C
h+""lll'l 0:\~ OmQI' ~J'. '1-1:\11 llao-
'1' ' ;f-f
be noticeable
1. +111'.-1'- ;t-ao+. Our kitten is very noticeable
because its fur is yellow. K~ ofl"'i hillY
~ o .,1:\~1:\ o J':OD;f-:f"t ' -1-IIJ'.;f- o 'f-;f-m.?ll:f
2. 0.,1:\1\" ;f-f. The prevalence of new methods
over the old is noticeable. 1\'IJI.n o H.l'.l":f
at.nao- ~.r. '-.l'fll- ...y,.o;'fao- o.,l:\x-
J'.:f-.1'1:\
notify (notified) M;t-m+
You should have notified me in time. O'l..tt.ao-
1:\:f"h:f-.....,.~ y.~qu toe
be notified +t~<:
You will he notified as soon as the director
arrives . .OU.h-H- l\"tAA<:I'I J'.~~C'/1:\
845 noun
notion
1. .t.llofl. He had the mistaken notion [th~t
he could fly. 1\dJoi!"T~"t M'lllv- f"'l.l:\
f+llll+ .t.llofl ~o.:ao-
2. t.n+.l'f'l-. He has foggy notions about the
situation. fill u-~;f-ao- .l':ofl1111 .I'll t.n+
.l'f'l- ' 1\lldJo
3. l>.h+lll'lofl. He has a preposterous notion
about politics. fill ?"111:lt .l'llao- t.n+
111\ofl ' f.,J'.<:Q ' tao-
4. 'I"V''I-. She had a notion to buy a new hat.
1\Jl.(l Qe~"' 11,...,.,:,. '/"V''I- tR&-'1-
5. h"t-1> ' mllofl. That silly girl has too many
notions. .l':f 'I"~ 11\J{U.I': oflll' h"t-1> m
llofl ' )\~,.
notions [oue4. I ""e4. _,1:\'i' I he<; MILII"t
fODIII\11- Mn+'O' lf+"' lf+"':f f"'l.lfm-o
,. '+&-)
have a notion of ~q(ao-) I om+
+Do you have any notion of what he meant?
!l""t 11.,11'1- l\"t.<'.ol.ll~ ~ofl-1'-YI:\ 1
I have no notion ofwhathemeans. M "7A11
l\"t.<'.ll't O'i'l\.!1" t.~ao-:,.!1"
notorious
1. f~OJ4", This metal is notorious for its
resistance to rust. J'.ll ofl<:'l- f.,J'.11., ODII'
). f;f-m+ tao-
2. fmiiJA.'f-. He is a notorious liar, and no
one believes him any more. fOJIIJll.'f- OJoif~fD
hillY~ ' .,"t!l" ' (lao- ' l\J'!I"tao-!1"
3. Me .1'1'111'1'. He is a notorious criminal.
Me .1'1'111'1' m"t~II'O' tao-
make som.eone notorious h4-llf" h.,.~L(ll.'f-)
Laval's perfidy made him notorious. f~lil:\
lf'i''l' ' h4- ' (111" ' l>.-1-<:ol.ll'l-
notwithstandi ng
1. O.ll'"t!l". It is raining, but I shall go not-
withstanding. J'.H"tQI:\ l O.ll'"t!l" l\'1.'11111-
His deformity notwithstanding, he became a
famous scientist. 1\ltll 1-.<'.lr' O.ll'"t!l" f;f-
m+ IIJ'."t1:M IT~
2. O.'l'e!l" l\"t\\.Hedroveon ,notwithstanding
the storm. 'tmlr' tof.(l O.'l'e!l" l\"t\\ OD't'l
-l>"t +mil
nought, see naught
noun h!l"
Do nouns occur in the a plural? h'l":f foflll'
"'"'e t.~'fao- 1
[See also 'common noun, proper noun']
nourish
nourish
1. oo1R. She nourished him and cared for
him while he has ill. R;f-oooo 1.1 R~111
hfOD1R:f hil;f-oooo:fa>-
2. h4-4-. Milk nourishes babies. m1-'1- ;,y<;
'1-1 ' .1'4-4-111
Water and sunlight nourish plants. tD-'>'i re
dl.f. ' -+:r- ' 66'1''1-1 ' .1'4-4-11-
nourish the dream h.{lfl
He had long nourished the dream of living
abroad. ~ lt"lC /\outre 1 .,.,.. 1 "l.H. 1
.l'il11 ~Rc
nourish the hope +ll4- h.S'..i.."l
He nourished the hope that he would be
promoted. h.l!-!'1- h1'i'llv- 1111- 1"il4-
h~t:1
(be) nourishing oo;>R.~'I- hl\a>-
This food fills one's stomach, but is not nourish-
ing . .f.U ' 9""111 ' IJ'J': ' .f.'l"~/11 o h1}[ o OD;J
n.~:r- fi\ID-9"
nourishment 9""111
He hasn't taken any nourishment in days.
111111- +<;'I- 9"19" 9""111 hAR~!I"
novel (n.) 11111 mi\Y: ""K'dl'i' 1 11111 mi\Y:
;1-&h
Do you know of a good novel? ~ .t\11
1\J': o ODI\'dl'i' (:1-&h) ;1-t-:1'1\U 1
novel (adj.) h'l.il
That's rather a novel idea. .e.u 1 h..tlll
11.f.ooMA
novelist f/1111 mi\J': U(L
The number of novelists is increasing in our
country. f/1111 mi\J': U(L.I'1 41'l'C
RV1&-:f1 M""oot: RooJ': ~.f. ~a>-
novelty (novelties)
1. h'l.il ~1C. The plane trip was a novelty
for him. RhfDoC'T~1 OD'\11 Ill\- h'l.il
~1c ~Rc
2. mt:'l-. The novelty will soon wear off.
mt:.,. -fll- .1'1114-A
November ~Jic
November is a cold month. ~JIC
tDC I )tD-
novice~"7&
Novices_ are likely to make some mistakes.
~"7&f':Y.' il......,.. ' ODF&-;1-'ft- ' f"7.f.+C'
~a>-
846 now
now
1. hv-1. I have to leave now. hv-1 ooJ':
M11'S
Either do it now or not at all! htJ-1 P ~,.
tDf,.f/"' I +tolD-
NOW that you mention it, I do remember.
hv-1 11'1-m.:,O(la>- hil;l-milh-'1-
2. Qq.). mol-+. Most science books written
twenty years ago are now antiquated. hV.f 1
-too;f-'1- ' R.C.'I- ' f-l"l\4-l- ' h11~'i',.,; ' f{).f.
1il ool\;,<;:'1- Q!Jo). m:,.;r. 1.1 .1'114-Q'f'
tJ)o I lj:ftiJ-
3. h1"1'1.U. Now we'll never know what
happened. h1"1'1.U fll'~a>-1 ~1C "7m:,O
h1:flll9"
We have finished this assignment; what shall
we do now? .f.U1 P'&- ""Cii<;A l h1"1
'I.U 9"1 h1F<l-?
We missed the last bus, so now we must
spend the night here. foo..,t:lfa>- hiD--fil-
ii hoollm1 1 h1"1'1.U Mr.u h1~C
*Now where could it be? f'l- ~C(l .f.ll'1 ?
*Now stop quarreling and listen! mll-1 h41
--: ' hJI!I"m-
now and again iliAC:. hAC:
I write to him now and again. hAS: hillt::
hll''i'I\;I-1\IJo
1 m now and then hAt::. il.Ab.
We go to the movies now and then. m1. 1\.
t"7 ' hillS: ' hillt:: ' h1'1111
1 th.ll. now now h1JI1.1'.9" ... h1JI1.1'.!1"
They continued to argue, now in shouts,
now in whispers. i't1~11. 1 flODt;-1i I h.
1-'11.1'. Rlf.hlf.h;l- (L"":l'""41 4'1'
now that
*Now that he is rich, he is constantly besieged
by appeals for aid. V11;1-9" iii\IJ'~ hCJI;I-
m.l'4: R~R'I-
now then
1. :1-'1..1'. Now then, what do you mean by
that? :1-'1..1' 9"1 "711'1-U ~a>- ?
2. h1.1'. I hilt Rill. Now then, what are you
doing in my garden? h1.1'. l (hilt Rill) t f
h'l-hill'l- 11;1-\lo t-il'l' 9"1 'l-tP&-1\U ?
11CJI"7 by now hiiiJv-1
He really ought to be here by now. hiiiJv-1
Mr.u ooJ':t:il ~Rt:R'I-
even now hv-'lf"'
Even now many people believe in the evil eye.
hv-1!1" R!I-JI f"''J!I"). 1111- llf':Y. hll-
 nowadays
from now on tw."J Y.,IJ"'r:
From now on I'll be more careful. tw"J ]!.'/"
t: 0"1'1" 1omt.,..4'Au-
just now hu-"J 1'0 l 1'0 hii-"J
We just now received a report from him.
hii-'J ' 1'0 ' hi\- ' ,.,..... ' DD"'Il"'A ' .O:<:Il"J
I talked to him just now. 1'0 hii-"J M:n
eb-'1-
[See also 'every, here, right, up, week']
nowadays 0~.1- 1..11. 1 q.,.-, 1..11.
Nowadays, young people do not respect their
elders. 0~.1- 1..11. (q.,.-, 1..11.) m"'.,.";f
;f-1111-l'i'"f....., ' h.l'bofl-1-'1"
nowhere f'l-'1" 1 f'l-'1" P;t-
The money was nowhere to be found. 11Hflo
f'l-'1" (f'l-'1" 11;1-) 11.1'S hATif'll'l"
from nowhere hf-1- ootr'). IJ:f.,;t-m:f.
A gang of thieves appeared from nowhere.
bfT 0 ODIJ'"). 0 .V.;J-m:,O ' fji,Q 0 "J': 0 OD"J
[See also 'near']
noxious
1. m.'O f"'L'I-.11. Noxious fumes filled the auto-
mobile. m.'O f"'L'I-.11 "'-II ooh.<;..,.-,
'l"lltD-
2. ODC1f. This plant is noxious. f.,tJ IJII oo
Cll )tlJo
nozzle f-1>11 """"
He adjusted the nozzle so that the water came
out in a fine spray. m-;)CIJo O+"P). J.."t-'lt:
"1" f-l>(ltD-"J "'A"i' hiiTIJhA..,.
nucleus
1. -l'e!tII. A few faithful friends formed the
nucleus of the club. T-1:'1- f"t.,....,ou"l- ".<:':'
'l"'f fhOII- -I'C!tl:lP'f ll'"l-
2. oot~. The few books which he gave as a
present became the nucleus of a large library.
.I'O<:b;f-'f.... ' '1'-I:T ' ODQ"i'T ' A'I-A:,O' a.
T ODJ\ih"i''l- oot~ II'").
nude (n.) <1-.,.'1- + suffix pronouns
He swam in the nude <!-.,..,.., .f.'P'S toe
nude (adj.) 1oen + suffix pronouns
They found a nude baby near the church.
hll..,. hell-l:.l'"l- t.m1ofl h"JJ': .nn
7oe.4'"l-"J h1'f.
nudge (v.) 7-tTA
I nudged him to wake him up. 1o"JJU.4' 7-t
TAII-T
847 number
nudge (n.), give a ~ 7-"JTA h.E:<:1
He gave me a nudge when the girl passed by.
A)I"1<:Jl.:J: 11;1-A"i' 7-'JTA h.0:<:1'S
nudity <1-.,.'1- oo'tJ':
Nudity is common in some hot countries.
Q"J.II'J .1': 'I".4''1- Mt:'f m-IlT &-_,.'1-
OD'/,F: I f..,.ftODF.,. I ~QJo
nuisance
1. "1"1. I have to go through the nuisance of
registering again. 7t.'l~1'i" rouou1f1flo'l IIJilJ
OD4_'1,'/" 0 h/lofl'S
2. m"J:,O. Cars splashing water on a rainy day
are a nuisance to the pedestrians. 011'1?"' 1 +'l 1
ooh.<; f"'Lt:""m- m-;> r\1."1<:"1/''f m"J:,O
tm-
be a nuisance hll=fu;
The flies are a real nuisance this summer.
011.11 11.:> '11'1"11- 0"1'1" .l'll:f"i&-A
(be) null '1'.:> fr\tD-'1"
A promise obtained by force is legally null.
0"7111.0:.1': fT1Q ?A Oih"' 4.'1- 'I'.:> f
r\tD-'1"
be null and void 'P;J rAr I 'P;J r llll
tm- l "i'ell<; m-.1'::,0 tm-
This passport is null and void . .1'-11 :rll?'e
'1- '1'.:> fllto-'1"
The contract is null and void. llJo/r 1 'P;J r (l
II ("i'CII'O ..,..!'::,.) tm-
nullify (nullified)
I. ~ <:. The governor tried to nullify the tax
law. 1'1C"" f.,.<:m-"J ih"' 11.11e 'l"h<:
2. 'I'.:>'I" f Am-. +The costs of the project
were so great that they nullified its benefits.
1o:,OJI. f"'L4.)!m- 1"JHo(J oflH- 11/111') b
<l- ' f"'L1"ftD- ' .,.:,..,. ' '1'.:>'1" ' film-
numb f.O:tllll
He rubbed his numb fingers to make them
warm. f.O:tHH-'1-"J "1-Hl"J r\"7'1":,0 h~~
"'""
be numb F.JHII
My foot is numb; I must have hurt the nerve.
1."1.1- .O:'J'II!I.A l ~"7-1: .-.MIJ hJ'..,.e'l"
My fingers are numb with cold. "1-Hl Oofle
.1': .O:'J'IIII'PA
She was numb with grief. O.hH'J .O:"J'II~ toe
number (vt.) .,.,.e (lm
Let's number them from one to ten! bh"JJ': 1o
lib OP'e ' _,..,.e 1o'JII"''ftD-
number 848
------------------------ ------------------------ -----nurse
r numbered the people in the group at
twenty. f+flOflO fl 11~'1- vy f
"'/.If') ' f.m'hii'1A
number (vi.)
My books number about eighty. fOD~'i'-1:
"'TC :l.llh {1"7')Y f.f.CfiA
be numbered
1. "'TC +11<1.0'1-. The seats aren't numbered.
"""'""'"l.ll''ll "'TC hA+lld.Q:f!l"
2. h - - - h')-'1.. He is numbered among our
friends. h'i~'I'!J'l-') h')-'1. ~,.
*His days are numbered. +'i- ~!l.A
number oneself among h - - - ODI}bA. )DJ-
I number myself among his friends. ~~~ h'i~
'l''ll ' OD'IhA ' ~'S
number (n.)
1. "'TC. Did you write down the number?
"''No') ' ll'i'h l
The word 'we' shows plural number. ll~
f"''..A ' ?A ' f1111- ' .,.TC') ' YODAh;I-A
2. ofiJI'l-. The number of sinners is legion.
f ....m.h+'l'lf 11~'1- "'TC ll'i'C fA....r
3. ll'l-11". Do you have the current number of
this magazine? fii..U oo~.tt.'l- Yll-'1- l\'l-
!1" hAUl
4. h'i'A. The program consisted of four
musical numbers. TC'"'&.oo- h&-'1- foo-JI..:I'
h'i'll-ll' ' ~0~'1-
numbers oflrt- r lisP'~
Numbers were turned away. 11ft' r liSOl- r
+ooA{l-
a lar1e number of .... ,..
They entertained a large number of guests
last night. '1-'0')'1-<; "'':t' 1111- l\')"11'-ll'
hli+'01-'I-
a number of Och'l- YII-
A number of men have been detached from
my regiment to guard the railroad station.
h~ tnC Och'l- Yll- flll'll' QII-C "'ll.
, , . , Aoomo:,O +wM'I'A
beyond number 41'1'C il'i:C r t'M:fm-
Stars beyond number appeared. "''l'C ll'i'C
f~ll:f ' h'l'h11'1- ' "'"'"
in larp numbers Rofllf:t-
People came to the fair in large numbers.
ih1111- ' 011~'1- ' OJ~ ' 11."111.1171'1- ' """'
large numbers -Rif" (lpt';f
Large numbers were turned away. 1111- llll'
lf ' 1\')-'I.OD{l{l- 0 +~l1
quite 8 DUmber Of ncb+ I ~fr
Quite a number of people have come. OCh'l-
Yll- flll'll' ""T+'I'A
numberless ll'i'C "'TC f~A,.
There are numberless fish in the sea. QthC DJ-
liT ll'i'C "'TC f~A,. 't"' hll
numeral "'TC
The numeral "5" was written on it. Arlt+
.,.TC +~~O:t'A
numerical f.,.TC
I cannot understand these numerical symbols.
Mlf.U') f.,.TC !I"Ahoflf oo.:JI'l- hAlf-All"
numerical order.f+~ 1 4lTC
He arranged them in numerical order. O+~ 1
.,.'l'C' ~~ ....
numerous oflH-
.,,.
His friends are numerous. 'i~'l''ll 1111- <;
numismatics [f:t'<l'l'l! 1'JHIIll' T'O'l-]
nun oo~lf-ll-'1-
A nun lives near the church. 0.+ hCli1:Y'I-
t,:,O.,:.o.y ' h')-'1.'1- ' oP)Itll_'l- ' ,..,&.11-
nuptial{s) liC"'
Their nuptials were announced in the news-
papers. f'lc;>:f O.:>H.tnlf 1\f. +1AI<
~oc
nuptial (adj.) fliC"'
Their nuptial day will be in June. ff'lc-1- .,.
') 0(1~ liT f.II'<;A
nuptial feast 1\c-7
The nuptial feast was attended by all the family.
o.+ f'lll- o-11- fliC1- +'14-f. ~oc
nurse (v.)
1. hll:l""""" She nursed him back to health.
...c... ' llll~') ' hll:t-........ :r-....
2. hmQ. Does she nurse the baby herself?
ihf'l-') :t'mQ'I'IIll' l
3. -~~'l-h~l1. You must nurse your cold
or it will become worse. 111-')4-')U "".(?).
'1- ' "''~l"' '
hii11U I Ylllf.Y ' f.oflli11YA
4. YH(O'l-). He nursed a grudge against his
boss. Oh/1:1',. 1\f. 4:11" f.lfO:t'A
nurse (n.)
I. ~Cll I hll:t""'"''... Some hospitals graduate
many nurses every year .1\')JI')~ li'li"C:I"/1-
ll' OY"""" Oeh'l- Yll- )C(olf Yli""C:l'll-
nursemaid
He hired a nurse to take care of his invalid
mother. hiJII ll"th-o:\ h'0-1<"} h"tY::J-Il:J-9"
9" h"tY: hll:J-.,"'1. ()Cil) 4'mt:l\'t-
2. 'I""IIL't-. The children are out in the park
with the nurse. o:\;1!:,; h'I""IIL:J: ,;JC aoo
'04-'lfiD" fl:J- ""'"'"
nursemaid 'I""IIL't-
The nursemaid is taking care of the children.
'I""IIL:I: o:\;l!:,;"t 't-mofl:l'll:f
nursery (nurseries)
I. fih,'O't- .,IIJ'.'IJ. There is a nursery
attached to the school. b't-9"11C't- IL-l> ,;J
C f-1-J.'J.'H fih,'O't- .,IIJ'.'IJ hll
2. r:f-"1'1 ODlf""l fl:J-. I houghtthese plants
at a nursery. MILII"t h't-bo:\.f-:f b:f-"1'1 ou
lf""liD" fl;J- 1ql]o
nursing mother hou""l't-
Nursing mothers need to eat good food.
l,OD""l.f-:f ' 'No ' 9""Jo(l ' ODofli\T ' h/lq'fiD"
849 nutritious
nurture h"J'.1
She nurtured the child as if he had been her
own. ih')."} h"tJ'.&-~ o:\Jf: hY:C;J h"
J'.1:fiD"
nut
I. IICIMI. He likes to put nuts in candy and
cakes. Rbt:"''.l\'0 Roflllh-'t- fDoll'l' IICIMI ou
~-c ~mP.A
2. R-11-"t. This nut does not fit the bolt.
(1-/1-). QODJ.'..,..fDo ' ID"{I'l' ' h.f.1q9"
nutrition J.'"";J1ofl HF..
The care and nutrition of children is an
important matter. fo:\;l!::f hJ.'J.'11'0 J.'OD,;J1
ofl HJ'.. R"'9" hll4.1\1. )ID"
nutritious OD;JR.)'t- J.'/111>"
A nutritious diet is important for health.
ou;JR.)'t- .I'll~" 9""1ofl 11m."t)'t- hll4.
1\1,. I )aJo
.
oak 850 object

oak [flf'i' 'tM-'1-) The letter was signed, "Your obedient servant".
1.ofiJI(J.dJo :l'lf'l"r h~A:>.&P' -l"oflll- .....
oar "":t>u.r..r /..C'I"R:l'A
He broke the oar while rowing the boat.
~Aqm-"t {1.4'11'1' "":t>H.r.}'m-"t IIRGIIJo obelisk mm-A-'1-
There are still obelisks in Axum. lf&.l"' hh(l.
oasis fRG">i ~t-'1- I'" m-11'1' .hm-A.P.:f All-
There are many palm trees in the oasis.
J.qG"Ji 1t-l- m-11'1' ofllf" urqq hi\ obese 01'1'&-1"'
An obese child cannot wear ordinary clothes.
oat(s) h"ff 01'1'&-1"' A)!' RAil- }'A-1"114- Aofli"l 11.11
They put oats in the manger. "IC"II"' m-11'1' ofli"l h.&:fAI"'
h"/f h/14'........
obesity
oath""'"""~ His gluttony is responsible for his obesity,
He took an oath to teD the truth. J.m-t-Jo"t II
hll'Jll"'t-lo f-l"t"' llC"'il"' U't
OD...,C I ODtftl\ I '1Q
be under oath oPthl\ .,q obey
You are under oath when you testify in court. I ;I'HH. The lazy child doesn't obey his
'I'C.(- 11.-l- fl"'llhCt-'1- .4'AII"t 11'111'1' mother. llt4o A)!' 1\J.'i"-Jo h.&:l'H111"'
"""""~ 1ofl-1"11 tm- 2. -H'Rtll. I can't obey that order. .&ll"t -l-7.
take an oath "''A lf11 Aof>RA hA:fAI"'
He took an oath in court to tell the truth. 3. hhRG. Obeying the law and paying taxes
J.m-t-Jo"t 7.'i"1&-ti\1Jo oflll- fl'I'C.(- n.-'1- are civic duties. tlt'1'l "7hOCII ""1-RC oo
"711 h/..A .lJ11q' "IJl.:I'P'':f 'i"lfm-
A horse obeys the reins. /..Gil RA'I- .&1
utter an oath l."lliC"t h"7GG
:I'A
He uttered an oath when he dropped a rock
on his foot. 7.1-1- <I.e m:>.e {1.01.(- obituary (obituaries) li'i" bG'i'-'1-
:t- l."lliC"t h"7GG I read his obituary in the newspaper. li'i" 6
[See also 'aUegiance') G'i'-lo"t h:>li"' MRoflh-
obdurate :>"IC:l'l"' object (v.) -1".4'01""
The obdurate child would not answer. ;>"IC:l' Mother objected that the weather was too cold
- A)!' ""All hAII'I' hi\ to play outdoors. hf-1- R"'l"' 4'11.4''1 1111
obedience U't 1.)!' oP"'iOI-'1- h_&1ql"' 11-'1-A 7."7
I. :l'lf'l"rt-'1-. Obedience is required in school. "7-f".4'01DD';f
R-l-I"'IIC-'1- 11.-l- m-11'1' :l'lf'li"t-'1- }'11/..A:>A object to 1".4'0IOD
2. "":1'011. The law requires obedience. .lo'l- I hope you don't object to my smoking.
"":l'H11"t .&m.&?A {l."ff&- , "71Ail."t 7."t1."7-l-.4'011"' -1"114-
compel obedience -l-7.'111 hi"lhRG h1.C:>I\1Jo
The teacher compelled obedience by the
object (n.)
threat of punishment. ....,.11-1- n:t-"1-l- 0"711
I. 7..4'. Tell me the Amharic names of aU the
~..&-&--'1- -l-M11 hi"lhRG
objects in this room. Rll.ll h'i'A m-11'1' .r
obedient :l'lf'l"r 11--'1-"t J.?P'':f nr u-11- q.,c.,. "t1G'S
Your child is not very obedient. A)!'ll :!'If 2. t1C. He was struck on the head with a
'l"r h.&M,. heayy object. &-(1. ' flbq.(- t1C ' -f"OD.P. ' tflC
objection
3. 'tl\"7. What's the object of your trip?
f.,.JIII 'tl\"7 M .l::")tJJo l
4. oJolt!L. The object in this sentence is
expressed by a pronoun. filii 1 Ol.tj:.T ~1
C I +itfl I -taJo"ffi I tar I )d)-
direct object CM oJoltiL
The direct object in this sentence is expressed
by a noun. fll.ll O<:'i'oJo )~C C.,.b oJolt
1L !Ill" )tJJo
Indirect object h.C.,.ll oJolt!L
This sentence has no indirect object. f.ll o<:
<;:oJo )~C h.C... ll oJolt!L ' flltJJo?"
objection oJo:l'tJJo'l"
He raised no objection when I told him what
I was going to do. M.RC"i<JJo"t O)~Cll-+ '
"LH. M?" oJo:J'tJJo'l" 1\11+<:0?"
have objection +:J>moo
Do you have any objection? f?"-l-:J'fDtiP<JJo
)1C hlllll
raise an objection T :J>moo
At this point, one of the members stood up
and raised an objection. Oll.ll't "1.11. b.t.q
h-'li h'tJI. oJo)P'ofo oJo:J'fDtiP
objectionable f"7f.~q
The censor removed the objectionable passages
of the book. lt'tll-<1- Ot1Pll'dt4- tJJoll'l' f"'l.
1't'-l-'t f"7f.~ll- ?"'Jq(l:f hfD"'
He uses objectionable language. f"7f.~q h)
.:>1C f.t;'I&-A
[See also 'smell']
objective (n.) 'tl\"7
All our objectives were attained. 'tl\"7l-'t't
rJ-11- 111 .t..<::-cllo;A
objective (adj.)
1. f"'l.-'lllll'i" f"'l.:Jof.. Spirits have no objec-
tive existence. ooo;<;:ll-l- f"7f.-'l{l(loo; f"7f.
:Jol'- o;lftJJo
2. .I'AoJo'fq_ The policeman gave an objective
report of the accident. ?"11.11 liiiJ'.<:{ltJJo
"1"1"-l- .I'AoJo'lq OD"III""i h+<:O
be objective
rn try to be as objective as possible in
considering the conflict between the two
people. OrJ-11.,. lll"l- ootthA .flltJJo't
"1"1"-l- OoJoii'II'S ODffi't h't-'llo?" h.I::"Al"
lti\1-C"I h""'lli)'PIIrJ-
objectively 0"7""'11ft
Now let's look at the problem objectively!
hrJ-'t "1"1!'11_, 0"7""'1H't l\'t""Ah-l-
851 oblige
oblation cq"t
I take the children to church for the oblation.
ihY.,._,.'t II.,.Cq'J IDf. O.oJo hCll-l:.l''t
l\fDMlf'PIIrJ-
obligate hii11-1-
Accepting money from him obligates you to
do him favors. hl\o ~'tH11 oo+OAII q11
tJJoii;JotJJo h.I::"C-!11 Ol\4-<JJo't l\'t.I::"-1-""A
1111-l- .1'111.<::-Y:YA
be obligated "lfl.:Jo 1q
He is obligated to spend a year teaching in the
provinces. 1\'t.l::" -too+ m'l>llf. "I'l-l- tJJo
ll'l' l\'t'U'lloJo?"C "lfl.;Jo 11l:f:A
be obligated to qlltJJoii;JotJJo )tJJo
I am obligated to you for your help. !111<:-'111 OS
qlltJJoii:Jo\lo )II
obligation "lfl.:Jo
One must fulfill the obligations of citizenship.
"7't?" ......... fH."I) ...'t "lfl.:Jo. OD,U.?". hiiO-l-
A wife's first obligation is to her husband and
children. "'l.ll-l f"""f..""t..l' "lfl.:Jo'l' 11q
,_.,. IIA}I:!J! )tJJo
be under obligation to QA4t"A;ND tcu-
I am under obligation to him because of
the many favors he has done me. 11ft' i'1C 1
111\1-<:~A'S qlltJJoii;Jo\lo )tJJo
be under obligation -JF.:J- 1 ltAOoT
The one who did the damage is under obliga-
tion to pay for it . .,..o;.,.'t .1'1-<:lltJJo {ltJJo f
ODboLA "lfl.:Jo hiiO-l-
feel an obligation ttAm-A;J- 1 )dJ<o
I feel an obligation to those who help me.
ll"'l.<:JI.'S qlltJJoii;Jo )'S
meet one's obligation f"7.LA""'OoT,. L~OD I
"1-'1~' ,U.OD
He can't meet his obligations due to illness.
Om.'t)-l- .,..1::"11-l- ?"h't.l'-l- f"'l..LII"IO+'t
(1-'l)l:'t) II..Lll'?" hf.l-A?"
obligatory "lfl.:Jo
Is attendance at school obligatory in this
country? l\11.11 Me tJJoll'l' -l-?"IIC-1-
o.+ .,...,q+ "lfl.:Jo )tJJo l
oblige
1. hll11-f-. The law obliges parents to send
their children to school. .n.,. fDI\}I:lo A}(
if''f<JJo"t l\'t.IIJlloJ-?"'1- .1'111.1::"-'IA
2. :JoHH. I am always glad to oblige you.
A;JoH1111 M"LH.?" ~f.>;' ' )'S
 obliging 852 obscurity

*Mr. Jones will oblige us with a song. "7.li.,.C oblong '1"'1'1

;("Jll ' DDAlt!l" ' 1.?~ ' IT'l" ' Y.H'i''JA'i'A The shoes were in an oblong box. """' l"'li 'I"
*Kindly oblige me by closing the door. '1'1 "''I''J dJ-ll'l' tR~
R~'J iHH;>A'S
obnoxious l\llmll.
be much obliged QlldJ-11;1-m- tm- He is a very obnoxious person. RIIJr 1\lt
I am much obliged for the ride. ll~llh'S Q ffil\. I (I:BJo I tCDo
llm-11;1-tl ' t'S
be obliged 1~ ITtR'l-
obscene K.l"''
He uses obscene language. M:>~~ ll..l''l' t
He was obliged to walk on foot because he
m- (or l\f. YA;I-~OD tm-)
had no car. DDh.'i' li'IAtR~m- Rl'..,C ""
't~ "'~ ITtR'l- obscure (v.) ;>~
be obliged to Clouds obscure the sun. ~""""" 8doY.'I'
I'm much obliged to you. iiH- m-11;1- m- 'J Y.;>CJIA
IIIIA'i'A *His arguments obscured the issue. f' f\o he
he "1'-ffm-"J l\mof.m-
(be) obliging lim- ~~~
He is always obliging. IJ-A'I.Ii lim- l'."J~~~~ obscure (adj.)
tm- I. f.,Y.;I-Y.. The cat hid in an obscure corner
of the room. ~-;I: lt'J~ h.,Y.;I-Y. I"
oblique ~~~~~
Cil' m-ll'l' ~ofl;l- _,.~R+:Y.
An oblique angle is any angle other than a 2. YA;I-m+. I am reading the poems of an
right angle. ~~~~~ .,l'.H'J .,11'1- '1-hhll'i'
obscure English poet. n~ YA:J-m+ fl'."J
.,l'.H'J YAITt l\'J~ tm- .,11.11 ~"1"7. "1'1'9" MQII!J-
glve an oblique glance f'l-~'1" J\f 3. "'AX' YAITt. The obscure sound is made
He gave me an oblique glance as I passed by. by termites which have burrowed into the wall.
<'IA'i' 1'1-~'1' l\f'S "'AX' YAITtm- ~9"6 "'~Jim-"J -&'1'
obliterate ~ h~R-'1- !l"liiR:f f"7.0D"' tm-
I. l\mof.. The flood obliterated all trace of 4. ~o()qq_ I noticed an obscure figure in the
the boundaries. '1-Cf. f~'JR~'J !I"Ah'l- fog. <?-"'~- liT ~o()qq :,Oc~r :1-l"'i
o-tr l\mof.m- 5. h.,.'I'C f.,Y.~Q. He has an obscure posi-
2. ;>~. A cloud obliterated the sun. ~-'i' tion in a large company. R-1-A:,O b-Q"JY m-
8doY.'I'") ' ;:>~JI-1- ilT h.,.'I'C f.,Y.~Q I"A"''J l\lldJ-
be obliterated .,.~ODIIII
6. IIDD~JI'l- f"7.Yll'f"'C. I explained to
The writing was obliterated by ink. x-;tul.-1: him the obscure points of the contract.
hm-11;1-m- ' m-ll'l' IIOD~JI'l- f"7.Yll'f"'~
R+ll!l" _,.~!l"ll!lA
'1-"J ' l\"J+I<:f ' l\MJio-'1-
oblivion, fall into - .,.~,.. be obscure "'Air l\Y.U!I"
The memory of many great men has fallen The meaning of your words is obscure. Would
into oblivion. filii" '1-AA:,O llJ":f '1-11 you, please, clarify them for me? f.,.m+!l"hQ
;1- _,.~li;J:A 'I'm- :1''1'1- 'l':f .,All' l\Y.U!I" I A;l-ofl
In complete oblivion fl.,.oull,n ~MD- '1-:f'llltl 1
Grandfather sat by the fire in complete obscurity
oblivion. m"J ~ l\Y-1: R.,.,..ll,.. I><'I-t> Jl
I. "'-II.,. The obscurity of the hall prevented
c ++oom me from finding the room. _.,.'llld.Ym- "'-
(be) oblivious 11., llllfTt h'i'tr"J 1\~"fm- l\A!J'Ah-9"
1.~<'1. The book was so interesting that I 2. "'Air l\IIODIT'J. The obscurity of the para-
was oblivious of my surroundings. oux--mf. graph makes several interpretations possible.
R"'!l" l\M<'I:f liMR~ RH-<1,1'\L Yllm- fl\"J+l\. "'Air l\IIODIT'J ofllt- 'l-C"t-9"
'J o-tr. ~ll'li' tRC II.YII'I' Y.:f'IA
2. "'S'.IIm-9". He is oblivious to any danger. hide In the obscurity ~il+ .,.~R+
llll ~ "1'-lldJ-9" The dog hid in the obscurity of the thick
obsequious
bushes.
fJJoil'l'
,.If,. -N-'1':,0 tu\fJJo "'"'*"'
~-~~.,. T~Oof>
pass Into obscurity T~lt
Many once famous names have now passed
into obscurity. Y:r: ~<;<; f)O?- ill":f
hv-1 T~ilT1'A
rise from obscurity h..-,.flJ Ti'Uf
Lincoln rose from obscurity to fame. 11.11>41\
1 h-l-11..1' T)P'ofo 11<;"t hT~.L
obsequious hf:C q_e
Obsequious courtiers greeted the king. hf:C
q_e ql\".7.11-:f 1'1-,.1 l\)(' ),.
observance f"''.hOC O'U\
Epiphany and Easter are annual observances.
Tll"of>'l-<; of.{Vt qoo'l- h1S'. f"''.hO?-
O't~'l- ' <;:ffJJo
*The observance of Independence Day was
marked by parades. f)l\)'1- +1 O'tA 0
(tA~ ThO~
*The observance of the law is required by all
citizens. fii~C:-1> )1'6l":f v-11- .t.-n l\
1-'l..l'h-11?- MS'.I'.II-
religious observance f'l~a-tlf:t- 0'\A
There are few yearlong religious observances.
h<too'l- <too-l- f"''.-1'1' '1'4:'1- fV.e"'''l"
'1- O<t~'l- toll-
observant hiiT1'.e
The child is very observant. ol\)1: 0"111"
hiiT1'.e ' )fDo
observant of hhq;:
He is observant of all religious prescriptions.
f'l.e"'''/''1- .l.~;>'l-1 0 IJ-{1- 0 hhq;l
0
observation
I. hilT.l'f'l-. He published his observations on
the book recently. illl oPl\"do4- .l'llf1Jo1 hilT
.rr+ o:,>co- t.,..'l-1" t.m"l
2. "''ilT1'A. Try to develop your powers of
observation! f"''l'lT1'A :fll-:1-111 11"'1-'IOC
'l"hC
3. oo""ol\h-'1-. A half-hour's observation taught
me the game. "1"'111 l'l't'l- oPoPol\h-1: ""
1':1-f1Jo1 hiiT"''~'{
4. !I"Coo&. He was taken to the hospital for
observation. 11.'/"'CoP&- IDS'.. trll"C;f-A m(l
JJ.'I-
keep under observation
I. O't.e) .,.;:..,. Th:I-TII. The police have kept
him under observation for some time. riLl'
853 observer
:f 11'1'4:'1- "LH O't.e) _,;:..,. .eh:I-T
11-'1- )OC
2. O.,.T'I'C P'C h1'11. They kept the border
under observation to discourage smuggling.
fl>1'1-r:q1Y: l\:J' l\1-'l.e~q m~G:'Il1 v-11-
""'"'"'c P'C t-1'11-
make an observation 1flA.
The President made an observation to reporters
on the needs of the city. "f'<!.IVI1-I> 1 h.,...,
1' illl"''...'ii.LA'\'1- )~f'::f II;>Hm'l':f
~lilt-
my observation Is lt.1"~1 1 hlf~
My observation is that such clouds mean a
storm. l\1 ~~ hll') .eu1 fOD(tl\fJJo , ~oo<;
'\fJJoll- ' )of.il ' .1'110'1- ' 11<;-fl ' .l'ilh'l-~41\
observatory (observatories) t.-IIHCllofoC:
There is an observatory in Addis Ababa.
h'l.il ' t.oq ' ID-il'l' b-IIHCllofo6 hll
observe
I. T""llhT. The elders observed the doings
of the young people with disapproval. 11"'1"1/l.l"
:f f1D"'ofo:f1 J':C"L'I- 0'1-11-IIT Toollh-1>
2. mn+. We must observe silence in the
classroom. hfi:A I CD-11:..- ' K..-:1"1" I oumo:,. I
hll-111
Pious people observe the church fasts. Y.e"'''l'
T'l':fhll"1'"'1'1- 1.em-fi:J'II-
3. m+(l.. He observed that crime was on the
increase. ID1)';A l\fO~ ouY,,IJ.1 mof>l'l
4. hll. "A good day for planting", the farmer
observed as he went outside. ~ 1 fHC n 1
1\i\ I "ffl"-aJo I aJ~ I ,....,. I lt,')~aJIIJ
I )fJJo
5. Th:I-TII. He has been observing the
political situation in Ethiopia for some time.
ft...-'1-Nrn f?"ll-t:lt .e11:1- 11'1'4:'1- 't""
:1-'1- .eh:J-TA )0C
6. ou~ou~. An astronomer observes the stars
fh1'h-ll'l- IIDC"''6 h1'h-ll'l-1 o _eou~'/"6-41\
7. hhO~. The Ethiopians observe Christ-
mas in December. h.-'1-f-k.l'fDoJ"t ~<;'t O't
41\ ' 0:1-\"fP' ' .l'h-116-11-
The big powers do not always observe the
neutrality of small countries. '"f.f'l\1" 1 ou')"'JP"
,.,.. ' h-11~,.,_1 ' "1./L ' f'l-<;"t11 ' ""1"/P'
:1-'1-1 ~1141\T,.)T h.l'h-11'1-11"
observer
I. :1-~ll. United Nations observers are coming
to check on arms smuggling. fTq0?-'1- oP1
"IP':I-'1- :1-~IU":f OtnC oP"f<l.l' Oh-
obsess
"' f~l:1fDo"t flt"t-l-C'IJ"t.(- "t"l.l:" IIOD
ODCODC f,ODtiJI\-
2. ..,.ovAl]~. The concurrent views of different
observers show that the minister was in the
wrong. fAI' AI' .,..,..AIJ-1- 1\.ll.,..l'f-l-
ODOD/1111>. I "''.tll'k- I f.,./1/1.,. I OD(I')."J I J'
DDIIh;f'A
3. f"''.h:f'.,.A i .,.h:f':f'J'.. He was a close ob-
server of the war situation. ffllC~~"} o-~;1'-
o:r-co- f"''.h:f'.,.A "-fl- toe
He is an acute observer of the political situation.
07"11-l:IJm- J'.ll;f' "t"' .,.h;f';f'J'. )fDo
obsess 11.11..,)+
Fear that someone might steal his money
obsessed him. 11m- 1"tH11 J'.l'lC+'i'A f
"'LA 'i'CV-l- l\.11..,)+m-
be obsessed
*He is obsessed with the idea of making money.
.b/111- V.il- 1"tH11 0"7"17-l- 11.1'. 1\....tt-~A
obsession
Tidiness is an obsession with her. 'lK"ih.'i h
V.il- 11.11Atn f9"-l-t!'.m- )1C )m-
obsidian IJA...,-l-
Obsidian was used to make knives. IJA...,-l-
llll'l' 1 IIODP't:--l- 1 .1'111"11>.
obsolescence
*Military weapons are subject to obsolescence.
"7"t>;'fDo9" ')f.).}- ftnC OD"f(.J'
0:\11 IJ1A"III--l- aJo6f!" .I'.II''OA
obsolescent '1..1 .1'11.1.(0-l-)
These weapons are obsolescent.
OD"f(.J'jP"'f- I '1..1 I J'lloi.IJ'ffDo
(be) obsolete '1..1"'" 1\.A!l:A
4.(0-l-)
This medicine is obsolete. J'.ll oo.<:-:>k+ 'I.
nm- 1\.A!i:A
The firearms of this army are obsolete. ftll.ll
tD;f'!'.C'"'f- I fi"C I OD"f(.J' I HOD).
tm-.
obstacle
I. n:r-'1--l-. His youth was an obstacle to his
success. A"Jf: DDIJ'). M.l:-11- "":J'<;-l-
n:r-'1-.r ll'to.r
2. DD(l'i"ht>.. A tree fallen across the road was
an obstacle to our car. oP1"1"- 1\f. r fml..
+m- lf'i' IIODIJ.<;";f-"t ""l'l'OhA II')
854 obtrude
obstetrician 1\.'I'II"Jf: .hh.9"
The obstetrician studied in California. I\.'I'll)!:
ohh.9" OIJII.C:C"t.l' )fDo f.,_.,<:.,.
obstinacy "-All
He tried to cure the child's obstinacy by
thrashing him. A)l":"t 0"""1<:'1' "-AV."t 11"7
11.,..,. 'l"h<:
obstinate
I. "'f-It. She is so obstinate that nobody can
argue with her. "'f-It 111111')"'f- "7"t9" ll.h
.:.h.:.-l- ll..l'."'f-ol\9"
2. f"7.1'.01C. His obstinate fever has defied
the doctor's attempts to cure it. f"7.1'.01<:fDo
-l-IJ.II-1> ohh.... 11"7"l"t .1'!'.<:1m-"t ...
ht:- V.il- .,.Hoo
obstruct
I. H:>. Rock slides obstructed the road. f!'.
"t'I..J' <;.o; OD"t1'1-"t H"l...;f'A
2. :><:!'.. The trees obstructed our view of the
lake. IJC:IJ; .b.l'."'"t "-"t"l'OJ'. :><:.11."t
3. 1\.IJIJ. He tried to obstruct justice by
bribing the judge. ll"l'i'm- 1-P 0DD11m-l-
'1'-l-ih"t 11"71JIJ-l- 'l"h<:
obstruction
1 )0C I. fH:> )1C. The obstruction in his throat
was removed by the doctor. ?-l:l:t& 1 t&ll'l' 1
fH:>fDo"t t1C ohh.... 1\.tD"'II-l-
2. "71'l'Oh.l'. The workers adopted a policy
h'l..l of obstruction due to their conflict with the
boss. IJIP&,I''fm- :>C IJIIOD11"7"7;f"i'm-
.,.f.,.).,
...
.,.,:_.,.>piJ; 0"71'l'Oh.l' HS'. .,.m
7t.~JUJ fll'C
I <;'ffDo obtain
I. 11.11. He obtained what he wanted from
1 Hoo). 11.11 his friend. h'l!'.'i'm- f"7.oi.A1tD-"t )1C 11.17
2. 1\.tD"l. He compressed the beans to obtain
the oil. H.l'.-l- 1 11"7tD-"1-l- ' f1-ll-tD-"t H.l'.
+- 1 ,;g,ou+
obtain for 11..,.<:4.(11-l-)
I ,1'114.0-l- I This book obtained great fame for him.
f.ll I ODJt'oh'i' ' ;f'll:r- I 1J<;"J I 1\..,.l:ol.ll-l-
Obtrude (1!'.)'..
He obtruded his hand through the opening.
"-lt"t 0+"1"1 tD-11'1' (II'.!'.
obtrude on "-"t.II.+OIIm- 11.1111'.1'-tD-
Don't obtrude your opinions on others!
n.,."t 1\.ll.,..l'f-l- lt.A-":f "-"t'l.+nll-+ 11.:1'
MY:Y:
obtuse
obtrude oneself upon R - - - OD?A. "l"A:t-
1\11
While the nobles were talking, the servant
obtruded himself upon their conversation.
""'"-.,.,_, r ll.'"im_, r /\11M Rm"-.l''fCD- r ao
?A r TA'J> 1\11
obtuse~A
The boy was too obtuse to take the hint. A')l:
R"'!l" r ~A 111\~R.: T'J>!fCD- r 11.1qCD- r 1\A
!1'119"
become obtuse ~hOD
One's hearing becomes obtuse in old age. R11
'I""'A<; r 1.11. ' fDDII.,'J- r ";f(lo;J- r J'.f.h
.,A
form an obtuse angle ;JY.t\ hll
The walls form an obtuse angle. "1.1!"'/"'CD- :>
f.A r .I'll r ~..,.
obverse (n.)
!. ""Ah. The obverse of the medal has an
inscription. f"''.''f. DDAh 1\"dro'i' 1\IIR'l-
2. ( ~ adv.) RHCD-f." Rit-A. The obverse of an
Ethiopian coin has the date on it. fh.'l-f"W.I'
'1'<1-.,h RHtD-JI. r Rit-A r '\OD-1" r ll"ihC:'J- r
1"1\"G:R;f-A
obviate
!. h - - - 1\"1~. Proper care of your car can
obviate the need for much repair. AODh.IJ'tJ
R"7.1q. ODtJl.,.,..,.. h-1111-. '1"1<; .l'f."~'I'A
2. 1-h'lhll. These precautions obviate any
chance of accident. MH.ll .,llm.,+-t.I'S"l-
.,.,:;o'f..,.-,9" '\.1'-t'l- 1\f.:> J'.MMII-
obvious "IAI\"
The answer is obvious. ooA.{l- "'IAK" ~CIJo
obviously '1'~9" I R~C"I'I"
He was obviously right in asking to be ad-
mitted. 1\aD"Iq'J- ~.,-'l.ll.+f."ll'l- Raomf.,.
'~'~'" '1-hhll':' ~Rc
The woman is obviously with child. 11.'1-f"'l'
R~C"I'I" 1\C"Iql\";f
1\11~"1
occasion (v.)
His queer behavior occasioned a good deal
of talk. ~.,.,,~~ ,..,q~ -1111- <tl.'l':f" h
11~"1
occasion (n.)
!. 1.11.. A dress like this can be worn for
any occasion. ~.,f.H.ll .I'll A-1111 II.,<;
'fCD-9" 1.11. II.IIRII ,!'.l-IlA
855 occasionally
On what occasion did he say it? ,..,1.11. .,.
<;1C:CD- l
They met on three occasions. 1"11'1- 1.11. 1"
1<;1'-
2. m'J>'I-. The advent of spring is a joyful
.~....You must wear a dress to befit the
occasion. f'IJ'..I'> aof""''l- f"''...'!lf.ll'l- m
"'3.""R'\A.
occasion. IIR'\11- f"''.ll.,., A-1111 DDA
R/1 hll-1111
4. ,l';>mODCD- r)f."A. He has had few occasions
to speak Amharic. h.,c:;o 11ao<;1c .1':>
mDDCD- r r)f."A r '1"4:'1- r ~CD-
5. 6f."A. Last year I had occasion to go to
Addis Ababa. qiiii.CD- '\DD'I- h-'1.11 hRq
1\ao'tf." 6f."A h:>T'I"'S ~Rc
6. 9"h.,.l''l-. The dog that was the occasion
of the quarrel had run away. f'l"ll- 9"h.,.l'
'1- fii'~CD- CD-I(' m'i';I:A
*Everybody is dressed up. What's the occasion?
u-11-11" 1ic -fi!I.A 1 ,.., hll 1
great occasion A'- fl'\A
The jewels are worn only on great occasions.
6.,_,. r RAI' r R'\A r -11!1' r .1'-f..::>A
on occasion hAt:: hAG:
He visits New York on occasion to see the
new plays. h-'1.11 "i;,I''I-C 1\.,f'l- hAG:
hAG: mt. l:,CD- r f"Ch r .1'-'t"'A
on the occasion of 9"h.,.l''l- R.,f."C:"I
On the occasion of Independence Day, the
Emperor gave a speech. nll)'l-'t r R'\A 9"
h.,.l''l- R.,f."C:"I .,'l-IP ~1....., .,.,.,c
hf.C:'I-
quite an occasion A\!. 1 O'lA
His birthday will be quite an occasion. fM'I-
.,..,_ AI< R'\A r ,I'.II''OA
[See also 'sundry']
occasional ( ~ adv.) hAG: hAG: 1 h.,,~~.,..._
His occasional visits cheer me up. llA.t:: 1 1\A
,;: 111\"''..mf.+'S f.ll .1'-II':'A
He suffers from an occasional lapse of memory.
1\.,,~~.,..._ f.,ll:f"mll ":f"lc hiiR'I-
occasionally
I. hAG: hAG:. I see him occasionally. hAG:
hAG: 1\f'l'l\11-
2. h.,,~~.,f." 1.11.. You have to discount occasion-
ally what you read in the newspapers. 1\.,"1.,,_.
1.11. :>11."1 m-IlT fll":f"~R..,.., l-'1 .,11'1-
hll-1111
 Occident
Occident 9"~<l-fJ' h'i!/1 't/19"
The Occident succeeded in overpowering the
Orient for a while. 11'1'4:'1- "1.11. 9"~<l-fJ'
..,. h'i!ll <t/19" 11,....,.:.,.,..,.n 'I.e
t..ell- ' )IJC
occidental f9"~.:-fJ..,..I'"t
He has adopted occidental food habits.
f9"~.l-fJIJ)o.l'"t'J ' ,...,11 ' 119"~/A
occult ll..,.C
Magic and astrology are occult arts. 'l'"t"'l<;
l>h11 4<m.l- II~ 'l'lltt:f <;:ftJ>o
occupancy ""rtl
The occupancy of the land by farmers was
opposed by the cattlemen. """-"" llt.<lolf:f
""1'11-"t h11'l- t.Cil."':f .,._,....,..... )IJC
occupant
I. f"''. 'l'C l'ltJ>o. The occupant of !his house is
very quiet. lltLU 11.'1- f"''.'l'~tJ>o 1'1..,.
Yo-,.,.,. t..en..,
2. f"''.w<l- l'ltJ>o. The occupants of this office
are out for lunch. lltLU 11.1!' tJ>ol'l'l' f"''.
...~:,. n,.;r. 119"11 11/I'I'A m"'
occupation
1. P&-. What's your occupation? JP&-11 MS:
"t ' )tJ>o I
2. ""rn.The occupation of the city by enemy
troops Was achieved in a few hours. fh..,...,.e.-h
llm'l'l- m:t-Y.c ""rtl 11'1'4:'1- l'l<t.Y.:f .,.
h<;m)
Occupation fml\-l- 'l.li
Where were you during the Occupation? Om
'1'1- "1.11. f'l- )lleh I
occupational hP'<l-tJ>o :>C fT1'1'H
Crashes are an occupational hazard for truck
drivers. 1?'1- II?)'J- oPh.<; l"ot..l!':f
hP'.:.:r:.... :>C ,.,. .ru t.Y.:> )tJ>o
.r
occupied, not ~ (house) mo; I t.<;
The house hasn't been occupied for years.
11.-f, 111111- 'l"":I"T m<; (t.<;) )IIC
occupy (occupied)
I. .ru. The enemy occupied the city at
dawn. 1-ih (L4'Y: m'l'l- hT""IU"t .ru
The store occupies the entire building. oo.(.1)
~ ih"tl\tJ>o"t 11...,.11- .efi:I"IA
He occupies an important position in the
government. floo"}.,P"-1: JP&- aJoitT hfi:+
~ I p&- I f~H I (tiD" I ~8Jo
856 occurrence
2. 'l'~. Who occupies !his house? l\ILU 11.'1-
tJ>ol'l'l'' f"'l.'l'~ .... ' ..,") ' )IJ)o!
3. 1'1. My friend is waiting to occupy the
new house he just bought. 'l!l."'\1. IJ:,Ocflo
l\1~tJ>o , 11.'1- , ..,.1'1'1' , 11""1'1'1- ll""mfJII:,O
'I.e' )IJ)o
4. d.-,_ I d.-,.(11'1-). The dinner and speeches
occupied three hours. 1\.l--f,<; "t"/1~ l"il
'1-l'l't'l-d..,_
School occupies all my time. 'l-9"uc+ 11.'1-
1'11'h ' "1.11. ' l}o/1- ' .ed.~"'"'
*Many lhoughts occupied my mind. llt."t-t/1.
tJ>oil'l' 1111- dtl'oofl )II~
be occupied
I. P'<l- YH(tJ>o). The boss is occupied at
the moment. l'\1.H.BJo n:.ooc a ~&. r ~HerA
2. ..,.J'H. The office is not occupied; you may
move in. ll.C'tJ>o t.IAT1'H9" l IA'l-1'111'1-
'1-:f'IIIU
occupy oneself "LtLt.D-1 1 1tllAL
He occupied himself with solving algebra
problems. ft.IA:(ofl.l- Tl!'oflll.'l":f"t ll""P'
.:.+ ' 1.ll.tJ>o"t ' t.l'olld.
keep someone occupied 1\IP&.
That will keep him occupied for a little
while. J'.ll 11'1'4:'1- 1.11. .fw?'f'IA
occur (occurred)
l. ..,..,T. Errors occur in his work. 0~&-t.D-
tJ>oil'l' ilihTT .e1 ...1A
2. !!.~1'1. The accident occurred while he was
on his way to Harar. t.Jl.:>tJ>o f!l.~l'lll'l-
m!l. m~C I'I.~Y: )..,.
3. ..,.m+(l. The name occurs twice in the
chapter. ll9"~<l-4- ' tJ>oil'l' ' n - ' v-i\'1- ' "1.
II. Tm:,O!).IA
occur to one
1. h.c'\0. It never occurred to him to close
the door. oalf"l.l'..,."t iiODlf:>'l- t.'\1'1119"
)IIC
2. ml'o11 oP"'(Il'l-). It occurred to me !hat
I should go to Ethiopia. mY. t...'1-l'"lr .r
f
-~Y: m>'l11 """111'1
occurrence
1. f~Cil ~'lC. Car accidents are an every-
day occurrence. foPh.<; t.Y.:> llf4'l- f
"'l.Jl.Cil )1C )tJ>o
2. M~. We were delayed by several un-
expected occurrences. Oofl,.. J'A:J"{lflo .,.J;
1'-:f 9"h"t .r+ H1M
ocean 857 of

ocean m-:1-1'1"11 university. f.).iiCI\.of:IJJo l\(1-1 fODof>flll- 6

How far is it to the ocean from here? hH.U l\ .(-A Mll+'1 ~,.
llh m-:1-f'l"{lo 9'"t fUA Y.C!l'A 1 In a tug of war the odds are with the heavier
team. fl10D.(- 1-1-:t" IJJo.(-.(-C '1.11. 6.(-
ocean liner '1-A.:,O ooch11 /r I fdJfi:6-'f"=Ji I aJ'J'} I )tD-
The ocean liner anchored at Massawa at noon. *The odds are in his favor. <'If.+<;,. l\f.+
'1-A!I: ODChofi flll.(-11'1- ll't'l- '1"11'1' 11J:f C'l"
o'clock n<t'I- odds and ends
The shop is open evenings until eight o'clock. l. '1'!1'.:,0"1 ~11!":f. I
still have some odds and
(1-41 .,:r .,;r l\llh lJ-11'1- (l't'l- .(-t: ends to take care of. 1<; f., m<;:,O!1''1',.
II h<;:'l- ~,. 'I':J'M ~11!":f l\11-'S
2. :,Ot-hl'. The room is full of odds and
octagon [11'1"1'1- .,l\11"1 fiiiJJo :,Ocx-] ends. h<;:ll- n:,Ot-.:,0")(1 f+'l"l\ ~ ....
October '1'.:,0'1"'1- against heavy odds
our troops fought against heavy odds.
oculist f'tf."l mh.'l" ID;t"f.l!"il':f"l + ;><;:mfJJo ' IJ.(-A <'lf.t:-'1'1'
There is an oculist near the bank .. 11"1 11- lim
111 f<tf."l mh.'l" l\11
..... .,....
be at odds
odd He is at odds with everybody. h.,"l'l" il'l"'l"
1. h'l"'IJ.l )'IC. His absence at this time is very ~'1- fllfJJo
odd. flii.U"I '1.11. {)f.oonJ oo:,Ot:., l\"1"1 the odds are
s; )'IC I )tiJo *The odds are that it will rain today. '/"<;All 'I-
2. l\"1.(-. It cost me thirty-<>dd dollars. """ f.H"Iofi f.lf<;A
l\1.(- IPI\{) 11C l..~of-11'1A
3. 1-f.ir'. Seven and eleven are odd numbers. ode [lllll\"1.(- (lfJJo IDY.'I" ~1C fl+IIY.
M'k" OP't- l\"1.(- 1-f.flo 41'l'l!"'f <;'I'IJJo f"'Lll'i! 'I'A:,O 11"'1.'1- fiiiJJo "1'1''1"]

"f."' fii.I\'I'IJJo u-11'1- "'i.,l".,. .

4. "f.'1 fii.IIIJJo. I have a couple of odd shoes.

5. flY~ fAif~. While he was in the city, he

l\11-'S
odious f"'Lfllml\
Torture is odious to civilized people. fliPflm~ 1

.ft1111 f"'"':J'f'l- .:,0"1'1- f"'Lfllml\ ~,.

had odd jobs. h-t-/IJJo. IJJoll'l' n~nt:n'l- '1.
11. flY~ '"'"~,.1 P't- '-"'<~- ~nc odium IJJoCf.'l-<; "1+'1-
*He is a very odd person. u-~;r,. f., Y.:t" He bears the odium of having betrayed his
61:,.0 I {atiJo I )tiJo country. U10:."1 llllh-'1 IJJoCf.'l-<; "1+'1-1
at odd times IJA+m.U {l't'I- ll+t:l..
They pick up the garbage at odd times. odor
<l'lflffJJo") f"'Lf~.,..-'1- IJA+ID(l~ (l't'l- ~IJJo 1. OD'\olf. The odor of this perfume is pleasant.
some odd 'Tof!T flf.U 'li-1' OD't'f "!of..,_. ' ~IJJo
I have five dollars and some odd change. 2. 1i;t-. Rotten meat has an offensive odor.
l\'1"{1'1- 11C<; '1'4:'1- 11C11C 'i't-1h liii'S f'J"'' I JP ;J I OD'Tf:: I 1i;J- I 1\flt&
smell the odor If++(fDo)
oddity (oddities) l\1"1.11 ac
+J smell the odor of onions cooking. f'li"lh-C
The oddity of wearing a fur coat over a bathing
'1- 4111.'1- Y.if+'1A
suit is indeed striking. fK...C 1 t-+ 1 O'P'i"
~1C ~ .... [See also 'detect']
1\1111 1\f.. ODf.t:ofi fl"''l" l\"1"1.11
of
oddly ( ~ adj.) l\1"1.11 I. h. Give me some of that cake! hlf.f h.h
He acts oddly. Do you think he may have been '1'4:'1- lim'S
drinking? u-~;r,. l\1"1.11 ~,. l fm"' The doctor cured him of syphilis. m11.- hot
'-""liMA 1 'I''S l\.11~ ....
odds 6.(-A The watch is made of gold. (l't., f+IP<!-IJJo
The odds are against his being accepted by a hmc:,. ~,.
 off
He is one of us. AI\- h:;:' h."JJ;. 'iom-
2. f. He is manager of a big department store.
f'IAJI ""~11C P"&- hllhJ;t!' )m-
The house of bricks belongs to me. ' flrh'l
IL'I- flr. )m-
Have you read the works of Shakespeare?
fl&hll"tC"J .(-Cil.Y.:f l\"J1101A ?
Is he one of us? f~ s (tm- 'iom-?
3. 1111. He thinks well of me. lllllr. '11m-
l\111-,f'l- .,.~ ' )IIJ-
1 have been dreaming of this for a long time.
111111.11 )1C 1111- 1.11. ltA:r' )OC
Are you sure of what you are saying? llAf'"+A
m- )1C hC""Im'i' )II ?
4. 0. He was accused of robbery. 0.,."1'i')'l-
1-h(o )OC
His father died of a heart attack. l\Q1: OA11
.(-l}:r' ' '1"1:
*Where 'is that fool of a servant? Y :E-A h
'lihc f'l- l\11 ?
*Give me a sheet of paper! h."}J!" ftoh ml:.+
'1- lim'S
*He expected much of the new medicine.
h-'1.11- oo.(-;Jo~ol- O"':r' J'.m~"1A 1111-
l\llll )0C
*He put the fear of God into him. 'i!CU+ >..""I
H.l\11.h.C hlt~~O'I-
off .,."J(o
ooh.'i'tD-"J h1-1-00)IIJ- '!';>
"J(o lrm
I}'
He sold the car at 20 percent off list price.
Ooo.Y. .,.
be off
I. 1-!':~m. The water is off. m-;Jom- 1-!':CI!l.A
2. t.~ll. Their engagement is off. .,.IIO;NFm-
t.~ll
3. ~K The children are off to school.
A~'ll m~ '1-:r'IIC'I- IL-l" ~~'!'A
I'm off to Ethiopia on Monday. ll'f' m~
'1-f-lr, -~fl. )IIJ-
4. .,.~. The conference is off. 11111lQm- .,.C;l:A
The town is still 5 miles off. h1-"1m- 11oo
.(-~11 h:r'll'l- "1J'.A J'._,.&-A
5. h - - - OJ"!. The car is off the road. ooh.'i'
'f' 0 hOD"J1.(- 0 OJ"J:f
6. m-1-. The electricity is off. l>~"Jtm- m'i!;l:A
7. b~'i!'l- hlltD-. We are off Wednesdays
during the summer. flfl."J l:.ftoil l:.R-11 iJ
~'i!'l- hii"J
off and- on hAC:. hAG:
She works off and on. hAG: hAG: '1-w&-
ll:f
858 offense
off with his head ! ~{to") ~lmm-
The general cried, "Off with his head!".
:(lr.&-11- &-11-"J .,...~mm- 1111- '""1i
have off
*Your Excellency, may I have a week off?
hii-C)'I-l" fl\"J.(- lt:r'"J'I- dJ>.(- ILilm'S
with his (shirt) off(lr"'l.rt-"J) ' 1\m-A.,.
He works with his shirt off. lr"'l.rt-"J l\ID-A
.,. J'.w&-A
[See also 'cry, day, duty, guard, mark, record']
offend (vt.)
1. 1\ll.,.foo. I hope I haven't offended you.
1\~ll.,.f:r'h-U:r' ""'f:r'
2. h'i'~K He wittingly offended the judge.
J!'i'm-"J 1M 1111- h'i'Um-
3. ~II 1\'lll:r'. Colors that don't match offend
the eye. f"1 J'-11"1""" .,.11"1-l- 'IJ'."J ~II
hJ'.II-:r'
offend (vi.) l\m-1-
Those who offend are often punished. 1m4- =
Oilt"l J'._,."'A
[See also 'mortally']
offender '1''1-1-'i' 1 l\'1'.1.
The offender was sentenced to a year in jail,
but he escaped from police custody. -r'i-1-'i'
m- f'tou'l- '1.11&-'1- 1-t.CP..O-l- )OC l "I
"J h?"ILII 'h)(' l\ovllm
The law will punish offenders with a heavy
hand . .h"l h'l'.l.l":f-1 0'1.1'A +.,."'ll:f
offense
I. '1''1-'1-. The punishment for that offense is
two years in prison. itT4--Il f"tllmm- :,.
"1-l- ' fll-11'1- ' 't.... ,. l\11&-'1- )m-
2. "7"1'4!)'. The rocket is a weapon of offense.
C'h.-l- f"1'1'4:, .......,.,., tm-
3. "1'1':1>-l-. The most effective defense is
h. offense. ho-11- f"'l.OAmm- ovh'l~ "1
.,.,..,. )IIJ-
be an offense to 11./tcf'fOO
Your garbage pile is an offense to the neighbor-
hood. fh...,chm- .,.lf'l(' 1-~0.+ ,II.,.J'."1A
cause offense (ltJJo h.llcf'fOD
He tried not to cause offense. (tm- 1\ltD'J/tct
f:r'. 'l"h~
penal offense m"JJ:A
Stealing is a penal offense. lie.,.+ m"J~A tm-
take offense ++foP
I don't know why she took offense. ltr""J A
"}~.,_.,., ....:r- h'\ID-~:r'
offensive
offensive (n.) "7'1':1'-l-
The enemy offensive was halted by our troops.
fmll-'1- "7'1':1'-l- OID;I-.I'.C"!I':f't ;1-1.1'.
offensive (adj.)
1. oPT:. Rotten meat has an offensive odor.
f1"7 I";J ,...,.,;: 71;1- hiiiD-
2. f"'L..'IIhof.. His behavior was offensive.
hl>,:\). f"'L..'IIhof. )flC
3. hllhd.. They removed the offensive passages.
and reissued the statement. hilh.t. ftJ')(I)o,.
1111# 0:>.11 't"'"'-1-'t h't.1'.1'i" h-'1-oo
m- Jr..mm-
4. h1r.fd.. His uncivil letter was offensive.
11A"''i" f_,.DDII0-'1- .1'.11-'IO.ID- h"f..1.1. )
flC
5. f"7'1'4!1. Their offensive weapons are not
effective. f"7'1'4!1 OD"f&1!P!I''I'OJ- ~f,ll
I;' hf,.l'.ll-9"
offer (vt.)
I. llm(.,.llm). May I offeryouacupof coffee?
fl-'i" Ail'l'll l
This will offer you the opportunity to visit
Ethiopia. f,ll h."'-1'"*'1't IIOD'I-11"f-l-
6Y;A f,II'1'7A
I was offered a job in Ethiopia. h-'1-1'"*'1 , .
11'1' 1"&- _,.II'J'.f-'S )flC
2. h4'<:0. He offers only French books for
sale. 11711"1!" f"7.14'COID- f.l.<:'t{)f, DDI\
.n-;:+ 11!1' )OJ-
3. ;JOH. He offered me a bottle of beer. h'tY;
0.&- ;JOH'S
He offered me a cigarette. (l.;J&- ;JOH'S
4. ll.lf'l' hllfl. We offered the house at a
fair price. 0.1:'t fl.l'...,'i" 'P;J A'tlfm,.
hilfl'i"A
5. hO<:h.,.(ll-'1-). I would like to offer you a few
words of advice. '1'4!-l- f'l"hC :I'll+ II
fl<:h-l-1\:frJ- hiD-'IIIrJ-
6. oo<;:4'-'l.'t 111"1.. She offered her services
as a housekeeper. on.+ mQ<f:)-'1- 11"71A1
A OD'i!4'~'t 111"f..:f
*He offered to help me. AC-'111 hii'S
offer (vi.) h;JmOD
I will come if opportunity offers. 6J';A 11..1
;J'J''}" hDDIIJIIrJ-
[See also 'hand, prayer, resistance']
offer (n.)
I. Y;CK:C. The employer made me a good offer
for the!job. hw&OJ- 111"&-ID- '1'-1- J';CJ';
C Atc!lA'S ' )flC
859 office
2. 14'<:00J- OJ-A. His offer included a high
salary and three weeks' paid vacation . .f+t;.Rmo
ID-A h'i!_,.l;' .1'.'1"11'i" h.l'.'1"11 ;JC fV'
!1-l- ll'l"'t-'1- M'i!-'1- h't.l'."'/.11'1' f,1AI\A
3. 14'<:0(11+) .M11. Will you accept my
offer to work with me? h'- s ;Jt;.. h"tR;-Tw
&- 14'<:1111-AII't .hll11 -l-4'0111111 l
4. f(lmOJ-. His offer of $30,000 for the house
was accepted by the seller. 110.1: f(lmOJ-'t
IPII/) ' it ' 11C ' If= ' .,.4'flii11Jo
5. !ljll;f-. The child distrusted the stranger's
offer. A)l: fh't"'-'IID-'t !1,..;1- .,.m&-m<:
*I refused his offer of help. fll-'t hC-'1;1- h'l"
O.hAh-
make an offer "P,;J )"It;.
Did he make you an offer for your house?
0.-'1-ll't ' f"7.11ffl-l-'t ' 'I';J ' )1.1:11!
offering ro..,. hCM:f't 1111+
The deacon collected the offering. .II.J'.P.). fO.
_,. hCil1:1).'t !111-l- _,.4'flll
offhand
I. h't.l'."'/.""iiiiOJ-. Offhand, I would say that
he had paid 1,000 dollars for it. h't.I'."'/.DD!III'S
it 11C llf,h'i!Afl+ hA4'<:9"
2. il1!111fl-l-. I can't tell you offhand how
much a month I can pay you. nmc il"J-l-
h't.l'.'l"h'i!AII 1111!111fl-l- A)"'CII hA:fA'I"
off-hours fb<:'i!-'1- "LH.
I spent my off-hours reading. f6<:'i!+ "LH.\L
't O'tQil hilll'i!h-
office
I. ""1"61 o.+. Theofficesdoseatfiveo"clock.
ODJP&1 0.1: f"'/.H;JID- ' flOP'&- ' h'tJ'; (I
'l+ ' )ID-
2. 0.1!". You can see me in my office. hO.I!"\L
A-l-"""1 -l-:f-111111
3. fooJP&1 o.+ IIOJ-. The whole office was
at her wedding. foP~&Y O.il {tm- nao-
11- fllle'i llf, )flC
4. .,..,QC. He performs the office of priest.
r:,O!I'i" .,..,qc ,,~.,...,A
5. P'AIIJ't. He was elected to a high office.
llh'i!.,.l;' P'AIIJ't .,.,..<:m
6. f"f..ll--'1- I " ) P'C'l-'1-. There are seven
daily offices in the Catholic Church. Oll.f-11.11
o..,. llc!ltn on IIQ-'1- "LH. f"f..ll--'1-
I " ) ' P'C'l-'1- ' f,.I'.<:;JA
offices, through the good - 0 - - - h.,I"Jf,)-'1-
I obtained the post through the good offices
r
office boy
of a friend. P'&-t&'t 0~.<'.':'\L l\"711,1'.~:,.
h111Jo
office of - - - ~:,.
He is running for the office of mayor.
:,. ' ,l'.tJJI',S'.&-11
be in office
I. OP'A"''t 11,1'. 4'f.Howlon ghas the mayor
been in office?h'ttiJ m- OP'A"'I- 11,1'. ll't:,.
'too:,. ' 4'Y.;I:A l
2. Oll~&-m- +-!-11. Which man will be in office
if the prime minister dies? m:r-IIY. "'L~Il:,.
'1- 0.'1"1> Oll~'fm- f"'L+I1 "7~m- l
office boy +111111.
The office boy takes care of minor things.
+llllh.m- '1'.4';r.'t P'&-IP"'h .l'h'i"m-'i"A
office girl O.C' fll",..,.&- Ali"1<:J:-
The office girls are giving a party. O.C' f"'L"'
'1-'1- ' Alf1<:1'-';f ' "1-11..,. ' .I'.<'.C:>II-
officer
I. DDh-'t't. He was an officer during the last
war. IJII.t.m- tnc~:,. 1..11. ooho't't ~oc
2. ~II". Are you an officer of this club?
OII.U h0-11 m-ll'l' h~"7Mi> h'tJI. ~U l
official (n.)
I. IJIIP'A"''t. He is a State Department official.
0.,..,. 'l-IlY. ''Ulli:C m-IlT IJIIP'A"'
,. i'ID-
2. rP~+2'1. The customs officials searched us.
f?-11"'1-h "'&-+'l'"f L+~'t
official (adj.)
I. fY.<f.. He paid me an official visit. fY.<f. .,.
-oos:,. t..<'.<:1A'S
2. fOD'J"'P':,.. The papers bear the official
seal. m<:ot-Mi fDD't"'P':,. "'''l+ll" l\11
f)'fm-
*1 received an official letter informing me of
my appointment . r~-:,. .<'.-11/IIL
official opening
*The official opening of the store will be on
Monday. (1.4< f"'LDD:4-m- (l'f' ~m-
officlal status OU f~m+ FIA"'')
He has no official status with the government.
OOD't"'P'i> tJJoll'l' OY.<f. f;l-mot P'A"'
't flltJJo'F'
official uniform f~"Jofl Aoflll
Policeman wear an official uniform. :rlt.f'':fo
f.<'.'t-11 A-fill ,1'.11-flltll-
860 offshore
Official Gazette~:>~:,. :>11."1
My brother's appointment was announced in
the Official Gazette. fm't.l!""' DD!''F' 0~
llh't1:1J~ :>~,. :>11."1 +11111
offici ally 0,1'.4-
It was announced officially. OY.<f. +~"';,:A
officiate
I. ...&-. He officiated as chairman during the
debate. OhCh'l- 1..11. 011.4' OD'JRc~:,. "'&-
2. 11-&-h. r'lm. The minister who officiates at
the wedding is a friend of ours. Or'IC?- 11,1'.
11-&-h. f(lm-,. 4oll tJJ/Ilf"'h 'i"'ftJJo
offing, in the -
*There seems to be some trouble in the offing.
tJJ.<'.L:,. h'tJ:- :f"'C ltY.LmC h,1'.4'C?"
off-season (n.)
*Fares are lower when one travels in the off-
season . .h1111- -1111" 0"7M~110:,. 1..11.
fth.:,. 'I':> 11:r- Y.'IA
offset
I. h-11.4' .4'. He has to offset his small salary by
living economically . :,.'t~1 .<'.'l"lf"'t 11"'1-11.4'
,..,. 04<miJ ao'l"c l\110:,.
2. ifL~. The gains offset the losses. :,.c+- h.
lt&-m-'t Y.if~'i"A
The better roads offset the greater distance.
'1"'1-tJJo OD't1J:- C4'i>'t Y.if~~'I'A
3. h".'l.'l. Good training of soldiers offsets
numbers. m;PU':f"t 1 OD7..1fl 1 ..,lPA.m'l 1
f4<'J'C't "''~ll .1'".'1.'\A
offshoot
1. 11C.1'9'l-. An offshoot of this tribe settled
in the mountains. fii.U 1-lt 11C.I'I"l- 0
+&-&-~P'f; ' 'IY. ' r'l~<:'I'A
2. +4''1'.1'. The offshoots of this plant grow
several feet in all directions. fll.ll ~~ +4'
.<'.<:r'l'S 'I'YIP:f OrJ-11-'F' t.:r-"1""1 11-1111" ""1"79'
';f .I'J:-:>11-
3. HC~. French is an offshoot of Latin.
L<:'tltY.'f fll1:1 HC~ ~m-
4. m.:,.. As an offshoot of their discussion,
a contract resulted. f't"'"'&-'fm- h'tJ:- m-
m+ m-11;1- aoA.&-<:'F' ~RC
offshore, adj. ( = adv.) hm<:~ &-:r- -fill-
Offshore drilling for oil is going on in the Red
Sea. 04-Y. IJ.nc m-IlT hm<:~ &-:r- -II
II- fH,I'.:,. 7-J:-~J:- Otm~LC IIY. ~m-
offspring
offspring nc
The couple didn't leave any offspring. IJA'i'
"'l.ll-11 HC hA.,.m-9"
be an offspring ..,..IDAS'..
The mule is a hybrid, being the offspring of
a donkey and a horse. O:J>A- hhll.l''i' h.LG
ll f9"-l-diii.J:' V'l 'i'-l-
offstage, go - boP.J:'GIJ. -MIIII
The actor went offstage. .,..,..,.,_ bou.J:-GIJ.
.,.11111
often ofiH- 1.11.
We often go to Ethiopia in the summer. 11ft"
1.11. ' 00;> ' diS'. ' t...-1-f'k.l' ' :1.1~-'1111
as often u 0 .. - --kTC
As often as I try to get an answer from him,
he makes some excuse. hf\o OOA.h flmf':t-
11- .,.TC 9"h1.1'-l- J'..LT~A
be once too often ( = active) hOtf
He was late once too often and was fired.
oPH"'f-l- MO'I hP'~ .,.IJGG
every so often hAG: hAG: l Of1.1Lfl>o
Every so often, I get a letter from him. hAG: h
At:. (Of1.1Lfl>o) hi\- f.ofl-'10. J'.f.C{l'fA
how often l 111-l- 1.11. l 111-k
How often do you go to the movies in a week?
OIIM-l- 111-l- 1.11. (111-k) 11.~"7 +~
-'IIIII l
more often f.OA.m-., 1.tL
In English, the definite article is used more often
than in Amharic. lJ"7C'f J'.A:J> 0:1.1"111.11
'1 f.,.dl(l~ oPll.,.h9"C J'.OAm-1 1.11.
.V.w~O;I-A
more often than not h.ofitf~m-"} 1.H.
The child comes late more often than not.
A7!: hofl'l'ffl>o1 1.11. H"IJ.'Ao J'.oP"'A
oftentimes ofiH- 1.11.
I saw him oftentimes during my stay in
Ethiopia. t...-1-f'k.l' ll'l'C ofiH- 1.11. M'f
,. ~oc
oil (v.) n.v.+ hf.G1(0-l-)
Oil the typewriter or it will rust. fl\"ih.L-1- ,..
h.'i'm-1 n.v.+ t..J:-C"'0-1- hiiOIIIU'
.1'>11;>A
oil (n.) H.V.-1-
What kind of oil does she cook with? ,..,ofl
f9"-l-w~m- OM 't.l'>~-1- H.V.-1- ~fl>o l
Put some oil in my car, please! llouh.,'i\1. m-
IlT n.v.+ h.J:-C"'0-1-
861 old
After several years of trial, they finally struck
oil. hofiH- 'tOD;f-o}- -h~ 0:\'1 """""
Gif HJ'.-1- h1'f..
[See also 'mineral oil, vegetabl.,Zoil')
oil lamp of.'l'll
I need an oil lamp to read by. 11"710ofl of.
'I'll .l'll.LA1'1A
oil tanker n.v.+ Al'S oPChofl
Oil tankers bring oil to Ass b. HJ'.-1- ""l'S
ODChll:f diS'. h(lofl n.v.+ .V."f!''i'll-
oily
I. HJ'.-1- fm"'. Theseoilyragsare a fire hazard.
MH.II HJ'.-1- ftnm- ""Col':f :l,fjo}- .I'll
~..,""
2. OH.V.-1- f.,.llhll. He washed his oily hands
in the sink. on.v.+ ' f.,.llhllfl>o1 ' :1.:11:1 ' """
;1-mii.J'fl>o m-IlT ;1-mO
ointment :J-11+
Put some ointment on my burn! h..,.?miliD"-
:I.J>: ' '1.1'> ' :J>qo}- ' h.J:'C"'A'S
old
I. hl!''l.. Have you any old clothes for sale?
f"'l.if m- hl!"'. Aoflf\:f hll-11 l
2. fol'f. This food is too old to eat. .1'>11 9"
"'ofl ' 0"19" ' fol'f ' 111111'~ ' h.1'>0'19"
Is this an old model? .1'>11 fol'f 'I".O..A ~m-1
I broke with my old friend. hol'f '11.'1\L
.,.~GT!J.
3. fofiH- 1.11. l fJ!.I!' ! fT1-l-. The man is an
old friend of mine, but is not akin to me. (IID"-\t-
,. fofiH- 1.11. ( f1'1-l- 1 f .J:-1!') di-'IJ':
~fl)o 0 :1.1:{ 0 J.J'.'fODf.'{9"
4. f.,.Y:'I". We were directed to follow the old
regulations. f.,.Y:'I"ll''fi1 f.11l:f :1.1.J:-1h.,.
A ;1-0111
*How old are you? 111-l- 'tDP-l-11 ~,. l
*He is thirty years old. :1.1\- "'"" 't""-11
~,.
old age :I.C~'i' I f'ii,..,A'i' 1.11. I f:I.C~'i' 1.11.
Old age brings many diseases with it. :I.C~'i'
ofiH- a.oer .l'llh-1-'IA
One's hearing becomes obtuse in old age. 0'119"
"'A'i' (ll:I.C~'i') 1.11. f""ll"7-l- :fA-;1- .f.
f.h"7A
old lady qA-11-l-
It is courteous to help an old lady. flA-k+ ""
c-'1-l- f-1-a.-l-'i' .,..,qc ~,.
 olden
old man 11"7"111.
Old men should be respected. 11.,..,~~,,.;r. ooo
bOC hiiQ'faJo
old people 11.,"1/l.,.:f
Old people are wiser than the young. bm"'-Hi
f.A~ 11.,"111.,:f -IIAII':f 'i''faJo
old woman hC"L+
We have a special club for old women. 1\C""l..f
:f AI' h0-11 hll"t
a bit too old -r"t11 .f.f'l- Yll
The bread is a bit too old to eat. IIOD-fiA -'Ill
, . 'l-"t11 .f.f'l- Yll )aJo
be old (man, woman) h.l.=e:-
He is an old man now. h.v-'1 hC~:t:A
She is an old woman now. hrJ-"t hC"J/!:1-II:fo
be far too old ifOD1l\
He is far too old for a young girl like you to
marry. l\"t-'l"t:f Yll:f aJ"'T A7f1l.f: II
.,"'QT lfii""'!I.A
be old enough /Js:o'J.,.
1 11<1:: ~BJo
He is old enough to know better. bii..IJ f-1-lf
II ' ll.,m~ ' ().f:"7.aJo ' -11_,. ' )IJJo
get old ht!)!
What will he do when he gets old and cannot
work? hC"J/!f- ""1"&-T ft.!'~+,. M
YI'.C:>A l
grow old 0().1:"7. 14-
0ur grandmother did not lose her charm for
us as she grew old. hY:J-:f"t 06.1:""7. M1
4- ' fl~.ll-1"' ll~'faJo"t ' hllm-1"'
[See also 'gentleman, gossip, how, stuff')
olden r..:-e j f.ll.t:
In olden days, each family educated its own
children. 0.1:-t: 1.11. l\Y"t-'l"t.ll. IL-f-(1-fl
A;f;'fi"t OfiL1: Y(I-1-I"'C )OC
[See also 'time']
older :J-11~
He is my older brother. :J-11~ m"t.l:-"7.
be older than
I. 0().1:"7. Ollm. I'm older than she by five
years. O{).f:"?. l\fl.") hl"'il'l- 'lODT l\OA
"':l-llrJ-
2. b - - ht!)!. This building is older than ours.
f.IJ .h"tll b ... .h"tll Yt!YfA
3. f - :J-11~ )aJo. He is older than his
brother. fm"t.I:"DD- :J-11~ )IJJo
get older ht!)!
You get older faster if you work too hard.
1"&. 0"11"' !)O~IJ 1'11- :J-t!YfiiiJ
862 omen
grow older ht!)!
As we grow older, we learn the limits of our
abilities. 1\Yt!V il"t~.l:" f:f-11-;J-:f-"t"t
ooom") l\"t1)HQII"t
old-fashione d
I. f)L(IOT. She has such old-fashioned
ideas. hii-1-Yf:l: rJ-11- f)I.(IO'I- )aJo
2. f.l:"t:. Old-fashioned weapons were cumber-
some. fX:f! rtnc ODPf~Y9'":f i\DDI1f
,.,,.,.,;., hil'f:>& ' )0~
old hand, be an ~ at All".!:" YllaJo (I
tJJo I )tJJo
He is an old hand at playing cards. O!)C:J-
""'1':1- All".!:" YllaJo (laJo )aJo
old maid, be an ~ .,.., +t::f
She refused to marry and is now an old maid.
hii1QI"' -1111 .,.., ' +t::f
Old Testament -1111-f. IVI"t
The Old Testament was originally written in
Hebrew. -1111-f. h.-'l"t ""l':""&Y f-1-lll.
,. 0()-fl&.f.il'l' ' )IJJo
old-time f.f:t:
Old-time dances are performed by our group.
11-.1:-'i':f"t f.l:"t: "1."1.&-,:f"t YltYA
old-timer 11"7"111.
Listen to the old-timers talk about the battles
they've been in. 1111+'1'.,..,._ IDC)T ft.l'aJ1-
11"7"111.,:f"t ' h-'ll"'m-
olive fmf.&. '~'"-
They kept the olives in a jar. fmf.&.aJo"t 'i't.
O.,(lt: IJJo/1'1' hiloJ>ooom-
olive oil faJf.&. Hf.'I-
You can find olive oil in any grocery. faJf.&.
"""' ' " " ' ' " ' - ' fl"'"'-11 ' ODI'.o(JC ,.,.,.A
)IJJo olive tree mr.&.
Many olive trees grow in the highland. l'.;>aJo
h1C -1111- mf.&. f.O~IIA
omen
I. 1.1:". The cry of some birds is considered
a good omen. Y"t-'l"t.f: mt:::f ""'liT 'I'
~ 1.1:" )IJJo f.QIIA
2. f1.1:" I"'Ah'l-. A black cat is considered a
bad omen. "1"-fr:C I Y.;ODT I fOD#f'G:, I 1J!' I fD
Ah'l- 'i'T f.QIIA
omen of aood fortune ~~
The ancients considered the flight of birds
ominous 863 on

an omen of good fortune. fY:r: (ljP:f 011::
:f (LO~ ql' 1..11. 1Y: )m- 111\m- 1
?"). )0C
be an omen of ODfi"IIJ..,1 h.ODAh..,.
The dark sky is an omen of rain. f'Q;a.I\ODID"
(l"Yf. "If<;"?" OD!/""1-1>') 1""1\h:J-A
ominous, ...... sign OD'i'G: "'F:
1
He was arrested on a charge of theft. OIIC.f.'l-
Ol't~A .,_,_~ )0C
Do you sell on credit? OJI.IL '1-if"'l\11 !
You can depend on him. O(l- A'J-.,..,00')
1 '1-:fi\1111
2. 0 - 1\f.. Books are on sale now. ODI\'m
~:::f t.u-'J OODifT 'If. <;lfm-
There is only one town on the border. flml.f. 1

Some people consider the cry of an owl as an 1\f. 111"'" h'JY: h.,.., . 11!1' )IJ)o
ominous sign. h'J-'I'JY: (ljP:f f"l-1-'1-"t .., I live on King George Street. IL-l: 0 h.'J"I 1(
1i'l- >."J.P. "'"1'1:: 1Y: 1-.,_-N-;J-A Cj:!' OD'J1Y: 'If. )IJ)o
He is on vacation just now. ho-1 r flbl.tt:.:'f- 1\.
omission OD'1F.tt:
The omission of certain letters made this " )m-
This is based on facts. 1-11 o>.m-)'J- 'If. f
sentence hard to read. n-'I"J Y: 1-.I'.A ""1 +ODwl,+ I ~d)o
.l'.'i' f.II'J O<:'i'.,_ )1C 1\"7')011 hll'l'
3. 'If.. Put it on the table! m<:A.~m- 'If.
:u.. h.l'.<:1m-
hll+?"mm-
omit (omitted) We had lunch on the plane. ?"It fOi\)m- h
I. 1.1'.1-. He omitted the last letter of the word m-r:Ti\'J 'If. )m-
'brother'. OI'JY:?" f"''..llm-"J ?A foP..., He carried his coat on his arm. lt..,,. 1 h1JI.. 1

<:If 1-.I'.A 1.1'.1-m- 1\f. h.1'.<:1

2. hit+<:. Tell me the whole story. Do not Continue on page five! '1K" h.9'"ll.:'f- 1 ~~- +'I' A
omit a single detail! h'J-'I:f?" )1C lt;J-11+ He hung his coat on a nail. 1>-I>'J ?"ll"YC II
c :J-&!J."J o-11- "J1<:'1 " fl+ll
3. II + (negative imperfect) +<:. She + 4. >. I\ f.. What was it standing on? >.M
omitted making her bed. hA:>'I''J lt:f")T'i' i\.f, .f.'l" )OC!
+<::f 5. h. Is there anything interesting on the
be omitted .,.HI\11 radio? h&--'1.1'" ffl"71im- f"''..111.1'.1l'l- )1
Your name was omitted by oversight. ll9'"tJ s c hi\!
f.,_HI\1\0Jo Ollm.,_'l- )0C 6. h - 011.,.. He sat on the speaker's left.
h.,_'i;>&OJo 011.,_.,&- .,_+!1"1" )0C
omnipotence ~1A).'J- 7. 0 O!J.A. A highway bounds the farm
The omnipotence of God is irrefutable. on the west. >.c!fm-'J hm-&- 1--'l'i 0!1"
f>."IH.h11.h.C ~1A)'J- f"Yf.IJY: )m- ~6-11 O!J.A 1'1'/I)'I'A
omnipotent ~1A 8. m-11-r. Who's on the team? o-Y::r- OJo/IT
"7') hi\!
God is omnipotent. >-"IH.h11.h.C ~1A )m-
9. 1111. What are your ideas on that subject?
omnipresent f'l-!1" f"'1..1'1 111\H.II )1C hll.,.1f'l-ll ?"'JY:'J )m-!
It's a book on animals. Ill\ >."Jillt'l- f.,.~
The belief in an omnipresent God is found in
many religions. >."IH.h11do.C f'l-!1" f"'1..1'1 L I ODK".h'i! I )(Do

ODif). 011H Vf."Y'l"+ 1-:J-""<;A
omniscient u-11-'J O'l'-1:
According to certain religions, God is omnis-
cient. q')JI'JY: Vf."Y'l"'l- ODw<:+ >."IH.h11
.h.C 11-11-'J 0'1'-1: )OJo
on
I. 0. Is the train on time? q(K. 01..11. 1-.1'.
CltA!
He swore on the Bible to tell the truth. ).OJo)-1>
') ' I\OD'i1C 0""1\'m'i' :f-JI./1 '"711
10. II. The boss is out on business. hl\?m- II
P' 6- 1--'lf. OIT;l;A
11. m.l'.. They marched on the enemy's
capital. m.l'. mil+ 'l''i h.,.., """""
12. f. The interest on your money is three
percent. f1'JH1111 011\Y: Oou-1' V'll'l- )m-
13. ( = when) II + imperfect. On the death
of his father, he became king. .t,q-J> fl.'I"-I> )1w
14. (zero). Are you open on Saturday?
:f--'1"'& '1-h'i':J-'I:fu- !
*He hit him on the head. 6-(1-'J oo;f-m-
once
on and on FA"7*~~
She chattered on and on about her children.
1111 1-\}(!f! YII"1!1U.'I' IILIIL":f-
0She talks on and on. m"-'1' 1\Y!IIC'I'?"
on with f.+~A
On with the show! ""'I';ND S"-4''1'1-\
be on
1. T)!ou~. The race is on. t'~1m- 1 tD-F::Y:C
-1-}';9"~1-\
2. l]oo~<:"' 'IS'- ~"""- Don't you know
there's a war on? tnC)T 1 oou~~., 1 e\f.
00!1').') 1\:1'"~9" l
3. I\I-\OO"J9". Is the water on yet? m-;)m- 1\
1-\00"19"1
be on someone
This dinner is on me. f.:,..,.-, m,,llii f9"h'i'
/ltD- l\~ ~'"{
have nothing on &-4t-Jz1 )flC
The woman was shocked to see he had nothing
on. .:..,..,.., ll''f qf":f-m- '"1.11. (I.'J-1'"'1' 11
"19" ~~1m":f-
whats on 1M 1 hA
What's on at the cinema today? If,&. M 1
1.1-\9" 1\11 l
[See also 'off']
once
I. 1\')1,. He read the book not once but twice.
ooK-mf.') Y~llllm- 1\')1. iii" IIS'-11'
") I .,.l\1: I \'..,..
2. I\') .I':. He did it once or twice. I\') .I': 11-11-1:
1\Y:C-);1'"1-\
3. 1\').1': '"1.11.. I've seen him onlyonce.l\').1':
'"1.11. iii" ~""" Yfo-'1-
4. I\') .I': '"1.11. iii". Once doesn't count. 1\')
.1': '"1.11. iii" 1\S'-11.4'9"
5. l\')~ + (perfect). Once you understand
Amharic, you can go to the market. I\"1Cl;'')
OO'i"1C l\')~Ah 111Y 1-\'l-m"' '1-:Y.'I/111
6. Y:r:. This was once the railway station.
S'-11 11'1'<1- Y:r: QIJ-C "111..1' ~llC
7. hM;t-'1- I\') .I': 4''). There is a fable that a
serpent once ruled in Eritrea. hbll;t-'1- 1\')
.1': M l\Qii 1\.C'I-<1-') S'-1~ l\')~~11
<: f"''..~1C fl\'i' ;1-&h 1\11
8. 114'.1':'1" noo'). Dinosaurs once inhabited
the earth. -'IS'-~IIr::Y. 114'.1':'1" HOD') 119".1':
C 'IS'- S'-'f~ ~llC
9. h + perfect. If she once starts talking,
she is hard to stop. ""'i"1C 1 h}';ou<::Y. 1 11"1_.
9" I 1\il'f;Jol I tiiJo
864 once
10. ii + imperfect + mum-. He will succeed
once given a chance. IJ~A 1 tt(tmm- 1 mU
""" I S'-llliii:t'"A
once and again 1"f..:J1f0
He has been told once and again not to slam
the door. 11~') 1 ll..,S'-1-\ 1 1\')JIS'-H:> 1 -!-~:>
..,.,. I -~-~"'r:'l- ~llC
1 once and for all fouQ;L~?f'tD-1 1 )tD-
1 am telling you once and for all, stop it!
f9"~"1CII I foo ....l:lftD-') I ~iD'" i -f'"m-
*Once and for all, no! <kC'I' 1 Yllm-') 1 ~,.,. 1
1\S'-!1'')9"
once in a great while hlt'lT 1 h'l~
He visils me once in a great while. hll')'J- 1 1\
')I. ll.mS"-4''{ 1 S'-OO"'I-\
once In a whilel\1-\1:: 1 1\1-\1:: I h(I')'J- 1 I\') I,
Once in a while I like a good glass of wine.
1\1-\1:: I 1\1-\i:: I (h(I')'J- ' I\') I,) I faJS'-') I ffi;t' I
oom"''l- 1 l\m-'1/111-
once more 1\')1, 1 ~"1'1" l l\')~1'i"
Let's try it once more! 1\')1, 1 ~"1'1" 1 l\')'l"hC
Say it once more, please! l\')~1'i" IIJI\m- 11\M:
once upon a time h/JA;:t-0:,. h1~ +'l
Once upon a time there was a giant with two
heads. hl)l\:f'"'J- I 1\'),1': I 4'') I IJ-/I'J- I <1-(1 I
Yllm- I "1'<1-:,. I till:
at once
I. Q')1.. Everything carne at once. ll-ll'"9" 1 q
')1, I !I'~
2. 11'1''1'~'1- I 1\IJ-'). Come here at once! 11'1''1'
~'J- I (1\o-')) I OJ-'1,.11 I <;"
3. 1\o->>. I am leaving for Rome at once.
1\IJ-).). I OJ~ I f:9" I 00'/.1, I ~,.,.
4. +11-. Do it at once! +II- 1 I\.I':C1"""
This book is at once interesting and instruc-
tive. S'-11 1 OOK'"dt'i' 1 f"''..YMII'I-'i" 1 'I-9"11C
'J-9" I f"''..{I'J' I tm-
jUSt this once
I. '111-).. I should punish you for this, but
I'll let it go just this once. II/IlLII 1 1-\.,...,11 1
S'-1Q'{ I ~llC I ..,., I 'Ill-). I 1\1-\4..'11111-
2. yo-).') 1 iii". Come with us just this once!
YIJ-).') I iiJI' I hl;' I ;JC I 'f.,!':
not oncel\').1': 1 '"1.11. 1 1\')\>,') + negative verb
He didn't once offer to help. I\') .I': 1 '"1.11. 1 l\')
\>,') I 1-\C,II I 1\'\/19"
this once yo-).') 1 iii"
Forgive me this once! Yo->') 1 iii" 1 s-.:,.c;t- 1
1\.!':C"'I-\'{
[See also 'all, every, moon, more, often, while']
one
one (adj.)
1. 1\~J.!". I've only one question to ask.
h"tJ': ....,., ofl!l' hll't
One day he will be sorry. h"tJ': -t"t f.KK:I-1\
I'll call you one day next week. 0"'1.-trllm-
flll""t+ h"tJ': -t"t "t.Y.m-1\1\VIIo-
A short speech was made by one Mr. John.
h"tJ': "'L!l-I'C ]t."t f"''.QA {lm- h.,_..C
"t"MC hl'.~1
2. h."JY..~. Start with book one, chapter one
and read twenty pages! h."H~.~tD-7 s ODJrdt'i:
hV"b<l-'i' ' h"tJ': )!V"~II ' " 11." h"toflofl
3. (hour) {lq+ fl'l+. It's almost one. {lq+
fl'l+ ' ll.ll'"t )tl)o
one (pron.)
1. (ltD-. He is not one to worry about money.
111"tHofl ' f"''."'-):,0 {lm- hf.UIV"
2. hfl9'l- """hA h"tJI.. He is one who
never worries about money. 1\"l'lHofl h"7.e.Q;L.
H {l9':f ' OD"h"' h"tJI. )fD<
3. "7'l9'" {1(1)4, One tries not to hurt oneself.
"'l"tV" ' flm- ' 6-(l."t {loo1'J!+ h.I'-1.1\-,V"
4. h"tJ': flm-. One cannot think only of one-
self. h"tJ': lim- ilfl 6-(1. ofl!l' "'lflofl f
IIO+V"
5. (zero). Your plan is a good one. dtlt1ti.J 'l"
"" I )otJJ-
865 onerous
one from the other i't'1-4-'1 1 lt'l.IJ. I i't"t"-1
hl\.~m-
They are so much alike it's hard to tell one
from the other. O"'V" 1 flii"''.ODfl{lflo h"tJI.
"t ..."tJ!. I (h"tJ!."t i hl\.~m-) ' ODIIf+ I hil
:f;J& I )tl)o
one o'clock (IQ."f-
It's almost one o'clock. {lq+ 1 fl'l+ 1 ll.ll'"t
)to-
one of
I. h - - - h"tJI.. One of my friends arrived late.
h'll'.'l''ti I h"tJ!. I ".,,..,.. I U{l
2. h"tJ': + (suffix pronoun). One of us can
buy the tickets. h"t'l:f"t 1 th.of-'li"t 1 A"t1~ 1
ll"t:f~ll"t
one of these days OH.U 1 (I,.., i't'}.tJ..1 1 +'l
I'll see him one of these days. OILII 1 fl'l""t 1 h
"tJ!."t I oJ>"t 0 hmf.oJ>'f'I\IJo
(be) all one in IJofloV" h"tJ': 1 'If. )fD<
We are all one in wishing you great success.
;1-~:,. ' bJ':f;\ I {l"tOD'tf;\11 I IJo~l-"tV" I h"t
J': I ~f. I )fD<
(be) at one
1. q"t J': 1 J':V"i> 1 -t-11."'1-. The judges were
at one about the winner. ~'q'=Ji itA 1tif'i;t.
fD< I q"tJ': I J':V"i> '