E Learning

Material IIBM Institute of Business Management

Ch-2 Foundations of Individual Behaviour

Chapter
2
Foundations of
Individual Behaviour

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Material IIBM Institute of Business Management
Ch-2 Foundations of Individual Behaviour

Introduction

This unit discusses about the types of abilities, the learning concept and
the important factors that determine learning include motive, stimuli
generalization, discrimination, responses reinforcement and retention.

It also discuss about four main theories of learningthe classical

conditioning theory, operant conditioning, cooperative learning theory
and social learning theory.

Cont

2-2 Organizational Behaviour Copyright 2010, P G Aquinas, Dr. Sombala

E Learning
Material IIBM Institute of Business Management
Ch-2 Foundations of Individual Behaviour

Basic Model of Individual Behaviour

ENVIRONMENT
Other people
Objects
Events BEHAVIOR
CONSEQUENCES
Visible
reactions: Productivity
Talking, Conflicts
PERSON Movements Reactions to others
Heredity Expression of Stress
Knowledge emotions Etc.
Attitudes and
values
Skills
Needs
Personality

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Material IIBM Institute of Business Management
Ch-2 Foundations of Individual Behaviour

Biographical Characteristics

There exist a relationship between an individual background, the

biographical characteristics and employee productivity, absenteeism,
turnover and job Satisfaction. The various biographical characteristics are:

Age

Gender

Marital Status

Length of Service with an Organization.

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Material IIBM Institute of Business Management
Ch-2 Foundations of Individual Behaviour

Abilities
Types of Ability

1. Intellectual Abilities

2. Physical Abilities

Components of Learning

1. Learning involves change, be it good or bad.

2. The change in behaviour must be relatively permanent.

3. Only change in behaviour acquired through experience is considered

learning.

4. Some form of experience is necessary for learning.

5. Learning is not confined to our schooling only.

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Material IIBM Institute of Business Management
Ch-2 Foundations of Individual Behaviour

Theories of Learning

1. Classical conditioning theory.

2. Operant conditioning theory

3. Cognitive learning theory and

4. Social learning theory.

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Material IIBM Institute of Business Management
Ch-2 Foundations of Individual Behaviour

Principles of Reinforcement

Positive Reinforcement

Negative Reinforcers

Extinction

Punishment

Cont

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Material IIBM Institute of Business Management
Ch-2 Foundations of Individual Behaviour

Reinforcement and Punishment Strategies

Reinforcement Punishment
(Desirable behaviour) (Undesirable Behaviour)

Positive Consequences Apply Withhold

Negative Consequences Withhold Apply

Cont

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Material IIBM Institute of Business Management
Ch-2 Foundations of Individual Behaviour

Reinforcement Strategies
Employee Stimulus Employee Behaviour Behaviour Modification
Strategy
Positive Reinforcement
Superior praises the
employee and recommends
him for a raise
Employee is
consistently on
time
Negative Reinforcement
Superior avoids harassing
or reprimanding employee
Employee is
requested to avoid
coming late to work Extinction
Superior withholds praise
and does not recommend
employee for a raise

Employee is
consistently late

Punishment
Superior reprimands the
employee

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