1.

Substituting gives,
2(2 + 4) + 3( 2) (3 + 2) = 2 (M1)
4 + 8 3 6 3 2 = 2 (M1)
2 = 2
= 1 (A1)
Intersection is (2, 1, 1) (A1) (C4)
[4]

2. The system of equations will not have a unique solution if the determinant
of the matrix representing the equations is equal to zero.
4 1 2
Therefore, 2 3 0 =0 (M1)
1 2 a

4 3a + 2a + 2 (4 3) = 0 (M1)
14a = 14 (M1)
a=1 (A1) (C4)
[4]

3. (a) A perpendicular vector can be found from the vector product

! ! !
i j k
! ! !
OP OQ = 1 3 2 = i 3 j 5k (M1)(A1) (C2)
2 1 1

1
(b) Area OPQ = OP OQ sin ,
2
where is the angle between OP and OQ (M1)
1
= OP OQ
2
35
= (A1) (C2)
2
[4]

1
4. (a) Since the coordinates of the points P, Q and R are (4, 1, 1), (3, 3, 5)
QR PR
and (1, 0,!2c), !respectively,
! the vectors and are given by
QR = 2i 3 j + (2c 5)k
! ! ! (M1)(A1)
PR = 3i j + (2c + 1)k
(M1)(A1)

QR is perpendicular to PR if and only if QR PR = 0

ie 6 + 3 + (2c 5)(2c +1) = 0 (M1)
4c2 8c + 4 = 0
(c 1)2 = 0 (M1)
c=1 (A1) 7

! ! ! ! !
(b) PR = 3i j + 3k , PS = 3i + 3k (M1)(M1)
! ! !
i j k
PS PR = 3 0 3 (M1)
3 1 3
! !
= 3i + 3k (A1) 4

(c) The parametric equation of a line l which passes through the

point (3, 3, 5) and is parallel to the vector PR is given by
! ! ! ! ! ! !
r = (3i + 3 j + 5k ) + t (3i j + 3k ) (M1)(M1)
! ! !
= 3(1 t )i + (3 t ) j + (5 + 3t )k ( < t < ) (A1) 3
Note: If < t < is not mentioned, do not penalise.
Also note that some candidates may give the parametric
equation of the line in the form x = 3(1 t), y = 3 t, z = (5 +
3t), < t < .

2
(d) Let P1 and P2 be points on the line l corresponding to t = 0 and t = 1,
respectively.! ! ! !
Hence, for r = xi + yj + zk ,
x = 3(1 t), y = (3 t) and z = 5 + 3t.
Putting t = 0 and t = 1, we get the coordinates of points P1 and P2
as (3, 3, 5) and (0, 2, 8), respectively. ! ! !
SP1 SP2 SP1 = 2i + 2 j + 3k
Vectors !, and
! ! are given by
SP2 = i + j + 6k
and . ! ! (M1)
!
i j k
SP1 SP2 SP1 SP2 = 2 2 3
A vector perpendicular to both and is (M1)
1 1 6
! ! !
=
9 i 15 j + 4 k (A1)

Let T(x, y, z) be any point of the plane . Since S = (1, 1, 2),

! ! ! !
ST = ( x 1)i + ( y 1) j + ( z 2)k is a vector in . Hence TS n = 0
ie 9(x 1) 15(y 1) + 4(z 2) = 0 9x 15y + 4z 2 = 0 (A1)
OR
! ! !
QS = (1 3)i + (1 3) j + (2 5)k (M1)
The equation of the plane containing the line l and passing
through the point S is determined by l and the vector SQ .
Hence, the equation is:
3 3 2
!
r = 3 + 1 + 2 (M1) (A1) 4
5 3 3

3
 1 9

2 . 15
! 6 4
PQ n
(e) Shortest distance ! = (M1)(M1)
n 322
15
= 322 (M1)(A1)

OR
The distance of P from is:
9(4) 15(1) + 4(1) 2
(M1)(A1)
9 2 + 15 2 + 4 2
15
= (M1)(A1) 4
322
Note: Accept 0.836 (3 sf)
[22]

5. (a) An equation of the plane is

2x y + 3z = 9. (M1)(A1)
2 1 0

OR r = 1 + 2 + 3 (M1)(A1)
2 0 1

2 2 2

OR r = 1 = 1 . 1 = 9 (M1)(A1) (C2)
3 2 3

4
 (b) (a, a 1, a 2) lies on the plane if 2a (a 1) + 3(a 2) = 9 (M1)
7
This gives a = 2 . (A1)

OR (a, a 1, a 2) lies on the plane if a = 2 + ,

a 1 = 1 + 2 + 3 and a 2 = 2 + .
Thus a 1 = 1 + 2(a 2) + 3(a 4) (M1)
1 7
a=3 or (A1)
2 2
a 2

OR (a, a 1, a 2) lies on the plane if a 1 . 1 = 9 (M1)
a 2 3

2a (a 1) + 3(a 2) = 9
1
a=3 (A1) (C2)
2
[4]

6. AH = 5 cm, HC = 3 5 cm, AC = 2 13 cm (A2)

Note: Award (A2) for all 3 correct, (A1) for 2 correct.
AH 2 + CH 2 AC 2
cos AH C = (M1)
2( AH )(CH )
25 + 45 52
=
30 5

ie AHC = 74.4 (to the nearest one-tenth of a degree) (A1) (C4)
[4]

5
7.
A(0, 2, 2)

B(t + 5, 2t + 9, 2t + 6)
v = i + 2j + 2k

AB . v = 0 (M1)
t + 5 1

Therefore, 2t + 7 . 2 = 0
2t + 4 2

t + 5 + 4t + 14 + 4t + 8 = 0, (A1)
giving t = 3 (A1)
2

Then AB = 1 , and the required distance AB = 3. (A1) (C4)
2

[4]

! ! ! ! !
8. (a) AB = i 3 j + k , BC = i + j (A2) 2

! ! !
i j k
(b) AB BC = 1 3 1 (M1)
1 1 0
! ! !
= i + j + 2k (A2) 3

1 ! !
(c) Area of ABC = i + j + 2k (M1)
2
1
= 1+1+ 4
2
6
= (A1) 2
2

! ! ! !
(d) A normal to the plane is given by n = AB BC = i + j + 2k (M1)
Therefore, the equation of the plane is of the form x + y + 2z = g,
and since the plane contains A, then 1 + 2 + 2 = g g = 3. (M1)
Hence, an equation of the plane is x + y + 2z = 3. (A1) 3

!
(e) Vector n above is parallel to the required line.
Therefore, x = 2 t (M1)
y = 1 + t
z = 6 + 2t (A1) 2

6
(f) Distance of a point (x0, y0, z0) from a plane ax + by + cz + d = 0
ax0 + by0 + cz 0 + d
is given by (M1)
a2 + b2 + c2
since x + y + 2z 3 = 0 and D is (2, 1, 6) (M1)
2 1 12 3 18
then; distance = =
1+1+ 4 6
=3 6 (A1) 3

! ! 1 !
(g) Unit vector in the direction of n is e = ! n (M1)
n
1 ! ! !
= ( i + j + 2 k ) (A1) 2
6
!
( e is also acceptable)

(h) Let H be the intersection of DE with the plane, then

2 + t + (1 + t) + 2 (6 + 2t) = 3 (M1)
6t = 18
t=3 (A1)
H(1, 2, 0)
but H is the mid point of DE (M1)
E(4, 5, 6) (A1) 4
[21]

7
9. Using Gaussian elimination, with the augmented matrix gives
2 1 9 7

1 2 3 1
2 1 3 k

2 1 9 7

2r2 r1 0 5 15 5 (M1)
r3 r1 0 2 6 k 7
2 1 9 7

0 5 15 5
5r3 2r2 0 0 0 5k 25 (M1)
An infinite number of solutions exist only if 5k 25 = 0
k = 5. (A1) (C3)
[3]

10. A vector that is normal to the plane is given by the vector product d1 d2
where d1 and d2 are the direction vectors of the lines L1 and L2 respectively.
i j k
d1 d2 = 2 1 2 (M2)
0 1 3
= 5i 6j + 2k (or any multiple) (A1) (C3)
[3]

11. The direction vector, i + 2j + lk, for the line, is perpendicular to 6i 2j + k,

the normal of the plane.
Therefore, (i + 2j +lk) . (6i 2j + k) = 0 (M1)
Therefore, 64+l=0 (M1)
l = 2 (A1) (C3)
OR
x = t + 1, y = 2t 1, z = lt + 3 (A1)
6t + 6 4t + 2 + lt + 3 = 11 (M1)
2t + lt = 0
l = 2 (A1)
[3]

8
 a .b
12. Method 1: Let the angle be , then cos = (M1)
ab
2 sin cos
= (1)(1)

= sin 2 (M1)

2
= cos 2

= 2 or = arccos (sin 2) (A1) (C3)
2

Method 2:
y

Q(sin , cos )
y=x
v 1
P(cos , sin )
1
u

x
Q is the image of P under a reflection in y = x (M1)

+ = (A1)
2 4

= 2 (A1) (C3)
2
[3]

13. (a) Since det A 0, A1 exists. (M1)

Hence AB = C B = A1C (C1) 2

1 0 0

(b) (i) DA = 0 1 0 (A1)
0 0 1

(ii) B = A1C = DC (M1)

1

= 1 (A1) 3
2

9
 (c) The system of equations is x + 2y + 3z = 5
2x y + 2z = 7
3x 3y + 2z = 10
x

or A y = C. (M1)
z

The required point = (1, 1, 2). (A1) 2
[7]

i j k
2 3 1 3 1 2
14. (a) uv= 1 2 3 =i j +k . (M2)(AG) 2
1 2 2 2 2 1
2 1 2
= 7i + 4j 5k

+ 2

(b) w = 2 (C1)
3 + 2

The line of intersection of the planes is parallel to u v. (M1)
.
Now, w (u v) = 7 + 14 + 8 4 15 10 = 0 for all , . (M1)(C1)
Therefore, w is perpendicular to the line of intersection of the
given planes. (AG)
OR
The line of intersection of the planes is perpendicular to u and to v, (M2)
so it will be perpendicular to the plane containing u and v, that is, (R1)
to all vectors of the form u + v = w. (C1) 4
[6]

i j k
15. (a) The vector product, p q = 3 2 1 (M1)
1 3 2
= 7i + 7j + 7k

(b) Area of parallelogram = p q = 147 or 7 3 or 12.1 units2 (A1)

[3]

10
 x + 3 y 1 z 1
16. Let = = = , then x = 2 3, y = + 1, z = 2 + 1
2 1 2
Substituting into P gives;
4 6 3 + 3 2 1 = 5 (M1)
=1 (A1)
Therefore x = 1, y = 0, z = 3 (A1)
Therefore the point of intersection is (1, 0, 3)
[3]

17. Using an elimination method,

3x 2y + z = 4
x y z = 2
4x y = 6
4x + 6y = 8 (M1)
7y = 14 (A1)
Therefore x = 1, y = 2, z = 3 (M1)

OR
Using matrices,
3 2 1 x 4

1 1 1 y = 2 (M1)
2 3 0 z 4

x 3 3 1 4
1
y = 2 2 4 2 (A1)
z 14 1 13 5 4

(using a graphic display calculator)
Therefore x = 1, y = 2, z = 3
[3]

i j k
18. (a) ab= 2 1 2 = (1 2)i (2 + 4)j + (2 2)k (M1)(A1)
2 1 1
= 3i 2j 4k (AG)

11
 i j k
(b) (a b) c = 3 2 4 = (4 + 8)i (6 + 4)j + (6 + 2)k
1 2 2
= 4i + 2j 4k (A1)
.
b c = 2 2 2 = 2, (A1)
and so (b . c)a = 2a = 4i + 2j 4k = (a b) c (M1)(AG)
[5]

19. (a) OP = OA + OB = 4i 3k P = (4, 0, 3) (A1)

OQ = OA + OC = 3i + 3j Q = (3, 3, 0) (A1)
OR = OB + OC = 3i + j + k R = (3, 1, 1) (A1)
OS = OP + OC = 5i + 2j k S = (5, 2, 1) (A1)

(b) OA OB = 3i 2j 4k: (from part (i)).

An equation of the plane is 3x + 2y + 4z = 0 (M1)(A1)

(c) V = (3i 2j 4k).(I + 2j + 2k) = 3 4 8= 0

Notes: Accept alternative forms
2 2 3 x

eg r = 1 + 1 or 2 . y = 0.
2 1 4 z

[8]

20. For the line of intersection:

4x + y + z = 2
3x y + 2z = 1
x + 3z = 3 (M1)
8x + 2y + 2z = 4
3x y + 2z = 1
11x 3y =3 (M1)
3y + 3
The equation of the line of intersection is x = = 3z + 3 (or equivalent) (A1) (C3)
11

12
 OR
y + z = 2
Let x = 0
y + 2 z = 1
3z = 3, z = 1, y = 1
(0, 1, 1) (M1)
4 x + y = 2
Let z = 0
3 x y = 1
x = 3, x = 3, y = 10
(3, 10, 0) (M1)
0 3

The equation of the line of intersection is r = 1 + 11 (or equivalent) (A1) (C3)
1 1

[3]

21. Let d1 and d2 be the direction vectors of the two lines.

Then the normal to the plane is
i j k
d1 d2 = 1 2 1 (M1)
3 3 5
= 7i 2j + 3k (or equivalent) (A1)
Then equation of the plane is of the form 7x 2y + 3z = c
or r.(7i 2j + 3k) = c
Using the point (1, 1, 2) which is in the plane gives the equation of the plane
7x 2y + 3z = 3 or r.(7i 2j + 3k) = 3 or
1 1 3

r = 1 + 2 + 3 (or equivalent) (A1) (C3)
2 1 5

[3]

13
22. (a) Given the points A(1, 2, 3), B(1, 3, 5) and C(0, 1, 1),
0 1

then AB = 1 , AC = 3 (A1)
2 2

AB = 5 , AC = 14
and (A1)

The size of the angle between the vectors

AB
and
AC is given by

AB AC 7
= arccos = arccos
(M1)
AB AC 5 14

= 147 (3 sf) or 2.56 radians (A1) 4

1 1
(b) Area = AB AC sin or AB AC (M1)
2 2
21
Area = 2.29 units2 accept 2.28, 2.30 and (A1) 2
2

(c) (i) The parametric equations of l1 and l2 are

l1: x = 2, y = 1 + , z = 2 (A1)
l2: x = 1 + , y = 1 3, z = 1 2 (A1)
Note: At this stage accept answers with the same parameter for
both lines.

(ii) To test for a point of intersection we use the system of equations:

2 = 1 + 1
1 + = 1 3 2
2 = 1 2 3 (M1)
Then = 3, = 7 from 1 and 2 (A1)
Substituting into 3 gives RHS = 14, LHS = 5 (M1) 5
Therefore the system of equations has no solution and the
lines do not intersect.

14
 (e d ) (l1 l 2 )
(d) The shortest distance is given by where d and e
( l1 l 2 )
are the position vectors for the points D and E and where l1 and l2 are
the direction vectors for the lines l1 and l2.
i j k
Then l1 l2 = 0 1 2 = 4i + 2 j k (M1)(A1)
1 3 2
(e d ) (l1 l 2 ) (3i + 2 j + k ) (4i + 2 j k )
=
And ( l1 l 2 ) 21 (M2)
9
= 21 or 1.96 (A1) 5

[16]

23. The direction of the line is v = 2i 2j + k and v= 3. (A1)

Therefore, the position vector of any point on the line 6 units from A is
3i 2k 2v = 7i 4j or i + 4j 4k, (M1)
giving the point (7, 4, 0) or (1, 4, 4). (A1) (C3)
[3]

1 3 2 x 6

24. (a) The system is 2 1 3 y = 7
3 1 1 z 6

1
x 1 3 2 6 1

y = 2 1 3 7 = 1 . (M1)
z 3 1 1 6 2

Therefore, the solution is x = 1, y = 1, z = 2. (G2)

15
 OR
The system of equations is:

1 3 2 6
2 1 3 7
3 1 1 6
1 3 2 6
R2 R2 2R1 0 5 7 19
R3 R3 3R1 0 10 7 24

1 3 2 6
0 5 7 19
R3 2R3 R2 0 0 7 14 (M2)

Back substitution gives x = 1, y = 1, z = 2. (C1)

OR
x = 1, y = 1, z = 2. (G3) 3

i j k
3 2 1 2 1 3
(b) v= 1 3 2 = i j+ k = 11i 7j 5k. (M1)(C2) 3
1 3 2 3 2 1
2 1 3

(c) u = m(i + 3j 2k) + n(2i + j + 3k)

= (m + 2n)i + (3m + n)j + (2m + 3n)k (C1)
Therefore, v . u = 11(m + 2n) 7(3m + n) 5(2m + 3n)
= 11m + 22n 21m 7n + 10m 15n
= 0, for all m and n. (M1)(C1)
That is, v is perpendicular to u for all values of m and n. (AG)

OR
v is perpendicular to both a and b [from part (b)]. (M1)
Therefore, v . a = v . b = 0, so v . u = m(v . a) + n(v . b) = 0,
and hence v is perpendicular to u for all values of m and n. (M1)(R1)(AG) 3

16
 (d) The normal to the plane, 3i j + k, and v are both perpendicular
to the required line, l.
Therefore, the direction of l is given by
i j k
7 5 11 5 11 7
v (3i j + k) = 11 7 5 = 1 1 i 3 1 j + 3 1 k
3 1 1
= 12i 26j + 10k (M1)(C2)
Thus, an equation for l is r = i j + 2k + (6i + 13j 5k),
where is a scalar.
[Any form of the correct answer is quite acceptable.] (C1) 4
[13]

25. v . w = 2 + 3 +2 = 7 (A1)
v = 6 (A1)
w = 14 (A1)
v w
= arccos
(M1)
v w
7
= arccos (A1)
6 14
= 0.702 radians. (A1)
[6]

26. Solve 1 + = 1 + 2, 1 + 2 = 4 + , 1 + 3 = 5 + 2 (M1)(A1)

Solving, = 2, (or = 1). (A1)
P has position vector 3i + 5j + 7k. (A1)(A1)(A1) (C6)
[6]

27. (a) (i) AB = j + 3k and AC = i + 5k (A1)(A1)

i j k
AB AC = 0 1 3 (M1)
1 0 5
= 5i + 3j + k (A1)

17
 1
(ii) Area = 5i + 3j + k (M1)
2
35
= 2 (accept 2.96) (A1) 6

(b) (i) The equation of the plane is

(x, y, z).(5, 3, 1) = c, that is, 5x + 3y + z = c (M1)(A1)
where c = 5 + 9 + 1 = 5, that is, 5x + 3y + z = 5 (A1)
Note: Award (M1)(A1)(A0) if answer not given in Cartesian
form.

(ii) Equations of L are

x5 y+2
= =z1 (M1)(A1) 5
5 3
Note: Award (M1)(A0) if answer not given in Cartesian
form.

(c) L meets where

5(5 5) + 3(3 2) + + 1 = 5 (M1)
=1 (A1)
Point of intersection is (0, 1, 2). (Accept j + 2k.) (A1) 3

(d) Perpendicular distance is 52 + 32 + 12 (M1)

= 35 (Accept 35 or 5.92) (A1) 2
[16]

28. METHOD 1
R 1: 1 2 3 2
R 2: 2 3 5 3
R 1: 1 2 3 2
R2 2R1: 0 1 1 1

(M2)(A1)
Let z = t, then y = t + 1 and x = t.
Therefore the line of intersection is x = t, y = t + 1, z = t (or equivalent). (A1)(A1)(A1)(C6)

18
 METHOD 2
Let z = 0 => x + 2y = 2
2x + 3y = 3 (M1)
=>x = 0, y = 1 (A1)
The direction vector of the line of intersection is

i j k
1 2 3
2 3 5

(M1)
=ijk (A1)
0 1

Therefore the line of intersection is r = 1 + t 1 (or equivalent) (A2) (C6)
0 1

[6]

29. METHOD 1
Let a + b and a b be diagonals of a parallelogram ABCD with sides AB and
AD equal to a and b respectively. (M1)

B C

ab
a+b
a

A b D
If a + b = a b then the diagonals AC and BD are equal in length. (M1)(A1)
Therefore ABCD is a rectangle and a . b = 0. (R1)(A1) (C6)
METHOD 2
a + b = a b
=> a + b2 = a b2 (M1)
=> (a + b) . (a + b) = (a b) . (a b) (M1)(A1)
=> a2 + 2a . b + b2 = a2 2a . b + b2 (A1)
=> 4a . b = 0 (A1)
=> a.b=0 (A1) (C6)
[6]

5

30. (a) AB = 10 . Direction vector of line is 1: 2: 5.
25

(Accept any multiple of 1: 2: 5) (M1)
Therefore the equation of l in parametric form is

19
 x = + l, y = 2 + 3, z = 5 17 (A1)(A1)(A1)
(or x = + 6, y = 2 7, z = 5 + 8, or any equivalent parametric form) 4

(b) P on l => P can be written as (p + 1, 2p + 3, 5p 17).

p + 1 1

OP l => 2 p + 3 2 = 0 (M1)
5 p 17 5

p + 1 + 4p 6 + 25p 85 = 0 (A1)
30p = 90 => p = 3
Therefore P is (4, 3, 2) (A1) 3
[7]

31. METHOD 1

i j k
ab= 1 2 1 (M1)(A1)
3 2 2
= i(4 + 2) + j(3 2) + k(2 + 6) (M1)
= 6i + j + 8k (A1)
(6i + j + 8k) (2i 3j + 4k) = 41 (M1)(A1) (C6)

METHOD 2

1 2 1
(a b) c = 3 2 2 (M1)(A1)
2 3 4
= 1(8 + 6) 2(12 4) 1(9 4) (A1)(A1)(A1)
= 14 + 32 5 = 41 (A1) (C6)
[6]

20
 x 1 2

32. Equation of line is y = 1 + 1 (M1)(A1)
z 9 1

Coordinates of foot satisfy
2(1 + 2) + (1 + ) (9 ) = 6 (M1)(A1)

6 = 12 =2 (A1)
Foot of perpendicular is (5, 3, 7) (A1)
(C2)(C2)(C2)
[6]

33. (a) (i) Using row reduction,

x + 2y + z = k (M1)
3y + 2z = 6 2k (A1)
6y 4z = k 9 (A1)
x + 2y + z = k
3y + 2z = 6 2k
0z = 3 3k
Not a unique solution because the coefficient of z in the third
equation is zero.

(ii) In order for the system to have a solution, (R1)

3 3k = 0, (M1)
consistent for k = 1. (A1)

OR
(i) Consider
1 2 1

2 1 4 = 1 21 2 6 + 1 9 (M1)
1 4 5

=0 (A1)
The zero value confirms that the equations do not have a unique
solution. (R1)

(ii) Consider
1 2 k

2 1 4 = 9 9k (M1)(A1)
1 4 5

Consistent when this determinant is zero, ie k = 1. (R1) 6

21
 (b) The general solution is z = , y =
(2 4) , x = (11 7 ) . (M1)(A1)(A1) 3
3 3
[9]

34. METHOD 1
0 5

BA = 3 , BC = 0 (A1)(A1)
4 12

Note: Award (A1), (A1) for any two correct vectors used to find
area.
i j k

BA BC = 0 3 4 (M1)
5 0 12

= 36i 20j + 15k (A1)
1 1
Area = BA BC = 36 2 + 20 2 + 15 2
2 2
1
= 1921 (M1)
2
= 21.9 (A1) (C6)

METHOD 2
0 5

BA = 3 , BC = 0 (A1)(A1)
4 12

BA = 5 BC = 13 (A1)(A1)

1 48
Area = 5 13 sin cos 1 (M1)
2 65
= 21. 9 (A1) (C6)
[6]

22
 0

35. z-axis has direction vector 0 (A1)
1

Let equal the angle between the line and the normal to the plane.
0 3

0 . 2
1 4
cos = (M1)
1 32 + 2 2 + 4 2
4
cos = (A1)
29
= 42 (A1)
The angle between the line and the plane is (90 ). (M1)
The angle is 48. (A1) (C6)
[6]

1

36. (a) n = 1 , hence equation of L through A(2, 5, 1) is given
1

x 2 y 5 z +1
by = = . (M1)(A1) 2
1 1 1

(b) A general point on L is (2 + , 5 + , 1 + ). (A1)

At intersection of line L and the plane
(2 + ) + (5 + ) + (1 + ) 1 = 0 (M1)
3 = 5
5
= (A1)
3
1 10 8
point of intersection , , (A1) 4
3 3 3

23
(c) A
=0

Plane

5
3

10
A'
3

Let A(x, y, z) be the reflection of A.

Note: Diagram does not have to be given.
EITHER
10
At A = (M1)
3
4 5 13
A = , , (A1)
3 3 3

OR
Since point of intersection of L and the plane is midpoint of AA
1

2 x 3
10
5 + y = 2 (M1)

1 z 3
8

3
4 5 13
A = , , (A1) 2
3 3 3

24
(d)
A

X B(2, 0, 6)
Plane

Let X be foot of perpendicular from B to L d = BX

BX = OX OB

2 + 2

= 5 + 0 = 5 + (A1)
1 + 6 7 +

Now BX n = 0 (M1)

+ (5 + ) + (7 + ) = 0
3 = 2

2

3
2 17
= BX = (A1)
3 3
19

3

4 289 361
Hence d = + +
9 9 9

654
= = 8.52 (units) (A1)
3

25
 OR
0
AB n
d= where AB = 5 (M1)(A1)
n 7

i j k
AB n = 0 5 7 = 12i + 7 j + 5k (A1)
1 1 1

144 + 49 + 25
d = = 8.52 (units) (A1) 4
3
[12]

37. (a) 3x + y + z = 1 I
2x + y z = 4 II
5x + y + bz = 1 III
Solving for z III II 3x + bz + z = 3 IV (M1)
also II I x 2z = 3 V (M1)
3 V + IV bz 5z = 6 (A1)
6
z= (A1) 4
b5

(b) If b = 5, z is undefined. (R1)

Hence equation has unique solution if b 5. (A1) 2
[6]

38. x = 1 + , y = , z = 1 + 2 (M1)(A1)
2(1 + ) + + 1 + 2 + 2 = 0 (M1)(A1)
= 1 (A1)
P is (0, 1, 1) (Accept any form of notation, including vectors.) (A1) (C6)
[6]

x 3 1 3

39. (a) y 4 = 2 4 (M1)
z 1 11 1

3x 4y + z = 6 (A1) 2

(b) (i) 1 + 3 2 11 = 4 (A1)

P lies in 2 (AG)

26
 3 1 1

(ii) 4 3 = 4 (M1)(A1)
1 1 13

1 1

r =
2 + 4 (M1)(A1) 5
11 13

Note: Award (M1)(A0) if equation given in incorrect form.

(c) METHOD 1
1 3 1 3

3 4 = 3 4 cos
1 1 1 1

1 3

3 4 = 10 (A1)
1 1

1 3

3 = 11 4 = 26 (A1)
1 1

10
cos = (= 0.5913) (M1)
11 26
= 2.2035 radians (or = 126.3) (A1)
The angle between the planes is
2.2035 = 0.938 radians (or 180 126.3 = 53.7) (A1) (N2)

METHOD 2

1 3 1 3

3 4 = 3 4 sin (M1)
1 1 1 1

1 3 1

3 4 = 4 = 186 (A1)
1 1 13

1 3

3 = 11, 4 = 26 (A1)
1 1

186
sin = (= 0.8064 ) (M1)
11 26
= 0.938 radians (or = 53.7) (A1) (N2) 5
[12]

27
 x 1 1

40. Equation of (AB) is y = 4 + 1 (A1)
z 1 1

x 5 3

and of (CD) is y = 6 + 2 (A1)
z 3 1

at point of intersection of two lines
1 + = 5 + 3
4 + = 6 + 2
1 = 3 + (M1)
solving simultaneously any two of these three equations gives
= 2 and = 2 (only one value required). (A2)
point of intersection (1, 2, 1) (A1) (C6)
Note: Since question states that lines intersect, there is no need
to check the solution in the third equation.
[6]

41. (a) M (3 2, , 9 2) (A1) 1

4 3
x 4 y z +3
(b) (i) = = or r = 0 + 1 (M1)(A1)
3 1 2 3 2

3 2 4

(ii) PM = (M1)
9 2 + 3

3 6

= (A1) 4
12 2

28
 3 6 3

(c) (i) 1 = 0 (M1)
12 2 2

9 18 + 24 + 4 = 0
=3 (A1)
3

(ii) PM = 3 (A1)
6

PM = 32 + 32 + 6 2 (M1)

= 3 6 (accept 54 or 7.35) (A1) 5

i j k
(d) n= 3 3 6 = 12i + 24j 6k (M1)(A1)
3 1 2
= 6(2i 4j + k)
2 2 4

4 r = 4 0 (M1)
1 1 3

2x 4y + z = 5 (A1) 4

(e) EITHER
l1is on 1 from part (d).
Testing l1 on 2 gives (3 2) 5() (9 2) = 11. (M1)
Therefore l1 is also on 2 and is therefore the line of intersection. (R1)
OR
2x 4y + z = 5
x 5 y z = 11
(M1)
3x 9 y = 6
x 3y = 2
If y = , x = 2 + 3, z = 2 + 9
x+2 y z 9
or = = which is l1. (A1) 2
3 1 2
[16]

4 3

42. (a) Finding correct vectors AB = 3 AC = 1 A1A1
1 1

Substituting correctly in scalar product AB AC = 4(3) + 3(1) 1(1) A1
= 10 AG N0 3

29
 (b) AB = 26 AC = 11 (A1)(A1)

10
Attempting to use scalar product formula, cos BAC = M1
26 11
= 0.591 (to 3 sf) AG 3
[6]

0.1 0.4 0.1

1
43. (a) A = 0.7 0.2 0.3 A2 N2 2
1.2 0.2 0.8

x 1
1

(b) For attempting to calculate y = A 2 M1
z 3

x = 1.2, y = 0.6, z = 1.6 (So the point is (1.2, 0.6, 1.6)) A2 N2 3

(c) (1.2, 0.6, 1.6) lies on x + y + z = d

d = 3.4. A1 N1 1
[6]

44. (a) L1 : x = 2 + ; y = 2 + 3; z = 3 + (A1)

L2 : x = 2 + ; y = 3 + 4; z = 4 + 2 (A1)
At the point of intersection (M1)
2+=2+ (1)
2 + 3 = 3 + 4 (2)
3 + = 4 + 2 (3)
From (1), = . A1
Substituting in (2), 2 + 3 = 3 + 4
= = 1. A1
We need to show that these values satisfy (3). M1
They do because LHS = RHS = 2; therefore the lines intersect. R1
So P is (l, 1, 2). A1 N3 8

(b) The normal to is normal to both lines. It is therefore given by the

vector product of the two direction vectors.
i j k

Therefore, normal vector is given by 1 3 1 M1A1
1 4 2

= 2i j + k A2
The Cartesian equation of is 2x y + z = 2 + 1 + 2 (M1)
ie 2x y + z = 5 A1 N2 6

30
 (c) The midpoint M of [PQ] is (2, 3/2, 5/2). M1A1
The direction of MS is the same as the normal to , ie 2i j + k (R1)
The coordinates of a general point R on MS are therefore (M1)
2 + 2 , 3 , 5 +
2 2
It follows that PR = (1 + 2)i + 5 j + 1 + k A1A1A1
2 2
At S, length of PR is 3, ie (M1)
(1 + 2)2 + (5/2 )2 + (1/2 + )2 = 9 A1
1 + 4 + 42 + 25 / 4 5 + 2 + 1 / 4 + + 2 = 9 (A1)
6
62 = A1
4
1
= A1
2
Substituting these values, (M1)
the possible positions of S are (3, 1, 3) and (1, 2, 2) A1A1 N2 15
[29]

45. (a) = OP OQ
cos POQ (M1)

OP OQ

6 6
= = (A1)(A1)
14 24 336
Note: Award (A1) for scalar product, and (A1) for correct
values of magnitudes.
= 109o (1.90 radians)
POQ (A1) (C4)

31
 (b) METHOD 1
1
area POQ = PO OQ sin POQ (M1)
2
= 8.66 (Accept 8.67) (A1) (C2)
METHOD 2
1
area POQ = OP OQ (M1)
2
1
=
2
10i + 10 j + 10k = 75 (= 5 3 ) (A1) (C2)
[6]

46. (a) (i) For points which lie in 1 and 2

(1) 2 2 + = 2 + s + t
(2) 1 + 3 = 2s + t
(3) 1 + 8 9 = 1 + s + t (M1)(A1)
subtracting (3) from (1)
1 10 + 10 = 1 (M1)

= (AG) N0

(ii) On the line of intersection =

2 2 1

an equation of the line is r = 1 + 1 + 3 (M1)
1 8 9

2 1

= 1 + 2 (A1) N1 5
1 1

(b) The plane 3 contains, eg the point (2, 0, 1). (A1)

x 3 2 3

The equation of the plane is y 2 = 0 2 = 5. (M1)(A1)
z 1 1 1

The cartesian equation of the plane is 3x 2 y + z = 5 . (A1) N1 4

2 1
(c) Intersection between line r = 1 + 2 and 3 .


1 1

3x 2 y + z = 5 3(2 ) 2(1 2) + 1 = 5 (M1)(A1)

32
 This equation is satisfied by any real value of the 3 planes
2 1

intersect at the line r = 1 + 2 . (R1) N1 3
1 1

[12]

47. A(3, 2, 0), B(7, 1, 1), C(10, 3, 0), D(6, 0, 1)

7 3 4


Two bounding vectors are AB = 1 2 = 3 and (A1)
1 0 1

6 3 3

AD = 0 2 = 2 (A1)
1 0 1

i j k

Area of parallelogram = 4 3 1 (M1)
3 2 1

= ( 3 2)i (4 + 3) j ( 8 + 9)k = ( 5)2 + ( 7 )2 + ( 1)2 (M1)(A1)

= 75 (accept 5 3 or 8.66) (A1) (C6)

[6]

33
 1 1

48. Line direction is 2 and plane normal is 1 (M1)
2 1

Angle between these two given by

1 1

2 1
2 1
cos = (M1)(A1)
12 + 2 2 + 2 2 12 + 12 + 12
5
=
3 3
5
= arccos
3 3
= 0.276 radians (A1)

Angle between line and plane is 0.276 =1.295 radians (A1)
2
Angle between line and its reflection is 1.295 2 = 2.59 radians (A1) (C6)
Note: Do not award the final (A1) if the
answer is given in degrees, 148 .
[6]

34
 1 1 0

49. (a) A vector in the plane is 1 2 = 3 (M1)(A1) (N1)
5 3 2

0 2 12

Normal vector to plane is 3 3 = 4 (M1)(A1) (N1)
2 6 6

6 1 6

Equation of plane is r 2 = 2 2
3 3 3

6

r 2 = 6 4 9 (M1)(A1)
3

6

r 2 = 7 (A1)
3

6x + 2y 3z = 7 (AG) (N0)

35
 (b) METHOD 1
Any point P on normal from origin O to plane is (6k, 2k, 3k) (M1)
2
Distance OP = k 6 2 + 2 2 + ( 3) = 7k (A1)

P lies on plane
6(6k) + 2(2k) 3( 3k) = 7
36k + 4k + 9k = 7
1
k= (A1)
7
1
Distance = 7 =1 (A1) (N2)
7
METHOD 2

ax 0 + by 0 + cz 0 + d
Using distance = (M1)
a2 + b2 + c2
(x0 , y0, z0) is (0, 0, 0)

7
distance = (A1)(A1)
2
6 2 + 2 2 + ( 3)
Note: Award (A1) for the numerator, (A1)
for the denominator.
7
distance = =1 (A1) (N2)
49
[11]

i j k
50. (a) ab= 2 1 0 (M1)(A1)
1 p 6

= 6i 12j + (2p + 1)k A1 N3

36
 (b) METHOD 1
a b parallel to c
6 2

12 = k 4 M1
2 p + 1 3

k=3 (A1)
p=4 A1 N2
METHOD 2
b perpendicular to c
1 2

p 4 = 0 M1
6 3

2 4p + 18 = 0 (A1)
p=4 A1 N2
[6]

1 2

51. (a) (i) BA = 1 BC = m (A1)
1 1


BA BC =1 m A1 N2

(ii) BA BC = BA BC cos ABC (M1)

2
1 m = 3 5 + m 2 A1
3
EITHER

(1 m)2 = 2 (5 + m 2 ) ( m 2
6m 7 = 0 ) M1
3
Solving (gives m = 1 or m = 7) A1
m=1 AG N0
OR
For a correct GDC sketch M1
Showing m = 1 is the point of intersection A1
m=1 AG N0

37
(b) Using vector product (M1)

i j k
n = 1 1 1 = 2 i + 3 j k A1
2 1 1
Substituting coordinates of a point (eg A(2, 1, 0)) (M1)
2(x 2) + 3(y + 1) z = 0 (2x + 3y z = 7) A1 N2

(c) METHOD 1

2
cos ABC =
3
7
sin ABC = ( B = 61.87 ..., 1.0799 radians) A1
3
1
area ABC = BA BC sin ABC (M1)
2

1 7 14
= 3 6 = (=1.87) A1 N2
2 3 2
METHOD 2
1
Area ABC = BA BC (M1)
2

2
1
= 3 A1
2
1

14
= (=1.87) A1 N2
2

38
 (d) (i) line perpendicular to plane ABC line parallel to n (M1)
2 2

equation of line is r = 1 + 3 M1A1A1
0 1

4

(ii) AD = 6 (A1)
2

1
volume of pyramid = area ABC AD (M1)
3

1 14
= 56 (FT from any
3 2

numerical error in AD ) A1
14
= ( = 4.67, accept 4.66) A1 N2
3
[21]

52. The direction vectors of L1 and L2 are

2 1

L1 = 3 , L2 = 4 A1A1
1 2

Note: Allow FT on incorrect vectors.
L i L 2 = 8 A1

L1 = 14 , L2 = 21 A1

8
cos = (A1)
14 21
= 1.09 radians (62.2 ) A1
[6]

39
53. General point on line is (1 + , , 2 2) (M1)(A1)
Intersection of line and plane
1 + + 2(2 2) + 3 = 0
4
= M1A1
3
Note: Allow FT on incorrect .

4
at P = 2 M1
3
5 8 10
P is , , A1 N3
3 3 3
[6]

1

54. (a) Direction vector of l1 = 4 (M1)
3

x y 1 z 2
Equations of line through point A are: = = A1 N2
1 4 3
Note: Accept any correct cartesian form.

1

(b) Direction vector of l2 = 4 (M1)
3

3 1

vector equation of l2 is r = 8 + 4 A1 N2
11 3

x

Note: Accept only this form but allow y
z

in place of r.

40
 (c) (i) General point on l1 is (, 1 4, 2 3) (A1)

PQ = OQ OP

3 3

= 1 4 8 = 9 4 M1A1
2 3 11 13 3


PQ l1 = 0 (M1)

3 1

9 4 4 = 0 A1
13 3 3

3 36 + 16 39 + 9 = 0
26 = 78 = 3 A1
Q = (3, 11, 7) A1 N0

(ii) d = PQ (M1)

= 0 + 9 + 16 M1

=5 A1 N1
[14]

1 2 k
55. (a) det = 1 3 1 =1(15 8) 2 (5 k ) + k (8 3k ) M1A1
k 8 5

det = 3k2 + 10k 3 A1

Now det = 0 3k2 10k + 3 = 0
(3k 1) (k 3) = 0 (A1)
1
k= or k = 3 (A1)
3
1
For unique solution det 0 k ,k or k 3 R1 N0
3
Note: Allow FT from previous line for R1.

41
 1
(b) k=
3
1
x + 2y + z =0 (1)
3
x + 3y + z = 3 (2)
1
x + 8 y + 5z = 6 (3)
3
Attempting to eliminate a variable M1
3 equation (1) equation (2) 2x + 3y = 3 A1
15 equation (2) 3 equation (3) 14x + 21y = 27 2x + 3y = 9 A1
which is a contradiction so no solution. A1 N0
k=3
x + 2y + 3z = 0 (1)
x + 3y + z = 3 (2)
3x + 8y + 5z = 6 (3)
Attempting to eliminate a variable M1
y 3
equation (2) equation (1) y 2z = 3 z = A1
2
x+6
4 equation (1) equation (3) x + 7z = 6 z = A1
7
EITHER
Hence there is an infinite number of solutions in the line
x +6 y 3
= =z A1 N0
7 2
OR
General solution is (6 7, 3 + 2, ) A1 N0
Note: Other correct forms are possible.
[14]

42
 2 1

56. a b = 3 2
1 5

=3 (A1)

3

s = 3 1 + 2 M1
1

Note: Allow FT on a b provided a b is scalar.

9 +

s = 1 A1
3 + 1

9 + 2

s a = 0 1 3 = 0 (M1)
3 + 1 1

Note: Allow FT for s.
18 + 2 + 3 3 1 = 0 (20 + 2 = 3) A1
20 + 2
= A1 N3
3
[6]

57. n1 = 2i + j k and n2 = i + 2j k (A1)(A1)

n1 = 6 and n2 = 6 (A1)

n1 n2
cos =
n1 n2

cos =
( 2 i + j k ) (i + 2 j k ) M1(A1)
6 6
1
cos = ( 0.167 to 3 sf ) A1 N4
6
[6]

43
58. METHOD 1

AB = 2 j k and AC = 3 i + 2 j (A1)(A1)

i j k

AB AC = 0 2 1 M1
3 2 0
= 2i + 3j + 6k A1
1
Area ABC = AB AC (M1)
2
7
= A1 N4
2
METHOD 2

AB = 2 j k and AC = 3 i + 2 j (A1)(A1)

Attempting to use the scalar product to find ie

AB AC = AB AC cos M1

4 4 7
cos = = arc cos = arc sin = 60.255... A1
65 65 65
1 1 7
Area ABC = AB AC sin = 5 13 (M1)
2 2 65
7
= A1 N4
2
[6]

i j k
59. (a) (i) 2 2 3 = 3i + 6 j 6 k M1A1 N2
2 1 0
(ii) n = i 2 j + 2 k so equation of 1 is
x 2y + 2z = D (or r n = a n) M1
substituting (3, 1, 5) 3 2 + 10 = D M1
so 11 = D
Therefore the equation of plane 1 is x 2y + 2z = 11 AG N0

44
(b) Using scalar product (M1)
of normal vectors (M1)

1 2

2 1 = 2 + 2 4 = 0 A1
2 2

The normals are perpendicular, so the planes are perpendicular. R1 AG

(c) METHOD 1
Elimination of one variable. (M1)
Choosing a parameter. (M1)
METHOD 2
Finding direction of the line (M1)
Finding a point on the line (M1)
x = 2 1; y = 2 6; z = A1A1A1 N5
1
OR x = + 5, y = , z = + 3
2
1 1
OR x = t , y = t 5, z = t +
2 2

1 2

OR r = 6 + 2
0 1

(d) Direction vector of l2 = 2i + 2j + k (A1)

x 3 y + 5 z +1
equation of l 2 : = = A1A1 N3
2 2 1

45
 (e) (i) Recognizing that the equation of line (PQ) is needed (M1)
3 2

equation of line (PQ) is r = 5 + t 1 (A1)
1 2

Q on 2 2(3 + 2t) (5 t) 2 (1 2t) = 4 M1
t = 1 A1
Q = (1, 4, 1) A1 N0

(ii) PQ = (3 1)2 + ( 5 + 4)2 + ( 1 1)2 (M1)

=3 A1 N2
[23]

60. (a) Substituting for a, b and c into c = ma + nb (M1)

Forming any 2 of the following equations A1A1
m+n=2 Eq(1)
m + 2n = 5 Eq(2)
m + 4n = 1 Eq(3)
Note: Accept equations in vector form.
Solving for m and n (M1)
m = 3 and n = 1 A1 N3

(b) METHOD 1
i j k
a b = 1 1 1 (M1)(A1)
1 2 4

= 6i 3j + 3k A1
Attempting to find | a b | (= 54 = 3 6 ) (M1)

1
u=
1 (6i 3j + 3k) = ( 2 i j + k ) A1 N3
54 6
Note: Award as above for b a = 6i + 3j 3k
1
and u = (6i 3j + 3k).
54

46
 METHOD 2
Stating 2 equations derived from a u and b u where
u = xi + yj + zk. A1
xy+z=0 Eq(1)
x + 2y + 4z = 0 Eq(2)
Attempting to solve the above system of equations (M1)
Solution sets include
x = 2z and y = z A1

OR y = x and z = x A1
2 2
OR z = y and x = 2y A1
Note: Accept any correct numerical solution
such as x = 2, y = 1, z = 1.
Using x2 + y2 + z2 = 1 (ie| u | = 1) to find values for x, y and z. (M1)
1 1
Either u = (2i + j k ) or u = ( 2i j + k ) A1 N3
6 6
Note: Ignore any additional answers, even if
incorrect.

(c) (i) METHOD 1

Equation of 1 is of the form x + 2y + 4z = d (M1)
Substituting (1, 1, 1) ( d = 3) M1
( x + 2y + 4z = 3 A1 N3
METHOD 2
r (i + 2j + 4k) = d (M1)
Evaluate the scalar product a (i + 2j + 4k) (= 3) M1
x + 2y + 4z = 3 A1 N3
3 3
(ii) L(3, 0, 0), M 0, , 0 and N 0, 0, (M1)A1
2 4

(d) (i) P has coordinates (x, y, z) = ( , 2, 4) (A1)

Substituting the coordinates of P into the equation of 1 (M1)
+ 4 + 16 = 3 A1

= 1 (A1)
7
1 2 4
P , , A1 N3
7 7 7

1 2
(ii) Distance = 1 + 22 + 42 M1
7

47
 21
= or equivalent (= 0.655) A1 N2
7
Note: Award M0A0 for any other method.

(e) (Given is the angle between 2 and a line and is the angle

between the normal and a line) cos = cos = sin (R1)
2
a b a b
Using the scalar product eg sin = or cos = M1
a b a b

(sin )= (i j + k ) (i + 2 j + 4k ) (A1)
i j + k i + 2 j + 4k

= 1 (or equivalent) (A1)

7

= 0.388 (= 22.2) = arcsin 1 A1 N2
7
[27]

48
61. Eliminating any one of the variables M1
Using the first two equations this could be y 2z = 1 A1
Let z = M1
y = 2 + 1 A1
From the first equation x = 3 + 2 + 1 + M1
x = 3 + 4 A1
Hence x = 3 + 4, y = 2 + 1, z =

x 4 3

OR y = 1 + 2
z 0 1

x 4 y 1 z
OR = =
3 2 1
3 + 5 1
OR x = , y= , z =
2 2
2 5 4
OR x = , y = ,z=
3 3
[6]

4 +

62. (a) l1 r = 3 + 5
2

for l1 for x = 2, = 2 A1
y = 7
z=4
Therefore point fits on line. R1

49
 (b) 4+=2 Eq (1)
3 + 5 = 1 + 2 Eq (2)
2 = 3 3 Eq (3) (M1)
From Eq (1), = 2 A1
From Eq (2), 3 10 = 1 + 2
7 = 1 + 2
= 3 A1
Substituting in Eq (3)
4=3+9
lines do not intersect R1 N0
[6]

63. EITHER
The parametric equations of the line are
x=4 A1
y = 2 + 2 A1
z = 6 + 4 A1
Substituting into the left handside of the equation of the plane
2(4 ) (2 + 2) + (6 + 4) = 8 2 + 2 2 + 6 + 4 M1A1
= 16
This equals the right handside.
Hence the line is contained in the plane. R1
OR
We first need to prove that that the line and the plane are parallel.
If true, the scalar product is zero.
1 2

2 1 = 2 2 + 4 = 0 M1A1
4 1

Now we need to show that a point on the line lies in the plane.
A point on the line is (4, 2, 6) A1
4 2

2 1 = 8 + 2 + 6 =16 M1A1
6 1

Hence this is true.
Therefore the line is contained in the plane. R1
[6]

64. (a) (i) METHOD 1

50
 1 1 0

AB = b a = 2 1 = 1 (A1)
3 2 1

3 1 2

AC = c a = 0 1 = 1 (A1)
1 2 1

i j k

AB AC = 0 1 1 M1
2 1 1
= i (1 + 1) j(0 2) + k (0 2) (A1)
= 2j 2k A1
1 1
Area of triangle ABC =
2
2 j 2k =
2
( )
8 = 2 sq. units M1A1

Note: Allow FT on final A1.

51
 METHOD 2

AB = 2 , BC = 12 , AC = 6

A1A1A1

Using cosine rule, eg on C M1

6 + 12 2 2 2
cos C = = A1
2 72 3

1
Area ABC = absin C M1
2

1 arccos 2 2

= 12 6 sin
2 3

2 2
= 3 2 sin arccos
3
(
= 2 ) A1

Note: Allow FT on final A1.

(ii) AB = 2 A1
1 1
2 = AB h = 2 h , h equals the shortest distance (M1)
2 2
h=2 A1
(iii) METHOD 1
0

has form r 2 = d (M1)
2

Since (1, 1, 2) is on the plane
1 1

d = 1 2 = 2 4 = 2 M1A1
2 2

0

Hence r 2 = 2
2

2y 2z = 2 (or y z = 1) A1
METHOD 2

1 0 2

r = 1 + 1 + 1 (M1)
2 1 1

x = 1 + 2 (i)
y=1+ (ii)
z = 2 + (iii) A1
Note: Award A1 for all three correct, A0

52
 otherwise.
x 1
From (i) =
2
x 1
substitute in (ii) y = 1 +
2
x 1
= y 1 +
2
substitute and in (iii) M1

x 1 x 1
z = 2 + y 1 +
2 2
y z = 1 A1

53
(b) (i) The equation of OD is

0 0

r = 2 , or r = 1 M1
2 1

This meets where
2 + 2 = 1 (M1)
1
= A1
4
1 1
Coordinates of D are 0 , , A1
2 2
2 2

1 1 1
(ii) OD = 0 + + = (M1)A1
2 2 2
[20]

54
65. METHOD 1
Use of | a b | = | a | | b | sin (M1)
| a b |2 = | a |2 | b |2 sin2 (A1)
Note: Only one of the first two marks can
be implied.
= | a |2 | b |2 (1 cos2) A1
= | a |2 | b |2 | a |2 | b |2 cos2 (A1)
= | a |2 | b |2 (| a | | b | cos)2 (A1)
Note: Only one of the above two A1 marks can
be implied.
= | a |2 | b |2 (a b)2 A1
Hence LHS = RHS AG N0
METHOD 2
Use of a b = | a | | b | cos (M1)
| a |2 | b |2 (a b)2 = | a |2 | b |2 (| a | | b | cos)2 (A1)
= | a |2 | b |2 | a |2 | b |2 cos2 (A1)
Note: Only one of the above two A1 marks
can be implied.
= | a |2 | b |2 (1 cos2) A1
= | a |2 | b |2 sin2 A1
= | a b |2 A1
Hence LHS = RHS AG N0
Notes: Candidates who independently correctly
simplify both sides and show that
LHS = RHS should be awarded full marks.
If the candidate starts off with expression
that they are trying to prove and concludes
that sin2 = (1 cos2) award
M1A1A1A1A0A0.
If the candidate uses two general 3D vectors
and explicitly finds the expressions correctly
award full marks. Use of 2D vectors gains a
maximum of 2 marks.
If two specific vectors are used no marks are
gained.
[6]

OA AB
66. (a) Use of cos = (M1)

OA AB

55

AB = i j + k A1

AB = 3 and OA = 3 2 A1

OA AB = 6 A1

2 6
substituting gives cos = = or equivalent M1 N1
6 3

(b) L1: r = OA + s AB or equivalent (M1)
L1: r = i j + 4k + s(i j + k) or equivalent A1
Note: Award (M1)A0 for omitting
r = in the final answer.

(c) Equating components and forming equations involving s and t (M1)

1 + s = 2 + 2t, 1 s = 4 + t, 4 + s = 7 + 3t
Having two of the above three equations A1A1
Attempting to solve for s or t (M1)
Finding either s = 3 or t = 2 A1
Explicitly showing that these values satisfy the third equation R1
Point of intersection is ( 2, 2,1) A1 N1
Note: Position vector is not acceptable for final A1.

56
 (d) METHOD 1

1 2 3

r = 1 + 1 + 3 (A1)
4 3 3

x = 1 + 2 3, y = 1 + + 3 and z = 4 + 3 3 M1A1
Elimination of the parameters M1
x + y = 3 so 4(x + y) = 12 and y + z = 4 + 3 so 3(y + z)
= 12 + 9
3(y + z) = 4(x + y) + 9 A1
Cartesian equation of plane is 4x + y 3z = 9 (or equivalent) A1 N1
METHOD 2
EITHER
The point (2, 4, 7) lies on the plane.
The vector joining (2, 4, 7) and (1, 1, 4) and 2i + j + 3k
are parallel to the plane. So they are perpendicular to the
normal to the plane.
(i j + 4k) (2i + 4j + 7k) = i 5j 3k (A1)

i j k
n = 1 5 3 M1
2 1 3
= 12i 3j + 9k or equivalent parallel vector A1
OR
L1 and L2 intersect at D (2, 2,1)

AD = (2i + 2j + k) (i j + 4k) = 3i + 3j 3k (A1)

i j k
n= 2 1 3 M1
3 3 3
= 12i 3j + 9k or equivalent parallel vector A1
THEN
r n = (i j + 4k) (12i 3j + 9k) M1
= 27 A1
Cartesian equation of plane is 4x + y 3z = 9 (or equivalent) A1 N1
[20]

1

67. The normal vector to the plane is 3 . (A1)
2

EITHER

57
 is the angle between the line and the normal to the plane.
4 1

1 3
2 2
3 3
cos = = = (M1)A1A1
14 21 14 21 7 6

= 79.9 (= 1.394 ...) A1

The required angle is 10.1 (= 0.176) A1
OR
is the angle between the line and the plane.
4 1

1 3
2 2
3
sin = = (M1)A1A1
14 21 14 21

= 10.1 (= 0.176) A2
[6]

58
68. METHOD 1
(from GDC)

1 1
1 0
6 12
0 1 2 1
(M1)
3 6
0 0 0 0


1 1
x+ = A1
6 12
2 1
y = A1
3 6
1 1 1 2
r = i j + i + j + k A1A1A1 N3
12 6 6 3
METHOD 2
(Elimination method either for equations or row reduction of matrix)
Eliminating one of the variables M1A1
Finding a point on the line (M1)A1
Finding the direction of the line M1
The vector equation of the line A1 N3
[6]

59