Académique Documents
Professionnel Documents
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EDITION.
A COMPILATION OF
GONGRETE GONSTRUGTION,
HANDY DEVIGES, ETG.
CHICAGO:
1909.
FA fc"Ko.fc-
"" i". A *
V
COPYRIGHT, 19W,
In barn building as
in the planning of the farm home, nearly every
individual has his own peculiar ideas and tastes. It is rarely that
one
the same
time it is clear that general propositions and matters
many many
Hay Barn with Sheds 52 Barn for Horses and Sheep 115
Dakota Plank, Frame Barn 52 Plan for Horse and Hay Barn 116
Stock Barn with Hay in Middle 53 Connecticut Horse Stable 116
Stable for Horses, Hogs and Cows 53 Handy Small Barn 117
Cattle Barns 55-91 Plan for Small Stable 117
Kansas Cattle Barn 56 Barn for Stallions in Missouri 118
Finishing the Wall 214 Sheep Rack at Iowa Experiment Station 261
Keeping Water Out of Basement 214 Corn Fodder Rack for Cattle 261
Hollow or Solid Walls 214 Sheep Feeding Rack 262
Construction of Hollow Walls 215 Hay Self-feeder 263
Putting in Doors and Window Frames 215 Combined Hay and Grain Rack 263
Blocks for Walls 215 Self-feeder in Horse's Feed-box 263
Chimney Caps 215 Cattle Yard and Self-feeder for Hay 264
.
Stone Anchor Walls for Fence 271 Hog Shipping Crate 317
Covering
General Considerations 277 Portable 322
Hog Loader
Various Types 277-285 Portable Chute 322
Hog
Gate of Wire 285 Icehouses 322-326
Braces for Gates 285 Corral for 7,000 Cattle 326
Entrance Gate 287 327
Horse-breaking Corral
Posts of Cobblestones 288 Cold Storage House 327
Latch for Gates 288 Ventilation Stables 329
of
Farm Gate Latch 289 Stable Ventilator 330
Vat for Sheep 295 Packing for Cold Storage Closet 333
General "
Box-stall Construction 334
Device for Three-horse Hitch 299 Van Norman Cow Stall 336
Four Horses with Two Reins 300 Stalls and Stall Floors 338
Five Horses Abreast on a Plow 301 Light and Heat by Electricity 340
Three and Four-horse Hitch 301 Speeds for Line Shafts 340
Fifth Horses on a Gang Plow 304 Power, Attaching to Distant Pumps 342
Hitching Four Horses Abreast 305 Dairy Room on the Farm 344
Breaking Cows of Sucking Habit 309-311 Box s tails on Fair Grounds 347
Jack Pit for Range Mares 311 Window, Pivoted Barn 347
Anchoring Barn to Ground 311 Machine Shed for Small Farm 348
Rack for Dehorning and Ringing 311 Carrier for Hay Barn 348
Device for Holding Hogs 313 Power for Farm Purposes 349
outside features as much as to the interior could be if we would bring about us more of the
arrangement and convenience of the rooms. It natural beauties so abundant evervwhere. This
is a common error to see forethought taken
little need not detract an instant from the economical
in the placing of the buildings, in their relation operation of the farm, but if practicallyplanned
to one another or to the surrounding conditions ; should add many fold thereto.
the total disregard of a fine outlook that might We can assume that the residence and other
have been had from the windows that are most buildings are already placed, or that building is
frequented; many errors in the proper way to to be done at some future time. With respect
approach the house from the highway, and many to the all-important question of choosing the
times the utter absence of any attempt at mentation
orna- house site, the custom in the city seems to be the
in the way of tree planting nothing "
law without recourse in the country, in that the
save bare sides and sharp angles of buildings house must stand facing square, with the best
open to all winds, storms and sun heat, or the rooms toward the public road. If a better posure
ex-
are made attractive with trees and plants ar-ranged dryish soil, slightlyelevated if possible and fairly
to make a landscape that is ever ing
improv- open to admit a free circulation of air. Any
and changing in scene. protection against prevailing north and west
When a beginning is made toward ment
embellish- winds in the winter season, such as hills, trees
of the home surroundings then there is a or any other natural objects in the track of
new birth given, the feeling of attachment that regular storms, should be made use of, but cool
reflects back into pleasant and longing recollec-
tions and refreshing winds should not be hindered in
of the happy lives passed there, and the their direction during the heated season.
on the character and future life of the matter of importance. If the best place is 400'
growing generation toward the good and high of from the road it should be chosen over another
ideal life is above any estimation, besides being less desirable, though 200' nearer. Besides this
a source of interest and everlasting joy and an entrance approach of reasonable length, if
pleasure alike to the owner and to all who enter properly laid out among a grove of trees, will
here. add much to the dignity and bearing of the
Farming is not all corn. There are fine place. The relation of the house and barn
many
farms that are only such from the fact that should be such that they do not appear as a part
there is a quiet natural park-like effect resting of each otlier,and in driving to the house one is
14 FARM BUILDIKQB.
not led first through yards and past gaping bam to be preferred. All about a house of this order
doors. The barn should occupy a position so there is a quiet dignity and homelike restfulnesa
that the prevailingwinds will carry the stable that is in pleasing harmony with every rural
odors in a direction away from the house, and landscape. The rooms should be few and large.
not toward it, as is often the case. The exact The veranda is right if one step up from the
position and arrangement of the out-buildings ground and at least 10' wide, and a porte-cochere
and enclosures will be acording to their use, and or carriage porch should be a part of every coun-
to be convenient should be few and compact, and try house, as it surely is a comfort when rainy
not scattered over a whole area. Pens, sheds or windy to drive up to the door under a roof.
aud stacks should not be conspicuous in a general Especially is the excessive use of all "ginger-
front view. bread" mill work in gable ornaments, railings,
In country houses broad simple design jb much brackets and the like to be discouraged, as such
GENERAL FARM BARNS. 15
detail soon falls into decay and is a constant item attraction. The landscape that is characteristic
of repairing, and the greater part of it is vulgar of the particular country, a broad far prairiescene
and meaningless. Likewise the use of many cordant that holds
dis- hands with the horizon beyond ; hills
colors in outside painting is not in keep- ing or woodlands bounding the view with their pic- turesque
with surroundings; a modest neutral shade sky line,a river or winding stream with
that blends with the fields and trees is the correct wooded shores and spanning bridge or a lake of
one. Red is a good and cheap color for barns, broad expanse and quiet surface all these are "
and possiblyfor houses, also, but it should be everlasting scenes of delight and inspiration.
shaded down and the glare and ash taken off. Sow, as a practicaldemonstration of how a
Features of the natural landscape should re- ceive farm can be developed in a complete and intelli-
gent
great consideration, as it is these that give manner, reference to the accompanying ex-
character to the farmstead. A of noble ample shown by the plan will serve to clinch the
grove
trees on a slight eminence would at once suggest essential points mentioned. The plan represents
the future home site. In the choice of views here a general scheme for the layout of a ICO-acre
is a suggestion as to the
points of interest : first prairie farm. There are no trees on the tract of
would come the immediate surroundings made any importance; the surface is slightlyrolling
beautiful with lawn, trees and shrubs, and farther with no prominent elevations anywhere " in all
out the adjacent fields of growing crops or pastur-
ing a typical grain and stock-farm where corn, oats,
animals are constantly in mind. The neigh-
boring some wheat, hay and pasturage are almost all
farm houses, the travel on the highway, sold in the finished products of beef and pork.
or a speeding railroad train are all of every-day It is believed that this scheme comes very near
1C FARM BUILDINGS.
position for the house and the farm buildings the most traffic
(the city in this case). This ia
centrally located and accessible from all parts of a much better way than entering at right angles
the premises. (See Figs. 1, 2 and 3.) and adds greatly to the appearance of the trance
en-
The house is placed in a ten-acre piece, which and doe3 not allow a direct view up the
may
be properly called the home plot. Here are drive from the road. The drive slants over until
collected all the buildings (except the barn and within about SO' of the fence; it then parallels
J,
_JjUE^
everything is compactly arranged, and yet in such underneath it; the curve then continues and joins
a manner as to allow the extension of any ticular
par- the main road to the barn. By placing the house
part without interfering with another. about 70' or so from the main drive the clatter
The residence is about 700' from the way
high- and noise of teaming are to a large degree shut
and stands in the southwest corner of the away from contact with the rooms and a nice lawn
home plot, the ground sloping off gently to the that comes up to the house on that side. This en-
GENERAL FARM BARNS. 17
trance road is ton feet wide, the branch nine feet, from the start.
Hawthornos, wild cherries,plums,
graded with gravel from a nearby pittfnd smooth-
ly and crab apples, juneberry, dogwood and red-
surfaced off with a crown just sufficient to turn bud are planted in the places to thicken up and
the water. The barn is 250' from the house and mass with the other trees; occasionallythey ap-pear
is sot 40' into the ten-acre pasture to the west, in detached groups or specimens by them-
selves.
with a silo on the north side convenient alike to Thev will lend variety and charm to the
the barn and
feeding lot. Another building is surroundings in the springtime with their white,
put up 80' directlyeast for general storage pur- poses pink and red flowers,and in the autumn many of
of machinery, wagons, suppliesand repair them close the growing season with a contrast of
shop. The space between the barn and the storage scarlet fruits and golden-hued foliage.
house should be drained and bedded with gravel Along the entrance road the work is done in
to serve as a general movement yard and entrance a like manner. Evergreen trees pines and
l
"
including apples,pears, plums and cherries,which barn; seen from the highway they will soften
will give plenty of fruit for home use and much the blank barn side and give a proper settingto
to sell. If a fence is run along the lower side of the building as a whole. The gable and tower
the orchard then the pigs can be turned in any appearing among the tree tops will mark a tinctly
dis-
time to consume the fallen fruit,although the rural scene. To protect the buildingsand
trees will be cared for the same as a crop of corn. feeding lots somewhat against the direct force
One acre is given to small fruits. The grapes are of cold northwest winds groups of Norway spruce
put next the orchard because they are more manent are
per- planted in alternate groups with deciduous
than the raspl"erries and blackberries, trees, as shown in the plan, north of the barn and
which can be moved back and forth into the act as a wind check.
nursery ground when they got old and worn out The entrance gate should Ik1 set in at least
in one place; currants and gooseberriesare also 30' from the fence line, thus leaving an open
planted. The strip for nursery purposes does space of 60' to 70' on each side of the drive, as
good service in growing trees and bushes to set shown in the plan. This space is planted with
out in the future. A row of hot-beds and frames trees, and if an elm is planted on each side of
is useful in many ways; it is protectedalong the the gate a beautiful arching effect will be had
north with evergreen trees. The vegetablegar-
den over the formal entrance to the place.
of one and one-quarter acres will give abund-
ance A tree to in all its natural beauty
appear
of good things and all that is left over the should spread its branches out and down to the
pigs will take as dessert. The strawberry patch ground on all sides. Xever trim all the branches
is moved about the garden off and hack off the ends
every year or two. expose a bare stem, nor
Asparagus and rhubarb are along the fence. of branches and make a stubby, broom-shaped
A lawn space bounds the house on all sides, thing. If a good set of roots is (lug with the tree
varying in width from 150' to 200'. It is not no pruning is required. Pruning of ornamental
necessary, however, to keep it closelymown. In trees is properly a thinning out in the center of
the rear the grass covers the clothes-dryingspace; minor twigs and branches. Let the tree develop
further back are the beehives and a place for the into its own natural form. Cutting can never
bushes. The kinds of shrubs used are wild native what one would cost designed especially for such
speciesfound growing in the neighborhood, such a purpose. No farmer can afford to build a barn
as dogwoods ( the red-branched and others),su- mach, with such a small storage capacityfor forage that
elderberry,wild rose, Indian currant, snow-
balls, he will be compelled to fill it in summer and then
spiraea,lilacs, mock-orange and suckle. re-fill it again and again during the winter and
honey-
Japan quince and forsythiaare nice in spring,drawing hay from the stacks, damaged in
places where they are seen from the windows, qualityand at double the expense of putting it
because of their early blossoms. So are those directlywhere it is to be used.
early-flowering trees, such as juneberry, wild
goose plum, Judas tree and dogwood. Such early
spring flower scenes of color are delightfulto
children or invalids who are confined to the house
until the weather becomes milder. Vines ramble
all over the porch columns
fireplace and up the
chimney on the wrest side of the living room.
The views from the house are indicated "by the
converging lines. (Fig- i.) Three different
scenes are open from the livingroom : We have
the veranda along the south and east sides of
this room. To the west the sight is across open
fields to the lowering sunset. Different openings
through the trees give glimpses of the life on the
highway. Out of the dining room the picture
is one of sunlightand shadow over the open lawn,
under the trees to the color of flowers. The
kitchen and rear porch are shaded in the mer;
sum-
In conclusion, we may say that the farm home depth of 20' or 25' of hay than a depth of 5'
stands as the central feature,with the barns in to 15' ? Consider whether it is real economy to
a subordinate position. They are then brought combine into one barn all the shelter and stor-
age
into harmonious relation with each other through room needed on the farm. There is fire to be
the planting of native trees. Orchard
artistic considered and convenience in handling stock.
and gardens are grouped as nearby accessories and Do you wish the colts or cows to run in the yard
the grounds about the house are further enriched with the pregnant ewes? Do you wish to mix
with shrubs and flowers. The drive and walks breeding sows and small lambs ?
allow convenient and easy access to all places
and lead in a natural manner to the highway. /i/rrr f"ia
economy to shelter farming tools on the barn- The barn must fit the farm and the needs o"
floor,which means that they are endlesslyin the the farmer. It is folly to insist that any one
way and that they have a shed costingten times type of buildingis of universal suitability.There
GENERAL FARM BARNS. 19
is this
thought to consider when poorly ventilated barn basement
building a barn : in a dark and
building is one of the great events that
advantages of a bank barn may be
come However, the
far apart. After a new barn is built it is not had without sacrificing lightor ventilation. Let
likelythat one can afford to add to it or build the earth be heaped against the wall not more
another for many years. Build, then, of suffi-
cient than 4' or 5' and above this provide numerous
size and capacityto allow for a reasonable windows, all arranged to open wide. The tilation
ven-
growth and expansion of not merely the farm of the basement must be carefully
crops but the farm animals. Especiallyprovide thought out according to climatic conditions and
ample room for the storage of forage. Sheds the kind of stock to be sheltered. This is a
may be cheaply constructed to surround the barn point against shelteringall sorts of animals to- gether.
and these sheds will shelter the stock, and may Ventilation that is desirable for the
be added at any time, but the storage room of sheep barn may be very undesirable for dairy
the mow is a fixed quantity when the rafters are cows.
vary in
shape, size and arrangement, it is of microbes and germs. It adds to the
true that they will have certain things in mon
com- comfort of calves, lambs, and pigs as it comes
if they are modern and up to date. through the generous south windows during cold
Beginning at the foundation the modern barn winter days. Glass is fortunately almost as
has sills under it. The basement cheap siding. It will for itself many
no posts rest as pay
directlyupon stones, which are bedded well in times over if used to let the sun in the barn
the ground and should reach below the frost basement. This also is true of the poultry-house.
line. Sills near the ground are not merely necessary
un- It is a commentary on the ignorance of a man
but a nuisance from standpoint. that so often the farm animals will go almost
every
They decay,harbor rats and obstruct. The ern
mod- anywhere rather than into the quarters he has
barn has an earthern floor,preferablyhard provided for them. If the barn is built right
clay, or cement where necessary. The latter is and managed right the animals will need to be
cheaper than the wooden floor and has several shut away from it rather than driven into it.
points of
advantage. It conserves warmth, no An consideration is that the barn
important
cold drafts come under it,does not shelter rats, abundance of that
shall store an provender may
do not leach through it and it does not
manures be easilyand cheaply put in it. To this end the
decay. Yet where sheep are to be sheltered or building must have depth of hay mow without
calves or cattle run loose no other floor is needed cross-ties through the middle to obstruct the free
than the natural earth well bedded. Even horses working of the hay-carrierand fork or the use
prefer to stand on the ground and many of the of slings. For the ordinary barn of about 40'
most successful horsemen insist that their horses the level of the mow-
length the height from
shall have earth floor in their stalls. floor to should be 20' and the best width
eaves
The modern barn has a basement or lower is between 30' and 50'. The chief consideration
story beneath its entire used for is carrying the hay back from the center to the
area sheltering
farm animals. The reason for this is that it is sides when fillingthe mow. The track on which
in the line of economy. Moreover, it is a great the carrier runs should be directlyin the center
convenience to be able to drive through to clean of the roof and the hay dropping below it will
out manure or for other There is also not easilybe carried back more than 25' and on
purposes.
a free circulation of air through the basement the whole a width of 40' or 45' is preferable.
when the windows The roof should be what is termed half-
are opened
opposite sides, on a
Where the ground is inclined and level positions and well painted.
are not easy to be had, the old-fashioned bank Almost all manufacturers make carriers that
barn may be considered,yet in adopting this hold the load and run it in at any desired height
type it should be constantlyborne in mind that just to clear the floor or the level of the hay in
stone walls are apt to be productive of disease the mow or up to the peak of the roof,according
especially of tuberculosis, which thrive to the needs of the occasion. The use of such a
germs,
20 FARM BUILDINOB,
carrier effects economy in time and power and after seasoning. In any event put sidingon ver-
tically;
results in making better hay, for there is less it is stronger, more durable and cheapei
mow-burning when hay is not dropped from too to erect in this wav. If vou wish to whitewash
great a height. the building either inside or out use unplaned
It should be borne in mind that most barns lumber and the whitewash will adhere better.
are too small, too low, too inconvenient in rangement
ar- Only the best shinglesshould be used. Cedar
and too uncomfortable for the mals,
ani- is said to be durable but the cedar shinglescom-
monly
while some are too large (thisis rare) and sold are very thin. Steep roofs last double
too ornate and expensive. the time of flat roofs if of wood. Soaking
The day of the barn sill has gone. Instead wooden shinglesfor a moment in boilinglinseed
the posts are set directlyon stone or piers of oil adds to their durabilitv. A trifle of red color
concrete made of cement. Between the post and added to the oil adds to the beauty of the roof.
the pier it is well to lay a block 2" thick which The color should not be
quantityof sufficient
will effectually prevent the absorption of mois-
ture to more than stain. Dip the shingles in large
by the bottom of the post. Should this block handfuls to the tips,lay them on a pieceof sheet
decay it is readilyreplaced. iron and let them drain into the kettle. This
Posts should not come clear down to the floor is said to make
shingles last 40 years. inferior
level ; the stones or piers should rise 12" to 16" They will not crack badly nor curl when so
to throw the post above the moisture or manure treated. Painting shinglesis not recommended.
which may accumulate in cattle or sheep barns. Shingle nails as now made of steel wire will rust
Box-stalls in horse stables may also be permitted off in 10 years or less. They may be had gal- vanized
to accumulate manure, being kept well littered, and should be so for either shinglesor
and the result is better dryness and no heating slate.
orf the well-tramped manure, besides the total There is no roofingmore durable or more satis-
saving of all liquids. factory than slate. It is heavier than shingles
Concrete blocks to set posts on are cheap and and requires strong rafters. For barns single-
satisfactory.They arc made right in place. Ex- cavate lap slate is coming much into favor; it is lighter
to solid ground, usually 18" will suffice, and much cheaper than double-lapand, save that
a hole 24" square. Make wrooden moulds shaped storms sometimes blow in a very little, it is as
like truncated pyramids 8" square at the top, good.
and 18" at bottom or larger,depending on the Perhaps no form of roofing has caused more
size and weight of the building. These moulds disappointment and vexation than metal, which
may hinge together and fasten with bolts that rusts rapidly and requires frequent paintings.
may be loosened so that they may be easilyre- moved Galvanized steel seems durable and when well
from the blocks. It should be leveled so galvanized it has endured for many years un-injured.
that the top comes to the right place,then filled Metal roofs are hot in summer.
with concrete in which may well be imbedded Rubber, paper, felt and asphaltand other kinds
will serve if given proper attention.
a great many cobble stones. A %" jected of roofing
bolt pro-
upwards 4" from center of block and post Barn roofs are usuallyneglected.
set down on it is useful, if the building is not For eave troughs modern tin rusts through in
very heavy, to keep wagons from butting the three seasons. Paint will not prevent rust in a
posts of the stones. After a few hours of setting tin eave trough. Galvanized iron is to be pre- ferred.
the mould may be taken carefullyaway and other
an- It is well to make eave troughs and
block made. The moulds should be filled spoutingsof generous size.
full enough to make them of the same level. A "Let all hinges be larger than seems sary
neces-
dry enough so that the tongues stay in the teams accustomed to standing togetherwill do so
groove*. It is better to use plain unmatched without injury. Box-stalls should be of fairly
barn boards 12" wide, battened with 3" strips generous size. For cows 7'x8' is permissible
22 FARM BUILDIHQ".
If matched siding is desired it works as well raised. If hay is to be taken in at the end, throw
verticallyas horizontally.The building may, out two sets of diverging rafters to hold the end
however, be studded and siding put on zontally.of the track
hori- and shelter the hay door. Their
feet may be spiked against the outer long rafters
In buildng the joistframe barn the following and their points thrown out, each pair 2'.
directions may be of value: Brace the gable well. Hay doors should be
and mark and off with direction of wind. Vertical siding is strongest
eight high square, cut a
the bents one at a time and continue putting on plain barn roofs?
platesand braces as fast as they are raised. Answering this question a carpentersays :
It will take four davs to frame barn
Fig. 7 is a drawing made to scale of 3/32 of
men two a
an inch, or in other words 3/32 of an inch equal
40'x60' and if convenient they should have four
1' and is designed to show cross sections of three
others to help raise,which will take another day.
After the frame is up as far as the square, com-
plete
J
that part and put on the siding before
erecting the rafters. A scaffold at the level of
the platesis convenient, though some have erected
the rafters without it. If you wish to change the
This will make the roof very rigid. Get these to the span. In Fig. 7 the span is 36'.
braces as soon as three sets of rafters are The rafters A II and F II have a rise of 12' and
up
GENERAL FARM BARNS. 23
since 12' is one-third of 36' the rafters A II and half-pitchroof has capacityfor about 17 tons
ing
F II are said to have one-third pitch. This
pitch andthe hip roof about 37 tons more than the
has been quite extensivelyused in the past, but one-third pitch roof.
is not so popular now. Improved hay machinery Viewing the subject from another standpoint
demands a higher roof for best results. it requiresabout 10' of the uppermost space for
The rafters A 0 and F 0 with a rise of 18', working modern hay tools. Hence, with modern
since 18' is one-half of 36', are said to be one-half hay tools hay could be depositedin the roof having
pitch. The rise, 18', equals half the span 36'. one-third pitch at a height indicated by the ar- row
This roof is growing in favor where a plain roof at A minor (See Fig. 7), which is only 2'
is used. This pitch is used extensively on houses above the height of the plate. In the roof hav- ing
and makes a very nice appearance. Besides, shin-
gles half-pitchhay could be depositedat a point
will last longer laid upon a steep roof than as indicated at C minor, which is 8' above the
those laid upon a low or flat roof. A, B, D, E plate,and in the hip roof hay could be raised
and F show the outline of a hip roof, the lower to a height indicated at C minor, which is ll1/*/
rafters of which are full pitch. They rise at an above the plate. Hence, there is a net gain of
angle of about 63". In full pitch,the rise dou- bles 91/4" in height at which hay could be raised with
the run that is, the rise is 2" to 1" run.
"
tools in favor of the hip roof over a roof having
By extending the rafters A B and F E to I by only one-third pitch. Thus in the hip roof,there
means of the dotted lines B I and E I, we have is a zone or belt having a height of 91/2/ and an
the outline of a full pitch roof, in which stance average
in- width of 28' and running the entire
the rise would be 36", the width of the length of the barn, all of which could be filled
span " the rise being equal to the span, hence the with hay by means of hay tools, and all of which
term full pitch. space is above the point at which hay could be
The Gothic coincides with this pitch. In barn lifted with the tools in a roof having one-third
architecture full pitch roofs are not desirable ex- cept pitch. The volume of this belt is 22,040 cubic
when used in connection with the hip or curb feet equal to 43 tons, which is a very considera-
" ble
roof. In such roofs, the lower rafters can ably
profit- mow in itself.
be employed at full pitch,and by their use In approximating the cost of farm barns we
the greatest possible storage is secured in the regard 2% cents per cubic foot to the plate as
roof. In Fig. 5 the lower rafters A B and F about right. Of course the cost varies somewhat
E are carried along the full pitch line for a dis- tance with the localities. Upon this basis,the extra
of 6", thereby just using 16" lengths. volume secured by the hip roof over that of a
They have a run of 7' 2" and rise of 14' 4". one- third pitch would be worth $606.10. Hence,
The upper rafters B D and E D have one-third from the standpointof dollars the hip roof as per
pitch that is,the rise at D is one-third the dis-
"
tance Fig. 7 is worth $606.10 more than the one-third
of the span at the hip at B and E and pitch. But if we add to this the value of the
is measured from a horizontal line through the convenience and satisfaction in the use of a self-
pitch we have 216 square feet; in the half -pitch then the problem is not so easy of solution,
gable, 324 square feet and in the hip roof gable as the value of the convenience and satisfaction
490 square feet. Hence we have a gain of 108 in the use of a properly constructed ing
self-support-
equals50 per and open center roof is inestimable.
square feet in the half-pitchwhich
cent, and in the hip roof gable we have a gain
of 274 square feet,equal to 127 per cent over the A MINNESOTA FARM BARN.
roof having one-third pitch. The hip roof fur- ther
The barn built bv W. H. Dunwoodv his
shows a gain of 166 square feet,or 51 per on
cent over the roof having one-half pitch. Their farm in Minnesota is 120' long, 90' wide, 48'
volumes are proportioned.Taking three barns high and cost complete $20,000. The basement
of equal lengths,80' for instance, and with 36" floor is cemented throughout and on it there is
widths and pitchesas shown in Fig. 7 the rela-
tive a poultry house 10'x25' with a glass front to
volumes of the three roofs above the plates south, nesting boxes, with inclines, roosts and
would be as follows: One-third pitch roof 17,- to outside yard. There also is a stor-age
runway
280 cubic feet; half-pitchroof, 25,920 and the room 12'x20' in the west end of the base- ment,
cubic feet per ton, the capacity in tons is 33.7, room 10'x25' ; west stairway to main floor;
50.5 and 70.6 respectively. Hence, the one hav- three box-stalls 12'xl7' for dairy cattle;six stalls
FARM BUILDING
(ELEVATION).
EE "
I\
GENERAL FARM BARX8. 25
for dairy cows; five horse stalls and two box- floor, above part of the driveway " this floor is
stalls 8'xl2' for horses; two rows of box-stalls provided with trap doors and
bays are full when
y'xlS' (six stalls to the row) with alleys be-
tween; this floor can be filled its full length) ; grain and
12 double tie-upstalls 5' 8" long, man-
gers fewl bins on north side of driveway, connected to
26", width of stall 8' 9", each stall being and elevator for handling the grain and
conveyor
equipped with iron enamel water bowl, with feed ; feed grinder, cutter, sheller,grain cleaner
drop cover, piped to water supply ; drain trenches and elevator arranged next to bins on east end of
behind connected with all stalls,18" wide by floor and engine room ; office or men's
arc over room
on floor above, and also connecting pump in 12, 13 and 14 was built by A. J. Lovejoy and
pump room, and to circular saw outside; east built on his Riverside Farm in Winnebago Co-
stairway to main floor; artesian well pump room Ill. in 1003. It is for horses and cattle,together
,
rows of stalls all lead to doors on south buggies and sleighs. It also has bins for
side of barn opening into lower cattle yard, which ."),(")((Imshels of small grain, mow room for hay,
is divided into east and west halves with sheds shredded fodder, a large amount of straw and a
on farther side; yards slope to south. (Sec large tank of water which suppliesthe barn and
Fig. 8.) adjoining yards. It is !HI'xii4' and is built in a
The main or first floor is described thus: first-class manner, having a joist frame made of
long; flooring 3" matched plank; 3' on center best kiln-dried dressed yellow pine, making an
floor timbers or joists under driveway, size interior finish etpialto many houses. The dation
foun-
6"xl2"; joists elsewhere same size but fi' on is made of concrete, from screened gravel
centers; hay and straw bays on south side of and Portland cement. Every post in the ing
build-
driveway (hay carries above the linydistributing rests on solid concrete piers set in the ground
FAItAt BUILD1XQS.
3% on a 4' base. Tlic entire floor is of concrete, and swings behind a while standing on
wagon
8" thick on gravel
a fill of 15", and was made scales. This elevator wilt elevate all kinds of
with a good finish by an expert builder of crete
con- grain to the large bins above. These bins have
sidewalks. The approaches to each door hopper Iwttoms with pipes leading to the mill
are also concrete and a concrete sidewalk extends room below, direct to the grinder, fanning mill
and for loading wagons. The barn is lighted by
hogs are kept in the barn, but all feed is pre- pared
in it except the steaming, which is done at
the feed house. All wagons are driven in the
barn and all hitching and unhitching done in
it. The total cost without of the machinery,
any
engine and the "L" was about $5,000, which in-
cludes
room is closed so as to exclude dust or dirt from the second floor. {Fig. 14.) The bay for hay
the mill room. A 12-horse power gasoline engine indicated in the illustration,was changed and
furnishes power enough to run the grinder,feed floored with cement, the same as all the rest of
cutter, sheller,elevator and pump all at the same the barn. The elevator does not require a dump,
time. There is a 28' elevator with a swinging as the hopper swings round behind the wagon
extension that stands at the side of the drivewav and grain is let out into it from the rear end of
GENERAL FARM BARNS. 27
the wagon. Plank floor is laid in the horse stalls tion are obtained by bending the timbers into the
"
^
DGCf Or ItAN-TC
A better system of ventilation is used than the and machinery and for a battery of feed mills
one shown. All posts in the first story are boxed, and grinders, together with water tanks and
giving a finished appearance. The barn is almost plenty of working space in every department.
frost-proofand is very convenient and a comfort The floor space shows stalls for cows. The
to stock housed in it. The front elevation is departments marked 1, 2, 3, and 4 (Fig. 17) can
shown in Fig. 12. A photographic view of the be used separatelyor in part, or if need be can
chutes or trap doors in the second floor. When 16' in diametT, and rests on a crib or tower in
roughage is fed to loose stock it is passed through the center of the barn. Several flightsof stairs
chutes at the outer sides of the barn next to the are providedwhich furnish a means of access to
wall into racks, which operate on the plan of the cupola where one can look after the workings
self-feeders. of the windmill or get a view of the ing
surround-
The bins or cribs below are filled by gravity country for many miles. The windmill plies
sup-
from above. Portable corn bins may be used on power running machinery and pumping
for
the second floor when needed. A solid concrete water, and being placed at such an altitude ders
ren-
wall is placed under the barn as well as the inner it very sensitive to the slightestbreeze.
rows where supporting timbers rest, and special The second floor is entirely free from tions
obstruc-
with the exception of the crib and mills,
as before mentioned. The roof is entirely self-
midway
about up the span of the roof
and operates an ordinary swivel ear or carrier,
in other the same in ordinary rec-
ways much as tangular
entirely from ever finding a burrowing place. under the driveway, also has a hollow wall. In
The windmill is a power mill with a wheel the horse stalls a 3" false floor, with wide cracks
tendants. In the corn-room there are racks all on top give ample ventilation. A stand pipe and
around so the seed corn can be ricked or corded fire hose on reels afford partial protection from
grinding room allows for belting to feed cutters north and south and the wings are 32' wide. The
and other machinery. All the feed-bins have details of the basement arc very fully shown
sloping bottoms to facilitate the of grain (Fig. 22) and the conveniences of such an rangement
ar-
passage
through the chutes to the mixing-room. lator
Venti- are obvious. In the basement and
courses from the ground floor to the outlets immediately under the wagon floor there are lo-
GENERAL FARM BARNS.
catcd three bins for grain or ground feed and above, the shellcr,or grinder, or root-cutter,or
roots. They are filled through trap-doors from corn-crusher being placed over the traps and the
"HU"r
ra es r-T
ii"
/
ill i
32 FARM BU1LDINGX.
are two calf boxes that will conveniently aceoni- ing, well painted and trimmed and cost about
modate about twenty youngsters each, and the $4,000 when built.
rest of the floor is devoted to double stalls
V deep, except as otherwise indicated in the AX INDIANA FARM BARX.
diagram. The water tank is in the center of
Fig. 23 shows the ground plan of barn in
the barn and large gates expedite the handling a
of the cattle back and forth from the tank to which cattle and calves may be fed, 20 cows kept
the stalls,or yards if they are turned out.
to the (in Van stalls)and "baby beef" pro-
Norman duced.
There are good-sized box-stalls for the sen-ice provided with stalls for horses.
It is also
The diagram shows how the ground floor is
bulls, with an exercisingyard opening out from
each, and in the south wing there are four box-
stalls for cows calving in cold weather or for
i
i
MM V
wide, so that a team can be driven through the rv"t" |
,1
stone wall and is very warm, though amply WHITEHALL FARM BARX.
lightedand ventilated by numerous windows and
doors. The water is piped underground to the Figs. 25, 26, 27, 28 and 29 illustrate the eleva-
tion,
trough from well and windmill outside and is floor and other plans of the beef cattle
controlled bv a float-valve or bv a cut-off rod, as and horse barn which E. S. Kellv recently built
desired. on his Whitehall Farm in Ohio. Fig. 28 shows
On the second or main floor there are grain the ground floor on which there are stalls for
bins and corn cribs, 8'x24' and 14' high, and cattle and horses. All the stone work is of good
office and store-room, each 14' x 1G', a space served
re- native limestone, laid up in good lime and sand
for feed-cutter and for hay-rake and mortar. The retaining walls around the drives
hav-loader and vet additional room in the three have half cement and half lime in the mortar.
mows for 200 tons of hay. The capacity for All the mill stuff and dimension lumber in the
grain, including both floors, is from 7,000 to basement are of sound native white oak. The
8,000 bushels. The barn will accommodate 12-5 8"xl2" beams in the drives on the outside are
head of cattle, including from 25 to 30 calves. also of white oak. All mill stuff and timbers above
GENERAL FARM BARNS.
the basement arc first (jualitvlong leaf southern is wiled all around
Hie stalls, and ways
alley-
passages
pine; fi"xlO" middle tie beams are set back 4" 4'
high with 1" dressed and matched low
yel-
from face of posts to allow studding, which is pine. The stable doors arc built in two
2"x4", to pass without cutting. The floor o" parts, upper half 3' and the lower half 4' high.
two outside drives is made of 2"xl2" oak nating
alter- The roof of the Whitehall barn and ventilators
with 2"x3" oak pieces set on edge, all are covered with the best quality of 16" cedar or
laid on 8"xl2" white oak stringers. The entire cypress shingles. The entire barn ia framed to
first floor is dressed with l1/*" dressed and secure the greatest strength and permanency of
matched yellow pine flooring and the driveways shape with the least weakening of timbers. The
on the first floor have an upper floor of 1" windows in the basement are arranged to slide
dressed and matched oak. The entire basement sideways, as directed. The entire outside of the
34 FARM BUILDINGS.
m
-L _4
ALLEY ALLEY 4
-pnanr
CATTLE
..CATTLE* ().*
fr
HAYFACK DFftOMCK'
Iff HAYRACK nrilOFACKBtlOW E
Q" [fg [j g
^
B
fftUMCK BfLO HAY-RACH riFIIDRACK BtlOW
yfgfDRaCK
I "-ul V isV- 150 ..L. ...A II...-is*
,W,CATTCE CATTLF
"P^H'T DRAlM
H
ALLEY \/ ALLEY
"x\ fW" r-V
X
CATTLE
DO 00 , 00
CATTLE CATTLE *| I1 CATRF
BOX STALL
ITS JJ y" BOX STALL BOX STALL o^UBOXSTALL
of II
.."
MT
-1 1
120 ffET
barn is covered with 4" drop siding. The cattle shows the arrangement of the interior ami Fig.
floors are made of cement. The barn cost about 32 the plan of construction. The approaches to
$7,000. the main driveway and end doors are paved with
cement. Box-stalls occupy the entire first floor
A WISCONSIN FARM BARN. of the barn and one stall is cemented for a rest-
less
bull.
J. W. Martin?s Wisconsin barn, shown in Figs. The cow barn (Fig. 30) is 30'x80' with Bid-
30. 31 and 32, has a stone wall foundation 20" well stalls and a drivewav between the rows of
hiirh: the first storv 8' is double-boarded with cow stalls on through the middle. This barn
paper between and shiplap floor above. Fig. 31 would be more convenient if it were 34' wide.
FAIIM BUILDINGS.
A KENTUCKY FARM BARN. good. The size is 62'x74', and from basement
floor to the wind-engine tower the height is 5G',
The general description and plan shown in divided into four stories. The basement wall is
Figs. 33, 34 and 35 are of a Kentucky farm
of limestone, 22" wide and 8' high, and the posts
barn built a decade ago. It is a bank barn and
in the basement supporting the frame work are
stands on high ground where natural drainage is
20 in number and are made of oak, 12" x 12".
The parts of the frame are 10" x 10", 1G' high.
y "
(CBOSH-BBCTTOH).
s
38 FARM BUILDINGS.
the mangers, there to be movable so that they and hay put above except the part under the
can be taken out forcleaning Fig. 36 (first driveway directlyunder the comb of the roof.
floor) shows a driveway, two corncribs and an Hay is to be thrown down in chutes about 3^'
oats and wheat bin. These could be decked over square, reaching to the feed alleys,and a hole
IT
"^^"feg^^^f^*^^ ^JtSSH- WVM^k^K""^^ "^~~T
^^3^%^^'^^^^im^a^/^^/?.^ 9
f
o
i
O
e alliy.
if
a
reep
i "
ft
FIG. 36. A BANK BABN (GROUND FLOOR). FIG. 37. A BANK BABN (FIRST FLOOR),
"
ry
RftRO
7H0RSE STALLS
84
^^~7\
24FT.
45L
may be left open in the driveway covered by a ventilator on top of the roof. The granary is set
trap-door. If this barn built of joist frame from the floor one foot and out from walla
were up
and most of the framing stuff secured on the a foot, so it is dry and rat-proof. It and the
farm, and if the farmer himself were at all
A BASEMENT BARX.
sunshine for the horse and cow stalls. The horse The double doors on the left open
stalls are 4' 6" x 12'. The partitionsof 1" oak into the shop, which is fitted up with bench, vise,
are set into the posts, so there are no nails or tool chest, and so on, and lightedby two dows
win-
bolts injure horses.
to opposite the doors. The central door ters
en-
The hay racks are perpendicular,with rounds the hall to the hay mow and the stairway
3' long set 4" apart. The back of the racks is into the basement. Into it hay falls from the
mow at the far end and is put into the racks
trap-door for
F " feed to granary below;
G "
boarded tight,sloping,leaving a space of 6" for The drawings (Figs. 42 and 43) are of a
hay at the bottom and 18" at the top, being Kentucky stock barn 20' wide surrounding a
drop 6" deep and 4' 6" back. The litter from
horse stalls is pressed into the drop to absorb
the moisture from cows and in front of the cow
feed-lot 100' in diameter. The feed-shed with PLAN FOR A SMALL BARN.
trough and rack next to wall has the south side
the feed-lot. The barn has partment, Fig. 45
de- shows a barn with four double horse
open to a sheep
to the outside wall stalls,one box-stall and room for 30 cows and
hay rack next and
small stalls for and lambs. It is also 20 other cattle. It is seldom satisfactoryto
ewes young
combine a horse and cow barn, as the latter can
ZHEO 16* Sd
BOX STALL
D6UBL" DOUBlt |
H0HS"STAIL HQRSfSTAU \ "Wl
9rT W/D"
" *j"j.L
St-iQtMO OOQ""
COW 6TALLS
OPANAfflCS ON
Ttut n*f"T
WlOC
OBiVC WAY
32' X ""o'
I"'X40'
"a 'high
STALLS
WlOC
ORAMAPlCS ON
rme
FIG. 44. BARN FOR A SMALL FARM (GROUND PLAN AND CROSS- SUCTION).
gateway, which are for hoistinghay with the building with an entry from the outside to
open
fork on an endless track. In this loft there is each double stall. The oats bin should be placed
room to store shredded corn and different kinds overhead, so that oats can be drawn down through
of hay. A crib should be made separate and rat- a spout near the horse stalls. This barn with
This barn will easily accommodate 100 cattle. is continuous and the angle is finished with
a hay-carrier rope. Where roofs are 40' wide feed from the silo outside the barn. The
way
or more there should be the truss method of silo is a round stave silo built of Oregon fir 10"
framing rafters,using 2"x4" braces beneath the in diameter and 30' high.
angle, fastened by short pieces of l"x4". This The mill room on the northeast corner is
truss must be on both sides of the roof; it is equipped with a motor, grinder, sbeller, com
shown on one side only in the diagram. splitter and feed cutter. The judging pavilion
OEXERAL FARM BAKNH.
i".
FARM BUILDINGS.
located the northwest .is 50' in diameter, well The entries are from the west
on a wagon. wagon
-heated and accommodates 100 to and east to west. You drive the
lighted, steam east over
students. The steam is taken from small scales and right through to one of the open
a go
sectional boiler under the milk room and office. yards on the other side or vice versa and hay
is put up on both sides alw"ve the stable and
it will supply feed for 300 cattle. This ham to the mixing floor. East of that is a few cow
was erected recently in Calhoun Co., Mich., by stalls. On the other side are cow stalls alto-
gether
A. Clirystal. and calf stalls behind them, both east and
The entry to the barn is from the north end west of the alley way. The barn has stalls for
and when barn clear each side of the
you go into the you can see (15 cows and (iO calves. On
through to the silos, although there are two or barn there are four doors so that the cows can
three doors. The alley way goes right through go out from the barn on each side, going into
from end to end. not wide enough, however, for four distinct yards. Behind each four cows are
40 FARM BUILDINGS.
On the west side, the alley way that comes 15' 8" long and nine smaller double stalls. The
over the scales from the west onto the barn barn is 64' long and 53' 10" wide. In ing
select-
floor is covered with a projecting roof half way material for the trusses used in this barn
to the barn. On each side there is a small yard it was found best to use both heavy and light
half way to the bam and then an open yard. timbers so that one might be bolted and tied
All these yards on the west side are shedded into the other without the uBe of mortise and
clear round with a 20' roof and troughs arc tendon. Heavy bolts were used in every case
under each roof and a hay rack above the except in that of the short braces, which were
troughs. On the southwest there are two open mortised into the heavy timliers as usual. Each
yards, all shedded with a 20' roof. That makes
four yards altogether on the west side.
On the east side there are two yards shedded
nil around near the barn and farther east are
arc lfiO' ea^t and west and 190' north and south.
The barn proper is extra.
The first box-stall to the right of entry to the
barn floor is the office. It has a cement floor
and is all lined with sheet steel and is ient
conven-
post runs up and acts as a direct support for a posts coming down to that level. This gives op-
portunity
purlin. The rafters are notched over the pur-
lins for plenty of light and ventilation in
and form the upper part of the truss and the cow stable,which is very essential. By pen-
for supporting the hay rack. Care was taken
to have every section of the truss a perfectpiece
^" T^TT^T ^ ^
n .-J" i
n,n
* '**' *
"
n,n
""" i r
""H^ "
/ \
xT
) /*V OV7"
7 ^
i\. ./ 40 HORSES
! !"4tm" r4/~
*
I
t
t m GO
COWS
V /
^U ^
U ""Hp n ir
1-1
uJlu uiilT"' Lil 32'
XjW
a gate that may swing back out of the way
r
when it is desired to drive through, a box-stall is
FIG. 54. WESTERN ILLINOIS BARN (GROUND FLOOR).
secured there, and three such stalls are secured
FD
am m rm
V u
^ CD
in itself so that whether the strain was tension r"" X O
= X
or compression the size of the timber was signed
de-
for the specialplace which it was to fill,
thus forming a complete whole and a very stable
and substantial frame. SLIDING DOOR 6
36'
A SMALL STOCK BARN. FIG. 57. SMALL STOCK BARN (GROUND FLOOR).
Figs. 56, 57 and 58 illustrate a bank barn to in all. The manure spreader may be driven
hold 12 milking cows and 6 horses. right through to clean out the stalls,or a nure
ma-
The wall is 24" thick and but 5' high, the carrier be used, as occasion may seem best.
48 FARM BUILDINGS.
OC-L
"-. DOOR
SINGLE i
-u
STALL
*"
DOUBLE ;
Hi.
*
STALL
;r DOUBLEC
STALL
8'
DOUBLE BOX OT
in and from this chute hay will into play, for then four stalls go in between
upper part),
ly
be carried to the work horses. There is one single each set of posts. The manure drop we will
stall. make 24' wide and but 6" deep; there is then
For the sheep, the feed alley may be taken little clanger of the walk becoming soiled be-
yond
out and all the be thrown together. There the drop, and the shallowness makes it
pen
would be 784 feet of floor space with the less uncomfortable if a cow happens to step
square
alley " too little for 100 breeding ewes. in it.
Lights should be as high up as they can be
ROUND AI10 la X J 4
A
, \u
"" 1
r " "\ " a ' u.- "or t-"r-" "
6 ' J v
' 6 " uJwt- "
6 " ' -V ' ft 7
s-
i} " it
BOX " 01 "ox
GUTTCR TTiT
Till J "0
tr tr rr "O
" "
tWIOWJO" VAM NORHAH SIIUI J6*"W
X
XL -P- -Q
FIG. 61. BARN FOR 50 COWS (SIDE ELEVATION AND GROUND PLAN).
50 FARM BVILDlXOa.
placed, each sash hinged at its lower edge and held shut by weights when not in use. There
opening inwardly to permit a current of air to should be separate air shafts running up be-
tween
ray of sunlight of 13 square feet coming in to be made of wood. Iron in a cold climate fills
each 4 cows. A good plan, and not very costly, solidly with frost. An air shaft 12" square side
in-
is to use a greenhouse sash opener that will is large for four cows.
none too These air
open or close an entire row of lights at one time shafts should have openings at the ceiling level
by simply turning a wheel at one end. Or each that may be closed in cold weather, when they
window may have a separate fastening. will perhaps take air from the lower end. They
Some men have become hysterical over the will certainly if all else is adjusted.
matter of sanitation and declared that there Xow as to the rest of the stable, there must
must be no forage held over the cows at all. be somebox-stalls; we have provided five,which
They fear that the breath of the cows will taminate
con- will not always he enough for a herd of 50 cows.
the hay and spread disease. There is There must be the feed room where some grain
little or no basis for this fear. There is not a is stored and all is mixed; there must be bins
chance in a million that a cow will by her above the feed room whence spouts convey the
breath ascending into the hay carry disease to grain below; there must be the great loft pro-
vided
another cow. Moreover, the mow floor should with track and sling carrier,taking in hay
be made so tight that no exhalations of the stable at either end, and that is all of the absolute
will ascend into it at all. Then the entrances necessities.
to the hay chutes may have close-fittingdoors In the stable we think there should be three
GENERAL FARM BARNS. 51
floor
longest
running
is 8'
being
above
clear
on
the
across
the
foundation
Bides
the
of
barn.
a 12'
The
way
drive-
mow
HORSES
2tf JOff
"u
OPEN YARD
FOR CATTLE
YARD FOR HORSES
62 FARM BUILDINGS.
ing no posts or obstructions in the mow. The of the posts will then toe nail with spikesnicely
first rafters are 20', the upper ends resting to this block. There should be an overhang to
against a 40' hoop made of inch boards bent shelter the door in the end and the track in the
around until place; then
six thicknesses are in
the upper rafters (18') start from this hoop and
run to another 10' in diameter, this hoop being
made of 2" lumber which sawed in a circle with
four thicknesses,the cupola restingon this. This
makes a barn as solid as a rock and is just the
thing for a windy country.
HAY BARN WITH SHEDS. The illustration in Figs. 68 and 69 is the plan
of a South Dakota general-purposeplank frame
Figs. 66 and 67 represent a hay barn for al-
lowing bank barn 36'x?2' with solid concrete basement.
the hay to rest upon the ground and with The first story of 8' is of 12' studding with
sheds on each side. 16' rafters. The first half of the roof covers
Erect the sheds first,on each side of the 24' 10'. The purlin plates and posts are made of
Space in the center, then put up the rafters in three 2" x 6"s used as shown in the illustration.
the middle. The drawing shows the frame lengthwise of the first story,
so A driveway runs
floor and mow room for about 15 tons of hay." stable part 8' to under side of joistswill leave
The accompanying sketch (Fig. 71) was signed a mow
de- capable of holding more than the 15
to meet the requirements. Only the tons; in fact, posts of 14' would serve all right.
St
MOW
36'DEEP
32'
FIG. 70. STOCK EARN WITH HAY IN MIDDLE ( CROSS-SECTION ) .
N Q "
XO
m
ri
to co
'
FEED ALLEY 6
0"X QO 00
-1 G" X
FIG. 71. STABLE TOR HORSES, CATTLE AND SHEEP (GROUND PLAN).
CATTLE BARNS.
The ideal location for the barn should be as It is not uncommon to see in the middle of the
nearly as possible in the center of the farm. The night, in a large barn, 100 cattle aroused and
dwelling of course should be near. The vantage disturbed
ad- by one uneasy heifer or lost calf.
of having as pastures and fields Plank
flooring is to be avoided if possible.
many
directly connecting with the barns is obvious. It is unsanitary. Broken stone (8") with here
Time, distance and labor are saved, and sight
over- and there a 3" tile running to the outside, with
at all seasons of the stock made more G" of porous, yellow clay on top, wetted and
convenient. The character of the site, however, tamped, hardening like a brick, will always be
is of still greater importance, and perhaps there dry, never slippery, needs only here and there
is nothing worse than a low, flat, undrained after the winter is over a little fresh clav and
barnyard and adjacent lots. Strange to say, affords no harbor for rats. Many breeders prefer
however, nothing is more common. cement floors, which are in common use. Have
If such a location is unavoidable, then it will no narrow, contracted passageways in which the
enemv to thrift and flesh, and the floors of all convenient. Far better have one wide space,
sheds and pens should be high, dry and well not less than 10', which is less than the 3' in
drained. The importance of a sufficient ber
num- the center, in which the cattle have ample room
of well fenced, conveniently arranged lots quietly to walk to their stalls,where they stand
of sizes from a hundred or so square feet up to heads to the wall. A hand-cart mav be used
an acre or two should not be overlooked. There to distribute the feed (before the cattle come in
resulting in a corresponding variety of cows walk into such a stable from three trances
en-
qualities lacking, the others are almost sure to Every barn should have a mow sufficient at
l"e absent. The dark, cavernous recesses of verv least to supply its inmates with the winter's hay,
large barns are seldom ventilated or dry. The bins for bran and prepared feed, but it is the
heavy foundations imply a basement dark, damp opinion of many farmers that the corncribs
and malodorous. The great roof and floors mean should be separate and distinct structures.
heavy timbers, much skilled labor and In latitudes where the mercury only now and
expense,
and last but not least is the chance that some then falls below zero animals suffer more from
side and
ample windows. Nothing is so draughts and no over-heating and nochilling.
every
cheap as sunlight and yet nothing is so scarce Health and vitality are in direct proportion to
in the barn stable. Another great air and well bedded is half fed.
average or pure
advantage of somewhat scattered and smaller Xo matter how perfect the barn may be ing
noth-
buildings is the possibility of dividing the can take the place of abundant bedding, and
up
stock and obtaining direct access from different convenience in getting it in and getting it out
lot? and pastures for different classes of stock. (in the shape of manure) easily and rapidly is
56 FARM BUILDINGS.
a thing indispensable. As a rule the manure ago and has given the best of satisfaction. The
should go direct from the stalls to the pastures materials used in its construction were as lows:
fol-
and cornfields. long as small As 32 grains will
telegraph poles, 20' long; 32 tele-
graph
the cost of production the straw is a ficient
suf- poles, 25' long; 6,000' of boards, 16'
pay
profitto justifythe stockraiser in grow-
ing long; 30,000 shingles;400 battens, 3"x%", 16'
it. Sawdust and even dry leaves are useful long; 34 sash, 4 lights, 10"xl2"; 4,500' of
if straw is lacking. Water in the barn is not
always a success. A large central tank supply-
ing
drinking troughs in every lot, filled with
covers to be closed at night in the winter, seems
to serve every purpose, and it is a rare day when
all kinds of stock should not be turned out for a
forward one being 25' inside diameter with 18' Both are constructed of grout, a mixture of four
wnlla and 40' high with 8' in ground. The part6 ordinary gravel, two parts sand and one
other silo is 30' inside diameter and 40' high. part Portland cement. These silos have given
good satisfaction. The entire floor of the barn
ia also made of grout. A patent roofing is used
in covering both the sides and roof. This ia
+|J. below.
bushels
tons
As thus arranged the barn
of
of
hay,
corn,
holds 3,000
with
1,500
feeding
bushels
room
of
for
oats
40
and
head
65
of
cattle.
In order to increase the stock room and duce
re-
outside of this as before. A feed-bin 8'x6'x48' frame, the girders,posts and some other bers
mem-
was built, with a chute to stalls below. There being built up.
is room for 60 cattle (20 stalled),3,000 els
bush- This makes a much stronger job and saves
they are 4' apart, with additional foundations required. This arrangement requires less labor
set on stone under each crib. and material and makes a stronger construction,
. -c:
I V--.
r if'-n ,
L. -1
T
o
"
-I i!
r
5 n
"i I "
fT*U-
iU
TI
L-it -j
7
County, Iowa. The capacityof the barn figures so installed as to save much labor. (See Fig.
as follows: Hay, 240 tons; grain, 9,000 bush-
els; 80.) The power required to run the machinery
cattle, 100 head; horses, 10 head. The is furnished by a 12-horse power portable gaso-
frame is balloon construction and all of native
hardwood, the being sawed on Mr. Bar-
lumber clay's
farm. With the exception of the 4"xl2"
sill there is nothing thicker than 2" in the
UPT WM ELEVATION.
of the floor in the basement is of concrete. of hay being unloaded by slings and carriers
the that do not raise the hay higher than just
The floor for the horse stable, which is on
storage for all the cattle that can get beneath AX INDIANA CATTLE BAHX.
the roof and is so constructed that winds have
little effect upon it, the low roof deflecting them One of the largest and best cattle barns in
h arm lessl v upward. the country is that erected by F. A. N'ave, of
The dimensions are 60'xll2'. It is so signed, Fountain
de- County, Ind., for his Fairvicw ford
Here-
however, length may atthat
any the herd. Its construction is
clearly shown in
time be increase:! by adding more bents. The the diagrams from the architect's plans. The
principle,of construction is clearly shown in dimensions are 120' long. t!4' wide and 18' to
Fit]. 81, an end elevation showing a doorway- the eaves. It runs cast and west and is set into
framed to take in liny from the outside. This a hank that affords driveways from the level
feature is not in the barn as built. onto the upper floor at the east end and the
FARM BUILDINGS.
FARM BUILDINGS.
center and the middle partitions through the no explanation. This* barn is very substantially
entire row are movable, bo that two boxes may built but without extravagance. It was designed
be thrown into one. On either side the cows throughout by Mr. Nave as the most convenient
with calves may be tied, two to a stall, although plan that he could figure out for the economical
each stall will comfortably accommodate three care of a large herd. It will easily accommo-
cows. The convenience of the calf pens needs date 150 head of cattle, and 200 head may be
CATTLE BARNS. 03
15X38
Feed rack
5M wide
U K. X 78 F2 13 ''v X 76 n
M
r
S "
* 1
o CALF STABLE HC1FER BARN " COW STABLE 6 COWS
"
BULL
PADDOCK -.
4 BULL STALLS
J !
40 "
! 30 F*
.
DOO* 8FT I
56 n
comfortably housed without crowding. The a steel hay track above the feedway, running
second story will hold all the provender and age
for- the whole length of the barn, 78'. Above the
needed for a large herd, thus doing away basement is a large hay mow and rooms for feed
with the necessity of hay barns and fodder and machinery. The basement itself is 8' high,
stacks. In the west end the mill rooms are the posts are 12"xl2"; joists,2"xl2"; braces,
located, and the prepared feed drops below to 4"x4"; rafters,2"x4", and the barn cost about
the mixing floor. $2,500.
of the roof and running a track in from that other circular track and eouveyor takes away the
height which may be carried across to within manure. Above the passage and just within the
20' of the opposite side, and that will serve outer door there will be chutes from
very above, down
well to distribute the hay. which will come hay, bran and other feed, the
The walls should be made 24' high, the ment
base-
granaries being located there and filled from the
8' to 10', the roof will rise 20' and the door
that takes in hay. There would be
same
little turret in the peak will be about 48' above other hay chutes leading down to the floor.
the foundation. The roof is self-supporting,
the Abundant light and air are let in to the base-
ment
by a practicallycontinuous window 3' high
and 3' above the ground. The sashes of this
window hinge at the bottom edge and incline
inward, each one being opened all at one motion
!ehd section).
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 ii i L
Mr asr 2o'si
/ s-jftur qmimid re iwof
(50 cattle: the larger cattle would lie in for hay and straw, and in view of the vast tity
quan-
the oil tor circle, the smaller ones in the inner row. of forage description wasted
of that ly
annual-
One feeding alloy serves for the two rows and a from lack of protection from the inclement
circular track brings in grain or silage and an- weather the question arise? as to whether or not
CATTLE BARNS. 05
more attention should W given to that subject cxercise any day in severe weather. Fig. 93
hi the construction of Imms. shows the ground floor. The specificationspro-
vide
The plan indicates a ham 5O'x70\ with cattle this barn with manure-carriers behind the
stalls and a 3' alley on each side, central space eattle. feed carriers with track in front of them
and entire area above the stalls lieing devoted and numerous windows to admit light and air.
to the mowing of hay and straw. The ''end The windows are hinged at the lower edge and
section" (Fig. 90) is intended to show this rangement.
ar- inwardly with greenhouse construction, bo
open
the barn.
Material of
following description is used ;
the
Sills, 6"x8";
joists, 2"x8"; corner posts.
6"x6" ; other posts, 4"xfi" ; braces, 4"x4" :
recently built by H. H. Trimble, Davis County, Sectional hay chutes extend down into the feed
la. It has 84 single stalls and 10 liox-stalls or alleys. The barn has cement floors and Van
breeding pens. There are bins for grain and stor- Xonnan stalls. This barn has proved very sat-
age for 350 tons of forage above. Silos be Isfactory to the proprietor, who that "we
may says
conveniently added, one at the end of each wing, believe we have saved $1,000 of its cost in one
where the feed-carrier will convey the silage season in grain and hay and in preventing loss
down the central allev lietwecn the rows of tle.
cat- of flesh in the animals.''
The barn is 30' wide and forms three sides A BARN FOR BREEDING CATTLE.
of an open court (Fig. 92). which is fi(S'x*8\
-A A-
HEf
insuring of perature
tem-
-56'- of freezing and water even
at all times.
CATTLE BARNS. 67
The dimensions of this ham are 71' 8"xl21' center barn. With largebarns of this type there
10". The diagrams shown in Figs. 96, 97 and must be unloaded a great deal of hay and there
98 present a clear idea of its arrangement. is nothing that compares with the sling for un-
loading
Feed is conveyed by trolleycars on either side hay, and the use of the slingcalls for an
of the main floor and in front of the cattle stalls. open-center barn with no ties across the mow
The capacity of the hay loft is 260 tons. The floor. Two purlin platessupport the roof. The
hay is taken up in the center of the barn and roof is half pitch. This frame is built of solid
timber, but 2" joistsmay be used. In this case
sal
) D M
fc"
V
I *
n *
oo
V a D
* *
I
o I
P4
"" *
" a "
a I
- on *
"
DtlVE.
OVEIC1CTCV
i
i
u
I i
7"JCT"
I flRST FLOOR PLAN i FOUNDATION flAN
closed when chutes reaching from the mow above and coming
not in use. Alleys behind the stalls
wide that down the purlin posts. There is room between
are enough so a manure spreader for
the rows of stalls for the driving in of the wag-
ons
receivingthe manure may be driven through and
taken to clean out the trenches, although there is
directlyto the fields.
not room to drive in between the cows when
they are in their stalls. The stalls may be put
AX OPEN-CENTER CATTLE BARN.
further apart than they are if it is not thought
The cattle barn shown herewith is 50' x 105' best to turn the cattle into the yard while the
with a basement 10' high and second floor posts stable is being cleaned. The stalls are 3%'
16'. Fig. 99 illustrates plainly the method of apart, thus getting 14 animals in a row. The
framing. It will be seen that this is an open- whole barn may be divided in this way, or part
1
68 FARM BUILDIVGS.
of it may be made into pens in which polledor a cistern which receives its supply of water from
dehorned cattle may run loose. Very thorough the roof. oats and
The ground feed may be
ventilation should be provided in so large a spouted from the bins to two feed alleys.Dis-
tribution
barn where so many animals are confined. The of the ground feed may be made by
hay chutes providequite well to carry off the means of the small cart pushed by hand from
vitiated air,but provisionshould be made for a which may be measured the rations that each
fresh in-flow. The bents are spaced 15' apart animal is to receive. Fig. 100 also illustrates
because that distance fits the stalls. If the lum- the method of keeping the joists from being in
the wav of the feed allevs. The location of
the stalls in the basement should be made with
WALK accuracy before the buildingis erected,so that
ESS nothing will be in the way when all is done.
If built in joistframe this barn can be pleted
com-
do vv si
iii in good shape and fitted with stalls for
from $1,000 to $1,500.
FEED P^SSAGi
FEEP 4LLEY.
POJT "
9
Cilouhd Play, or
Cattle Barn.
SO x I0S tyitk
J). K.
Po5T"
ILFt 18- Ft IC Ft
B 3.
FIG. 101. OPEN-CENTER CATTLE BARN (GROUND FLOOR). FIG. 102. MISSOURI BARN PLAN.
ber must be
bought it would be better to use 16' self-feeder is placed in the basement. The
spaces, making a wider feed alley,as odd lengths chutes A and the octagon ends of the cribs
are not kept in stock. This would make the empty into the self-feeder. The barn has a
length of the barn 112'. Fig. 101 shows the capacityof 25 tons of hay, 1,500 bushels of
floor. The incline of the driveway is built over corn and 500 bushels of oats. Xine singleand
70 FJJtM BV1LDINQ8.
the rate of 25 pounds per head per day. If manure. This building may be of any conven-
there is a little silageleft over until summer it ieat length, or may enclose three sides of a square
can be used to advantage in supplementing pas-
tures, to the south in which cattle will be tered.
shel-
open
which are often short during a part of It is all of joistframe construction,with-
out
that season. sills or wooden floor. The floor is hard clay,
The cross section of the frame {Fig. 105) which is as good as anything where cattle run
head taken out; the concrete was then tamped BARN FOR BEEF CATTLE.
thoroughly in these harrels and when it became
hard the hoops on the barrels were cut and the Thos. Johnson of Ohio built a barn that is de-
scribed
staves removed, leaving a round concrete pier as one of the best in America. The plan
which to lay the stone
any farm-
er
on caps. is so simple and adaptable that almost
The outside wall of the barn was made of or cattle breeder could imitate it. The general
stones (boulders) laid in cement. It is Z\W form is of a long and rather narrow barn, with
high, 3' wide at the base and 2' wide on top. two equal wings enclosing three sides of a court
About 18" of it is in the ground. From the 80' x%88'. It is so designed that there shall
ground floor to the mow floor is 10'; this gives be an shed across the front of the court,
open
the cattle plenty of room. The second floor or thus completely enclosing the space and tually
effec-
hay mow will hold about 160 tons of hay, which shutting off all wind and storm from
is fed through six chutes, three on each side of whatever direction it may come. See Figs. 110
the barn, placed 10' on each side of the center to 119.
of the mow, thus making the two rows of chutes The thought in designing this barn was, first,
20' apart. These chutes are cone-shaped,larger and
at the least cost to provide shelter,warmth
at the top than at the bottom, and feed into a food for that
the animals. Next, to see they
were amply provided with light and air; then
that they should be so stalled as to appear in
"~*r-C J" " *
1 plain view to visitors in all their comeliness;
i
"
then that it should be so arranged as to be easy
"
"
to care for and feed the cattle and to remove
$2,000 a few years ago. stalls that could be used for either calves or for
FARM BUILDINGS.
II I J I HI,- IT
Sic
1 -a Sir
"
CATTLE BARNS. 73
EH llllIII
*A 6* 12'
ffT
nn =5f tiimiiiil
oL_ 1 1 Ji er
i i
^i
llili
U L-jsli Li
/"
hospitalstalls or for nurseries with mothers and open mangers. And as there would be bulls
calves. and other animals needing strong, tight stalls
In any beef cattle herd there will be a number it was designed that one wing should be given
of drv cows and heifers that are better off over to these stalls. As all that goes into a
not to be tied up at all,and these could be well barn must come out it was designed that carts
cared for to run loose and have onlv shelter or manure spreadersmight be delivered through
from the weather and a morsel of alfalfa or the barn from end to end and transversely,
clover, with perhaps a ration of silage or a bite while overhead feed carrier tracks would carry
of bran. Therefore one wing was designed to large boxes of feed along in front of the calves
be for the use of loose cattle, fed together in and along the rows of box-stalls. Hay would
FRAMC OF SHED
ACR05S FRONT 0" C0ORT
10
to
A- ^ 10'- "i
MiJk.
FIGS. 114 AND 115. RAKN FOR HKKF CATTLE (FRAMEWORK AND SHED FRAME)
74 FARM BUILDINGS.
T~ 0 y
t CALf PENS t c
ft -Ok.
1r jy
=a"-
"" 8'
?*"-$" 2*w2-a'
H n n a
x
PASSAGE "
-"r
-"-*"
30'
6' i m"
-u.
I "
'
I
*
i i
I I 110 JsASH
3 UOMT \tx"
3')RAILT0PAHJDBiTT(j*!
i_Ll
FIG. 118. BABN FOB BEEF CATTLE (SASH WORK).
CATTLE BARN8. 75
be in
convenientlypijit from the middle of the about
the building. They are as high up as
barn, going each way and from each wing, enter- possibleout of the way of cattle. They are
in? at the ends. All would be floored with con-
crete, glazed with 12" x 32" glass,three to each sash,
including the court. are hinged at the bottom and open inwardly;
Thus the plan was worked out a main barn " when the building is complete these windows
160' long, with two wings each 116', a width of will be controlled by greenhouse sash openers so
36' and posts of 18'; a lower story 8' in clear, that an entire row may be opened slightly, or
9' to floor joists,stalls 8' wide, each holding (wide as ,may be needed. Ventilation is by
two cows (which gives fine room) and box- means of these windows and up through chutes
stalls 8' x 12' for calves and singlematrons with passing through the mow above while ample
larger stalls for bulls. The carpenter lessened ventilators carrv awav the vapors. It was not
the height of the barn by 2' and thus without thought best in this barn, designed for beef cat-
tle
any material saving in expense greatly lessened well fleshed and thus to
cold-resistant, at-
W.I2' W.IZ
TJ
00
I0X STALLS
8 "12'
Q. h. rx
I
i ar
o
o
T DOUBLE STALLS
/
56LDN6
0
I
PAKTOFTf
'THE
ESE STALLS TO BE 5'lON6FOR HEIFF8R5i SHORT
OljlLY COWS
MANGER TO DROP
MANGER 36'
its carrying capacity of hay and straw, and tempt to keep the temperature high, and it was
should other barn for similar be believed that abundance of fresh air, even
any purpose an
constructed the proportions as originally though comparatively cold, would better duce
con-
planned for Mr. Johnson should be preserved. to the health of the cattle. Thus also the
The barn is admirable, take one wing of it or outer court was planned so that every matron
anv section, and if a breeder cannot afford to should spend part of her time therein each day
own it in its entiretyhe can copy 48', 64/, 80' unless the weather proved unusually severe.
or 96' of its length with confidence in its pro-
portions. The problem of stalls is one that received
much thought; many measurements of good-
Calling attention to some essential features, sized cows were taken before a decision was
the windows form almost a continuous band reached. Finally a length of 5' from front of
FARM BUILDINQ8.
manger to drop was decided on, with part of ta died. They Deed not reach down 30" to eat,
the stalls 5' 6" long to drop. The drop in the since the floor of the manger is raised 12" and
design is but 4" and from it the floor slopes this floor extends level across the feed alley
upward to the level of the stall in a distance which is G' wide, and thus the feeder
may feed
of 30". Of course this elope must be rough the cows on the level of the alleyway, and aB
enough to prevent the slipping of animals step- there is no back to the mangers there can be no
ping thereon, but it effectually prevents the accumulation of refuse gather, and after each
spread of urine over the walk and at the same feeding all may be swept out readily. Cows
time makes cleaning very easy. The front of pull their food toward them, rather than push
the manger he 30" high, to be built of 2" it away, and therefore a back to a manger ia
may
oak plank and to this front the cows are at- not necessary. The partitions between the stalls
78 FARM BUILDINGS.
14 80
I isn/w
i
" CHUTE
I
I
i
I
i
" CD
* CHUTE
i
i 4' t
"
#
.
HAT "
"tf HAY " ^ HAr MS
i c
i
i
\. t
i
="
g
s
STRAW CHUTE
HAYCHUTE HAYCHUTE
TMPMM
-""lt
"!? FtF ,-
S 8' 8 V Sir-*
^
i*"V
[ 50- - ""
TRAPDOOR
"
t i HAY HAY
HAYCHUTE
li "*""
W *
"
I 1
V
*^ W V^w
ff%
FI6.2 FIG 3
30- "
cement and extends 2' above the ground. The A BARS FOR 125 CATTLE.
feed troughs rest on the cement wall, Fig. 12!i,
and total about 35' of trough and rack, which The problem of accommodating 125 head of
will accommodate 100 head of cattle at one cattle is a simple one (see Fig. 128). They
time. Fig. 126 shows the horse stalls and grain should have approximately 40 square feet of floor
bins on the second floor,also the truss rods under gpace when running loose. That makes a need
the third floor. for around 5,000 feet of floor room.
square
80 FARM BUILD1NC8.
1Q.8
"i*tif\i f ^^^f* TAi
ROiLUN6 OOOR
'A'l'i'UlW14JM1L1 U0" AN8 RAOIf
54'
'
LOOSE CATTLE
r CM
cop5
k.
FEED TROUGH AND RACK " OPENING
FEED ALLEY
3E
FEEIJTROUGh AND RACK .
LOOSE CATTLE'
9'
8
uiC
"X"
CD
2
i "
STALL
tMTTRTM s!
4
FEEO TROUGH J RACK i
na. 126. a cattle barn in Indiana (first floor plan.)
AN INDIANA STOCK BARN". double and the joistsbroken. The studding for
the sides are 16' long set 2' on centers. They
Fig. 129 shows the plan of the barn built for have a shoulder cut in the top end to admit of a
a
~
Decatur "
~
120
ID- o9
a
MANGER 34 V FOR HaY AND CO^N
q
ENGINE ROOM
AND
g cr
GRINDER o
oi
"-
as
ui
O
" xl
5 "-"
so
STALL
STALL.
00
o X
.STALL STALL
"
u
on "
o aO
I
FEED ROOM FEED ROOM
X a X CONCRETE FLOOR CONCRETE FLOOR I
a:
so
a
I is
UJ LJ
a "
w
Ul O STALL Lt STALL
o u z
Q
"
i
o
"-
u
s STALL STALL
Jh
12 12
STALL STALL
FIG. 128. BARN FOR 125 CATTLE.
the driveway. The hatchway for taking up the drop siding and the inside finish is ship lap put
hay is located in the center of the barn. There on diagonally. The doors are all roller doors.
are trap doors between the hatchway and each The whole cost of the barn was $2,800 when
end also. As the hay is fed out these can be originallybuilt.
opened to save carrying the feed so far.
The section shown in Fig. 131 is comprised NORTH DAKOTA COLLEGE BARN.
of the following pieces of timber: side studding
The part of this cattle barn
main stands
north south, and is 135' long and 37' wide.
and
It holds two rows of stock facing the center,
with a 5' feed passage through the middle. The
feed passage connects with the silo, which lows
al-
the silage to be thrown into a small truck
and drawn through the between the
passageway
mangers as it is fed to the stock. (See Fig.
133.)
On the east is a projection 10' long by 32'
wide, containing an office,a stair and a milk
room. On the west is a large wing 50' long by
37' wide, with two rows of box-stalls of different
sizes,stairs, watering troughs, and closet. The
building has 16' studding throughout.
The stalls are of the Bidwell pattern, and are
of different sizes,ranging from 3' to 3' 4" in
2"x8", 16' long; rafters 2"x6", first span 20' which prevents the animal walking forward
long and the top span 16' long ; braces 2" x 6", through it. This stall can be adjusted to suit
10' long. There are about 45,000 feet of hard the size of the animal. The gutters are 16"
wood in the building and 10,000 feet of dressed wide and 6" deep at the back, with 1" slope
yellow pine, also 65,000 shingles to cover. from front to back. The box-stalls are of ferent
dif-
The roof has three double dormer windows sizes.
on each side and a cupola on top with double The second floor has feed bins, attendant's
windows on each side. The combs of the mer
dor- room and hay mows. The hay 1b taken in by
windows are on a level with the break in means of hay forks to all parts of the barn.
the main roof. The floors of the office and milk rooms are
The outside weather boarding is yellow pine double, with building paper between. These
CATTLE BARNS. 83
37'-
fc
""
7*1'
"""! tfP.
*****
"
*#"tr g*
*."e
"
rooms are ceiled with western fir ceiling. The each row of mangers there is a feed box for each
remainder of the first floor is laid with sized animal, designed to hold about a week's rations
2".\10" plank. The plunks constituting the of concentrates; while this is necessary in experi-
mental
stall floors are laid with western fir throughout. work, it would not be needed by the
The silo is round in form and is 24' in eter,
diam- farmer. The five calf pens are fitted with
inside measurement. The wall is made stanchions which are used to secure calves and
of brick, 28' high and 20" thick, with a dead young animals at feeding time only. Chutes are
air space in the center of it. The floor and wall so arranged that' hay is dropped from above into
are cemented with the host grade of cement. A the feed alleys, and straw behind the stalls at
dormer window in the silo serves as an intake the most convenient points. The manure ters
gut-
for green corn or other material with which the are 6" deep from the stall side and 4" on
pit is filled. A second dormer window on the the opposite side; they are 10" wide. The manure
opposite side of the roof furnishes light, is conveyed by car running on a cable to a con- crete
originally been used for a graiu barn. The Figs. 134 and 135 represent the pure-bred
outer dimensions of the foundation are 45' x SO'. dairy and beef barn now in use at the Michigan
The bam will accommodate 33 head of mature Agricultural College. This entire structure was
cattle, and from 18 to 20 head of calves and originally designed for a dairy barn, and the
yearlings. The first row of 11 stalls from the north part was fitted solely with box-stalls which
south end is filled with swinging stanchions and have Ixsn removed and fitted to handle the pedi-
gree
short partitions to permit calves to suckle with beef herd, thus putting all pure-bred cat- tle
ease. The second row of stalls is fitted for the under the same roof. The two parts are to
handling of milch cows; these stalls are ated
separ- be entirely separated on the ground floor. The
by gates and the
kept in place by
cow is north x main
70', now building on the end, 43'
a chain fastened across The behind.
remaining furnishes stall room for at least 16 head of ma-
ture
or third row is fitted with heavy solid plank and from 24 to 36 head of young
titions,
par- cows,
for handling feeder steers. In front of stuff,depending on size: the young dairy stock
FARM BUILDINGS.
I BET
CAWIAIIF HOUSE 1 FLOOR " g r
in ft ffwii mffliH
BARN FLOOR
M
OVESEIUBS
Feed cars are used to convey silage, hay and three separated from
silos the barn proper by
accommodates covered alleyway 26' wide. On both sides of
roots. The south part, or annex, a
40 dairy cows and heifers of various sizes. this barn are enclosed open yards with roofs
all the way round. The larger of the two yards
YARDS. is 116' x 160' and the smaller one 190'x"l20'.
CATTLE BARN WITH OPEX
There arc about 36 cow stalls and 15 calf stalls,
Fig. 137 shows a plan for a barn 175' long besides accommodations for about 20 horses.
the south end of which This barn has stone foundation and is built
and 91' wide, at are a on
STORAGE OVER
ENGINE
u J
"MAN6ER
FEED ALLEY
n nMANGFRn n.
1
W
WTER EN6INER0OM
10x12.'
the joist frame construction plan. (See Fig. with three objectsin view: First, the
136.)
A BARN
Illustrations
139 and 110
FOR
and
FEEDING
The
feed way and
raised about
feeding of
entire corn
entire basement
one
10"
young
crop;
side of
above
cattle; second, the use
third, the saving of all
139.) The around the wall will easily them, if this is desired. The is 22'
space building
accommodate 60 weanling calves. A manure wide, with 18' posts, a basement 8' in the clear,
spreader can be driven entirely around the through which one may drive to remove manure.
is
at the east end of the barn protectsthe entrances s
* KM*
"
S " YARD 'OR to COWS
86X14'
to the basement and provides exercise and ter
shel- or
""
Is
for cattle. The silo is at the west end
-.1
of the building; is of 100 tons capacity,con-
structed L:J""i L
I W
"""
4M"
J
"
MOV MM
well laid in cement mortar, and excavated about
d' deep. The bays at the eastern end and the
spac^ above the machinery accommodate a large " "s * YAM Ft* 20 MtlflAJ
44*S*'
I
for taking care of the corn crop.
All grinding,shredding and filling of silo is done I
in O
I
under cover and all feeding indoors. A 12'
-
"
cemented floor shed is located on the north side "/; e YARD fOR. 20 lUUI
" _" P' ._
3 .
44'$r
of building (see Fig. 138). The mangers are
i* !e
2' above the floor,but level with main floor of
barn. The entire cost of building as con-
structed,
*."
including cost of silo and machinery,
was $3,500. FIG. 141. A BREEDING CATTLE BARN (ABRANQEMENT).
A BREEDING CATTLE BARS'. ing time. The mow is calculated to hold ample
hay and straw for caring for all the animals
A western breeder asking fur a design for a that should be beneath it, and with little addi-
tional
barn for beef cattle that there shall be
specifies room. Provide for little glass in the left
space for 20 young bulls,20 heifers,20 cows and wing, since the sides of the sheds next the court
as manv calves, with stalls for 20 cattle and 5 be nearly all open would
to the air at all times
bulls, besides some box-stalls and four double
(strong slidingdoors might be provided,if they
horse stalls. would be left open), but where the stalls come
The general scheme shown in Fig. 141 is of a much provision should be made for light and
times be subdivided, making a few stalls 8'x9', weather. The roof over the manger is of vanized
gal-
thus increasingthe. capacity. Gates will divide corrugated iron; the other roof is of
them. The plan calls for 'about 62,000 feet of slate with a capaciouseaves-t rough.
lumber and the barn should be completed for
$2,500 to $3,000. A CATTLE SALE PAVILION.
Figs. 142 and 143 show a bull barn used by (see Fig. 14 i) seats GOO people (Fig. 146)
George Taylor in England.
It is finished in a substantial English ner,
man-
CLCVATION
m
00
*{'*
"o
V,
14' 'CONCRETE 8'
~9"
ring is afforded by skylightsin the roof. The The girders are 1" x 4" native lumber bent
stalls are well lighted by two windows in each around the outside of the studding. The boards
ride. The building is very economical of mate-
rial are double and put on so as to break joints. This
and space and may be built at very erate
mod- makes a 2" x 4" girder. The plates are made
expense, or if desired made quite ate.
elabor- of 1" x 6" in the same manner; the rafters are
^OVT CNTRAUtt
(iates opening into the stalls are 4' wide and are
high. The sills are made of boards 1" x 6", convenience in handling stock. There are 12
A SMALL CATTLE BABN. beef. The main barn is G0'x56' and 22' to the
eaves, which givesample loft room over the sheds
Fig. 149 shows a cattle barn and shed ing
adjoin- in which hay is stored, and the center mow
that has been used for five years with satis-
factory
blown full of straw. The box and milch cow
results in raising and fattening young stalls have plenty of sunlight and are closed but
" "" """"I
few days in the year. About 25 cows keptare
own G*A"N
for raisingcalves; they have the protectionof
BIN BIN
ALLEY
the open shed with mangers in which is fed
CO roughage, usually corn fodder, while their
calves get through a creep into the shed of the
HAYMOW main barn, where they are fed clover hay, oats,
Q
bran and a little chopped corn and oilmeal, which
LU
z
CO
they learn to eat long before they are weaned.
ALLIV Their grain is fed in troughs in an open yard.
"-" 1 "'
"M
rmrn A large gate between box-stall and shed admits
COW
ITAU.
"
STALLS "tau.
of driving the entire length of the barn, which
"""" 4. " " " " """ ^
the farm
On a generalstyleand principlemay the ground floor for a feed-mixing room and hay
be employed in building housing for horses and may be delivered to the manger in each box di-rectly
cattle. Preceding pages in this work may be taken by chutes or to convenient spots in the
as suggesting horse shelter for many farms, alleyways. If each box is equipped with a chute
but when it comes to building stables exclusively a great waste of hay is almost certain,as the ten-
dency
so that they slope inward for the first four feet with the feed room below by spouts. In
of their height, being at the ground point one the comb of the roof in large barns there should
foot inside the of
perpendicular the wall. This be a complete system of tracks for hay forks or
prevents a horse from being cast or rubbing his slings, admitting of the filling of theloft from
tail or bruising his hocks. Doors from each box each end.
should open to the outside. This insures a ready Partitions between box-stalls for the first five
egress for the animals in case of fire and an easv or six feet from the ground upward must be very
wav to clean out the boxes day bv dav. Once the strong and substantial. Above this,iron rods y/'
manure is thrown on the outside it mav be drawn thick or heavy wire netting should be used.
away and spread on the grassland?or fields at Horses love company and if closelyconfined but
once and its utmost benefit secured to the farm. unable to see one another they are likelyto get
A gravel or stone road should be laid entirely restless and contract the bad habit of pawing.
around a stable with these outside doors. The These iron rods should l)c ?et top and bottom in
inside space of a large barn must necessarily
con-
tain oak or other hardwood timber 2" x 4" in size and
boxes which cannot open to the outside. the edges should always be rounded off with the
These should communicate bv lar^e doors with plane. It seems likelythat partitionsof concrete
broad alleyways. will come into great favor. For the mangers iron
Convenient space should always be reserved on i"* preferred bv some and wood by others, but
92 FARM BUILDINGS.
horsemen of the day, but the feeding of long in the barn or a convenient pump is preferred
hay on the floor is wasteful. It is better to vide
pro- by many owners to a system of water troughs
a manger bound with tin or sheet iron to in the stalls which must be cleansed daily or
prevent gnawing. The best flooringfor the boxes become foul from the dropping of feed in them.
is a hard clay. A watering trough of cement, galvanized iron or
Light and air are essential in all horse barns. wood, convenientlyplaced in the stable yard or
Windows should be easilyopened and each one inside the stable, is perhaps as economical of
should be fitted with a wire screen so that in time and labor as the individual troughs in each
summer the flies may be kept out. Doors to the stall,when the trouble of keeping the latter clean
outside should be in two parts, the lower half is considered. Fresh cool water in the summer
If the design is to build a barn which may THE STABLING AT OAKLAWJf FARM.
be used partiallyfor breeding horses and also *
for driving horses, a series of standing stalls When horses were first kept at Oakl^wn 40
should be arranged. These may be floored with years ago the big basement barn was the, main
their the premises made famous fyvthe
pine or other planks for two-thirds of structure on so
length,allowing the fore feet to rest on a clay late Mark W. Dunham, DuPage Co., 111. It is
floor. A well-built harness room fitted with cases still a central figure. Observe this barn in4 the
in which the leather goods may be shut up tight
air- diagram showing the stabling on this fatm.
is desired. The ammonia arising from the There are three stories in it " the stone bi^e-
stables where kept is very destructive
horses are ment filled with box-stalls onlv, the floor *or
both to leather and the varnish on carriages.For "show barn" on the ground level,also filled with
this reason the carriage house should be shut off box-stalls,and the loft above for the storage dt
from the section in which the horses are kept. hay and grain. This barn stretches its length
Glass doors should be used in the harness cases east and west. The barn where the driving
in order that the condition of the leather may horses are kept adjoins it on the west, but that
be readilynoted. in its width extends some 12' or more to the
Ventilation is one of the essentials in a stable. southward, which cannot be seen in the diagram.
There must be air shafts from the lower story Room is provided single stalls on the upper
in
leading to slatted cupolas on the comb of the ground level for driving horses. Still to the
12
roof. If a reasonable amount of attention is west of this driving barn is the coach house
paid to the location of the windows and doors with room for 20 vehicles of all sizes from the
there need not be any trouble as to the supply barouche to the runabout or single speeding
of necessary fresh air, but ample shafts to carry buggy. Above the driving horse barn and the
off the heated foul air must be provided. coach house are the lofts where the seedcorn and
Generally it is well to devote barns to one tinct
dis- other similar supplies are stored in winter "
a
use or another but verv satisfactorv com- fire being kept in the coach house in cold weather.
posite structures may be built. If there are Below these two divisions are the root cellars,
several stallions,usually the most valuable ani- solid stone walled pits where hundreds of tons
mals on the farm to be cared for, it is best to of carrots, sugar beets and mangels are stored
give them a stable by themselves, and in such a each fall for the winter consumption of the 600
case, more than in any other, doors should open or more horses, young and old, on the farm.
to the outside. Fire is an ever-present possibility Observe now the convenience with which the
94 FARM BUILDINGS.
and, as in all other barns, is removed each day purest water, which is pumped by the engine to
or twice a day as the case may be, to be at once a reservoir back of Oaklawn House on thehighest
spread on the land most requiring it. The mous
enor- part of the farm. From there the water is dis-
tributed
crops of hay grown and fed at Oaklawn, to every barn and field by means of
and the excellence of the grain crops on this pipes sunk 6' to 8' in the ground. The supply
farm prove of this method
efficacy
the of utilizing is never-failing,
but is reinforced by a plicity
multi-
the vast quantitiesof horse manure which must of windmills and wells in the pastures
be handled each season. In addition, after the somewhat remote from the main engine. An-other
elements
fertilizing have had due opportunity to well, fitted with a powerful windmill, is
be dissolved and sink into the earth, the un- placed at the southeast corner of the show barn,
rotted straw is carefullyraked up again when as shown in the drawing, Fig. 150, to aid in
dry and carted back to the barns, where it is maintaining a full supply in times of drouth.
stacked and made to do duty as bedding once In addition to supplying the stable and fields
more. with water the engine and main well are also
In the second story of No. 6 is a vast amount made to supply Oaklawn House and other smaller
of hay and grain storage, that portion of the dwellingson the farm.
barn having been built with an open center with Such is the OaklawTn plant. Its convenience
a view of affording the utmost room for this for the purpose for which it is used is beyond
purpose. Large storage of oats and bran is also criticism. The small barn, where the show and
provided, the necessary bags of these products breeding horses are kept for the most part, is
being swung to their place by means of an genioussituated by itself and
in- about half way from the
system of ropes and pulleys which ables
en- double-stalled barn to No. 5. It extends north
the work to be easilyand quickly done by and south nearlv to the main road and is in itself
horse power. Similarly the hay floor is filled a model for its uses. It has limited hay storage
from the wagons by means of slings,harpoons above the boxes and
plenty of room for grain,
and grip forks, the tracks being laid in the apex while the appliancesfor mixing feed on the main
of the roof with the object of fillingthe loft floor are thoroughly modern.
from either or both ends, as the case may be, and The same may be said of all the other barns.
at the same time from both if desired. It may The objecthas been in arranging the entire plant
be said that this barn proved to make
plans ap-
was the steps taken by the grooms
built from the fewest
beforehand by
companies the possibleunder the circumstances.
insurance The hay may
with which the risk was placed. be dropped just where wanted and the grain
Directlysouth of about the middle of the run-
ning spouted to its place for mixing. The walls of
shed and well down the hill is the black-
smith the box-stalls are all fitted with small sliding
shop, safelyremoved from both that shed doors opening into the mangers so that the
and the singlestory sheds which run north and grooms need not enter the boxes when feeding
south to meet it at its westernmost end. In the the horses and most of the boxes are also fitted
middle of the quadrangle formed by the root with water troughs into of water
which a supply
cellars,the single story sheds and the basement may be turned at will or in which one may be
barn stands the engine which pumps the water retained permanently by means of ball and float
for the entire farm, boils feed, grinds grain, valves. The buildingsare all painted a dark rich
shreds fodder, sawTs wood and the like. red, the trimmings being white. The mares and
In each barn there are several hvdrants. The foals are kept on other parts of the farm which
well which is driven in the center of the rangle
quad- cannot be sren in the engraving to which this
described grants an abundance of the refers.
HORSE BARNS AND STABLES. 95
of the structure, which is very handsome in its training school without the
expense of the roof
architecture, economical in its construction and by allowing the roof of the boxes to projectover
admirable in its arrangement. the inner circular court about 12', thus fording
af-
The dimensions and capacityappear in figures a covered track under shelter the entire
on the diagrams. The grooms have very com-
fortable distance around without a singlepost. The drain-
pipes
steam-heated quarters in the second from the eaves are hinged, so that they
story, over the harness and wash rooms, and may be hooked
up to the inner side of the roof
there is ample reserve room over the left wing out ofway,thethus giving an arena 119' in
of the front of the barn. A feature not shown diameter, with 12' under cover all around the
in the diagram is the half-storv over the entire outer circle. The inner circle on the diagram
circle of boxes, which affords storage for a large is an imaginary line, designed to show the dis-
tance
quantity of hay that can be mowed away and that the roof projectsover the court. The
entire court is laid in rolled cinders and has a great amount of damage to the animals contained
alight fall toward the center for drainage. All therein. On one side of the main barn are open
doors opening into it may be tightlyclosed, thus stalls for the coach horses. In addition to the
affording as fine a training and exercising arena doors to the box-stalls from the interior are small
as could be desired in clear weather, while it windows and on the exterior of the stalls are
must be a very stormy day that will interfere windows placed well up. They afford plenty of
with work on the 12' track under shelter. light while not allowing the stallions a view of
Twenty-eight box-stalls, each 10' x 12', give what is going on outside.
luxurious quarters to the horses. In the center of the stallion barn are largo
A COACH AND STALLION BARX. ventilators, while the wings afe ventilated with
circular ventilators made of galvanized iron. In
J. B. Haggin's combination coach and stallion the upper barn is room for the feed, hay and
barn at Elmendorf Farm inKentucky is in ing
keep- grain.
with the substantial buildings at that great As a model of fireproofconstruction the Hag-
breeding establishment. It is constructed of gin coach and stallion barn is considered about
stone and brick,
upper the
part of the building the best around Lexington, Ky.
being of the latter
material, while over all is a
tile roof, making the structure as nearly fire-
proof A MONTAXA HORSE BARX.
as it is possible to make such a building.
(See Fig. 153.) The dimensions of this barn, shown in Fig.
Mr. Haggin had in mind the great value of his 1:14, 36'x84'; posts arc 12' apart; two horses
are
"tallions when he ordered the barn built. As a are put in a stall;the stalls are 12' wide, facing
atallion barn it is
fairly large structure, the
a the sides of the barn. There are several tages
advan-
main barn having two wings, one on each side. in this arrangement: horses are easily put
In both the main structure and the wings are in and taken out, easily groomed, and harness
box-stalls for the coach horses and valuable may he hung on hooks suspended by pulleys
stallions which form the nucleus of his oughbred
Thor- right behind them and drawn up out of the wav.
stud. The partitions between the hox- Besides with such wide stalls it is easy to put
Btalls and the main barn are of brick (Fig. 153) feed in their mangers even when the horses are
only when hay is put in; at other times it is end of rafters over box-stalls and under the
closed with swinging partitionsand made into upper end of rafters over exercisingroom, giving
two box-stalls,which useful in perfectlightand ventilation. An office and car-
are very any
stable. This stable mav be equipped with an
for oats
In the mow
to be
floor there
spouted down
should
beside
be bins
the
r~.
or corn,
I2x"
"Tf
/
WNOf"
"9ovt"*9rnu. OOUMfiSTAU.
7
idnuL
12x12
J /
DRJVEU. WAV
i I 7
" "
OniuSnu
12x12
16TMU. "a 't wioc
"*MOC"
1 *
/ /
CARRIAGE ROOM
\ 7~
OfFlCE
\?'x
18
V_
7
FIG. 155. MODERN STALLION BARN (FLOOR PLAN),
98 FARM BUILDINGS.
riage room are in main building;men's sleeping each rafter being so splicedto the one above as
room over the office. The stable was built at a to make it virtuallyone piece and the half of an
cost of about $2,600. arch. This arrangement gives ample strength
to the roof.
i I
STALL
STALL
feed FEED
ALLEY ALLCY
I I
I HARNESS
ROOM U
I
\
^
to the mow. Hay is taken in at either end The feed rooms are situated on each side of
through doors arranged so as to allow the use of the driveway and are each divided into two partments
com-
slingsand the taking in of draughts at any de-sired and an entry so as to allow a variety
height,these doors reaching from the peak of feed to be kept and to be easy of access.
down to the floor of the mow. This barn could The barn should be lighted with 10 windows
be easily converted into a cattle barn by putting on each side,two to each box-stall,two to each
in cattle stalls where the horse stalls are ranged.
ar- feed room and one in front
singlestall. of each
Common barn sash should be used, having six
8" x 10" panes to each sash, a singlesash to each
A BARN FOR 14 HORSES. window, with the longestway of the sash up and
down. They should be put in on top of the girt,
The plan shown in Fig. 158 is for a barn about 4' from the bottom of the sill,and should
36' x 60'. It will accommodate 14 horses. be arranged to open by slidingto one side.
By increasingthe length 12' it will accommodate Feed rooms should be sided with hard pine
18 head. It has two feed rooms, a safe and flooringwith the smooth side next to the stalls
convenient place for harness, two box-stalls and and driveway. Instead of a harness room hooks
12 stalls. can be put up along the sides of the feed rooms
open
The barn may be sided with 16' stock boards next to the driveway, which will be found to
with battens or with shiplap. By making the answer as well as a regular harness room and
eaves higher than 16' there will be more room more convenient, as it will be more accessible.
"I
i
I
SHED /6X36
WHICH CAM BE
ADDED IF
DES/RED.
Ok
for hay, but a barn of the dimensions given will The box-stalls should be sided ly,
perpendicular-
contain all the hay required,
as it will hold about inside and out, from floor to with
ceiling, hard
40 tons. pine flooring,except the front, which can be
Instead of chutes or the regular mangers to sided up 4' high and left open, unless a stallion
feed hay there is a feed way 3' wide, with is to be kept, in which
pendicular
per- case the front may be
sides 3' high from the floor of the finished up to the ceiling with y2" rods set
stalls,and it is floored on a level with the top of about 4" apart in the top of the partitionor
the sill. A feedway like this is better than man-gers the regular box-stall wire work may be used. No
or chutes, as it allows a man to pass along
manger should be used in the box-stalls,the hay
the entire length of the barn in front of the being fed on the floor. None will be wasted
horses when feeding; there is absolutelyno waste unless more is fed than the animal should have.
of hay, as the horses stand with their heads over The floor of the hay mow should be not less
the hay while eating and do not pull it out and than 9' from the floor of the barn, though 10' or
drop it under their ieet, and the chaff is not even 12' would be better for sanitary reasons.
constantlyfallingdown in their eyes, as when a The mow should be floored solid, except over the
manger is used that feeds from above. feedways, which should be left open to throw
FARM BUILDINGS.
feed down. The roof should have from one-third 24' x 152'. with a row of boxes on cither side.
way
to one-half pitch, and should be self-supporting This driveway affords a place in which to cise
exer-
so as to do away with all cross ties in the mow. the horses every day in the year, )"cing of
The driveway can be floored with 2" plank and such dimensions that they may be taken on a
clay floors used in the stalls, but that and gallop if desired from end to the other
many one "
other minor details must be governed by the and all horsemen understand the value of such
individual taste and
requirements of the builder. a place when the inclemency of the weather vents
pre-
This barn was originally built for about $1,000. outdoor exercise.
Another special feature is the construction of
A NEBRASKA HORSE BARN. the boxes. The partitionsbetween the boxes and
abutting on the hall consist of a solid 4" wall of
It will be Eeen from the accompanying gram
dia- pine, made of 2"x4" pieces laid like brick, one
of th" ground plan (Fig. 160) that the on top another, with a cap-piece of oak 5' up.
interior arrangements of this substantially built Above this for 3H/ more there is a grating of
stallion barn in the main consist of a wide drive- pipe TV in size, outside measure, and 4"
gas
102 FARM BUILDINGS.
pine and in the second floor rooms laths and on the other side will be found convenient for
plaster. The large ventilator is 10' x 10' and harness and stable furniture.
handsomely proportioned. As this three-storied barn is narrow it was
Several years ago the cost of this barn was needful to restrain the height as much as is safe
probably between $8,000 and $9,000. Fig. 159 to avoid wrong story was proportion, so each
shows the elevation. built 8' self-supporting
in the clear. With the
roof ample room for hay storageis secured. Hay
is taken in from outside, though empty wagons
may be driven through the second story. To
make the drive high enough to take in loads of
hay would be a useless extravagance. Hay doors
may be put in each end. To take out braces and
yet make the center span of joistbearers strong
enough can be done by the wooden truss shown
which makes the span unbreakable.
JtJtL
TIG. 164. AN IOWA STALLION BARN (LONGITUDINAL SECTION).
HORSE BARNS AND BTABUSB.
for horses and the third floor is for hay mow BARN FOR 40 HORSES.
and grain bins. It has a capacity for horses,
100 This barn for about 40 horses (see Figs. 167
there being 40 box-stalls and 00 single stalls. and 168) was erected od a large Kansas farm
The blacksmith shop, heated harness room, wash and has many excellent features. There are
room, robe room, offices and large space for stalls for 42 horses and three box-stalls,abun-
dant
showing horses arc on the first floor (Fig. 166), hay room, harness room and room for
and a large carriage room is on the second floor. stableman. The latter be made into
room may
The bam is equipped with an electric motor, a box-stall if preferred. The diagrams show
which cost $1,000, to run elevator, srind feed, the interior arrangement and exterior appearance
pump water and unload hay and oats. of the barn.
104 FARM BUILDINGS.
Tank
!D o
5ft
DrtrtWay /""
t sun
t 13X14
I
o
j)l"r.
iMo^d'q? Hay
-o- tr
YhU
B"
_n_
^M"4* llM
1"M Aj", fiJj
*~
**" FIG. 170. BA..K STABLE FOR HOR8E8 (ELEVATION).
t=t ,
7*
"*""
'"""*
are 5' 4" wide, three to a bent. (See Figs. 169
and 170.)
y"
McMILLAN'S HORSE BARN.
JX XL xj
will help keep the horses in health. The stalls of the barn is another shed 32' x 80'. Both of
HORSE BARX8 AXD S7ABLES.
venience
indeed for a barn in that section of the country, in its
architecture; neither is it an sive
expen-
Exactly in the center of the stable is a section building.
for road carts and sulkies and here also are doors Fig. 175 represents the south elevation of barn
opening from the stable capable of allowing a and shed connected with it. Basement with box-
man in a vehicle to drive out. In this section stalls and the plan of the yards and distribution
the horses without going into the building. Once on a level and extend but a few inches above the
out the horses can roam as they please and be ground floors, which are of earth in the boxes
the idea is all that was intended is best evidenced reached from the north side of the building. A
from the fact that few horses have ever had any stone wall
20' long and parallel with the build-
ing,
sickness in the stables. 14'
distant,gives foundation for a driveway.
.The entire barn is of frame construction and Against this earth is graded, forming an easy
while not elaborate in regard to finish is. cer-
tainly approach to the second floor.
practical and has every convenience for The reservoir or cistern is located on the
everyday use. highest ground obtainable, and this not being
as high as desired a portion of the arch is built
AN ILLINOIS STALLION BARN. above the natural level and heavily banked with
earth. It is bricked up from the bottom with
This stallion barn built a few ago in 8" brick wall laid in cement and the mortar
years an
Illinois is regarded by many as a model of con- well flushed against the earth bank and finished
HORSE BAKNS ASD 8TABLBB. 107
with a heavy coating of cement on the inside of Incu-and-a-quarter gas pipe is hiid from cittern
brickwork. The pipe* should l"c laid at the same lo hydrant in barn basement and also to yards
time the cistern is built. The diagram shows the and pastures as desired.
manner of constructing the arch. A
post is firm-
ly The diagram representing stock watcrer cluded
(in-
set in the center of the cistern to a height at in diagram)shows two barrels set side by
which the arch is designed to begin. A hinged eide, connected by a short piece of gas pipe, D.
rod is attached to the top of this post, which is The water enters the barrel. A, from the tom,
bot-
swung round by the workman as Ids work ceeds
pro- E, to a height controlled by a float nected
con-
and enables him to form a perfect
arch. hy a copper wire to a hinged valve. This
108 FARM BUILDINGS.
allows the water to stand in the barrel to just The grain is also fed from the center, directly
such a height as desired. As the barrels, .1 and over the water tub. The! feed bin is about 6'
H, rilled to the height any water taken and of siitliciont height to hold about 200
are same square
from the drinking tub, (', is quickly replaced. bushels of oats. The bottom of the bin tapers
For a drinking tub one-half of a beer keg set to the center at an angle of about G0" and is
in the end of a kerosene barrel be used. closed by a circle of sheet-iron with eight holes
may
of sufficient diameter to hold two quarts of oats,
and projects to within 2" of the bottom of the
CONVENIENT COLT STABLES.
feed trough. Another sheet-iron plate,fastened
The colt stable illustrated and described with
here-
is one of a series built by the late M. \V.
Dunham at Oaklawn, the noted Illinois horse-
breeding establishment. He regarded these stables
as of especial value with reference to the ment
develop-
of young horses.
The buildings are situated in line east and
179), so that four animals are in the fields and which is riveted a lever. The slot in which this
four in the stable alternately. In the summer lever works is long enough to allow the opening
time the doors are left open provided
and are and closing of the holes in the lower plate by
with a canvas fastened at the top, fitting the the movement of the lever. By this device the
doorway closely. This excludes the light and movement of the lever permits the fillingof the
protects the animals when in the stable from the pipes with oats and the reversal shuts off the
flies. In the angle of each stall, stalls combin-
ing supply, giving each animal two quarts, or any
to form the center of the stable,is a hydrant quantity the pipes are made to hold the gram "
to which is attached a float valve (see Fig. 178) fillingthe pipes and is eaten from "
the bottom.
which controls the supply of water, except in the This method of feeding has the advantage of
intense cold weather in the winter when the float rapidity, uniform quantity, prevents waste and
valve is removed and the tub filled with water secures slow feeding, consequently better mastica-tion.
from the hydrant as required. The fences enclosing the pastures are 7'
FARM BUILDllfOS.
I 1 I I I I I FT TT TT
II 4-1-
TT I I I I I I uj_m FT^T^f
90'
for two carriages. The two small stalls are each The lower story is built of cobblestones. The
5' wide, and the box-stall is 10' x 16'. Then building of such walls is inexpensive.A simple
for the carriagesa 16' x 16' is provided box form as for a solid concrete wall is used,
space
with a wide door that will admit either vehicle and the cobblestones laid on the side of it, the
without disturbingthe other. other side being left smooth for the inner wall
The upper projection on each
story has a surface. The concrete is merely put againstthe
side and at the end so that it will overhang a cobblestones, not on their face; it holds them
little way, which greatly adds to its beauty and secure. Thus such a wall is reallycheaper than
picturesqueness. The outer stairway is con-
venient a solid concrete one. A thickness of 12" will
and looks well. The arrangement of the serve for such a wall.
upper story may be according to the taste of The upper story should be either of plasteror
the builder; if there is a man to live there the shingles,the chimney of cobblestones. This
plan shown will be very satisfactory. stable is very beautiful,and useful as well.
5fa11"3f
"OK lO'Mfc'
\"o'x Ko
38'
| _/b=
MayMoui 15 '34
exposure.
This shed (see Ft;/.187) may he placed in the
some sort of shed to protect (hem from the exception of the siding, is 4"x4" lumlier. The
cold rains. This will prevent them from ting
get- height of the building is $W" which will prevent
all kinds of sickness, such as distemper and mares striking their heads against the ceiling;
coughs, which are common among horses. in fact, there is no danger of this, as there is no
Many voung animals have been stunted in growth ceiling. The roof may 1m? covered with tar paper
HORSE BARNS AND STABLES.
shingles, the latter being the cheaper of the box-stalls are provided, with an exercising arena
or
two. The shed should be whitewashed once or "iS'xSO' in the center of the barn. (fig. 189.)
twice to guard against vermin. The cost The feed boxes are hinged in the center so as to
a year,
is slight when complete. swing in and out of each stall, the mangers being
between and above the boxes which reach across
This barn (see Fig. 188) is 288' long by 80' Second floor is reached by an outside bridge and
wide and contains over 450,000 feet of lumber, contains a driveway down the center 24' wide,
the approximate cost being $20,000. Eighty 12' the floor all over being double and mismatched
rrrrre Rr^riwr?ra
114 FARM BUILDINGS.
fall the horses below. On and in the center for farm ments
imple-
so nothing can on an open space
the first floor the outside of the and and buggies; also bins for
mangers are wagons
stalls,which of being driven cottonseed and corn with above for storing
permits a wagon room
off the The stalls This barn is 32'x64' with bents spaced 16'
having to get wagon. are
^n
32'
is
" "3-* 192.
FIG. BARN FOR HORSE8 IN TEXAS.
M"l
WAGONS AND
BOX STALL FARM IMPLEMENTS
6U0QC5
cmn "m. on rr mo mxct oat mm. 4"i" rr. li'x i"' 16**32' lt*X11 '
"T"U*
3 r
BOX STALL
itai*'
CL.
OPtm shco
Fig. 193 shows a barn to contain six stalls for fed from the rear, is a cheap one, and very
horses, two large box-stalls,for anrl colts serviceable too. It cost about $1,000. It is
mares
HORSE BARNS AND STABLES. 115
not quite so convenient for feeding as when from the rear, thus saving the room that a feed
there is alleyin front of the horses, but that alley would require. This little
an
gives a snug
costs a great deal more money. Barn is 32'x80' barn, with room enough and no waste space.
with 16' bents, which cut up into three stalls, Let the posts rise 16' and put on a ing
self-support-
each little than 5' wide in the clear. roof with
a more
joistframe.
There are three roomy box-stalls and the corn-
18' self-supporting
with roof.
The best floor is of hard clay,using plenty of
litter, though the floor of the central driveway
may well be made of cement dropped down 4"
FIO. 196. SMALL STABLE FOR TWO HORSES.
lower than the floors of the stalls and sloping
toward them at each side. should
great convenience, especiallyuseful one
as much sheeting as the shingles? We rapidly. Eight feet in the clear gives plenty
estimate that the roofing could be laid at one- of headroom for a manure spreader and 9' gives
fifth the cost of shingles. We feel that the shed
a horse room, so that 15' allows a manure rier
car-
roof, being only one-quarter pitch would not
to pass behind. The location of the corn-
give satisfaction with shingle roof. Will 8' in
crib outside the barn where rats will not enter
the clear give head room to operate a manure
giving entrance to bay; E carrier track; F sliding door in front and at the left on the
12' x 14' box-stalls;G 7' stall allowing carrier to entrance are four convenient harness closets.
pass horse: H thirteen 5' stalls. The attic over Turn to the left and on entering the stable and
horses is planned capacious enough to allow stor- at the left are stalls; there is no turning the
118 FARM BUILDINGS.
years it is almost impossible to get hay free under and reinforced with short pieces of 6"
from dust and a 'heavey'horse is easier made boards nailed on each side.
than cured. To be sure, this sprinkling oc-
cupies The tie across the ends is made with two lines
nearly 45 seconds each day, but plenty of of 2"x6",having them of different lengths to
men waste that much time. 0 is a box for break joints; if they cannot be had to reach clear
oats and B is an oatbin,and I do not have to across, on top of these use 2"xl0" flat with
another like piece over the joint for a splice.
carry oats from one end of stable in through the
stall to manger at the other end. The window The hay door should be from 8' to 10' wide;
in the stall is screened with chicken wire. The the jambs on each side can be built up of 2"x8"
oatbin is filled either the window shade solid piecescan be used. Plates are made of
at (a or
below level from the 2"xl0" or 12" and start on top of the end ties
of wagon-box) or buggy
The who delivers take his and are splicedon top of the posts with a short
room. man may
choice. I pay him at the house." piece of 2"x8" underneath, which is first spiked
to the top of the post. The braces explain them- selves.
Do not spare the nails and spikes. For
BARN FOR STALLIONS IN MISSOURI.
the cross beams use a good many 6" steel wire
The plan shown in Fig. 204 is for a barn common.
The rafters are splicedat the curb by 1" boards (see Fig. 206). The
feed alleyin front of the
of the boards nailed the other chutes 24" square, each chute accommodating
one peak on;
cannot be put on until the pair of rafters is two horses. In order to use the chutes care must
raised in place. Then the brace under the rafter be taken in mowing away hay not to cover the
is spiked on. It may either be spiked directly openings,though if the mow is to be filled quite
to the rafter,or, better,fitted and spiked directly full the chutes should extend on up to the roof.
FI6.2
2X)Q
JL Z2C
II / \
I \to* \
K 1f '/Xfi
CO
X
N
SEE
3"6'
FIO. 204. BARN FOR STALLIONS IN MISSOURI (FRAMEWORK).
HORSE BARNS AND STABLES. 119
They must be quite smooth on the inside,else from the outside, or from the mow floor,where
hay will lodge in them. Two box-stalls are vided
pro- there may be built in a conveyor running the
and a harness room 16'xl7'. Altogether *
lllllllllllllfr
a Harness Room
? *
"
OP O ft 4*14
O ."
3 \
Box Stall
Wash 4 I3x|4
Rack OV)
JZL
to Box
8 I4x|4
/
water
"* " t
Tank "3"tf
FIG. 205. STABLE FOR 25 HORSES (FRAMEWORK)
PLAN Box
I4x|4
Closet
10*10 12 * i4 10*14 o
to
-7
Itm to
Buggy Storage
o 18*40
o
z
Elevator
DRIVE
Grain Bins
"/" 8'
o
o
Hay Room
20*40
"
8
C. HAY CHUT E TO MOW
M. MANGER
FIG. 206. STABLE FOR 25 HORSES (FLOOR PLAN) MO. 20S. PI .AN FOR A SMALL LIVERY STABLE.
FARM BUILDINGS.
120
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38' 2" wide. This barn contains four box-stalls, Figs. 215 and 216, with the exception of the
10' wide, with slidingdoors and ten singlestalls driveway, which was raised to the line of the
5' wide. There is also a carriageroom 38' long second floor and not dropped in below the floor
at one end of the barn and extending the whole as indicated. The most important change made
width the other dimension. The harness room is was in the rafters. Instead of building it in
i::
i. jf
_-_ _
tv rtJ_, i i -_" rf^,~ "
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T^dBBwgtrJgiSiam^g" 2Z
13' long
8" wide, across and 10' from which is four sections, as indicated in the plan, one tinuous
con-
a place for washing harness. The grain bins rafter was made, thus avoiding by that
are in the attic and feed is distributed bv means means the purlin
plates,which are very difficult
of chutes. to got into place. The rafters are all in one
piece made by using 1" x 8" pine boards and
AX INDIANA BOUND HORSE BARN.
cutting them S' long and nailing the three
In Figs. 214, 215 and 216 is shown in tail
de- boards substantiallytogether, protectingall the
the construction of a circular barn, located cracks. This makes a
very excellent job and the
in Central Indiana. The foundation and second roof is verv easilv constructed in this wav, with
floor plan are built substantiallyas *hown in derrick to put the rafters in place. Each rafter
122 FARU BUILDINGS.
is made on the floor of the barn in the same in order to the strength of the circle;
preserve
form and then afterwards raised to its place. for foundation, stone laid in cement is used.
The circular plate on which the cupola rests
is constructed very much on the same plan as a
MJfMAir HA*
DAIRY BARNS.
We are fast coming to realize as dairymen were taken, that disease instead of health lowed
fol-
that comfort for the dairy cow is second only and it is only within a, recent period
very
to her feed in the production of cheap and that we have been able thoroughly to combine
wholesome milk. The dairy cow, unlike the beef comfort and health, which means nothing more
animal, returns her vitality daily. She cannot or less than warmth, light and pure air.
store energy and fat thereby enabling her to Until these were possible, we had no form,
withstand low temperatures and storms out
with- size or mode of construction that could be called
lessening the milk flow. Each generation of standard.
dairy cows is farther removed from nature's Stables built providing all the from
were way
plan of self-support and reproduction. We are 200 eu. ft. to 1,500 cu. ft. air space per cow.
constantly adding new burdens until the up-to- One man said she must have air space enough
date dairyman is not satisfied with less than to last from night until morning, another said
3-50 pounds of butter or its equivalent in milk. better have bad air than cold air, and so we each
months and with those who are working upon into a concrete plan, he laid the foundation
high-priced land, the stabling is a factor during for dairy stable construction upon a baais to
the greater part of the Another problem which all could tie.
year.
has also confronted the dairyman. As he more We have now come to recognize that a well
he discovered unless unusual precaution ft. of air space and maintain a constant inflow
FARM BUILDINGS.
as a cow stable and has a loft overhead for hay, II. King for a Wisconsin dairyman. The sign
de-
which is elevated by hay alinga in the center of was the result of a request for a plan of a
the barn. The stable consists of two barn for farm which would accommodate
cow rows a dairy
of stalls (sec Fig. 222) with some box-stalls. 80 and 10 horses and which would also per-
eows mit
Each single cow stall is .V wide. The way
passage- of driving behind the cattle in cleaning and
behind the cov-a is wide enough to allow
in front of them in feeding green fodder. A
the passage of a two-horse manure spreader, silo, a granary and storage place for dry fodder
which saves the handling of the manure verv
sufficient for all the animals were desired, and
often. The barn eost about $2,400.
the whole was to be covered by the Bame roof, to
A ROUND DA TRY RARX. be conveniently accessible in al! its parts, but
\
*,
\
i_ -Q JJ T
^
"I 1 r
^ tk 4Jr_ ^k- .^ " _Jt --ft- -
is DRIVINGFLOOR l2l'10H(jll2-'*"f s
"-
x
g=-^*'- t "
s"
/ /
lis i z I
-I
z y
V
Z_.
bodies ideas which are believed to be worthy of Extending entirely around, the silo in the
general imitation: second storv is a barn floor 18' wide, from the
1. Whatever other advantages or tages
disadvan- outer edge of which, through leading tb
chutes
a shelter for live stock possesses, it should the feeding alley in front of the cattle, green
in no
way interfere with the best performance fodder can be delivered to them from the wagon
of the animals housed. or dry fodder from the storage space above. This
2. The shelter should be so built that the floor also permits of driving around the silo
heat necessarilygiven off by the bodies of mals
ani- and out at the entrance after unloading, even
housed shall be sufficient to maintain the when the silagecutter is being run to till the
best stable temperature during cold weather and silo.
at the same time admit of ample ventilation, On the outside of the barn floor,on the right
while during warm weather the surplus heat may of the entrance, is stable room for 10 horses,
readily escape. 16' from front to rear, 34' frontage on the barn
3. The construction should be such as to ad-
mit floor and 55' from end to end at the outside.
the needed amount of light to all the mals
ani- On the left of the main entrance is a workshop
housed. and granary whose combined floor space equals
4. The construction of the shelter should be that occupied by the horses. In the rear of the
such as to reduce the labor of caring for the ani-
mals silo is a space 16' deep for farm tools, having
to the smallest amount which will admit 32' frontageon the barn floor and possessinga
of the largestyearly net profit. floor space equal to 16 x 40 square feet. tween
Be-
5. The form and arrangement of the ings
build- the tool room and the horse barn on one
should be such as to necessitate the least side and the granary on the other are two hay
first cost and the smallest maintenance expense bays which, together with the space above the
compatible with the necessary accommodations. barn floor, tool room, granary and horse barn,
Figs. 223 and 224 show bird's-eye views of the furnish ample storage space for dry fodder.
interiors of the first and second stories designed silageis delivered to the cattle barn from
The
to show the construction of the barn and the the through a triangular chute shown
silo in
arrangement of its interior. It will be seen that Fig. 225, extending up the inside of the silo; in
in form the barn is cylindrical, covered with a one side of this chute there are doors and tached
at-
conical roof, which is surmounted by a cupola to the other is a fixed ladder bv which
of the same form. The barn is 92' in diameter any desired level in the silo may be reached.
and 28' from sills to caves. A cvlindrical silo The foundation of this bam consists of four
24' outside diameter and 34' deep, having a concentric stone walls, the inner one carrying
capacity of 14,126 cubic feet, occupies the ter.
cen- the walls of the
through them silo and the tral
cen-
Around this silo in the first storv 98 adult portion of the floors and roof; the two dle
mid-
cows are accommodated in two circular rows ones carrying the stationaryuprights of the
facing a common feeding alley 9' wide, and hind
be- stanchions, and through them the floor, main
each row of cattle is a wagon drive 6' wide posts, purlin plates and roof, while the outer
for cleaning the barn, which leaves and returns one supports the walls of the structure. The
to the common singleboard entrance. laying of the walls to a circle and levelingthorn
128 FARM BUILDINGS.
was a simple matter and accomplished with the two rows of roof board were sawed in short tions,
sec-
aid of a straight-edge, one end of which was reaching from rafter to rafter, and then
fixed to a post in the center, with the lower fencing was used, full length,and sprung to the
The movable end of the straight-edge rested on not necessary to cut shingles in laying, except
a ring of boards tacked to stakes driven in the on the cupola, and in laying them each man whs
ground outside the wall being built. The inner provided with a "horse," made by driving spikes
wall was first built and the straight-edge
length-
ened through one edge of a short piece of 2" plank,
as necessary. The frame of the barn sists
con- which served as legs and prevented sliding. A
almost wholly of 2" stock and the only mark was filed in the edge of the shingling
long timbers are the eleven posts carrying the hatchet at a distance from the nailing face equal
purlin plates. No mortise and tenon work was to that which the shingles were laid to the
used in its construction, all work being done weather, and this served as the only guide in
with the hammer and saw. The first story sill? placing them, which was done rapidly and
of the barn are single 2" x 10" plank sawed in readily,the men following one another round and
4' sections and bedded in mortar on the walls, round.
the sections having been sawed on a bevel termined
de- This barn is covered outside with drop siding
by the direction of the radii of the and nailed to the studding so as to break
sprung
barn. On the sills 2" x 10" studs are set 2' joints,and on the inside of the cattle barn, horse
apart and constitute the outer frame of the ham and with shiplap.
granary
basement; 2"xl2" studs set flatwise on the two
middle walls, at the right distance apart to serve
as theuprights of the stanchions, and 2"xl2"
studs in the walls of the silo,as shown in Fig.
placing the rafters. spiked side by side to form the 11 long ones,
The rafters were cut so that their ends when which extend to and help support the roof. The
vertical and the fascia formed lining of the silo consists of three layers of
in place were was
board them. The lower U." lumber formed by ripping common fenc-
by springing a to ohp or
DAIRY BARNS. 129
ing in two, and between these are two layeisof around the silo. It will be seen that this tilation
ven-
tarred paper. The same kind of lumber" forms is secured without sensiblv affect ins the
the outer covering of the silo and the spaces tween cost
be- of the building,while at the same time the
the studding act as ventilatingflues for walls of the silo are kept dry and thereby pro-
tected
the cattle barn. from decav.
The large doors slide open and made of The
are temperature of a barn whose plan of tilation
ven-
matched fencing nailed to cleats having the is the here described is under
one as
same curvature as the sides of the barn. These good control as is possible where artificial heat
cleats made by springing the boards into the is not because
are employed, the cold air is intro-
duced
desired curvatiue and then fastening them the of the
curely
se- at warmest part barn, while it
together while in that attitude. When is the coldest and most vitiated air in the barn
this is done thev remain bent if thev had which is removed. Then
as
being when the barn
grown in that form. is too warm the doors to the feed chutes may
The feeding mangers in the cattle barns be opened, thus
aie providing a direct escape of the
made by forming the earth in the shape of shal-
low, overheated air from the ceiling.
round-bottomed troughs in front of each This barn was built for a little less than $2,-
row of cattle, raising the earth between them 400. By
combining everything under the sin- gle
into a broad rounded ridge. This earth after roof, by adopting the cylindricalform which
l"eing thoroughly firmed was plastered with a requires the smallest amount of siding,roofing
coat of water lime. and paint, and which admits of the cheapest and
When it is known that air once breathed, un-
less least lumber for the frame, and by distributing
diluted with that which is fresh, cannot the lumber so as to make it perform two or more
port
sup-
higher animal life; that one-fifth of the functions a great deal of economy was secured.
weight of materials taken into our bodies daily Another advantage which the consolidated
is oxygen from the air,and that we must breathe barn possesses over several small, scattered tures,
struc-
from the arrows in the cut that provision is This barn is designed for 20 dairy cows. It
made for fresh air to enter the barn from all has ample breathing space for them and vision
pro-
sides, which, rising between the studding and is made for as much light and sun as
flowing along the space between the joists,falls possible,unless the plan of detached shed with
between the rows of cattle, but is first mingled sky-lightsis adopted ; the manure is removed
with the warmest air of the barn, while the at the minimum of labor and the entire ing
build-
coldest and most impure air is constantlydrawn is planned to labor-saving. The little
be
out from along the floor. A very important room termed an office,containing lavatory, tow-
els,
feature in this method of ventilation is that pure soap, records and the like, is possiblylarger
air comes direct to all animals alike, while the than is needed and in that ease it may be rowed
nar-
"impure air is drawn out in a uniform sheet all to a smaller limit and another stall or
130 FARM BUILDINGS.
where it is measured or weighed, mixed, scooped combination of window and ventilated shutter
up and fed.
Reference to the side elevation, Fig. 225,
rcit Ait.tr "a"t
shows the
window-openings on the south side
(turning the building east and west). The IH-^H-H I i i
"" """"
UK CLCWATI0M
not for the sake of head-room so much as for dairymen have come to believe that the best
better air and light. way is not to fasten the animals at all. A good
Fig. 22? the mow
illustratesplan; hay is plan is to have a large open shed to which light
thrown down feed-alleys; ladders should
into the and air have free access and in which are feed-
be built in the chutes. The stairway is apt to racks and troughs. This shed should be kept
be covered over at times with hay. The bran well bedded and aired. The cows, loose and horned,
de-
bin is large enougli to allow storage of a great stand in it day and night. Adjoining
deal of bran.
Fig. 228 shows the arrangement of stalls. It
will be noted that there is everywhere plentyof
room. The cart can go between the cows and
take the manure away. In the space between
the feed-room and office the milk-wagon may
stand if necessary. The VanNorman stall is
used.
This barn is adapted to either beef cattle or
dairy cows, though there is no provision for
calves, as it was designed primarily for milking
9lt" sue
uni 14X11
r SILO
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O^^tT
"
NAY MACK
ItXIt
"-- _ll
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r
OROUNO PLAN
"f
t ENCLOtURC 41X100
"
J
HO. 281. A HYGIENIC DAIRY BARN ( AKBANOBMBlfT OF VLOOB),
132 FARM BUILDIXOS.
this shed as planned is a small stable fitted witb sides, keeping the temperature even and above
stalls and stanchions where some grain is fed the freezing point. The silos extend 10' below
and the milking done. The cows are in their the floor and up into the loft, making them
stalls only while they eat and are being milked. about 20' deep. The silos .and the separator-
The barn should be whitewashed two or three room have a thickness of building paper between
times a year by means of a sprayer that reaches the boards. With a separator at the barn only
every nook and crack and the floor kept clean.
TTTTfflTlTn
JJLlJLLl J JLLJLL
"HTT'nTHHT
i~"H~rnH
LlllLJJTLLJ.L
LLJL1JLLJ
134 FARM BUILDINGS.
being able by this method thoroughly to clean granary room for 2,000 bushels of oats and a
VIQ. 240. A WISCONSIN DAIRY BARN (FIRST FLOOR AND HAT MOW PLANS).
DAIRY BAItHB.
Figs 241 and 242 show a plan for a dairy Plans shown in Figs, 243 and 244 are for a
barn to hold 20 cows and feed room to cost only dairy barn to contain 40 cowa and some heifers,
$500, with lumber at $8 per thousand. with pen for calves and place for bull and stalls
Make four bents, placing them 14' apart. This for four horses. There is space for two ery
deliv-
I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I II
Over the
driveway and feed-room arc great
bins for the
ground feed which can bo cheaply
will make a barn 42' long and the width is 32'. elevated by horse-power, cither in sack or in a
Reference to the plans will explain the rest. Put mill elevator; if it is bought sacked it should
in a manure carrier behind the cows and a feed be elevated in the sack and emptied in the bins.
carrier in front of them if there is money left. Hay may be taken in at the driveway and at
The roof braces are not shown but many plans the ends and thrown down in the feed alleys
already published show them clearly. The poBta at convenient points. The framework would be
18', lower rafters 14', upper rafterB 11', make of joist construction, no part heavier than
a building high enough to have much storage 2"xl2" being needed, with self-supporting
capacity. roof,
FARM BUILDIXG8.
A TENNESSEE DAIRY BARN. farm work. A large corn crib is situated veniently
con-
as approached from the south and west. The of the special advantages of this stvle of barn.
silos are situated at the south end of the barn, The barn is built into the side of a small hill.
some 10' being under the ground. This brings By the construction of a retaining wall, which
them on a level with the basement and, as they also forms the foundation of the two interior
open into the cow stable, it materially lessens sills,and by projecting the barn forward on the
the labor of feeding. face of the slope,a stable is secured
opening on
The annex on the west side of the barn is two the ground level, and yet sufficientlyprotected
stories high. In the basement arc stalls for bulla on the north and west to keep it warm in win-
ter.
and calves, while the upper story is devoted to This leaves two faces of the stable tion
founda-
the various wagons and implements needed in exposed, so that a continuous tow of win-
DAIRY BAJCNB. 137
StOC* J040H9Q
C0" St*/*
*"* "[
1.JL*%? ^
L I " I I I B ff I I IIJU^II. M
iap w
M"
I
I* 1 1 ii 1 1
"'" ,s
T
\
" " " "
k_u .""T
v ^ "^
9/U
OS
t
J**r#
*"
Storage Boom
/ 5
"' 5
I
ft**
dows on the eastern and southern sides gives anee and peimils the walls to be washed ever
when-
necessary to enter the barn. Generally speaking, floor,having a sloping surface as Fig. 247
in the construction of a bank barn great labor indicates. The face the exterior walls
mangers
and expense are entailed in the excavation tor of the barn. A 4' passage is provided between
the stable. Id this instance it only I lie
was sary
neces- stalls,and manure gutters are 16" wide.
the
to cut down and level two sides of the The floors and pitched towards the
gutter are
slope, thus reducing the labor of levelingto a tenter, where trap doors connecting with under-
ground
minimum. The food materials carried in on the sewers are situated, so that the stable
second floor are all elevated by suitable chinery,
ma- can be easilyflushed out and kept in a sanitary
so that the silage,roughness and grain condition at all times. The floor of the cow
section, it will be seen that the posts and cows, is 15" high and 3" thick, with a rounding
plates are of heavy timbers. The roof is trus=ed bottom. The opposite side is Ifi" high and main-
tains
from above sothe storage space
as to in leave the same thickness. The width of the
the clear. It
type known
is of as a saddle
the
roof. As already stated,the brick retaining wall
forms two sides of the stable and supports the
frame work of the barn; the other two sides are
supported by the foundation piers of brick on
which rest the heavy framing timbers. Fig.
250 also shows the situation of the and
mangers
the arrangement of the gutters in the concrete
floor. It provides in detail the several sions
dimen-
of the storage barn and the stable and
shows the size and character of timber used in
the various features of the structure. The tory
fac-
system of exposed structural timbers was
manger je 2' fi",and it does duty for both feed gives them rigidity. The Jouis by means of
open
and water. The barn is supplied with water spring so that as the cows milked
a are they may
from the city mains, and hence there is ample bo turned out if desired. These stall divisions
force to carry it all through the building. The alsokeep the animals separated so that ease of
mangers have a grade towards the center and milking is possibleand there is no danger of one
by putting a plug in the central outlet, the tle
cat- eow tramping on the udder of another. They
can all drink at will, and at the conclusion also present a handsome and are
appearance
the trough can be thoroughly flushed out and strong and durable. They enable the strictest
kept sweet and clean. It will thus be seen that cleanliness and do with the necessity of
away
this method of construction makes the mangers tying the animal. This gives the animals per-
fect
practicallyperfect from a sanitary standpoint. freedom and allows them that comfort which
For experimental purposes, we have found it is essential to their well-being. The chains
necessary to provide divisions between these ncross the stalls just in
gutter pre-
vent front of the
mangers. This has been cheaply accomplished by the cows from standing or lying in the
cutting out a section of board the shape of the droppings. By moving the adjustable swinging
manger, hinging it over the lower angle of the panel the stalls are easily adapted to the size of
stall division with hoop iron, placing a 2"x6" the animal. The idea is to keep the panel ad-
justed
scantling at the near side of the manger and so that all the droppings will fall in the
fastening the division firmly by a sliding bolt gutter. It will be observed that the stalls in this
lock. These partitions are so nicely adjusted barn are of two sizes, namely: for large and
that they prevent the admixture of the different small cows. All the stalls on one side have a
cows' feed, and at the same time just sufficient uniform width of 3' G" in length and on the
space is left to enable the free movement of ether 4' 8" in length. This permits the ient
conven-
trough. Their mobility and ease of adjustment r.nd is a point worthy of consideration. While
the stable and being bolted to the stall di' This brings the students in actual touch with
FARM BUILDINGS.
the specimens and makes the work practical. It with galvanized steel stanchions. All interior
also enables the work to go on at all times and finished in cement.
provides a comfortable and convenient place in The building being one story contains no post,
which to do the work. Box-stalls are provided the only surface in the barn to collect dust ing
be-
also in the basement for sick animals and for the top of the 1*4" pipe work.
calves. Closets are conveniently placed for tools In such a bam as this with the care they
and other sundries needed in the stable. The take the owners say they have been able to duce
pro-
milk occupies the southeast
room comer and is milk that has shown no bacteria growth
partitioned. This building is a part of the in samples taken from the wagon in New
Tennessee Experiment Station's equipment, York City and has averaged 100 for weeks.
This will be better appreciated when it is un-
derstood
cow and are doubled in winter to keep from from plans of the owner (see Fig*. 254. 255,
the inside fall low. 256, 257 and 258). after visiting number of
allowing temperature to too a
The inside for a the celebrated dairy barns of the country, em- bracing
width of about 39' allows
"alk
the best features of a great many of
behind cows of fi' and gives ample room
these modem structures, and including these at
for mangers in front and passage between the
a comparatively moderate cost.
rows. A barn of this type when finished properly The great drawback of the sanitary dairy
will score 100 per cent according (o the score barn to the average farmer is the heavy expense.
adopted by the Dairy Division of the ment
Depart- No system of drainage by iron pipes and ment,
ce-
of Agriculture at Washington. floors and
concrete mangers, properly
The framework for stanchions and partitions built, can be cheap, but the Tlillerest idea as a
between the cows are all of galvanized iron pipe model dairy barn is to show that the essential
FARM BVILDINOB.
using the continuous manger for watering be- Now, by a system of automatic water boxes, reg-
cause the cowb at the end of the string became ulated by a tank and float valve, water stands
very nervous waiting for the water to reach before each cow all of the time, a very important
them, and the watering was only at set times, item where cows are kept up during cold weatli-
DAIRY BA..MB.
er. The milk flow was at once improved when each man being responsible for the condition of
the cows had access to water at their desire to his cowa. He must weigh up his milk before
drink. turning it into the funnel in the wall of the
The milking is done in sections of 10 cows, dairy, whence it passes over the aerator, and
is at once chilled to 50". The milk then The "Infirmary" is provided with eight box-
being bottled and sealed is set in the icing room stalls for cows during calving. (Fig. 256.) On
ready for delivery. arrival calves are at once removed to the nursery
The cleaning of the stable is done by ing
remov- and fed the first days on whole
10 milk from
the solid manure with wheelbarrows to the a bucket. Subsequently, separator milk and oil
manure washed out of the gutters by hose into accidental causes, speaks for the advantage of
an iron pipe sewer system, properly trapped into a sanitary care of young calves. Scours has
a cistern away from the barn and pumped into never existed in the herd.
a tank wagon, is sprinkled over the fields, the The silos in number,
are two 16' x 32', with
most valued of the fertilizer thus being saved. cement deep, giving 3fi' depth in all.
bases 4'
Water is supplied from a deep well for the (See Fig. 3H8.) These are designed to feed
dairy, from a filtered cistern for the barn use.
the herd for 8 months. Adjoining the silos and
It is pumped from
also under continuous roof, are the silage cutter,
lake, foil by springs, into
a
also the feed mill, which furnishes, apart from
a cistern by a 2 II. P.
gasoline engine. This
bran and oil meal, the ground concentrate. An
water is clear and cool and gives abundance of
experiment is being made with alfalfa. If this
water for flushing the floors. The floors in the
proves successful, the silago and alfalfa will
cow bam are of cement, the stalls being ered
cov-
reduce to the minimum the expense of feeding
with an inlaid planking which prevents the for milk. At the present cost of hay of all kinds
injury to front knees and to udders, heretofore the problem of roughage for those who do not
experienced, when the cows lie on the cold, wet, have the fortunate addition of a silo to their
cement floor. equipment, becomes a vi
DAIRY BARfiS.
.
281. BAKN Fon rOCNQ I
FARM BUILDINGS.
BARN FOB YOUNG DAIRY STOCK. separator and power room is located behind the
inclined road leading to the upper doors.
Architects' plans and photographs shown in Economy of lumber and convenience in feeding
Figs. 259, 260, 261, 262 and 263 are for a barn are claimed for round barns.
built principallyfor the housing of young dairy
A NEBRASKA DAIRY BARN.
stock. There are eight roomy box- stalls and
32 ordinary stalls. The flooringwhere the tle
cat- A Nebraska farmer, asking for a plan for an
stand is plank over cement. (See Fig. 263.) up-to-date dairy barn to hold 40 cows and eight
A ROUND DAIRY BARN. horsea, has a bank facing south. He is thus vised:
ad-
Provide abundance of windows on both sides. cow part, using sliding doors, as horses quire
re-
The floor will all be of concrete. Observe that more air and endure more cold than
under the cow the floor is 2" lower where her dairy cows. There are several systems of lation
venti-
front feet stand than back, and with a distinct if abundant windows are used, each one
offset. This holds her bedding and enables her hinging at the bottom and
opening inwardly,and
to lie down or kneel down with comfort. The if they are managed the cows
intelligently may
raised walk in feeding alley is best. Refer-
the ring have fresh air and not suffer from cold. If the
to the ground plan,Fig, 266, it is seen that system is adopted the openings leading to King
there is a wide passage between the cows where the loft must be kept carefullyclosed,else it will
a manure spreader may be driven if desired, not work. The King system is the best known
SLID
OOOH
DOOR
o
o
making it unnecessary to have a feed room is designed to hold 40 pounds per day of silage
below. Close the horse part off from the for 40 cows for six months.
SWINE BARNS AND HOUSES.
What would be the business future of the into the building of hoghouses as the breeder
"wine breeder whose hogs were compelled to be desires.
exposed to the cold blasts of winter or the ing
glar- All buildings used for breeding and feeding
sun of summer? What would their condition swine should be strongly built and made of good
be if they were obliged to eat and sleep in filth? material, and all should have floors both for
What would the pig crop be if the sows were feeding sleeping apartments. Floors made
and
allowed to farrow in the fence corner some cold of wood are preferable in the sleeping quarters,
stormy night with only the canopy of heaven being warmer and more easily kept dry. Where
to shelter them? Answers to these questions the large hoghouse is used many prefer the feed-
ing
will the proper equipment of the farm for floor to be constructed of concrete or cement
urge
the breeding of pure-bred swine. How sive
exten- and the sleeping floor of wood. Where the ing
build-
the equipment should be will depend of is used for the feeding of a large number
course on the number of animals to be carried of swine together some prefer the feeding floor
on the farm and the amount of money to be to be constructed along the outside of the ing,
build-
invested. and in such instances the floor should be
First a swine breeder should have necessary constructed of concrete or cement, raised ly
slight-
buildings for housing the herd, the feed, the above the surrounding surface. A cement
apparatus for mixing and preparing the feed and feeding floor of this kind properly made would
the procuring of the necessary water. There are be practically indestructible and would be eas-
ily
many kinds of buildings for this purpose, many kept clean either by sweeping or flushing
of which are satisfactory. Breeders have ferent
dif- with water.
ideas regarding this matter, many ferring
pre- Where the individual system of houses is used
the large gloomy hoghouse or building there is no necessity for a feeding floor except
where the whole herd may be kept under one a small one about 8' x 8' in one corner of the
roof, and where the bedding, feed, water and lot most convenient to feed, and this only for
may be kept convenient and used with the secure from the intrusion of the mother. She
least labor, and where all the work in caring may be fed near them from a single trough.
for the herd mav be done under cover. This Where the individual houses are used it will
plan has many advantages and where adopted be necessary to have a feedhouse or building so
the buildings should be so arranged that as much arranged that all feed may be kept there in
sunlight as possiblemay be admitted to the pens separate bins; where water may be easily ob-
tained
and feeding floors. There are other breeders either from an elevated tank or from a
who prefer the outdoor individual house large pump in the building and where the mixing of
enough for only one sow and her litter,with a the feed mav be done. With this system the
grass lot of at least one-half acre where the sow easiest way to distribute the feed to the various
and pigs may always be by themselves. This lots is to use a not to exceed 12" in
wagon
latter plan will of course occupy considerable height from the ground, and large enough to
land, at least where the herd is large, and will hold three or four barrels of feed set it.
upon
necessitate considerable fencing into lots along Such a with a pair of shafts and a gentle
wagon
either side of a lane and the hauling of all the horse kept for the of hauling all feed
purpose
feed to the different lots at each feeding time. and water to the different lots make it very easy
But this plan insures both abundant pasture for for the feeder to care for 100 or 200 hogs in a
the sow and litterplenty of room
as for
well as short time with little labor.
very
the necessary exercise and has the advantage of Where the feeding is all done in one building
always affording clean quarters for the hogs and or house a feed carrier suspended from a steel
freedom from disturbance for sows farrowing. track above the allev is the most convenient wav
There are many different plans for both the to handle the feed, as it requires but very little
large houses and small individual houses, from effort to carry a large amount of feed in this
which mav be selected whatever best pleases the manner along the alley.
breeder. As much or little expense be put There kind? of troughs the
may are manv on mar-
V
FARM BUILDINGS.
the health of the pigs. A limestone soil is pre- conducive to the large pereent-
production of a
ferable because the water from such a soil as age of lean meat. It also tends
produce strong
to
well as the soil and stones themselves furnish the legs with upright pasterns, which, from the
lime that is bo essential in building up bone. A breeder's standpoint, are among the first essen-
rollingpasture is preferablebecause it furnishes tials of a good hog.
better drainage and a form of exercise that is A stream of pure running water is desirable,
8WINE BA.RN8 AND HOOBEB. lfil
for then drinking water in the beat form will be pigs as possible. L. X, Bonham of Ohio fected
per-
available at all times and will be more some
whole- this plan.
than it would be were it supplied in a This house is 5'x6'. Four scantlings2"x2"
trough where it is bound to become more or less 1l14' and two scantlings 2"x4"xl2' will make
by swine in the summer time than any one other house set and the drop window partly down.
up
condition that may be furnished them. It keeps Fig. 269 shows the top off. The construction is
them cool, destroys lice and keeps the skin in a readily seen. After the house is ready to set
good healthy condition. together have the floor made just large enough
The two general classes of hoghouse most in to let the sides of the house set outside the floor.
use are individual houses and large houses with The cost of this house is about $5. It pays to
individual pens. A hoghouse that is best for paint the roof every three years but the sides
one man under his conditions and manner of will last without paint as long as the roof is
handlingswine may not be best for another painted. Taken down each fall and spring and
where the conditions and manner of
handling whitewashed and set up against a fence or in a
differ. This difference is due to the originality shed until needed it will give long service. Other
of different breeders who have solved the prob-
lem individual houses are built with two aides sloping
in regard to hoghouses to suit their individ-
ual in toward the top so as to form the roof as in
tastes and conveniences. Fig. 271. These are built on skids and when
Individual hoghouses, or cots, as they are necessary can be moved as a whole by being
sometimes called, are built in many different drawn by a horse. They are built in several
warmth, sunshine and pure air at reasonable of little significanceso long as the general prin-
ciples
cost, and the secondary object is to have it pertaining to the health of the animals
handy for feeding and handling the and and the convenience of the breeder are observed.
expense for fences. that will shed water at"a slightpitch. The
In order to be sanitary a hoghouse should wall on the north side of the building is made
admit the direct rays of the sun to the floor of as high as that on the south side, but the roof
all the pens and exclude cold drafts in winter, on the north side and alley is made steeper so
be drv, free from dust, well ventilated and ex- as to have more air space and good ventilation.
elude hot sun during the summer. This part of the roof, then, may be made of
at E and D in connection with the width of the building,the lower window ing
be-
and manner of construction of the building. shaded by the eaves and the rays passing
The window J57 is so placed that at noon of the through the upper window fall upon the floor
shortest day of the year, the ray of light which of the allev.
passes through the upper part will fall upon In order to be most serviceable a hoghouse
the floor of the south side pen on the opposite should be constructed so that it can be used
side from the window. This allows the total every dav
in the year. If this can be done, it is
amount of light coming through the window at permissible to spend more money in the struction
con-
this season of the vear and this time of the day than would be warranted were the
to fall upon the floor within the pen. In the building to be used only a few months during
morning and in the afternoon when the sun is the year. In order to be an economizer of laboT
not at its part or all of this
highest point, a the house should be planned so that the largest
beam of light will pass beyond the pen. sequently,
Con- amount of work mav be performed with the
during the late winter months, there smallest amount of labor, which with the pres-
ent
will be a maximum amount of sunlight on the scarcity of labor is a very important factor.
floor of the pen. Farrowing pens should be supplied with
The lower part of the window J) in the upper fenders which prevent the sows crushing: the"
part of the building performs the same tion
func- pigs and should be built so that the attendant
for the pen on the north side of the allev mav lend assistance if necessary both with venience
con-
as does the window E for the pen on the south and safety. By having all the hogs
side. By this arrangement of windows there is under one roof handling becomes simpler and
possiblea maximum amount of sunlight on the in case of bad weather much more convenient.
fleer of the pens in winter which will serve to An argument that has been advanced against
warm the interior of the house and especially the large hoghouse is that bv having a largo
the beds during the latter months of winter, number of brood sows in such close proximity
thus making it possible to have pigs farrowed to each other, if one is disturbed or molested in
BWIXE BARNS AND HOUSES. 153
anv way all the other* will become fretful and lias a doorway M leading to the outside which
when feeding is commenced at one end all the is opened by a door sliding upwards. There ia
rest will become uneasy and injure their litters. also a door A' opening to the alley on the inside.
This argument hold where the
partitions This door is so hung that when it is open it will
may
are solid board fences, but by the arrangement turn pigs the toward the front end of the house
lo be described the sows can see one another and where they are to be weighed. It also permits of
see what is going on about them, and not being changing pigs from one pen to any other pen and
to another the attendant will is of for the attendant. I, represents
strange one or not easy access
to the system and wait patientlyfor their turn. shown in F'uj. "7.1. makes feeding a very easy
Furthermore, by this arrangement of wire tions
parti- and convenient operation. The fender in the pen
the little pigs are more easily tamed and is shown by A' in Fig. 272. This consists of a 2"
tubular iron bar placed on iron posts of the
same dimensions and set in concrete in the floor.
This bar is placed 8" or !"" above the floor and
about 6" from the wall ami is to prevent the
sows crushing the pigs at farrowing time. The
-ow will necessarily make her bed in this cor-
ner,
frightened every time a person passes the pen. bins for feeds of various kinds represented by
By having a large hoghouse the hogs can be f. There is also a leading to the out-
door. side
./,
her own pen at night, thus necessitatingfew heating the water in winter for mixing slops.
G shows the office, and C the feed bins in
pastures.
In is submitted the ground plan of which the feed is stored it is hauled to the
Fit/.273 as
the hoghouse which is shown in Fig. 270. It is hoghouse. The opening to these feed bins is
wide and is in the from the main alley of the hoghouse from which
120' long hv 30' represented
is the allev which they filled directly from the the
figure by 0 8 T U. X Y are wagon as
.1 are 10' wide and 11' deep. Each pen The rest of the pens on the outside shown
pens
154 FARM BUILDINGS.
follows :
(1) There are no obstructions to light. The
(2) By this means there is no opportunity Thehoghouse is divided into unit length* of
for disease germs to lodge in cracks and crevices 10' each, this being the dimension of the pens
or to be harbored in the shadow of solid fences. parallelto the long dimension of the building.
In case the hoghouse should ever become infected Where there is proper drainage an earth floor
with disease of any kind it can be fected
disin- is probably the best kind of a floor in a hog-
germs house,
much more easilyand thoroughly. although it is a little harder to keep in
(3) Wire partitionsallow the hogs always to repair. Therefore, by omitting the floor,tile
be within sight of one another and of the attend-
ant drain and eave troughs, the building still
By this means the when they are contains all the essential features and costs
sows, proximately
ap-
shut up to farrow, will not become estranged $122 per unit length of 10' which
from one another, and will not be so likelyto contains two pens. If the carpenter work and
fightafter returning to a common pasture. painting can be done with the regular farm help
at odd times when there is no other employment
"Wj%r~ at hand, the building can be constructed for proximately
ap-
$100 per unit length of 10'. This
includes the labor as well as the material on the
tar and gravel roof, which is the flat roof on the
part of the building south of the alley,a V
brick wall underneath the structure and the iron
posts, gates, panels and fenders which cost at
the rate of $13.60
per pen.
The total cost of $2,110.55 does not take count
ac-
of grading, hauling cinders,nor of the
fence posts.
A hoghouse should be located so that it will
give access to pasture. Fig. 275 shows an rangement
ar-
i
i which the hoghouse is approached. E and F
i
"""
I
are lanes leading from each side of the hog-house
i
i to the pastures. // represents the pastures
i
i for the hogs that have access to the north side
i
r-
i of the building and J the pastures for those on
"
B
but may be made to suit the location or the
fancy of the builder.
The hoghouse is planned to supply the needs
; z
of the man who grows pigs for the general ket
mar-
cement and not so slippery,but both are bring time keep good mature sows in the herd rather
tried. Brick of course is colder in winter than than sell them to avoid keeping them all the
is lumber, but this can be obviated by using bed-
ding vear for a single litter, which necessitates ing
breed-
or by making an overlay (portablefloor) from young, immature gilts? and untried
of 1" lumber for the corner of the pen where the The sows are bred to farrow in February. Tn
bed is made. order to insure exercise during the winter
156 FARM BUILDINGS.
months, they are allowed to run on a pasture or the foundation 8' wide outside measurement.
in barnyard during the day and to come
a to the Cut eight 2"x4"b V
long and place with 8"
hoghouse at night where they sleep and are fed tops flush with the outer joistsfor partitionties
both night and moraing. Each sow is trained and spike to keep in place. Then drive enough
to come to her own pen, which can be done with strong stakes to keep all in line. Fill in with
very little trouble. About a week before rowing
far- 3" of concrete made of 6 of crushed
parts
time, each sow is confined to her pen,
having access of course to the small yard on the
outside. She is kept there till the pigs are from
one to two weeks old and by this time they have
learned to know their own dam so that all can
N"
Concrete makes the best and cheapest feeding
floor. It is rather cold for sleeping room, and
is not as dry as a board floor. Dryness and
warmth are necessary for young pigs.
Ten pens 8' x 8' will accommodate 100 tening
fat-
hojrs. In front of these pens make a
a driveway, the divisions being made by the use the way when it is open. In cold weather and
of wire fencing. The houses are 8' square. Four early spring the north door is closed, and if
16' boards make the floor, and the roof and necessary the south
openings also are closed,
sides are made of matched flooring,lined with fresh air being secured through the ventilator in
building paper, and that covered on the inside the roof that is made by carrying the ridge a
with common lumber. The houses are set to trifle higher than the sides that comprise the
front south. There is a door in both north and roof. This is shown clearly in Figs. 278 and 279.
south ends and a window in the south end, the In hot weather the houses are converted into
latter being hinged at the top with rope and summer resorts by leaving both doors and win-
pulley attached so that it can be swung out of
up
SWINE BARNS AND HOUSES.
dow open. Each house is nicely painted with A hoghouse should be sanitary, serviceable,
two coats and trimmed in white, and costs plete
com- and accessible to pasture. To be sanitary it
about $10. They are set up on blocks in should admit of the direct rays of the sun to
the summer to keep the floors dry and in the all of the pens, exclude cold drafts in winter,
winter time they are dropped to the ground and be well ventilated and exclude the hot sun in
banked to keep the wind out from under the summer. To be serviceable it should be so built
that it may be used at all times and for all pur-
poses.
It should also be built with the idea of
may be used the entire year, and this building, ceiled on the inside and outside, and
would counterbalance the initial cost. having a shingle roof. (Sec Fig. 282.) It is 280'
160 FARM BUILD1N08.
wide and extends back 130'. There are in all 52 extreme heat and the flooringof the house gets
pens, each with a small rustlingbox for winter thoroughly dried.
use and an outdoor addition extending back 24'. The flooringof the building is made of 1"
There is a 9' shed roof extending from the barn lumber and doubled and the stuff used should
proper over this. Each outdoor pen has a ce- be clear of knots so there will be no leaks to let
ROOM
n
.-2H'-~. - t -"*"-" --"*
i
SMALL- RUSTLING BOXES n
m "
CEMIRT
WALLOWING BOXES
ONE TO EACH PEN SHED ROOF
COMES TO MERC
OU T ! ilOl : PI NS
T
l
INI DO OR PEIJ? "'X if
STORE
ROOM "
- ROOM.
r
ment wallowing trough, so that each hog gets water through. The sides of the building are
two rooms and a bath. At each end of the barn also double. The first is common sheeting and
are rooms 24' square and put building paper
20' high, and then the best
which are on this was
doors are closed in the winter and the late pum- shown sunshine is admitted in the pens during
mer and fall pigs that are weaned run in there the greater part of the day, particularly during
to sleep,having the space divided so that the fall the middle of the day, when it is most beneficial.
pigs take one-half and the summer ones the The pens are made of movable partitions,so
other half. By opening all the doors in the sum-
mer that if desired one or all of them can be raised
the pigs are enabled to get in out of the and the entire floor used for feeding. It makes
SWINE BARNS AND BOUSES. 161
D- Door Scale
other end and the pipe runs the length of the with a drop door in the south side to let in the
building and heats it with very little fuel. sunshine. Here they are kept for a time, one
Where the cost of fuel is not much of an object sow and litter to a lot. Here they have the
heating could be done with steam. Where a ground to run on, which, like daylight and shine,
sun-
Z'ir"n Jfp*
'X 1
_i_
X"
~"3- G*AiN -*"
r
Mi
""/*A/ Pen % /"/"A/
3" *"*
.V *na 8+
A\
% "0
*-*^X
"- , . ^.'- . .
-iLJ_prl
"
P"*t \
%
".... " ^
"*"'-
use and for early farrowing. Although it has remains true that at certain seasons of the year
been demonstrated that the small house is most the swine barn which can be kept warm and
practicalfor a large part if the year, it still dry by artificial heat if need be, and can have
8W1NB BARNS AND H0UBB8.
Ce/tcrtit P/trj
Outsic/cMxlls
"
-#"*--- -[|]-""-|e]
t9'4' "
i $lo'----y, tf-V-
Isl* 0 [El H
---
,c-"? -
rQUWOA TIQH PL A /V
abundant sunlight, is necessary to every good fer from cold storniB and even from zero weather
breeder. In Nebraska, at least, the pips of at farrowing time. The weather is equally
March and early April farrow are liable to suf- liable to be warm and rainy with a condition of
164 FARM BUILDINGS.
"" f
" y f
t i. i.^V-^
l^"
.
SlfcV*.. I I lull I ill 1 li I li I I * Thl
fore the building is erected, but one will have a from the end or sided doors sows can pass to as
firmer building and fences to erect the frame of many different grass lots or fields as are able.
avail-
the building and set posts for the outside fence Jf one wants fire in the house for heating
before laying concrete. it or making slop he can arrange that in the
The pian of construction (Fig. 294) gives alleyand have a flue put in the deck when build- ing.
sizes and lengths of material, so that any handy More space for stove or boiler may be had
farmer can do the carpenter work. The siding is in the center of the house by settingthe partition
what is called patent siding, tongued and of a stall on each side back one foot,thus making
grooved. It should be well dried before it is put two small stalls 6'x?' and stove space 8'x8'. In
on. It is covered with redwood shingles. The building,every other partitionof stalls may be
sash have six lights, each 8" x 10" ; they can be made movable but this is a matter for each man
in pairs,as indicated. To get a better distribu-
tion to settle for himself. A cistern or drive -well
of sunlightthey should be distributed so as will add to the convenience and place water at
to divide the dead space equallybetween windows. hand.
The deck sides are not perpendicular,but have The cost of the building not painted will be
an 8" slope in the 2y"' of height,thus admit- ting
about $200. This plan places the health of the
more direct rays of the sun. By this ar- rangement
herd above the convenience of the herdsman.
of sash one can have sunlight in conditions the first requisite of
of the house and by hinging half of
Sanitary are
every corner
health, and these mean- plenty of sunlight,pure
the sash and elevating or lowering it as in a
air and clean dry sleepingplaces. The cement
greenhouse one can have almost complete ven-
tilation.
floor outside favors a clean house inside,reduces
By doors opening into the alley one can inroads of filth and rats and adds to the comfort
change or sort the sows or pigs readily,and of the sows and pigs.
I
I """
"""
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"""
HEB HE see """!"""
"""!"""
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IP M
41 "
^
i jf " * 1 1 I i r i i i1 i i r r 1 ~
r^ r ^ ^
w '*""" r^' ^
* *
ill 111
yfz"s \w/* /
\ /
"*A r^-r /"\ , " i
/*?N i " i
/*"\ , " ,
/*3*V.
V * 6 b' i i
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*"' b- " 1 1" b' 6 \i *' b- |i 1"\
9mn I
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"II
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/ft /\ A i"V U""l
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Ctvfe^ ^\. )0*A\\C \STOKTCJ ?^\3
PIG. 294. HOUSE FOE 20 SOWS (SIDE AND END ELEVATIONS AND FLOOR PLAN).
r
IIOGHOUSK FOR SOWS AND PIGS. on each side at the north end for feed 8'xlO'
and a mixing room 8'xlO' for cooker. Water
The hoghouse shown in Figs. 295 and 296 is
is to be piped to mixing room, concrete is to
intended sows for
to Pigs farrow in. when
extend from A to B. The object of the concrete
weaned may also be fed in it. This house is
stalls are 6' wide and 10' deep,a row
"58'x3()'; not extendingall over the whole floor is to have
on each side; this leaves 10' in the center for a
5' of dirt at the back end of each stall for pigs
feedingfloor to feed young pigs on and two bins and sows to lie on.
66 Ft
w w w w w w w w w
5 FT.
DIRT
"4"4"5 6"4"7" -a a- "
k"~
CONC RETE
A
/*
MIXM6 5
000ft CONCRETE Otoai
ROOM
CONCRETE
FEED 5
HW-"" 12 13" 1" 14" ( 13"
" "
"16"
BIN
Dl
w: 3
w w ft w w w w w w w
68 FT.
no. 295. HOGHOUSE FOR SOWS AND PI08 (OBOUKD PLAN).
8 FT.
68FT
FIG. 206. HOGHOUSE FOB BOWS AND PIOB (ELEVATION).
"+'
FARROWING PEN FOR EARLY LITTERS.
\ Ai*L" J'xW C^Sror* i posts and also to roof in center. The sides are
all boxed tightly,
papered and weather- boarded.
The roof is sheeted down solid, papered and
r
shingled with best
shingles. Sash are 2*/fe'x
P*H3
6^/ each. The partitionsand doors are made
of matched flooringand are 33" high and mov-
able.
The dotted lines around each farrowing
i pen (Fig.297) are a 2"x4" hardwood scantling
with l"ottom 8" from floor and with inside 8"
fig. 207. FABBOW1NG PEN FOB EARLY LITTERS.
from partition.According to some swine breed-
FARM BUILDINGS.
advantages over larger apartments or shed room, north and west winds.
BWINE BARNS AND EOTJBBB. 169
plenty of sunlightand ventilation,without which FIG. 304. INDIANA HOGHOUSE (SIDE 8ECTION)
it is a waste hoghouse.
of money to build a
should be fed outside on the feeding floor. This 2*1 OUTSIDE PENS
will be for the health of the sows and promotive
of neatness and dryness in the house. The frame 5'xio'
is of 2"x4"xl2' and drop siding. The joistsfor
the upper floor are 2"x4"xl6/, being supported
i
by four l"x 4" stringersattached to the upright
305. INDIANA HOGHOtSE (FLOOR PLAN).
2" x 4"s in making the aisle and pens. If the FiO.
up 6' and line with paper, before putting on the as desired to accommodate different-
many pens
drop siding. With a concrete floor there can be aged hogs.
no wind from below and no rat harbor.
Floor and joistsare saved, which will cost as CORSA'S HOGHOUSE.
much as the concrete, but a concrete floor with-
out
a movable wooden floor in the sleeping pen W. S. Corsa of Illinois thus describes the house
hog-
is too cold, though with the arrangement Figs. 306 to 311:
shown in "There are
gested
sug-
it is the warmest, driest floor made. just a few cardinal principlesto bear in mind in
building a permanent hoghouse. These are
3y2' high. It has 24 rooms 5'x8' ; also 24 pens necessarilyopposed to each other. In building
on the outside 5'xlO'. Each room has a door a permanent hoghouse, as in building anything
that lets the sow out into the outside pen, and permanent, consideration should be given to lo-cation.
each outside pen has a gate to let the sow out It would seem to be better to place
into a lane 10' wide. This is for convenience in such a building reasonably near the individual
gettingeach into her pen.
sow lots and away from the general group of farm
The floor inside the barn is of cement, as is buildings. For many reasons this may not ways
al-
the one in the outside pen, and the whole house be feasible,but it would seem to be good
is double weather-boarded with building paper practice keep the hogs
to away from the barns
between. There are 12 windows in front of this and adjoining buildings.
barn; each window lights two rooms inside. "The nightmare of the permanent hoghouse
SW7.VE BARXS AND HOUSES.
is disease, so that the sanitary conditions are wood of natural forest trees on somewhat
open
always the deciding ones, as sunshine, the cheap-
est higher ground affords material protection from
and l"est germicide, in every pen at some the north and northwest storms of winter. ing
Hav-
hour of the day; plenty of ventilation without with some eare located the
site, we started
draught and no harboring place for filth. in on the foundation by digging a trench 6"
"Our Violin is locate*! with reference to the wide and deep enough to go below the frost line.
individual hog lots and houses. It stands on With this concrete foundation brought to the
ground with a decided slope to the south, giving proper level we filled in the hollow gram
parallelo-
good, natural surface drainage. At the rear an with gravel and rock, tamped it well and
;a A
8 111
*/. _2V2_
XMtuSlo Win"iofS /
.-"D Posts VJT*"
" -
an other posts WG"
FARU B0ILDINQ8.
covered the entire surface with concrete, making out from the side, but use screws, about 1%",
the floor rat-proof and water-proof. Iron pins bury the wire in the head of the screws and give
were placed in the concrete wherever there were a half turn. Wherever the wire might touch the
i posts in the building. For aiding we nsed wood place a screw. Fence stapleswill keep the
boards that had seen service for two years as wire from leaving the screw heads. Use screws
stack covers. Where it is intended to use con- and staples generously. The first coat of con-
crete,
you would wall paper. Start at the top, make with shingles.
that then fasten one edge, after which "All posts aie set on iron pins bedded in the
secure,
stretch sideways, then fasten the bottom. Do concrete. The corner posts are 6' and the 2"
not nse strips of wood or lathB to keep the wire plate gives ample room for a man to walk around
174 FARM BUILDINGS.
side. Now put a strip an inch square on the ordinary sized sow and litter,and is light and
under side of the projectingroof, allowing the airy,with perfect ventilation. In fine weather
sash to be drawn to one side for ventilation. the larger door is left open; this closes the
Instead of
strip below put two buttons to lap
a smaller door. During stormy weather the large
over the lower edge of the sash to keep the wind door is kept closed; the small door then affords
from lifting it. The boards for this sloping ingress and egress to the sow. From the loca-
tion
front should project roof-like at the foot and fit of the small door it is practically impossible
up against the roof at the top, and if properly in the stormiest weather for the bed to get wet,
laid the sash will fit snugly and move to one and we have had sows to farrow in zero weather
side 1" or 2', as required for ventilation. The and as yet have lost no pigs on that account. By
buying all of the materials the house will cost,,
GROUND PLAN
besides the work of construction, about $6.25.
Two men during a short winter day can struct
con-
side view
FLOOR PUN
6-
I
I
GUARD RAIL
I* *
I
I
I
I
I
I
QC
m
* - -
8- --- --" O
ANNEX a:
trouble and at email cost. The house can be A IIOGnOUSE FOR $400.
placed on runners and moved wherever needed.''
Commenting on this hoghouse, an authority I.. X. Bonham of Ohio thus descrilies the $400
says: "The annex to the individual hoghouse, hoghouse shown in Fin*. 317 to 31*i: "The plan
while it adds to the cost of material and increases here given will a worn mod ate 10 sows and their
the labor of construction, gives air and dom
free- pigs or more
"
by removing a sow. after the pigs
to the inmates. Unless the sow and pigs are arc old enough to move, to other quarters, Sun-
light
to vault over the guard rail shown between the and good ventilation are of greater im-
portance
annex and the pen it will be necessary to omit than convenience for herdsmen. We
that rail and have guard railB on only three sides, have tried to make things handy and have a
which are ample, as the bow can not crush pigs room for corn, but as a ride we do not advise
against open This annex acts ns a storm storing corn in a crib to which rats have
space. may
shield or door, and prevents direct draught on access from adjoining buildings. Unless one has
the inmates." a corncrib near it will be a vast saving of steps
ANOTHER INDIVIDUAL HOGHOUSE. to have some corn in the hoghouse, but we would
advise keeping only a wagonload or so in the
This house is used at the Nebraska Experiment crib here. In this way the crib floor will be
Station and is built on runners. fi'.\8', and cleared of corn as often as a wagonlond of corn
floored. (See Fig. 316.) The sides of this nest is fed out, and this will prevent its becoming a
are 3' high, with a double board roof having a breeding place for nits. It behooves every er
farm-
long and short side, the short side of the roof and feeder of hogs to build against rats, so far
opening up so as to let the sun into the pens on as possible. In this plan we have a cement floor
warm days, or it can l"c held partly to give 56'x24'. There is no place for rats to hide cept
ex-
open
ventilation in the summer. in the corncrib or bedding room in the sec-
176 FARM BUILDINGS.
ond floor. If these are emptied frequently it for ground feed and a space 8'x8' for a slop
will be an immense check on rat breeding. barrel
withstanding
Not- and pump faucet,
or if one has water
there are so many considerations pressure from windmill, tank or distant spring.
in favor of a cement floor,we advise a movable If not bo provided, then put down a cistern to
wooden floor over the cement floor of the ing
breed- receive the water from the roof. Here is oppor-
tunity
pens. This wooden floor may be 6'x8', suf-
ficient for a small outlay to hare a full supply
for the bed, keeping the sow and pigs of water. While one is at it,put a force pump
from the chill that is sure to come from lying on in and with a hose be able to flush out the way
alley-
the cement floor, unless bedding is very dant.
abun- and troughs frequently, and in wRrm
Opposite to the corncrib is a room 8'x8' weather give comfort to any feeders or breeders
that may be in the house. Room and
chimney
are provided for a stove or feed cooker, as de-
sired.
P3OT is
will
A ventilator
give ventilation withont
in severely cold weather.
needed ventilation
opening win-
Whenever
or
dows
fire
is called for, since it is not
air shaft beside the chim-
ney
is $400. From the plans as given any builder nished than is provided it lwcomcs too hot for
"
can furnish an itemized bill of materials. summer use.
lantern it is probable that it can be made warm white clover, timothy, red top, blue grass, chard
or-
enough for all except the most extreme weather. grass and meadow fescue, and contains
As a rule, two brood sows with their litters will 140 square yards. In this lot is a hoghouse 3'
or without the litters robbing each other. The with galvanized iron. All these lots verge
con-
sows can also easilybe trained to occupy separate to a point,as a wheel. The hub is where
nests, which prevents the danger of overlying the steps are saved
feeding and watering. At
in
young pigs. This house has been found quite this bub we feedbin, and
have a smalt
before
satisfactory. The cost would vary with ties,
locali- putting in the feed the hub was graded level for
but somewhat exceeds $100. It is built all six
pens. Here we have cement troughs con-
nected
this house is that unless more ventilation is fur- the same, and watering can be done in short
178 FARM BUILDINGS.
order. The pipe is large, and if mud collects are for sills; 2 pieces2"x4" and 6' long are for
in these tees or theplug canmain
be un-
screwedthe ridge and plate. The door in the roof can be
and the system flushed, cleaning all. In opened when the sun shines. Sunshine is the
this hub we have under the storage grain bin a best tonic known for little pigs in early spring,
trough for sweet milk. Of course a little corn is and the door is essential when the sow needs
pigging time of
kept here all the time, and one would be prised
sur- attention at as a means trance,
en-
how soon the little fellows learn the and as is sometimes the ease, a very hasty
way
in and out. They become weaned sooner, learn exit. We lose a very small per cent of pigs far-
rowed
to depend upon themselves and tease the sow in these houses.
less than when in a close house. The individual
hoghouse is
away from noise. The sow's stinct
in- A SINGLE HOG BARN.
tells her to hide, and she must come up
for fectl to the bub before she have A swine breeder asking for a plan for a single
can anything
hoghouse with one row of pens with facilities
to let in sunlight, is thus accommodated: As
yet keep out rain. For each pen there may be is cheapest in the long run, and provided a slat
floor is placed under
four sash, but two will be abundant, and the tervening
in- the bedding concrete has
mainly no doubt because of the great value of fatteninglamb eight months old is
ample. Twice
the land and the cheap labor. In America cold that will suffice for a pregnant ewe. Crowding
winters, drenching storms and intense summer them without providing fresh air is of course to
heat are encountered, so that there is in the be avoided.
region north of Tennessee and east of Colorado Movable racks are best. Make them of such
need for provisionfor shelter. length that they may be set to form partitions
Inexperienced flockmasters err in making too in the barn. The most economical hay-racks are
careful provisionfor shelter. Sheep need to be those in which the sheep thrusts its head in be-
tween
dry and out of the wind that is all. Many ex-
"
pensive the slats, then eats without pulling the
sheep barns fail because of lack of fresh hay out and trampling it beneath the feet. Try
air. Sheep have been fed in these expensive to prevent this waste bv making very narrow
barns at a loss,and in later years they have been slats and the waste is doubled, as all hay is first
fed in the open yard alongsidethe barn, the feed drawn through the narrow spaces before being
being stored within at a profit. consumed and very much of it is wasted. vide
Pro-
The sheep is not a hardy animal. A native plentv of racks, so that every lamb can eat at
of mountainous regions,it is used to having its the same time. It matters little how many sheep
lungs full of pure, fresh air. Deprived of this are kept in a pen if the air and water are pure
no amount of feed or coaxing will make it thrive. and each lamb has a chance to eat at will. tainly
Cer-
Some one has said that "the worst enemy of a in the breeding flock there must be sep-
arate
sheep in the barn is another sheep." The sheep pens for the ewes advanced in pregnancy
barn then needs primarily two things: a water- tight and many small pens for ewes that have lambed.
roof and provision for the entrance of an These pens may be built of simple tight panels
abundance of fresh air. Add to these things about 4' high and 5' long, two panels hinged to- gether,
provision for storing a large amount of forage and when opened at right angles and
and a supply of pure water, and the sheep barn hooked into a corner of the room they form the
should prove satisfactory, whether it is built other two sides of a very convenient small pen.
cheaply or expensively. A small yard paved or concreted attached to
Perhaps the best manner of ventilation is by the sheep barn is indispensable. Do not make
having all of two sides provided with continu- ous it large,as it will cause loss of droppings and
doors, divided horizontally, the lower half be more difficult to keep dry.
swinging outwardly like a gate, the upper half The fatteningflock should be confined to the
liftingup horizontally, as a box lid lifts, and barn at all times save when feed is being put in ;
held up bv props hinged to the doors. These then it is convenient to run them in the yard.
doors may then be opened slightlyto admit In this way the saving of manure is material
some air during a blizzard,wider on a cold day, and the lambs or sheep fatten faster, as they
entirely up whenever the weather is warm and have little exercise. There should be provided
the air sluggish,and one side may be left wide inside a flood of pure air for them.
open at all times. It is better to leave off the Water should be in abundant supply, and so
upper doors altogether, leaving mere open spaces convenient of access that the sheep have no diffi-
180 WARM BUILDINGS.
eulty at time in satisfying their thirst. It bam is a small turnip house. On all sides of the
any
should be kept enough for man's use. Sheep barn are hay self-feeders. The winga are 32'
pure
are dainty in their appetites,and readily detect wide. The plan shown in Fig. 325 gives a clear
foulness in the water. idea as to arrangement.
When the sheds are kept well littered with
dry straw there is no harm in permitting; the A NEBRASKA SHEEP BARN.
manure to accumulate to considerable depth.
The tread of the sheeps' feet prevents its heat-
ing, On a Nebraska farm where from 5,000 to
and all is saved. It should be hauled out, 7,000 lambs annually are raised two large barns
however, as fast as the condition of the fields have been constructed according to the affixed
will allow and approach of
all cleaned out on the plans. The barn in which the greater number of
warm weather. Sheep manure being rich in the lambs are dropped is shown in the ground
nitrogen it is good economy to sprinkle the barn plan, Fig. 326, lower design. There is a loft
frequently with finelyground phosphate rock or above in which hay is stored and chutes down
phosphate flour or with acidulated rock or acid which it is thrown be fed in the permanent
to
phosphate. Applying the manure to the land hay-rack shown. hay-rack partitionsoff the
This
with a manure spreader it may be put on more space so that the central part is used for one
thinly when so treated. The manure from sheep class of ewes, generally the ones least advanced
room, and in one corner of the center of the size, furnished with convenient gates, with a
182 FARM BUILDINGS.
125' long, 18' wide and one story high. Only a rests in grooves made for it at each end (see
part of this is shown in the cut. Fig. 337). These panels arc easily managed,
The south wing ie 100' long, 18' wide and and when placed in position are entirely secure
two stories high. An alley or passageway 4' without fastenings of any kind.
wide is partitioned off along the entire west side Since it has been explained how all the space
of the building by means of a low, fence-like in the shed be used as one we will
may room,
from now on consider the building as it is when
divided into ten parts. Each pen is 8' 4" wide
and is entered from the passageway through a
one that be the most readily and completely floor of each These shafts (see Fig, 330)
may pen.
changed from an open to a closed shed, accord-
ing are simply wooden boxes that start a foot from
as the weather makes one or the other of the the floor and extend through the roof as high
up
conditions essential. In recognition of these as the peak. They are made by nailing two 8"
necessities each pen has double doors that when and two 10" boards together. Xear the bottom
opened out into the yard make an opening that on one side of the shaft is an opening for the
lacks only 38" of being as wide as the pen. The udmission of air, the flow of which can be regu-
lated
manner in which these doors are operated and by a door that is hinged at the bottom and
fastened may be seen in Fig. 327. One door L pushed into the shaft.
bolted securely at the top and bottom by bolts A lambing- room occupies the f|iace of two
operated bv a level, as shown in the figure, and pens in the partition adjoining the main barn.
the other one fastened to it by means of an dinary
or- It is 14'xl6%'. This room is inclosed by tight
thumb- latch, so that one or both doors walls on all four sides,with an outside door and
may be opened at will. A slight upward ment
move- a door leading to the shepherd's room. The wall
of the lever allows both doors to swing next to the alleyway and that next the first
pen
open, and when pushed shut a simitar ward
down- are provided with wide hanging doors hinged
movement locks thein safely. above, extending horizontally,which reach from
Over these douhle doors are windows that are about V below the ceiling to a point 4' above the
the same width as the doors and 2' high. These floor. In cold weather they are fastened down;
windows are hinged at the top and are opened at other times they are swung to the ceiling,
and closed from the passageway by means of a leaving the pen light and airy. By means of
from the unlocks the window The floor is constructed of 1" matched material
rope passageway
and raises it at the same time. When the rope
with coating of gas tar mopped on while hot
a
is released the window closes and locks itself. There no permanent partitions of any kind
are
flock can be kept in the barn with the doors along the north side which leaves a room
closed and the large windows left wide 14' wide by 125' in length. This may be pied
occu-
open,
which will insure the admission of an abundance as one room or divided into any number
of fresh air without the bad results following the of pens up to 15, which is the maximum.
their bodies. The gates and panels are similar to those scribed
de-
exposure to a draught directly upon
Should it become to close the barn in the south wing.
necessary
tight there still is ventilation by means of shafts A reference to Fig. 330 will show that the
thatare constantly carrying off air from near the main barn is arranged to be convenient for
184 FARM BUILDINGS.
this
building are ventilation, light
of
and sunshine three
thingsabsolutelyessential to
"
"
in
i "Se/i "'4
in
FIG. 331. A BABY MUTTON FACTORY ( ELEVATION) FIG. 333. A BABY MUTTON FACTORY (GROUND PLAN).
.
windows in front are 3' x 6' and the sash are taken, gives ample room the for exercise when
raised and lowered at will. Those in the end are weather is good. The building is largelytenon
hinged to open inside. Around the back and and mortise, but the three inside bents are
northeast end above the nail tie are six doors somewhat different. The long braces are about
each 24"x30". A 10' flap door admits the 25' long, are spiked to the rafters above (see
sheep without crowding. Fig. 332) and the posts below and Test on the
During the winter there are often spellsof foundation. They are also spiked to the girders
warm, muggy weather which make ventilation a and braces, which are 2" x 6". This
to the short
serious problem. At such times the small doors makes strong brace and leaves unobstructed
a
should be opened and the lower sash raised. room for the hay fork.
This admits fresh air next the ground and any The frame and joistsare of oak; the rafters
unpleasant odors are quickly dispelled. Every of sugar tree; the mow floor and nail ties of
foot of floor space is utilized,and the hay racks elm ; the siding of pine ship-lap; the sheathing
8BEEP BARNS AND SHEDS. 185
rough pine; the roofing, felt. The foundation may be divided into four smaller A
pens.
ia made by placing stone pillars under the posts movable hurdle from the water trough to the
and filling the space between with bowlders, door divides into two and by swinging the lamb-
gravel and cement. Therefore there are no cold creep into place two other divisions are made.
draughts near the ground in rough weather. In the center of the pen facing south is a door
Two hay chutes drop the feed directly into the 16' wide and 4' high; above this are two doors
long rack. These and the stairway assist in mak-
ing 8' wide which swing in, and on either side of
the ventilation perfect. those two other doors which also Bwing in. The
windows above the center doors also be
may
A UTAH SHEEP SHED. opened bv swinging in from the bottom. Thu
arrangement makes it very easy to turn tbii
Wiliard Hansen's Utah sheep barns or sheds into an open or closed shed, as the weather may
(Figs. 334 and 335) are large enough to commodate
ac- demand. The water trough is of galvanized
500 ewes and lambs and 600 to 700 iron and the amount of water is regulated by
yearlings. Jn the breeding shed there are 10 an automatic float. As will be noted the tion
loca-
large pens 32' square, planned for the modation
accom- of this water trough is such that the sheep
of 500 ewes. The division between in all four pens into which the larger pen may
the sections is a long feed rack. Each section be divided have access to it. The doors :n the
LlJUJIIiiHH
JILL1J
LUIUJlU-l
IUUJLU
otBcmm^om:
passageway on the north are arranged to give in moderate amounts in bins built above the
greatest facilityin changing sheep from pen to racks at the side.
This sheep barn for 100 ewes is distinctly a good ventilation, comfort to the sheep
sheep barn ; there is no room in the basement for and general all-around practicabilitythis barn
Fig. 338 H stands between the posts dividing of a ladder the mow is reached. W is either a
ja "
NC
N "
the barn into four compartments. Each rack is hay-rack or watering-trough,as thought beat.
separate from the building and may be removed If a trough it is not so wide. It may be sup-
plied
or turned around across the alleys if desired. either by a hydrant or float-valve. It is
At each end of alleyis a door of full width to better to have water in theyard on the south
admit of a team passing through for convenience side of the barn, there being comparatively few
of cleaningout manure and also to allow of per-
fect days when it is so cold that the sheep would not
ventilation. These halves, prefer to drink there.
doors should be in
divided horizontally,the lower half swinging, To give access to the various alleyways the
the upper half raising on hinges affixed to its arrangement shown at P and jR is very satis-
factory.
upper edges. This confines the sheep while al- lowing It consists of an extra poet in the
free circulation of air. ground about 2' from the barn. To this post
190 FARM BUILDINGti.
~\ MAY *ACM
upper story is lightedfrom the roof. FIG. 344. LAMB FEEDING SHED (FLOOR PLAN)
BHEBP BABN8 AND 8HED8. 191
nails or cut nails. Common wire nails do not hearers onlv 10' of unsupported The floor
span.
last well. joistsshould be lot in between these joist-bearers;
Fig. 345 show a the front elevation of the that is, cut just long enough to slip down and
shed. The doorB turn to the south and each spike fast at the ends, so there will be no
Iwnt has its large half-door. It is not necessary waste of space as there would be by putting
to provide doors to the space above the half-
doors. In feeding lambs these spaces would
float-valves.
sky 60' x 80' (Fig. 3i8). In this will be a tank, forage for a far northern location, but could
of
preferably cement, into which the roof water be built wider and taller.
is led and maybe a spring madeto pour through
a pipe. Of course the open side is to the south. A GOOD LAMBING SHED.
On two sides are many small 4' x 4' pens, in
which ewes be
lambing time; confined at While there is no doubt that lambs born in
may
these be Simple
stationary or movable. winter are generally worth more than those
may
panels 4' long, two hinged together and pro- born later there is more or less risk in having
vided
with hooks so as to be put together as them appear in the ordinary ewe sheds. Good
0 o
HaWTAL
rn it; r i
i H i '
(4XU JlXIA I I MXIfr AftTlfflML MCAT,
i "
i I |
I' I s l
"IOC CLCVATiON 'i I
i i rttOlflACK rftxift PNCftM
1
I
:" i
J
1 '
l!
' ROOM
! ; . ;:: lAxi*
"^J-.Lu-.-. ."-"-"'"-
rCCOlNO ALLCY
^ "X*t
/
\,
fLOOt PLAN OF *HCtP HOSPITAL
separate the ewes according to his needs, or, tention and greater auiet than can be had in
turning the feed-racks about, throw two or all the usual quarters. There are times too when
of them together. artificial heat is essential.
On one side is the creep for the winter lambs. lambing-shed illustrated in Fig. 349 is
The
The doors are all on the court side and are light,warm and easilyventilated; the feed is
double, one opening as common doors and gates above where enough hay is easilystored to carry
do, the other swinging up as an awning swings, the stock below through the season, the access is
to let in a little air or a great deal of the sun, convenient and the manure easily removed.
as desired. The court should be cemented or Furthermore, it is cheaply built. Reference to the
paved so there will never be mud, and the gate floor plan shows the arrangement of the pens.
to the court should swing either way so sheep The water is in half-barrels,all on the same
when they open they hook across the passage, long part of it may well be turned in the form
thus closing it and making it easy to direct of an L. As fast as the lambs grow strong
sheep to any desired pen. The feed-racks are and able to endure the cold they are drafted
so arranged that lambs can not creep into or out.
through them. At one end there is a room
finished off nicely for the shepherd. The pen THORNDALE SHEEP BARN.
next to the shepherd's room is completely sep-arated
from the other pens by a tight parti-
tion The sheep barn at Thorndale, shown in Figs.
reaching to the ceiling, the other pens being 350 and 351, is a side hill barn 200' x 50' with
merely separated by the feed-racks. Between an L on the southeast corner 28' x 42', and an
the closed pen and the shepherd's room there extension 30' x 30' on the north side (Fig. 351).
is a sliding door next the stove. One side of The basement is extended for breeding ewes,
the door is covered with zinc. There also is a the southwest extension for the rams and herd's
shep-
sliding lath gate, so that by opening the door room and to break the northwest winds
and closing the gate the heat from the stove from the yards. The extension on the north side
will enter the pen. Entrance to this pen is also is for a root cellar in the basement and grain
secured by opening the little gate by the stove. room overhead.
The building is constructed on
ROOT CELLAR
30*40'
z1
663
GATE GATE 0 GATE GATE
STAIRS
RAMS
RAMS
CM
YARD YARD YARD YARD YARO
"o
*2 RAMS
as
OOOR
28'
FIG. 350. THORNDALE 8HEBP BARN (FLOOR PLAN).
FARM BUILDINGS.
levers and main rafters, 8"xl2"; flooring, 2" of main door. There is 9" between the
side
x 5" matched ; roof sealed tight and shingled center brace*, with an iron bar run through,
with California red cedar shingles. The ment
base- which can be easily pulled out, the idea being
is 14' high and has an abundance of win-
dows. to take it out when the feed is being put in,
The lower panes of glass, which arc tionary, and
sta- the ewes and lambs are out in the yards,
are 30" x 15"; the upper glass is 15" x to allow the lambs the first opportunity of hav- ing
15", set in sash and operated by the Hitchings the first pick of the feed. The doorways
system of ventilation, which is commonly used are rounded with narrow matched stuff so that
in greenhouses. It is operated by one crank the ewes cannot get jammed running in or out.
in the center of the building. By this means The posts in basement are round 14" in diame-
ter.
ty% x 10', hung by a steel band running over space is divided in five pens. The silo in north-
west
a pulley and run up and down. As the doors corner is 10' x 12' x 30', thoroughly braced
weigh but 5 pounds more than the door weights, and secured. Each has access to water and
pen
they run very easily and work very satisfactory. a yard. The L is divided into a shepherd's room
Slat doors are hung in the same way just in- and five pens in which we keep the stock rams.
SHEEP BARNS AND SHEDS. 195
The room is perfectlyplain and heated by a Hay is taken in at east end of barn and three
stove. hay chutes from the mow carry the hay to the
lambing room, horses and feedway.
OHIO SHEEP FEEDING BARN.
A SHEEP BARN FOR 150 EWES.
Plans Figs. 352, 353 and 354 illus-
shown in trate
a complete sheep feeding barn. The A sheep barn for 150 ewes, with room to hold
very
plan of the ground floor explains itself. The 40 tons of hay in the loft,is thus described : "The
hay racks are 3' high, 30" wide, are slatted ewe needs about 12 square feet of floor space,
at least that much, and may be better off with
more room after her lambs come. The barn for
500 ewes may therefore be 32' x 60', with the
sets of posts 12' apart from centers. (See Fig.
356.) This distance permits the placing of feed-
racks between the posts and thus divisions may
be made, and there is room left to drive through
transverselyto remove manure. The two sides horizontallyand the lower half opening
vided
may be all doors, to let the teams pass through ; as a common farm gate swings, the upper half
hinges cost little. Or the doors may be omitted raisinglike a box lid or an awning. This lifted
on the sides,glass substituted on the south, and door permits the air to enter and pretty well
driveways be made through the buildingthe long keeps out the storm."
why. There is more head room to drive the
short way, however. If winter lambs are to be
there must made A BABN FOR LAMB RAISING.
grown be one section tight and
warm, and the use of artificial heat there will
An Illinois farmer who keeps about 70 ewes
be permissible,and probably profitable.Put it
thus describes the barn for lambs shown in Fig.
in the shepherd's room in a corner and let the
357:
fire heatpass through a slatted partitionto the
will be thrown "Our barn is convenient and is large
lambing room next to it. Hay a one
down convenient chutes into large racks and enough for about 125 ewes. When the ewes
WH.UN6 000ft
32'
u
\MARM SHEPHERDS g
8 ROOM ROOM _,
S
11 J WAU
Fig. A.
mXETMUINt
o
Sn
FIG. 857. BABN FOB LAMB RAISING (FLOOR).
RACK RACK RACK creep hole will be noticed in the gate between the
lamb pen and the ewes and lambs through which
l"l !"!
! the lambs can
the next
pass. These
fall and
gates may be re-
moved
may be in a concrete trough between the middle can be easilyfilled bv leaving a space between
posts, or drawn from a faucet and carried to the loft floor and the wall. Underneath the
tabs, provided by hydrants flowing directly slanting board in Fig. A is a grain trough in
or
into tubs or troughs. Abundant light should be which corn, oats or other grains can be fed.
provided,and chance for ample ventilation;the There is also a feedway that has this type of
doors on the south side may be in halves, di- hay and grain rack on either side. By casing
POULTRY HOUSES.
Too often the location of poultry houses is caring for fowls, particularly the less hardy
thought to be of minor importance and conse-
quently breeds. That an open, porous soil can be kept
is given less consideration than comparatively clean any less labor than a with much
other farm building. Frequently the other clay soil will be evident to those who are at all
build-
ings
are located first and the poultry house then acquainted with the habits of domesticated fowls.
placed on the most convenient space, when it When the fowls are confined in buildings and
should have received consideration before the yards that part of the yard nearest the buildings
larger buildings were all located. will become more or less filthy from the drop-
pings
In caring for the various classes of live stock and continual tramping to which it is
the question of labor is always an important subjected. A heavy or clayey soil not only re- tains
item, and the class that requires the closest at- tention all of the manure on the surface, but by
to petty details as a rule requires the retarding percolation at times of frequent show- ers
greatest amount of labor. As poultry-keeping aids materially in giving to the whole face
sur-
of more importance than in case of almost any The material to be used in the construction
other farm building The operations must be and the manner of building will necessarily be
performed frequently, so that any little incon-
venience governed largely by the climatic conditions. In
in the arrangements of the buildings general it may be said that the house should
will cause not onlv extra expense in the care provide warm, dry, well lighted and well tilated
ven-
are provided to exclude them, and this should for lighting and ventilating and
be taken into account in selecting a location. It some means for excluding the moisture from neath.
be-
is generally best to locate the poultry house at Where permanent buildings are to be
some distance from other farm buildings, es-pecially erected some provision should be made to exclude
if grain is kept in the latter. venience
Con- rats and mice, and for this reason if for no other
of access and freedom from vermin the structure should be placed on cement walls
are two desirable points to be secured, and
they with foundation below the frost line. Cheap,
depend largely on the location. Everything efficient walls may be made of small field stone
considered it is best to isolate the house. in the following manner: Dig trenches for the
A dry, porous soil is always to be preferred walls below the frost line; drive two rows of
as a site for buildings and yards. Cleanliness stakes in the trenches, one row at each side of
and freedom from moisture must be secured it the trench and board inside of the stakes. The
the greatest success is to be attained. Without boards simply hold the stones and cement in place
doubt filth and moisture are the causes, either until the cement hardens. Rough and uneven
directly or indirectly,of the majority of poultry boards will answer every purpose except for the
diseases, and form the stumbling block which top ones, which should have the upper edge
brings discouragement and failure to many teurs.
ama- straight and be placed level to determine the top
It must not be inferred that
poultry can-
not of the wall. Place two or three layers of stone
be successfullyraised and profitablykept on in the bottom of the trench, put on cement mixed
heavy soils, for abundant proof to the contrary rather thin and pound down; repeat this opera-
tion
is readily furnished by successful poultrymen until the desired height is obtained. The
who have to contend with this kind of land. The top of the wall can be smoothed off with a trowel
necessity for cleanliness, however, is not disputed or ditching spade and left until the cement comes
be-
by those who have had extended experience in hard, when it will be ready for the build-
POULTRY HOUSES. 199
jng. The boards at the sides may be removed if boards may l"e of rough luml)er if economy
desirable at time after the cement becomes in building is desired. If so the inner board
any
hard. should be nailed on first and covered with tarred
For the colder latitudes a house with hollow building paper on the side that will come in
with-
or double side walls is to be preferred on many the hollow wall when the building is pleted.
com-
accounts, although a solid wall may quite This building paper is to be held in
prove
-satisfactory,particularlyif the building is in place with laths or stripsof thin boards. If only
the hands of a skilled poultryman. Imperfect small nails or tacks are used the paper will
from frosted combs or wattles if there are FIG. 359. HOLLOW WALLS AND FOUNDATION.
side wall. The sill mav be a 2" x 6" or 2" economical as a square building. This form
x 8" scantling, laid flat on the wall or tion
founda- will inclose more square feet of floor space for
; a 2" x 2" strip is nailed at the outer edge a given amount of lumber than any other, but
to give the size of the space between the boards for some reasons a square building is not so
which constitute the side walls. A 2" x 3" well adapted for fowls a* one that is much
scantling set edgewise forms the plateand to this longer than wide. It is essential to have the
the boards of the side walls are nailed. These different pens or divisions in the house so ar-
200 FARM BUILDINGS.
possible,and to secure
as this some fice
sacri- that can be closed tightlv by means of cords or
in economy of building must be made. chains answers the purpose admirably and may
Many poultrymen prefer a building one story be constructed with little expense. The east
high and not less than 10' nor more than 14' and convenience of operation are important
wide and as long as circumstances require. In points and should not be neglected when the
most cases a building 30' to 60' long meets all building is being constructed. It is a simple
requirements. If this does not give room enough matter for the attendant to open or close a tilator
ven-
it is better to construct other buildingsthan ex- tend as he passes through the house if the
one building more than 60'. It must be
remembered that each pen in the buildingshould
have a separate yard or run and that a pen
should not be made to accommodate more than
50 fowls, or better 30 to 40.
Some means of ventilating the building minks and foxes, a low perch is just as safe and
should be provided. A ventilator that can be a great deal better for the heavy-bodied fowls.
opened and closed at the will of the attendant It must be borne in mind that the distance given
will give good results if given proper attention, at which perches should be placed from the floor
and without attention no ventilator will give best applies to all breeds of fowls. It is true that
results. All ventilators that are in continuous some of the Mediterranean fowls would not in
operation either give too much ventilation at any way be flying to and from the
injured in
night or too little during the warm parts of perches, but heavy breeds would find
some of the
the day. Ventilators are not needed in severe it almost impossible to reach high perches and
cold weather, but during the first warm days of would sustain positiveinjuriesin alighting on
early spring and whenever the temperature rises the floor from any considerable elevation. venient
Con-
above the freezing point during the winter walks or ladders can be constructed which
months some ventilation should be provided. will enable the large fowls to approach the
Houses with singlewalls will become quite frosty perches without great effort,but there are always
on the inside during severe weather, which will times when even the clumsy fowls will at-
most tempt
any unnecessary apparatus. The fewer and simply heavy muslin, commonly called sheeting.
simpler the interior arrangements the easier the This muslin is tacked on two frames which
house can be kept clean and the greater the floor are hinged to the plate at the top so they can be
space available for the fowls. swung inwardly and hooked up next the roof. A
Underneath perches should the
always be wire netting screen prevents the fowls from get-
ting
placed a smooth platform"to catch the droppings. out and enemies from getting in when the
This is necessary for two reasons: The pings
drop- muslin windows or sides are swung up. In this
are valuable for fertilizing purposes and house kept and lay regularly all
chickens are
should not be mixed with the litter on the the time, although the temperature may be down
floor; then, too, if the
droppings are kept to 26 below zero more than once. The owner
separate and in a convenient place to remove says he put curtain front perches in, but found
it is much easier to keep the house clean than they were not needed, as his hens seemed fectly
per-
when they are allowed to become more or less comfortable without them.
scattered by the tramping and scratching of The curtain front for perches was a great in-
vention.
fowls. The distance
platform from the of the One man says he has kept Brown
perch will be governed somewhat by the means Leghorn hens, which are supposed to bo par- ticularly
employed for removing the droppings. If a susceptibleto cold, in a house which
broad iron shovel with a tolerably straighthandle was not even paper-covered,without any of them
is used the space between the platform and being touched by the frost of a very hard win- ter
perches need not be more than 6". The droppings by providing curtain front perches for them.
should be removed every day. Any one can curtain fronts for perches
arrange
without trouble. The curtains are merely com-
mon
WABM AND DRY POULTRY HOUSES. burlap hung from the roof so as to enclose
the perches in a little room. The curtains
Freedom from dampness
is of great impor-
tance should be long enough to touch the floor all
and the
lighting should never
matter of around and the edges of the burlap should be
be forgotten, for on these two things depend sewed together except at the corners, and the
success in poultry keeping. In constructing a corners should be pinned togetherat night. This
poultry house great care should be taken to make little sleeping room surrounded by burlap walls
it wind-proof. The outer walls should be abso-
lutely lets the air through without allowing draughts
tight,in order to prevent draughts from to be created,and at the same time retains the
prevent the circulation of air currents when the to maintain a perfectlycomfortable temperature
doors and windows are closed we overcome one
in the coldest weather. During the day the cur-
tain
great obstacle to making fowls comfortable. This may be fastened to the roof. The hens will
means that doors and windows should be well soon learn to crawl out under the bottom in the
fitted and that walls should be covered with some morning.
material which makes
perfectlytight. them Iligh cold winds affect fowls more than does
Poultrymen began by putting stoves and other low temperature.If the air is still do not hesitate
methods of heating in their, poultry houses. This to turn hens out any day when the temperature
was found to be a sad failure,for hens kept in is not lower than ten above zero. In very severe
a heated house were invariablyfallingprey to weatherkeep them in the house, often for several
roup and other catarrhal diseases. Then double days,giving them opportunity to get exercise by
walls of various kinds were tried from common scratching for grain in a deep layer of straw
lath and
plaster to elaboratelyconstructed walls on the floor. In the cloth front house the tion
ques-
with positivedead air spaces between. Gradually dampness is settled. Such a house, if
of
poultrymen modified the walls of their poultry built in a drv place,never becomes damp. Where
houses until now the double wall is almost known
un- glass windows are used and the house is tight
in some communities, and isexceedingly there will be some dampness, which will show on
rare in a poultry house where only practical the walls .as frost in cold weather.
value is sought. Various svstems of ventilation have been de-
A poultrv house that is built with a shed roof vised to dampness, but all ventilators
overcome
has sides of common barn lumber, the roof being create a draught if they ventilate. A good plan
of the same material. This house faces to the is to open the windows during days when the
south, has a shed roof and is TVk' high on the sun shines. This can be clone without danger
SO 2 FARM BUILDISr
during the daytime, and an hour or two of open shingled. The inside of the house should be
windows in the middle of the day will dissipate plastered with cement plaster. When plastered
any dampness that arises from the breathing of it is easy to exterminate lice or mites and the
the fowls. The windows should be opened only plastering can be easily whitewashed and swept
two or three indies, just enough to create a little off clean.
current through the house. The partitions and inside doors should all be
Some New York
poultrymen, who must eon- wire poultry fastened frames
netting on strong
tend with much cold weather, build their poultry so that all can be removed when the breeding
houses high enough to put in a ceiling, leaving season is over and the whole house be used in
a small loft overhead. The coiling is made of each side. Boosts
one or two parts, one "on to
3" boards laid alwut 1" apart. The loft is
perch on generally used
arc notin this house
then filled with straw. This allows the air to where the large breeds are kept. The floor ered
cov-
circulate in such a manner that no draught with clean straw 3" or 4" thick makes
is created and the straw absorbs the dampness a good roost for large breeds. It is claimed
perfectly. One such house has double walls
very they will do better and never have bumble foot.
with 4" between and the outside is made of lap The should Ik* out week and
straw swept once a
siding with inside and the inside with fresh straw supplied.
paper
ceiling .lumber lined with Such a of size.
paper. The windows may be any suitable
house well made frost-proof
is and free from The windows half the
upper are as large as
dampness, but quite costly. lower ones. Xo more windows should be used
than the diagram shows, as too much glass light
A CONVENIENT POULTRY HOUSE. is said to be injurious to poultry.
The yards outside should he 10' wide and at
Fig. 361 shows a very convenient poultry
least 100' long. To get four yards 10' on each
house that is 28' long and 20' wide with alley
side of the house the corner pens must be
4' wide running lengthwise through the center.
brought out ""' on each corner of house. This
The house is divided into eight rooms, four on
leaves 4' of the house for each of the outside
each side of the aisle,leaving a space J'xS'
pens. These pens should also be bedded with
for each room. The 6" x 6" sills can he used
straw or litter of some kind from 3" to 5" deep
laid on stone or blocks set in the ground. Use
and all grain fed should bo strewn in this to
4"x4" for up-and-down studding spiked 'iV"
make the hens work most of their time.
apart on top of the sills. Use 2" x 6" for floor
house of vermin, avoid further c-aro of the fowls house has served its purpose for a summer ter
shel-
and give the poultry a cooler roosting place. it still has a further usefulness during the
Those who thus close the hen houses up and turn winter as a combination scratching shed and sun-
ning
extent take to the trees and this will teach the poultry house. Whether the house is to be used
easily constructed adjacent to the regular house lie built by any farmer is illustrated in Fig.
or apart from it, and will serve the purpose of 363. The building is 10' x 24' and should stand
a protection to the fowls during the night al- facing the south. The sides and ends can be
most as effectuallyas though they were shut in made of rough boards and the cracks battened
winter quarters under lock and
key, provided with laths or strips inside and out, or matched
always that the lock is also applied to the latter. boards can he used and lined inside with ing
build-
Its general plan of construction is shown It canheight desired
be made
paper. any
quite plainlyin the halftone. It has a shed roof and the roof can
be made of shingles or matched
and stands with an end to the other poultry and grooved boards well painted. Fig. 363 gives
house. The back and the other end are sided an end view of the inside. A partition should
with rough lumber. The front is left almost extend the full,length 4' from the north side.
entirely open save for the covering of poultry This will make an entry {,-1) 6' x 24' and a room
netting, which serves the purpose of a front and til) 4'x24', which can be made in two pens
yet it is perfectlyopen to the air. There is also ("' x 12' if desired. 0 is a movable floor with
a door bv which the structure be entered two poles attached.
roosting I) indicates nest
may
independently of the regular house. The mer
sum- boxes, extending into the entry, with lids so eggs
house should include an exit other than can be gathered without going inside the pen.
the regular door for the poultry. After such a E is a elected ltoard leading to the nests. The
FARM BUILDINGS.
--f^j^n}.
for floor. All surface water in winter and early 100 hens and is 20' long, 12' wide
spring should be kept out. The gravel or ders
cin- and 12' high at the back side. It has a dirt-
mav be covered with sand so as to make a proof roosting floor running from the top of
smooth surface. the back side to near the bottom of the front.
The roosts should be built on the north side This floor is made of
cheap flooring boards and
of inch boards cut into 4" strips and should lacks 2' of being the full length of the building.
have the edges made rounding and set flat side This space allows one to pass from the house
down in notches cut in brackets extending from to the perches, which placed along
proper are
the back side of the coop. The perches are 2^' on the upper side of this slanting floor far
above the floor and under them is suspended a enough apart to be perfectly clear of each other,
platform to receive the
droppings, which can be the droppings rolling down in front of and side
out-
easily removed every morning or twice a week. the building. Underneath the bottom of this
The floor can be kept clean by using a common floor is made a run extending half way across
garden rake and raking up all the droppings that the width of the building. The top of the run
FARM BUILDMOB.
from 50 to 75 fowls. Face it to the south to end of a hen house 10' wide and 20' long, di-
POULTRY HOUSES. 207
10-10 SLIDE
rafters and then ceiled with sliiplap. This gives houses are eight in number and are constructed
quite a warm pen and the birds are kept in good so as to be movable. They are built of matched
health even in the coldest weather. flooringand covered with a patent paper. They
POULTRY BOUSES.
are 6' x 12' in size and set on 4"x4" runners. the winter. To make winter houses of them he
Their height is 3' at lowest point, 5' at est.
high- simply Btands corn stalks on the east and west
The dimensions of the main house are 16' sides and part of the south, keeping them in
shown in the picture. This plan gives shade, place with a light shingling lath frame. The
abundance of fresh air and tiie enclosed space is open space at the door and the windows, one
from rains. The has used his of which is shown picture,give light and
Erotected
built
ouscs on this plan for
owner
Wyandottes during
in the
CONCRETE CONSTRUCTION.
ments
small particles of cement partially wrhen wet
Concrete is artificial stone made from broken dissolve and as they "set" they assume line
crystal-
stone, gravel or sand, or a combination of these forms and throw out little protuberances
united by the use of cement. Cements are of which fill all inequalitiesand pores and rough
several kinds; some are made from natural places in whatever material is next them, and
rocks in which there is found a right tion
combina- thus get hold and hang on. They may also solve,
dis-
of lime and other material; these rocks are or at least soften, the surface of other
burned, ground, then used by wetting and lowing hard
al- materials next them, and thus unite in a
to harden again. The so-called "'natural" measure with these materials, ior it is well
cements are usually as good
not for work quiring
re- known that cement will adhere tenaciously to
strength or durability in situations posed
ex- smooth stone and even to glass itself. It is
to water and frost as the other class of readily seen that when cements are setting, or
cements called "Portland." hardening, and the little crystals are forming
The name Portland has not now reference to and getting hold, no motion or disturbance
the place of manufacture, but merely defines the whatever is permissible, else all strength will be
composition of a cement. Portland cements are destroyed. The time of setting varies; the first
usually made by the union of lime and clay, set may occur in a few hours, during warm
burned together, then ground finely. Some ments
ce- weather; in a day or two during cooler weather,
are made from natural mixtures of marl, and from that time on the work proceeds cumu-
latively
and where each grain of sand or fine material is not nearly filled,when so little cement is used
coated with a thin film of cement, uniting it to that two particles of sand or of stone come gether
to-
the adjacent bit of material. Concrete so made with no particle of cement beween them.
is ideal, and as long, no doubt, as
will endure Naturally no union can then take place. In-
ferior
If clean pit gravel is used it may be and too little in another part. Poor concrete is
found that nature has mixed the ingredients made when too little water is used and crystal-
lization,
fairly well, since between the larger pebbles there or setting, cannot perfectlytake place,or
will be an admixture of smaller pebbles and too much water and the cement is washed away.
sand. The remaining voids or open spaces now Poor concrete is made when the stuff is dis-
turbed
need only to be filled with cement, which from setting, or is allowed
after to dry out fore
be-
its finely ground condition is well suited for it hardens.
Any such carelessness will re-
sult
filling these minute spaces, and water added in a soft, crumbling concrete, unsafe in a
enough to moisten the mass, when it will make building and of short usefulness in a pavement.
place? It is not very well understood how ce- crack, through the natural contraction of ce-
CONCRETE CONSTRUCTION. 211
ment as it sets. This fault is not often seen. coarse gravel cannot be used a finer sort is
A man to use concrete should not be above needed and here the proportionswill change till
thinking a little,and the work will warrant as much may be called for as one to three, or
thought and care. In beginning with new terial
ma- even less of stone to cement. It is well never
one should seek to learn what per cent of to guess as to this vital point in concrete ing.
mak-
voids, or empty spaces, is to be filled. If he Here is where most work is spoiled,ma-
terial
the outset to try to add some clean,sharp sand, and coarser sand will give good results with a
holding a gallon or more will serve for this test. thermometer does not drop too low. The amount
When filled,and shaken slightly,water should of salt be 10 per cent of the weight of
may
be added to the gravel,slowly,from the measure water used, or 12 pounds of salt to a barrel of
of water. It should be poured in slowly and let cement. It would seem that owing affinity
to its
the air escape through the mass. When it will for iron salt Bhould not be used in
making re-
inforced
take no more water it is pretty nearly full as to concrete. It is also a good plan to heat
voids. Now measure the water vessel and see how the sand and water so as to bring the tempera-
ture
much water has been added to the gravel,or sand, of the fresh mixed concrete to about 75"
or whatever material is being used. For instance, Fahrenheit, and protect from
to frost thereafter
if the vessels are 12" high and you dip from the as long as possible. Concrete sets much more
water vessel and pour into the gravel four inches slowly in cold weather.
of water, then one-third of the space occupied by The importance of good mixing can hardly
the gravel is void, and to make a good concrete be overestimated, and here is where careless,im-
patient
there should be added one measure of cement to or lazy men fail. Machine mixing is
three of dry material. If you find that only two often good,,but machines are usually out of the
inches of water are taken in, then one-sixth of reach of the farmer. Hand power machines
the space is void, and one part of cement will are not considering. Shovels
worth are good and
fill voids in 6ix parts of material; that is, it fairlyrapid in operation,if manned by willing
would fill it if mixing was perfectand complete. arms.
If it is imperfect more cement will be needed, smooth wooden platform which
Prepare a on
and it is wise to add a little more than this to mix; it should be, if much concrete is to be
rule would call for 10 cent made, about 14' long and 8' wide. There need
any way, say per
more. be sides to it, though if a small platform or
no
With ordinary good pit gravel it has been floor is used side Dieces about 6" high are missible.
ad-
found that one part of cement with six parts Prepare a measuring box for coarse
of gravel makes a good concrete for foundation material. This be 3' x 3', with a depth of
may
walls, the basis of floors and the like. For facing
sur- 18", inside measure. That will make it hold
or for fence posts or any work where half a vard, level full. Make no bottom to the
are four great classes included in the
: "hydraulic cements," as that term is
the engineei. The relationship of the
lemeuting materials can be conciselyex-
a the following diagram :
ydraulic cements "
[ydrauliclime,
"atural cements.
nd cements.
uzzolan cements.
"f water.
214 FARM BUILDINGS.
supporting studding should not be more than 2' This may be done by coating it with plaster,
apart to withstand the ramming and
settlingof made of about one part of cement to two parts
soft concrete. For 2" stuff the studding may be of sand. The the
sooner plasteris put on after
4' 5' apart. the wall has
or set sufficiently
to permit of moval
re-
The floor joistsof a building may be used to of forms the better it will adhere.
construct the forms for the foundation wall with Another finish
is given by roughening the
no injury to the joists. wall slightly,
thus obliterating
the marks of the
form. A hammer such as cooks use to bruise
BUILDING FOUNDATIONS.
beefsteak may be struck against the wall enough
The excavation should be carefullymade, and slightlyto roughen it, and this will give an ef- fect
if possibleso that the earth make side that will appeal to the artistic than
may one eye more
of the form. If it is carelesslydone there will will smooth plastering. Plaster, however, if
be a waste of concrete towards the top where the made rich will make the wall impervious to
wall will be too wide. A trench just outside the water.
wall and some inches deeper should be dug and KEEPING WATER OUT OF THE BASEMENT.
in it laid tiles,which may be covered with a A good deal of disappointment has been felt
few inches of clean gravel. On this the concrete
by concrete users when they found water colating
per-
will rest. It should be remembered that crete
con-
through their cellar walls. This comes
is capable of bearing an immense weight, from the concrete lying so close to the clay that
so a thick wall is not needed to support any dinary
or- it dams back the water that would go downward
building; 8" is usuallythick enough. The
alongsidethe wall,and thus it gathers head and
very bottom where it rests on the earth should be
made wider, according to the nature of the soil.
sub-
around the 8" begin over again. If material is of the previous day, or at any point where the
scant not all the wall need be built at one time. mixture is not perfectlymade or well compacted.
When up to the surface, or where to fill against Plastering on the inside is not a sure remedy
the earth would make too thick a wall,set up an and plasteringon the outside is difficult of ac-
complishment.
outer form. This may be tied to the inner one Prevention of this seepage is
with No. 12 strands,about the stud-
wire, two ding simple. The foundation should be dug about 4"
and twisted in the middle to bring it tight. or 6" wider than the wall requiresand as crete
con-
Space the planks apart by measured blocks while is put in a board may be set up limitingthe
putting on the wires. See that all is plumb and concrete and leaving a space back of it 4" to -6"
straight;it cannot be moved easily after it has or more. In this space clean gravel or coarse
set. Fill full and level carefully. Let the forms sand is put, and as the work proceeds this board
remain on for a few days and take them off with may be raised,alwavs keeping it backed with
great care to do no pounding or jarring which gravel. It is immaterial whether the back of the
may crack the wall. Bolts may be inserted in wall is very smooth or not, so the general thick- ness
the soft concrete, the heads buried,which will is preserved. Surface water reaching the
engage and hold any wooden superstructure. wall will readily sink down through this gravel
and reach the tiles,leaving the cellar or ment
base-
FINISHING THE WALL.
quite dry.
If the form was smooth and neatly put to-gether
HOLLOW OR SOLID WALLS.
the wall will be smooth enough for all
practical purposes with no further work on it. It is usual to make basement walls solid and
Where it is seen from the outside it may be house walls, or walls above ground, hollow. low
Hol-
desired to give it a more finished appearance. walls are drier and warmer because of the
CONCRETE CONSTRUCTION. 215
air space. No more material is needed in the and it may be raised for each course. The two
hollow wall than
in the solid wall ; it is divided. thin walls need to be tied together and this is
Concrete is immensely strong and its resistance variouslyaccomplished.An easy way is by means
to crushing is so great that no account need be of bits of
large galvanizedwire, about No. 2, with
taken of this in any walls needed about the farm. the ends turned over. These piecesof wire are
Factory chimneys 350' high are built with walls laid across from one wall to the other beneath the
no more than 12" thick at the base and 7" thick plank of the form. They tie solidlyand being
above the first 100\ cheap may be put in at intervals of about 24".
Hollow walls may be made with an air space It is better to put in three sets of planking and
of 8" or 10" and the two walls each of a thick-
ness about 36" of this double wall before raisingthe
of 3" or 4". These thin walls should be inner form, as a smoother outer face can thus
reinforced with iron steel wires rods laid be kept. In order to make the wall
or or very strong
at intervals of about 8" or 12" horizontallyas and safe, vertical wires should be used in the
the work proceeds,and if some such rods are thin walls which
effectuallyprevent anywill
put in vertically at intervals of 24" it is all the cracking, even by earthquake. Greater height
better. This is called "reinforcing"and derfully
won- than 36" without raising up with this sort of
increases the strength of the concrete. form, is not practicable.There is another bond
Wherever there is to be pressure against crete
con- sometimes used, and a good one: paving brick
walls and no backing is behind them this or any hard burned bricks. These must be long
reinforcingshould be remembered. For plain enough to reach across and rest for at least an
walls,as of a house or stable or poultry build-
ing, inch of their length on each wall. They are of
where no specialpressure is to be tered,
encoun- course imperishableand resist thrusts and hold
small wires, say No. 8, laid straight,will together.
serve, and for walls where there is more pres-
sure When the hollow wall has reached within 6"
largerrods must be used. Refer to some of of the top it may be bridged across with tiles,
the numerous books on concrete construction and slate or sheet iron, taking care that the rial
mate-
reinforcingfor tables that give exact lv the ous
vari- does not cover the walls more than half way,
sizes of rods needed for each class of work. and the finishingtop should be made solid.
apparentlv 16" thick, which has a substantial nail 1" x 1" vertical stripson the frames so
be held with a short board nailed across. as they are commonly made, since they are not
form is made often made richenough or wet enough to make
The collapsibleinner by setting
up short studdings 2"x6", (2"x4s" will serve, reallyfirst-class concrete. The cost of the low
hol-
wall will probably be less than that of a
but are not so easilyremoved) which has one
wall laid up of blocks. The appearance may
edge sharply beveled so that it may be twisted
loosened without difficultv. These easily be better. A plain flat wall, slightly
around and
hold the boards of the inner rough, is much to be preferredfrom the point
stand-
studdings apart
of beauty.
form. All wooden parts of this inner form should
be of green material or else well saturated with
CONCRETE FOR CHIMNEY CAPS.
water before using,else they may swell and hurt
the work, besides being hard to loosen and take Caps for chimneys are best made of concrete.
out. See Fig. 385. These are easily built in place. A form to fit
Planking 2"xl2" is best for the inner form the chimney should be built coming out about
216 FARM BUILDINGS.
3" wider than the brick and the edges raising CONCRETE FOR PORCH COLUMNS.
about 3". At the flues clay tilingshould pro-
ject,
or else galvanized iron cores, since wooden Columns for porches and porte-cocheresof
cores will swell and surely crack the cap before country homes may be made of concrete with
it is hard. Give the. cap throw the great economy of first cost and immense gain in
a slope to
water to the outside. durability and cost of repair. The moulds for
these may be cheaply constructed by sawing half
CONCRETE FOR PIERS OR FOUNDATION STONES.
circles from tough boards and nailing to the
One of the most convenient uses to which crete
con- inner side of these segments pine stripsabout an
put is for small piers to set under
may be inch square. With tapered columns these strips
the posts of barns, stables or corncribs. These will be slightlytapered to make them fit. Bases,
are moulded place in a fraction of the time
in if turned, may be first moulded in plaster of
required to place and bed natural stone, and paris to make the forms, and capitalsin the same
the tops are readilyleveled with much exactness. manner. The columns should be cast standing
To make these piers the surface soil should be on their bases, the two parts of the mould well
excavated to solid earth, digging a hole accu-
rately wired together,since the pressure of wet crete
con-
of the size that the pier is desired, say is very great at a height of 8' or more. A
24" square. Fill it with concrete to the level of rich mixture should be used rather wet, and well
the surface and from that height a tapering form agitated with a slender stick to cause air bubbles
like a truncated pyramid is used to the level de-
sired. to come to the surface. A core of steel is useful,
If the post restingon a pier is to be, say, though not indispensable,but there should be a
*"**'*?
r -o***i*
ZX6
ji
A cortCAjzre
U U*"7 n u
PIG. 385. CONSTRUCTION OP CONCRETE WALL FORMS.
8" x 8", the top of the pier may be made of that 34" bolt inserted that will project through the
size,or, allowingsomewhat for inaccurate placing, top and 'engage the superincumbent wood work.
12" x 12" may be the top, and the bottom These columns will not need much finishing
may
be 16" x 16", with a uniform taper. In this con-
crete after the forms are taken off; should there be a
block should l"e molded a bolt, say of %" rough appearance it may be made smooth by this
iron, about 8" long,of which 6" will be imbedded method. As soon as the forms are taken off and
in the concrete and 2" will project. A piece of while there is yet considerable moisture in the
2" joistsof tough, durable wood may now be columns moisten them more and when the water
sawn to fit the top of the concrete block and a has sunk in so that it can not be actuallv seen
hole bored in it to admit the iron pin. Upon on the surface take the bare hand half full of
this the post will rest and to this block the post cement and, beginning at the bottom, draw it
may be toe-nailed with spikes,thus making a carefullyupward, letting what cement adhere
very good attachment to the base. Or, if there that naturally does and wipe off all surplus. This
is any chance of the post liftingoff,a longer bolt fillsall air holes and makes a smooth appearance
may be used with head imbedded in the concrete with very little time or material. Porch columns
and thread its upper end.
on Thus, by cutting may also be made square and this form looks ceedingly
ex-
a slot in the post to admit of a nut the post may well; let them be of generous size, say
be solidly bolted to the base. Foundation blocks for a one-story porch 18"xl8" and for. a two-
should always be made of rich concrete, say of story porch 30" x 30".
securityfrom rats can not be had with a much clamp, and weights applied 3' 10" from
in
less height than 24". Fill these cylinderswith support, strainingthe stapleside of post. Total
rich concrete and when it is hard set the crib weight, 168% pounds; total deflection, 4%";
upon them. A %" or %" rod running up breaking load, 178% pounds.
through the bottom block and the middle of the Test 4 Post fastened
"
as in previous test,but
cylinderwill insure rigidityof union. See Figs. weight dropped, straining the stronger side of
420 and 421. post. Post cracked when 40 pounds were dropped
20". Cracks open %" when drop repeated.
CONCRETE FOR FENCE POSTS.
A common round cedar post was tested, but
With lumber constantly increas-
ing it did not break at 395 pounds with deflection
the price of
of only 2". However, by working out the mula
for-
and the price of cement decreasingthe time
is at hand when cement will be used for a for strengthof different materials we would
near
great many things on the farm which are now get the following results for different posts of
considered either doubtful. wood of like dimensions cement post No. 1,
impossibleor very as
can be made that would apply to all cases. The of white oak post, 1,340 pounds; breaking load
form of impro- of poplar post, 1,330 pounds; breaking load of
posts are usually made in some vised
mould, out of a mixture of 1 part of ce- ment
white pine post, 1,000 pounds.
to from 4 to 7 parts of sand, the best ratio Cement Dost No. 2 A post 4" x 4" at lower "
having not as yet been determined. All cement and 3" x 3" at top end, 6' 6" long, reinforced
posts have some kind of reinforcement to keep by four pairs of twisted wire. Test 1 Post "
case of good wooden posts, and lacking in best sufficient to crack the post.
arrangement for fasteningof wire and especially Test 3 " Cracked post (c) tested for breaking
boards them when set up in the field. drop load.
Weight 80 pounds, drop 1', 5 cracks;
upon
We have tested some cement posts, very ising
prom- weight pounds, drop 2', break at clamp. To
80
according to the recommendations given fully realize the meaning of Test 1, let us see
them by their makers. They were declared to what a wooden post of like dimensions would do
be "stronger than wooden posts" and "lastingas when submitted to similar Breaking load
test:
the Pyramids of Egypt." Here are the results of white ash post, 2,"230 pounds; breaking: load
of actual tests: of oak post, 2,060 pounds; breaking load
white
Cement post No. 1" A post 3V2" x 3%" at of poplar post, 1,890 pounds; breaking load of
lower and 2%" x 3" at the top end, 6' 6" long, white pine post, 1,540 pounds.
reinforced with pairs of twisted
three wire. These tests show that white pine is five times
Test 1 " Post supported horizontallv 9" from as strong as the cement posts tested for steady
each end, and weight applied in middle, ing
strain- load, while for sudden jar there is simply no com-
parison.
Total weight, 701% pounds; total deflection,15' We would very much like to know what is the
32"; breaking weight, 773% pounds. actual pressure to which fence posts in the field
Test 2 " Post supported as above but strain are subjected and how often new posts are broken
applied on the one wire or the staple side of by animals running against them, as this is the
218 FARM BUILDINGS.
only practical comparison between the strength bolt heads projecting up into the form half way
of cement and wooden posts. or more. Fill the full,then put in it
form half
The foregoing tests should not discourage any-
one an iron rod of some sort, either the speciallycor- rugated
who intends to make his own cement posts. bars made for the purpose of about V""
If there is plenty of sand and gravel to he had diameter or a straight piece of wire about No. 0
near by farmer short of wood should \"v size or larger. One can buy wire cut and
every
his own manufacturer of fence posts. straightened to any length at a very reasonable
The question arises, Can a farmer ture
manufac- figure, and I do not know that it needs to be
for his own use a fence post which has been galvanized for this purpose.
patented ? If he has seen and has had explained "Lay metal, then finish filling the
in the
to him a certain patented process of fence poBt mould, smoothing off the top nicely; let it set 24
construction and he deliberately goes to work hours and very carefully remove the form, leav-
ing
and imitates this process he is liable for ages.
dam- it rest on the board without moving it. That
However, there is nothing to hinder a will take for a post ?' long 1 1-5 cubic feet of
farmer from making fence posts according to his concrete, costing about 12 cents; say the metal
own process without infringing on the rights of costs 5 cents and the board 5 cents and the 3 bolts
anyone, for it is their own peculiar method of
3 cents, you have a cost for materials of 25 cents.
making and reinforcing that some individuals The labor would about 3 cents I suppose,
cost
have patented and in which they are protected and wear and tear of forms somewhat. One
by law. would need about 10 forms and take hour
an a
vanishing supply of wood. I regret that men "The forms would be held together by sawing
a square notch in a 3" x 10" plank or by iron
clamps. The metal should turn over half an inch
at each end. Be sure that it is of good size,as
in it lies the strength of the post. It is desirable
to make posts that shall endure for centuries,
for fence repairing is no small part of our work.
After a post is moulded comes the care of it.
It must be kept moist for days by daily
10
sprinkling. Water is a component part of con-
crete,
and if ever it dries out before the ical
chem-
union takes place it will never get its due
strength.
"But it is in the
gate post that I have invented
that I takeespecial pride. Dig the hole neatly
and not larger than about 13" in diameter but
at least 3VJj' deep. I think telephone men dig
1'. Take the earth clear away, as none of it
will be needed. Dig a narrow trench, say 5"
wide and 8" deep, and 6' long across the hole,
and another one in the transverse direction, so
that the hole will be in the center of a cross.
post ; then go on filling till the top of the ground To lay the floor, make a rich concrete, cer-
tainly
is reached and the trenches as well as the hole richer than would be used in a wall, and
are full. Now set up the form, which may be of spread it over the
flooring,having it
temporary
two boards, 1" x 12" and two 1" x 10", which rather wet so that
readily be made it
to can
will make a square post 10" x 10", or it may be flow around the metal reinforcement. Tamp it
a round form in halves. gently with a broad-faced tamper. Lay it down
"The hinges should be inserted in the soft ment
ce- and at once put on a top coat of about 1" or
and it is doubtless better that they should I1/*/'of screened material, say of sharp sand 2
run clear through, as shown in Fig. 351 (right parts, cement 1. Trowel this to a smooth face.
sur-
side). Let the posts set for 30 days before you The final troweling must be given just
touch them. Concrete reaches nearly its maxi-
mum as the work setst when with care a very smooth
strength in 45 days. The fence posts if surface may be made. Do not remove the porting
sup-
laid close together and covered with, moist sand boards until 30
days. Porch floors need
will cure out best; the sand may be wet down not be blocked off if they are reinforced with
now and then. metal, since the cracks,if any, will be small. To
"This post will cost very little more than a bring the work to a level while buildingit is well
good wooden absolutelylast a cen-
one and
tury. will to set up boards on edge with the top edge at the
It cannot possiblyget away unless the level,or slightlybelow the level,of the required
bottom of the post is in soft ground ; if in digging height of the floor. Then a straightedgemay
the hole you do not find hard earth at one depth be drawn across the work, sawing it back and
until you do find it." forth and levelingthe concrete, removing any
go on
surplus. If tliis is done with the body of the
CONCRETE FOR FLOORS. work the finishingcoat may be put on evenly
ideal and with care the same process of levelingmay
Concrete is.an flooringfor porches,cel-
lars,
meat houses, wash houses, and summer
be done without the aid of the boards, which of
kitchens. Porch floors may be laid either with course must be removed and their places filled
without them. If the ing
fill- as as their is ended.
or fillingin beneath soon use
If porch floors built restingon of
filling
gravel or earth should be care-
is done the fully are a
crack and drop out of level. A better concrete by making partitionsacross the floor,
floor for porches is made by reinforcingthe con-
crete
using 1" boards, or heavier, and making squares
of about 4'. Fill each alternate square, like the
and supporting it only on the walls. It
white spots in checker board; let it set; then
may easilyspan 8' or 10' and if need be may a
f*"*P#$S**" /******
thin concrete wall, depending from the edge, Mangers in many of the best cow barns are
the idea being in part to prevent the entrance of concrete and are sometimes arranged so that
of water beneath the concrete and in part to pre-
vent water may be turned in them either for ing
clean-
the edge being gradually broken off by or for drinking purposes. This is hardly a
driving over it in wet times. It should be borne desirable practice,however, since if a cow were
in mind that a concrete floor well made of diseased she might contaminate the entire row
pretty rich cement laid comparatively thin is by means of the water flowing past her. The
much to be preferred to a very thick one laid floor of the feed passage in front of the cows
with poor concrete that may soon go to pieces may well be of concrete, and there is no tion
objec-
from the effects of weather and natural wear. to the cows eating from the floor of this
floors loose from the bodv of the work. and the manger may readilybe swept out. The
comes
else of letting the lower of dirt and prevents the ravages of rats and
below, or body
set too Ions: before the coat is else mice.
top put on, or
crete.
completely encircling- the wall and lapping 36",
There is a type of tank of large diameter and
with the ends simply turned over at rightangles.
moderate heijjhtfrom which animals may drink
These wires may be of No. 4 size and put in 6"
that is economical to build and effective. It is
apart as you up. come Black wire will serve as
best built upon a clay foundation, or on some
well as galvanized.To straightenthis wire when
soil that will become water-tightby puddling, it from the coil fasten end to tree
comes one a
since these tanks are often built with no concrete
or post and another end to a 12' lever,the short
bottoms. They are best made circular,the size end against another tree, and let a strong team
may be
20', 30' or more in diameter; the larger take
pull against the wire, which will effectually
the more easilythe forms are made. To build out its curling properties.Then with a bolt cut-
ter
them drive a stake into the earth, put a nail cut it into lengths and put it in place as
in the top of it and with a stringdescribe a circle needed.
the size of the required tank. Excavate a very To finish
tank, remove the inner
this form
narrow trench, down to solid earth, which may it with
carefullyafter day or two and wash a
not need be more than 12". Fill this trench
pure cement and water, as thick as cream ; throw
with concrete. It need not be wider than 6", out all sod, loose earth and loam, and put into
but should be filled with
good, rich stuff. To the tank a lot of pigs, little and big. Turn in
set up the form above, straightstakes as high as water enough to make it muddy and feed them
the top of the proposed tank may be set around in there for a week or so. That Will puddle the
the inner circle about 1' to 3' apart,depending
bottom perfectly,when it may be carefully
on how small the circle is, and boards bent
cleaned with a shovel and the water turned in.
around and lightlynailed at the ends to make
An outlet
pipe should be put in so that the tank
the inner form. In this form there will be no
may be emptied as are other tanks. This is the
slope to the wall, but it will be built perpen-
dicularly of storing
cheapest and most satisfactory manner
and dependence put in good ment
reinforce-
water in pasture,when fed by windmill.
to prevent cracking. It is rather hard to
A tank 30' in diameter,holding 36" of water,
build a sloping circular form and the steel quired
re-
will take about 12 barrels of cement and 10
will not cost much more than the extra
vards of coarse stuff. The wood of the forms
amount of concrete in a tapering wall.
may be used over and over if care is taken to
When the inner circle is built set up around
pull the nails when taking apart.Nails in forms
it boards 6" wide opposite the stakes, to space should always be left out enough so that a mer
ham-
the outer form, and about them bend the boards
can grasp them.
that make this form. These boards be of
may The should
bottom of such a tank not freeze,
ordinary %" stuff of the mills if the circle is
else it need A
may puddling again. concrete
large enough, or they may be run through the bottom time if it is
may be put in at any ever
planer and brought down to %" if it is a circle
desired.
of about 16'. To throw the boards in the water
for 24 hours before SMALL CIRCULAR TANKS.
using will greatlyhelp their
bending. Do not nail the boards of the outer In building a small circular tank the form
form to the pieces separating the two forms, since can not well be bent shape, and to vertical pieces
these must be removed before concrete is put in must be used, being arranged much as the staves
"
they
may be lifted out gradually,as the wall are in a wooden tank. These mav be held in
rises,or taken out at once. the outer part of the form by wooden bands of
To hold the outer form
together the ends of y/' stuff lightlynailed and the inner form may
the boards be spliced together by butting be set around a circle made by nailing wide
may
them against each other and nailing another boards together and with a string and pencil
short board over the joint, on the outside, of describinga circle on them, after whieh the saw
and the nails must either be driven from or axe may trim them to shape.
course,
the inside of the board or else be too short to Storage tanks are often desired of circular
come into the
space of the concrete. As there form and high enough to put water in the upper
will be considerable pressure on this outer form stories of barns or dwellings. Concrete storage
it should be well fastened togetherand it is well tanks are made as high as 100' for city use and
to wire it to the stakes back of the inner form. there are no engineering difficulties in their con-
struction.
These circular forms are not difficult to make, They are built with thin walls, well
but are hard to describe briefly. Strong wires reinforced with steel. In building these crete
con-
about the outer form will prove useful. When storage tanks the concrete is no more than
the two hoops are done they will leave between the shell for preventing leakage, the steel taking
them a space of 6" which is to be filled with con- all stress of bursting pressure and this important
CONCRETE CONSTRUCTION. 223
principle should be borne in mind by all who following the curve and crossing at the
crete,
attempt to build concrete silos or tall storage top,one wire at about each 12", and other cling
cir-
wires 12" apart from the base of the arch
A good idea in building such a storage tank to the crown. The arch need not be thicker than
is to use the lower part of the tower for a milk 0". In it must be placed the pipes for inlet
room, tool house or meat house, since the less and outlet.
the depth of water the easier the pressure is held. Upon this storv the tank proper is built, also
To accomplish this let us consider a storage tank, with walls 6" thick, reinforced with one No. 4
circular in form, 8' in inside diameter and 20' wire for each 8" of height near the bottom, de-
creasing
high. Begin by putting the foundation trench 12"to apart at the upper distance.
in aolid earth; let the foundation be about 18" The roof
may be of wood, in which case bolts
wide, though the wall above ground need not be should be let in to the concrete at the upper gin,
mar-
thicker than 6". Erect a form to a height of threads up, to receive and hold the wooden
say 10', either by use of staves or upright plate; or, it may be of concrete, either a flat
boards held by circles,or by use of curved steel slab reinforced, or a cone-shaped roof or an
forms, such as are now made for silo building. arched form. In case wood is used it is made
Build the wall to the height of 10', leaving an from inch boards,
about 12" wide and 7' long;
opening for door and window if desired, but these boards ripped diagonally from
are point
using a reinforcing wire of Xo. C size laid in to point and to make a roof are put with all
horizontally at intervals of 12" and vertical wires points meeting at the same place, which makes
of the same size 24" apart. At the height of a perfect one. Shingles should complete the
10' lay a wooden floor across the space inside the wooden roof.
walls and upon this floor a heap of moist sand,
ItlBBLE WORK FOR WALLS AND POSTS.
moulding it into the shape of a rather tint arch,
sav with a rise of 24" at the center. This sand In many regions there are to be found an
will hold the concrete for the roof of the lower abundance of small round stones, from the ?ize
story of the floor of the water tank quite as of a cowan ut to a small pumpkin. These make
well as an expensive wooden form. It is tial
essen- beautiful walls laid with concrete. The manner
to put a liberal amount of reinfoi cement of using them. is to build a form wide enough
about the wall at the point where the arch gins
be- to receive the stones and leave a margin of about
to spring, since it will thrust in each tion,
direc- 4" for concrete on one side. Then the stones
so put here 4 wires nf Xo. 4 size and across are laid in place along the side of the form and
the arch put also a wire in the midst of the con- concrete, rather rich and rather thin, is thrown
224 FARM BUILDINGS.
back of them. With care the stones need not be holes and twisted tight. No. 12 wires are right
much stained with cement; the concrete will On the inside of these studdings are placed
work in between the stones sufficientlyto imbed boards V2" thick, either of green lumber or stuff
them and hold them in place,and the result is that has been previously soaked well to make
a very cheap and attractive wall. them pliant.But one board is placed in at a time
Gate posts may be built in this manner: ple
sim- and the concrete filled back of it. Next a wire
boxes
open at each side,made of four boards is put in, then another board. The wires are cut
about 12" wide and 36" long, are laid upon a to be about 36" longer than the circumference
concrete foundation; stones are laid within these of the silo and the ends turned square over. To
boxes, close to the wood, and when a course of take the curl out of heavy wire stretch with
them is laid the middle is filled with rich crete
con- strong team and lever till near the breaking
thin enough to work out between the point then it will lie straight and may be cut
stones. A piece of iron reinforcement in the into lengths as desired. With silos larger than
center will prove of value and if the farmer 16' in diameter or higher than 30' larger wires
will search his scrap piles he will find ample should be used than Net. 4.
stuff for this purpose at no outlay. Hinges The concrete mixture should be a fairlyrich
should be very strong, very long, and laid in at one, say 1 barrel of cement to % of a yard of
the right place, since once the cement has set gravel, or if broken stone is used the proportions
they can not be changed. A latch holder of should be 1 of cement, 2 of sharp sand and 4
Concrete makes a good silo. It is air-tight shaped roof raised up 24" above the edge. This
of the wood, the inequalities of temperature, the the laths out from the side of the building about
settlingof the roof, all serve to crack the roof %". Sail them on iy2" apart.
and make it leak. The one feasible means of The best way plasterthe outside of build-
to ings
stopping these cracks is hot pitch and cement, is to use common poultry netting,that of
mixed, the pitch not too stiff. However, cement "m inch mesh being best, although good results
shingles and tiles are now made that form mirableare
ad- had with coarser mesh. This woven wire
roofing and are certainly superior to comes in rolls. It is put over the wall of the
shingles or slate, while costing but little more. building spaced *"" away, or if a very warm
As these must be made with patented machines wall is desired, %", and stretched tight. The
we will not describe them here. It is well to best way to put it on is to unroll and hang it
remark, however, that these cement tiles may as wall paper is hung, fastening the top first,
be colored with dry iron ore color mixed with then one edge, then by using 6 or 8-penny nails,
the mortar of which they are made, so that they starting them slanting in the edge of the net- ting,
will very closelyresemble the best tiles and the it may be stretched sideways. This stuff
coloring is imperishable. can not be stretched lengthways, but may easily
be stretched taut sideways. It is kept away from
CEMENT FOB HEARTHSTONES. the wall by the use of laths running vertically,
clay. With good clay chimney linings there There is vet another
plaster. use for outside
would seem to be no reason why concrete should That is for
covering outbuildings; poultry
not be used for chimney building for residences houses plasteredoutside and in are warm, sightly,
or other uses. It is no more liable to deteriora-
tion easilykept free from vermin and cheap. There
from smoke than is lime mortar with which need be but one thickness of t"oards and the wire
bricks are laid and this is not operativeanyway stretched over it on each side or common laths
where water does not reach the work. Concrete mav be used for the inside. The cost of this
chimneys should be made of well mixed and well sort of
plasteringis about double the cost of
proportionedmaterial so as to be almost or quite painting once. A better plasteris made of Port-
land
without voids. cement one part, clean sand two parts. This
hardens into a cement impervious to moisture.
THE JJSE OF OUTSIDE PLASTERING.
laths one must have first a solid backing of some Fig. 389 shows the cross section of a hog-
rough lumber; any dry stuff will serve, but pine house 24' x 60' with a cement floor. The floor
is to be preferred,as it is not apt to warp. Space is made in two levels, 1' lower in the middle
226 FARM BUILDINGS.
walls, flooie,troughs and well coverings all de- cay. will be 6" thick at the top and 16" thick at the
Therefore tlie coining of good cement at a bottom ; put in place and fill with concrete and
low price is doubly welcome to the farmer. It pound it down as hard as possible. Do this be-
fore
seems now that he may do things so well that the bottom has become thoroughly hard.
they will stay done through several generations When it has set a day or two take off the wood
and at slightly greater expense than the porary
tem- carefully and wash trough well with a mixture
makeshifts to which he has been tomed.
accus- of equal parts pure cement and sand, using
pure
a fairly fine clean sand, or cement alone. Put
To build a watering trough, remove the top it on with a whitewash brush. Sprinkle the work
soil down to where it is firm, say 8". Build twice day and when little hard
a a a carefullyfill
box the size of the outside of the trough, say 4' it with water.
s 12' and 3' high. Make it strong to resist pres-
sure
when cement is rammed against it,setting A CONCRETE SMOKEHOUSE.
an 8" or 10" tile. The concrete walls need not that the structure must be strong. It must be
be than 6" thick and if desired the well reinforced with steel rods laid in the crete,
con-
more top may
both bottom and sides.
To help those
be formed cheaply of one slab of concrete, laid
who build from theground up I estimate
with a very little slant to carry off the drip. may
In this slab should be imbedded that it would take 18 yards of concrete, as many
(Fig. 393.)
of gravel (or whatever
rections,
di- material is used) and 24
a No. 1 wire about each 6", running in both
barrels of cement to make a rich mixture. The
which will prevent its cracking. The
cost of materials will be for 18 yards of gravel,
hooks to hang the meat should then be inserted
24 barrels of best cement, $48, and steel for inforcing
re-
in the concrete when it is formed. The meat
about $20.
bench should be of concrete also.
"Thus there is a cash outlay for materials of
something like $85, not counting the wood for
A CONCRETE WATER TANK.
the forms. We built the forms ourselves. It took
An Ohio farmer contributes the following: eight men about 2^ days to fill the forms with
*"The problem of the water supply for the farm concrete, including the time spent in hauling
house and lawn may be solved in various ways. gravel. Thus the labor cost
"
by means of a pump or by gravityfrom the roof. be remembered that pressure tanks are not age
stor-
This must always be the main reliance on farms tanks; one must have storage in addition.
.in the level regions of the Middle West. And However, this tank would not be nearly high
when tanks are considered there is choice tween
be- enough for some situations; there would need
the elevated
pneumatic or tank and the be an additional story between the lower room
in pumping. Engines need care and time to the dairy would be sufficient. There might be
start and stop them. Let us call the labor cost ice stored over the dairv : in that case a concrete
of pumping our tank $18 a The water floor should be laid.
year.
is worth that and a great deal more. But it "In our situation we got elevation enough
is very evident that if a pressure tank costs in without going higher than 16', and with this
labor $18 a year to fill,then it is worth while elevation we can fill the tank from the clean
scheming how to get one filled for nothing. If metal roof of largebarn standing
a about 200' dis-
tant.
it is possibleto equip himself with an automatic The pipe leading the water across is 2"
tank-fillingdevice a man can clearly*afford to in diameter, buried below frost and has in it a
expend something like $300 more to accomplish vent hole to empty it in winter time so that
it than what the air pressure system would cost. water may not stand to freeze in the vertical
Water in the best farming regions where water stem. We made
blunders,and I would sug-
some
gest
tanks are needed is often hard or filled with that a good handy carpenter put up the
lime. For bathing one finds rainwater best. forms; he will be surer to get things plumb and
"There is nothing new in this idea, but when square. Let me emphasize that studding for
elevated tanks have been made of wood or set on forms should be no farther apart than 24",
wooden towers they have usuallyproved trouble-
some. where inch lumber is used, and that it is better
The one new thing is concrete. (See to use seasoned pine studding that will keep
Fig. 394.) Rightly built,I believe it will prove straight and that all boards should be run
perfect. At the old homestead stood an old through a planer and sized. They receive no
stone building,about 10' x 10', once used for a great injury in use and can often be borrowed,
dairy. Taking it as a foundation we erected on or hired, from the dealer in lumber. Wire gether
to-
it a concrete tank a little more than 9' in diam-
eter, well; the wet concrete will press hard
inside measure, and 8' deep with walls 6" in every direction when it is put in forms. It
thick. The tank has a capacityof a little more takes, of course, two sets of studding; they will
than 200 barrels; perhaps it is unnecessarily be put opposite and well wired together. The
large,but we can use it for irrigationin dry outer wooden shell of wall is first put up, high
seasons about the lawn and garden. The weight enough to lay the lower wall?, and the concrete
of this water will be 22f/" tons, so it is evident floor (the studding may go clear up), then the
230 FARM BUILDINGS.
should be simply moistened with clean water are not allowed to remain entirelydry for more
so it will not adhere to the face plate. Cover than 12 hours. After five days they may be
the face plate with about y%* of this material, stacked in the yard and watered with clean
then add a coarser mixture of damp concrete water once a day for 10 days and two or three
and tamp lightly. Then throw the cores into weeks after they are ready to be placed in a
place and use a mixture of concrete as wet as wall.
possibleand yet that will stand up, this mix-
ture Fig. 395 shows the type of block here cussed.
dis-
to be used at both sides of and between the Any desired face can be formed on this
cores. This should be tamped more than the block when being made. Use nothing but land
Port-
first that was placed in the mould. Now add cement in making blocks,as the natural ment
ce-
to where will not be interfered with flue or pipe it will be wise. A little fire can
away they
for 24 hours. It is crack be built in this pipe and the chill taken off the
easy matter
an to a
block water; besides the the tank water is
simply by jarring the board on which it is warmer
placed, as might be done by walking on the kept the less danger of the watering-places
board. freezing. Beside the storage tank, or at some
When the blocks are about 12 hours old as
convenient spot, must be a small tank to have
soon they begin to show a light color they
as float valve and be connected with all the ing
water-
should be sprinkled with clean water. They places. These of course must all be on the
may be taken off the palletswhen they are 24 same level. This small tank may be protected
to 36 hours old. They should be piled not more by a heap of straw or manure so that frost will
than three high the first day they are removed not affect it at all. Whenever an animal takes
from the pallets and sprinkledthree times a a mouthful of water from drinking place the
a
day for five days. Alternate drying and wetting water is lowered in this secondary tank and at
add to the strength of the blocks, provided they once a fresh supply comes in from the main
1
STORAGE TANK
"
o
WATERING PLACE
PIPE
*- " i. "' -I
-ML. - *" *-
-
Ih fc -*-
NATURAL SURFACE LJSNALLTANK li:-?':?-y?:::?.
" ""
'"".";
iii-. v-' !"""
T
..."""
.
oi.
CROC PIPE
INLET PIPE LFADIN6 TOtfELL
not enter the pipes; the bowl may be deep, with need of reinforcing,though a few rods
chance for sediment to collect below the orifices through it will tend to prevent its cracking.
of the pipes. The illustration shows the coil or They should bend up at the ends and reach ly
near-
return pipes both reaching to the bowl, one to the top of the wall.
higher than the other, and with also a ing
connect- To build this tank is an extremely simple
cross below. This lower cross should be of matter. One makes a box the outer
for form,
smaller pipe than the vertical,perhaps 1^4" for levelingit at the top and digs a trench for the
/?*
20- I*
2 ROD 24 LONG
i"
4RO0S36LON6
a.
THIMBLE
4'
^ r
3
o
DRAlNTlLE
INLET PIPE
PLANK 2*10
""'.*
CONCRETE O
"""
^.j.;.';
"" t"
;'l-i-
t """"""""
?*?!!*
m~i^
"
i .-..._
^
^r^
"
^ 1 "^it""
.11.. a.
*'*T
-. m.
.
*'TT"*
. ...
!*
"*
*'
"-
r.TJ_'f ^O ** *f*
,0.
* * /*
"
' .'"'"' :?:Aj::;WUf
'
:":""""
vf v ^ ^v;";*:::v-.C^S
'/"'/, SAND
"o
"-,/"
DC
i_" "/
.."
foundation than 8" wide and rod each 16" in two directions,and then the
; it need be no more
16" deep, then puts in his concrete floor walls, about 6" thick and for each 12" of verti-
cal
perhaps
and on it the box for inner form ; then the walls, height lay in a big wire or y"" rod bent to
and all of it should be put in on the same day. fit. As the concrete is placed and smoothed in
Make a rich mixture, rather wet, so that it will the inside, pressing it hard against the form,
pour, and keep it agitatedwell with sticks as it is throw up a little sand against it to hold it up.
poured in so as to work all air bubbles to the At the top edge place a rod %" in diameter bent
surface. Take off the inner form in 24 hours to shape; it need not be continuous; short rods
and paint the inside with a wash of cement and hooked together will serve.
water, thick as
This sand mold is built in less time than the
gravy.
The be mold and requiresno lumber. It makes
inlet and outlet pipes must put in square
before the tank is built, the inlet pipe reaching a stronger and more beautiful tank. With good
gravel mix l1^ barrels of cement with each yard
just above the water line and if it has a curving
piece or "return" put on it all the better. The of gravel,or if stone is used and sand, mix 1 ment,
ce-
and have a thimble set in the concrete bottom. but not a smaller tank, connecting the
too near,
Grease the threads well so that it will be easy
two with underground pipe. Do not have
an
to screw in and out. Water overflows over the the hogs near enough to the large tank so that
top edge of this pipe and runs down into the tile they will get hurt by cattle and horses.
provided,or it is screwed out and Jhe whole tank
is emptied. CIRCULAR CONCRETE TANK.
A
frame. Now pileup sand around the circle and that really it cost nothing but the placement.
wet it and pack it with the shovel, then swing We began the tank by digging a narrow circular
the frame about and let it scrape off the sand trench to come just under the wall, the circle 10'
till there is a complete circle moulded in the in diameter. was dug down to firm
This trench
sand pile. Then we are ready to put in con-
crete. clay,and intended
merely to make sure that
was
No inner form is needed; as the concrete the tank had good support so that it could not
is put in, sand is thrown againstit to hold it in settle unevenly. The earth from the trench was
place,after it has been fairlywell placed with thrown out to make backing for the sand mould.
the trowel. Use moist concrete but not too wet Pipes were put in for inlet and outlet,and there
to be held in place. seems but one right way to put in these pipes.
After the sand mold is ready then clean out The inlet pipe should enter through the bottom
the trench (it had better be dug at the ning)
begin- and rise a little way above the level of the water
and fill it with concrete. If one wishes when the tank used 2" pipe,which
is filled. We
to make the outer surface of this tank absolutelv is most satisfactorywhen water runs with no
smooth and fine do it in this manner: Screen pressure, this tank being filled by gravity from
some coarse sand and mix with cement, 1 to 2; the overflow of other watering places in the
do not wet it. Spread it over the sand mold in sheep yards.
its dry state about 1" thick, pressing it down "Placing the outlet pipe is seldom done just
hard (not hard enough to disturb the packed right. There should be a tile drain leading
sand). Use the frame and sweep this if desired away, and in the bottom of the tank a 2" pipe
simply shortening the frame 1". When this dry union just flush with the surface, on the under
cement and sand are in place moisten them with side of this union pipe joining the tile and on
a
a fine sprinkler,or the wet sand may give it the upper side a short piece of 2" pipe reaching
enough moisture to make it set. Then put in up to the height that you wish the water to stand
the bottom, reinforcingit somewhat, say a *4" in the tank. Thus when it is filled the sur-
CONCRETE CONSTRUCTION. 233
plus water overflows into this pipe and charges laid up.
dis- As the concrete was mixed fairlywet
into the tile drain. When it is desired (not sloppy) the walls would not quite lay up
to clean the tank the pipe is unscrewed from the without support, and sand was shoveled against
union and all the water rushes out into the drain. the fresh concrete on the inside as fast as it was
Thus the pipe makes both plug and overflow. laid up. At intervals reinforcement of heavy
After the pipes were ready and the trench dug wire was laid in, encirclingthe tank, and this
the next step was to erect a perpendicular bar was made especiallystrong at the top rim. The
at of the proposed tank.
the center This forms thickness of concrete was about 5" except at
the pivot for sweeping the mould. While we did the top, where it was made 7".
not think of it in time the inlet pipe might well "After it had set for a day the sand was
be used for this purpose, piecing it out tem-
porarily taken out from the inside and the surface
to make it tall enough. It must be smoothed up and washed with pure cement an"J
exactly vertical, and supported at the upper water, thick as cream. After ten days the sand
end, as there will be put againstit quite a bit of was taken away from the outside and the tank
stress in forming the mould. We placed a 2"x was complete. Six teams can water at one time
8" plank across the site,supporting it by posts without disturbingone another. A given amount
at each end, well braced ; this held the upper end of cement will go farther used in this way than
of our pivot,or axle. On this pivot we fastened in anv other form that we know. There should
with loops of wire a frame of three boards be a curved return on the upper end of the inl^t
swinging about freelyabout the center, and this pipe merely to prevent sportiveboys throwing
was to form the sand into shape for the mould. pebbles down it."
As curves are as easilymade in such form as
was shoveled out from the bottom, the trench of a wide board fastened at one end to a bar
cleaned out, and concrete put in. The bottom thrust in the ground and shaped at the other
was well reinforced with scrap iron (a good end to form the mould. This board
revolving
place to get rid of it), so that it could not crack, about will make the form exactly regular and
the trench filled at the same time, then the walls correct. The earth or sand should, of course,
FARM BUILDINGS
be fine and backed nicely. We covered this earth as it would stand the desired slope. We
up at
form with burlap and then with building paper made the thickness 6", putting in the bot-
about
and laid the concrete directly on it. The paper torn first,and then the Hides in regular courses,
dried on the concrete and made a nice
covering laying in plenty of wires as we went along. We
for the outside. No inner form was needed, as washed it inside with pure cement when it was
we used the concrete fairly stiff,as wet, however, set. There was only one piece of wood needed
CONCRETE CONSTRUCTION. 235
in this form, the board and the time in doing the twisted,when it will release the planking. The
work was less than wonld have been had we built tics across the wall are best made of vitrified
a form of wood." paving brick,if they can be gotten 12" or 14"
long; if they can not be had of that length the
inner form may be narrower. Wires, which
BUILDING CONCRETE HOUSE WALLS.
should be galvanized,hold the outer studding
How may a form be built to construct hollow together; these wires are cut and remain bedded
im-
walls of concrete? in the wall. If no paving bricks are to
It is not problem,
a difficult so the inner air be had good hard-burned drain tiles may make
A. CONCRETE 3 THICK
B. 2'*8'PLANK
WIRETIE
j _*
C. 2x6 STUDDING
it ~*
0. 2*6 STUDDING
CROSS ECTION
INNER STUDDIN6
FIO. 400. BUILDING CONCRETE HOUSB WALLS.
236 FARM BUILDINGS.
made for that purpose or washed with the proper At the top and bottom the walls will be low.
hol-
acid to make it rough and of uniform surface, The two walls bridged over
are for the
or it may also be plastered,though this does not top, tiles or slate being used, taking care that
usually give so pleasing a surface as the rough they do not cover more than about 1" of the wall
one. at the inner side.
MISCELLANEOUS.
LOCATION OF A SILO.
practicalway of ordinary high-
equipping the
wheeled farm wagon is shown in Fig. 401.
When
possiblethe silo should be located in This rack is made of 2" x 8" plank, 16' long,
the feeding barn, since it not only brings the one end of each being placed on top of the for-
ward
cost of building within the reach of every one bolster;the other ends pass under the rear
who is reallyin need of a silo,but greatlyfacili-
tates axle and are chained or bolted up tight to it;
the handling of the silagewhen feeding it these two pieces make the foundation of the
out. Depth in a silo is always preferable to rack. The wagon is coupled out as far as these
breadth, so that in the case of basement barns planks will allow. On top of the plank are
it is advisable to let the silo reach from the placed four cross-pieces, equally distant from
top of the barn
posts to the ground floor of the each other,as shown in the figure. These cross-
basement; a door or opening can then be made pieces are 2"x4" and should be about T long;
from the silo directlyinto the basement where upon these are laid inch boards parallel with the
the silageis to be fed. The next best location wagon. The load is of course placed wholly in
is adjoining the feeding stable. In most dairy front of the rear wheels, but the rack is ciently
suffi-
stables the cows are stanchioned in two long large and low enough to enable a man
By the use of the corn binder for cutting in the time taken by old methods.
field and convenientlyequipped wagons for haul-
ing When corn has reachedthe proper stage of
there will be no more hard work connected maturity it is not necessary that it be wilted
with securing the fodder for the
filling silo than before putting into the silo in order to make
there would be in harvesting: a clover or grass the so-called sweet silage;only the immature
crop. Many farms are supplied with low- fodder needs wilting; such should be wilted
FARM BVILDIt/QB.
"\c
\j"*'
M
"i\
"'*/"*'[""+]
no. 402.
considered, but if the matter of durabilityis three years giving them a coating of cement.
taken into consideration I fully believe that they wash. This we do as we nil them, applying as
are the moat economical to build. I believe my high as we can reach from the ground and when
cement silos can be kept in perfect condition for we have them filled nearly to this point put the "
50 years at the simple expense ot once in about wash on to another section and so on to the top. .
MISCELLANEOUS. 239
The silo that 1 built in 1898 on which 1 put but the best (1 used the Portland) and mixed
no roof cost me -12l/2 cents foot of it one part cement and two parts clean sand.
per square
surface wall. To illustrate: A silo 20' in ameter
di- Be careful not to have any clay or loam in it.
is 63' in circumference and if 38' deep
A SILO OF WOOD AND CEMENT.
or high it has 2,400 surface feet, which at 121/i"
cents per foot would cost $300, and it would According to Joseph E. Wing this is the
hold 250 tons. Some would figure it to hold
cheapest and perhaps the most economical silo
300 tons. This does not include the cost of a
yet devised, lie thus explains the method of
roof, which after three years' experience I am construction :
confident is more a matter of convenience than
Begin by digging a trench as narrow as you
of necessity. I do not believe it adds a dollar with
can your post hole diggers and 3' deep,
to the value of the contents of a silo. I do it at will be
widening the bottom. This trench
know that the roof is very much in the way circular, of the diameter you wish your silo,
when we reach the top in filling,
as a man 6' 1 would
12', 14' or 16'. not build wider than
tall is constantlybumping his head against the 10' with this form of construction. Fill the
roof. trench with good cement concrete, ramming it
My silos all have clay floors and tho silage hard, and extend it up above It
ground 2'.
keeps as well on clav as on cement. 1 f you need should be made 8" thick above ground. To build
to keep the rats out cement the bottom. The this make form of thin boards bent in cle
cir-
a a
foundation be of stone, brick or cement like cheese box. Make the
may a top of the crete
con-
(grout) proper distance
to a above ground. I exactlylevel. Procure common rough barn
used 2" studding, 12 in centers, but I am
x 4"
siding or fencing; for a silo of small diameter
certain that they might have been put 15 to 16 6" fencing will be good; for a wide silo the
in centers just as well, as all the object of the stuff may be wider. Make two hoops of boards
studding is to hold the lumber together,as there V'l x 6"" 5" larger than the inside circle of the
no lateral pressure can reach the studding un-less foundation. Treble the
concrete %" boards,
the lumber sheeting is first pulled in two breaking joints. Lay these hoops on the wall
by the pressure, and the pressure required to and take a piece of siding,set it up inside the
break this circular sheeting is something sur-prising. circle and nail fast,seeing that it is vertical.
The inside sheeting was secured by Set four of these boards about the
wall, then
up
taking 6" fencing and having it resawed, mak- ing plumb them carefullyand them, raising
brace
the material a little less than %" thick.
up the other circle and naif it at the top. If
On this put laths made from the same
were
you wish to go higher let the upper hoop extend
material, the laths being made with beveled above the top of the boards 3". It will then
edges so that when nailed onto the sheeting serve to catch the lower ends of the second set
horizontallythe same as the sheeting is put on of boards. Now nail on all the boards, siding
we have a dove-tailed joint between the laths as though siding a barn. Nail barrel staves
to receive the cement, preventing its loosening lightlyat the middle to hold in place. Leave
until it is broken. The patent grooved laths an open strip3' wide where the doors will come.
might be used, but they can not be sprung to You now have a big barrel made of 1" boards
a 20' circle. and nothing whatever yet to give strength or
The first three circular silos that I built were tightness.
put in a row and enclosed with a frame ing
build- The bottom of the lower door should be 7' up
like a barn. This obviated the need of sheet-
ing from the
ground ; side up to that point. At the
outside the studding. Not being certain side of the doors, on the inside, nail 2" x 6"
that I had sufficient resistance to the lateral studding, flat-ways,directly to the boards to
tained set up another set on top of the first. It would have been wise; they could have been set
is just as well to do this in any ease. A silo up more rapidly. We set them up much as you
should be at least 30' deep. You may use 16' would set up any wooden silo,a first,
16' length
stuff for bottom set and 14' for the top. That using a wooden hoop 2" x C" built of Vg" stuff
with the wall gives a 32' silo. Run a few strips as a form to build against, this hoop being on
of strap iron up the siding to hold the two sec- tions the inside of the silo. Each stave was spiked
together in a cyclone. When all is stripped to this hoop; when the lower section was ished
fin-
with the y2" x3" stuff you have a wall that the spikes were withdrawn and the hoop
can not be rent asunder. The tensile strength of raised up for the second form.
wood is enormous. Cheap elm or green oak will The outer wall of the form was of y% oak
bend easily and make good material for this stuff,8" wide, the boards running about the silo
stripping. horizontallyand held in place by 2"x4" ding
stud-
Lath the inside with common plastering laths set about 2" apart. To hold these ding
stud-
but them 1" apart. Nail a row of them at the right distance from the inner core
space
right around, then another row right on top of they were wired in three places with No. 12
the first,breaking joints and allowing the sec-
ond wire, boring through the staves of the inner
lath to project above the under one Vi"j form for this and passing the wires through
thus giving a secure hold for the plaster. These these holes and fastening by letting the loop
plasteringlaths alone would hold the silo from pass about a big nail. The wires we learned
spreading. Plaster with best Portland cement should be twisted to get the slack all out of
into which sufficient fibrous gypsum has been them. They pass through the wall and are left
mixed to make it adhesive. Now and then in.
whitewash it with cement after being used In beginning we dug a circular trench 2'
pure
or coat it with pitch to preserve it from the acid deep, widening it at the bottom to give a good
of the silage. Bevel the 2" x6"s that form the
door jambs to receive the doors.
This silo has had tests in Michigan and where
else-
and has enthusiastic adherents. It should
endure for many years and has the advantage
of the stave silo in that it will never blow down
floor.
we beveled slightly as silo staves are beveled. I bearing and fillingit first. The concrete was
think now that to have grooved them and put raised by means of a pole derrick, which should
in the grooves short metal tongues at three or be about 6' higher than the silo is designed.
four points along the length so that they would This derrick is easily revolved and is guyed in
have been unable to move against each other four or sir directions with long and heavy guy
MISCELLANEOUS. 241
wires. Scaffolding is carried up as or left in the silo until it is fed out and sawed
you go.
Concrete mortar is lifted up by horse power, off then.
swung in place rapidly and deposited in the If you are building of a different dimension
forms with shovels. After one knows how, silos remember the rule for calculatingthe pressure
may be very rapidly built in this manner. Our on your walls is to assume the normal pressure
men were all our regular farm laborers. We at a depth of 30' to be 330 pounds per square
think this silo will bepermanent thing. a foot and to multiply this by one-half the diam-
eter
The thinness of
forbids the putting walls of your silo wall. Be sure you put in
much if any dependence in their strength to re- sist enough and put no dependence in the cement for
bursting. The bursting pressure of silage resistingbursting strain. The thin wall is very
at 30' depth is 330 pounds per square foot, ac- cording much cheaper than the thick one and just as
to King. If your silo is 16' in diameter good, if the steel is there.
it must therefore have strength to resist 2,640 The oak stuff that makes the outside of the
pounds pressure for each foot in height. As form warps and can not readily be used again
you the pressure decreases, of course. for silo building, though it is useful in a hun- dred
go up
Concrete should have a tensile strength of about other ways; the inner shell is practically
200 to 500 pounds per square inch. We imbed uninjured by the use made of it.
wires or rods directlyin the mortar to hold the All concrete work should be moderately wet
strain. Iron hoops designed to hold wooden down, never made sloppy, and rammed hard in
silos may be put in. Wire is rather cheaper and the mould until moisture rises on top. If it is
more easilyhandled. Get No. 00 wire. It is made very wet it is nearly ruined. It should
hard to handle, so reel it out across the field not be wet until just as it is ready to use.
and rig a lever of a 6'' sapling about 20' long I think a 4" wall is right and just as good as
and put a team on it across a stump and stretch one 18" thick, barring possiblefreezing. I in- sist
it till it lies straight. Then cut it into lengths that abundant steel must be used and advise
long enough to reach around the silo and 6' coating the inside with hot pitch to make it
longer. At each board lay in a wire or two be- fore acid and air-proof.
you put in cement, wrap the ends about It is not necessary to use a complete form for
each other and turn them back ; the cement will the entire silo. We set up first a 16' length of
not let them slip when it is hard. These circling inner
en- staves, afterward another 16' length on
wires should be in the middle of the these, thus needing as much timber for this in-
ner
thickness of the wall, so insert upright wires form as is needed to build a complete wood- en
in the wall about 3' apart; they will also pre- vent silo. We now think this a mistake. These
cracks and will hold the horizontal wires well after two
staves can as be in 8' lengths and
in place. No. 00 wire has a tensile strength of sets are up the lower set is well taken away and
about 7,000 pounds. If the silo is to be 30' moved next the second: set moved thus
up, up,
deep begin by putting one at the ground level,
proceeding until the silo is tall enough. These
then up 8" put in another and at each 8" board. staves should be all accurately fitted together
This is a little stronger than is absolutely
needed, before should
work is begun. There be three
but I do like a thing to be safe and wire is dowels or pins in each stave and holes exactly
not very costly. It will not rust in the cement. corresponding on the other side. These dowels
At the doors, which need not be closer to each
should be made of *4" steel. They should fit
other than 6' and should not be nearer the
tightlyon the one side and the holes to engage
ground than 7', place upright rods 1" in diam-
eter
them should be large enough to allow them to
on each side and loop the wires about them.
enter and remove easily. Thus equipped the
Across the bottom and top of the doors pass staves are very rapidly set up, as each one ports
sup-
similar iron 5' long with the ends turned up 2"
the one next to it,and the dowels prevent
and curving as the curve of the wall.
them crowding in when the concrete is tamped
We mixed our concrete at a strength of one behind them. A set of tha-e staves will last for
barrel of cement to a yard of gravel. It seems manv vears. The first year's use of this silo dis-
to be verv hard. We washed the wall with a
closed less than 10 pounds of spoiledsilage.
brush with a wash of nearly pure cement, water
and a little sand. We put a roof on, as the silo
A SILO OF CONCRETE BLOCKS.
may hold silageuntil summer time some years
and roofs are not very costly. The floor is of A silo built of concrete blocks has been signed
de-
clay,which it seems is better than anything else. by Joseph E. Wing. He says the blocks
It is not excavated at all. The pole may be are easy to make and will lay without mortar
sawed in sections and thrown out of the window under them or at the ends and make an air-
242 FARM BUILDINGS.
tight and water-tight job. There will be no Afterward the projecting bolt ends
scribed.
need for a skilled mason in laying them. They would be smoothly clippedoff. The bolts would
are made just right in length and curve to not show on the outside at all. This block would
make the wall, and where windows come they present no difficulties in manufacture whatever,
can be sawed in two or shorter ones made to fit and when once completed the two originalblocks
the openings. Joints are broken just as in any and the core be inseparablyunited.
would The
stone work and the effect is pleasing. foundation is made below ground in a narrow
The block is made in a wooden mould and trench in which ordinary concrete is rammed.
after being set the mould is taken off and the Level it and lav the first course of hollow blocks.
block hardened before being used, as
any arti-
ficial Fill the channel with rather thin concrete, lay
stone blocks are made. It consists of two in a No. 4 wire to hold the wall from spreading
pieces,each 2" thick, 8" high and of convenient and lay the next course, breaking the joints
length, say 3'. These pieces are curved to fit carefully.Again fill the channel with cement,
the desired diameter of the silo and arespaced lay down another wire and another layer of
2" from each other. They are held togetherby blocks and so on up to the windows. At the
windows (and the lower one should be up 7'
and the next one up higher) one
6' can fit in a
good wooden frame against which to build and
there should be iron rods run up vertically
through the channel to make it extra solid there,
while the wires will loop about these rods and
their tops and bottoms be fastened together,so
that there will be no danger of the silo bursting
at this point. There should be abundant steel
put into this wall, so that all bursting strains
would be resisted by the concrete. Eeference to
the diagram (Fig. 404) will make plain the idea.
The section of silo shows a course of blocks laid
with the continuous channel open and ready to
kind of buildings.
square loops of steel wire, large size, such as The wood mould is made with a curve to fit
No. 4. This wire is bent in a form into the the silo and of any convenient length,as 3', and
desired shape and two pieces are put in each as wide as the wall is thick,say 6". A depth of
block. Being very large stiff wire the blocks 8" will lay very well. Clamps hold the bottom
of the mould to the ends and sides. A curved
keep their position exactly when made even,
though they do not at any part touch each other. wooden block 2" thick fills the central portion
This forms a stone block 6" wide (it may be of the mould to make the hollow in the stone
made 8" if desired) and with a hollow clear and this block must be made a trifle tapering
through its length of 2". These blocks may also to be readilytaken out and in three parts,divid-
ed
be easily made in two parts; in one part is vertically,so that the cross wires will not
moulded two bolts 6" from each end; they are hold it. These cross wires are held in place by
bolts *4" x 7". In the inner block, the mate, block and in and
the central cement poured
two corresponding with these bolts would
holes
gently rammed about them.
be moulded with a %" depressionin the inner
After hard
In making these cement gravel is not
stones
surface of the block. they were
the two parts would be fitted together,nuts put
used but coarse sand erectinga silo
instead. In
rick, as in any silo, the arm simply swinging 30' of 330 pounds per square foot. At 30'
material over the wall to the scaffold. depth the pressure is 230 pounds. To calculate
Silage has a bursting pressure at a depth of the bursting pressure per vertical foot in a round
244 FARM BUILDINGS.
silo multiply the pressure per square foot by COMBINATION CEMENT SILO.
half the diameter of the silo. Thus in a 16' In Figs. 405 to 410 are presented complete
silo 30'deep the bursting-stressat the bottom plans for double silo for dairy barn built in
is8x330=2,640 pounds for the vertical foot, DuPage County, Illinois. Further comment is necessary
un-
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CRIBS, GRANARIES AND WORKSHOPS. them here. If this driveway should be used for
implement room care should be taken not to let
Perhaps the cheapest building for a crib or any of the tools or implements come near enough
granary is square, of capacity enough for the to the sides of the crib to give rats a chance to
grain produce on the farm. But as corn is gnaw their way in.
stored when not entirelydry it can be cured The cribs are each 6' x 36' at the bottom and
better in narrow cribs. On this theory are signed 8'
de- x 36' at the top. The object of this is to
two cribs set parallelunder one roof and give the sides of the cribs an outward slope,
12' apart. (Fig. 412.) This gives a driveway which serves two or three valuable purposes.
of sufficient size to store reaper, mower and all First, it prevents rats climbing up the sides;
implements of the farm if necessary to store second, it prevents rain driving into corn, and
MISCELLANEOUS. 247
strong wooden button. After the crib is filled Such a crib in Ohio would spoil much corn in
to middle of these windows the corn is thrown humid seasons. Cribs in Illinois are often 8'
the With of crib 8' 36' there wide. Cribs in New York seldom than
over top. top x are more
can be stored after the crib is full to 4' wide. In Ohio they are from 5' to 6'. A
proper
the one-third more corn. bushel of corn occupies about two cubic feet of
square
The framework consists of three bents 12' Bpacc. Therefore a crib 6' wide, inside sure,
mea-
each. The space over the driveway out 12' at 8' deep, and 40' long will hold about 1,000
each end is floored over and gives roof for sev-
eral bushels. Thus a double crib with driveway tween
be-
hundred bushels of corn or 1,000 bushels will hold 2,000 bushels (see Figs. 413 and
open longer than when used to put in or take desired to shelter occasional loads of hay. Let
out corn, and if one is careful not to set boards the posts be set on small, neat concrete piers and
or tools against the cribs for resting places for be 24'
high to the sills,and well tinned with
rats to gnaw their way in. galvanized iron so that mice and rata cannot
248 FARM BUILDINGS.
!i I'
2*6-1!
^ ^
^v2'x
\Z 3 PIECES
-f- U3U.
pass up them to enter the crib. Let the frame unloading of corn much more easy while the
be strongly built of joist construction, the sills scoop boxes are so arranged that three or more
of three parts of 2" x 12" stuff, thoroughly men may load at once when hauling to market.
spiked together and let in between the parts of These boxes may also be used for self-feeders
the built-up posts, which are of 2" x 8" stuff, if so desired. Note the section (Fig. 415).
cross
in three parts. Small cross sills of 2" x 8" stuff Below, the timbers are apart and it should
all 2'
enable the floor to be laid lengthways of the be sided with drop siding or shiplap put on
building. Nail girtsare of 2" x 6", spiked well, horizontally.The cribs are 6' wide at the tom
bot-
r*
or, better,bolted on, and the covering l"x4 with the
leaning 3', the driveway be-
walls ing
//
stuff put on verticallyand spaced with % 12' wide. The collar beams tie the building
cracks to permit air to pass through. The floor togetherand also support the inside walls. The
may also be left a little open to admit air,which sills,if pillarsare used, should be solid 8"x8"
will prevent mould in the corn. Let the crib or if solid foundation 2" x8" joistscould be
be well braced in all directions and set apart used. The windows should be about 10' apart
from otherbuildings. and in two sets; the first set should not be more
The followingimprovement of the crib (Figs. than 6' to T above the floor,while the second
413 and 414) has been suggested: "The timbers should be at the top and directlybetween the
are so arranged and so thoroughly spiked to- gether lower set. The scoop boxes should be hung 8"
that they form a perfectbrace, and most below the floor and should be 18" wide with an
of the weight being on the inside wall does not 8' board on front; a space of 18" should be left
settle out of place. The leaning walls make not slatted for corn to roll out into boxes. The
10'
FIG. 414. CORNCRIB TO HOLD 2,000 BUSHELS. FIG. 415. IMPROVED CORNCRIB FOR 2,000 BUSHXLS.
MISCELLANEOUS. 249
out of the way. Each crib holds 1,200 bushels. corn, with space in the center for elevator.
Ventilators made of 2"x8" timbers should be Being so long this could
be economically filled
put in the outside walls near the bottom of the by using a carrier in the peak of the roof. The
crib,so the air may pass through the corn. It ground plan (Fig. 417) shows but one section
will aid greatly in curing the corn."
Some builders would side (Fig. 415) with PART OF GROUND PLAN
A BAT-PROOF CORNCRIB.
H" fU" -
CEMENT PIERS... h
The crib shown in Fig. 416 has been in use
four years. The builder thus describes it: "I MG. 417. COMBINED CORNCRIB AND GRANARY.
CEMOfT
I use on the blocks a 4"xl0" sill,with 2" well to use a galvanized form for these piers
flooringlaid tight. I run a band of galvanized and fill with the cement mortar. On these can
iron 2' in width all around, as an extra be erected a joist or plank frame as indicated
precau-
tion,
outside on walls and bottom of door. The or a heavy mortised frame. The only back
draw-
view shows the the crib door." to its for other is the chance
step to use purposes
for rats to secure entrance. A space of 18" or
20" at the top of the cribs on the inside should
A COMBINED CORNCRIB AND GRANARY.
be left unsided for throwing in corn.
Five thousand bushels of corn requireapprox-
imately
ANOTHER PLAN FOR A CORNCRIB.
10,000 cubic feet. A farm crib for that
amount of corn may be made 6' wide and 100' In Fig. 419 is shown a corncrib which the er
own-
long. To hold 5,000 bushels will take two cribs considers an improvement on Fig. 418. He
of this size. They are placed paralleland 10' says: "The plan in Fig. 418 covers too much
a 50 FARM BUILDINGS.
ground, consequently requires too much floor make eight lengths of pipe of galvanized
ner
and too much roof. The modem is sheet iron. These to be 12" in diameter at the
space way
to build high. Therefore, if I were to build a large end and 8" at the small end, 24" long.
crib to hold 5,000 bushels of corn I would build There is another similar pipe 12" at the small
The would be 25' 48' with supports of the crib and to be filled with
building x a are
concrete.
so you may set temporary posts to set your crib breaking joints and nail it with short
on, if you are in a hurry. The photograph nails, Bay 4s. Then a third
layer of wood, and
shows crib
setting on these temporary posts. longer nails. Then the fourth layer, and nail
Next atake
joist 2"xl0" and 13' long and well with nails that just about reach through.
set it across the foundation. At right angles You can make one of these hoops in an hour,
to it place and spike another, or rather two the five in half a day easily,and that is all the
others each 5' 11" long, thus making a square framing there is to be done. Absolutely no
X of your foundation. Then put in between mortising, no posts, nothing but floor, hoops,
them intersecting 2" x 10" joists that will reach siding and roof.
out to the same lengths as those already in Put one of these hoops over the ends of the
place. These rest on the remaining founda-tion floor joists. They need not lie cut off till the hoop
piers or posts. Now you have in place is in place, and it is well to leave the lower
eight. Cut trimmers of 2"x 10" stuff and part of the joist project 2" to hold the weight
spike them in place between these floor joists, of the hoop. The hoop comes just to the
for such they are, tying all together. And to level of the tops of the floor joists. Spike it in
make the floor amply solid insert other sjioke- place, then lay your floor,and lay it with large
like radiating joists between those already in, open cracks. Now you are ready to "raise."
onlv the additional ones need not be larger than Placing the hoops exactly over each other,
2"'x 6". with a square mark down on each hoop where
Next we must have five circular girts. These the eight ends of the 2" x 10" joists come so
we will build of *//' stuff. 4" wide." fireen stuff that you can nail right there the supporting
is best, oak or elm or beech or whatever is pieces as you raise them up. Siding had bet-
252 FARM BUILDINGS.
side 1" x 4" siding,spaced at It need not be riveted together. Get your tin- ner
Now up with
to cut circle about 24" 30" in
least }4"apart, and wider if of dry stuff,let- ting you a or
the siding reach to the top of the hoop diameter and to take out of it a little V on one
siding. Then use some %" stuff and cut hold a little more than 500 bushels of ear corn.
Put 24" air shaft in the middle of each
diagonal braces and hoop to hoop,
fit in from up a
clear up from the floor to the top of the siding. crib; do not floor beneath that. Bend hoop
Of course before the siding is put on carefully stuff and make battens
just as hoops for doors
plumb the crib. Let about three or four pieces were made, only with circle,so if it a smaller
of siding go clear up to the top hoop at each straightensa little it will yet be curved enough.
"corner." And set under this top hoop a short Following is a bill of material: 8 galvanized
2" x 4", restingon the hoop below, so that the iron cylinders,24" long, 12" diameter at base,
8" at top, put together with solder
weight will not all be upborne by nails. seam, no
Nowf all ready for roof. Take 1" x 12" needed. 1 similar iron 16" at base, 12" at top.
4 pieces2" x 10" and 12' long. 4 pieces2" x
boards, 10' long 1" x 10" will serve, or nar-
" rower,
if need be. Have the mill man rip 6" and 12' long. 108 pieces 1" x 4" and 12'
them carefully from one corner to the other, long for siding. 70 pieces %" x 4" and 12'
diagonally, so that each board makes two long for hoops. 100 feet 1" x 4" for flooring.
from the 250 feet of 1" x 10" or 1" x 12" ripped diag- onally,
pointed pieces, like wedges. Mark
10' long, for roof. 1,500 shingles6" ta
wide end (having carefully sawed them to
You will need to set up a round the weather.
length) 24".
pole in the middle of the crib to help you get
started setting up the roof. Lay a scaffold A TWO-STORY DOUBLE CORNCKIB.
across the crib on which to stand; put up
four of these roof boards, on the oppositesides; The double crib with two stories and two
nail them to the hoop (the plate)at the mark driveways shown in Fig. 422 is about 30' wide,
of 24". Let the ends rest against the pole. each crib being about 10' wide and 20' deep
You cannot quite make these roof boards fill and 60' long. Built of these dimensions it will
the middle, but no matter. Now begin and nail hold about 7,000 bushels of corn on each side
them all on, following right around, nailing the of the driveway, but on most western farms
broad butt to the hoop at the mark, and the it will be built 12' wide rather than 10', which
254 FARM BUILDINGS.
wagons. There is no danger of fire in such a is profitableif the fodder can be well kept
building as this. Protection from sun and rain in storing,but here is where the trouble comes.
alone is needed. The posts are 6" x 6", set on
stone ; the roof is of shingles.
However, more and more is being cut each year directlyinto it and the roof removed so as to
MISCELLANEOUS. 9 "it
"COO
fill and tramp clear to the top. it is merely a tion should be simple, the location dry or filled
frame structure with no boards on ends or sides. a foot or so with clay (no other door is needed),
Fodder stored in this way will keep far better as few posts as may be and a roof wide and
than when put into a tight barn and is much low enough to shut out sun. Storage under the
easier put in and taken out to feed. Also the roof for small tools may be had and even a room
work-
waste or unused portion serves a valuable pose
pur- up there is easy to construct. By spacing
by retainingliquidmanure. the posts 16' apart two rows of machinery may
As may be seen from the drawing the shed te put in each space. It would be well, however,
can be easily taken down so as to move on a to make two spaces of 18' so that wagons could
wagon by merely removing eight or ten bolts
or with ease be driven in side bv side. This would
it may be sided anywhere. When put togetherit make necessary strong plates and good braces*
is as strong as if nailed and stationary. Galvanized steel should be used for the roof.
The upright posts should be placed on small
stones to avoid dec"iv which would result if set PLAN FOR A ROOT CELLAR.
on the ground. The roof is of grooved roofing
boards and mav be removed in sections and Dig a hole 18' x 20', V 4" deep (Fig. 429).
of hooks, as shown On the floor of the cellar hole build a solid crete
con-
easilyreplaced. By means
wall (Fig. 430). First erect a box wall
at A and B, it is prevented from being blown
about 1' high and 16' 18' outside measure.
away by the wind. x
A shed of this kind This will allow of 1' between the box wall
is easily built and the cost a space
will hold 400 tons. The cost for material and it is about flush with the top of the box, ing
leav-
labor is $88.30. The shed will last for a number the surface rough to form a good bond with
of vears.
the next course added. When the first course has
"
CROSS SECTION
OF FRAME
ROOT SHED
" 20'"
wagons, and
a manure spreader. These may be sides to box wall, forming the mould for the crete.
con-
nicely stored in a shed 40' wide and about 40' This outside course of boards will have to
long, or longer if the builder can afford it. be made 18' x 20' inside measure, or the size
This will mean mere packing away, not that the of the cellar hole so as to continue the wall up-
right.
tools may be driven in and unhitched from each The wall should be continued above the
evening. If a that
narrow is desired
building, ground to prevent the access of water.
say 24' wide and
long,will be needed.
60' Good
or 72'
concrete for wall can be made by mix-
ing
In some way the long building is best. It may 5 parts of gravel,3 parts of sharp sand and
have sliding doors along its whole length on 1 part of good Portland cement. These stituents
con-
the back side and on the south side may be left are well mixed by shoveling over five
open; the ends may be closed. The construc- times or until they show a thorough interm'.n-
256 FARM BUILDINGS.
gling, after which sufficient water must be added on top of the joists before putting on the roof,
to form a thin mortar. When well mixed shovel using tongued and grooved 1" material.
the whole into the 12" space or boxing. Make For the roof {Fig. 429) use 1" roofing boards
the floor of concrete 4" thick and in blocks about placed close together. Cover this with two
3' square. thicknesses of roofing paper and lay the shingles
Use 2" x 8" material in the construction of the %W to the weather. Make the entrance in the
sill. Make a 2" x 8" notch or recess at each end middle of one side through a gable door about
of the 18' joists which will allow them to rest 4y2' by 6y2'. Have the gable 6' wide and 6%'
on both the sill and the wall. Place the joists to eaves. Provide a double inside door hinged
4' apart and use 12' 2" x 6" scantlings for parallel with the roof where the latter joins the
rafters, placing them 2' apart. This will give gable. During severe weather the space between
the roof about one-third pitch. Nail the ceiling the doors can be partially filled with chaff or
the roof and how the plates to 3' 4", as may be preferred, in width and com-
ing
are put on.
out 2' from the manger, the front edge of
FEED RACKS AND TROUGHS. stall being perpendicular as shown in Fig. 435,
A PRACTICAL FEED RACK FOR SHEEP. there is no danger of animals getting hemmed
in or injured in any way.
Cheapness, simplicity and effectiveness are the
three strong points of this rack. Fig. 434
pieces are of
I
shows the
construction. The end
2"x6" pine, the bottom boards are of l"xl2"
and the top boards are set at an angle and leave
a wide opening through which the hay descends
and plenty of room for the sheep to thrust their
heads in to eat. This form of rack gives the
animals easy access to every bit of the feed and
side of the stall that stock can not get their time. The main
so together at one thing is to
feet fastened. Fig. 435 is thus described: A, .1,
hay chute wide, continuous
2' with building. B,
outer door
feed silage or
to grain of any sort
without disturbing cattle; rack hung out from
siding may carry car to distribute silage. C,
wooden partition between stalls; partitions36"
to 42" between centers, 44" from hay chute to
outside of partition; outer piece of partition
should be 2" x 6" firmly fastened to stub-post
set in ground. D, two boards 1" x 6" to brace
the upper part of partitions.
A. COLORADO SHEEP FEEDING BACK,
In rie 3
providingtroughs sufficient to date
accommo- no 4
ENO BLOCK
FIG. 440. TROUGHS AND SHEDS FOB 500 LAMBS. with end block removed. Details: bottom
1" x 12"; sideboards 1" x 6"; end block 3"
TIG.2
x6" xl2"; hole for iron pin supporting
"
SIOE VI EW ^
trough; holes for lock pin. These reversible
be
ENO
n LOCK
troughs may
ground with
nailed side
2"
hung
block
upon
with
posts
hole for
set
lock
in the
pin,
to of
post, as shown in Fig. 442.
3"** 1*12
BOTTOM Trough should be
hung 14" or 15" above the
ground. In either case poles should be pro-
C H5I
k over
above
troughs.
troughs to prevent sheep jumping
vided
sheep from standing with their front feet in SELF-FEEDER FOR CATTLE.
may be secured by using two feeder for cattle that can be built on posts or
poles over each trough, one over each side, as built on runners of 4" x 8" pieces,so that it can
shown in Fig. 443. be moved more easily. The troughs should be
If panels are used in feeding hay, 1' per head 2' wide and have a of l1//' at the bottom
space
should be allowed. Panels should have an 8" of feeder for the to out into the
corn run
MOW FLOOR
f ECO BOX J
adjustable;
LONGITUDINAL SECTION
made to fit closelybut not tightlybetween the be 8' apart at the top and 4' at the bottom, so
front of the rack and the side of the barn. Do the sides will be slanting.
not fasten the feed box in place. Provide holes
SELF-FEEDERS FOR OPEN LOTS.
through the vertical boards and corresponding The self-feeder for cattle shown in Fig. 446
holes at the back to the siding of the barn and is for an open feed-lot or pasture. When cattle
thrust %" iron rods through under the box to
are made to put their heads through spaces like
hold it up. Then as manure accumulates in
this to eat their food much outside waste is
the shed the feed box will be raised and the rods
saved. The dimensions of this feeder are about
thrust in higher holes.
right for cattle weighing, say, 1,000 pounds. In
The vertical 1" x 6" hoards will go to the loft,
making it use bolts freely.
but part of them will need to he cut and hinged
a
join they may be either lapped at a post with to be the most effective in preventing
long bolt or the post set far enough from
gether
one waste or some of the steers cannot get their
the lap so that a 4%" bolt will do at the post heads in, or else once in arc caught and get badly
and another at the splice. This allows all bolts scratched up by the other steers unless they can
to be of one size but takes more of them. All pull off a slat. With dehorned steers and slats
holes should be bored big enough so that the bolts put close they form the habit of standing with
may be slipped in and out with fingers. the the head inside the rack while they eat rather
About 12" to 15" in length of rack or 2' to than bump it against the slats in backing out
%y% of perimeter should be allowed for each with each mouthful; thus almost none of the
ateer. The bottom rail is bolted on at 8%' feed is pulled out under the feet,and the steers
from the ground, making even joints with the work the fodder over thoroughly in the rack,
rail above. Next nail on l"x28" slats tically
ver- leaving the coarsest parts of the stalks to be
from top to bottom rail on the outside thrown out before the next feed is thrown in.
of the rack, and near the ends of each panel and With this sort of rack hogs can be allowed to
at intervals of 4' or 5' between put 4i/a' slats run with cattle all the time and thus clean up
reaching from top rail to ground. Below the after them much more thoroughly than if run
bottom Tail slip in two 12" boards between the in alternate lots a day behind the cattle.
posts and the long shafts and nail them to the When the stalks accumulate about a foot deep
around the rack so that it is a little low for the
and
r^ steers
bare and so the
likelyto rub
tops of their necks
hogs begin trying to climb in
the
3 better
very
corn
to bo piled deep, and
little scattered
will not
the steers will leave
rot
corn
till after
inside
spring opens
the rack.
and
ThiB
at
that time the rack can he thrown open and the
hogs allowed to clean it up. The panels can
then be put under shelter until the rack is
slats but to the These boards should needed again for feeding purposes.
not posts.
be the same length as the rails so that the sep-
aration AXOTHEE GOOD SHEEP-FEEDING BACK.
into panels is complete.
Now an important thing is the spacing of the Into the rack shown in Fig. 449 hay falls to
slats. For horned cattle they should be at least the sheep as they eat it and they do not nose
2' apart; for dehorned cattle 12" in the clear
is the best distance and where necessary in order
it all over, and lambs may run there without COMBINED HAY AND GRAIN RACK.
A HAY SELF-FEEDER..
FIG. 451. COMBINED HAY AND GRAIN BACK.
way.
FIG. 450. HAY SELF-FEEDER.
The hopper can be made to hold any desired
450. Corn or bran or
any ground feed may amount. Ear corn and mash can be fed in the
also be fed in the bottom on the tight floor, remainder of the feed-box. The front wall
The posts are set in the ground. Galvanized should be made with slight backward slope.
steel corrugated roofing is used. Such a feeder Explanatory: 1. Shoulder of chute; should be
and windbreak along the cold side of the yard extended an inch bevond. 2. Front wall of
would be useful on many a farm to hold bright feeder. 3. Back wall of originalfeed-box. 4.
CATTLE TAHD AND SELF-FEEDER FOE HAY. SHEEP FEEDING RACE AND TROUGH.
racks as compared to any other form of rack used used, the plan {Fig. 463) shows how to brace
in that section. and support the room to admit passage of forks
hay-
The bottom of the rack is of tight tion.
construc- from the end. The rafters are 2" x 6" 18'
The neck is just wide enough to long. It is an open shed.
apace
admit the sheep's head, and does not permit it
to pull out hay and waste it. The hay settles in
the rack and needs very little pushing down. The
grain trough being double or reversible makes it
Every bent must be tied at the 20' height and sided or not it had best have some ties on the
then the brace to the rafters at the place where outside posts.
ties enter posts will be safe with a short collar
GOOD IDEA IN FEED RACKS.
beam of inch boards to each pair of rafters to
which the track is fastened. The building should The cuts Figs. 464 and 465 are tory.
self-explana-
be well braced as indicated, as otherwise it would By hitching a team on one end of this
be liable to blow down when empty. Whether unique rack it can be moved very easily. The
MISCELLANEOUS.
use today are the board fence, the liarlied-wirc made for these posts arc that they surpass in
fence and the woven wire fence. Barbed-wire smoothness of wear and freedom of cleavage by
has been used quite extensively, but it is no frost breaking by blows, as in the case
or of
doubt nearing its end of service, since at the building stones. The posts are also claimed to
present time the woven wire fence cither alone l" fire, rot, frost and rust-proof, much stronger
or in combination with the barbed wire is ing
com- than wood and to improve instead of degenerate
more and more into use. The woven wire is with age. There are several different patterns
FARM BUILDINGS.
of these posts on the market. The weight of the three rings of 14" x 1" tire iron hold the
iron
posts is against long shipments, but a farmer can sections together. The top ring is solid; the
make his own posts with the least possible out-
lay. other two are hinged and fasten with a wedge-
One or two mouldB and a level piece of shaped pin. In one edge of one section at the
ground covered with sand 2" or 3" thick com- prise proper place have two holes for hinge pins, also
the necessary machinery. two \'-/'holes 10" apart for an iron stapleas a
The moulds made of will cost about catch for the gate latch. Dig holes 4' deep,
cypress
$3 each and those made of pine will cost about about 12" in diameter and use metal for rein-
forcement.
half as much. One styleof these posts is i%" Fill the hole with concrete, then
square at the ground line and tapers on three place the form on and continue putting in hinge
sides to 3"
square at the top and 31/.."square at pins or gate catches. Use a barrel of cement to
the bottom, and also makes a small truss of the a yard of gravel and what sand the gravel needs.
four wires which run lengthwise through the Work down the side of the form with a thin
post. The post can be made any length desired, light tamp. Take the form off the next day
a 6' post weighing about 50 pounds when cured,
The approximate cost is about as follows: 1^
pounds No. 8 wire at $1.80 per cwt., 2.7 cents,
and 8
pounds cement at 60 cents per cwt., 4.8
cents, (gravel and labor not included in the
cost), would be per 6' post 7.5 cents. A 6^'
post at this rate would cost 8.25 cents.
Small holes are moulded through the post
parallel to the fence and in the direction which
the fence runs. Through these holes a short
wire is run and wrapped around the wire of the
fence at each side of the post; in the same way
boards can be attached. The posts are claimed
to be strong. No. 8 wire is capable of
very
holding weight of 1,800 pounds. With
a four
of them in the post it makes it almost tible.
indestruc-
Also the holes through the posts are hind
be-
the front wires so that should the cement
be knocked off in front the wire would still hold.
The posts are composed of three parts sand
and part of cement
one mixed thoroughly dry
first and then wet enough to pound into the
carefullyand paint at once with pure cement
mould without becoming sloppy. Enough of the
mixed with consistency of
water to thick
the
wet mixture is placed in the mould to make
paint. The brace form is made of two Bections,
about V/-i" in depth. Then it ib pounded down.
Two of tho long wires with each end as shown, held apart by a %" x 6" and together
hooks on
are placed in lengthwise with the cross wires to by four bolts. Two eyebolts (%) against post
and 6 pins y2" with end form holes
make the holes through which the tie wires pass. eye at one
Figs. 473 and 475. This is a good kind of fence wire on top of the woven wire.
for a hog pasture and will turn any kind of The old-fashioned board fence is rapidly go-
ing
out of use and is now only seen around
yards and short stretches near buildings where
it is often better than wire. One hundred rods
of the old board fence would cost $85 for the
boards alone. It takes twice as many posts and
is much more tedious to build, since the posts
have to be set in such a manner as to let the
boards meet. This kind of fence completed
would cost about $1.20 rod. This puts it
per
out of competition with the woven wire fence,
since the best 54" woven wire fence can be chased
pur-
for Co cents or less per rod and is more
wires does not cost as much as woven wire 26" piles and general disorder of the feed-lot.
MI80ELLJJSBOU8.
also, and a fence built on well-set posts and tight as desired. Between the end stone anchor-
FARM BUILDINGS.
walla amall red cedar posts are set 50' apart or by steel stayE at distances of about 10'. In a
less, according to the surface of the ground, short line of fence, 100 rods or less, the wire
Upon the cedar posts are iron insulators through is attached to the ratchet or stretcher at one end
which the wires pass but are not fastened. Be- only while at the other end it is wrapped around
tween the cedar posts the wires are held in place a vertical piece of gas pipe, as may be plainly
MISCELLANEOUS.
any ordinary shock, such as a fallingtree, is notched 2" and the bottom hoards notched as
because the force of the impact is distributed
along the entire line of fence between the end
indoor-walk.
A gate is always a source of weakness to a
owner a disinclination to replace a staple or fast as the panels and braces can be taken from
mend a broken wire. The best fence ever the As the base piece of the brace is
very wagon.
constructed was an old-time splitrail Virginia apt to decay first it might well be made of oak
worm fence; it would stand plumb and would and if set on two bricks or small fiat stones it
274 FARM BVILDIXQ8.
.would be less affected by moisture of the soil. long, with 4" and 5" spaces between the boards,
These panels must not long or they -will
be too as shown in the illustration. This makes a
warp out of shape, 12' being long enough. Pine fence 4' high. The planks are nailed at each
is better than oak because of the warping ten-
dency end to a 2"x4" scantling 4' long, which has two
of moat hard woods. holes 1" in diameter
for the purpose of putting
the fence together, with a brace between the
PORTABLE HOO AND SHEEP FENCING.
panels, as shown. In the center of each panel
The (Fig, 481) shows
cut a good type of a
is a brace made of 4" fencing. The main braces
portable hog and sheep fence. It should be built are made of the same; they are 6' long; the top
of good material that will not warp nor rot brace is bolted to the other at the ground. The
readily. Put long wire nails,extra holes in the upper brace are to regulate
together with
clinched, painted or treated with a wood servative
pre-
the position of the fence on a hillside. The
ready means of enclosing a patch of rape or put both ways. Iron pins 18" long, with
clover an "f" hook at one end, are used by 'drivinginto
pasture.
the ground with the hook over the brace. en
Wood-
AHOTIIIiR GOOD PORTABLE HOG AND SHEEP FENCE,
pins are used to hold the fence together, run-
ning
for and will These are four or five feet long, and joined to-
gether
sheep serve the purpose of a porary
tem-
fence for hogs, though it is sometimes at the ends with strong hinges. These
can be set in a corner of shed or barn half
necessary to stake it at the braces. up
Another portable fence (see Fig. 484) is thus
described ( 5' * 5- "
:
HINGED HURDLFS
HINGED
riG. 487. HTNOBD HT7HDLB8.
half of this
illustration,which shows a way
gate-
of light straightwood, pine is best; these bars
in the line of
fence,make the end of the
are 1" x 3" and 10' long. There must be a bar
to make holes in the ground for insertingthe
wire cable,C, or rod, as the case may be, and
make it fast to the "dead-man," D; this gives
posts, which then get a tap or two with the
an end that will allow any strain without ting
get-
sledge to make them solid. A metal band slips
out of plumb or moving the post in the
over and holds the tops together. Heavy wire
will serve or lightwire for that matter.
BRACING A WIRE FENCE.
one another at the top a very little before the I bought lumber posts by the carload and
and
wire is strained, bo that when all the slack ia as I hauled the and
lumber posts to the farm I
With iron sorted each into three grades. This the
out they will he perpendicular. an was on
that the top hinge is set hack about 2" so as ground leveled off to a gentle slope so as to make
to raise the gate as it swings open. If the the approach to the sill gradual. This makes
swinging end of the gate is set on a block when the gate swing more than half a foot above the
the gate is open or shut, the strain on the gate ground when opening or closing and it can
post will be greatly relieved. The board gate clearly be seen that this would help considerably
of course is the cheapest. to make easy the use of the gate during heavy
Of the iron gates the pieces on 14' gates are snows. The latch is simply a sliding 4" stick
from $8 to $9, according to height. There are with notches cut in it so as to keep the latch
several forms of patent opening gates on the in place when open or closed.
market costing more. Some of them are quite Fig l$k shows a farm gate that is hung to
satisfactory,
though none of them meets all the swing clear in and out and is constructed of the
one post 8" x 8" and 15' long ; one post 6" x 6"
and piece 4"x4"
8' long; one and 10' long,
main standard;
seven pieces l"x4" and 14'
hangs on common iron hinges and an iron cable gained in flush on post. The gate rests on a
projectingat the other end to go into the socket makes it a self-latcher when the gate is opened
the ground. We now have up the two gate from either side or turned round and round
near
either it will latch every time the latch
posts,the cross-girderand upright pivotalpiece way;
comes to either post. One can ride up to the
-Q_
gate, pull down the lever, push the gate open,
3
ride through, swing his horse half round and
close the gate behind or push it forward until
the latch catches in the receiver at the opposite
post.
The post for a farm gate is an all-important
thing. A good, strong, immovable post helps
to keep the gate in shape. Where practicable,
permanent posts of cement are recommended,
with 3' below the surface. As to the gate shown
in Fig. 497, an iron runs through the post 6"
from the ground and another 4' above this.
Those rods project far enough from the posts
Fig. 496 shows the gate closed. In the frame post, both for gate and fence. The posts have
work 2" x 4"s are used and the upright or square sockets in the upper end, in which can
1" 4" ; the latch is 3' long be inserted wooden posts to construct arch
picket pieces are x an
by a beam ground.
overhead 8' from the
The gate is not less than 15' wide, and, in- stead
of being hung on hinges in the ordinary
way, it revolves on a center post. This gives
two spaces 11/2' wide when the gate is open,
amply wide for all ordinary farm purposes. The
gate being light can easilybe lifted out of its
holdings for heavy machinery and wagons of
hay to pass. The upper beam can also be re-
moved
through the revolving post. This post required. The cost is about $8 for painting,
has an iron spur at each end and a good ring building and lumber.
fitted over the end to keep it from splittingout.
The bottom spur is IV2" long and the top one The type of gate shown in Fig. 499 for tures
pas-
3". The bottom revolves cedar or locust and fields may be 12' to 14' by 1%'
on a high.
post in the ground flush with the surface, and
the top one in a hole in the cross beam. The
top one is long enough to allow the bottom to be
lifted out of socket when necessary. The weight
of the gate will keep it in place.
To keep the gate from sagging put wooden
braces from each end up to the center post or
twist in a doubled No. 9 wire, which perhaps is
better. In this way are secured two short,
strong gates in one that can not possiblysag.
There are no hinges to be getting out of order.
Use lag bolts freelyof various sizes. When used
for spurs to the revolving post, screw them up
as close required and then
as cut off the heads.
This gives a good tightpin.
The gate can be constructed at a moderate
cost for materials. It can be built by anyone
who is handy with tools for a very small amount.
When the gate is put in place it looks neat and
Make frame of five pieces, two 2"x4" and
gives satisfaction. a
The gate illustrated in Fig. 498 is 5' high many pieces of No. 9 wire as are desired about
and 11' wide. It requires eight 16' boards. the of the gate ; fas-
ten
2' longer than twice length
the ends of the wire to 2" x 6" after passing
around the out end. Creases should be cut in
the outer end of gate at its proper position. If beneath it and restrain cattle or horses is
pass
the gate sags at any time one or two twists will indicated in the drawing.
bring it up.strong, neat gate that
This is a This gate may be made of light,stiff terial,
ma-
%" bolt, which has had the bead part bent into
the shape of a hook B in the illustration. Run
the through the two upright pieces at the
holt
above the top rail when the braces are vertical,
heel of the gate. Tightening up the nuts on
as in
Fig. 501.
the bolts will stretch the wires. Staple each
wire to each
Fig. 502 shows the gate completed and the
piece of wood that it crosses. Do
braces pushed back to hold it square. These
not drive the staplesin tight.
The
braces must be put on loosely enough bo that
most important thing is the hanging of
the gate. Many
they will work easily back and forward, and
farmers contend that all gates
washers should be put between the braces and
should be made to open both ways. This will
rail at C.
save many runaways besides being much more
convenient. Use strap and screw hinges. When
Fiq. 503 shows how the gate is raised up and a yard of small broken stone or bats well
the braces pushed back to hold it to allow pigs rammed in from bottom
top mixed with theto
to run under it. It may be raised much higher dirt or clay. Set the posts 12' 4" apart, 2"
than By pulling the brace for-
this if desired. ward at each end of the gate space. Set the gate 4"
the end of the gate drops to the ground off the ground, level on top, and leave 2" at the
and this serves to keep it open when desired. top so as to make it open upward and hang shut
The hinges are common strap and screw hinges, when not fastened. Make the hinges of heavy
the strap around as shown in Fig. 503 and wagon-tire iron, four %" bolts to each.
bolted to the vertical pieces.
Fig. 505 shows a gate that is made of mon
com-
gate five planks high is enough. Bolt the matter what the heft of the gate is when ished
fin-
the lever
gate together with Vi" bolts and washers ; leave can be weighted until a small
the upright boards where the hinges are tened
fas- child can open or shut the gate with ease. This
6" wide and the other uprights and braces gate swings only one way.
3" wide, which is strong enough and much
Fig. 506 shows a gate that never sags. When
lighter. Let the braces into the uprights, top
made of walnut
any other hard wood
or and
bolted together it will last indefinitely. Gates
of this type put up ten years ago and made of
black walnut 1" x 4" are good today and swing
clear of the ground. A post to which to fasten
from decay.
Fig. 509 shows how by placing a stick of
timber a little below the surface of the ground
solidlyfrom one post to the other the gate is
with
put in the post with a Vfe" or 2" auger,
a 1" x 8" x 15" board nailed on as shown,
^j
with the side next to the gate dressed. The FIG. 509. HOW A GATE IS HUNG.
more they lean the higher the gate will rise stiffer gate than one long one would. Good pine,
when open and the more heft it will have on 1" x 4", will answer for this gate, and about 12-
going shut. Posts should stand plumb east and
penny nails to put it together so that they may
west. To obtain the same result in hanging clinch well will serve as well as bolts.
gates to trees or posts already set which are
ready-made hinges are neat and handy, but fail made fifteen years ago and are good for several
to give satisfactory service as a rule. to come. Occasionallywe find one of these
years
We have three stylesof gates. The cheapest with broken board stem. It is but
gates a or
is placed where not often used and not along a small task to loosen the screw put bolts and
the highway or near the houses and barns. Our in life of the
a new piece and the gate is pro-
longed
common slide gate is made 12' long and 4' high. and it does its work satisfactorily. It is
We use pine fencing boards 6" wide and 12' to neglect the gates when
very poor economy
long, of good quality,free from coarse knots. they drag or are not in condition to turn stock.
Six boards are required for a gate five boards Neglect to keep gates in repair is even more
high. The spaces between boards,beginning at expensive and dangerous than to neglect fences.
the top, are 9", 7" and 3" respectively. The Either entails loss to stock and induces bad
sixth board, cut into three pieces4' long, makes habits that are troublesome and costlv in the
the battens. One end batten is set back 6" from end. The swinging gates are 12' long by 52"
the end of the gate; the other is set flush with high. This is 4" higher than
a common board
the end, and the third batten is in the middle or paling fence. It is better to have the gate
of the gate. The gate is put together with higher than the fence, as stock will naturally
eight-penny wire nails, clinched. We set two try to get out at the gate before they will try
posts with sides l1/^" apart to receive the end of the fence. The gate yieldsto the pressure more
MISCELLANEOUS. 287
lower corner of the end to which the hinges are and considering the service and satisfac- tion
attached to the upper end of an upright 4' given they are not more expensive than
from the swinging end. It pays to make the some of the cheaper sorts that have given their
joints of the brace neat and true and even to owners no satisfaction and been an endless
paint the ends of the brace and battens to pre- vent annoyance. In the building of farm gates and
decay. The lumber should be fairlywell fences that are to protect our crops and live
seasoned and bolts well drawn up. There is stock and make life endurable and less of m
little danger of getting the hinges too heavy, burden it pays to build thoroughly well.
but much danger of getting them too light.
AN ENTRANCE GATE.
We find that where the bolt nearest the hook
is %" or less it breaks before any other part of The gate illustrated (Fig. 522) is simple,
the ^ate. The most of the hinges found in the very strong, sightlyand durable. The top and
bottom rails should be of 2" x 3" stuff,of some post. The hinges should be made of very
site
durable timber not given to warping. The sign
de- heavy stuff and be inserted at least 18" into
is from the Island of Jersey and it is in-
teresting
the cement, and turned over at the ends, then
to study it in detail. It is the work they will never come loose or give trouble.
of engineer as well as of an artist. There It is not to put in cement on
an necessary any
is not an unnecessary bit of wood about it; the the outside of the stones, so that most of them
bracing ia admirable, and even the little tri-
angular do not show thatthey are laid in cement, though
bits of keep the dogs from
wood serve to it should be pushed in well between them, so
jumping through the openings. When the gate that each stone has half its surface in contact
is made stain it with oil and burnt umber, with the cement and is held in an iron grip.
afterwards oil it with boiled linseed oil. Stone walls be readily made by this plan,
may
a simple box to hold the cobble stones, which
GATE POSTS OF COBBLE STONES.
may line one side or both, being used. If it is
Gate posts made of cobble stones are common
for a house wall it is well to leave the inner
in Southern California. They are laid up with-
out
side smooth, for the cellar surface, the cobble
much mortar showing. About 2^/2 barrels stones to appear only outside. There are gions
re-
of Portland cement will do the work.
where these water-worn small stones are
The first step in building them is to dig a
very plentiful,and used in this way they are
hole as though for a moderately large wooden real (See Fig. 522.)
a economy.
post, about 4' deep. The posts themselves are
size clear down and there is a saving of expense The latch shown in Figs. 523 and 524 is made
to make the bottom of the bole smaller. When of a piece of 1" or %" round iron with a thread
the hole is dug, set up in it an old buggy axle or
a piece of 3" pipe, any convenient piece of iron
for a reinforcing core. About this core throw
concrete material and tamp it solid. When within
18" of the surface have dug trans-
versely
a trench
through the center post, 6' long,
of the
and fill it half full of concrete, then lay down
nny old or new iron rod in the center of it, or
a twisted wire cable, and fill it up with more
cut on one end so that it may lie seiewcd into and permit it to swing cither way. The gate
the post and a %" hole drilled through the must be short enough so as to swing past the
other end in which is passed a piece of Va" iron, post. When the gate is opened it will be farther
or a little larger, which is welded into a ring from the ground at the swing end than at the
and then bent into the shape shown in Fig. 524. post. When there is snow on the ground it will
This is screwed into the post and the wooden rise over it instead of pushing it back. No. 1
latch or one of the gate boards extends out to is the hinge part for the post ; No. 2, hinge part
engage it on the under side. A little loop of for gate. The distance between the lugg (AA)
wire about the raising part of the
keeps latch is 5". The greater this distance the higher the
it from flying clear over when struck hard by end of the gate will rise aB it opens. The shanks
the gate, or a pin may be thrust through the (DD) of hinge parts Xos. 1 and 2 arc driven
stem of the latch. A blacksmith can make one into the post and gate, respectively.When the
of these latches in a quarter of an hour.
The farm
A FARM GATE LATCH.
works
n
gate latch shown in Fig. 525
"
for making temporary hog lots,for pasturing
off clover and for hurdling sheep. There are
The cut, Fig. 526, is of a hinge which, if the panel. This fence is very rapidly erected
applied, will keep a gate shut without a latch and having a base 5' wide it is not easilyupset,
FARM BUILDINGS.
531, which is a view from below. Fig, 531 will stage, except that one side is entirely boarded
give a good idea of one of the U-shaped frames. The sides are now finished and the pro-
jecting
up.
Set these five frames upon a smooth level face,
sur- ends sawed off. Much depends on this
2' apart, and secure by temporary support. job. If done properly the end boards when
Be sure that all are upright true, then be-
and gin nailed securely will make water-tight joint.
a
laying the sides. The sides and ends are of Give the entire box a good coat of paint inside
%" tongued flooring. The sides are laid first. and outside.
Plane the tongue from one piece of flooringand A cement tank is easily and cheaply structed
con-
place this upon edge on the sills,planed edge and is very durable. It has the disad-
vantage
down. There should be a small projection be-
yond of not being portable, but otherwise is a
each end-post. When the sides are ished
fin- very satisfactory tank. Select a rather high,
these ends are sawed off,leaving a smooth well-drained spot where the earth is firm. If
planed surface for the end boards to cover. the selection can be such that a drain pipe can
Paint the tongue and of each board as lw laid from the bottom of the tank to the face
sur-
groove
it is laid. of the
ground some distance away so much
After laying a few boards on one side build the better. Dig a pit of the following dimen-
sions:
the other side to an equal height. The bottom Length (at top) 10'; length (at bot- tom)
can now be laid much more conveniently than 5'; width (at bottom) 23"; width (at top)
if this is postponed until the sides
entirely are 28"; depth 4'. (See Fig. 533.) Smooth the
enclosed. For the bottom use planks.
two 8'
J"M"dl
294 FARM BVILDINQB.
to use.
thing or even lie down where the post or ground the sheep rubbing or otherwise
cause for ing
break-
is infected they are very liable to become fected
in- the compactness of it. Another advantage
again. that seems to follow dipping at this time is that
Those who have been most successful in ex- it seems
terminating to lessen the tendency of the sheep to
this trouble from their herds have lose its wool in spots too early in the season.
adopted a system of dipping every week or ten When the fleece is clean and healthy it seems to
days each animal that shows any indication of continue growing longer and the wool does not
it until it is completely eradicated from the peel in patches. Dipping in the fall is more for
herd. the purpose of removing from the fleece such
After dipping seven years we are pleased to foreign matter as may have been gathered dur- ing
say that we consider it an unqualified success, the summer and also freeing it from any of
which every herdsman will have to adopt. the parasitesthat prove such an annoyance ing
dur-
We dip all our cattle once a year to insure the winter season. Even under the best
their being free from trouble. No new chases conditions
pur- the fleece is likely to become filled
are allowed to go onto our ranch until more or less with sand and other foreign matter
after they have been dipped. which, during the winter, would produce such
irritation as to cause the sheep to rub against
A DIPPING VAT FOR SHEEP.
sharp surfaces and destroy the compactness of
The strongest argument for the dipping of the fleece.
sheep lies in the fact that it is the best way of
freeing them from By dipping sheep late in the fall,when the
external parasites. Sheep
ground is frozen and then keeping them away
are very frequently troubled with red lice,which
from the straw stacks and feeding them in racks
can hardly be seen, and yet they cause the sheep
that prevent the chaff from falling into the
unlimited annoyance. Dipping will completely
wool, it is possibleto put a dip on the spring
destroythem. Ticks cause the farm flocks of
this country untold and for these
market just as clean as if the sheep had been
annoyance
and red
washed just previous to being shorn.
dipping is thoroughly effective. Ticks
lice do than It is hard to
measure the damage that is done
more damage sheepmen are aware
of, because the evidences of the annoyance which to the alone,to say nothing of the thrift
fleece
they give the sheep are not so marked as in of the sheep,by overlooking dipping in the fall.
other troubles, but the less It is quite common to see sheep in the ordinary
some they are none
flocks of the country with fleeces badly broken
a severe check to their well-doing. Dipping fol-
lowed
faithfullyeach year will completely re-
move
by rubbing under wagons or some such means,
the baneful results from the presence of through their endeavors to get rid of the irrita- tion
these the eradication of the dirt that was left in the fleece. Such
parasites.For of scab ping
dip-
stands first among remedial cotted,especially
fleeces if
are likelyto become
measures.
more favorable endorsement of the operation. favors cotting. A fiber of wool is covered with
scales that overlap each other much like the
Among these may be brieflymentioned ing
cleans-
the skin, cleansingthe wool, and particularly shingleson a roof. To keep these scales down
encouraging the growth of the latter. To get and to prevent them from warping just as
do there must
the fullest returns in these directions ping shingleswould
the dip- be a liberal sup-
ply
should be done twice each in the of yolk in the fleece. If this yolk is not se-creted,
year "
spring shortly after shearing and again in the owing to the unthrifty condition of the
fall,just before the advent of winter. skin, the scales rise and the fibers become so
cotted condition.
dip the flock thoroughly so as to cleanse the
skin. This not only adds to the thrift of the The fleece of
sheep that has not been dipped,
a
sheep and the lambs, but in both instances it also one that is
dirty or discolored, sells for
favors the secretion of yolk, and this means the 3 or 4 cents per pound less in the Chicago mar-
ket
growth of a sound, live,uncotted fleece. Not than the fleece of a sheep that has been
only is the growth of wool better from it,but it cleaned by dipping. These are facts that may
adds directlyto the function of the fleece as a be verified every spring. It is said that the ben-
efits
protectionto the sheep. The fleece of a sheep of dipping applied to a singlefleece would
that has been dipped is more likelyto remain pay for the dipping of more than a dozen sheep.
296 FARM BUILDINGS.
While the foregoing applies especially to making a vat of thus kind it would be better to
bleeding flocks,there are just as forcible reasons put a little extra money in it so as to make it
for dipping feeders. In feeding sheep it is of more durable.
prime importance to reach as rapidly as pos- sible The ground plan (Fig. 537) readilyexplains
that sappy and thriftycondition which' is the general arrangement. The only point to
conducive to good gains. Dipping will hasten which attention be called in the tion
construc-
may
this and also the risk of unlimited losses of the
remove
yards is that there are no corners
through an outbreak of scab. It is good policy for the sheep to be crowded in, consequently
to take it for granted that the feeders are in they move along as freely as required. Each
need of dipping rather than wait for the evi-
dence
catching pen is exactly the same size as each
of it which usually comes when the sheep of the draining pens, consequentlythey hold the
should go to market. same number of sheep. By taking these dimen-
sions
Dipping being so necessary it follows that it it is easy to run the sheep into the vat in
will pay to arrange for a dipping vat especially
groups just sufficient to fill each of the drain-
ing
for this purpose. The cost of this is sometimes
pens desired. The gates between the catch-
ing
used argument against it, but this may
as an
pens are sliding so that the sheep may
be easilyovercome by a number of farmers in a
readilypass through from one to the other. The
community combining and building a dipping second catching pen, or the one nearest the dip- ping
vat for the use of all. It would be easy to drive
pen. is floored, as this tends to keep the
the sheep to this plant and the ease with which feet of the sheep clean just before they enter the
they may be dipped would result in a consid-
erable The vat is 12' dip. dipping long, 4%' deep,
saving of labor. 20" wide at the top end and 6" wide at the tom.
bot-
The dipping vat (Fig. 537) which is here-
with
described cost about $50 and could be The
vat holds about 125 pails of water with
built much more cheaply with some study as to the dij) required to give the fluid the needed
the more economical use of material. There is
strength. It is sufficient to dip about 125 sheep.
one feature about this vat which is not wholly This is allowing more fluid than is generally
satisfactory,
and that is due to the fact that stated to be sufficient,but it is better to use
pen? should be enlargedso that the sheep could finished and ready for cementing was 3' wide
be run through in larger groups. It would and 13' 3" long at the top; at the bottom,
seem that for dipping sheep on an extensive 13i/2" wide by 6' ("" long; depth of the hole
scale it would be an advantage to have the vat from level of'ground, 3' 3". When finished,
double, so that the sheep turns when it gets to the dimensions were 2' G" wide and 12' 2" long
the end and swims back and goes out near the on top; 10" wide and G' 2" long on the bottom.
pointwhere it started. This long swim cleanses The tank is largo enough to dip yearlingcat-
tle
the fleece thoroughly. successfully.For sheep and hogs alone, the
For a farm flock a small dipping plant of dimensions could be modified to advantage 15' "
this kind is admirably adapted,but it would be on top and 2' "5" in width would be for
preferable
a more economical arrangement for several to outside dimensions, giving when finished a tank
combine and make a plantfor this purpose. 14' by 2' and 3' 9" deep.
Reasonable accuracy was observed in ing
plaster-
A CEMENT TANK AT THE MINNESOTA COLLEGE.
the cement to insure a good pieceof work
In1903 a cement dipping tank was built at and to have the tank true. The work was done
the UniversityFarm. The location chosen was by two young men without experiencein han-
dling
at the end of the piggery, close enough that the cement, in about 10 hours, after hauling
wall could be used in placeof a fence on one the sand and cement and gettingthe tools to-
gether.
side. The alleyof the piggery is used for a The tank has now stood through three
catchingpen and a hurdle or loose door com- pletes winters and is better than when built.
the run from catchingpen to tank. The
cover of the tank answers for the floor of the D1PPINO SHEEP ON THE FARM.
away from the tank and to keep surface water mistake; it is too narrow at the bottom. Widen
from flowing into it. The earth shoveled out it to 12" at the bottom, leavingthe top 18"
of the hole was graded up back of this 4" brick and it will be perfect. And it is, now and
wall to the top of the tank. The hole when i hen a very wide lamb finds it too narrow when
***
jlu"
;,_./.*"--;
FIG. 538. CEMENT TANK AT THE MINNESOTA COLLEGE FARM.
I
298 FARM BUILDINGS
the dip is used out so that it is low in the tank. ceasing at 4. We used a coaltar dip, mixing
Such a tank is not costly. Ours took about 3^ it 1 to 50. We kept the water hot and softened
barrels of cement and two days' time to build, it with concentrated lye. When we put in the
counting the work of excavation and form struction. new
con- concrete draining pen we will likelyput in
It will last practicallyforever. also an arch of concrete to hold two large kettles
"Unfortunately we did not at the time build for heating water. Near by is our concrete sup-ply
a concrete draining pen, but used the old wooden tank, filled by wind power. The diagrams
one which is 3' wide and 12' long. This is al- together
show the very simple tank quite clearly. The
insufficient for rapid dipping. We will gentle incline is easy to walk up. It should be
next construct a draining pen about 12' square, rough at bottom and had better have transverse
divided by a fence into two parts. The sheep grooves. The draining pen should slope about
will drain on one side while the other is rilling. 6" in 12' toward the tank; 12'xl2' will be
Unless sheep are thoroughly drained dipping is large enough. Since a pen 6' x 12' will drain
a costlyoperation. Even a well-drained lamb of 50 lambs by the time another pen is full they
large size will take away a gallon of dip in his will be pretty dry. With this simple cheap
wool. If he goes out too soon he may take out plant four men can readilydip 1,000 lambs in
three gallons. We learned that dipping with a day.
this new tank is mainly a matter of heating
water and mixing dip. The mere act of dipping WAGON EACK AND STANCHION.
the sheep is not serious. One or two men catch
the lambs and drop them into the vat. We The plan illustrated in Figs. 540 and 541 is
learned that a proper drop was rather head first, of a cattle and hog rack. As a cattle rack it will
like a diver's posture, thus they disappear and hold the most unruly and strongestcow or bull
come up completely immersed. They swim across in such a positionthat it can not do any damage
and walk easilyup the incline and into the drain- ing to itself,the driver or the wagon. The sions
dimen-
Some that are dazed by the unusual are as follows: Use 1" lumber for rack 3'
pen.
shock of immersion in the dip bath may need high and 12' long; the top board is 9' 8" long,
a little help to pass out. Three or four men lower board 12' long ; there is a 6" space between
are enough to work the plant to its utmost. Two boards. The upright side piecesor slats are all
can do it very nicely,if not too many are to be made of hardwood. Slats A, B and D are 3"
dipped in a day. We took two days, choosing wide ; slat C 1' wide ; all double. Slat E is sin-gle,
sunny ones, and put through about 1,400, get- ting placed outside,3" wide, 2y2' long. Slat F
started about 9 o'clock in the morning and is also single,placed inside,2" wide and 16"
'
12 14'
18'
48'
wagon seat, is slid in between double-slat D and of 6" planks. The uprights are 2" x 4". The
bolted to slats E and F. Nailed near the top two middle uprights are movable sideways at
on the inside of rack and in front of slat C is a the top to open the stanchion and are locked by
hardwood block (H ) y2" 1 18" ; it is used to sticking in ordinary iron pins between them.
prevent the stanchion from being pulled down For hauling cattle after the rack is on the wagon
backward. Ordinary endgates and end rods are place the stanchion crossways between the racks
used for the rack in either end. in the wagon-box in front of block H. Bolt it
down with hook bolls (I), running the bolts
through the bottom of the wagon-box and on-box
wag-
crosspiece underneath. Next bolt it side-
ways
onto the rack with hook bolts at J. Hook
bolts arc %" thick, 12" long with 3" hookB,
threaded plentifully.To prevent the stanchion
from being pushed down forward use two stout
braces running upwards diagonally from the
bottom of front end of wagon-box to front of
stanchion against brace block at about point K
(Fig. 540). For ugly and dangerous animals
tie their heads downward, running the ropes
through the bottom of the wagon-box.
strong rivets. Drill holes through B and the as No. 1 (Fig. 543) connects with outside of
straps G at E and D, making them 8" from each inside horse's bridle ring. Check No. 2
the hole F. Countersink the hole F and have crosses between the two center horses, as is usual
an iron pin to go through B and A, with the in driving only two horses. Outside horses are
head made to fit and not project any about B. checked back with short reins rings in
to the
Put a hammer strap on one of the straps C hames of inside horses, thus crossingcheck No.
Now cut the evener as long as will work between 1. A cheap experiment rope with will reveal the
the wheels of the wagon, and divide it in the merits or demerits of this method.
ordinary way; place it on the plateB and fasten
AN EVENER FOR FIVE HORSES.
at either E or D, as you may desire, using a
bolt and hammer strap; use singletreesabout Fig. 544 is of an evener for five horses on a
30" long and a doubletree to correspond. gang plow, with two as the lead team. Make
By working the evener at E or D the middle the evener of ash or oak 2" x 5" and 20" long
horse is placed far enough to one side that the from clevis to clevis,giving the lead team the
tongue does not interfere with it in any way. 12" end and the 8" end for wheelers. Fasten
There is no side draft to speak of, and plate the an old neckyoke ring or something similar to
B keeps the evener balanced nicelyand up to its the end of the tongue and run a log chain
place at all times. Use an ordinary neckyoke on through this to A on the evener, using light
the two horses next the tongue and arrange lines whiffletrees for the lead team.
on the third horse any convenient way. The It is desirable to use a three-horse evener for
scheme is all right; one has to get to one side to the wheelers; have a hole for the clevis in the
hitch or then use an evener so long that it will
not work between the wheels. Take off the
three-horse evener and take out pin in the
the
plate and it is ready for an ordinary two-horse
doubletree.
four-horse hitch. Change can be made in a few is shown in Fig. 547. It explainsitself, The
moments by taking off the singletree indicated strapsare from one bit to another.
by dotted lines and attachinga doubletree to
MULTIPLE HITCHES.
tongue about 3' forward from doubletree by a
rod or a wire. If it is desired to bring the team A method for working four horses to a gang
closer to the tongue this can be done by boring plow is shown in
Figs.548 and 549.
Let A, B, C and D represent the four horses;
SIIMLETftfE
C and D are placedon the pole P and hitched
the same as two horses would be to a wagon.
Then take the hitch-rein J on B's bridle,run
t.A 3 4-1
OOUIUTOf'
T
^ -i "
ki
LONfl TME
A FOUR-HORSE HITCH.
st*hp
STRHP
i
MISCELLANEOUS. 303
they are liable to want to go towards the barn. Let A, B, C and D represent the four horses as
Tie a loop in the third line big enough to slip in Fig. 548. 0 and D will be on the pole. Fasten
over the arm and then one lias two lines to line L to right side of bits of C and D and left
handle. A good way to use only two lines is side of bits of B and C. Then take hitch-rein
shown in Fig. 548. E on D'b bit and tie to backband F of C's har-
ness,
where the traces pass through. This is to
keep D from getting too far to right or too far
ahead. Take B'a hitch-rein E and tie to C at
SINGLE TREES
*2 I
"
UJ
"J
O
r
PIN
5 HORSE A EVENER
42' "
2fil
CLEVIS
ooooooooooooc
SltlLBAR
end and one 5" from one end and 10" from the
This lays down flat, the long end next to the row
fur-
hitch rein over his back and tie this to the fork
551), get a bar of steel 18" wide and %" thick; furrow.
of white oak 2"xG"x?4" long; 2" from each back while feed is put in. K is a 1" x 2" cleat
end, and the same distance From back edge, liore nailed on front of post to keep A in place, cut
"/M" holes for the clevis pins; these will lie just with slope on hack side as shown at E, so that
"d" apart. Now, 2" from the front edge and A have free play when the gate is pushed
may
2H" from one hole, and 42" from the other, bore
holes for (so-called)center clevis,which attaches
tile evener to the bar of extension draft head.
To the short end of this five-hone evener fasten
A THBKK-1I01IHE DOUBLETREE,
HITCHING FOUR HORSES ABRKAST. the post behind .1 to keep the gate in place. /
shows a section of a hoard which should extend
The sketch (Fig. 553) shows how to drive four
the full length of trough and stand 2" above
horses with a pair of common cheek lines. This
the trough. This board is used only in front
arrangement will work equally well with three.
to keep the gate from going forward. The half-
sows are bred the board is removed and placed Fig. 556, says: "I submit a sketch (Fig, 557)
in the slotted board k. L. L are cleats which of a breeding crate I make and use very suc-
hold the bottom end of the board ;
in place; m cessfully,and it costs so little any farmer using
ia platform
a used to raise a small boar high a large boar should make and use I always
one.
enough to serve a large bow. use a wood rod to hold the sow in the crate (a
piece of broken fork or hoe handle answers), as
IMPROVED HOG BREEDING CRATE. an iron rod is apt to injure the boar, should he
drop down, especiallyin very cold weather. I
Fig. 555 shows a type of breeding crate that
think this crate more convenient than the one
has been used for many years. Fig. 556 shows
to a pin or heavy nail 0. Put a chain on for the rear end, 3' high. 0 ia a stationary side
each support. Two 4" boards, 6" apart, should showing foot rest 4" wide and 2" thick to hold
be nailed over the top of the crate above where weight of boar. It is raised 18" at the rear and
sow's head comes to prevent her from climbing 17" in front, rounded off at the front for easy
out access. D is a movable side, duplicate of the
An Indiana swine breeder, commenting on other, with staples F to hold it at different
FARM BVILDIXQB.
through the halter nosepiece and tie to a firm one end. Put a surcingleon the horse, also a
J
.
FARM BUILDINQ8.
spread it. Smaller ones can be made for calves "A rope is passed over the hip, down in front of
and heifers. A blacksmith can make one of the udder and drawn tolerably tight and tied."
these devices in a short time at small cost. The objection would be that injury might
happen to the mammary veins running forward
DEVICE FOB SELF-SUCKING COWS.
^"STRAP3Z'L0N6
Z"strapk*ung
the slats to be riveted to the straps. The slats A New York farmer "We had a man
says:
and wide. slats tried the to take the
should be 11" long 1" The who same plan and forgot
should be made of well-seasoned white oak and off the heifer,with the result that she was
rope
should be placed at the distance of IVz" apart. nearly ruined for future use in the dairy and
There should be eleven slats in all. (Fig. 564.) for more than a week could not walk without
Another device (Fig. 565) is thus described ; hitching her hind legs along and I would not
MISCELLANEOUS. 311
want any one to try this method on a cow that means of the wooden form, a frustum of a
*Ws/|
JACK PIT FOR RANGE MARES.
1? a-
COnCP"TE
^At""JaV\o
1
FIG. 568. ANCHORING BABN TO THB GROUND.
planks made strong and close togetherand wider center to allow the side and bottom boards to
at the top so the jackmay not be hindered. In drop into place. Four posts 4" x 4" and 5' 4"
case the mare is inclined to lie down put two long and two posts 4" x 4" 5' 8" long are
and
slats under her at D and E and when the service tenoned to sills. Three pieces 2"x4" and
cap
is over remove slats at C and if slats D and E 4' 2" long are mortised at ends to receive tops
in them and let the mare out and of posts. The are of oak. One oak piece
are remove caps
the place is ready for another. in front of the cap which holds the stanchion
is 2" x 2" and 4' 2" long. The lower oak piece
ANCHORING A BARN TO GROUND. 4" 2' The
in front of stanchion is 2" x x long.
of lumber is 2" thick and 7' long for sides. One
To anchor a barn ground by means
to the
by board, 2" 17" 7' long is for the bottom. For
concrete blocks is quickly and cheaply done x x
312 FARM BUILDINGS.
front board 2" 10", 5' 6"; punched in of lever. The second hole is
stanchions in one x top
one board 2"x 10", 5' 2". For back gate, two 13'V from top hole and the third hole 11"
piece of iron as shown in Fig. 569. Stanchions These straps are 3' long, %" thick and 1*4"
in front are bolted at the bottom between %" x 4" wide. The lower hole is fastened to the right-
hand stanchion with two pieces of strap iron 14"
long. When the stanchions arc closed bore one
A DEHORN'INO CHUTE.
top of stanchions to and close and work represents chute ready for steer ; end of bar 7
open one
with a lever as shown in Fig. 570. The lever rests on pin, other end on ground. When
of wagon tire is 5' 6" long. A %" hole is steer's head is through pull up 4 and put pin in
MISCELLANEOUS. 313
to hold in place, take 7 from under neck and uprights on both sides in the rear a small chute
put over neck and fasten; draw rope over nose, may be formed by means of which the hogs may
and fasten. When horns are off loosen rope, easilybe driven into the "trap/'
take bar 7 out and let 4 back. For small
cattle you need not release 3 at bottom, but for
large cattle let 3 back as in C. ('attie come
( BOAR* ( 1 SOWS I
INDEX NO.
PARROWEO
SIRE DAM
one for the buyer. We also have a small pocket For the eighth litter we put two notches in each
memorandum book showing the various litters ear outer rim, making 8. For the ninth litter,
and how marked that we when we out three in theleft ear, meaning 9.
outer For the
carry go
the pigs. When and put
among a buyer asks how a pig is tenth litter we go to the upper right ear
bred we look at the ear mark, then refer to the one notch in that place; this stands for 10. We
book and have the breeding for combination
him at once. follow up the succeedinglitters by a
In this little book we put the sow's index number of marks in the same We have found this
way.
so we can refer to the cabinet when we get back method very satisfactoryfor keeping the records
to the office. and when the breeding season starts we simply
"In
regard to marking pigs,there are two very take the ear mark and the markings of white
good systems of marking by notches in the ears, in keeping sisters from the same litter identified.
made with a harness punch when the pigs are "The other method for say 100 pigs and
about two weeks old. One system is where you where one is
dependent on outside help to attend
give each litter the same mark. This system we to the breeders gives each pig of a litter an dividual
in-
advise where the pig crop is large. It is as fol-
lows mark and is as follows: The right ear
: Every notch of the outer rim of the right has a notch close to head which means 1 ; in the
ear counts 1; inner rim of right ear, 10; outer middle of the outer rim it stands for 2, and close
Tim of left ear, 3 ; inner rim of left ear, 30. For to the top it stands for 3; just around in the
the first litter farrowed we place one notch inner rim means 4 and in middle of the inner
in the outer rim of the right ear; for the second rim means 5. The left ear stands for just 10
litter we put two notches in the outer rim of times as much. Now for the first litter far-
rowed
the right ear; this stands for two. For the we start and mark one pig with 1 notch;
third litter we go to the left ear and put one that stands for 1 ; the second pig we give mark
notch in its outer rim ; this means three ; for No. 2 ; the third pig No. 3, and so on up as far
the fourth litter we mark one notch in the outer as the litter goes by using a combination that
rim of each ear; this means four; for the fifth stands for the number required. When all of
we put two in the outer right and one in the that litter is marked we' start with the next litter
left" two plus three=5. For the sixth litter where we leave off and continue as before. You
farrowed we put two notches in the left; can
outer mark up to 99 pigs with not more than 4
this means six. For the seventh litter we put notches in the ear of any one pig ; then when the
two notches in the left and one in the right. breeding season starts you can go out and select
MISCELLANEOUS. 315
DESCRIPTION
FARROWED
I
FIG. 574. EAR-MARKING HOGS (REVERSES BIDE OF FIG. 573)
30 4 5 50 40
RI6HT \" LEFT RIGHT t
will he 9, so the animal marked that way with making the head secure. There is only one ber
tim-
7 cuts will be numbered 39. This means the across the rear end of the stock, as shown
fewest cuts and is easier to remember." hy C.
It is a good idea to let the animal stand awhile
tlie one built at Shadeland hy the late Adams 1'eet back and using the crooked knives. The
Earl. Such stocks dimensions of timbers follows: A 6"x
are a very great convenience are as "
if not a necessity at all breeding establishments fi" by 6"; fi" fi" x (!" by 9' 1%";
V 0"
where the bull is accorded proper care. G" x by 4' 10i/." ; /""!"
fi" x 4" by 9' 1" ; fi"
The timber is pine or hemlock, and the floor ""x6" by 6' 8y2"; F" 4"x4" by 2'; X"
of
the same, 3" or 4" thick. This gives a solid Octagon roller,6' fi" long, 8" diameter ; size
foundation to stand on, and in some cases the belt, 2' 11" by 5' 3"; length of chains, 3' 5"
operator can trim the feet to advantage while (five chains); Z Round oak sticks; l%"
"
in
the animal is standing on the floor. The side iliameter by 3' 8" in length (IV apart). Dis-
tance
timbeT D should be of oak; it extends beyond between D and B (base) is 1".
the frame and there are three holes bored
This POULTRY DRINKING FOUNTAIN.
through it. bring the foot back as is to
follows: Buckle a strap around the foot just
A simple drinking fountain for poultry (see
above the hoof (after the animal is drawn up), Fig. 577) may be made as follows: Place an
and bring the rope through one of these holes.
This will bring the foot on top of D, and it
stack. The trip rope can be worked either by The explanations of the drawing are by the
the man on the stack or load. Fig. 581 shows use of the letters. The skids, a, are made of
what is known in some sections as the Crowe plank (3" x 14") 14' long and 7' wide and the
stacker. It will build a stack fully 25' high if braces leading to the platform, i, are 2"x6'
and must be well braced with cross braces not
learn to handle his bay and both load and unload The must b is made of a telephone pole 35' long
his wagon and he and sets on a pivot on the skids. At the top
drop the hay just where wants
it. is a wheel attached to the pole to which the guy
Another type is shown in Fig. 583. Lay a Lift the top of pole to aid the horses in starting
30' telephone pole on the ground with the it and they can raise it into place. Now tie the
butt 4' from the side of the proposed stack and loose end of the last guy rope to stake to which
about 6' back from the end at which you will pulley is fastened.
Adjust the guy ropes with
unload, lettingthe pole lie at an angle of about slack so that the top of pole will swing out past
45" with the longitudinal line of the stack. end of stack over load of hay far enough so
Dig holes 6" or 8" deep under butt of pole and that it will not start to swing back over stack
drive three or four stakes behind edge of hole. until fork full of hay is raised. Theii it will
swing over stack far enough to drop hay in
center of stack 30' long. A weight tied to the
Fig. 585 shows a simple arrangement of for slides, top and bottom, y2" x 3" x 30" soft
ropes
and pulleys,by means of which the horses pull wood. The side slats are dropped %' from ends
the loaded hay fork into the barn and return of posts to make between them smaller.
up spaces
the fork to the load. The b d is the This crate, 13" x 11" x 30", will hold bushel
rope a c a
regular hay fork to which the team is of ears from 9" to 11" in length.
rope
hitched at d. The small rope a y d, which
around
PROTECTING STACKS FROM WEATHER.
passes a pulley at y, is tied to the large
"A_
hay fork
rope at d. When the team travels from slip over slender poles driven in the ground and
d, towards the hay fork moves from the load with headless spikes driven in like barbs so the
y,
up into the barn, and when the team returns to winds can not lift the roof. Bore one small hole
d the fork is pulled hack to the load by mean* of near the lower edge of each hoard so that a wire
the light rope. The fork is unloaded with the will tie the two to injure the
the chain and not
trip rope r as usual. If the driveway is inside board as staples might. Select lumber not apt
the barn, a different arrangement of pulleys will to warp or spring and before using paint it well
be necessary. on both sides. Explanation: 1. Boards laid
wire stapled to boards. 3. Iron ring. 4. Tough permitting free circulation of air tlirougli a
slender posts, anchored with rows of headless cork of pcavinc hiy, thus greatly promoting the
spikes to catch rings as stack settles. 5. Hooks uniform curing of the hay.
lo connect with two sections.
The
accompanying engravings (Fiiju.5*W to
and the thing is finished. Use two wires to each The chute is 2' in the clear and the bottom
length of board about 2'. from the ends and as board of the side is nailed to the floor,which
many sections as may be needed for the length helps to stiffen the floor and sides.
of rick, putting the middle section on last with It will be more convenient to make the chute
the ends lapping over the next ones. In
using without the middle uprights, and before ing
locat-
the hay a singlesection is taken off by drawing them place one end of the chute in the
out the staplesand the rick cut down so as to wagon bed and the other end on ground. Now
leave the cover over the remainder. Boards put the axle and the wheels under the chute and
and wire can be used over and over again. locate so the axle will be a support to the tom,
bot-
and then drop the middle upright down
A PORTABLE IIOG LOADER. over the axle and chute, nail to the side of the
using care to have the axle at right angles to
A devicefor loading hogs and sheep that is the bottom, and put in the spike or pin to hold
very handy, light and strong is shown in Fig. the axle in the slots of the upright. Cleats
592. It can be moved readilv or it can be backed should be nailed in the bottom to keep stock
up to a and by rope or chain attached
wagon a from slipping. Before loading put straw in
to the wagon bed and hauled to the distant pen the and down
wagon the chute, which makes
or lot where hogs are to be loaded. It saves the take the
hogs more kindly to chute.
moving the hogs from their feed-lot to some In cast-off
some cases a pair of buggy wheels
and axle have been used for the chute. Of course
rest on the axle of the old buggy wheels used materials. To do this a triplewall of
for moving the chute. A third or middle right
up- planks or boards must be made from 12" to 18"
has a slot cut in the lower end largeenough apart and the spaces between each compactly
to drop down over the axle. By cutting the slot filled with sawdust or straw. The bottom must
4" deep the ends extend below the axle 3" and a be equally well secured and a drain provided for
40-penny spike or wooden pine put through the the escape of water, yet not for the admission of
upright just under the axle will keep it in place. air. The drain as shown in Fig 59 i is one of
MISCELLANEOUS.
the cheapest,and best that can be made. This run oil the hut this will not be the case
iii", if the
drain is made by digging a hole 3' deep and 4' ice has been securely and properly packed. In
over this are laid logs say 5^' long, 1' addition to this drain is a box 17' long made of
square;
wide and 6" thick. This permits the water to 0" boards in which can be applied whenever
A CHEAP ICEHOUSE.
Sec//"r,
is desired. The rafters need not have more than ANOTHER ICEHOUSE.
one-quarter pitch but should extend well over
the sides to shade the walls. The roof may be Thebuilding shown in Fig. 599 is 14' x 16'
of roofing boards battened, but
shingles, should and
or
high with a 10" wall which is filled with
10'
be perfectlywater-proof. sawdust. When packing the ice, place it within
The house is lined throughout with sheathing 4" of the lining of inner wall and fill the open
space with sawdust.
The building is of native lumber with matched
board roof and battened. Xo part of the icehouse
is under ground. The cellar is beneath the house
ice-
and the entrance to it is on the outside.
The cellar is 6' x 10' and 61/2' high (Fig. 598),
Gbl'M* ///*" inside measurement, but can of course be made
any desired size. The top of it is in the form
20-0 of a half circle or arch, the middle of which
extends 2' up into the icehouse. The walls are
for lining, 480' roofing boards with battens, to the cellar are three 2" auger holes in
hinges and nails. the top of inner door; these seem to be sufficient.
FRONT
REAR
4 FT. DOOR
GROUND LINE
by placing two boxes together,one inside the other, connected by a gateway and also by a row
nar-
other,with two or three-inch space between filled lane or chute, in the narrowest part of which
with some non-conducting material like
kind of should be "squeezer" for branding mature
a
inside, make deep enough to hold the drip large corral or the lesser one. By means of this
or melting of the ice for a day or so, with out-let gate cattle are very easilyand surely assorted
properly guarded. Make two doors, one for and the squeezer saves immensely in time and
each box and reasonably tight, the upper one labor of branding. The. small corral will be used
balanced with rope and weight. Make a shelf also as a horse corral and should probably be
in one end to hold a cake or more of ice. For about 80' in diameter for easy working. The
dimensions say about long 20" wide and deep,
6' chute should be of the same width throughout,
all inside measures. Ice piled in one end every for if it is wedge-shaped there is danger of
day or so can be readily available without the wedging, but there should be a small pen at the
risk of lettingout all the confined cold air, as entrance of it where a few cattle at a time may
would have been the case if we had a room be held and forced to pass through.
under the ice in the icehouse. This kind of a Strong fences run in diverging lines from the
refrigerator is more economical of ice than those corrals to make it easy to pen the cattle, and
that have perpendicular doors, which as soon along one of these fences the dipping tank may
as opened allow the cold air to pour out. One be built, with a draining platform at the exit.
the size mentioned will hold the milk for It is of
an course very stronglybuilt, with large
ordinary farm dairy and lot of other stuff
a posts, at least 6' high, and boards perfectly 1%"
placed on shelves above.
thick,especiallyalong the chute. The squeezer
is simply a short panel hinged at bottom and
CORRAL FOR 7,000 CATTLE. drawn togetherat top by lever, rope and tackle;
Fig. 602 shows a plan for circular corrals two men can with this hold without injury the
with a radius of 100', one a little back of the strongest cow.
hog carcass would togetherrequire a space about and have in the last coat about one-
2' wide and 2y"' long. A refrigerator designed quarter varnish. Paint the outside a green.
/far ^fi*t /T
/tit* ."**"?"-
* Af*"*
'4fW H'OT A^fttff
MMsrr
my
ve /vow AH MULL
Build in a shaded place and face the building must be provision for the of the air at
escape
to the north if possible. The window should the roof.
be tripleto make the air spaces and Milking cows put shades
seem to be of a nervous and
inside to keep out sunlight. With in
susceptibletemperament, making it necessary for
care struction
con-
this house should be dry and give ex- cellent them to be kept much warmer than other farm
cooling results with a small amount of animals, so the supplying of fresh air and the
ice and at a cost not to exceed $40. removal of that which is impure is a most portant
im-
matter. What is known as the King
THE VENTILATION OF STABLES. system works very effectively.It is the building
of the stable to be as warm and as nearly air-
tight
Climates differ so widely that it is not possible
as possible,using two or more layers of
to lay down a rule of building that will be per- fectly wood with building paper between. (See Figs.
adapte.l to all situations. So also do and
605 606.) A covering of plaster on the
breeds differ in their requirements. The dairy outside would be of advantage in this connection
cowr should be kept fairlywarm, yet she needs well. Unless
and save the wood from weather as
abundance of pure air; the beef steer, heavily the stable is nearly airtightthe ventilators will
fed, cares little for temperatures, so he is dry not work wrell.
and out of the wind. Horses need especially to
Ingress of fresh air is provided above the
have plenty of fresh air.
cows. Prof. King says there should be an open-
Sheep can hardly have too much air. Being
of an essentially delicate organizationthey suf- fer
nt the nninial. and her Ixxly is to warm tin; the shaft, should lie fixed about 3" or 4" below
stable. The ingress of air throughis a box that the mouth, to prevent down draft
so as any
starts 'i' or 3' below thi' ceiling,rises anil enters striking the horses, or to catch drip from the
any
at the ceiling level. This rise is to prevent the condensations of the steam of the stable. Thia
thing 'working the wrong way and to permit the
Fig. ("07 is of a ventilating shaft for stables and and hence, although the weight of pure
box stalls which is inexpensive and at the same carbonic acid is so great that it may be
gas
time admits air and carries off all foul poured from
glass into one another, yet as it is
pure
gases. This shaft will furnish pure air and will given gradually off by the lungs it does not
off foul gases from large and small stables. remain separate, but mixes with the hulk of
carry
The shaft should lie about in the middle of the the air in the stable and is carried off with it.
stable or near the heads of the horses, as shown If attempted nothing can prevent a draft ing
fall-
in the sketch of stalled stable. the bodies of the animals when lying
U["on
The best material is wood. liecausc it does down and their inevitable catching eold.
not condense the steam as it ascends nearly so
This system of ventilation will undoubtedly
much as metal, and there is less dropping of
prove efficient and all right in a mild climate.
water from it. The upper end should l"e guarded
The part above the roof should Ik1 fitted with
from down draft, either by a cowl which will
turn with the wind, or by a covered ventilator Woodward's system of self-closingshutters that
of tin fixed on the ridge of the roof. At the close on the windward side and open on the ward
lee-
Iwittom a sheet of iron, considerablylarger than side; then there will lie no down drafts.
FARM BU1LDIHQB.
By reference to Fig. 60S it will he seen that he travels but 15,000 miles in watering his
it consists of the ordinary cupola, which may horses during his lifetime. Is this not an portant
im-
be of any form, on the sides of which are hinged item in farm economics?
light-tigntdoors, the hinges at the top. These Small streams for water live stock arc usually
doors are connected by a board that holds one of more detriment than value in that they are
or both a little way ajar. Suppose the wind the distributers of many diseases. Swine ers
breed-
blows; one of them will shut and on the ward
lee- know to their sorrow the cost ot watering at
side the other will be This makes running streams where contagion is so easily
open.
it impossible for cold draughts to come down. carried with the current.
Then supposing wish to lessen the amount A spring high enough above the farm so that
you
of air entering; you simply draw down on a water from it may be carried in iron pipes to
cord that is attached to the middle of the necting
con- the yards and buildings is of incalculable value
board at a place where there is a hinge, on a stock farm. Next to this comes the well
and it bends there, drawing the doors together and wind pump. Dug wells are sink-holes of
somewhat or close up as you like. In the illustra-
tion iniquity,summer resorts for mice, toads, worms
the dotted line S shows the ventilators and insects, breeding places for disease germs,
closed; 0 shows them open. The drainage of the yards, distant privy vaults
and sink drains is often to these wells. The
THE WATER SUPPLY ON THE FARM. driven well, put down where
tight veins there are
of extra bor
la- in the barnyard or wherever it is most convenient
the barns often means a great deal
the of the work stock in traveling Where the subsoil is of sand or gravel or is
on part
that distance every day for their water. Put not watertight the driven well will of course
MISCELLANEOUS. 831
many times over. is heated from the range. A force pump in the
Best of all is the well which is sunk clear into kitchen forces water into the bottom of the
the hard rock. Then if the steel tubing is sunk other two tanks and the air is compressed in the
properly there can be no fear of contamination. upper ends. This keeps the hot water reservoir
A farm supply system is thus described
water always filled and gives pressure to force either
by one who is using it: An ordinary windmill cold or hot water to any part of the house. A
forces the water into an underground tank, from small steam gauge registersthe amount of pres-
sure,
which it is conducted by pipes where wanted. which is usually about 20 pounds.
The water being forced through a check-valve This system is so simple and cheap that any
from the pump into the tank nils the bottom of farmer can afford it and the satisfaction it gives
the tank and thus compresses the air in the top is beyond calculation. Any plumber can put it
of the tank. The pressure thus obtained is suf-
ficient in and it should not cost, piping and all,more
to force the water into any part of the than $40.
barn or house. A water pressure gauge is at-
tached
EARTH WATER TANK.
to the
pipes just over the kitchen sink
and shows at a glance and at all times the exact The plan illustrated in Fig. 609 shows a sec- tion
amount of pressure, obviating any liabilityto of a dirt tank. The dimensions are given,
excessive pressure and danger of breaking pipes. but the size can be suited to requirements. A
The pump is usually shut off at forty pounds, 100,000-gallon dirt tank costs very little more
when a hose can be attached and the water than a 10,000-gailoncypress cistern. Hundreds
thrown over the house or barn. The tank may of these dirt tanks have Imkmi made, and are
be located in the cellar. It mav be an iron tank being made in Western and Southwestern Texas.
3V"' in diameter, and 12' long, and located Fig. 610 shows the plan for water supply at
underground near the well. Its capacity is 30 a farm to accommodate 20 to 30 head of cattle
barrels,but it is never full,as the air occupies and from 4 to 6 horses. During the summer
some of the space in the tank. A 50-barrel and fall onlv the work horses will be to water
tank for a stock or dairv farm would be visable.
ad- and in winter the cattle will have access to a
in barn. E, level. F,
It generallybe installed at much
can less cost contour of surface. G, level at which water must
than the
estimate given. Very often a second-
hand be delivered in barn which is also the level of
boiler good enough to hold water can be bottom of cistern. //, cistern. / J, posts sup-
porting
obtained at low cost. Any iron tank strong conductor. L, pipe from cistern to tank.
enough to sustain a pressure of about 40 pounds K, conductor from eave of barn to cistern. J,
will serve. There is no danger of the water lowest point in L. N, vertical distance from
freezing, no lukewarm water in summer and surface where cistern must be located to G ; this
there is livelypressure
a at any point where it is distance is ?%'"
led in pipes. An architect comments thus:
332 FARM BUILDINGS.
I should build a large cistern,or if preferred a covering of one solid slab of concrete for the
a pair of cisterns side by side, building them whole of it may be made safe to drive over with
square because that form is easiest walled, and teams. It should however have in it a erable
consid-
walling with a concrete wall about 6" thick. amount of steel and at intervals of 8'
Make the cisterns 4' wide and 12' long, inside there should be concrete beams, with inch steel
diameter, and as deep as the water will drain or iron rods imbedded in the under part of them,
from, and cover over with flat slabs of forced
rein- thrown across beneath the cover, these beams
concrete. These flat covers are cheaper being perhaps 16" deep and 12" wide. These
and easier built than arched ones and strong .
may be built when built,then after the walls are
richer concrete such as is used to face sidewalks. work of steel thus laid down put on 6" of first-
Leave manholes to clean out with and for taking class concrete. In each of the beams put four
out the wooden forms. Do not take out the of the inch rods. Have all the metal imbedded
forms for 30 days. Wash the interior of the and completelycovered with concrete. Have the
cistern twice with a wash of pure cement and ends of each wire and rod turned over so that
water, as thick as cream. it can not slip. Then there will be at little pense
ex-
BARN CISTERN TO HOLD 400 BARRELS. a solid concrete cover for this cistern that
An Ohio farmer desired to build of concrete should endure for many centuries, wliereas oak
above his barn in a bank, a cistern 10' wide, 35' boards are short lived and dangerous when ering
cov-
long and G' deep. He was thus counseled by an a cistern in a barn yard.
architect :
INSULATING WATER PIPES.
The outer walls against the earth need not be
more than ("" thick. The wall between the tern
cis- This is a hard proposition. Words fail to
and stable should be 12". It should also convey the aggravation that is caused by a
be built up solidlyunder the barn and against frozen water system. Underground pipes even
the cross timbers so that the water pressure will fail at times to obviate the difficulty,
as the frost
have no tendency to overthrow it. Then if it sometimes reaches as far down as five feet and
is well washed with pure cement on the inner makes plenty of trouble. With the elevated
side it will be as drv as anv wall can be. It is tanks the
greatest care must be taken to prevent
not necessary to cover this cistern with planks; freezing. Railroad tanks are generallykept in
334 FARM. BU1UIIX
manhole. The bacteria thrive without oxygen, Where outside plastering is done this limewash
and sewer gas will not generate unless a certain with ochre in it is admirable. The addition of
amount of air space is provided. One cubic ochre to the wash seems to add to its permanence
yard of filteringspace is sufficient for one son.
per- and to make it less liable to rub off. The sential
es-
In this plan 50' of filter space has been thing in making limewash seems to be to
be spaced 3" between. Put this stuff on for my first knowledge of this stall,but I have
may
let the sides come
vertically, up at least V high since changed from
it slightly his model.
between the boxes and if you want it right bolt The cement floor is admirable. Let it extend
it togetherwith small bolts which cost little and forward far enough to form the bottom of the
are not slow to put in. Cut off the ends of the feed box at .4 (Fig. 611). Imbedded in it set
bolts smooth with the nuts, then there will be
no hair rubbed off. Protect well the windows.
Some of the best stables now feed hay upon
the floor of the box-stalls. Make the grain boxes
TEED
ALLEY
BOX STALL
BOX IN
PEED ALLEY
H "HINGE
get hard clay for this purpose. deep. This depth permits the use of plenty of
Box doors should slide the inside of the absorbents and also preventsthe cows from ping
step-
on
stalls. should down within 8" 12" into the ditch either when standing in their
They come or
thick within 2" of the bottom back of the ditch be 3' or more, cording
ac-
plank 2" coming may
of the door that in case can the horse to space at hand. From B to trench
so no
thrust out a foot and get it under the door when let there be a slopeof not more than 4". From
This will to retain the edge of the trench to the front of the stall
lying down. plank serve
straw and litter in the stall and is not much at A the distance should be from 6' to 6' 8",
to according to the size of the cows to be stabled.
step over.
The partitionsbetween the cows are 5' high and
There arc three essentials to a perfect stall : This rod is best placed midway between the titions,
par-
that it be comfortable for the cow, that it keep as then the cow can lick herself on either
her clean, and that it be convenient for the man side.
who cares for the cow. The stall I describe The ends of the 1" x 3" laths that form the
(see Fig. 614) is nearly perfectin all these ticulars.front
par- of the manger are shown. They should be
T am indebted to Geo. E. Scott, of Ohio, spaced about 4" apart. The cow draws her hay
33G FARM BUILDINGS.
through these spaces. The board B is al"out 1' of liberty commensurate with cleanliness. The
high and hollowed slightlyin the center where stall should be so constructed as to keep the ani-
mal
the cow's neck comes when she lies down. The clean
and absolutelyto prevent one animal
one-quarter round keeps it solid and makes it from injuring another by stepping on the udder
easier for her to clean the meal out of her box. or by hooking and from frightening another by
The partitionsgo clear across the manger and being able almost to reach it. The manger
feed boxes. The sloping side of the manger D should hold the necessary feed and roughage,
is tight,so that meal may be poured thereon and keeping it within reach of the animal, preventing
allowed to run down into the feed box below. it being gotten under foot and should be easily
Hay is put in at E. space E
Theis not par-
titioned cleaned of all refuse matter. Often the owner of
off but is continuous along the entire a herd of cattle desires a stall that will expose to
front of the cows. A box for bran mav easily the visitor's view as much of each animal as
be made below the sloping board 1). possible without lessening the security to his
advantage of this stall is that as the cow
The animals. A stall should be inexpensive and
cannot push ahead, being restrained by the slats strong. These conditions are met fully in the
in front of her, she is compelled to drop her cow stall designed by Prof. H. E. Van Xorman
manure in the gutter. She will not step in this, of the Pennsylvania Experiment Station.
it would be uncomfortable for her to do so
as
Fig. 2 represents the arrangement for two
and the real and practicalworking of the thing of stalls
rows facing each other with the feeding
is perfection. We have fitted a small stable with
alley raised to the top of the manger, allowing
these stalls and the cows have never soiled them-
selves feed and hay to be swept into the manger and
in it since it was made. refuse to be swept out of the manger into the
Place the partitionsfrom 3' G" apart to 4', alley for removal. The stall be constructed
mav
according to the size of the cows to be stabled. of lumber, dressed on two sides,
2" or if it be
The partitionsbeing high and tight prevent whitewashed 1V"" stuff,rough, will hold the
cows annoying each other, and being short give whitewash better than if smooth. These are
room to the milker and groom and also cause the standard sizes of lumber, but l1/*" dressed and
to present handsome appearance when l1/^" rough
cows a are strong enough. For dairy cows
viewed from side or rear. The rod R is bolted of average size stalls 3' 6" from center to center
at each end, but if a safe is wranted it
fire-escape and 5' from gutter to manger will be about right.
should bearranged as shown in Fig. 614. Here The animal should have to stand
just room fortably
com-
the rod slipsthrough the eyes of the eye bolts with hind feet an inch from the gutter
A and B and is held suspended by the small and front feet just back of in Fig. 3.
A A
chain C. This is riveted to the l1/^"gas pipe desirable arrangement is to place the timber A
D, which has a short piece turned down to make 5' from the gutter at one end of the barn and
crank at end, E. This pipe extends closer at the other
a one as
enough end to fit the smallest
along the entire row of cattle and easilyin
turns
animal, thus giving the stalls varied lengths.
its supports. When there is danger or the cows To build
the stall place the 2" x 6" A (Fig.
are to be loosened a few turns of the crank winds
3) in
position5' or less from the gutter, then
all the chains and raises the rods out of their
the raised feeding floor should be built with the
places,when the cow chains slipoff and the cows
joist8 2y2' in the clear from A; then cut the
are free. It may pay to fit a stable with this plank B and fasten in place, and successively
simple device with a view of freeingcows at any
planks C, D, and E, holding them temporarily
time when thcv are to be watered or turned out.
with a cleat until F and G are secured. To cut
Of course the chains would be unwround before
F and G, lay two
pieces of plank on the floor,
the cows are put back in their stalls. This
and on the one G (Fig. 6) lay off the distance
device is, so far as I know, originalwith me.
1 to 2 along the edge equal to the distance from
the top of partition 2 (Fig. 4) to middle of
THE VAN NOBMAX COW STALL. manger on top of A at 1 (Fig. 4) ; then mark
off 2-3 and 3-1, making the corner at 3 exactly
The ideal cow stall should have other It will make little difference if planks
among square.
requisites the following: A fastener that will G and P (Fig. 4) do not touch at 1. When
hold the animal securely,be easy to fasten when properly fitted toe nail G to A at 1, and nail
securing the animal and to unfasten when ing
turn- B, C, D and E to F and G; then toe nail //
it out. The fastener should be so arranged and / in place. The partitionbetween the stalls
that there is no danger of the animal gettingthe is now held securelyin place and the operation
feet caught in it, and should give the maximum be repeated for as many stalls as wanted.
may
MISCELLANEOUS. 337
It is well to leave the planks B, C, D and E a hole and key. These staplesK should be placed
little long, or even square and when in position 9" from the partitionand lower end near the
draw lines from 4 to 5 and 4 to 6 (Fig. 3), and floor. In the middle of J place a clevis of l"x
saw off along these lines. The ends of the planks ys" strap iron, in which to fasten a common
irmmsrjmismmeioram*
m2
rig. i
*y*s
" "
K.
FIg.T
Fig 4.
CONSTRUCTION.
2" x 6", splitdiagonally.
Commenting on the Van Xorman stall Joseph
In the absence of the capping 0. stripsas shown E. Wing says: "It is the simplest,cheapest
at P (Fig. 3), may be used. The bar J (Fig. and in some ways the most hygienic stall of
4) should be 1" shorter than the distance tween
be- them all. It gives an uninterrupted view of the
partitiors and made of 1" x 3" light cattle. It does not waste the feed. The tion
objec-
strong wood, round corners and slides behind to it is that cows that are wild are not so
iron staples. K (Figs. 4 and 7), are made of readilv secured as with some other stalls and
%" round iron, with nuts on the end or with a there is some noise when cattle are feeding,ow-
FARM BVILDIXQB.
ing to their being fastened to a sliding bar in waste of nitrogen which readily escapes as the
front. It keeps them clean and they are fortable."
com- urine ferments.
As cost, these floors are laid 4" thick,
to the
elaborate system the bost one. The urine-soaked It no doubt would be possibleto transmit this
bars and floor and gutter send forth steady power by rope drive. advisabilityof using
The
streams of ammonia and in some of the very this method would largelydepend on the number
finest and most costly stables visited in the East of different directions the rope would have to
this offense was very glaring. Let the horses be led in order to reach the point of application,
stand right on the concrete and use liberal lowance the
al- amount of to be driven, the means of
power
of straw bedding. It is abundant on supporting such driving cable, and the difficulty
the farm, and if not shredded com fodder is at of keeping the sheave system in alignment so that
hand, and this will absorb the urine and put it it would work satisfactorily.Upon the assump-
tion
hack to the fields. kept at hand
Then if there is that the location of the different buildintrs is
a lot of "floats" (finely ground phosphate rock) similar to Fig. 618. and that the eneine is placed
which absorbs and sweetens, or land plaster,near-
ly close to the boiler as represented at "2," you will
as good for sweetening, there will come from note that it would be necessary to chinge the
the stable a steady stream of fertilityto add to direction of the rope driven at least four times.
the fields. Drains leading to cisterns are an The first case in leading from the engine driver
annoyance from start to finish and a constant in a more or less vertical direction, then
up
MISCELLANEOUS.
points of applicationas desired. At these dif- ferent might be considered for wire and installation
points a motor could be used, set in any of the power circuit,thus making the total cost
positionmost applicableto the machine driven of the outfit installed, ready for operation,about
irrespective of the relative position of the en- gine $250. This may be slightlyexcessive but is ap- proximate.
or boiler plant. Such an installation is rep- resented
by Fig. 619 showing the engine located Ordinarily,however, the cheaper plan would
at "2" and the generator belted from the engine be to install a larger outfit,say at least 6-horse-
as illustrated by "7." The line wire can be led power combined engine and dynamo. This would
through any number of different turns to the cost about $400 and would furnish ail the lights
various points of application. At these different needed for the home and barns, and if there are
points it is customary to arrange suitable junc- tion neighbors they could also be furnished with elec- tric
boxes so that the motor can be connected lights for their houses and barns. There
readilyand the power obtained without further would also be adequate power for operatingsmall
delay. machines in the barns, so that by the addition
There is the additional advantage that light of one small portable motor, much of the ma- chinery
can be obtained from the same line wire as used about the place could be operated
for power purposes. In Fig. 619 the main line
is representedby "9," while branch circuits can PROPER SPEEDS FOR LINE SHAFTS.
be led off at any desired point as represented
In figuringout the arrangement for the trans- mission
at "10." In some cases it has been found sirable
de-
mechanisms for the operation of groups
to use a portable motor in place of the
of machinery in barns and elsewhere one of the
stationarymotor representedat "8," which can
first questions arising is, What is the proper
be moved from one machine to another and con-
nected
direct by belt, replacing the line shaft speed for the line shafts and how shall it be
figured? Custom varies somewhat on this point,
"3." This is especially desirable where there is
of the depending to a large extent upon the class of
any machinery to be driven about the
various machinery that is to be operated, though of
barnyards for such applicationsas cut- ting
course all is governed by fixed rules. If the
ensilageor threshing. Taking into consid- eration
machinery to be operated is slow-moving the line
the various advantages of electrical trans- mission,
think that it more than compen-
shafting should operate at slow speed so as not
many sates to require too large diameters in pulleysgiving
for the additional first cost over the other
to the operative machines their correct speeds.
method of rope transmission.
On the other hand, in operating high speed ma- chinery
ATTACHING PUMP TO POWER. tory, and the only question would be in getting
the pipe line from the cylinder to the well air-
tight.
To determine what size shafting should be
In order to do this,all the jointsshould
used to transmit power from a six-horse power leaded
be and after tightened as tight as practi-
cable,
gasolineengine to mill and other machinery 1G it would not be a bad idea to coat them
feet or less distant, and what width of pulley
over with asphalt.
and belting is required,what is the most ticable
prac- Relative to the size shaft to be used for trans-
mitting
method of attaching to pump about 75
G-HP, we would recommend 1 7-16'
feet distant from engine and power house, suming
as- with hangers placed not to exceed every 8'. The
the well being hand dug, with water size of belting would depend somewhat on the
less than twenty feet of surface, pump
cylinder speed of the engine as well as the diameter of
3y% inches. The best method of obtaining the the pulley. It is quite likely that a 6" belt
result desired would largely depend on local would meet the requirements.
conditions. On the assumption of the ground
being practicallylevel,the most practicalmeth-
od In Fig. 620 A representsan end view of posts
would be to remove the pump power to room which are made of 2" x 4" 14' long bolted onto
where pump jack could be operated direct from posts put in the ground, good and solid. B is
line shaft. This would necessitate placing a dry a trianglemade of heavy cast iron and
especial-
ly^
well underneath the power room of sufficient for this purpose, and bolted in at top of A.
depth so that the pipe leading from pump der
cylin- C is a side view of wires and triangles. D is
to the well would be below the frost line. made of wood and iron, to which the wire is
Again assuming that this depth would be 6', this clamped fast,and will not wear the wire. E is
would make the pump cylinder only 14/ above pump jack run from engine by a belt and when
the water level in the well, under which tions
condi- the pitman wheel goes around that moves the
the pump should work entirely satisfac-
tory trianglesand the wires go back and forth, thus
providing one is careful to get the suction moving the pump rod up and down. F is a
line air-tight.This method would work factorily rod
satis- attached to pump jack. This could be at-tached
until the water level in the well dropped to a windmill rod and run the pump just
8', or the total distance from the bottom of the the same. 0 is a turnbuckle with which to
cylinderto the water level would not exceed 22'. tighten wires. Use a galvanized wire cable y"*
In the event that it is necessary to leave the of 5-16" made of seven wires twisted together.
pump at the well, the method of drive would
depend largely on the relative position of line GEARING A PUMP TO A WINDMILL.
shaft in power room to that of the well and as
to whether the pump jack would be located in The problem of pumping water by means of
power room or at the well. In the event that a windmill that is located some distance from
the pump jack was located at the pump, the the well is not always easy of a satisfactory
lution,
so-
of sufficient depth to protect it from frost, the could be transmitted by bevel gears at the mill
wind-
piping being carefullylaid so as to prevent its end, and at the other end the power would
getting out of alignment and developing any be transmitted from the tumbling rods or ing
shaft-
possibilityof leaks. - by means of a pump head or crank and necting
con-
the pipe be prevented, as any small leak in the lost power in this kind of mechanism, due to the
windmill to these tumbling rods or shafting that could be connected with the at one
pump
344 FARM BUILDINGS.
cases.
WAT Ea TANK
A FARM DAIRY ROOM.
CONCftCTE SIDES RflNEORCfD WITH STEEL
::"'-'/""""":
concrete to imitate brick, since it would take
too much coloringmatter. The best color is the DRAIN
622.
dry iron ore red. It might be put on as a wash FIG. FARM DAIRY ROOM.
after the wall was complete. The building {Fig. about 40 yards of material " that is,40 yards of
622) is 13' x 13'; its walls are 6" thick,rein-
forced coarse stuff for concrete and as many barrels of
with steel. The walls and floors take cement. Thus in regions where these things arc
MISCELLANEOUS.
prefers. Let the walls of the water tank be but would be rather heavy to handle by such a
thoroughly well reinforced,using a \'^" bar for method as we would recommend. The method
each 6" of vertical rise; then there will l"e no customarily used for drilling wells of this typo
fear of cracks ever forming to make leaks. If by means of horse-poweris to use a tripod der-
rick
the water is used in the house a roof is advisable. with sheave wheel suspended at the top of
Make a simple pyramidal roof of rather sharp the derrick over the center of the well. A rope
pitch to give a nice finish to the tower. When is run down from the clevis in the top of drill
complete there is a fine cool milk room, partly rod over the sheave and wound around a drum
under ground, with its water trough for cans, and mounted between the two outer legs of the tripod.
a constant drip of ice water into it; an icehouse One or two turns of the rope is taken around
above holding a cube of ice 10' square, sawdust the drum. The drum is driven direct from the
being packed between the ice and the walls, and tumbling shaft of the horBe-power and runs
high over that a great supply of water for house, continuously in one direction. When it is de-
sired
vard or lawn. The cost of it all in good finish to lift the drill it is customary for the
should be between $300 and $non. operator to tighten the running around the
rope
3 Hi FARM BUILDIXQS.
drum which causes the drill to be raised. When Then twist two stringstogetherfrom front loop to
it is raised to a sufficient height it is allowed to base of noae, then tie around the nose. Put
heavy
drop by loosening furnishing the neces-
the rope,
sary cords around each horn and tie through the
blow for doing the drilling. The drill at the 2"x4". Do not use wire for loop around horn,
same time is turned slightly at each blow so as as it will indent the horn.
to make the hole round. It is customary to use
gas pipe for the drill rod with the exception of COMPRESSED AIR WATER SERVICE.
18" to 2' of the point which is of drill steel,
An Indiana fanner has invented a novel form
the gas pipe making the drill rod mucli lighter.
The sketch Fig. in self-explanatory
623 will be system. As
of compressed air water service
water in wells is often found within slight dis-
tance
and the device can be rigged up at flight ex- pense."
from the surface, from 12' to 30', he would
with two pipes,%" or 1" pipe, as shown in Fig. The air pump could be located anywhere
624, making a circuit,build a small fire under and connected by small pipe. Wind or gasoline
the pipes where the turn is and one can heat a would work the pumps. Fig. 626 shows the idea.
tank with very little fuel. The pipes must be be-
low In order to have a continuous flow of water
the frost line and have a continuous rise
from fire to tank. As the water warms in the AIR PUMP
OUTLET PIPE
A=
1 there
above
compressed
should
them
air
be
there
two
all the
was
of
a
these reservoirs,
separate reservoir
better, since the
and
windmill
if
for
not an easy thing to pump with a windmill, since that the upper halves may be opened to permit
a slow motion is wasteful in operating an air air to enter and visitors to see the animals in.
with-
pump. The front should not be boarded clear to
the roof, at least there should be abundant
BOX-STALLS OX FAIR GROUNDS. slatted opening to allow of free circulation of air.
END ELEVATION
2-6 5
W6"6-8"ttH
FLOOR 1A60V16R0UN0
CONCRETE
convenientlyallowing for a couple of turns of barn is well adapted to small towns. though
Al-
ery
the rope in order to hold the window open. The concrete buildings,there
is used in such
iron bracket projecting from sash permits the is a well-founded prejudiceagainst this material
pulley P to draw the window clear shut. S is as floor for liverybarns/*
the window sash, and F the frame.
A SCALE LOT AND DIPPING TANK.
STAKE
HAY CARRIER
wire from
the end of the track to the peak;
stretch tight. Fasten a rope to the carrier and tr
applied to the circumference of a pulley,or it with his weight for the average ing
work-
may be the steam pressure as applied to piston days of the year.
head of an engine; but in all cases it is reduced The only other means that we have for oper-
ating
to the same basis of
many so pounds acting the portableequipments is the traction en-
gine
will not weigh this amount and is therefore not or other sail. The entire wheel house was
capable of one mechanical horse-power of work. rotated to face the wheel up to the wind. These
The as required for various farm pur- wheels were from 50 to 100 feet in diameter.
power poses
be divided into two particularclasses, There was not much study given to utilizingthe
may
first is used for doing various outside wind for power purposes until about 60 years
tions
opera-
requiring the propulsion of the equipment ago when the present form of wheel was devel-
oped,
over the ground. The other class is to be used consistingof a group of slats mounted so
for imparting motion to machines which remain as to face more or less at an angle to the wind,
in one their process.
positionduring As a means the wheel being kept faced to the wind by means
practicable and furnishes more than nine- There have been numerous methods used for
tenths of the power used. governing the
speed of the wheels so that they
Until recent years there was not much tion
atten- will operate satisfactorily
in varying winds. The
paid to the power as furnished by the horse, velocitv of the wind varies all the wav from
it being the practice to call upon him for all one mile per hour, which is hardly perceptible,
he was capable of. As a result in many cases to 100 miles, which is the velocity of a tornado
he was greatly abused. In recent years there and it is necessary for these mills to take care
no form of
governor used in connection with on the nerves, they are at present sufficiently
these mills which makes it possibleto take ad-
vantage perfected so that they can be made to operate
of the high velocitywinds and to favor satisfactorily with a reasonable amount of care.
the mill on the low pressure. That is, a given Most of the manufacturers of these small units
mill would be capable of much more work when guarantee that the amount of fuel consumed
speed regulator for wind mill power where it the majority of cases the results would not be
is desired to operate constant speed machinery. so favorable. From a number of tests made on
This would make them useful for driving gen-erators different makes of
engines,it would appear that
for lighting purposes and for charging two pints of gasolineper brake horse-power per
'storage battery. There have been a few regula- tors hour would come nearer the average conditions.
of this class built,but they have never come In these engines we have
internal combustion
into commercial use. It would appear that portableand the stationary. Where possiblethe
there would be considerable demand for this kind stationaryengine is more desirable than the port-
able,
of governor if a suitable one were placed on the as it can be mounted on permanent tion
founda-
market. which will overcome the vibration to a
The use of the tread or sweep power is an large extent. There are oases, however, where
easy of making use
means of the horse for driv-
ing it is very advantageous to have the portable
stationaryclass of machinery.
the For light equipment and these can be used to good ad-
vantage
jobs these work very satisfactorily and make a where sufficient care is used in setting
cheap source of power. It also enables us to them.
utilize the horse in the winter season where It is the common practiceto locate the tionary
sta-
otherwise might be standing idle.
he equipment in a positionwhere most of
The development of the internal combustion the various machines can be driven from a line
engine in recent years makes it possiblefor the shaft, the power room to be so constructed that
farmer to have a source of
power available at the engine will
greatly affected by the
not be
reasonable cost. The fact that they can be start-
ed variation in temperature and should be practical-
ly
on short notice and run with little care has frost proof. The cooling and supply tanks
led to their adoption for this class of service. should be located as best suited to the particular
Under this class of engine come all
engines conditions,but the equipment should be installed
where the combustion of the fuel takes
place in so as to conform to the insurance requirements,
the cylinder acting direct against the piston otherwise the insurance inspectorsmight take ex-
ception
head. The cost of the fuel consumed varies to the installation and request altera-
tions
according to location and price. At first the which might be expensiveor might necessi-
tate
majority of these engines were of the gasoline the changing of the entire outfit.
type, but the advance in priceof gasoline ha9 The transmission of the power to the various
brought about the consideration of kerosene and machines is usuallyby shaft and belting,but in
alcohol for fuel. A great deal of study is being a few cases there has been used in connection
given at the present time to the use of different with the engine a dynamo, in which case it
fuels as applied to these internal combustion makes possiblethe use of motors at the various
engines. It would appear that the development points of distribution power is desired
where
of these engines will enable us to make use of The generator is mounted the power in
room
a number of fuels which heretofore have not been and from this distributinglines arc led to tin*
utilized. various points where it is desired to use power
The results obtained by the internal combus-
tion or have lights. For the motor in some cases it
engine depend largelyupon the individual is found advantageous to use a stationaryma- chine
equipment and the person in charge. It is not for some particularequipment. Tn other
possibleto lay down any specific rules as to the cases it is convenient to have a portable motor
operation of these engines, as there are hardly which can be moved from one point to another
anv two of them which have the same construe- and applied to whatever machines it is desired to
tion. It necessitates becoming familiar with drive. The chief advantage of the electric sys- tem
the particularmake in each case and learning is the flexibility, and in addition to the
their own peculiarities.While at first there were power you have the advantage of the lights.
many of these gasolineengines that were trying When it is possibleto obtain electric curre.il
'352 FARM BUILDINGS.
from an outside source, such asfrom a lightand or one horse-power is practically% of one kilo-
watt.
power company or suburban road, the motor The
charge then for one horse-power
power is very desirable in that it makes possible would be 3 cents per horse-powerhour or it would
a source of power that can be depended upon at a cost thirtycents to run 1 horse-power motor at
moment's notice. This also enables you to have full load for ten hours.
the use of the electric lights. Motor
power is a
rotary motion and does not necessitate the heavy AN IOWA BARN FOR BREEDING CATTLE.
foundation that the reciprocatingengine does.
While the cost of electric power may be what
some- The barn shown in Figs. 632 to 637 was
BARN N0.4
"M2 BOARDS fOGEEBATTEMS
D "
LLU SHIP LAP
The charge being made for current supplied as is no danger of a cow being cornered and hooked
for this purpose varies materially according to by other animals, and at the same time gates
location. There are instances where this is be-
ing are so arranged that they may be closed and
furnished for as little as 3^ cents per cattle can be changed and sorted very readily.
kilowatt hour, while there are but few cases One man can care for all the cattle in this barn
where the charge exceeds 5 cents per kilowatt in a few hours every day. The manure spreader
hour furnished for farm purposes. On the basis can be drawn into the barn, thus reducing to
of 4 cents per kilowatt hour the coet of one power
horse- a minimum the work of cleaning. All of the
for one hour would be as 74f" is to 1,000, feed and roughness are very convenient.
*"
MISCELLANEOUS. 3r
"~~
TT ^
=*=---.-
Except (luringthe very severe stormy weather,
mo If1 '" south slidingdoors left open
are so that cattle
JM1U
out and in at pleasure. The barn is vided
/ A may go
with six commodious
pro-
closed stalls where
K in winter cows with verv young calves or near
-^
L x
JW_ JOISTS
"Cf"
MBSTAU
n
FEED
SLIDE
HAY WEL1
^_
be readily fed in the in the barn, all except in very severe weather. The calf pen is in
mangers
of which are of the rack plan extending to the the most protected part of the barn and away
second floor. from cold draughts, although the barn is very
The cattle except the cows in box stalls run comfortable and at the same time the cattle can
loose in the barn and may go out and in at will, be cared for at a minimum cost of labor.
f r*
?G6 V