Followings are the excerpts from the specifications of a laser displacement sensor:

Measurement range: 30mm-60mm

Resolution: 6m
Linearity: 3% Full Scale
Response time: 0.18ms
Linear output: 4-20mA

Answer:

O Omin
O Omin = max I I min
I
m ax min
I
O = KI + a
O Omin
K = max
I m ax I min
a = Omin K I min
Given, I min 30mm Omin 4mA
I max 60mm Omax 20mA

1. Suppose the distance between the sensor and the object is 45mm. Then what
would be nominal output in mA?
a) 12mA
b) 18.24mA
c) 6.55mA
d) 7mA
Answer: (a)
16mA
K= 0.533 mA mm
30mm
16mA
a = 4mA = 30mm
30mm
12mA
O at I 45mm
O 0.533 45 12 mA
12mA
2. What can the maximum error due to nonlinearity under the above condition?
a) 0.35mm
b) 1.33mm
c) 0.48mm
d) 0.91mm

Answer: None of the answers are correct

Given, Linearity = 3% full scale

Maximum error= (60x0.03)=1.8 mm

3. Find out the change in output current per unit change in distance between the
sensor and the object.
a) 1.869 mA/mm
b) 0.533 mA/mm
c) 0.1 33mA/mm
d) 2.2 66mA/mm
Answer: (b)
K 0.533 mA mm
2. Find the resolution of an 8-bit ADC, if it has an analog voltage reference of 10V.
a) 39.21mv
b) 21.07mv
c) 30.76mv
d) 55.77mv

Answer: (a)
8 bit ADC, volt Ref. 10V

10V
Resolution, 39.21mV
28 1
3. The accuracy specified for a pressure gauge of range 0-25kPa is 5%of full scale.
Find the maximum error in measurement in Pa if it gives a reading of 4.0 kPa.
a) 8.2kPa
b) 15.2kPa
c) 1.25kPa
d) 0.9kPa.

Answer: (c)
Range: O 25kPa
Accuracy: 5% of F.S.D
Maximum error, (25kPa *0.05)
1.25kPa.


4. Figure below shows a block diagram of a force transducer using negative
feedback. The elastic force sensor gives a displacement output for a force input; the
displacement sensor gives a voltage output for a displacement input. VS is the
supply voltage for the displacement sensor.

Calculate the output voltage V0 when

A.VS =1.0 V, F=50 N
B. VS =1.5 V, F=50 N.

Input Output
force + voltage
10-5 10 Vs 103 V0
F -
Elastic force Displacement Amplifier
Balancing
force sensor sensor

10

Coil and
magnet
a) A.Vo=4.93 V , B.Vo= 4.90
b) A.Vo=4.93 V , B.Vo= 4.93
c) A.Vo=4.93 V , B.Vo= 4.96
d) A.Vo=4.90 V , B.Vo= 4.93

Answer: None of the answers are correct

Vo 105 10 Vs 103

F 1 105 10 Vs 103 10
A. Vs 1.0V , F 50
Vo 2.6V
B. Vs 1.5V , F 50
Vo 3V

The data provided is not very appropriate for typical feedback instruments. The loop
gain is very high.
5. A level transducer has an output range of 0 to 10 V. For a 3 metre level, the output
voltage for a falling level is 3.05 V and for a rising level 2.95 V. Find the hysteresis as
a percentage of span. (John P. Bentley)
a) 1%
b) 2%
c) 4%
d) 7%
Answer: (a)
H
Hysteresis 100
Omax Omin
O P

Omax

Omin i P
Imax
I min
H 3.05 2.95V
0.1V
Omax Omin 10 0 10V
% Hysteresis = 1%
6. What is the total sensitivity of the system? Ki is the sensitivity of the ith block.

Amplifier
Thermocouple Indicator
TC TC
K1 = 30V/oC K2 = 500V/V K3 = 20oC/V

Fig. Simple Temperature measurement System.

a) 0.8

b) 0.5

c) 0.3

d) 1.3

Answer: (c)
I = I1 O1 = I 2 O2 = I 3 O3
K1 K2 K3
1 2 3
O1 K1 I1
O2 K 2 I 2 K 2 K1 I1
O3 K3 I 3 K3 K 2 K1I
K K3 K 2 K1 20 500 30
0.3
7. What is the overall relative error of the system? Ei is the relative error of the ith
block as a percentage of the reading.

Amplifier
Thermocouple Indicator
TC TC
E1 = 1% E2 = 3% E3 = 4%

Fig. Simple Temperature measurement System.

a) 12%

b) 8%

c) 6%

d) 10%

Answer: (b)
z
x y

Z xy
dz xdy ydx

dz dy dx

z y x

Or,
Z z x x y y

xy xy yx xy

z x y xy

z x y xy
The relative error is interpreted have as the worst case relative error.
8. If the analog signal is 100 sin 2 100 . Choose the proper sampling
frequency based on practical considerations from the options given below?

a) 10 Hz
b) 100 Hz
c) 200 Hz
d) 1000 Hz

Answer: (d)

If Fs 200 Hz.

0.01 sec

Fs 1000 Hz.

0.01 sec
9. A signal contains components with frequencies up to 10 kHz, although no useful
information is contained at frequencies above 6 kHz. What is the minimum
frequency at which the signal should be sampled?

a) 6 KHz
b) 16 KHz
c) 12 KHz
d) 20 KHz

Answer: (b)
16 KHz
Fs

16KHz
6KHz 10KHz
10. Match the types of Analog input subsystem given in the left column with their
corresponding advantage/disadvantage given in the right column.

1
AA Filter
2
3 Mux S/H
Input Signals

n A/D
Signal
Conditioning Digital Output Code
Fig. A

1
S/H

Analog Input 2 Digital N-bit

S/H Mux A/D
Signals output

n S/H

Fig. B
Type A Analog input subsystem I. Cost is lower,
II. Cost is Higher,
Type B Analog input subsystem III. Will create less time delay
IV. Will create more time delay

a) A: Cost is lower, Will create more time delay, B: Cost is Higher, Will create less
time delay

a) Type A Analog input subsystem: I, II , Type B Analog input subsystem: III,IV

b) Type A Analog input subsystem: II, III , Type B Analog input subsystem: I, IV

c) Type A Analog input subsystem: I, IV , Type B Analog input subsystem: II, III

Answer: (C)

Type A Analog input subsystem: I, IV, Type B Analog input subsystem: II, III
11. The minimum sampling frequency for xa(t) is real with Xa(f) non-zero only for 9
KHz < |f| < 12 KHz is

a) 6 KHz

b) 9 KHz

c) 12 KHz

d) 3 KHz

Answer: (a)

Fs BW 2

9KHz 12KHz
3KHz