1.

Identify the different (a) mechanical (b) electrical (c) chemical (d) physical properties of
materials.

a.) Mechanical properties of Materials

1. Strength - The strength of a material is its capacity to withstand destruction under the
action of external loads. It determines the ability of a material to withstand stress without
failure.
2. Elasticity - The property of material by virtue of which deformation caused by applied load
disappears upon removal of load. Elasticity of a material is the power of coming back to its
original position after deformation when the stress or load is removed.
3. Plasticity - The plasticity of a material is its ability to undergo some degree of permanent
deformation without rupture or failure.
4. Stiffness - The resistance of a material to elastic deformation or deflection is called stiffness
or rigidity.
5. Ductility - It is the property of a material which enables it to draw out into thin wires.
6. Malleability - Malleability of a material is its ability to be flattened into thin sheets without
cracking by hot or cold working.
7. Resilience - It is the capacity of a material to absorb energy elastically. The maximum energy
which can be stored in a body upto elastic limit is called the proof resilience, and the proof
resilience per unit volume is called modulus of resilience.
8. Hardness - is a fundamental property which is closely related to strength. Hardness is usually
defined in terms of the ability of a material to resist to scratching, abrasion, cutting,
identation,or penetration.
9. Toughness - describes a material's resistance to fracture. It is often expressed in terms of
the amount of energy a material can absorb before fracture.

b.) Electrical Properties of Materials

1. Resistivity It is the property of material which resists the flow of electric current through
material. It is the reciprocal of conductivity.
2. Conductivity - It is the property of material with allow the flow of electric current through
material. It is a parameter which indicates that how easily electric current can flow through
the material.
3. Dielectric Strength - It is the property of material which indicates the ability of material to
withstand at high voltages. Generally it is specified for insulating material to represent their
operating voltage.
4. Temperature Coefficient of Resistance - indicates the change in resistance of material with
change in temperature. Resistance of conductor changes with change of temperature.
5. Thermoelectricity - If the junction, formed by joining to two metals, is heated, a small
voltage in the range of millivolt is produced. This effect is called thermoelectricity or
thermoelectric effect.
c.) Chemical Properties of Materials
1. Chemical composition - The chemical composition of engineering material indicates the
elements which are combined together to form that material.
2. Atomic Bonding - represents how atoms are bounded to each other to form the material.
Many properties, such as melting point, boiling point, thermal conductivity & electrical
conductivity of materials are governed by atomic bonding of materials.
3. Corrosion Resistance - Corrosion is a gradual chemical or electrochemical attack on a metal
by its surrounding medium. Due to the corrosion, metal starts converted into an oxide, salt
or some other compound.
4. Acidity or Alkalinity - is very important chemical property of engineering materials. Material
is acetic or Alkane, it is decided by the ph value of material. Ph value of material varies from
0 to 14. Ph value of 7 is considered to be neutral.

d.) Physical Properties of Materials

1. Density of a material - substance is defined as the mass per unit volume.
2. Specific Gravity of Materials - It is defined as the ratio of density of material with respect to
density of a reference material or substance.
3. State Change Temperatures - is the temperature at which the substance changes from one
state to another state.

4. Coefficient of Thermal Expansion - represents the expansion in material with increase of

temperature.
5. Specific Heat of Materials - is defined as the amount of heat required to increase the
temperature of unit mass of material by 1C.
6. Latent Heat of Materials - is defined as the amount of heat required / released by change
the unit mass of material from one state to another state (Phase change).
7. Fluidity of Materials - It is a property of material which represents that how easily a
material can flow in liquid state.
8. Weld Ability of Materials - It is the property of a material which presents that how easily
the two pieces of material can be welded together by applying pressure or heat or both.
9. Elasticity of Materials - It is the property of a material by which it regains its original
dimensions on removal of load or force.
10. Plasticity of Materials - When we keep on increasing the load beyond limit of elasticity
material retains it molded state.
11. Porosity of Materials - When a material is in melting condition, it contains some dissolved
gases with in the material. When the material is solidifies these gases get evaporate and
leave behind voids.
12. Thermal Conductivity of Materials - It is the property of a material which represents that
how easily the heat can be conducted by material.

13. Electrical Conductivity of Materials - It is the property of material which represents that
how easily the electricity can be conducted by the material.
2. What are the different methods of testing conditioned by mechanical test?
a. Hardness Testing - The measure of how resistant solid matter is to various kinds of
permanent shape change when a force is applied.
b. Tensile Testing - subjects a sample to uniaxial tension until it fails.
c. Torque Testing - is the tendency of a force to rotate an object about an axis.
d. Fatigue Testing - is performed on parts and materials to simulate the progressive
and localized structural damage that occurs when a material is subjected to cyclic
loading.
e. Charpy Impact Testing - is a standardized high strain-rate test which determines
the amount of energy absorbed by a material during fracture.
f. Bend Testing - determines the ductility or the strength of a material by bending the
material over a given radius.
g. Proof Load Testing - is often used interchangeably with yield strength; it refers to
the tension-applied load that a test sample must support without evidence of
deformation.
h. Shear Testing - measures a material's response to shear loading.

3. What are the different types of Testing Machines?

a. Single Column Test Machines - are designed for applications requiring force from 1-
5 kN (225-1124 lbf).
b. Twin Column Test Machines - are available in bench mounted versions (5-50 kN
(1124-22481 lbf)) and floor mounted versions (100-300kN (22481-67443 lbf)).
4.