Strain at a point

Group 3
Eduward H. Hutapea (221140 21 )
Micky kololu (22114028)
Deformation is change of form, dimension, and
position from a rock mass as a resulf of relative
displacements between points in a body.
o o
\ A

l A'

=

B
B

p p

figure a figure b
Look figure b :

Because there is force P thus : A become A

B become B
If we choose segment AB :

= called is unit deformation/relative/unitair

() +
= =


=

=

= =

= ,
= + x

presentation of displacement
 z
1
OA = 2
3
A

AA=

21
A

3

1


OA= 2 y
3
O

x
If we have :
=
A = operator of transformation
= matrix cooficient constant A= (aij)
= a11 x + a12 y + a13 z
= a21 x + a22 y + a23 z
= a31 x + a32 y + a33 z

aij constant those given at the point

=+

M A1 M1 A = A1 x A2
A2
M = M1x M2
O
A M2
100
A=I= 010
001
1
= 0
if i = j ; i j
As discussed in the previous section, deformation
occurs as a result of relative displacements
between points in a body. If the shape and size of
the body remains unchanged then this type of
deformation is known as a rigid body motion.
However, if the shape and size of the body are
altered, then a state of strain has been set up. As
the body (or continuum) is transformed from one
configuration to another, the matter in the
neighbourhood of each point is translated and
rotated and hance strained.
 Strain may be regarded as normalized displacement. If a structure is
subjected to a stress state, it will deform. However, the magnitude of the
deformation is dependent on the size of the structure as well as the magnitude
of the applied stresses. In order to render the deformation as a scale-
independent parameter, the concept of strain is utilized.

Strain in its simplest form,

strain is the ratio of
displacement to the
undeformed length
 It should be noted that strain is a 3-D phenomenon that
requires reference to all three cartesian coordinate axes. However, it is
instructive to start with 2-D strain, and then once the basic concepts
have been introduced,3-D strain follows as a natural progression.

Figure of normal strain and shear strain

Referring to fig. beside, let B and C be two z C
Infinitesimally close neighbouring points B
In a body before deformation and their new
Positions B and C after deformation.
The cartesian coordinates of these four points
C
Can be written as follows :
B : x, y ,z B
C : x + dx, y + dy, z + dz y

B: x, y, z or x + ux, y + uy, z + uz . (1)

C: x + dx, y+ dy, z + dz
Or [x+dx+ux+dux], [y+dy+uy+duy], [z+dz+uz+duz]

In the original configuration, the square x

Of the distance between the points B and
c is given by :
2 = 2 + 2 + 2 . (2) dz
Similarlly in the deformed state,
()2 = ()2 + ()2 + ( )2 . (3) r dx
Expanding (x+dx) and employing
taylors theorem and neglecting terms dy
Involving higher powers of , ,

= + + . (4)

Thus ,


= . (5)



Or , {da} = [D] {da} .(5a)
Where [D] = matrix containing spatial deformtion gradients.
Subtituting eq. (5) in eq. (3) and expressing in terms of matrix [D],

( )2 =

(2 ) = [ ]

2
= [ ]

2
= [] . (6)

Infinitesimal strain is homogeneous strain over a vanishingly small element of a
finite strained body. To find the components of the strain matrix, we need to
consider the variation in coordinates of ends of an imaginary line inside a body
as the body is strained.

The point P with coordinates

(x,y,z) moves when the body
Is strained, to a point P* with
Coordinates (x+ux, y+uy, z+uz).
The components of movement
Ux, uy and uz, may vary with
location within the body, and
so are regarded as functions
Of x, y and z.
ux ux* , uy uy* and uz uz*, Line
element wich joint P and Q will experience
length change because there are load, and
body said experience of strain.
Components of displacement (ux, uy, uz) from
point P and (ux*, uy* , uz*) from point Q.
Because :

with

with

with

Thus : displacement inkremental can be express as :

 or

{dr} express initial length element line PQ

{} express displacement relative from points line element because deformed
from not condition experience of strain to condition experience of strain.
Element with length dx assumed to be stretched evenly.

Component normal strain :

=

Components displacement relative because normal strain :

=
= y
=
Element at the plane x-y experienced distorsion.
Because small, element experienced pure shear, thus its component
displacement :
= y
= x
magnitude shear strain defined as :

= 2 = 2

Thus :
1
= 2
1
= 2
With way its same, for element
Which experience pure shear
At the plane y-z and z-x we get :
 1
=
2
1
=
2

And

1
=
2
1
= z
2

Thus :
1 1
= + +
2 2
1 1
= + +
2 2
1 1
= + y +
2 2

Or in the matrix :

or
Where :

= , = , =


= +


=
+

= +

1 1
2
+ +
2
= 1
+
1
+
2 2
1
+ 1
2 +
2

Or
1
= +
2

Change notation :

1
= +
2
with the way at same we get matrix (rotation).
Where :

1 1
0

2 2
= 1
0 1
2
1 2
1
2 0
2

Or
1
=
2

Thus, we get matrix tensor [T] is :

1 1
+ + 0 1 1
2 2
2 2
= + = 1
+
1 + 1
0 1
2 2 + 2
1 2
1 1 1 0
+ 2
2 + 2
2
 1 1
2 + 2 +
= 1
+
1
2 +
2
1 1
+
2 2 +

If we change notation :

Principal plane is a plane where there is not shear strain . at this plane, only work normal strain which are
the principal strain, and normal from plane which are the direction from principal axes.
So, there are three principal strain and also there aare three principal axes.
If in this case, there is not distortion then outher components equal to zero.

1 0 0
= 0 2 0
0 0 3
direction from this axes called is invariant

If : dux = .(1)

=

dux = () ...(2)

1 0 0 100
= 0 2 0 010
0 0 3 001
If equation 1 minus with equation 2, we get :

= [0]

This equation of matrix expression three simultan equation which homogeneous in the (x , y, z).

This Equation will have non-trivial solution if determinant of matrix equal to zero, which produce
cube equation :

Det ( ) = 0

=0

With the use Sarrus method we get :

+ + (
( )] = 0

3 + + 2 + ( + + 2 + 2 + 2 )
+ 2 2 + 2 + 2 =0
this equation reads :
3 1 2 + 2 3
Where :
1 = + +
2 = + + 2 + 2 + 2
3 = + 2 ( 2 + 2 + 2 )
 Arif,Irwandy. Ir.Msc.Dr.Prof., 2010.Lecturer
material, Mekanika Media Kontinu .FTTM
ITB.
Jhon A Hudson and Jhon P Harrison.
Engineering rock Mechanics an introduction
to the principles
S.Valliappan. 1981. Continuum Mechanics
Fundamental. School of Civil Engineering.
The University of New South Wales
Wattimena,R.K. Ir. MT. Dr. Prof Lecturer
material, Mekanika Batuan. FTTM.ITB.