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a) Amplitude modulation
b) Angle Modulation
Amplitude modulation is further classified into
a. DSB-FC : Double Sideband - Full Carrier
b. DSB-FSC : Double Sideband - Suppressed Carrier
c. SSB-SC : Single Sideband Suppressed Carrier
a) Collector modulator
b) Emitter modulator
c) Switching modulator
The different types of non-linear AM modulators are
a) Square law modulator
b) Product modulator
c) Balanced modulator
7. What are the different types of pulse and digital modulation techniques?
The different types of pulse modulation techniques are
a) Pulse Amplitude Modulation (PAM)
b) Pulse Position Modulation (PPM)
c) Pulse Duration Modulation (PDM)
d) Pulse Code Modulation (PCM)
Multi tone modulation is defined as the modulation process performed for a message signal with more than one
frequency component.
15. Compare low level and high level modulation techniques. (N/D 07)
Sensitivity is defined as the measure of its ability to receive weak signals. It depends on the RF and IF stages of
the receiver. Good sensitivity of the system will provide higher output.
23. A transmitter supplies 8 KW to the antenna when modulated. Determine the total power radiated when
modulated to 30%.
Solution:
Given:
24. What are the advantages of super heterodyne receiver over TRF receiver?
The advantages of super heterodyne receiver over TRF receiver are as follows
a) Improved selectivity and stability
b) Higher gain per stage because IF amplifiers are operated at a lower frequency
c) Uniform bandwidth because of fixed intermediate frequency
25. Define Frequency Division Multiplexing
Frequency division multiplexing is defined as the process of transmitting a number of signals over the same
channel and the signals must be kept apart so that they do not interfere with each other and they can be
separated at the receiving end. This is accomplished by separating the signals in frequency or in time domain.
Frequency translation is defined as the modulation process when the carrier frequency f1 is increased to a
specified carrier frequency f2.
PART B (16 Marks)
2. Draw the circuit diagram of Ring modulator and explain its operation
3. Draw the block diagram for the generation and demodulation of a VSB signal and explain the principle of
operation.
4. Explain frequency translation technique and frequency division Multiplexing. (A/M 10)
5. Draw an envelope detector circuit used for demodulation of AM and explain its operation. (A/M 10)
6. With neat block diagram explain the generation of SSB in Weavers method. (A/M 10)
8. Explain the generation of DSB-SC using balanced modulator with a neat block diagram. (N/D 10)
9. Explain the generation of DSB-SC SSB-SC using coherent detection method. What happens when there is a
phase mismatch? (N/D 10)
10. Explain the operation of an envelope detector using neat block diagram. Why does negative clipping takes
place? (A/M 11)
11. Compare the characteristics of DSBFC, DSBSC, SSBFC, SSBSC and VSB schemes. (A/M 11)
12. Discuss the frequency components present in a periodic and nonperiodic signal. (M/J 16 )
13. Derive the equation of an AM wave. Also draw the modulated AM wave for various modulation index. (M/J 16)
14. Derive the equation of an AM wave and explain any one method to generate and demodulate it. (N/D 16)
15. Explain the generation of SSB-SC signal using phase shift method. (N/D 14)
16. Suggest a scheme for recovering the message signal from the signal s(t) = 2 m(t) cos2fct. Explain the same.
(N/D 14)
17. Explain the function of switching modulator in the generation of AM signal. (N/D 14)
18. Determine the average power in the carrier and in the sidebands.
19. Find the modulation index and peak power delivered to the load. (N/D 14)
20. Explain with suitable diagrams the generation of AM using square law method. Also derive its efficiency.
23. Draw an envelope detector circuit used for demodulation of AM and explain its operation. (A/M 10)
26. Explain about super heterodyne receiver with block diagram. (M/J 16)
27. With neat block diagram explain the function of super heterodyne receiver in detail. (N/D 14)
28. Illustrate the superiority of super heterodyne receiver over single tuned receiver. (N/D 14)
29. Explain the working of a AM transmitter and that of receiver with block schematic. (M/J 14)
30. Explain the need for carrier suppression in AM system. Draw and explain the functioning of one such system.
(M/J 14)
31. Compare the characteristics of DSBFC, DSBSC, SSBFC, SSBSC and VSB schemes.
32. Derive the expression for DSB-SC AM and calculate its power and efficiency. Explain a method to generate and
detect it. (N/D 16) (M/J 16)
33. Name the methods used for suppression of unwanted sidebands in AM transmission.
35. How SSB can be generated using Weavers method? Illustrate with a neat block diagram.
36. With suitable block diagrams and equations show how will you generate:
37. Determine the modulated wave after transmission through the circuit. Assume suitable
data.
38. Draw the VSB spectrum and explain the significance. (M/J 16)
39. Explain the concept of FDM with a suitable block diagram (A/M 15)
UNIT II : ANGLE MODULATION SYSTEMS
PART A : (2 Marks)
7. A 80 MHz carrier is frequency modulated by a sinusoidal signal of 1-v amplitude and the frequency sensitivity is
100Hz/V. Find the approximate bandwidth of the FM waveform if the modulating signal has a frequency of 10KHz.
(A/M 08)
Given:
Carrier frequency, fc =80MHz; Amplitude=1 V; Sensitivity=100Hz/V
Maximum frequency deviation, =1X1OOHz=100Hz
Maximum modulation frequency=10 KHz =100x Hz
Formula:
BW=2( + m (max)) = 2(100+ (10x )) =2(100+10000) =0 =.2KHZ.
Bandwidth=.2 KHz
13. A carrier wave of frequency 100MHz is frequency modulated by a sinusoidal wave of amplitude 2 volts and
frequency 100 KHz. The frequency sensitivity of the modulator is 2.5 KHz/ volt. Determine the Bandwidth of FM signal.
(N/D 09)
Ans:
Bandwidth to the FM signal is
Carrier frequency, f c=100MHz
Amplitude, Ec =2v;
Frequency of modulating signal=100 KHz; kf=2.5 KHz/volt
F=AkJ=5 KHz
Bandwidth=2( f+fm) =210 KHz.
15. Draw the block diagram of a method for generating a narrowband FM signal. (A/M 10)
16.A carrier wave of frequency 100MHZ is frequency modulated by a signal sin(0 x t).What is bandwidth of FM signal
if the frequency sensitivity of the modulation is 25KHz/v? (A/M 10)
Given:
Frequency sensitivity, kf=25 KHz/V; Amplitude modulation signal=V
Maximum frequency deviation=25 KHz/VxV = 500 KHz.
Frequency of the Modulation signal =100MHz
BW=2(f+fm (max)) =402KHZ.
PART B (16 Marks)
1. Derive an expression for a single tone FM signal with necessary diagrams and draw its frequency spectrum.
(A/M 15) ( M/J 16) (N/J 16)
3. Derive the time domain expressions for FM and PM signals. (A/M 10)
4. Derive the expression for the single tone frequency modulated signal and hence prove that it is constant envelope
5. Using suitable mathematical analysis show that FM modulation produces infinite sideband.
Also deduce an expression for FM output and its frequency spectrum. (A/M 10)
8. Explain with diagrams generation of FM by direct method. (N/D 16) (A/M 15)
9. Explain the indirect method of generation of FM signals. (N/D 14) (M/J 16)
10. Describe how FM wave is generated by indirect method and give a suitable demodulating scheme for the same.
(N/D 13)
12. How can you generate FM from PM and PM from FM. (A/M 10)
13. Draw the circuit diagram of Foster-Seeley discriminator and explain its working with relevant
phase diagrams.
14. Explain about the basic principles of FM detection and explain about Ratio detector (N/J 16)
16. With the necessary diagrams explain the working of slope detector for demodulating FM signals.
2. A receiver connected to an antenna of resistance of 50 ohms has an equivalent noise resistance of 30 ohms . Find
the receiver noise figure. (A/M 10)
Req=30 ohms
Ro =50 ohms
F= 1 + (Req/ Ro) = 1+(30/50) = 1.6 ohms
The noise which has Gaussian distribution and flat spectral density over a wide range of frequencies is
called white noise.
4. Define Random Variable. Specify the sample and the random variable for a coin tossing experiment.
(N/D 10) (M/J 12)
A function which has takes on any value from the sample space and its range is some set of real numbers is called a
random variable of the experiment. If a coin is tossed, the possible outcomes are head (H) and tail(T). Therefore the
sample space S contains two sample points {H,T}.
If we define the function X such that
X = 1 when S=H, -1 when S=T Then X ={ 1,-1}.
The probability distribution of a discrete random variable is a list of probabilities associated with each of its possible
values. It is also sometimes called the probability function or the probability mass function.
6. State central limit theorem.
The central limit theorem (CLT) states that, given certain conditions, the arithmetic mean of a sufficiently large
number of iterates of independent random variables, each with a well-defined expected value and well-defined
variance, will be approximately normally distributed.
9. Define Correlation
Correlation refers to any of a broad class of statistical relationships involving dependence.
1.Let X and Y be real random variables with finite second moments. Prove the Cauchy-Schwarz
inequality. (E(XY))2 E(X2)E(Y2). (A/M 15)
2. Differentiate the strict-sense stationary with that of wide sense stationary process. (A/M 15)
3. Let X(t) and Y(t) be both zero-mean and WSS random processes. Consider the random
process z(t) = X(t) + Y(t). Determine the auto correlation and power spectrum of z(t) if X(t)
and Y(t) are jointly WSS. (A/M 15)
4. Let X(t) = A cos (t + ) and Y(t) = A sin (t + ) where A and are constants and is a
uniform random variable (0,2). Find the cross correlation of x(t) and y(t). (A/M 15)
5. Two random processes X(t) = A cos (t + ) and Y(t) = A sin (t + ) where A and are
constants and is a uniformly distributed random variable in (0,2). Find the cross
correlation function.
6. Explain in detail about the transmission of a random process through a linear time invariant filter. (M/J 16) (N/D 16)
7. When is a random process said to be a strict sense stationary (SSS), wide sense stationary (WSS) and
ergodic process. (N/D 16)
8. Given a random process, X(t) = A cos (t + ) where A and w are constants and is a uniform
random variable. Show that X(t) is ergodic in both mean and auto correlation.
9. Define the following terms mean, correlation, covariance and ergodicity. (N/D 16)
10. What is a Gaussian random process an mention its properties. (N/D 16)
UNIT- IV: NOISE CHARACTERIZATION
PART A (2 Marks)
6. Compare the noise performance of AM and FM systems. (A/M 08) (M/J 09)
The figure of merit of AM system is 1/3 when the modulation is 100 percent and that of FM is (3/2) mf2 .The
use of FM offers improved noise performance over AM when (3/2) mf2 > 1/3.mf modulation index in FM.
12. What are the methods to improve threshold reduction? (A/M 10)
The methods to improve threshold reduction are
a) Pre-emphasis and de-emphasis method.
b) Frequency modulation with feedback
c) Voltage controlled oscillator.
25. What is thermal noise? Give the expression for the thermal noise. (N/D 09)
Thermal noise is the electrical noise arising from the random motion of electrons in a conductor.
The mean square value of the thermal noise voltage E(VTH2) appearing across the terminals of a resistor (R),
Measured in a bandwidth of delta f hertz is
E(VTH2)=4KTR delta f volts.
PART- B(16 Marks)
1. Define noise. Explain the various types of internal noise. (A/M 15)
2. Explain with derivation the effect of noise in cascaded amplifier circuit. (A/M 15)
3. Derive the SNR performance of DSB system and the AM system. Also prove that the output
SNR in AM is atleast 3 dB worse than that of DSB system. (A/M 15)
5. Define noise and write notes on shot noise, thermal noise and white noise. (N/D 16)
6. Derive the figure of merit for AM system. Assume coherent detection. (N/D 16)
7. Explain the noise in DSB-SC receiver using synchronous or coherent detection and calculate
the figure of merit fpr a DSB-SC system. (16)
8. Define narrow band noise and explain the representation of Narrow Band Noise in terms of
In-Phase and Quadrature Components. (8)
9. Explain the noise in FM receiver and calculate the figure of merit for FM system. (N/D 16)
10. What is meant by Narrow Band Noise? Explain the characteristics of Narrow Band Noise. (N/D 14)
14. Explain the noise in AM receiver using noisy model block diagram ? (8)
15. Explain the capture effect and FM threshold effect.(6) (N/D 06)
16. Draw the block diagram of FM demodulator and explain the effect of noise in detail and
compare the performance of AM and FM in the presence of noise.(10) (N/D 06)
Entropy Function is defined as the measure of an average information content per second. The
expression for the entropy function is
H(X) =I P (xi) log2P (xi) bits/sample
4. A source generates 3 messages with probability 0.5, 0.25 and 0.25. Calculate source entropy.
(N/D 10)
Given data
P1 = 0.5; P2 = 0.25; P3 = 0.25
Entropy H = p1log2(1/p1) + p2log2(1/p2) + p3log2(1/p3)
H = 0.5 log2(1/0.5) + 0.25 log2(1/0.25) + 0.1 log2(1/0.25) = 1.1 bits/message
5. Calculate entropy of the source with symbol probabilities 0.6, 0.3 and 0.1.
(N/D11)
Given data
P1 = 0.6; P2 = 0.3; P3 = 0.1
Entropy H = p1log2(1/p1) + p2log2(1/p2) + p3log2(1/p3)
H = 0.6 log2(1/0.6) + 0.3 log2(1/0.3) + 0.1 log2(1/0.1) = 1.295 bits/message
A channel described by a channel matrix with only one nonzero element in each row is called a
deterministic channel and this element must be unity.
10. State the expression for the channel capacity of Binary Symmetric Channel and Binary Encrypted Channel.
For BSC the channel capacity is given by
C=1+P log2 P +(1-P) P log2 (1-P).
For BEC the channel capacity is given by
C = (1-P)
2. Define mutual information. Find the relation between the mutual information and the
joint entropy of the channel input and channel output.(12) ( N/D 06)
a. Differential entropy.(3)
10. Derive the mutual information I(x;y) for a binary symmetric channel, when the probability of source is equally
likely and the probability of channel p = 0.5.
11. State and prove Mutual information and write the properties of mutual information.
12. Derive Shannon-Hartley theorem for the channel capacity of a continuous channel having an average power
limitation and perturbed by an additive band limited white Gaussian noise. (8)
(M/J 16)
16. Explain Huffman coding system with an example. (16) (M/J 14)
17. Design a Huffman code for the source given in PART-A. Determine the average code
19. Briefly discuss about the Lossy source coding schemes. (6) (N/D 14)
20. Design a Shannon Fano code for the source given in PART-A. Determine the average code length and coding
efficiency.
21. Explain the need for source coding and channel coding.