Instrumentasi Akustik(IK5002)

Acoustic Measurement System

Mg#5

Iwan Prasetiyo, Ph.D

Teknik Fisika
Institut Teknologi Bandung
Introduction
Prerequisite in acoustic investigation
An important tool for analysis of acoustic problems or
experimental references in numerical approach
The accuracy:
Instrumentation
Acoustical condition and measurement method
Typically, the deviation in repeated measurement : 1 dB
(acceptable in most cases)
Uncertainties: changes in the sound field itself or in the
measurement instrumentation

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Acoustic Metrics
Sound pressure (p)
Local Pressure deviation from the ambinet atmospheric pressure caused
by a sound wave (Pa)
Particle velocity (u)
Velocity of a particle in a medium(m/s)
Sound intensity (I) 1 p2
The sound power per unit area, I=pu (Watt/m2) I
2 0 c0
Sound power (W)
A measure of sound energy per unit time, W=I.[Area] (watt)
Noted: italics font, scalar varible; bold font,vector variable

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Sound Pressure Measurement
In air, the sound pressure can be measured using
microphones.
Typically, condenser microphones are used thats working on
the principle of electrostatic transducers
It is a passive electrostatic transducer, consisting of a mobile
diaphragm and a rigid backplate

U nSU 0

p d
4
 Condenser Microphone
Construction Sketch

Mechanical resonance of
Equalisation of quasi- diaprahgm (membrane)
static Pressure mass and total stiffness

The sensitivity of
measurement
microphone is typically
betweeb10 and 50
mV/Pa,often expressed
in terms of -40 dB to -26
dB re 1 V/pa

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Microphone Type

Free Field Diffuse/Random

No reflection Incident Field
Sound coming in one Reflections
direction Sound arrives from all
Or primiary direction angles
of the sound source
and the axis of the
microphone are the
same straigh line
(collinear)

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Microphone Type

Pressure Response
Microphone
Flush mounted inside
a duct or acoustic
coupler
Similar to pressure
transducer
Class/Type of Microphone (Accuracy)
Type 2
flat (+/- 1.0dB)
Type 1
flat (+/- 0.7dB)

http://www.nordic-audio.de/doku.php/magazin/mikrofonvergleich
Sound Velocity Measurement
For physically correct and complete investigation of sound
field,the measurement of sound velocity is mandatory
Coupled vibration-radiation problem

Sound intensity

Field impendance

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Sound Intensity

Intensity probe must deliver the sound

pressure p and the particle velocity u.
This can be oubtained using p-u probe:
condenser microphone closely coupled
to velocity sensor u
Or using p-p probe: two condenser
microphone placed either face to face p (t ) p2 (t )
p (t ) 1
or side by side : 2
1 p2 (t ) p1 (t )
u(t )
0 x
dt

I p (t ) u(t )
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Vibration Sensor
Vibration sensors are receivers for the measurement of
sructural vibration

The mass impedance m << the impedance of the

measurement object
The connection of sensor and surface can be interpreted as an
additional spring. If measurements are to be performed at high
frequencies, a very stiff connection is necessary, possibly by
using screws.

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Acoustic Type Field Area in regard
with the Source Location

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Acoustic Field Type

Free Field/anechoic
room
No reflections
Only one sound
source exist
The sound pressure
level reduce 6 dB per
doubling of distance

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Acoustic Field Type

Diffuse
Field/Reverberation
room:
Reflections
Multiple sources are
transmitting in multiple
locations
Sound pressure is the
same everywhere in the
room

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Acoustic Field Type

In Situ
Actual
enviromentmen
wheresource under
test exist
Can have a sound
field that is both free
and diffuse

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Octave Band Analysis
Octave Band Filters are a
series of filters applied to
analyze acoustic data
The whole acoustic
frequency spectrum is
divided into frequency
bands and represented
by centre frequency (fc)
Common octave division
are 1/1, 1/3, 1/6 and 1/12.
the smaller the fraction,
the more discrete
frequency resolution can
be determined

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Sound Power Equation
Measurement Surface

S p02 S0
With Sound Pressure
Lw Lp 10 log 10 log If the source is being
0
S
0 0 0
c W measured in a free field,
anechoic, or hemi anechoic
S0=1 m2
equivalent sound absorption
area of the room (m2)
A If the source in a diffuse
Lw L p 10 log 6 C field
A0
A0=1 m2

N Wi
Lw 10 log Wi I n Si With Sound Intensity
i 1 W0

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The Usage of Sound Power
Assestment
What for?
Determining whether a machine complies with specified upper limit
Planning to determine noise control required.
Developing sound quality or quite machine.
How to measure Sound Power Level ?

Using free field Using diffuse field Using the sound

approximation determination intensity

Points taken :
To measure Sound Power Level the disturbances from the environment
should be minimize
The room condition should be either free field or diffuse
To reduce variability ISO gave guidelines to measure
Sound Power Level Determination on ISO
Standard Deviation

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 Sound Power Level Determination in Free Field

Related Standard : ISO 3744 (Hemi-Anechoic) 1994 /3745 (Hemi/Semi-Anechoic) 2003

Test room is set up and all environmental condition is checked (correction based on environment
/sabine reverberation time) K 2
Microphones and instrumentation is calibrated, room for ISO 3745 at least 200 times source)
Select measurement surface and set up mic positions (R = 2 times largest source dimensions, 0.25
largest wavelength, 1m) (>20 microphones ISO 3745, >9 microphones ISO 3744)
Sound source measured in operational condition Far field area
Sound source are turned off and background noise are measured (for corrections) K1
so that sound
intensity is in
direction
ISO 3745 relation to
sound
pressure

Average SPL corrected Environment correction

Directivity factor also can

S1
be measured by this LW Lpf 10log c1 c 2
measurement S0
 Monopole Source Engine

Credit to Mehdi M
Sound Power Level Determination in Free Field

ISO 3744

S
LW Lpf 10 log
S0
Both are the same difference is in
room condition and mic. numbers

Another shape of
surface measurements
 Sound Power Level Determination in Free Field

ISO 3745 Microphone Positions ISO 3744 Microphone Positions

No. x/r y/r z/r No. x/r y/r z/r
1 -0,99 0 0,15
1 1,00 0 0,025
2 0,5 -0,86 0,15
2 0,5 0,86 0,075
3 0,5 0,86 0.15
3 0,5 0,86 0,125 4 -0.45 0,77 0,45
4 0,49 0,85 0,175 5 -0,45 -0,77 0,45
5 0,49 0,84 0,225 6 0,89 0 0,45
6 0,96 0 0,275 7 -0,33 0,57 0,75
8 -0,66 0 0,75
7 0,47 0,82 0,325
9 0,33 -0,57 0,75
8 0,93 0 0,375
10 0 0 1.0
9 0,45 0,78 0,425
10 0,88 0 0,475
11 0,43 0,74 0,525
12 0,41 0,71 0,575
13 0,39 0,68 0,625
14 0,37 0,64 0,675
15 0,69 0 0,725
16 0,32 0,55 0,775
17 0,57 0 0,825
18 0,24 0,42 0,875
19 0,38 0 0,925
20 0,11 0,19 0,975
 Sound Power Level Determination in Diffuse Field

Related Standard : ISO 3741,3743-2

Room qualification:
if the measurements start at 100 Hz then minimum value of room 200m3 Important because
if measurement starts at 200 Hz then 70m3 will be adequate high frequency
absorption is high
room wall absorption coefficient 0.06
Room qualification for 6 positions of measurements This rrequirement can refer to ISO
3741

The qualification is
conducted using sound
source reference.

From Beranek
 Sound Power Level Determination in Diffuse Field

Related Standard : ISO 3741 Comparison Method

Calibrated sound source is used as reference
Source should not placed in the geometric centre
Norsonic
Source should be at least 1.5 m away from any wall of room sound source
reference
Fixed microphone positions :
No position shall be closer than 1 m from any surface
3
V
Microphone distance from the sources >
6
L
Distance between microphone should be
2
Number of microphone = 6 -30 Method measurement:
Measure the background noise
spectrum
PWL reference Reference average SPL Measure the SPLs with each
source
source operating separately
LW S LW R Lp S Lp R Make a correction by using the
measured background noise
PWL actual source Actual source average SPL Calculate the sound power level
of the source
 Sound Power Level Determination in Diffuse Field

Related Standard : ISO 3743-2 Direct Method

This method doesnt need sound power reference, but instead the room
correction by sound absorption should be calculated

S
LW s Lp s 10log B
T60 V
10log 10log 1 10log 13.5dB
T0 V0 8V 1000
12
V
d min 0.16
T60
 Determination of Noise Source Power
Related Standard : ISO 9614 (1993)
1
Noise power calculated from active sound intensity Ix im S Cross spectrum
0 x p1 p2
N N
W Wi I i Si Total Power is summation of partial power on measurement surface
i 1 i 1

Two criterion should be satisfied to get the accuracy :

Dynamic capability of the instrument (small box test)
B&K intensity
Adequacy of measurement surface
probe
Stationary in time

The phase difference between probe should be nearly zero( regulated in IEC)
No restriction on the shape and size of the measuring surface but initial measurement
surface should be taken 0.5 m from the source surface and and minimum 10 positions
should be taken. The adequacy of the measurement surface will considering the negative
power , and the field uniformity of the intensity
the temporal variability indicator will be criteria for stationary condition
Continuous background noise will not influence the measurement, but the directive
source near the main source/High reverberant field should not be existed.