RUSSIAN ADVANCED COURSE GRAMMAR Lessons 1-24 March 1971. DEFENSE LANGUAGE INSTITUTE FOREIGN LANGUAGE CENTERPREFACE : The main purpose of this volume is to afford the student a better insight into the Russian language through a more comprehensive knowledge of its structural features as well as through an enlarged vocabulary. The learning accomplished orally in class is rein- forced in written exercises at home.Lesson ewe 10 i 12 TABLE OF CONTENTS MORPHOLOGY Exercises with Verbs of Motion Exercises with Verbs of Motion (cont'd) Exercises with Verbs of Motion (cont'd) Verbs of Motion (Stressing their Idiomatic Usage) Numerals Indefinite Pronouns and Adverbs with Particles "To, nu6yas, «“60" Exercises on Word Formation in the Russian Language Exercises on Word Formation in the Russian Language (cont'd) Suffixes Forming Abstract and Neuter Nouns Suffixes Forming Abstract and Neuter Nouns (cont'd) Formation of Adjectives from Nouns, Adverbs, Verbs and Numerals Formation of Adjectives from Nouns, Adverbs, Verbs and Numerals (cont'd) iii 38 48 56 68 79 o1 100 112Lesson 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 SYNTAX Usage of Demonstrative and Personal Pronouns Respective Usage of "rot" and “stor; Imperatives Role of Conjunctions in Complex Sentences Usage of "cxoli" in Russian Sentences Compound Con junctions Conjunctive Words Compound Conjunctions Introducing Adverbial Clauses of Time Compound Conjunctions in Adverbial Clauses of Cause Subordinate Clauses Expressing Comparison PUNCTUATION Period, Comma Semicolon, Colon, Dash, Ellipses, Parentheses, Quotation Marks, Direct Speech Word Division iv 122 131 139 150 159 167 177 185 193 201 213 225MORPHOLOGY Lesson # 1 EXERCISES WITH VERBS OF MOTION Yntalize ¢pasw pagow c¢ KapTuRKauH, ynOTpeOzaa meroaN “uxth ~ xomite", “éxare = éoaute", ‘uetéTs = werd" "necth = Hooks", “nut, - niépats" 8 Hactosuem H, Kor- a MoxHO, 8 mpowemuiew m CynyueM BpeMexX. Cottude @ sees B marasiin. Ma edema nem» Cnopreuéwm 4dero sees ma cramdu. Couxde ont 44. B yrupepcutér.A esses B cTOadBYH TPH pésa B AeHD. Mod mond celixéc 4... B antéxy. Mu cettuéc see. B OOmexitue. A xdupyo nenér see. B TedTp. Ceetzdue w Muxaiin 4dcTO sees B Rund BuécTe. Wo Wiens » Wocxsy 1 o6pézno noesnd + peryadpxo.Cetiude Sra mauine + B uenTp répona. Ceréana pce ctynéuta + He OKC x¥peun. B ynupepeutét crygéute . Ha tpoarsisyee. Kéxmuii rom ur adetpa wu see. B Jonunrpda. Ha Kpéiinew Césepe osxixno Ma cocdax.uauine. B HeonaKcwom répoge # BCOTAd vee ma taxch. Mo Opat wécTo B MocrDy. Si népewii pas sees B MOCKBY. CaMomST see BHCORD B NéCe, Ha Jyny duens omctpo.Bo spéua xamixya méum ctyaéuty OOHaHO +s. B pdsHwe ropoad. Camorétu 4dcTo seee B HocKBY. Koaxdonmum o6f4HO see GpyRTH B Cousuix Kopsinax. Wot apyr see. noctiany na nduty. Octiuno @ eee. cood KHATH B WPHOM opt bére. Dét o6iuHo +++. negated of 6o- peré.Ha xopadaé "Pocciia" wz coréana sees B On6coys x 6épery. = Stot BHowa celisde 6 CHMBOJH JJ OBOSHAYEHKS TTAPOAOB ABVAEHAR mata = xomits Cexdts - 6érate éxats = é3q47s metéts = xoTdTs are mth = mt alh<@ be mecti = Hoc#ts Yuralire caeaynume dpasu ¢ cooTBeTcTE youmMM TaronaMH Bwxenna? 1. Couséc amr «AY. xa oxciyipemm = uyodil. 2. A uadro pas B énepxul tedtp. 3. Jérou a where i. FE. wm pond. he Kora um At. tynk, ar Bexpéruan rocnoaina opadea 5. Brot cnopremén duexs 6etpo tte.6. Te 8. 10. M 12. 136 the 15. 16. on 18, 19% 20. an 22. 22 2h. 256 3éozpa a @, Towransén peryadpxo x poxséay. omm aéra ootano a, nyah w L dty a uémwt nome 322, p¥ecxoro mound. B napK. Ceréaua ® 4 wacé nonoafanu a Péxsue a veerné .@, Beepé n pinex, xax mri 0 A phaen, wax me yuo Saudi saece wm Korad napoxég + cmotpéa Ha Herd. Péxewe # o6tuno Ha camoméTe, x Hosasyepd xf xépuii duareu. B coatuoi Bone zérve ~ StH KoewondaTy 7 8 i npuoie $9. Peaxrisyue canoxéru: How napoxéa peryaspHo + B KMHoTedTp "Cn¥THuK", Trae ae » Mocnsy. &. A pfizex us onné, nex Muxaiix orietpo mam nichMa w raséTH. mo manpanaénu 2 xaomnét gonérunn Béwopom, ry? no répoay 5 néwexax xopdéuero yxéounxa 3 Kpum. orauxéts 8 Kpum. Mi. na ore rénaye ondeay. aareoine warmrogdn. © pexé, a ctoda na copery u wa néesse, a Tenéps Ber) & , ew 8 npécnolt. Récuoce ma ana. Ges wxdny auudi aéToM. = dues Bucond. wa Oséceu » Mopr~Casta.26. 27 28, 2% 30. at. 32. 33. 35. 36. 4 Kyad ou » anréxy oa aexdpersou axa xoni. Noweuy dru nban oA. nnamino na sropéit orde? on aéaro oux warpécou x 38%, na péomux cyntx. Bropé anfvo wiueli aepénun sot yrpo .CY. cdi ma gpont. ond duos causopgna x <&, cixsme ont Conérexni xocuonést-xénumna Baxentina Tepemxdza B Kécuoce TPH ana. A iy » onnduxs, xax xdana oetpo A. x oépery. ma onfa6y ma tpoxzéii6yce, a Xv rorad noréas xopduan, a ootuno B naoxjm noréay a neundu. tam vimero snopsesn ropésno noxdonce SY. , wom ~ Oxéapxo pao TH He cauonéTe? A cece yao tpH péoa. Cerdana sévepou Mow apyr @ B se + B Bopétex. Koraé a. mmrpén, a XHT&A MRTepscHyn KEMPY. Cryaénmm wnoraé &, cook eniru u serpdan © noproéant. Kyaé oH stot gyT6danmii uns? ostaxo a ff. xoeriuu eéporo unéza Bo npéwnom roay uy ydcTo Sr ma adaxax no Auenpy. Yack pénsue osiano wf. xo na pynd, ae xapudne. Koraé a our pessnxou, a me yudn SE, ‘ ~ Héum cawox8ru B andy norday. Bro xopéunit cryaéur,n on CY. peryadpno ua oandrua an Oné éxexs xopoud ma KombKax. Korad Oxpra B CCCP, ond sctpexdna Taw auepuxdx- exnx typetos.eu 48. Stor crapix Ty. , Raw uoxondt ‘+ Ha Boe Konuépru. onad. 49. On ConsméH andreas uyouu x & 50. A siey, wo Mupdéuos oietpo ot. Homann aH ‘Homework Tepeseante cxenyoume ppasu ua pyccunt: 1, The sky is clear today and the birds are flying high. 2. Where are you taking your book and your copybook? 3, This truck goes to town every day. 4. I am going to the theater today. 5. The children often play and run in the garden, 6. She is going to Leningrad tonight. 7. This airplane is flying to Moscow. 8. I often go to museuns. 9. What are you carrying? 10, 1 am going to his room 11. Our teacher is going to Kiev for a month. 12. Children go to school every day. 13, I went to the library yesterday. 14, The girls are running to the river. 15. Misha is going to the country house today.Lesson_# 2 ISES WITH VERBS OF MOTION (Cont'd) [aero ¢_mpyctapKaun Yuralite cxeayoune pas ¢ cooTReTCTBy~WmNM TmarotaMn ¢ TPH crapkamn (oor) (exudire —aoarid) | ene (aoixodiire — esiaru) = A sees xony 8 antdoye. xony us astésyea. Ceyséer eee. wen B xdunary. Camorét 4.4. neréet 5 odzand. 10Cawonét « aerder us o6naxés. Aprésye .... eoxder xa craquda. Astdcyc s... eoxdet co cranudxa. ‘Saxe sss. nasdet us seaipa. canine see, Cerdet » nape. Jéerouxa ...,n0TdeT uo rHoand. anpr (npuxodiire — npuaril) y= (yxodiire — yiri) udetep e+eexdmit wa sanda B 8 vacds yrpe. Pu6and He aCAKe wee. MiNBdwT B OTKpHe Toe uspe. Cavoadt see. aeTéet Ha a9pompom. Céua népaim ....dexda x gulunuy. Kéx aoe xéTo wi: seoxden 4a ¥pdx p Marnatordpex. 12Wa adus ménsyuxnt 266x607 B ec. Nduxa oset90 «24. Cerdet ot cosdan. Mayon ....neTéoT us cBosh roayodrun. Cryaéury xéaat fpowd us On6.aK0- TEuH Hoes uSesT © cocéH xudrne Byepd « Hau ....xouks xentx néwet ndvepn. He Stux mamtuax neccamipy obitno sees@owdoT wa ponsda, 13noa- (nodxodiire — nodoari)| or (orxoddr ee Tapoxdz « mmsdet « npictaxH. Towa... Serger x dsfemry. Ha drow ndepse uit +444 eomdeu oT BOK odaa. Hapoxda « muupéet ot npictann. Mdaeauk see SordeT oT ACMA. 14Tpoaséisye ..eseander x ocrandene. + xéant x uxdre, Vueunni Cryaéur esetdet « aépesy. Ha Stow néeoze wi 4.44 eoxder 1 Boxséay, Téana 22.4 naunder x 6épery. as(nepecssere — itepeears) Beprozét Tria 16 po (npoessedt a inpocxars) | eoxder uépes ondn. t Hag xécou. woerder wépen sory. + xn wiwo ctaqndna.Myxwina 4... xdaut yanuy. Coodkea 4... nimsder pery. Cnopreméum s... Serdor salvo tpHO yun. Mit eee. reTKew Hag JexuHrpdaom, Néexe néppoii xéeumu ra vee. xdany 49 candi ayaurépux B upyrye. Aitina .... vetder c aépene na aépeso. Yexonée Mocty. 17Gnezyoume gpaom quTelire c rmarotam c MpHcTaBKaum, auMenAa lo BooMOXHOCTH BPeMeHa TMarox0B; 1. Types . BA revoadm: us anrdoyen: 2. Motoumentet = : a. usb, 2 redsp. —. ye Korza camoxét . Ho OOmaxds, wx yBizerH SéumD. ais 5. dérm Tie. wo undm, « 6. Korad uondermt mpogsccop SY), = ayzutépmn, otyabums sordan, ‘ A 17. Kwawe eayO .¥t. cryzéntH uo TeatpdxsHoro uMcTHTYTA. Be 16.08 x Oépery wa me unxyru pdxsue uoerd To! 1819 20. a 22. 23. Ae 256 26. 27. 28. 20. 30. 31. 32. 33. Bh. 35 nee On seve Haxond or oépera n ndévax tomfzs. Xopomd, wz0 a pinex Sto m cnec erd. <@ Stm aneasctm . us céamewolt Kaangdpaun. Ou nowfscrponax cocd naéxo na oxyase,u ord ¢ muy. <-@ Me nogemnn » Espény, s vese unéro niondprop ara ooix onaxduax. Chaney 36: p RT ndwy admey aaron o ospere, Korad eryaéur xduuna nucdzs, ox .4&," or aocni. A pizer uo onné, xan x nduemy aduy rpysopix, Ocense ntvum “. we wre = Mocuorpize, wax oifctpo StH ntduxn c népesa xa Speno. aépeso, > Korad py. uépes sepepdanuli udctmx wa pexé, By yoiure necomuyo sepenyuny ndxonvenit wiaewun oaiiano SA. x xépre x néwex ompoudrs ype. Om Huxorad He + Mimo wenonéxa, Kotépomy Hy¥xHO ToMduD. Beepd war sépeo Anenp no apay. A surda xniiry » tpoaréusyce x .&, wiivo cuoét ocraxcs- Ha coctmedunax » TéxHO, on owcrpse Boex wie 8 5 xnaométpop. ‘ ‘ No anade whuo uae oferpo CY. noun u adaymen. Cpemf mix wadro exynéutos. out SE,» pyndx xmkrm « rompdmt. ora & Mononéen cnowit xund. Cerdana B Seatnou tedspe népra uépyi qunsm. Mnorad nar 8 Stor tedtp. A Ruesadno ailéar cao nape x aero ewad ormuxdrs. RAHMKY I Hawtndwtes xawixym. Crynéntw nduero axyapréza cordana ® Kpum. Ha nosepéxne Ypxoro uépa Svexs xopéuml wmtwat <®@ 4 xpacisas npupdza. Nostouy mau aétou tyaé otmuxdrs, xyndtsea uépe x oaropdts na cdmmue, B oda poauéu répoge a © apyordun xhoro SX. ma oéper udpa. it rev rue aowdan wa odan FE. 5 udpe. Ho wa depnoe wdpe x B. népewt pa. voroatn &. ® Kp ana oandzua endéptou # naspannem. + sawn aétow - gaa nac Goxsuda pdaocts. B stom Pony sa se ofnen 2. vdre wa aducax, OY, » rdpu, yorpdmmars nim wei woosud aécero npopomits apéune Aouaunee sananne ‘Homework Hepepeante crexyoume gpacw Ha pyccnHit: 1. I'm going fishing on Sunday. Why didn't you bring me the book } requested? 3. He has come here to speak with you, 4. The secretary phoned me and said that we both have to go to the director. 2710. 1. 12. All the students have gone to the movie to see a new film ‘This plane arrived from Berlin this morning. I'11 go with you to the theatre. She has come here to get her new dress. Today the mailman brought the letters and newspapers very late. I'm going to swit swim after me. across the river and you, if you want, I'm free today and in the evening I'm going to my friend's to play che I still don't know whether I'11 fly or take the train to Moscow.Lesson _# 4 VERBS OF MOTION = (Stressing their idiomatic usage) Imp. "Indefinite Imp. "Definite" xomith - to go ward Perfective: nolir# On nowsx 5 redtp. Tax xu on yxé (npwmdx an on tyad) @ ne onde; a npeanorardén, ato on Taw, Ho, udxer 6uts, mo gopére org xrd-nn6yas sanepeda, dan xe ox nepemyuer u me noméa B tedtp, a pudcto sroro nowiz » rdetH. Hanowariveckoo supaxéive: "Hy, nouni?(1)" Shal1 we go? Let's got "owt 1" xpixaya Nerpés, » cdua tpéxyaucs ¢ udcra. "Hy, a, noxdayl, nowéx", ~ cxesda o ps" Indef.’ ps _"Defin." damt, ~ to go, to drive gxars NOTE: No Imperative from "éxaTs" exists. The form "noeaxdi (re is used instead, Perfective: nogxats HanoueTHNeckoe Bupaxenne: “Hy, noéxanm? (1)" p.__"Indef. Imp. _ "Def ii Sem = to run b Perfective: noSexérs 29WarowaTHa. pupexenue: "Hy, nosexdax? (1)" Imp. _"“Indef." Imp."Defin." geréts - to fly gotérs Perfective: noserérs Hamowat. supaxonve: Penmonénnan xomiccua oxasdzact ctpéroti, 4 wnérme mpencozatean xosxSoon noxeréan co epowx mect (noctés), Imp. _"Indef."" "Def ii mipat> = to swim BATS Perfective: nonuits Hamcuy ‘| te Nlowemy xe By He npoTect¥eTe? = A He xéuetca cnéputE, BOT M naNRBu nO Te! Ana axodwene no MaTewdtuxe By nadpesn Imp. Inde: Hochts - to carry Becth Perfective: nouecté ond wect'? texdmui xpoct. Kanye wonyxy (opyuas) su nectre! Hy, tends on non¥e Taxjo oxoa¥enuy, 470 mpéeto eniigno! (Idle talk, talk nonsense) P. Indef ." Bosith = to cart, to convey Perfective: opesth 30Hgmomn Hy, ® Bestr xe pau! Baw sadposo sesad pyepd, Ane ceréana sestr, xax yrénrennuxy,- newdzsxo cxasdx on. H nest xe néxoropmy! Imp. "Ind Imp, "Def." omits = to lead ect Perfective nopecrh One wead ord of pyxy. On send anenudx. Ond sont Bee xuirn. te, wo ond séant ord of noc? Mz péamm sneréuctso co unéraun mutepécman amano "Kro sé. torgd maminy?"= cnpocma cyaba. Jap. ina.” Imp. "Def. pomfzeea - to associate erkes = to be the With, to be found, to be kest custon Perfective nopectiécs - to be the custom Mspunize, tax ye y mac némirca, rar scorad Tax no cryndex. Bee euifra nese » néaou nopéakes Tax nopeases c xépnmx nop. B xdumx xecdx sénatca oxd~ m. Imperfective Perfective exoniity - to descend colirs Perfectivi exomits (round trip) ond exéant mo adctauue. Oxd courd nuns. 31Omd comnd c yud. wom? Mémet Outs, oT Cexowxe natxd coltaéT. Honan enrapét y uend net, no a celtydc ca mhun cxox$, uareodu za yraf. Yad nopd odéazate, Cxoml, Ndta, sa ndnod, om ondrs y cocézell. YOPARHEHUE 44 Mogoxméze oxecs, cxdpo ond seve Davo. ae no adcranne, ond napyr cxoudza xaGafi. Be sees muta, ond cottede xe mpousd » acunér ufeas he Ha, x comardunn ppaut xoncrarsposaan, 470 on sees © yuds 5. "A Ry-Ka, see. BENS, mg 0 TOSSH nOroBOpHI"-cepmiro se xpuvat orén. 6s "Néta, ove B adoxy m Ryn ume nanupée",-nonpocuxa rota Ana. 7. Ma yeuazean untepécryn aduy, « no adcrauue, 8. "“Paspemfre, a .. 38 gnnauétou",-npeasoxia omin cansp. Imperf. Perfect. gpesmdzy ~ to go down eeéxatb - to slide down Perfective exéamte (round trip) Omi cxéxar c ropi na candx. Osésaute, noxdryl- cra, 9a aderopow. YIPAXHERUE 1. Korad a 6wx wanmdu, « téxe amin 4... HHS m0 xéeTHMNe, wo Tax wax udrepm npexoatzocs cavimmom sdeto wamiTs wow uramt, mpmmaccs or Storo ynondascrena oTxasdtsca. 32Be ke Se ABTOMOORAD + ¢ ropi x octaxonizea népex aéuon, "He uéxet 1m Bam cuH .... 38 uodu nxdrseu?"cnpocdza cocéaxa, “Konéumo, Som eré asroucdézs we 3 nowluxe,” “Ipomy ted uaxyad we yeoxdrs",~crasdxa wats Coptze. "Paspemt, udua, a téaRo s+. ne 10 uamfr x Opxdeuu oa xrfroit n coltude sepxycr." © ropa, cdm yadpuzucs o croxz6, nepesepayancs x mo- adm p xaxéoy. Imp. Perf. réty- to run down coérat» (round trip) down Bicrpue pytst coerdpt c srore excéroro xommd. Anyone, Béua, o6érati » xdexy, aa nocuctpée, cximun? YOPARHEHVE 1 2 Be ‘Tw Ow ss.. 98 nipou, a a Tex Bpéweneu npuroréaam Sytep- opéam (mam: a a Ow Tex Bpémenem npurotéBaxa Gyrep6péau). On oteTpo .4e. ¢ aécTAMm (no aécTRHNe) mB NOyUASHHE cetanosfiaca - népen num crodza ers menécta. Bropd, xorad « see. ¢ ropf, a ynda n nopdnux pfay. Imp, sxerde» —orad a suxoxy fo nowy, amu oxe- (to fly down) rior c aépes: Ofay xopwits. on#t ondwt, 4T0 « ax dre = Ornyna y te6d cmuix? fa « Bvepd c1e~ (to fall down), ‘ téa c xépena. Perf. Perf. cxotéty A myexa Bang, cx0 ( round trip ), 33ZOPAMHERWE 2. ae Ye “Kax, eu yaé ogecst™ = yanenduno oopatdaca a x mxdty. "Ja, a yaé yonds « B Can-@panmicko noxd Bu ¢ Huxordeu Updnopuyex oxecs cndpurn",-pécero oTBéTHA On. "A wy-xa, uamhm!" - odpatéaca Coute Derpésus x Méte.~ " .ccena TH RO MHe goméM a mpHHecH c ndaKu Ty KEMry, xorépyn a Te6é puepd umrda. 2a xiino = onmi nord ~ agecn, apyrda - Tax!" sees c nérkH, mThaxa mpecnoKSio ycénach za opéry m cTé za xsondts s¥pma. "A Waxennép=70, cmiuaan, at" - "A xro?" = "Ze poms o Rex réro noctd-T0 eee!" Imp. npuxoa#rs (HELGA exasdte 0 soxoRsxe, xotd= pull noaxéant x ndwexy aduy? "Bor om yx mpuxdaur K axe") Perf. npuira Ai mpmmta x yOexnéum, Wo uy Benéu aéxo nenpésuasno. Hamowm: Mme sapyr mpuund na yu, TO sees M Tod Kouf me udeet npalirh » réxopy taxde cpapuénne? On mpaméx = cedd. On npmuéx B orydanne (noctépr) or 3roro. Imp. pxxoafteca - to have to ... Perf, mpmlitfics - to fit, to be to one's liking * iy wo xe, mpuntren modxars ...." = © noynonéan~ creueu exasdx néerop. (Well, I shall have to go there," said the doctor with resentment. ) 34w MERE peoysnrize npmuases ord onepiposars, Eoréaxx ume npumsfcs xax pas no nord, ‘Tpyaxoséto mau opmmadses torgd! Ha réxzoro npuxdmitca no mBaqmaty natpéxop. Tax une u me npmmades o& ysugers! "Kew oa sau mpuxéaatca?" = "One upaxdamtes ume mpexég - arrival; parish B® npuxda oSpdaopax Bcex mac. Mpuxéa y ceamdumuxa ux necoanusil. Adj Noun: mpuxézag - nepéauan - entrance hall, anteroom Mz andan 3 npuxdxett. Adjective: ‘Rpimmt ( oxeubut ) - alien, newly come Upaxéackas uxdsa = parochial school mpuxSac-pacxéanas xwfra - ledger (account book) YIP AMGIEHUE 1. Bémonue craxopéxocs ¢ xdumm Amex ned odasue x Sdxsue, % eeee Bexdpe aemitsca c nium mimet « sco xeo6xoafan. 2. Bam sees oOpatéteca x Bpaxy. 3. On eda nonyxdpmuti wo scex ndunx ceaménxmxon. Bu sudete exdabxo wexopéx y Herd B eee. f ke Cxanfite, 4... am saw rorgd-nxoyas pduame tax tpfazot S+ One seqér p ord xontépe see earn. 356. Kan exphuno, rocrdman y werd uedosmda, © +466 nowexf-70 Stems mpocrdpmas. Ts Bu oxasdan oy 06 Sou? - Ja met, Kax=70 ne 2 réxopyt 8. Crexdre, nex dro Bau word 5 Aouemne an Homework ToaBsyack Aan Huxe croBaMH, saKomWETe dpacM m nepenmumTe uxt noiits Bomitsca nodxarTs cxomits - colird mockts - nectTh cxdéomute noolts - neart cxeréts = cxetérs Bosfts - Becth mpaxogétsea - npaiitics mpaxomits - mpaiiti naépaTs = naANTS 1. Toavacd tomy nasda on see. nuts xdde u ee He BepHyaca. 2. Buvopnre tenck, s... ua adxoar x xamito wend y Onadrmow récox. 3. Ero suctynxéwne ma nocxéaneu cospdans s.+« copepuduno Kom nonyerfhatt xapéerep. 4. Oamia aaa es xtomn «, » @ apyriu net. 5. Bror wexonéx copepmdnno ue yudet es. cook 8 dousctae. 6. B sro udernoctm eme coxpanvancs Goxsutie eck, B KOTé= « Momdan. ux puns no abcrmuue co nropéro oraxd, om ynka m cxouds cooé dry. 8, Ha pexocnnéze une yreades +44. B répom sa moxeacd. 36% 10. We 12. 13. the 15. Or cfxsnore nopisa adrpa y wend c rosopd ose. madna. Yrdou oxdunts paodry Béspeun, ume see. padérars dua Becs aévep, Cordann frpow on sees wa pacéry o coxsudu onoendamen noayshx pfrozop. He conétyn sau sammuétsca népycmm endprow, dort au ne yuboto seen On mpfrayx » péay c xdmm m o.45 x Odpery. Mpopdecop Jyxux .... ooumpxye nepemfexy o ysdmnam apyrix ctpan. Buepé une cxasdan, yro nam Oxsunl coczyetnen Jdnmn ¢ yud m waxdantca ne uszeubnan B ncnxuatpttecKol Soxbuéne. 37Lesson # 5 NUMERALS Mpantaa: 1. Or 16 ordre 5 ke Or 4O omedre 15 2. K 6 upasdsuts 4 S. K 90 npu6deuts 30 3. -K 19° mpucéputs 13 6. Ha 150 mifvects 60 7s K 18 mpusderts 4, ofner 22. 8. Cauox8r mporeréx Sxoxo 60 Kuaouédrpon. 9. Mu yexépuanes wetpérurses udexy 3 u 4 sack. 10. Mpenzoxéxue sino upinato 20 rosocdun mpétas 7 roaceda. 11. Hem née maxociiaca 8 12 xnaouétpex ot xeaéonol aopéra. 12. US pasnertrs na 5 6fmet 9. 176 18. 198 Ond erdpue cpoerd spdra ua 5 aeT. Ma sennudewes © 8 yrpd 0 4 aéuepa. Osepo Balixds - cdvoe rayséxoe dsepo semnéro udpa, Erd mayonn& 171 werp see C sdnaaa wa aocréx Copéroxnit Cove mpoctapferen dét00 teu Ka 10.000 KM. Sto wamiza, 8 rotépol 4.175 netéxel. © 15 coxadr... xan xowsnatp peuvts nepenpésuzsca xépes perf. Maprusisx saxnatéxn oxtan c 570 opfannese « 38206 ane 22. 23. Zhe 25. 26. at 26. Sto Oux suaasumtica mpuxdr c sucoré 800 uérpos. B ocdae répoas yrdersopaxo odx0ee 2.575 méumx coxnkt. Bécmaa tévea CCOP ma 3énannou Meuipe panxd 7TH95 uétp oee Pexd ypéx méer mporasanoers éxoto 24450 wae Osepo Baltedx pacnoxdzeno na pucoré 453 uétpese om oenm~ udet nauem 6éx00 31,5 mifert ... (npagpdraue xuxoubr= Pu)s Henazexs or xac noctpéena T3C udumocten B 1604000 xmxo= pdr, B roponexdu xdmeypee mpinasn yaderue 98), neni, 450 wren... # 581 (ramnépu), Hox 376 cxoxfth c 848, To noxfuurea 122k. » cote Pasdane noctpéuam adie c 930 xpagpatHe.s «OTP eee xna6H nasuaan. SPECIAL DECLENSIONS OF NUMERALS SS Case 40, 90, 100 1172 Ace Toxropd (metpa) cérox, azpaiécto, cro TOJTOPH (mopyax) i ee Gen Dat copoxk, aepaHécra, cra mOrfToPA Inst Prep 39+50 moxropAcra — GEN Nom i ToaroPAcTA paT —nomfropacta ae INST PREP 14 Ha cxéaze mpmeyrersopaxo 40 méwux nereréron, 2. Maxaia mpuéxax B Mocns¥ ¢ 40 pyd ... 5 xapudne. 3. Hdwa nepenyfuxa waxomtaach B 100 xu. or répoma. 4 Mpogéccop sux saecs s conposoraéaum 90 ctyaéet... . 5+ B $row répoze dxoxo 150 rica aceaduuas 6. Row we 1 1/2 pys .. me naz 3a Sty exhry. 7+ B 1 1/2 (whan) orebaa npoxéant xexéonan nopéra. 8. On nadzur oa esaprfpy deozo 90 pyoxdt » udeans ORDINAL NUMERALS The ordinals are true adjectives and are declined accord- ingly, nly the final elenent of compound ordinal numerals has the characteristic ordinal ending: ticaia gepaticdr mecrbagcdr sEraipr Dpaxran 1, Autén Mdpaopux Yéxos ponfizca 17 ampapd 1660 re 2. B 1884 r. miwer népexii odpaux paccndson Yéxona. 40Be Se be Te Be 9% 1c. We 12. 13. 19 moaSpé 1887 r. coctodzocs néppoe mpeactasaénue xpd "Wednoe". 18 udpra 189° r. 8 Sixt Uéxon Bcrpéruxca c AM, [Spaxmu. » “Tpéx cectsp™ ® Xyadwectsennox tedtpe, & 17 aEBeee 190) Tr. nbpBoe 31 AEB... 1901 re cocrodxocs mpegctasads mpenetansénue "Bumuénoro cde". 2 mr 190k re As. YUéxos crowidze: MdxomynuX gnot Koxfusa ornmix or Seperds Hendmm (3 da- ryct 1492 r.) u téxexo Fzpom (12 ontaSps) ysiizer adue ~. Kanurde éoaux » Enpény népex solid? 1914 roma. Bonépeux wherax (nexasps 1941 ron) erd nocxdxn ma gporr. 7 Tlo epoét nadmann Batixds sannuéet 7 udcto cpeat pcex ostp apa. Miépnan xufra wa Pyct xanesdrana s (1564 ron). (8 conrasps 1380 rox) ma Goxsuéu Kyauxéaou néa0 mpo- nsouxd peufzexsmas Grea pfcoxux c tardpaxu. (1939 roa) = $20 ron, » xorépou xavexées Bropha umpo- nn voting, Adjectives compounded from erals are generally prefixed by the numeral in the renitive case, e.ge: TPEAérRni pecenox, JBvxMoTSpm cavor8t, CEMinStAR more 41In the case of 90 and 100, the prefix is the nominative of the numera: Cronierimas toxnd AEBAHOCTOxétua crapix cropyurésan oduca Mpextuxa: / copor / aétawit uyradzas / céupgecat nats / aétunt wurst; / tpuauats / rpdayeme wopésuz / natscot / umt- auémuutt napéaz / uecrs / uetpésxtt crox63 / 100 / theai~ nut odopét; / 8 / unsanduumit noxda; / 4S / adcane uyert- m3; / 50 / xétunt nonrts / 125 / xeaprhpunt nous Cnexalite ynpaxnenae no cre nymremy oOpaouy? Kowanaupésxa cpéxom a 10 nef = aecaTuaxésnan ‘xomanamponra- 1, Pacdwull noms nponortiireannoctse B 7 wacoR 2. Cavouét, undome 3 uotdpa. 3. Oonurduna aoctéunctBom B 100 pyonéit. 4. Haceaénue vherenxocten B 4 1/2 waraudna. 5. Moxéx 8 300 niess. 6. Morép, umémunt wurinapa. Te Me noxyshiau étmycx na 2 neadru. 42FRACTIONS nrocrie apésy 1/2 = omnd sropda3 — nozontza 1/3 = onmé rpétsaz onnd tpetss pets 1/y - om sertprans xérsepts V/5 -(oamd) nétan 1/1000 = (ond) mfomtzan 1/2367 = omnd me nifomum rphcra mectazecds cemsuda 2/3 - me tpéreuxy mee tpémm 3/4 - tpe semB¥prux; pa wérBeprH Aecariwe oP dK 0,1 = nom onnd zecdtaa 0,02 = mone mo oétux 0,008 = won pu mifesruax cand secHran verifpmanuars odrwx 15,325 - navdauars udeux, tpifota mpdauats uae tfemunx 141 = onnd 1414 = onnd THK Mpowtaliire cregzynume ApoGHwe amcruTerNHMO? 3/95 5 8/103 0,753 2 3/4s 7,53 14,0253 17 1/4s 9 2/5 43Following any cardinal| numeral ( except after 1) adject- ives and participles in the masculine and neuter form used as nouns take the genitive plural, e.g. mea pacbaux, Tp cxfwauyx, veriipe macenduux Following the numerals Ba, TPH or weTilpe, adjectives and participles in the feminine forn used as nouns take either the genitive plural or the nominative plural, e.g. rpm sanarix = rp sanario mmo oxfxaux - ape oryfraumte Read the following sentences, putting the words in brackets into the required form: 1, B SoM xdunate xunfs 2 (yxduntica), a B to = 3 (nodumutt) . 2. yuacs ynpanadnan 64 (exfxaumll), 2. dna aéxtopa Hmonspona ofiz0 udxo omméi — (mpudunan), mom yerpdus qe (npwwiaa) - xa Tu xa IT oTexd evoerd adua. J. Ha crawed noaeymhax enadan 5 (oOpundemutl) . S. Ten (yxéuwit) a0rdt odstpa na cxesa » Mapix. be Cpeat 25 (nidumwit) cikno rpx aernd (pdnomue),, 7. oma 3 (whut) scerad crodz y axda 2 uépKops. &. B répone orxpirx 4 (uéman croxésan), ge Bnarpyad ozo 3 (paronéi) ond ofuudp. 4aCollective nunerals occur with nouns and adjectives, or participles used as nouns, denoting only male versons, and also with the noun " géca mde crfeawx, tpbe ners, afrepo uyrutn, tpbe erynéuros . For all practical purposes, collective numerals are used only for “2, 3, 4, 5, 6, and 7. Collective numerals also occur with nouns (names of ob= jects) used in the plural, e.g.? mée néxunn, tpde cftox Collective nunerals are occasionally used in colloquial sneech with nouns denoting the young of animals, e.g. mée xorét, wéerepo mpadr : Collective numerals can also be used with the nersonal pronouns a2, Bk, ouH, the pronoun invariably preceding the nuneral and taking the nominative, e.g. aor mde, ont tpb0 Collective nunerals also occur in phrases like: mage us ac, tre uo Bac, wSz3epo uo ax which are used to single out a number of individuals from a group. Proverb: "cduepo oanord ne mayt." Collective numerals always require the Gen, plural in nouns to which they refer. 45Ynralire cxenyoume gpasu, ynotpedzan, rae Boouoxxo, COl- lective numerals, a cxopa 5 cKoOxax - 5 cooTBeTCTBYMUNX Tpauma— TuwecKHx gopuaxt 1 2 36 Se be Te 8. % Qro1xo xéua séceso urpdax 5 (né7H). Bo mopé 610 2 (sopdra), Bom sounf 7 (xeonanduze «tam). Brot capdit crpdums 4 — (pacdentl). Bxadoparépux pasécaer 3 (uyetdua) on 2 (xénumza). 2 (wod cocrpd) a 2 (uadmumil opat) supfr ep urdanu. 3 (wo ac) éayr mapoxdzou, a h - ndesgous Wis Mocrp# 5 Tauxény sm dxanu néesmou 3 (c¥TKu). (i) pweoxdex 40 mpaxtiveckue oandzun adezpa. VY wend adua 2 (ndépa aux). ¥Yonac ape opydpxu, y Kéxgo4 a3 nux no 3 (mondx). Yorn crofio 2 (eror) # (ctyt).Hammmre cxoBaMm cxemynume Bupaxexnat 1. Bottxd xénumzacs B 1945 re 2. 0,25 Be 4k Tho ye ¥ mond octdsocs 6xoxo 63 1/2 adaxapon. Se tbr nome xdwwurs pacdty 1 axpap $- do mavdza xounépta ocrasdrocs dxoxo 1 1/2 wac 7. ‘to om Ofner adaats ¢ 3 (ROTH). 8. Aésosne xymixn Sxox¥out nesocundas 9. Stor revepdx ouduacpax 100.000 dpunelt. 10. Bolierd npontanuna waxonfancs (100 xue) oF xdwero répo- wa. 11. yunduste 918 ua 67 ux nomfuewtowy npouspenéune mpie 6deste Lit 7. 12, C 4 30 10 HoaSpd crodaa xoxéanean noréza. 13, Bu aommi saxduxuts Sty paddty x 30 Hoa6p see 6 lhe Cryaéntu npéxuxn drono 1 1/2 x0t B dontepé 15. Ham xomanaip npdsauyet cpot (40 set) nOmxéit. 16. Mépen nocéasersou crodra (3 tHcava) toxmas 17. MoM cum fuurea 8 (7 wxace) cpéanel uxdare 18, Oxono 2/3 ctyaéutop méuet uxdam noxywtzo zunadua. 19¢ Coxadta npurosopiau x 7 uécay ... tpéunoro saxaniduua. 20. Moromle wax nozourd x (4 cvedumece xényunn). 47Lesson #6 INDEFINITE PRONOUNS AND ADVERBS WITH PARTICLES - 7o, = HuSymD, = aN6O I. Pronouns # Adverbs c vactauei “-to" ynotpedamrea Toraa, Korma ToBopatT o AMUe, NPeAMeTe HAH ABACHER, HeOTpeRe- ABHHOM, HONSBeCTHOM BIg TOBOPAUOTO, HO PeaXbHO oyupoTByDueU. Mz uoxew HasBaTs Taxue gopus "definite-indefinite", 1 ‘no, MpemieT HAM aBZOHMe peaxsHo cyuectByeT ("definite") Ro aBaaeTea Moonpererenmum "indefinite" Hanpuep: Kro-to xéaut 8 cocéanet xdunate, Sto smaqHT: cmmmmo, ¥To xoaT denonex ("definite"), Ho roBo= Paum He oHeT, KTO STOT WenoBeK ("indefinite"). Mo# opat ywtx xyak=to. Bro smawuT, “To Cpat rosopauero yuen (“definite”), Ho Kyae yuéx, = rosopsum ue omaet ("indefinite"), Yroeto © wfuou yndto ud non. Snecs, ronopaumi camuan sByx nagenua npequeta ("definite"), Ho Ne sHaeT,xaxoll npemmer ynax ("indefinite"). Tpwe wenn Ymorga yactaua To" MpHMeNaeTCA C WOIbK CKPNTS OT com CeceqHuKa ano, uecTo wax codwTHe. Sta gopma mpumenaetca TOAKKO B MepROM 2He. 48Hanpuuep: Cordaua 2 xord=r0 morpérux, uo ne oxaxy xord, A Our fapou rae-ro, no ne craxy rae. fi ond yTo-T0, a He cKaxy, Il, Pronouns # adverbs c uactuuamm "-xuoyas" usm ano" *) ynorpedameren roraa, norAe npeawer panToBopa ne ABAROTCA KOMKPOTHNM ANA TOBOPAUBTO. OTH gop MORHO HASBATS " completely indefinite *. Hanpuwep: Movonitre nord=musyas — (=an60), B arom cayxae rosopaueny Bo¥ papHo, Kore nosoByt pletely indefinite). Bu omiuanu yro-mn6yas (-2160) © RéuT Saeck, cnpaumpanumii unTepecyetca moll uNopMaimel, 6oo~ PasamaHo Kaxol ("completely indefinite” A xou$ xymirs xaxdtiennoyas yadounx pfccnoro sound. Tosopaueuy Cespasauyxo ("completely indefinite") , xaxot YteOHHK On KYTT, AMUy OH BTO Ou yHeOMHR PyccROTO ADK. Ymorqa oum6xa p ynotpedzenuu oTHx YACTHN MOKeT npHaATS PROPOBOPY OTTEHOK ceKPeTHOCTH H Rae HeBeXINBOCTH. ‘F)Sinsya” W "=GHSO" unewt caMHAKoBOe sHaYeRHE. Tenep» MactHua "-2H60" ynotpeGxaetca Yaue B RUMEROM FOuKe, @ YacTH- ua "smu6yas" = 8 pasrosopHot u » xKumHOR peun. 49Hanpmuep, ommH wexopex xexeeT nolitH B xn60e uecTo BeYepox (nay6, teap, « T.m.) m1 ToBOpHT cBOeMy coSeceAMuKy, OT KO- Toporo y Hero Het cexpeToB? A xosy nolirt ceréans Béuepou xyadeTo+ Bnech on RexaeT OMOKY, MOTOMy ¥TO OH xOweT MpocTo noliTH RYABOHMOYRD, T.0. CoppasxnTHo Kya, M ROE CKADATS! A xouy notird cerdana séaepou nyad=-nu6y me. B neppoll ¢pave wactaua "=To" osnaxaet, 470 rosopaumtit guaet, Kyaa OH XO¥eT NOMTH, HO MOWeuy=TO He xoWeT cKasATE H oxpuBaeT oT. Tpusenem Taxxe mpmwep, Kora Mo=pycckm noxytaetca Geo= cumornua, ect, HANpHMep, cKasaTS TAK? Toxdayticta, xymire une xaxfo-r0 aétoxyn xnfry. fcno, 4ToO ropopaumil xoveT sodyw ASTCKYo KHUTY, NOSTOMy MpAa= BHALHO OyfeT cRasaTh? = Moxdayticra, xymize we xaxfoounsyae aézeKyn xunry. Hago sanounutb, To B Bompocax (Questions) a Taxxe B_nopexutersnoli (Imperative) _u yoxonnoti (Conditional) gopmax ynorpedumprca wactuus "-HuGyaB" wan "oruso". Hanpanep: Question: Bu xomtan xyaé-nu6yap (-zi60) sepd séuepou? Imperative: dlize une xaxfu-undyas (-2860) pyccxyo rainy! Conditional : Eom pu xorndennSyas (=xh60) 6; notiatte » Eoasuéit te&tp. ere 8 Hockné, 50Bo Bcex xpyrax oxytanx wactum "-r0", “ounoyas" x “osm So" sasmoar oT cuore npeazomenna. TiEamoews te 2 Be de Se 1 8. % 10, Me On cracds une yro = sdxnoe, no a xe mory cotivde nonbumnr, 70 on exandx. Paconamfite une ro = 44. mxtepécnoe. Byudra ma wotu ctoxé mepexdzem: axée0. Ovendano, xT0~.06 Bxomia xacundr, xorad uond 6 6uxo, x tpérex uor adm. ro mu dmem? - f muy xaxyo-.., mntepécnyn xmdry ara uréuma. - Bpat mpam8c ceréana xaxyp = so. xEkTy mo OHO amoréxa, nonpoch y meré. Myers ero = ee. ormpéet onnd. Kro = os. nogomés x nny m oTxpix oe: Cramize une orxponéio, afzerm su Bx nornd = vey raxdro wanétat A xoréx norosopirs ¢ ndun syepd, mo sy dam wou = vee edna, « nme xotés womdrs, On cones me wot apyr! Updoaa, worak = see THe = soe aa wetpeséancs, no Sr0 ne ondent, vro sai apyaad Cownde @ cadoan xécrmm oxénou x xéxm0m words, no xorah - se. x paw 06 drow paccnaxy. Gorsuéit ordx- umm, naccamtpy suxogdan uo parénon nommuérs cpéxmx nése Horad néeox octandarmpanca ua Kandi = ayxou. On ne yonéx vaxéwants cot pacéry, notouy 470 euf ‘10 = ses noweudao, SL12. 13. tbe 1S 6 16. 17 18. 196 20. an 226 23. 2he 25. 26. ae 28. 2%. demo omiuy, 70 anak RTO = ooo ABTS B dtou répose wx udweu nepenosendts B KaKdu- 446 oTé2 Mz éxaxn ofetpo, xo TéxKo néamHo Bévepou yeinean ora xaxdi = 464 nepésun, ond nonysder mpomt ornfaa - soe Réxayn nondms A phnen ord c eM = ove B Tedzpe. Oxensiaxo, Sto Our RTO = ua erd apyoéit. ond cxasdxa, wro Tedprut noweuy - .0. C&asue x el xe mpaxd amt. Toeworpire » cocéanet xéuxaze B ynrft Taw zexdr xan - ses véun, a xowf ond mpmuantondét, a He ond, Korad s npmuéx soudil, « mautix na cpoéu cTord woe ~ menus. HYano enpocits 06 Srou y nord = eee Ho axénOB KouuTéra. Ane onde, mpuaét am RTO = eee K maw cordana BévepoM. Bes pac mpuxomia nam cocéa 1 pont candy = se, Baw tondp. ‘rdou npopéputs eré ondune pyccxoro sound, sandiire ou waRd# = se. Bonpde no=pfeckn. @ vax udao ers ondw, to éomm xorad= 44, ord Berpéry, to mpécto He yoxdo ers. Pre- 2+. aanexd pasadxca onyx Bictpeta. Bu ondete Raxdro= 4e« xopduero adxropat Toliném xo une, « xouf paccnasdts Baw YTO- oo6 MHTOPSO~ Hoe. Ha Stou udcte xorad = «6. noctpéat Sorsudi canaTépuit. Korad= se. smecs Sux mBopéu nepefigcxoro uaPhe 5230. 31. 32. 33. She 35. 36. 37. 38. 39. yo. ue ond ouad xoraé = 4.4 xpacksunet. Sudeto an py xoré = 44. mo npenoganétere B Stoll uxdxe? Ox& cnewéza commacizacy notiré co mHo% B uyséit, a notéu roves - ... nepemfuera x xe nomd. Bu nonyudere orkfqa = ... nfceua c nnoctpdumuux udpraun? aduer? eré, a cxax$ ex$, uro Bx xorh ¥ pac ects npx ce6é cxdasKo = Eom a serpéyy rae = te erd sifzets. Tenéps on nodxan xyad - 6. xa césep KanngSpuun. Ai nax cpott yxésunx worépyn ou - «4, Ho ne uory penéuxuts nomfs Beau ou yotanre nord =... mo uux, cxaxfre, uz0 a yooude ua nenésm » Mocks$. Eos ou a nautix xaxéro =... xopduero npenoaasdrena, « npoaorxéa 6u sannudtsea nendnexnu xosndue A wimy, wro eu nya 4.4 topénurecs, noSrouy « ne ofay pac sanépnsers. Bu nomaxéete xorad = . “to oTkasdaucs ot admxocts radpxoro muxenépa, Ane onde npawtm, Ho Mécxop noweuy - ... He xduer éxats B Mocnsy, A yoépon, wto rae = 44. B xypndze sau raaére nifner pexsdéuy uépux mirecécon. On nanweds nuceud Kaxdi - ictke © npea~ soxénuex sand» paxdutnoe udeto y mac = oraése. 53US. 4b. Ute 48. 49s 500 we de Se 6. ™ 8. 9% 106, gram aérou wx noéaex xyz = so. a or udcaua wa mBO-TPHe om nowfecrnonax, wo Kt0 - ... rpéract ord sa mrewd. seré - ... « Téneps we pasrosdpu- Ont nocedpmancs Ho! Bant apy? ¢ apyrox. Bor xo - .4. mpécxt y xordé aduer, om scorad nest. Ond nowex$ - o+6 ne nossontina une syepd Bésepou, xord « mpocks ee 06 Strom. Abus cergana unit x Kous ~ B récta. Howamiee sananxe Homework PONENTS B SAKOHTeRHO dopue cxeayoume qpasut Ecan exyuires . cepsésnoe Bo spéua Moers drnycka, neuéaxenno coodusiTe un us noceTHTexex octésux y wend xa ctor’ cpot ound. Ou xunét 4... 8 eépepnoi Kaxugépaun, xo a ue ndunw réuHo 2 xaxdu répone. Mu oibrn 4.25 onanéunt, wo moéu x norepdx ord uo nifay. Tpoesxda whuo, om s+. xpfuuys une, xo a He paccnfuex ord cx0B. Bu yab © soso conéropaanes no Stomy aéay? sees noéxare Stuu adzou? Tre cexpetdps?— Ox pont cpol noprodas x see« noub, Ho ne cxasdéx nyad. Bu oupdan aénimax Store npopSecopat - Her, au= rorad. Bam uyx .... paddraer 5 nactéamee apéuat- Het, on m cnonep. 54136 Me 156 Veac ects .... pyccxme xaira? On pexouexnosda ume mpowdcrs .... xntry 0 pyccKom uoxfcctne, no a sadiix eo nassdune. Orpdxon mda anecs xopdayn cxfasy, HO... Opdour 00 ® yéxex. Mpxvdxa une memosécrua, Ond 4... noaysder nesomsmée nocéoue, xo cxpunder dz0. On sees ctpéuno seaér cood 2a nocadguee apéua. 55Lesson #7 EXERCISES ON WORD FORMATION IN THE RUSSIAN LANGUAGE In the course of their historical development a11 languages undergo considerable changes. These changes af- fect the sound system of a language, its structure and its lexical stock. The lexical stock changes more ‘rapidly than the other components of the language. With changing circum- stances of life some old words become obsolete and are dis- carded, and new words are created to satisfy new requirements. New words may be of domestic origin or may be borrowed from other languages. Formation of new words by the processes of derivation and compounding is a very productive source of providing the language with new lexical items. In "Dictionary of Linguistics" by Mario Pei and Frank Gaynor the following definitions are giver Derivation: The formation of a new word from an existing word, root,or stem, by the addition of a prefix or suffix. English example: kind, kind-ness. Compounding: The process of forming new words by combining existing words (called the components). English example: blackbird. It might be useful, for the purpose of this study, to define briefly the meaning of such terms as root, stem of a word, prefix, suffix, and ending. Let us take as an example the Russian word: nepenéaimn = interpreters sten prefix root suffix ending Boa aK * trans qat or s 56Here " poz " is the root, i.e. the part which is con- mon to a number of words of the sane origin, e.g. Bog-nts, Rou-uters, npo-zoz . "nepe" is a prefix which is Placed before the root to give it a new meaning " transla. tion", " sux" is a suffix added to the end of the word to change its meaning into" translator ". The above 3 elements form together the stem of the derived word (trans- jator). The stem, then, is the part of the word which does not change in the process of declension or conjugation, The last element is the ending stressing that the word is in the form of nominative plural - transiators NOTE that in simple words, consisting of one element only, the terms root and stem coincide. Thus, in the word “ oTowHs" gtox is at the sane time root and stem, while x the ending which in inflected languages serves to indi- cate the part played by a word in a sentence. A series of exercises, illustrating the formation of news words in Russian by derivation and compounding, will be presented to the students. These exercises will serve to give the students deeper insight into the workings of the Russian language and, at the same time, enrich the Students’ vocabulary by making them familiar with new ex: cal items derived from the stems with which they are al- ready familiar, It should be borne in mind, however, that derivation and compounding, as they evolve in the historical develop- ment of a language, are complex processes very hard to de- fine by amexplicit rules. Students should not, therefore, attempt to coin new words on their own for fear of pro- ducing items unknown to the Russian language, COMMON DERIVATIONAL AFFIXES SQUMON DERIVATIONAL AFFIXES In Russian, as in English, derivational affixes are used to form new words from an existing word, root,or stem. The functioning of derivational affixes in English is il- lustrated by the following example: friend; friend-ship; friend-ly, friend-li-ness STBelow you will see at work sone of the most active derivational affixes used in the Russian language. FORMATION OF NOUNS, a, The derivational affix-zexb is mainly used to form nouns denoting the agent or performer of an action. Such nouns are chiefly derived from the stem of the infinitive of a verb. English equivalent affix is - er. e.g. build-er Dpumepa wut@ ets = to read erpén -Ts = to build urd -rean - reader crpod -tea» = builder As seen from the above examples, in words derived from a verbal stem ending in - a, the stress of the verb is retained. In the case of verbal stems ending in-z , the stress invariably fails on =m. In corresponding feminine nouns the affix = zexs is retained and the affix - muy-a is added, The feminine form is not used in all cases, Tpaxra duraitre: ythems - to teach; teacher (male) . fem.form .. Nerpés raxéuranewh . + Ero xe . = naxdnpnoii undz0. mmcd_=t» - to write; writer, man of letters .... fen.form secese + Orme Udxoxor - uapéermwli conétcxuit mwet xufira aa aeTéi. Bpenonard tp - to teacl teacher (male) gene Hew xopouS anéet cro mpeauét, Hawa népan + 6sexe crpéras. 58Byxopomt =t» - to guide, to direct; leader, instructor ,., fen.form . Béwoti rpfnne nfxex dmutml .... UpogSccop JMaua Cepésa — + oxcnepuventdzx0l anSoparépan. exjua ory - to listen; coven: Guar 6 el + Bosépanx xfpcos noxrfuar menadui-uépes me neadan. ‘Students) meurd =p - to day-dreans dreamer . On ne nesoBdi vexonéx, a Weosperé =r» = to invent; inventor caneéH = omawen#itult auepurdncKui eee. 6 (Inventor) Bod =1h ~- to lead, to drive (a car); driver . sprowamfm: 26rxen ouats sce npdsura com. (river) ‘The derivative affix -rex i: inanimate nouns, = Opawepa: uctpeok -ts = to exterminate, to destroy netpecd ~rexs - fighter plane, destroyer (Navy) also used to form Dpaxrane uralize: mira -th - to move; motor, engine . 970 napondH . suxncud orp - to switchs a awiten 400 nownHATS seco . On He padéraer. 59b. Derivational affixes -umx and -xux also serving to form nouns of the same type as those with the affix ~Tea, form the stems of both nouns and verbs. Some of such deriva: tions have feminine forms ending in -amua and -xxua. The stress in words ending in -umx is variable, where- as in words with “YK the stress is always on the penultinate syllable. Tpuweps, xont6p(a) - office xontép-ime-clerk, KonTopumua fen.form rasér(a) - newspape rasér-4uK - newsboy Dpaxrm (1) Affix -non aurelire: Sapasdx - drums drummer B sodnnom opxéctpe ects kdueup = stones stone mason . « 6nutHwi cneumanher. a pimy sto StoT gasactop-dt» - to strike; striker .... zpéoyor yneanudunn sapnadrw. Sousepanpon-St» - to bomb; bomber (plane) xopéMue xonctpfxunn. He sande W 12 naw noKasdau 5 yeép Ka - cleanings — janitor...... cleaning woman . Vouac paséraet omfu sees m me 60(2) Compl.affix -"op-mmr", "tn-ume", "xnemmn" Ommoxatire ma sonpocut Yo whet saconutx? Raxhe éux noynder m nponatt ctapsSammn? Yro aéseet wa Boxsdxe nockzpumn? (3) Affix = "same" Wuratire: paseéz -Ka - reconnaissance; scout 2... Panonéi Nerpés = Smitmt os Repeséz + transiation; translator Haw wfxon + Hina Ceuéxona duex» xopéuan sees « Ryreméz - machine gunj machine gunner . Byzeubt Hem see. Gun your 2 nocaéareu com, Nepesex -4t5 - to desert, Sx erénenva new cooousiz . exit = count; teller, meter . Ha crené sucit résosy 5 - to carts carter + Nepenesét ndwy udcems. c. Derivational Suffix + mx (2) Is added to stems of some of the internationally used nouns denoting branches of science. The resulting new 61word shows a person's field of activity or interest. The de- rived words have no corresponding fem. forms. The stre: usually on the penultimate syllable. Tpawept qvonxa = physics; @fsux == physicist Dpaxrina: Suratire: zim _omz = chemistry; chemist . Nensexéen - oxaxeniiti pyocknt xerép na - history; historian .... A npowmr&x tpyn see. Kapeémcxoro o Merpé Beatxou. axanéu sna - academy; academician . + Mdnzon = dnrop yuénua 06 yordemix peprdnoax. (2) Is added to stems of adjectives, to form nouns answer- ing the same description as that expressed by the adjective. Hpawepy: orafivn -uH = excellent; oraiwm -mx = one excelling in sone activity erp eu olds erap -#x - old man Ormexalize ua ponpocut Kax masusdetca rpysosdi astowosias? Kax naoupdnt 2 Copérexou Cosive pasduero, sunoaudeuero “yadpayo" padéryt (shock work) Gxén0"nepenonéit snawnt "foremost, advance Kax maoupdot » CCCP xfamnx padérauxos 2 xoxxdéoax m Ha mpomendactBe? 62Kex neowpéerca vexonéx, xorépuil sanmuéetca candxmn pemecsdu? (trade) d. Suffix - mm (fem, ~ muua) added to stems of nouns also forms nouns denoting a person's trade or activity, In the case of inanimate nouns function is shown. The stress may fall either on the penultimate or the last syllable. Dpuwe pu: roaxéa = collective farm roax6owux, xoaxéomuma- collect- ive farmer nyTh = way, road nftumx - wayfarer, traveller onftme ~ travelling companion, satellite Régo - coffee rogéiinux - coffeepot 0 THRA: usc (0) = meat, butcher .... (stress on last syllable) Conérye pax noxynéts udeo y Store s+. « (ending stressed) sec - forest, forester, ranger (stress on last syllable) var yepitmes ot noxmd 8 abwe .se+ (ending stressed) néuous - help, heiper, assistant (male) . female ....66 ; (stress on penultimate syllable’ Tlorowopire 06 Sto ¢ MOMM sees © ¥ " Oud scerad Ouxd BEpHOK eee. cBooMy uyny. uxés (a) > school, Schoolboy . schoolgirl . (Stress on penultimate syilable) Ha stot nxomfaxe urpanr Bo Bpéua nepeude. 63wat - tea, teapot Brot ~ (mase.form) + Mme npuséo apyr us Anduun. edxap - sugar, sugar bowl ..... (fem. form) Bu satiny noctdsuts xa ctor edye - sauce, Sauceboat ..... (masc.form) B gen» copéopanok cedasow ux nogapiinn mu cepéOpAMM ooo. + The suffix "nar" added to verb stems produces nouns denoting persons by their particular type of activity. Stress usually usually falls on the penultimate or on the last syl- lable. nowen -fts - to betray, traitor A nuxorad ne afwan, 410 on oxdxetca « pacét sath - to work, worker .... Kuxenép Pyxton cwnréeren onmiu no mduux ayumx xneset -ét» = to slander, silanderer .... Mue w4eto npuxcauzocs 8 xfsnm ctpagdts oT « wyt -#t» = to joke, joker. Béen Badcop our comuét «22, 4 néassonaxca nodtouy doxsunix yonéxou » dousctae. wowes -dt» = to roam,to wander, a nomad. Kiepcxan Pych sera adaryo u omeCTOWSHHYW COPLOY © seeeeee © 6410. we 32. 13. 14. 15. 16. Sentences for Translation in Classroom He is the best of my friend: Be careful! Don't cut yourself. He behaved ike a child. They have known each other for two years. I am busy at this moment. What are the results of the examination? What is your daughter? - She is an English teacher. Which chapter did you like best? Which metal is heavier: copper or iron? Which student in your group works hardest of a117 Here are two books. Which would you 1ike? Which of you speaks French? Which do you prefer to learn: Prench or English? He came to see me off, which was very kind of him. I said nothing, which made him still nore angry. That is the girl whose brother came to see us the other day. Aouamues sananni Homework Tomsyach AaniuH cxopawH, seKoNYHTe Gpaok x nepermunte ux! npupéT npupétctene npapétanpet apunétoTsenratit npusétampocts npmpétcTBoBaTS 651) 2) 3) 4) 5) 6) 7 8) ) 10) a4) 12) 13) 1h) Dupétop nopywis ume s.e. Bac or ord duenn. ‘op pd= aves. Mate «+ 8 sdwew amué scex xpd6pux seus: Korad neserduma npdouza s xoxxds, npeaceadtexs nponsnéc epdtxyo see Powe. Ox d¥enb see. venondx. Nependiire duu pomfrenam uot cepaéunuti » f sm6m' sroro mponasud aa erd Ou scorad nerpexder noxyndreaell .+4. yalSnoll. Tloweuy Bw we oTBdTHAN Ha MOO seve + cya oymsok cyaits cyznéune oyank npanocgane cynéonult ocyxadts/ocyatts Mend suoundot comaétexeu 5 wees Sdarpa ofayt nomtrera wens, paozesieuero neue= xdaa va nepexpéctxe. On aout xdaopatsca wa cpos muss u TépsKyD Tiéexe xopérore coneuduna e mpoxypépou u amoxdrox, tees mpowntda o6pmndexouy mpurondp. Boe ornéenten c ynaxéunen k see Store furore » énuTHO= ro wexonéxa. Coeds yreepanier, urc noctpéua sacép Ha erd souad # yrpoxdet une ...5 aéxom. 6615. 16. 7% 184 On Om see. Ha nate xeT mpunyaftexsmx paddr. Bo@ seseeeee ++ Store yenopdxa sa erd cxeépHoe ornoudane x xexd, Euy mpmurdes ynrarizs wrpad # pce wee. woadpexn. Copérexce .... naund coo dpxoe aupaxduue » noxasdrens~ mux npoudecax ctdauncxoro nepfoze. 67Lesson #8. EXERCISES ON WORD FORMATION IN THE RUSSIAN LANGUAGE (Cont'd) "en" Suffix (1) Added to nouns or place names, denotes people as be- longing to some organization or nationality, or as residing at some particular place. The feminine form, where it exists, is formed with the help of the suffix "-xa". The stress may fall on the penultimate or last syllable. In the case of place names the stress remains in the same postiion as in the original word. Tpuwe pw: xoucowé2 = Young Communist League xoucoués = ex ) Members of ) the League xomcoud = Ka ) So = battie, combat 6o- éy + soldier Wend - ua - Spain uendx = eu ) ) Spaniard uenéu = Ka) Jonnurpda - Leningrad aexwurpéa = en ) inhabitants ) of Leningrad aexnurpda - xa ) duralire: népru = @ - political party; party member, Qupéetop néwero sanéaa - ctdpult Craxduos (surname of a coal —highly productive worker... miner who set high standards (fem.form) . of coal extraction). NoapaxGtexn Craxdnopa naowBdancs B Conétcxom Cotse 68Crpana - Sinéxus Hires $70 otpantt uyesfina, xémmuna Same type of exercise using the following names of countrie: AnGfn- un Poarhug- ua _Upetinép- as Ase rpa-9 Béasru- a Kurd; xutéeu, KuTed aKa opoz: Cap&ron; xmrexs ropoma: esse sees Same type of exercise using: Hépropon, Bosrorpda, Bopénex, —Tauods (2) Added to stem of verbs and adjectives it forms animate nouns characterized by the activity expressed by the verb or the quality expressed by the adjective. Feminine suffix, where it exists, is Ha. Mpmwepu: exactatis~ wi (adj. lucky) exactais - en a lucky guy esactxés - una (fem.form) net» (iter, me - arp) to sing nen - 64 a singer mes - fue (£em.form) Mpaxtuxa: Nuraiire: tof - ui favorite, beloved; a favorite . fem, form > Sror apricr . see of6nmKn. 69orén an6iix scex cpotix neréi, Ho won uadauan cectpd Oxpre seerné oud ord mpones - @ts = to sell; sales clerk «5. mpomas = wiia (fem,form) + B uaracdn To eySo6vam Stor cryaéur padsraet « ropros drs = to trades trader, dealer . i xyniia Stor cxoBdpe y erdpinm xutraun. paanéx - owned (past tense. owner . (fem, form) Vepdsonnwe séum oan udiinenn % sosspauemi sss. xpéop = ul (adj.) brave; a brave man ss... (stressed ending) B péte ace cunréan Hodnopa sees « ximp = ui + (adj.) slys asly man . B§ante ocropéann ¢ HHMI on ComBUsH « pads = ui = (adj.) - widowed; a widower stressed end.) ond salma aduyx 98 6 + ¢ Tpeud goTouh. néan = uk - (adj.) - mean,base; a mean fellow .... (stressed ending) ta cuntdan ord nopdaowm vexonéKou, a oH onaodtea © ugjap + ull - (adj.) ~ wise, sage; a sage . (stressed ending) B Kutde Kongfumii nowrdetes xax Beatenit (3) A modified form of this suffix: - dueu; dueu is added to stems of nouns to denote persons belonging to Some movement or nationality. Tpwwep: Auépax = a; — anopux ~ den; auepux - duxa - Apumep: American 70Dpaxrm pecnf6rm - a = republic; a republican . Ox neuoxpét? Her, om Képeux = a ~ the isiand of Corsica; a native of Corsica Hanoxeéx Eonandpre oui «. Wrdx sag + Ital) Mapxéun, wsosperdrexs Secnpésoroworo texerpdte oa f, The suffixes -am and -#¥ added to stems of nouns (most- ly place names) indicate nationality or place of residence of a a persons Me) Foardp = wa Bulgaria; a Bulgarian - coardp - ux (fem.form) = Soarép - xa Koetpoué (city on the Upper Volga) = Kocrpom = fu Gnhabitant of that city) Tpaxtana: [pfs - ua - Georgia in the Caucasus; a Georgian.. Crénum Our sees Mocks = € = Moscow; uocreiu, wocxniuxa - a Muscovite Weduos seeee 1 Ord wens 760 cess Ont doa oe Jernoséii, Mancautpéemi antcuostias, sunyerdeurl woordae cxuw sanénom, naowndetca nmNOTE: Complex suffixes an-ux, aucun form such nouns as: me fe rpaxaan + fx - citizen rpaxaéuxa © (from = rpag) ropoxdnun ~ city dweller ropoxéuea (from = répoa) xpuctuamin - a Christian xpnetudaea ) from Lati ) ) Christianus xpectsémun - a peasant xpectéxxa ) g- Nouns with the suffix "-yx" are generally derived from verbal stems, They denote persons of whom the action, expressed by the original verb, is very characteristic. The stress usually falls on the last syllable. Fem, form "-yxpa" Mpuwep: opt = dr = to grumble; popu = fu = a griper, a sour to growl puss fen.form: - BOpt = gues Tpaxtax corr - dr» = to chatter; a chatter box fen.form 4... ax Ball Apyr. A péaxo petpewda TaKSTO oe Eré nengeta duons exdonas aépyuxa, no Conuda sp- ats > to lie, to tell lies; liar . fem.form ap - ath - same; masc, & fem. forms K coxanduun, euf xeanod adpute; on ctpdummuit A yoemiaca » tou, ut0 dra népouxa « (a naughty child) wan - ft» - to play pranks, a prankster ... to be naughty (of a child); vaizeas xdtyeter, wo Ball cu yxdcuwi 2 £,form ..05 ee Mare une paccrdsmpana, sto B aétetse ond curd comnudh « 72wader - ats - to boast, to brag; a boaster, a braggart fen.form . WsGnos némui vac paccrdoueen wau o cBovx yonéxax, 9 jue, wr0 on npeto Day yrenfuy duex» ne absat s nadece sa 70, 70 ond seve i. The suffix "zaps"added to stems of nouns, adjectives and verbs indicates occupation or profession. it is compar- able to the English suffix -ary, Bg. secretary = cexperéps The stress is variable; either on the stem or on. the ending. pune ps new (b) = to bake; (4+) née + aps baker naxéts = to plow; néxe aps = ploughman Epa rma! Unraiire: spat - 4 (nopéta) ~ gates Roalkeeper B dtoli gyt6danuoll xowdnae otastummi antéx =a = pharnacy; a pharmacist 4... + cKasds une, ur0 xoxdpetao 6¥get rotdso uépes uac. ononmorék - a = Library; a librarian , Woduoe tenéps orvxut .4. » nayuno-ncoxdopaterscKou MHCTHTYTe. tow = dt» = to turn; (4-«) turner ..., (on a lathe) STOT esse paddtaer y Hac nn vanda0 yes nate eT. 73J. The suffix ox ,added to stens of verbs, serves to describe the activity of a person. The stress usually falls on the suffix, Tpuwept onats = to knows connoisseur, expert = onatéx Tpaxraxa Unratire: mrp = érs - to play, to gamble; player, gambler . Ha ténnncnoH nromfaxe ceréana undro Ox medmna ee etpex - fr» = to shoot; a shot, rifleman Tipo nerd rosopdét, 470 on évexs xopéumit Panonéli B crpexxésoli ver nasuBdetos 60x - ute - to rid rider, horseman .... Xors om u abour doqut Bepxdu, HO sees O8 MIOXdH. Wrowatuyecxoe Bupaxenve: Tyad a Sdasue xe eonée! Catch me going there again! k, Suffixes of Foreign Origin A number of noun-forming suffixes have been adopted from foreign languages during the last couple of centuries. Most of the words formed with their aid have English equi- valents and may, therefore, be treated as cognates. They define a person's activity, occupation, or convictions. yy Suffix -fct (stress always — uaproiict on the suffix) xouuymfet matepnantcr 14xypuaxicr -Hoxep Pepompumoxép sont Roppecnoxaser want muxeréxt © (amateur, dabbler) =Top Rouctpfxrop opranuodrop ampSxr0p TOP xoncepsdrop (conservative) mopétop (innovator) However,some of these suffixes have been used on Russian soil to form words which do not occur in other languages. Mpaxrm Uutaitre: Suffix - eT (stressed) Safe - type of accordion; | accordionist . Corsaua wa xonnépre Ofaet euctyndts nopéeTi o... « axtip - the most active members an active worker in public of an organization; and social affairs . (@ militant) B xomsuéiixe Huxiitux cumtdercs . mpderop = tractor; tractor operator 4... Stouy Koxxday epéano meen reminds (renepdapuui wad) = general staff; Genrai Staff Officer Ofauépx, npowémume xype Akanéunn Tenepdx»uoro wrdoa, maowpdorca . 15méxuatu = chess; chess player + Axtéxux 6u1 adaroe spéus veurméuou wifpa. dyzodx = soccer; soccer player Béerpa sa fnew urpdzs mpérmn xoudume Sentenc: lation 1, This book can be bought in any bookshop. 2. You ought to translate this article at once. 3. This article ought to be transiated at once. 4. The customs officers examined our luggage yesterday. 5. Our luggage was examined by the custons officers yester- 6. They were discussing this question when I entered the” 7. This question was being discussed when I entered the room. 8. He should not be interfered with. 9. He was listened to attentively. 10, Payment in cash is provided for by the contract. 11, This man can be relied on. 12. At last the ship was lost from sight. 13, The telegram was followed by a letter. 14, The football match was watched with interest, 15. It is known that there are rich deposits of coal in that district. 16. They are paid twice a month. 76louamuee_gananne Homework _ Toxseyact nammnm oxopaun, saxonwte gpask m nepenmunre me ppheo mpdauti nonpanxhrs/nonpésurs mpéo.aa xenpéso——anpapaéune : npap, ~ mpasdrerscrso sanpasxét»/oanpaniirs mpésuxo ynpanaits —mpanaftewi npdouxsrart wonpanaéts/nenpéonrs pas nono 60% 1) 9 aya, yo By npimam + PewéHHe. 2) Bonktexb apromoctins xéamen xopowd sHats Bce . esmi no répoay. 3) Korad eu noéacete 0 nepexp&ctxa, nopepHire see. 6 4) Térsac nécxe ypéxe yudrons ndyar 4... micemennme padd= ta ctynéutop. 5) # afwan, ur0 s Srou monpSce oH eee, @ BN HOT. 6) Korad ew c¥neze » Anrom, ne sacupditre, yro Tam smpiixé= Hue waéT HE TO eee cTopoxé nopdru, a no xéB0le 7) Kéxmut wo nec uwéeT 444, ua 15 ane SonycKa. 8) a nfwan,xz0 xa uuxoraé ne yaudeu nactoduok aéze, 9) Séerpa y vac oxakuen mo pHuckouy .. 10) Népex nogsaxo% nfeno . aprowcddas CenovHom. 11) Bnactoduse spéua .+44 o3adduexo copauéunen pacxds0n. 12) Bu ue tyad unéte. Bay udgo uatd B ocpdrnom sees 6 13) Ho see. crynduta so apéua erd goxsdna. Yuaxitre ouf ord outoxn, xorad on kdxHT. 714) 15) 16) any 18) Bau ndgo waytitecn ese. aBTouocHne. Mr Gdpemca 98 sees AbXO. Bré cxosd udawo Bépats. On nam uapécTen Ka wexcBéx. stor pacerés - enzommda gantdona, no deTop oyuéa mpundts ouf dueHp oe. xapdxTep. To coctodumm coors enopdesa ou Sdusue ne udeeT « rex Coxsumu mpeanpaérnem. 78Lesson _#9, SUFFIXES PORMING ABSTRACT AND NEUTER NOUNS 1, Suffixes - ocr» (gets) serve to form abstract nouns of feminine gender from the stems of adjectives and passive participles. The'stress never falls on the suffix and usual- ly stays on the same syllable as in the original word. The derived words indicate characteristic quality or state of be~ ing. The corresponding English suffixes would be = ness and - ity. Ipmwe pu: : répa~ w= proud; répacets = pride pag = glad, happys pdaocts = hapniness, joy signa (pres.pass.part.) © sfanuoct- visibility = visible cogent - fresh eaézects - freshness Tpaxrma: (Use suffix - ocrs) Muralize: xpd6p = wil = brave; bravery Panoséii Nerpée noaywhx wendrh 28 6 rajn =u - stupid, foolish; stupidity, foolishness, . ,_& foolish thing sroro nocrfma copepuéuno ovesHana, Ox sdeto rosopitr u adaeet npowfurens - uli - industrial; industry 6. cryabut caézax noxxdn 0 conéreKol ceéaxn - uM - absent-minded; absent-mindedness bit + Gnstr.) Haw npogéecop uopéeren cI crép+ xu - Old; Moi oréu aéanx no nayddxoli 79xéx0z (short adj.) - young; young age, youth Crdpue mbau sdcto wi6aT penomnnéts © cBOsH 6. NOTE that the collective name fur young people is " yosonéas " maoepfoum - ui - independent; independence 3a nocaéanne nécam xet undrae xosonndrsmxe ctpdaw nositancs cnocéon = ui - able, clever, gifted; ability, aptitude ¥ pac xopdune see. & aoMKdu. cxép - wi - fas apeed tot aptomodiias méxet pasBundts ma mopsTe Corbin seer + m, The suffix -nw& added to the root of adjectives also forms abstract nouns of feminine gender. The streas in the new word fails on the last syllable. Tpuwepy ump = 6x = wide; umpuzé = width ax = ftuex - longs auund == —slength Dpaxrn Auraitre: mays = 6x - deep; depth Tapoxéa aatongfa na coasuéit uex = whole, intact; virgin land «, Onfx us poudnos lidzoxona Haswaderca " Méanatad «eee " 80réxet (cr=m) = thick, fat; thickness .... Kaxéa . Opon4 na tdxxax droro réna, puc= 6x (c=m) = high; height . He cepery pexh crodr crapinuan oda B 50 uérpop. + Cinstr.) n, The suffix -ord is generaily added to adjective stems. The stress generally falls on the last syllable: pune pu oxen = 6% - blind enenord = blindness Scetp~ ul = sharp, acute} oerpord - sharpness, acuity (ocrpéta ~ witty remark) Tpaxtuxa: = Ynraitre: wder - ui = clean; cleanliness, neatness Hésai maudavnue 6veus mbowr + nopdaor. Teun = wi = dark; darkness Ham ago noéxate ad zoqy go nactyniénua pac = feu - beautiful, handsome; beauty .... B mdsoaccta Sta ctdpan adwa Ouxé uondctua cBOSH sees + ndop = ut = ‘kind; kindness e Suda ord + , moan adeto cdpaudotca x weuy 38 éuoupwe. pyc = éxu - high, tall; height, altitude .... + Top oepdor p Puvandax 8848 uérpop. Ham naccaxipexnit camonét netéx wa sees 30 THcay bfroB. 81cord for height or altitude is now much more NOTE that mentioned in the preceding widely used than paumxd paragraph. = cramped, small close; state of being crowded, récu = uit cooped in, a cram. Ho-38 nezoctérxa xumix gouds, zbau 8 CCCP vdcto xupyt B Comsmde wee NOTE: Two important terms used in geography belong to this group: wupord = latitude and aozrord - longitude. Peorpadsfuecnue xoopamuéru Mocxsé = 55 rpdaycop césep= of wmpors m 37 rpdzycos soctdéyxot aoxront, (P1.um= pérm, noxrétu). The very active suffix- xa forms fem. nouns derived °. Tever on the last syllable. from verb stems. ‘The stress pmo ps: emp - urs = to build crpél = xa = building, con- struction omnpds - urs - to forward, ormpénxa ~ sending off, dis- to dispatch; patch THK uralire: dry cleaning . (political purge in USSR) uot - uTs = to clean Mne njano orakrs xoctéu 8 xmuiveckyo Mpx Crdxune » CCCP udckoxsxo pas mponcxoatan nogrotés = mb - to prepare, to trains preparation, training (mil.) .... 82x yodpxe yporda. Sottmée. B xoxxése ndéanuu xégom maét . Badrepe nposdaurca omméuuan « penmpor - drs - to train (sports); training .... Béwa xoudnaa nyagéetca B niis - uth - to melt, to smelt; melting (smelting) » uéax mponsséantes 8 cnerméaxmx mevdx. ous - drecn - to make a mistake; a mistake . B nepenéae oTok cratsf a mamé1 wédcxonsKo saxye - fs = to have a snack; a snack . (often used in plural = hors d'oeuvres, snacks) B drow marasine mpoaaiirca pfeckue sera - ut» - to put forward, exhibition . to exhibit; B ocesé typiicru nocemint cexsoxoxosilicTBeHHyo see nonpés - wr» = to correct; correction Eré pesombuna Guard npiinata c nedonbufiun «. p. The suffix -duas (. is of foreign origin and corresponds to the Ce = tion. Most of the words, thes formed, are cognates to lexical items used in other Eu~ ropean languages. The stress is fixed and falls on the suf fix, puwepas: oprannodimn organization xomsexTesus dina collectivization aprywextduis argumentation, argument 83uneenns duns idealization axxamatuoduus acclimatization xeanugunduns qualification However, this suffix, in a limited number of cases, is added to Russian stems, e.g. Boenuodima militarization spopusdima processing of seed for early germination In some cases the suffix, added to stems of foreign origin, forms new words which either have no cognates in English or are used in a meaning somewhat differing fronexist- ing cognates. xanarnsduna sewer system arurdums propaganda campaign, drive, (not used to describe the emotional state of a verson) axtasnodinn making nore active, stirring up rpaxtopusduma introducing of tractors into agriculture SUFFIXES FORMING NEVTER NOUNS q. The productive suffix -nye is added to stems of verb infinitives ending in -aTs ‘or -9T5 to form nouns expressing the process cf an action or its result. The stress is fixed and falls on «ie same syllable as in the ori- Tpyueps: ginal word, sumd - ts = to pay attention, axmd- une = attention to heeds Baagé = Ts = to possess, to pans - uMe = possession own; Tpaxraka ‘nraiire: uputacé = th + to order; an order. Bde. ofnet ucndaKeHo. 84copa = ts = to gather; a gathering, a meeting . Gergana séuepou a adaxen math HA sees o nonmuS = Th = to understand; comprehension Ma etapdewea pasndz» B cryéutax «. Pyccroli pew. onosad- Th = to be late; tardiness, delay . Mdeaq npwxéqut ec. ma ma aack, samevd = tT» = to observe, to notice; a reprimand, a remark ..) Havdasuux enéren ef 5 38 onosnduue a cxGaSy. yu = te = to know hors the skill, the know-how .... Srm xfpex passusdet B ctyaéuTax 4... cpossnHo rono= phe no=pfcorn. Bocktuné = Th = to exclaim; exclamation Bo ppewa noxndaa cio wuéro sompécop u sees € MeCT. ocnurd = rs = to bring up; upbringing .... Ona crapderca gary crow aétax xopsuee eee « r. The suffix -é1"e is likewise a productive one and is added to stems of verbs ending in -ur», The stress falls on the suffix - éxne. Tpwepa: Gyp= tts - to bore, to drill; boring, drilling = oyp-éune Bpaxruna: uralize: yis fms - to teach, to study; teaching (doctrine) . drill, learning 85Kounyufictu etpéat cao’ oxonomfyeckyn no«ftaxy xa wees MApeoa u JéxHHAs Conndru celtudc He eee sees maxdros xausfcts otumudet y vend unéro spéuexu. tex - fit» ~ to divide; division . Sankva pewexd nenpdsuxnxo: sy cndenn oufoxy Be crynéaz mpowntds nonadan 06 ammmncrparienon eps - nts = to builds a building, construction .... Ha teppurépux sandza a wizex nfcxorsKo 44+ nouonécr= Horo ata veud nasnavénua, 8, The suffix-zue(r3e)forms derivative abstract nouns from verbs having past passive participles in - mui. Stress either stays on the same syllable as in the original word or falls on the suffix - TB¥. Bpmwopes saxpt - ts - to close; saxpi - tHe - act of closing mst = to drink; m = 183 = act of drinking, a beverages Tpaxtuxa: Suffix - me Musraltra: orepy - Th= to opens opening ....6 + Bifotapxn cBowx Xyaéenux Nepés npurecta went xa. xaprin. pasnd = ts = to develop; development 4... Bo mpéun ordauncrax natuséton Bed sundae ono o6pa~ werd Ha se. TaxBxn mpoutfunennocTn. 86mont - Th = ne muéw unxaréro « to understand, to perceive; notion, idea, concept . + 06 Stow aéz0, Sra agua paccufitana na to, wré6m math cxymaTers snemextépHoe « Suffix - tee Xuralire: var - 1 + to wash; Tdere o6éaa a oottuxo sanuudncs Opa - tT + to shave; un = ts + to sews Oud sapadérweaet ne SHB 6 t. The suffix -xe(-se) © etpoénun Boeréuxok, washing, wash nocym. shaving, shave . « saumméet y vend we Cémme naT# unnft. sewing see. xbncKux Orfsor. added to the stems of adject= ives, serves to create abstract nouns corresponding to the quality expressed by the adjectives. same syllable as in the original word. Stress stays on the Many of the adject= ives involved are compound words. DpHwep yeépa- wR - diligent; saopés = wi = healthy; pects = wi = merry; Dpaxrux: awralize: ccrpofe = mk = witty; cx wéout noxésats cob yeépa = ue ~ diligence; snopén -be = health necéa - xe - merriment wit sees, Ho ne noerad yaduno.8. . 10, papnonfu - mii = indifferent; indifference .... Sror oxfxaumit oTudcatca x cBoty oSdsaxHocTm ¢ nox uétmu wooddan = mu = abundan’ abundance ‘brow y nac wa piaKe 4... nodenx opombit, panfu + mii - cordial, hospitabl hearty welcome, hospitality Hac setpétwam tam c Compuity 4.5 méct + mii - rainy, bad, inclement; bad, inclement aking ¢ of weather) weather . mp6 nporadsos nordas npeaceéounaer ‘ua sdorpe Sentences for Translation in Classroom We were shown some interesting diagrams, We hope that an agreement will be reached. Thi event is commented upon in today's newspapers. This man can be depended on. I hoped that 1 would find him at hone. He said that he would return tomorrow. T was sure that he was waiting for me in the library. I learned that he had been director of that institute for about ten years, I was told that he had been working at a new invention for a long tine, I thought that she knew that he had taken the first place in the chess tournament. 881) 3) 4) 5) 6) 11, Knowing (- As I knew) that he worked at that office, I called -him up, 12. Galileo proved that the earth moves around the sun, 13, He refused to go to the theater,as he will have an examination in Political Econony in a few days. 14, Do come to see us tonight. 15. It was necessary that the question be settled without delay. 16. Won't you have a glass of water? Homann 2 Hosewore Towneyacs Aaxmuun cxopaun, saxonuTe ¢pasw x nepenmmnrTe HX: syahx ‘“fa0 samt syaéte syanéi uyaécmstt Eré unérue ue wi6at ca erd ctpdnvoctH, a, mo-uéeuy, on npdero Gesctitam sees 5 Y uac cettude crofr .... nordaa. Sro 6faet npdeto see, dorm om paaopeut oxodwex. B pasropépuoli péun sudero cxdea “erpdunuii unorad ynorped= aot cadso " How neudapune ondr» néwer 44.43 sactasatet né rpm pdoa nepeaémears onnS 1 to xe nuceud, Yapfpr Peoués pacexasds wie 0 ses. oxfeae, midsiien ubero B eré npdxtuxe. noxnoté née Tomé nanosnéts/sandxmats 891) 2) 3) 4) 5) 6) ” 8) 9) 10) sanom éts/sanérnuTs sunozndts/einoanuTs nonom 6xHe méanoctsn To conérexoll xoncrarfimn Bepxdsnouy Copéry CCCP npunanre- aft Boa .. sabern. Cunkuxt éopas xfsum pacnonaréet x Xosdux see. ctaxdmy roctéH suxdu u npenioxfin toct 08 mpuefteTByommx AaM. On oGeudx une, To aco aduarn Ofzyt seee ynaduoms 3 cpox. Tipu noctynréumn wa oxfesy une npmmades see ndcxoaDKo améz, B xduy vacts mphouno 4. mo uoxoméx cozndr. Ox mpexpdeno .... ceo’ paddry. Tetpés npupts naw = noadpox xopsduy « afauux gpfetow. Bac xduet sfaets Kaxéi-to nfsexsxuit, « wex0néx, Bu nommné 6dasue mfiretscat pau nexsod Odapme « 90Lesson _# 10 SUPFIXES PORMING ABSTRACT AND NEUTER NOUNS (Cont'd) SUPPIXES PORMING ABSTRACT AND NEUTER NOUNS. u. The suffix -o7B0, added to various stems, also forms abstract words. The stress in these derived words is usually on the penultimate syllable, but occurs also on the 1 Dpuweps: Cords - wi = wealthy Gorkrero = wealth Bopos = drs - to steal Boporcrss - thievery, steal- Dpaxtura . oo. urate: Toctenpufu -mzi - hospitable; hospitality Braronaps pac ca sdme Pykoson = fits - to guide, to lead; guidance, leadership Han Sro¥ npooadwott pasézaet rpynna y8nux nox .. npogéecopa #nopona. mpoussoa ~ Ath = to produce; production .... Stor sanéa exdpo nepeiiaér na 4... opfxun udsore thine. umér - idiot; idiocy . Tpegrdxerm a uéton pasétu = cnaownde ynpéu - ull ~ obstinate, stubborn; obstinacy On cnocésmui padérmur, xo euy duens pponft ord « moctéun = deserving, worthy; good quality, merit (dignity) Huxré ne otpuudet ers (good qualities), Bxéu su efante (merits) roro npearoxésun. Orseudrs ua Sry pframs mfxe uoords o1NOTE: afaermo oécetaennoro noctéuncrsa - self-respect Il, Suffixes Expressing the Speaker's Subjective Attitude towards his Environnent. There is a vast category of suffixes which, added to express the speaker's emotional evaluation or attitude the persons or things he is talking about, Such exist in the English language (E.g. Johny, son- ny, etc.) But in Russian they are much more frequent and active. Such suffixes, when used with nouns, and, to a les- ree, with adjectives, give them different shades of These shades of meaning may be broken down into four categories: 1) diminutive, 2) affectionate 3) augmentative 4) derogatory or disdainful 1, Diminutive nouns are formed with suffixe A. - ums -sHK; + on; -¥x; -eu; for masculine nouns be = RA; “DUKA; omnes for feminine nouns Ce. = nO} -mes -nNe; -eUO; for neuter nouns a, mom + 6umK bd. — roaond = roadnre moo = sx0cde néaa = = m6x04Re ecraxdn - craxdxwme x6ue = GueWxe répom = roponéx c. aépeno = © aepenud oréms = oronte oxné == ooxdaue x06 + xxésen madtee = nadreune canor = canoxér pymss = «= pyznend 92NOTE: Sometimes words created with the help of these suf- fixes are not diminutive forms but simply words with new meaning. Camontuyman pyaxa. 2. Affectionate nouns are formed with the following suf fixe: a) = owe; Bex; b) > yukas -numa; = empxa; = wuxos -nmmos = ©) a) cum = cundyex ©) cdamue = céammo b) Teta = rBryuma, TeremsKa née - mésnumo whan - némouxe uécto = uecréano 3. Augmentative nouns are formed with the suffixes - ue Forussculine and-neuter nouns and = nua for feni~ nine nouns, (These are used comparatively seldom.) Examples you = noutiue pyeé = pyudme roroc = rosochup muckmo = mmcsuime 4, Derogatory nouns are formed with the suffixes - mma, - mmmo, = oNKA, -YuKa Examples vdapiux - wexssfuxa, uarssémea; aézowa - zenuéuea répom = roposituo nnesué + nucpufiumo 93Students are not expected to use these forms exten: ively, but they should be able to recognize them, The stud- ent must bear in mind that the classification given above is only an approximation. In reality it is difficult to draw a line between diminutive and affective nouns and sonetines even between affectionate and derogatory ones. Thus, in the folk song “foxpdsuzca une, adsyume, xopduensxnt warnaéaxa” " waasaéuxa " classified by grammar as derogatory, has clear- ly affectionate meaning. One mistake, which English trans- ators of Russian books persist in making, is rendering “udtyuma" and “odromea™ as "1ittle mother" and "little father" while the more appropriate translations would be “dear mother" and “dear father", The great number of ex- isting suffixes allows the Russian-speaking people to play with words by attaching to them different suffixes, thereby creating subtle new variations of meaning. For instance, from the word "gena" (maiden) the following forms can be created: néva = népouna - aényuea = xenfua - xépomsna - aépea - Rensémea ~ gonsSuowna = nensypea = nepufpowra = zene fu ka = nenwfuewa, om T.A. ynpaxnenne Tepesegute c pyccxoro Ha anruuitcrnit: 1. C derycra udcaua a xunf 2 riixoll nepenfume xa cepery pe- xi, Péaxa dra udaensean, wo piiouen. Oak oxéTame ropo~ pix une, x70 B aecaTé Rusouérpax orcsaa corr nedoxbuse Soxérye, za xordpom udxno O¥aet nooxdtuTEca HA TOK. 2. Néppoe apbun norsan ouré uensoxka, uo celinde yxs zp6r0 xenkae na$r noxmt, « wa nopérax taxda rpaodua, «To mn mpolttd, mm mpodxars. 3. -Bac tyr nexda xand¥=To veroBén. 94de Se 6 8. 10. = Kro raxdi? + He onén, fosdxsno ndamuti, mfoonpxut uyeulza s ouxdx u © Copondti. = Al 310, xomud ours, spar xem. Ha crosé sexdas sanucnéa xwdxxs u pina. Tyt me crodza 6ynizowa vepris. Sneck Ha Ceper$ udpa, xopomd, a nor B nycrifne aérou xapdun. - Saxoafte x Ham Kax-HHOyas BexepKéu. MocHafu, noresopau, walixy nonpéu. Opa réae cemed xusd 5 onndii Kounatyume, Cron, xécKorsKo crfasen, néxoea c nufrawm aa mpdx - sot rca odctandpKa. ‘Tyr xo crodaa m aérexan xpondra, népea xordpott senda oie mutt «6B pH. Koraé on orxpix noprééas, ortyaa wiinare xaxdaeto oyude- xa, néanax e& » enpocitx: + 9ro Bax nyfexo? = Tloxamfte! Ja wet, a70 npdéeto Sywaxduxa xaxda-to, Bifopocs= Te 08. = Kax one no’r? By oxyfuann? - ¥ ne¥ nesoxnu6l Ho gonéabno npudraut ronocéx. = ¥ pec consume adta? = Onéit advepn 15 ser, apyréii- adcats. A cunfume scerd ma réana. 9514. Kax6i nenéx cordana! Ha sé6e na 66naxxa. Ho xe xépxo, norou$ aro c udpa afet Berepéx. 12. Bur y wena apyxée no mpéun volta. Méreii opdax. Torts ot neuéimol nga. 13. ¥ xctizenfuta Conétoxoli Amu Tp aB¥oaowKH, a y xanurd= xa = veTipe, 14. Pduensi npanoandaca na xpopdtu x cxasda: = Cecrpiiua, gai woatunn ucnite. 15. Saxrize cnet! = He uorf; 2dunoxxa neperopéxa. 16. A xynda nfwyuyn wautuny. 5. SUFFIXES OF ADJECTIVES Russian adjectives (and adverbs) may also acquire various shades of meaning with the aid of suffixes. Ad- jectives formed with the suffixes -oxbK-, ~exsx- (nx6xoHE- wnt, cxdoousenl) are often used with diminutive nouns (although they may be used with any noun), Adjectives formed with the help of suffixes -opar-, (epacnopéruti, cungaétuit ) indicate only a partial presence of some quality (reddish, blueish). Ynpaxnexne Hlepepeaute c pyccxoro wa axnixicxniis 1, Bonoviva y wend wanondto. Ho mnveré - xaxexnoyar noézem. 2. = Moweny su xot#re nepedxats? ¥ sac nea» éxems xopduas xéuxata. 96Be 8. = Ta, xéunatka wforexsxan, caétaexsxan, xo ye oxfunou udq monxan. 4 xowf noucrdts yro-nudyas n06ésme. Cerdéana su naoxondto Biyunan cnopd. Bpaw soar xaxjo-to réuensxyn tpfoouny u nogouta « onepi uaénHomy cTory. Bu npwunt panoséto. CoOpdane xaxsizcs téasKo dpes vac. To fanue cexds wdavwue » 6éaonsxol pySauduxe. B xdunaty pours wisensxas crapfuna, Kaxéa xopéuenpnea nényura! NOTE: Sometimes adjectives changed with the help of suffixes acquire new meaning. E.g. xopéuexsxas ~ pretty Sentences for Translation in Classroom You needn't do it. He may know her address. He may come to Moscow in the summer. I'11 give you the book today so that you may have tine to read it before the examination. If she had called at his office at five o'clock yesterday, she might have found him there. You ought to be more careful. We are to meet at seven o'clock. 978. %. 10, a. 12, 13. 14, 15. 16. My friends are to arrive tomorrow. I was to call on him at 9 o'clock in the morning, so I got up very early. He speaks French well, doesn't he? You can't do that, can you? Your duty was to inform me about it immediately. I intended to go there. He has a great desire to be invited to the party. He is known to have been working on this problem for many years. I asked him several times to give up smoking, but he wouldn't, ame) m Homework Toassyack RAHM cXOBaM, SAKOHYHTS Gpask M MepenMmTe uxt pasuép uépa npuuép xépentt npuuépra it uépea npauepérs/npauépaTs ueponpudtae mowepats/asuépats nouepéane 1”) 2) 3) 4) 5) Buaracdne 6 ouno pycduex woerd sees o Metp = Sto sess arnmi. os crynextom. Bee npenogandrtexu cxntdmt Copres Osafnan cro’ crates, on oe. wardun xomfa saan & Bnepé_ no xéumate. Mz npinaxn onepriume 4... x toxf, wtéou noadomwe oxy ‘tam odanme ne noptopdance. 986) 7 8) 9) 10) 41) 12) 13) 14) Cpok odsacuéers yatters mamctptponan éuens yadouunn To miéunw wnSrax yséwux, spdus anxdetes s1eudutom verBép- Tore Askrop npurasde Temnepatfpy dorbnéro xdxave ma acd. Tpéexe vex unt» xocr#u, noprusii A&xxen CHATS CBAC wees « Bhas,%r0 nvc6x une noxpépases, nponaséu npearomdx une sees ord Xponémer cr¥xnt ana téunoro . spéuenn. € 1918 rdaa e conérenon Cofse mregend uerpduecan cHerée aa. tro neonérree 4, nde anpdxunn neasod cxutdérs yad anne. B 1921 roa¥ rdron s Tloséaxne gocthr yxacKoumx « 99Lesson _# 11 FORMATION OF ADJECTIVES FROM NOUNS, ADVERBS, VERBS AND NUMERALS The following suffixes are used: A. The suffix "Hu" (mew, “eui) is used to form ad~ jectives from noun stems, The stress in adjectives thus forned is usually on the penultimate syllable, but occasion- ally remains on the same syllable as in the original word: Npawe pw: xexé0 = 0 = iron; iron (adj) xeaés = mutt névep = evening; evening (adj = peuép = meni Tpaxtae Ending - next un’ i Sct - 0 = places local = 06 Srom mponcuéeTaun O&xo HamfcoHo 8 see. rasétax. xéuen= 3 - stone; stone ( adj.) o B $row aepésne TéioKo oahu + BOM. coxpét = secret; secret (adj) . (restricted information Buf adam... nopysduie. enop = argument, dispute; controversial . gro éuexs eee. ponpde. yor - cosiness; cosy Cadj.) Yonnx udsewsnag, HO +e. KECDTHpa. 100apropurét = authority; authoritative mud Stu cednenns us 2... ucTounKoE. Bpen > harm, damage; harmful, injurious Kypénne - dscns .... npupifuxe, sapésa - infection, contagion; contagious Tap - éuens + Conéoms, Ending Yuratize: aét= 0 = summer; summer (adj). + KocTiM. Mae u¥xno Kynats ome & = winter; winter (adj). Coréana uactoduan ses. noréaa. doce - » - autumn autumnal .e.e Bnowanteyli .... aeus mpudruo cuaéts aéua y ropduerc Remitne. + A variantof the basic suffix " "is found in the suf- fix (-u-H=), which is adied to adverbs, ‘The stress re- mains on the same syllable as in the original word, Tpmwepy: ceréama = today; today's = ceromua = um- mit Tparrmea: Uneaiet awepd - yesterday; yesterday's 101Mue Sens nompésurca sooo GatbMe adstpa == tomorrow; tomorrow's Mae oemdrn, yTo Mos oSsaBxénue nofsuTcA Be uduepe raséta. Bue - outsides outward, external . . (foreign) piay dra uarépua xanouudet wax. To . Wr uoywdeu .e4. nomtrmey Conétexoro Con: mine = now; present, present day (adj) moxonéan éuers untepecfetca enéptom. C. The suffix -enu- is frequently used to form adjectives from nouns, with the stress remaining the same as in the original word, Tpuwe pet rocynépers - 0 - state, — rocyadpeta - om - uit - state, pertaining to the state . Hpenrana: Sura tir wcKyccTB = 0 = art; artificial (false) Bnece mpawendorcr «++. opousuue. (irrigation) Bam npmgStca BCTasuTh sees 2YOu. xyaémecta = 0 > arts artistic . ‘mostly pictorial) Sta kapriina - nactofuee .... npoussenénue. mesw- 6 - letter, writing; written Sdorpa y ctynénroe 6fn0T .e44 oxoduen. 102Soxésn-» = ilines: sickly, unhealthy ,,.. ES uyx duexs wexonéK. 006g = dinner; dinner (adj) yeee Bea ceusd cuabsa sa. croadu. entucts = 0 == unity; unique (the only). Mx sees cuR Oux yout na nolind, xosdlicrs - 0 = econonys economic .. thrifty (person) ++ Tran commaéteu b Copétexom Codse xé Our sifnomMen. oad duews 2.5 xémumna: y-weé acu ecarad m ndanom no= paae. terious 5. (stress: tad + MowesHoBéEnE. tduucts = 0 = sacrament, mystery; my Cexperdrs coocusin aupéetopy c 6yxdr c erd croad. With noun stems of foreign origin the suffix =) is used to form adjectives. The stress always suffix. ‘1s on the pepomim = q = revolution; revolutionary-pesoxmum =éxn-wil Tpaxrmxa: Ayredret aratéim = 8 = propaganda; propaganda (adj) « anctésxn, Bo uevondne toro nuccaxiips xauxh cencdu - a - sensation;(big stir) sen 3 seuépxei rasSte oft naneudram ., tional .... + wosdotna. 103D. ‘The suffix = on-(mit) - (-off, if ending is stressed) is often used in forming adjectives from noun stems. The ad- jective thus formed has the meaning of "pertaining to, or having the characteristics of the concept expr the stem", With the suffix -cx-mil the stre: the original syllable of the stem, Tpuwe pas: répon = citye ropom = cx = 6 = municipal conéz = council, committee; conér = cx = ui = soviet (attr.) Mocnsd - Moscows uocnés = cx = uit + fug, -0 = Mescow(attr.) pax: Murattre: yuupepentér - universitys university (attr.) VYuord cots soos anntdu. geppéas = Februarys February (attr.) soos A mpowstés 06 stom Be uéuepe mypnéxa "Bonpdcw sounosndana", Kuréi = Chinay Chinese B Srou uysbe muserca Sordran Konséeuna repé# = hero; heroic on 6ux narpaxatn Spaenou sa esol 44+. noct#nox. naccardp = passengers passenger (attr.) soo Mo Béare xégat mpexpdcuue .... mapoxdm. Myx > busband, many masculine, men's B Sox waraoiine noaysen xoutaue tes noctias’ 104udpe e+ sea sea (attr.) itis (stressed Lis ceee napoxdmu udryt nonamudtucn BODE He poss Bose no npictaxm Hrdpra, Be The suffix - ecr-is a variant of the preceding one. The stress is usually on the syllable imnediately preceding the uf fix. pzueps: nomitex - a © policy, ke noamtéa = ecx-ai = politic: political Dpaxruna’ aw rer ppar = enemy; rex enemy (attr.) .... Buepé camoaéty ComOdau nam répon. npdxtux - a = practice; x - 4 practical Ox nuxeré ne nonuudet » 444. sonpécax aifonn. Fe The suffix -ssecK - is added to stems of international- ly used words of foreign origin. The stress is fixed on the first syllable of the suffix. Mpmwepyt KomuyHict © communist; koumynuct = #uecr-ni - communist (attr.) Tpaxtmnat atepnamtct - materialist; materialistic 105nonuudaun ucTopi~ : Tedpua wapxedowa ocnépaxe Ha ‘ecroro mponécca. reorphh - ua = geography; geographical B rémgou nxécco sucht. KaprH. qororpdp - ux - photographys photographic .... Pénom c udu orxpiizca marestx oe. upanaaréxnocroit. ractponéu = epicure; gastronomical ., delicatessen (store) B stom maracifne au udxete xymits pyccrne saxyorn. xxfuer - Climates Sroti nayano# excnemvuum npuurdcs padétats » duens Taeémux ve. yordnuax. Suffix -2HB- serves to form adjectives from verb and noun stems. In the majority of cases such adjectives in- dicate that the person or thing described by them displays characteristics which are akin to the underlying word, In adjectives derived from verbs the stress falls always on the suffix; in those derived from nouns it may fall either on the original stem or on the suffix. gomm - rain; noma = mipeuil - rainy; sops - dtp = to growl, Bop -afn-utt «= grumpy; to grumble; pancmxa: Yurattre: texas - talents talented . 106Cpdsy Bifano, yto Stor powdx uanfcan .... muckteseu. ewicth =e = lucky Bro Cian cduue . Mod repné- tm = On éuens sépucts = envy; ud avout poudm ¢ to endure physically; lucky, happy rém voéit mom. ronndu. patient sees ToronéR. envious Or «++. veronéxa scerad udeno mpats KaKdi-nKOy aD nenpudrHocta. nyr = és + to scare; scary, shy Korn eu noézere na Stoll xsmagu, Sfaste octopémmu: ond éuems . cyet = freca = A péaxo sifzex taxdro H. The suffix -respz- qualitative adjectives. Preceding the suffix. Tpuuepy: Boomytf - Th = to revolt, to rouse indignation; Tpaxr Unralire yoort- ts = to convinces to fuss, to bustle; fussy . eee ToxoBéKa. ia added to verb stems to form Stress is fixed on the syllable poomyrd - rexsn-ull = Fevolting, outrageous convincing 107B nontsepeasnue cnoéti redpun mpopsecop npmnds nocsud sees doKasdrensctpa, yexexé = ts = to carry away, fascinating .... to fascinate, to captivate; absorbin, A cotiude wutdw duom> .... geTextisnuti poudn, naoupé = th = to elects electoral .... « Kaunénua npoxdaut ypessuyditxo uRTeRcHBHO, woosperé - Ts = to invent; inventive, resourceful Hoa nerd ne Coc: on vexoRéR . Hadanad = th = to observes observant Hew néputi wavdasnux cpdoy sc8 saueudett on dsens yenoBéx. mté- 1» = to feed, to nourish; nourishing . Témy nau nest, xoTs u omxoospéonye, Ho + yrotpesh= t - to uses common, generally used . Crynéure nommmi, npéene ncerd, eilywirs edie . cxond. ocxopo# = rh = to insults insulting . Baum cxond a cuntéo 2... ana coods I. The suffix -25H-, when added to verb stems, produces adjectives stressing the purpose of the words they mudify. The stress is usually on the syllable preceding the suffix. 108Ipywepy: rpasnposd - Ts = to engrave; rpapupond - asnewt! used in engraving Hpaxtuxe: xyné- taca = to bathes bathing suit .... Tax ax wz égev na oper udpa, ro mau mdg0 xymizs cree Roct#ium, oOpytd ~ th = to betrothy wedding ring .:.. nord sees Réxpua o6wuno zéaantcs ws sdx0Ta. Je The suffix -aaem- is often used in forming adjectives from nouns of foreign origin, The stress usually falls on the suffix, Rpuwepy: xoxénu = 2 = colony; xosonn = Gxsx -uit = colonial Bpaxtuxa: Unraitre: ropuséur = horizons horizontal .... TMpogéccop npopéa na aocké 4... atu. téarp = theaters theatre (attr.), theatrical sees Mer¥cetBo B Pocc#u Bcerné crofzo xa coxudit Bucord. rénm © genius; (man) of genius Hanoxedn Boués » netépun KaK 4.6, noaKoBdzen. uextp = centers central ..., Mu fuew nomeménxe gis waraowne Bo... vderm rdpona. 1091 4 3. ™ 40, an. a3. 14, 4s. 16. Sentences for Transiation in Classroom I intend to go there on Sunday. He seems to have finished his work. This writer is said to have written a new novel. He must have forgotten about it. I don't know where he is. He may have gone to Leningrad. I saw her leave the room. I feit him put his hand on my shoulder. It was difficult to refuse his request. There is every reason to suppose that the cargo will ar- rive in tine. To understand the importance of this event you should kmow all the facts, He would sit for hours on the shore and (would) look at the sea, I would call on him on my way hone. Would you mind passing me the salt? Would you tell me the time, please? He can do it hinseif. They may come tonight. Zomemmee sazann Homework Tomssyacs ZaMMMM cxOBAMH, DaKOKUHTe GpaoM M MepenuUMTe UX? aude /xamits anuém 7am, xmmp 1613K0, aumdtsca/ammhts oa xf mu Om, 1101) 2) 3) 4) 5) 6) 7” 8) 9”) 10) 11) ta) Al siey, «To a pax Odasme ne Hfmex, a onech EuS = pdunet udzogoctm on .... ornd m udropn. Caodu nonenéanex au ..e4 wed nooudenocrs mouses max. Born y pac ects se. cxopdps, ogormite eré ume, B ondxy soéunoro nomwyndoua xfitexmx roponés mpuxomlxocs uemirupaets xesepofrme 2... . Bo cnoéit miionu om nécmoxsxo pas 4... noord u adaxon Our erpéurs caof xmoms dnono. Ha coopdmun om aéx ceod tax nenpaatuno, YT0 erd soso exdsa. Bo spéua cnépa a paccepaixca « naronopha ey undrO see 06 Stom onder 4444 cam ampéxtop u, udxer Ours, erd mo aaa. Hiiwnan ord xnom vend noansia cpod oddsannoctm no cx¥xde. uéqrenxo amar pax, Tepecfyet: sss. of xopomds mo= + 4 youd stosmusyas, 5 Sanéayouero warastnou nocamisn 5 uonpasttezsno-tpy a0B6e aérepp mpes na aécats 207, uuLesson _# 12, FORMATION OF ADJECTIVES FAON NOUNS, ADVERDS, VERBS AND NUMERALS Tont™d) K. ‘The suffix -on-,-en- Serves to form adjectives from noun stems to denote the material out of which something is made or some characteristic trait expressed by the original noun, The stress is variable. Tpnwepat poe eaky ays ~ 6p = uit Co = combat; 6o = op 6H Tpaxrune: Muraitre: Suffix - op eByx = sound; sound (attes) see (stressed ending) « dan udsern nomssdteca B xonné spaandtux roxés. atte.) cocné = pines pi Béper udpa onecs moxpiit see. 16cou. néxo =~ «tDusinesss busin Boo s+. oyudrn aoxdr » cétige. mex = fur fur attr.) (ate B raxéu xoxéqnow xatwate ndao mMsTD 6 Suffix - néx-e + field; field (attre) seve (stressed ending) B cpéanel monocé Poccin « paddru xomudetca B oxtadpé - xoadpé. uazerpo- # - formations Line, combat (attr.) .... (atressed ending) dene oxonudana soénaux yutxnm, uoxomie ofanépu na- omaudotca Ha see. adaxHocta. Suffixes -on(-exare also used to form possessive ad- Jectives from masculine nouns denoting persons. Formerly in fre- quent usage, this word derivation is becoming obsolete and is restricted to collequialisms and to some literary styles. Mpuwepy: crapaxés fou = gow crapund ornéna tpfoxa > tpyore ornd antéxepesa xend + = ox anréxapa aecuuxépa zduans = adman> z0ecmmné The suffix-xa-(um) performs the sane function with feminine and masculine names of persons ending in -a =n . xéunno naxsrd = maxsré xont eécrpunm aétu - xétu cocrpt yolreasmuuwn cuH = oun yulreaszam Rhmne coodxa - cotdxe ndax Mftunxa xéunara - xéuneaTa Minor The above suffixes are responsible for the formation of most Russian surnames, for which purpose they may be add- ed not only to names of 3 but to other words as well, including adjectives. In this respect there is sone parai- Jelism with English surnames, E.g. Hpdnos (cuz)= Johnson; Kyonenos (cum) = Smithson. Tpywepy pycoxux_ gexurn! roB, en = Merpés (Tézp), Anpéxes (Anpéas), Yepxée (48pmuit) Hepés (nep6), Odanuen (cdanue), 113= Xpyntie (xpym - June bug) Kpaczds (xpdcmwit), Huxoxdep (Haxoxdl), Jpop (Jes), Béxxon (02x) 0B, -ep ‘The feminine form of these surnames would be: Nezpd~ Yopxéna, Be, Anpéxen: = Néren (Hera), Tjunnn (nfana), Orde (nrdua), Bopogfx (sopond), Kopésun (xopésa), Bopéxun (sopé= a4 za), Aénum (Jéna), Créamn (crass) M. Prefixes are also used to form adjectives. A few examples of such word formations are given, as follows: (1) The particle men, used asaprefix reverses the mean- ing of the original adjective, or mitigates it to a certain extent: BB. nesoxsust mesectmt nonrfmt weonauitezbEMl necaéxmuit netp§amuit (2) The prefix mpe- raises the quality expressed by the original adjective to a high degree: Ege mpeaéopuk mpesadésmuit penal upesenpaATaat mpenporitemuit u4(3) The prefix cpepxe (over, above, ultra) is main- iy used in scientific and technical terminology: E.g. cBepxosyxoséit = supersonic cpepxuSurmsii + super-power (attr. ) ceepxexopoctaé = super=: cpepxypéumwit + overtime attr.) cnepxepéunan cafada - re-enlistment cpepxeectécrsemmi - supernatural epepxtexonéx + superman (4) The prefix Seo-, Sec- (without, -1ess) is often used. The resulting new adjectives have the mean- ing " not possessing some quality, devoid of something ", etc. Soréononmnt (painie: Seospéamut Sovéoraumit = (cloudies: Socnonéummit secrornéeut = (muddie-headed, stupid) Soonsscmst Secnéuoum# Secnpumntnmt Seonarixmutt = (hopetes: COMPOUND WORDS We have examined various instances of word formation by derivation, i.e. the formation of new words from existing ones by the addition of prefixes and suffixes, We shall, usnow, show a few instances of word formation by compounding = a process of forming new words by combining two or even more lexical items as component parts. 1 2 3 Beg. runposnextpocrdu mms A. Compound Nouns ‘The Russian language has developed several methods of forming compound nouns (1) Noun stems followed by a verb stem with the insertion of the vowels ‘to or "e" to serve as a connecting link, Many words, formed in this manner, classify people or mecha- nical devices, according to the function they perforn, Boge tem = 0 = x6x (aenonéx) from "x8" (ice) and xox67» to break, to stab) = icebreaker ma - © - céc (muxecéc) from "nun" (dust) and gocérs (to suck, to aspirate) = vacuum cleaner Several verb stems, shown below, are especially productive as second elements in compound word: Try to figure out the meaning of compound words formed with their help. = Bap (sapith - to boil, to cook, to brew) nuposép, cxponép, raitonép = Bog (noaits = to lead, to conducts pasponit» = to breed animals or cultivate plants) axerypconéa, nuenonéa, aeconéa, xtonnonéa NOTE: For sone fields of activity only a derived form with the suffix -crzo is wu: 5. exoronéqerpo = animal husbandry, cattle breeding nyponéqetso =“ poultry raising 116(zostits = to convey, to carry, to drive) naposés, tensopés, exextposds ~ xon (xomfrs - to go) neuexéa, napoxéa, tensoxSa - fox (nésats = to make, to do) Bunonér, mactonéx, Spaxonéa The suffix 8 used to form neuter nouns denoting the trade involved; e.g. "sunogéame" = winemaking in- dustry, Some compound words of that type exist only in this derived form, e.g. "gowrogdme” ~ agriculture, - 30 (aopfts = to catch, to trap) speporés, nrnuerés, pucords - mtr (ueréts - to throw) uunoutT, nyzextr, ormextr ~ gpépon — (qporontts = to convey, to conduct, to 1ay out) Bononposéa, egrenporéa, rasonposdx - gtpol (erpénts = to build, to construct) Avenpoctrsk, Bonroctpé = construction projects distinguished by place names. NOTE: With the addition of the suffix ast Hue. we get such words Mamvmoetpoéane, ey z0cTposHHe. naponosoerpossne (2) There is a fairly common form of compounding which Diends pronouns with verb stems or with nouns derived from verbs: camopép, cenox87, cauoxpfruxe, cauoc$x cauomione, cpoeséane, cawonéatexsnocts 17(3) Stems or full forms of the genitive case of numerals are compounded with nouns: tpeyréabrux, ‘veTwpexyréasnaK, MnoroyrdzsEun, wemupixxétea, nataxérxa, comérxa (4) Ever since Worid War I and especially after the Revo- lution of 1917 a new type of compounding came into fashion: Anitial syllables or even initial sounds of words were grouped together to form abbreviation: E.g. Honosnfrexsunit Komurér == menonndu Kowrynucthvecknt Cov Moxonémn = xoucouda Kyonéuxni Saccéiin - Kyocéce pagSuu xoppecnonngut = padxdp gonétcroe xosdtomno = copxéo Qonactuét Kounrér (néprux) - Ooxdu aruraménnui nyer - ardrnyuer Rpowfurenio-gunéucorst naa ~ npougunnads Sapnoe ynpanaéuue - paltof patiénnoe paéumut oradx KapSanoro o6pasoeduun ~ palions Palidumit gundxcosuli otaéx - paligd Abbreviated compounds which consist only of initial Sounds of the component words are either pronounced as a normal sequence of sounds, sys (sfewse yudonce aanenéune) gor (goaroppéuennen oruends zé4xa) sare (ahnnes drop rpaxaducrore coctosinus) or spelled out as a sequence of letters. This happens when the abbreviations mostly consist of consonants, BB co CP = 3c¢= 3c= 9 = 9p 118KIB - Ka-Te-5e (Kounrér rocyndpetsen+ HoH Gesondchocta) Knee - Ka le = 9c - 3¢ (Kouuyuncrifvecran ndprua Copérexore Cosa) B. Compound Adjectives Compounding of adjectives is a much less frequent pheno- menon than the compounding of nouns. Sone examples can, how- ever, be cited. As in the case of nouns, the vowels "o" or “e" serve as links between the component parts: (1) Adjective + noun + adjectival suffix mexéano q0péunui (from xexés"aa nopora) coponséautt (from cépue rzasé) wepHopoxd cult (from sépmie nézocu) cetpofuml (witty) (from Serpwi yu) (2) Adverb + Adjective or participle Bucéxoospasosannut Sapapoustcr sum tt MaxoxyasT$puult uanoynotpeokreanHyt anorovd oxen. zat (3) Adjective + Adjective Téuno=chunt eBéra0~ ronyooit sonotheTo-xtaTEA Apron putt 0.26 aH0~ péscpNtt 119™ 10. (4) Numeral (mostly in Gen.Case) + Noun and Adjecti- pend anata ppivéeut ee ee tpUxanéemnt nateneftat cropyouseu rpSxotéxmxt (5) Pronoun + Adjective or Participle seenéayunit exerdanuit acesosuémmull cpoenéanmutt csceospéamut camonéxsmit camonosé.xpunit Sentences for Trans. in Classroom He worked hard not to lag behind the other students. I don't know him well enough to a him for help. He did not know whether to go there or not. I like people to tell the truth. ‘They don't like to be asked about it. They saw the enemy plane fly over the hou! they heard the bombs drop and felt the earth shake. I heard his name mentioned during the conversation. I consider him (to be) a clever man. I suppose him to be about fifty. I believe then to be honest people. 120hem to be right. t them to arrive soon. himself to be strong enough to take part in the iB to be invited, MME OTOBGMH, DAKONWHTS Gpasw u nepenuuuTe uxt ins smoftrens th smoot Bétsca ano 5H mt ansomitaut onuil smdosn Great pu x Aétau = cpatée aysctno. +» caoé xenf u neréH, xyméts Sta nanupéeu By Taddanou varasdne. «a * pondtenmu on scerad noanfcunaer Tax: Bec cun Hunoxrdi, fers xdero ocramésanmant onecs cook uautuy w méommu sknou, une o sduew + sandtun. yer cpoli noc, xax dz0 adaaot ace ses. afm. To $ror yuéuuit ews B uonomie rémgy ona xpd. To on Re oTxdxerca noméys Bax dx. on Suexs oMRER mpeanasnardetca ne axa npopeccuondxsmux ana uogspon= . 1a. u the nominative Roun nr pronoun s the plural, eget 20me { ft refers to honoe +e rte Su, Land ¢ c5ecrpou dnoun in the sing- . enosition @ to is invariably in id the-noun with ite ctpd, on u cecrpd, i, Bu ec cectpdi,ond takes the plural 8. the verbs given future or past) x etynénton. xonits piloy. waamua Hote6. ste edu yxé (rozopfits) 05 stom. 7. Tw w Horde (nexfpute) odezpa. 8 Tu c Harduet (nexfputs) odetpa. 9. On» Teéprai (rotésuts) aonahae 10, On c Tedprueu (rorésurs) aoxada. 11, On m Tawdpa gapnd yd (annts) S70. 12. Ond c Teudpot naned yxé (onats) dro. Read the followin sentences, puttine the verbs given in brackets in the past tense aré raking then agree with the per the A Thxo (néaats) c aepéssen cyxhe mheTEa. Bétep (pepérs) uémnem ania u (ytuxdt») réanxo aduan. Tlo sesepdu cézxue (expusdzaea) pao. Hfoxoe cdanue ocren#reasno (6ut») = ranch. Hésuli weronex (coonandtsca) Sopeod. Yexonéuecteo (uaTh) snepéa, coszarda xyanTfpy 4 ume anokune ugperayetea, Yto Stor vexoséx (oath) undro u sto ¥ nerd (Cuts) cBod cucréua onduxn anaéi. Read the following sentences, putting the verts into pro- forn in the present tense (A); in the past tense (B); in future tense (C). 1. Ba omecs (mut) yxé nour nendxn. 2. On (npuassdt») dtouy paarosépy Gorse snauénne. 3. Yrpow a (perandérs) sceraf s 7 vacéBe ys Brot udazunk yed xopomd (pucondt») + 124Ss Alc Comsmiu mxrepécom (aurdts) Sry xufry = c xdepot erpamimett (yoxandts) ro-To Hép0e. . te On we (mous) coodumfrs Bau 06 dtom. 2. Be’, 70 o:a0 wamfcazo, tu (crepérs). 3. Hama npoufmrennocts » $rou roaf (socti=s) Bucémoro ‘fro 4. yaé (npmeitemyrs) x mézol odcrande: 5. Cupézn yas (pacmpecté) . c. 1, C sderpammoro ana ta (nocewlss) dum npaxrésecene sax rmx. 2. Mu mmxorad ne (s008ts) 06 stom sauevdtexsnou ane. 3. Ha muax s ndmeu réponse (ormpitaca) uéan OnOamoTéKa. he Srmu xérou a copstozo (sandrsen) pyoonnu noutut. 5S. He xommte axons, m doxn (masdtscn) rpood, Gortze cxo- pée nous. Read the following text, putting the applicable verb in brackets into proper form: Byopé Tedprai Nerpésux Harfitan c xendi Ox»rotl Hexoxdes- norodx Borpétuts Hiiny Ideacsny. Ont a maardépue m (xzaTs, ooxadérs) desma, Mée0q (ondommars, onosmits), Yacst Gaara Haxoxhes- mot (éxats, é3mu7s) néxro (etodts, etats) mu (noxdswpate, noxasdts) ma acd, Hexonéy, néeox ( npu- xomizs, npnliré). Korad néeox nosxomix x crdmumm, tifa dp aopna (07 erate) yond x (uaxdt», waxnfs) pyndi. 125Téesn (octaxdsxmpatsca, octaxosdtsca), » Hwa Idszop- ne (puxonirs, Bi sdrsen) x (nasmnézs, xaxézs) ronopizs o cnoix nexdx, 0 a) uo pardéna. Adux (nexopdtboa, nonexo~ nadtpax « o madmax, Haxdtax (npepwedts, ppepsdzs) ux c yaloxoll m (rozo~ pits, cxasdzs): "lodgew-na noudi! Bx dua (yonepdts, youér») marosopitsca sadsoxs o Bduux xémcrmx meadx". On (Spats, Boats) y Hamy [dszopmy Sardznyn xeutéemm, (spars, noopdrs) mociixsumea x (ganda, gars) oxy xentémomn, uréou ror (noaysdts, noxyuérs) = upumic carée, Bee (uanpasadtsca, manpésutsca) r Biixony. He nxémage népeq soxsdszou (ctodts, crars) aptomoddam. Hockasumm (npmuocéts, upmmecté) veuondmu x (gnats, nospdrs) taxci, [edpruit erpésmy (gandrs, pats) noctasmmny ua wall. Hockzsmmx (Szaronapérs, nodzarogapsts) a, nord moptp (yxxd- ars, yxoxdts) vexonéax, (nouordrs, mowses) xduaw coors B apromosdas, Hundram: (zuts, poss) sa réponou. Guaviza antoun- Odzs uéaxexno §=6(gparatsca, mpénytsca) mo radenot fanue. Tax (xexomfzsea, matirdes) Soxsmfe uarecfmu, Sduxa = mumotedzpu. Cxdpo anrowoddas (snesxdrs, aaéxars) ma woot <épeo perf. 126"Kan tyt unéro aéenu!" (pocxaundts, nocerienyrs) Bina ndszopna. "Hanéece, to pu cuéxere (otmuxét», orgoxnyrs) y ac ot uyua edwero Comusro répone", (nopopéz, cxasdrs) Onura Huxondenna. ‘dpeo xécxounno uamfr antowocdixs (nomseaxdts, nome gxatp) « (octandeampatson, ocranopiitncn) Seozo aéua c se abso xpswel. Boxpfr agua oun cag, rae (upects, 2a1 upect#) xéxtue n Téuno-xpdeme pdow, Hwetrux (ormpupdte, orepizs) mpeps u xdetom (npu- Zaauétp, upansackts) scex ( sxomfrs, solird). "Mhrocra mpd- cm", — (nosoptzs, cxacdts) ome Bee (npoxoadt», npotitd) » coxsmye ceétayn rocrdnyn. Ha nom¥ (uoxdtp, oun) Kosép » (crodrs, crate) udseas enéracro zépesa. Teépret Netpéswa (orepwadts, orxpiirs) mpépuy uxdga, (goctapéts, goctdty) syriany snd a coxdax u (ropopiits, cae adr): "Coiwde wx (nrzp, eifmts) 20 xduy petpéay u uréow (apdomtopars, ornpdawtopars) npuéon uduweli aoporéit récran." Read the following sentences,using the right intona= tional patter: applicatle to Russian statenents, questions and explanatory phrases: 1. Méexe aéeunii sce coonpdntca » odze. Were adeumn Bee coompdnzea B sdne? 127Midexe xdxunii sce cospdoren B odxe Téexe adxuni - pce 8 sant 2. uarasin npzpesat néswe xnira. B 8 mareodx npupesxh ndewe xnira? B maraody apmpesaé pdpye eudra? B wareody mpusesat udsxe xudtra! Baafix caax oxaduen no dfouxe. Baatu can oxsduex no difowxe? Bamim coax oxodwen no dHonne? Ypd! Baavu cas. oxsdven no gfonKe! Sta xpacdsuua eré xexd. re xpacdsuuea end xend? 3: xpacksuna eré xend? Sra xpacksuna ero xexd? Kaxda xpacdsuua eré xexd! ‘Mx nofigé™ B tedtp npduo uo mucTuTfta, Mit notinéw p_redrp uo unctaTfta? ‘tz nowiméy B tedtp uo mneturyra’ Mx nolizé s tedtp! Stot apobdccop sanaét undro Bonpécos. Stor npodéccop saaaét uudro sonpécon? not npodSecop sagaét wuéro Bonpécos? cre! 9rot mpopSccop saga’t mdro ponpécost 1287+ Ha sasdze pasdrant unoctpdumue cneruaxtcts. Ha sesdze padérapr uxoctpdnuye cnermaatcru? He sendae paddtant gxoct) ¢_cnemmaxtcru? Mpeacrdss ceoé, xa sandne pacéranr mmoctpdmmue onenmentcru! 8. Bu mpumanems xa sfstpax eudcte c cocrpéit. detpax pudcre c cectpdil? Bu upmrvememi za sderpar sudcre c cecrpéi? Bu npmrvamem! na SM noptopdot Bu mpmrwamemt na oderpax eudore ¢ cectpdi! 9. Ond nepenncda S70 mmcaud. Oud nepennedza Sto mmcaud? ond nepenucdxa do mucous? me pax rosops, «to ond nepenucdxa $70 mmcaud! Read the following text, putting the verbs in brackets in the imperative: (Ipurorésutsce) x frpemmell rmadcrane: ( orxpitrs ) oxnd =u (nponétpats) nomeméxme, (siitpaxnyts) rdspex, (manéts) onoptépau noctéu = rdnowm. (Bcrats) mpéwo, (pacnpdsurs) rpym unséum x 6 (xawundts) ynpaxnésua. (Nocrdsats) aérm suéore, réxopy (nepedts) upduo, pyxn (noandzs) mmepx. (Orerdsurs) dry masda, pfxn (omecté) réae nasdx, (mpo- refreca) « mpm drom (caéaars) pazox. (Onyorirs) pfx saxo, (wopmyrsca) » xcxdance noxomémue x npx drow (ondzats) a- ox. Bo spéua capdaxn (sumdrs) épes noc u me (sandpaupets) muxdaue. ‘dene oxomsduna yupaxuéaus (upandrs) ayn uxm (06- repétnoa) udxpww nosotéxmeu. Taxdi exeqnéaxoi frpexxet os~ 129pPdgxot (saxexdts) = (yepenidts) caoll opramfou. com Homework Compose a narrative on the topic “Learn Foreign Languages", using the imperative mood of the verbs in the following phrases: upuctymizs x noyxénup, xawwndss sandran, nosmaxdumzscn c gouéruxott, moyséts rpaacdruxy, wtdrs Boxyx, cocrapadrs npemroxénua, mepeckdsxsars texet, oayxsars cxond m ué- awe vupaxéuus, nostopérs mpéiimennoe, nonoandts cxosdpmult sande. Cnesalire mcbuenmuli mepeson oxexynumx gpac Ha aRTUHi- exw asuK? 4. [dene uécxoasenx neyadanux nomfrox, uu Bc& xe ynaxdcs pratt» podas » xéunary. 2. Braroaapd coos anéumocru, Sra apricrea néassyeres 6dxb— me nonyadprocts» cpea# uysulx, yeu cpeat xéxume, 3. Karfu om nyTéu ann nowt, udusue veu uépes vac su tyad fe mpGepsteck. 4. ‘Topife sérpa pacnaxnfz doe andpa adctexs. 5. Béwe assireasnce saweudnue duens ocxoporizo eu. 130#14 RESPECTIVE USAGE OF "ror" AND tigzor IMPERATIVES The Russian demonstrative pronouns “Sror" and “or” fre often equated in English to “this” and “that respect- ively. | This, however, does not give an adequate sive to the eee of Zot im Rusian, In fact, "that" is much more fre- quently used in English than "ror"’ in Russian. don't like that man - une ne updsntoa Szor wenonén, "Tor" is mostiy used in contrast to. "Sror®, Stor etox Comsubl, a tor udzeunKuit. Tt is also used with reference to things remote in space or tine. B ro spéua a ou’ ué ous xendr. Tk is also used as a linking word between the main CJause and a subsidiary clause (equivalents at English spretruction of the type = he, who ..., those, who , at the place, where ...) Tez, Kto exasdx sau $70, oukson. Ha rou udere, rae ctods nan nou, tenép» noerpéuan coxrsndi uareata. Mpow#talite npeatoxenta, seranzaa puecro Toxer ror ata 2TOT 8 RYRNOl dopwer 1. Kanda xoaSquan smu 5, + Toaf! 2+ B npéwrou roaf onud ound no raxda xoxSmian. 8 see Toa adxe » mpapé téax crer. + On odes uns sonpée. 4 adaro fuer, no nande ne wor ompétuts na 4.4. sonpde. 131he od rosSpur: waest Be ndme, © 2 XHBY B soos adue, xovSpsii xexdaxres nosagd medica. ceréaua saech Sx. 4 untepécnan zéxuna. Ha xéxunn sea youSan wudre wéz0re. bs sees y RTC Tax roRonft, npfcto ue onder apemeéra ndue— re pagroséoa. 7. Ceréma xe nolizéte © uaraodu, rae ax Bxepd Bile geax néeue Sotoannapdtu, v youditre nowtu ond. . He aapdlire adver .see, Roxy au ne nosepiore. 9. He aésaiite ...., notowy sro notéw y pac Ofayt wenpadT~ HocTH. 10. 1 caw Bam 100 pyoubii, Co nensrdun su goégete 10 Mocnad 4 tam octaxéputecs y woerd Gpéta. 411, Yopotto cuesTCH seer, KTO cwe¥TeR nocné AEM. 40. Kro wend tau xaSe? = Bac xA8T sees, C Rem Bu xOTéTH ronopits syepd. Hpowtaiire caeayrume pac, ynotpedzaa caopa myers (nycxdlt) . Raxoe onavep7e TOLYYHTh OODABOBAHHAR TaKvy OOpaGOM ApaDa? 1, Ca mast ty if ontne 2. Sac we sosnyer Srot Bonpéc. 3. Pacuseréet ueTh. 132Ye ond cnaxdra xutéer, a noréu orsexder ua Bonpécu. 5+ Omk cuebroa, a nu me opanftire na uux sxuuduuas 6. Kéxmuii Bosautr cosé no rpm rerpdan. 7. Crynburu edn rorésat csof nonahm. 8 Mocerfirean sfcrasxu uafz cuavéaa » saz We 2. 9+ Ew naar cneppé noéets, a pasrondpunats sm ofaex nordu. 10 do saxéna céanua xére urpéor » cary. 11. Anarp&inar xexdt onecs na crosd no mpuxdaa mupéxropa. 12. Ond afwaer, uz0 By sufoure e&. 13, Sty rexerpduny nowxbt neuéarenno. ‘ke Boo udun cryaéury Sayz xa Sty oxexfpenn. In exhortations and solemn wishes the particle x¢ is used in preference to nyct», nycndi In modern Russian, this particle generally occurs in the Phrases na oupdsorpyor and ga ofner . The particle is generally placed at the beginning of the sentence and is immediately followed by the verb; then comes the subject, which cannot be omitted. The agreement of predicate and ob- ject is normal, Mpowurelize cxeayoume dpasu: 1+ da sapdecrsyer céauue u cxeT! 2. Aa faer xnts néxno B ndumx cepaudx nduats 0 repéax, ndpumx 8 6odx! Aa sapdscrayet zpfada napénon sceré uipal 4. De O¥aor ump ua scot seuré 1 5+ fa oapésctsyet Oonemmdnnue Héuun! 133‘The imperative and imperfective verb preceded by negative particle He expresses prohibition, e. He ropopiire droro 6péry. He ondommalize na oandraa. The imperative of a perfective verb preceded by the negative particle expresses a warning, e.g.: He onoonétr ma noeone He ynanfze - snecs acctunua » momar. ‘The meaning of warning can be further emphasized by adding the imperative from cuotp&, cuotpite to both perfective and imperfective verbs, ¢.g.? Cuorph me cxext el dro. Cuotpite He ynanfte. Cuotphite ue ondeaupaiire. Cuotph ne rosopf 06 rom. In such cases the verb cuotpé (cuorpite) loses its lexical meaning. Tpownraiire caenynume $pask m yKexnTe, Tae Bupaxeno sanpe- UpEHe HK mpeqocTepexenue? 1. He cuorpite ma wend - « ous me onéra. 2. Cuorpitze ne néitre uméro sung - sau Sto Bpéqxo. 3. Bfaste ocropéamu, ue suxondte Ges mazsté - ga apopé 6uens xdx0nH04 us He yunvroxdlize crdpux nfcou. Se Ho nanéiize pesduny onder - S20 xo urpfama. 6. Cuorpiite ue saxpundiize maa » xasoparépau, uotouy ‘ro tam pet apéux adaxen Ours coéanii BéoAyx~ 134He womjuelire endéputs c naudasnxou - on dto10 He asia. He yanexéitzecs xAprowno% urpéii, norowy vro ér0 rpdra spéwern u abner, + Cuorpi He xoaif no rpané, orad tu ofneus ryadte » ca. nf. 10. He ynaxf c agpesa, xorad 6¥zeus prats do20K#. 11. He crapditecs wend yoeatrs © row, veuf a ne sdpn. 12, He ezpewizecs = omfn sduep sifywt» pce oro cron. Ysite ax noctenénxo. Adjectives used predicatively in a sentence may appear both in the long and in the short form. In some cases, one of these forms is preferable to the other. Thus, in sentences expressing 2 Permanent feature or quality of an object, the long form is preferred, e.g wes Oda, wap xpframit If a sentence expresses a temporary quality of an object, gharacterizing it only in the given circumstances, the short form is nore frequently used. The use of only the short foom gs imperative if the adjective has 2 word which it governs, e-8 Aaa sac Sta pacdra tpymé, Mpoxuraiite cxeayoune dpasx w oGpAcHUTe ynoTpeszeRHe B HHX patKoll x nosxol gopu: 1. Sra marépua oporéa. 2. Sro7 Koctiu extuxom umpdx nin wend. 3. B césepxux uopdx noat xoréman. 135We 12. Ceréaua a ne xouf xynéteca: pond dxen» xoromnd. Haut npodéccop no wateudtuxe duenp crpéruiie orot xowaxasp pcerad ctpor c dune Sra xwire atduuan « cxfunen. Ste xnfire aaunnd u ceywid ana peséuna. Sra oyudra Odnaa. TéasKo vo ednapuni cHer 6x Cex uM uncT. Jétow B Jlexunrphae néwm cadtzue. Coréaua Hows HeoduKHoRéHHO cpetzd. Untatire cxeaynume gpasu, nomctepzan B nux adjectives B RyRHOH gopue - KopoTKoli wan nomHOH: ao a 3. be Be 6 Te 8. cy 10. We 12. Mon coctpd 6ueHh sees + % ) ) cnord tins B Stor gen» ond Ouad + Rex xaxorad.) Mo orén tenépp . ) ) Consus Voit oréu yxe orépuliw sees) Stot wemoadH seen d ) remedirnit Srot vemoadt see. aaa wend.) On sees _ ) Spat On wees TéabKO K TOs. ) Ugvowa 6vOHE sees « ) ) cnocdom Tésowne .ee5 x ufouxe. ) Py6éxe Ha HEM sees 6 ) ) wupéxait Sra py6éxa cafumou « 1361. I am satisfied with your progress. 2. Mathematics forms the basis of many other sciences. 3. This money belongs to his 4. Fruit is cheap in summer, 5. Your trousers are too 1ong, ‘The contents of the letter have not been changed. 7. There were many people there. 8. He gave a magazine to his friend. 9%. This engine is driven by electricity. 10. I quite agree with the doctor. 11. My elder brother Peter's son is very i11. 12. Some people do not like meat, 13, Come at any tine, 14, Pushkin created the Russian literary language. 15. His first scientific work was a great success 16, A man told me about it. Copy out the following sentences, filling in the blanks with appropriate words: Bikto eeee ftp0. C udp aya. maderéxx . Béam. B m4, x6 onx0 cutmo 4... onfxa. Coréma . + Bérep. Ha oéper mec} crodza 4... Tame 137mw ua uéxem copepmits 46.6 mporfary. eeee $TPOM Hooves Opat ornpdsmancs B 20C aac. Mit siuxn us nOCUARS H 110 eeee Onmdamy « sa rpmodum. Bux tponfaxe manpésuance K . abcy. Cuavdza uz nepecorst asco ayr, nord nepemré apes sooo péeny w Bomtt B xec. Mocrenéuno xec éxux: mpocundxacs aro, ¢ Bét- wu ma sérey npérexn sees Odanu, . Betepdx menextx Bét~ « xepéssen, sos ayté cdamna ccpeTéxn nepxfunn ne- pémsen. Mx Oxfictpo naSpdan «ee. xopotty ceoe TpHddn © ® o6ézy Bepnyauce noudite Hanmmmre mepenoa Ha PYccRAH ASR CXOAYDURX pas: 1. The conductor asked al1 passengers to show the tickets. 2. Despite the bad weather we went to the stadium. 3. This medicine must be taken every two hours. 4. Let this remain between you and me. 5. The first flowers showed from under the snow. 138Lesson # 15 ROLE OP CONJUNCTIONS IN COMPLEX SENTENCES The conjunction 0 .... zo repeated before each member of a series indicates a succession of objects, phenomena, or actions, On ro cuorpéa 8 xxfry,7o nonmwéx rash w adaro omorpéa = on, (He sat there, now burying his nose in his book, now raising his eyes and’gazing through the window for long stretches of time. The conjunctions He To ...+ He 70, 70 + 70am are repeated before each member of a series of objects, qualities or phenomena (whose reality is doubted) enumerated in a mutually exclusive sense, Kro-r0 m cocéauell Kéunate He To cxefiten, He To nadKax. (Somebody in the next room was either laughing or crying.) Oud npoxéta to xu or x6aona, To am or expéxa, (She was shivering, and it was hard to tell whether she was afraia or simply cold.) Co-ordinate predicates joined by these conjurictions may be either imperfective verbs in any tense form or perfective verbs in the future tense only. Bérep ro monfer c Sémexo chino, ro onft» saréxuer. (The wind now blows with crazy strength, now dies down for a while.) The conjunction fam or who may: a) indicate repetition of actions or phenomena, b) have an exclusive sense, Bovepfam x umrdx xm nuch« mona. (in the evenings I read or wrote letters.) 139Pasétalite xax cxdayet, fina sac ysdant co cafxOn. (Work hard (well), or they'11 dismiss you from work.) The conjunctions 2% s+. aH, 2H sees HAM are used in con- Pound sentences (mainly interrogative) expressing an enume- ration of actions (or phenomena) excluding one another. The conjunction x# never occurs at the beginning: of a clause, fam never occurs at the end of ones Caué am Zxéna, Opat an e nanucés sro nucewd - a ne sudw. (Whether Helen herself, or her brother, wrote the letter, I do not know.) Xoréx aa on Store, fan ne xoréa, no ews udao siz vosep! udtpem aoudi uenfanewno, Whether he liked it or not, he had to return home immediately. Mpownraiize cxenyoume gpaow, nocTaBrag B Hux cooTBeTCTBYD= ume conjunctions: 1. Onde sévepow a cunéx B canf Hag pexdi m cuotpéx + a PORY, sess HO HOG, . wa mem, ond + menyrézacs, « yausfaach u raaaéxe Ha nerd unpord oTxpitumm resdun, To wevepdu wonoatas codupénach +++. B RISC, « xordenu6yas 8 aéwe, « mpécro ua fanue. 4. Cetivde a yxé ne ndwin, xo Stot cryaéut oTpéTas nenpd— BWILHO eee HO TépBME, 6 + ne Bropéit nonpde. 5. Croft xopdéuaa, Ténsan noréa, noStomy aanftua no das= xyabT¥pe npoedaatca « B cnoprifsxow sdze, see. ma ctamréue. 1406. sess sépes menban, ry pepny. + meundro néoxe 2 paw’ Sry xmf- 7. Bpat cwemix cectpf mo cats .... pacoxdswnag anexadtu, nso6paxda xxéyna p mipre. 8+ Xopoms seve, madxo sees , no cnow pasdty on nézaor. 9. Amo ondm xyami 4... drm ancrpyuénty, uyors Sro ponder cau uferep, + mers 10. sees exf dro mpmemtzocs + on cmfuax cxsoas cox pesrosdp ponftexel o nodoare wa aduy. 1%. Bu cfu eifopean Sry xadry, ..., nro-musyms sax 08 Pexomenqondx? ama noréaa wendzacy néckorbxo past 2... cpo- thro cémue, .... m&x n0mm. The conjunction ge is sometimes synonymous with the conjunction x Unlike = , 2a generally limits the series of co-ordin- ate parts of the sentence, that is to say, it indicates that the speaker means only the enumerated things or facts and no- Shing else. Not infrequently ga is used with a correlative limiting particle réxno or am . a mainly occurs in col- Joquial speech and in literary works whose style is similar to folk poetry, Tpowtaiire cxezyoume dpasu: Kpyréu spend, aa urdu, aa ooaaxk, aa xduenmie erosost xommdx. 141