RADIATIVE HEAT TRANSFER

Prabal Talukdar
Associate Professor
Department of Mechanical Engineering
IIT Delhi

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 Introduction

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 Thermal Radiation
Radiation heat transfer can take p place in a vacuum. It
does not need a medium unlike conduction/convection
Thermal radiation is the stream of electromagnetic
radiation
di ti emitted
itt d by
b a material
t i l entity
tit on accountt off its
it
finite absolute temperature
Infrared radiation from a common household radiator or
electric heater is an example of thermal radiation, as is
the light emitted by a glowing incandescent light bulb.
Thermal
Th l radiation
di ti iis generatedt d when
h h heatt ffrom th
the
movement of electrons within atoms is converted to
electromagnetic
g radiation
Dominant in high temperature applications
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 Spectrum of Electro-magnetic
Radiation

Thermal radiation falls in the range of 10-1-102 m of the Electro-magnetic spectrum.

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 Emission Process

Volumetric Phenomenon Surface phenomenon

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 Emission by
y a surface

Gray Diffuse
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 Solid angle
g

Plane Angle Solid Angle

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MECH/IITD
 Solid angle
g

d= dAn/r2 = (r2 sin d d)/r2 =sin

d sin d d

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 Solid Angle
g for a Hemisphere
p
2 / 2 / 2

dw
h
d = sin
0
i dd = 2 sin
0 0
i d = 2 sr

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 Spectral
p Intensity
y
I,e(,,)=dq/(dA1cos .d.d)
I,e is the rate at which radiant energy is emitted at the wave length
in the (, ) direction, per unit area of emitting surface normal to this
direction, per unit solid angle about this direction and per unit
wavelength interval d about .

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 Heat Flux
dq=dq/drate at which radiation of wavelength leaves dA1 and
passes through dAn (unit: W/m)
dq= I,e(,, ) dA1cos d
Spectral radiation flux associated with dA1is
dq " = I ,e (, , ) cos sin dd
S
Spectral heat flux
f associated with emission into hypothetical
hemisphere above dA1 is
2 / 2
q " ( ) = I
0 0
,e (, , ) cos sin dd

Total heat flux associated with emissions in all directions and

at all wavelengths is then

q " = q " ()d
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 Emissive Power

Emissive power is the amount of radiation

emitted per unit surface area
Spectral , hemispherical emissive power
2 / 2
E()(W/m2.m)= I
0 0
,e (, , ) cos sin dd

E based on actual surface area

I,e
e based on p
projected
j surface area

Total hemispherical Emissive power:

E =
0
E ( ) d
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 Relation between Emissive Power
and Intensity
2 / 2

E = I
0 0
,e ( , , ) cos sin dd

For a diffuse surface, I(,,)= I()

2 /2
E = I ,e ( ) cos sin d d
0 0

E= I,e() Spectral basis

E=I
E Ie Total basis

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