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Glossary
dx dx 1 a3
: [p. 202] = dy cos  = , where  is the angle between the
dy dy |a|
dx
vector a and the k direction.
antiderivative of vector function: [p. 444]

A r (t) dt = X (t)i + Y (t) j + Z (t)k + c
where r(t) is a vector function of t, c is a constant
acceleration: [p. 369] The acceleration of a particle dX dY dZ
is defined as the rate of change of its velocity with vector and = x(t), = y(t), = z(t)
dt dt dt
respect to time. antidifferentiation (or integration): [p. 254] The
acceleration, average: [p. 369] The average process of finding a function from its derivative.
acceleration of a particle for the time interval [t1 , t2 ] area of a region between two curves: [p. 293]
v2 v1 b b b
is defined by where v 2 is the velocity at time f (x) d x a g(x) d x = a f (x) g(x) d x,
t2 t 1 a
t2 and v 1 is the velocity at time t1 . where f (x) g(x) for x [a, b]
acceleration, instantaneous: [p. 394] y
   
dv d dx d2x dv d 12 v 2
a= = = 2 =v =
dt dt dt dt dx dx
addition of complex numbers: [p. 139] If
z 1 = a + bi and z 2 = c + di, then y = f (x)
z 1 + z 2 = (a + c) + (b + d)i.
addition of vectors: [pp. 56, 67] Let y = g(x)
a = a1 i + a2 j + a3 k, and b = b1 i + b2 j + b3 k.
Then a + b = (a1 + b1 )i + (a2 + b2 ) j + (a3 + b3 )k. x
0 a b
amplitude of circular functions: [p. 4] The distance
between the mean position and the maximum
position, e.g. the graph of y = a sin x has an Argand diagram: [p. 140] A geometrical
amplitude of |a|. representation of the set of complex numbers.
angle between two vectors: [p. 80] Im(z)
ab P
cos  = , where  is the angle between the z = a + bi
|a||b|
vectors a and b.
a1 b1 + a2 b2 + a3 b3 b
cos  = , for vectors
|a||b|
a = a1 i + a2 j + a3 k and b = b1 i + b2 j + b3 k. Re(z)
0 a
angles between a vector and the i, j and k directions:
[p. 71] For vector a = a1 i + a2 j + a3 k:
a1 argument of a complex number, arg (z): [p. 147]
cos  = , where  is the angle between the
|a| Im(z) Re(z)
arg (z) = , where sin  = and cos  =
vector a and the i direction |z| |z|
a2 arg (z) is not defined uniquely.
cos  = , where  is the angle between the
|a| Argument of a complex number, Arg (z): [p. 147]
vector a and the j direction The single value of arg (z) in the interval (, ]

528
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Glossary 529

argument, properties of: [p. 152] The argument of circular functions: [pp. 2, 103] The sine,
the product of two complex numbers is the sum of cosine, tangent, cosecant, secant and cotangent
their arguments. functions.
i.e. arg (z 1 z 2 ) = arg (z 1 ) + arg (z 2 ) cis : [p. 148] cos  + i sin 
Argument, properties of: [pp. 1523] coefficient of friction, : [p. 497] A constant which
Arg (z 1 z 2 ) = Arg (z 1 ) + Arg(z 2 ) + 2k determines the resistance to motion between two
 k = 0, 1 or 1
where surfaces in contact.
z1
Arg = Arg(z 1 ) Arg(z 2 ) + 2k common difference, d: [p. 24] The difference
z2
between two consecutive terms of an arithmetic
 k= 0, 1 or 1
where
sequence, i.e. d = tn tn1
1
Arg = Arg(z)
z common ratio, r: [p. 25] The quotient of two
arithmetic sequence: [p. 24] A sequence in which consecutive terms of a geometric sequence, i.e.
tn
each successive term is found by adding a constant r=
value to the previous term, e.g., 2, 5, 8, 11, . . . tn1
An arithmetic sequence can be defined by a complex conjugate, z: [pp. 144, 150]
difference equation of the form: If z = a + bi, then z = a bi.
If z = r cis , then z = r cis().
tn = tn1 + d, where d is the common difference.
complex conjugate, properties of: [p. 144] Let
The nth term of the sequence can be found using:
z = a + bi, then z = a bi.
tn = a + (n 1)d, where a = t1 z + z = 2 Re(z)
arithmetic series: [p. 24] The sum of the terms in an z z = |z|2
arithmetic sequence.
z1 + z2 = z1 + z2
The sum of the first n terms, Sn , is given by the rule:
n z1 z2 = z1 z2
Sn = [2a + (n 1)d], where a = t1 and
2 complex number: [p. 138] An expression of the
d = tn tn1 form a + bi, where a and b are real numbers.
compound angle formulas: [p. 110]
cos (x y) = cos x cos y + sin x sin y
C cos (x + y) = cos x cos y sin x sin y
sin (x y) = sin x cos y cos x sin y
C: [p. 138] The set of complex numbers, i.e. sin (x + y) = sin x cos y + cos x sin y
C = {a + bi: a, b R}. tan x tan y
tan (x y) =
cartesian equation: [p. 24] An equation connecting 1 + tan x tan y
two variables, often called x and y. tan x + tan y
tan (x + y) =
cartesian form of a complex number: [p. 138] A 1 tan x tan y
complex number expressed in the form a + bi, conjugate factor theorem: [p. 157] If the
represented by the ordered pair (x, y), where x is the coefficients of P(z) = an z n + an1 z n1 + +
real part of z and y is the imaginary part of z. a1 z + a0 , an = 0, where n is a natural number and
Im(z) an , an1 , . . . , a1 , a0 are real numbers, then the
P complex roots occur in conjugate pairs, i.e. if
z = a + bi (z 1 ) is a factor, so is (z  1 )
constant acceleration (or kinematics) formulas:
b [p. 380]

v = u + at
Re(z) s = ut + 12 at 2
0 a v 2 = u 2 + 2as
s = 12 (u + v)t
chain rule: [p. 197] For 1
f (x) = h(g(x)), f  (x) = h  (g(x))g  (x): cosecant function: [p. 103] cosec  = ,
sin 
dy dy du provided sin  = 0
= where u = f (x)
dx du d x cosine function: [p. 2] Cosine , or cos ,
circle, general cartesian equation of: [p. 30] defined as the x coordinate of the point P on the unit
(x h)2 + (y k)2 = r 2 . circle where OP forms an angle of  radians
The centre of the circle is the point (h, k) and the measured anticlockwise from the positive ray of the
radius is r. x axis.
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530 Essential Specialist Mathematics

y derivative of inverse [p. 207]

 x tangent function:
a
1 
For f (x) = tan , f (x) = 2
1 a a + x2
P() = (cos , sin ) for x R.
derivative of tangent function: [p. 198] For
sin f () = tan k, the derivative f  is given by
x f  () = k sec2 k.
1 0 1
cos derivative of vector functions: [p. 441] For
r (t) = x(t)i + y(t) j + z(t)k
dx dy dz
1 r (t) = i+ j+ k
dt dt dt
d2x d2 y d2z
cosine rule: [p. 16] For triangle ABC and r (t) = 2 i + 2 j + 2 k
dt dt dt
B difference equation (or iterative rule): [p. 23] A
rule which enables each subsequent term of a
c a
sequence to be found using the previous term or
terms, e.g. t1 = 1, tn = tn1 + 2.
A C
b
differential equations: [p. 320] Equations which
a 2 = b2 + c2 2bc cos A or, equivalently, involve at least one derivative,
b2 + c2 a 2 dx d2x dy y
cos A = e.g. = cos t, 2 4x = t, =
2bc dt dt dx y+1
The cosine rule is used to find unknown quantities in differential equations, general solution of:
a triangle when either two sides and an included angle [p. 320] x = sin t + c is the general solution of the
are given, or three sides are given. dx
differential equation = cos t.
cos  dt
cotangent function: [p. 104] cot  = ,
sin  differential equations, particular solution of:
provided sin  = 0
[p. 321] x = sin t is the particular solution
dx
of the differential equation = cos t, given
dt
D x(0) = 0.
direction field (or slope field) of a differential
De Moivres theorem: [p. 153]
equation: [p. 354] The direction field of a
(r cis ())n = r n cis (n) for n Z dy
definite integral: [p. 255] The definite integral differential equation, = f (x), assigns to each
b dx
from a to b is written a f (x) dx, where: point P(x, y) in the plane, y
b with x in the domain of f,
a f (x)d x = F(b) F(a), and F is any
antiderivative of f. the number which is the
slope (gradient) of the
The number a is called the lower limit of integration solution curve through P. x
and b is called the upper limit of integration. The A slope field can be
function f is called the integrand. represented in a graph.
derivative function (or gradient function):
[p. 196] The derivative of a function f is denoted displacement: [p. 366] The displacement of a
by f  and the rule for f  is defined by particle moving in a straight line is defined as the
f (x + h) f (x) change in position of the particle.
f  (x) = lim
h0 h division of complex numbers, z 1 and z 2 : [pp. 145,
z1 z 1 z2 z
derivative of inverse cosine function: [p. 206] For
x  153] For cartesian form: = and z 1 = 2
1 z2 |z 2 | 2 |z|
f (x) = cos1 , f  (x) = for z1 r1
a a2 x 2 For polar form: = cis (1 2 ) and
x (a, a). z2 r2
1
derivative of inverse sine function: [p. 205] For z 1 = cis ()
x  1 r
f (x) = sin1 , f  (x) = for dot product (or scalar product), a.b: [p. 78]
a a2 x 2
x (a, a). a.b = |a||b| cos 
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Glossary 531

For vectors a = a1 i + a2 j + a3 k and

b = b1 i + b2 j + b3 k, a.b = a1 b1 + a2 b2 + a3 b3 G
double angle formulas: [p. 113]
g: [p. 461] The acceleration of a particle owing to
sin 2x = 2 sin x cos x
cos 2x = cos2 x sin2 x gravity. Close to Earths surface, the value of g is
approximately 9.8 m/s2 .
= 1 2 sin2 x
= 2 cos2 x 1 general antiderivative (or indefinite integral):
2 tan x [p. 254] The set of all antiderivatives for a given
tan 2x = function, e.g. 2xd x = x 2 + c.
1 tan2 x
In general, F and f are functions such that, if F(x) is
an antiderivative of f(x), then
F  (x) = f (x) and f (x)d x = F(x) + c, where c is
an arbitrary real number.
E geometric convergent series: [p. 26] A geometric
series with a common ratio 1 < r < 1 which will
ellipse, general cartesian equation of: [p. 33] approach a limiting value as successive terms are
(x h)2 (y k)2 added to it, i.e. as
2
+ =1 a tn
a b2 n , Sn , where a = t1 and r =
The centre of the ellipse is the point (h, k), the axis of 1r tn1
the ellipse parallel to the x axis is of length 2a units, geometric sequence: [p. 25] A sequence in which
and the axis of the ellipse parallel to the y axis is of each successive term is found by multiplying the
length 2b units. previous term by a fixed value, e.g., 2, 6, 18, 54, . . .
equal complex numbers: [p. 139] If z 1 = a + bi A geometric sequence can be defined by an
and z 2 = c + di, then z 1 = z 2 if and only if a = c iterative equation of the form:
and b = d. tn = r tn1 , where r is the common ratio.
equilibrium: [p. 492] A particle is said to be in The nth term of the sequence can be found using:
equilibrium if the resultant force acting on it is zero,
tn = ar n1 , where a = t1
i.e. if F = 0. In this case the particle has zero
acceleration. If the particle is at rest it remains at rest geometric series: [p. 25] The sum of the terms in a
and if it is moving it will continue to move with geometric sequence.
constant velocity. The sum of the first n terms, Sn , is given by the rule:
equivalence of vectors: [p. 67] Let a(r n 1) tn
a = a1 i + a2 j + a3 k, and b = b1 i + b2 j + b3 k. Sn = , where a = t1 and r =
r 1 tn1
If a = b then a1 = b1 , a2 = b2 and a3 = b3 .
dy gradient function (or derivative function):
Eulers formula: [p. 351] If = g(x), x0 = a [p. 196] The derivative of a function f is denoted by
dx
and y0 = b, then xn+1 = xn + h and f  and the rule for f  is defined by
yn+1 = yn + h g(xn ). f (x + h) f (x)
f  (x) = lim
Eulers method: [p. 350] Eulers method uses the h0 h
linear approximation method from calculus to solve
differential equations.

H
F hyperbola, general cartesian equation of:
[p. 36]
fundamental theorem of algebra: [p. 156] In the
(x h)2 (y k)2
field of complex numbers, every polynomial equation
2
= 1 or
of the form a b2
an x n + an1 x n1 + + a1 x + a0 = 0, where (y k)2 (x h)2
=1
a0 , a1 , . . . , an C, an = 0 b 2 a2
has exactly n roots, some of which may be repeated. The centre of the hyperbola is the point (h, k), and
the equations of the asymptotes are:
fundamentalb theorem of integral calculus:
[p. 288] a f (x)d x = G(b) G(a) where G is an b
y k = (x h)
antiderivative of f. a
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532 Essential Specialist Mathematics

kinematics (under constant acceleration) formulas:

I [p. 380]

identities: [p. 113] v = u + at

s = ut + 12 at 2
1 + tan x = sec x
2 2
v2 = u 2 + 2as
sin 2 = 2 sin  cos  s = 1
(u + v)t
cos 2x = 2 cos2 x 1 2

= 1 2 sin2 x
= cos2 x sin2 x
imaginary part of a complex number: [p. 138]
Im(z) is a function which defines the value of the
imaginary component of z = a + bi,
i.e. Im(z) = b
indefinite integral (or general antiderivative):
[p. 254] The set
 of all antiderivatives for a given
function, e.g. 2xd x = x 2 + c.
In general, F and f are functions such that, if F(x) is
an antiderivative of f(x), then:
 are known.
F  (x) = f (x) and f (x)d x = F(x) + c, where c is
an arbitrary real number.
infinite geometric series (or sum to infinity), S :
a tn
[p. 26] S = , where a = t1 and r =
1r tn1
b
integrand: [p. 255] In the expression a f (x) dx,
the function to be integrated, f, is called the
integrand.
integration (or antidifferentiation): [p. 254]
The process of finding a function from its
derivative.
inverse cosine function: [p. 117]
cos1 : [1, 1] R, cos1 x = y, where
cos y = x, y [0, ]
inverse sine function: [p. 116]
sin1 : [1, 1] R, sin1 x = y, where
  
sin y = x, y , the other vectors. For example, the set of vectors a, b
2 2
inverse tangent function: [p. 117]
tan1 : R R, tan1 x = y, where
  
tan y = x, y , Generally any set of 3 or more two-dimensional
2 2
iterative rule (or difference equation): [p. 23]
A rule which enables each subsequent term of a
sequence to be found using the previous term or
terms, e.g. t1 = 1, tn = tn1 + 2.
K is a local maximum as the curve is concave
kilogram weight, kg wt: [p. 461] A unit of force.
If a body has mass of one kilogram then the
gravitational force acting on this body is one
kilogram weight.
L
Lamis theorem: [p. 493] Lamis theorem is a
trigonometrically based P
identity which simplifies
problems involving three
forces acting on a particle
in equilibrium when the
q r
angles between the forces
P Q R
= = p
Q
sin p sin q sin r R
limiting equilibrium: [p. 497] A particle in
equilibrium on the point of motion.
limiting (or sliding) friction: [p. 497] The frictional
force Fmax (or FR ) of a particle moving or on the
point of moving on a surface is given by:
F max = R
where R is the normal reaction force and  is the
coefficient of friction.
linear approximation formula: [p. 350]
f (x + h) f (x) + h f  (x)
linear dependence: [p. 61] A set of vectors is said to
be linearly dependent if one of its members can be
expressed as a linear combination of one or more of
and c are linearly dependent if there exist real
numbers k, l and m, not all zero, such that
ka + lb + mc = 0.
vectors will be linearly dependent.
linear independence: [p. 61] A set of vectors is said
to be linearly independent if it is not linearly
dependent. The vectors a, b and c are linearly
independent if the solution of the equation
ka + lb + mc = 0 is uniquely represented by
k = l = m = 0.
local maximum stationary point: [p. 218] If
f  (a) = 0 and f  (a) < 0 then the point (a, f(a))
down.
local minimum stationary point: [p. 218]
If f  (a) = 0 and f  (a) > 0 then the point
(a, f(a)) is a local minimum as the curve is
concave up.
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locus (plural loci): [p. 168] A set of points which
satisfies a given condition, e.g., the locus which
satisfies the equation |z + 3| =2|z i| is a circle
with centre (1, 43 ) and radius 2 310 .
lower limitof integration: [p. 255] In the
b
expression a f (x) dx, the number a is called the
lower limit of integration.
M
magnitude of a vector: [pp. 55, 56] The length of a
directed
line segment corresponding to the vector.
If AB is represented
xi + y j, then the
by the vector
magnitude, |AB |, is equal to x 2 + y 2 .
If AB is represented by the vector xi + y j + zk,
then the magnitude, |AB |, is equal to x 2 + y 2 + z 2 .
mass: [p. 461] The mass of an object is the amount
of matter it contains. Mass is not the same as weight.
maximum friction: [p. 497] The frictional force,
F R , satisfies 0 F R  R, where  is the
coefficient of friction and R is the normal reaction
force. Friction force has a maximum value,
F max = R.
modulus of a complex number, |z|: [p. 144]
The distance of the complex number from the
origin, also known as the magnitude or absolute
value of z.
If z 1 = a + bi, then |z| = a 2 + b2
modulus, properties of: [pp. 1523]
The modulus of the product of two complex
numbers is the product of their moduli,
i.e. |z 1 z 2 | = |z 1 ||z 2 |
The modulus of the quotient of two complex
numbers
  is the quotient of their moduli,
 z 1  |z 1 |
i.e.   =
z2 |z 2 |
modulusargument (or polar) form of a complex
number: [p. 147] A complex number expressed in
the form r cis , represented by the ordered pair
[r, ], where r is the modulus of z and  is an
argument of z.
Im(z)
P momentum with respect to time will at any
z = a + bi
r
b Newtons third law of motion: [p. 471] If one
Re(z)
0 a
momentum: [p. 470] The momentum of a
particle is defined as the product of its mass and
velocity.
Glossary 533
Momentum can be considered as the fundamental
quantity of motion.
multiplication of a complex number by a real
number: [pp. 139, 151] If z = a + bi, then
kz = ka + kbi, k R.
If z = r cis , then
kr cis  k>0
kz = kr cis ( + ) k < 0 and  <  < 0
kr cis ( ) k < 0 and 0 <  
multiplication of a complex number by i: [p. 142]
Geometrically, a 90 rotation of the complex number
about the origin in an anticlockwise direction, i.e. if
z 1 = a + bi, then i z 1 = i(a + bi) = b + ai
multiplication of a vector by a scalar: [p. 56]
If a = a1 i + a2 j + a3 k, then
ma = ma1 i + ma2 j + ma3 k, m R.
multiplication of complex numbers: [pp. 141, 152]
If z 1 = a + bi and z 2 = c + di, then
z 1 z 2 = (ac bd) + (ad + bc)i.
If z 1 = r1 cis 1 and z 2 = r2 cis 2 , then
z 1 z 2 = r1 r2 cis (1 + 2 ).
Geometrically, the effect of multiplying z 1 by z 2 is
to produce an enlargement of Oz 1 , where O is the
origin, by a factor r2 and an anticlockwise turn
through an angle  2 about the origin.
N
newton, N: [p. 461] A unit of force.
One newton = 1 kgm/s2 .
Newtons first law of motion: [p. 471] A particle
remains stationary, or in uniform straight line motion
(i.e. in a straight line with constant velocity), if the
resultant force is zero.
Newtons law of cooling: [p. 332] The rate at which
a body cools is proportional to the difference between
its temperature and that of its immediate
surroundings.
Newtons second law of motion: [p. 471] A particle
acted on by forces whose resultant is not zero will
move in such a way that the rate of change of its
instant be proportional to the resultant force, i.e.
F = ma.
particle, A, exerts a force on a second particle, B, then
B exerts a collinear force of equal magnitude and
opposite direction on A.
normal reaction force: [p. 472] If a particle lies on a
smooth surface, it exerts a force on the surface
perpendicular to the surface. The surface then exerts
a force R N on the particle, which acts at right angles
to the surface and is called the normal reaction force.
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534 Essential Specialist Mathematics

position: [p. 366] The position of a particle moving

O in a straight line is determined by its distance from a
fixed point O on the line, called the origin, and
operator notation for differentiation: [p. 199] A whether it is to the right or left of O. Conventionally
notation which emphasises that differentiation is an the direction to the right of the origin is considered to
operation on an expression, e.g. be positive.

d 2 position vector: [p. 59] A position vector, OP ,
(x + 5x + 3) = 2x + 5
dx indicates the position in space of the point P relative
to the origin O.
P product rule: [p. 197] For
f (x) = g(x)h(x), f  (x) = g  (x)h(x) + g(x)h  (x).
parametric equations: [p. 40] A pair of equations
For y = uv, where u and v are functions of x,
expressing x and y in terms of a third variable (or
dy dv du
parameter). The following pairs of parametric =u +v .
equations define, respectively, a circle, ellipse and dx dx dx
hyperbola, each with centre the origin: Pythagoras theorem: [p. 13] For a right-angled
x = a cos t and y = a sin t (radius = a) triangle, the square of the hypotenuse is equal to the
x = a cos t and y = b sin t sum of the squares of the other two sides, i.e.
x = a sec t and y = b tan t (hyp)2 = (opp)2 + (adj)2
particle model: [p. 461] This means that an object is Pythagorean identity: [p. 6] cos2  + sin2  = 1
considered as a point. This can be done when the size
(dimension) of the object can be neglected in
comparison with other lengths in the problem being
considered, or when rotational motion effects can be
Q
ignored. quadratic formula: [p. 157] An equation of the
period of a function: [p. 4] The period of a function form az 2 + bz + c = 0 may be solved using the
f with domain R is a positive number a (the smallest quadratic formula:
such number) such that f (x + a) = f (x), b b2 4ac
z=
e.g. the period of the sine function is 2 as 2a
sin(x + 2) = sin x. g(x)
For functions of the form quotient rule: [p. 197] For f (x) = ,
h(x)
y = a cos (nx + ) + c or y = a sin (nx + ) + c the  
g (x)h(x) g(x)h (x)
2 f  (x) =
period is given by . [h(x)]2
n u
For functions of the form y = a tan (nx + ) + c For y = , where u and v are functions of x,
 v
the period is given by . dy v ddux u ddvx
n =
point of inflexion (or point of inflection): [p. 215] dx v2
A point of inflexion is where the curve changes from
concave down to concave up, or concave up to R
concave down. At a point of inflexion the second
derivative has value zero. A point of inflexion of a radian: [p. 3] One radian (written 1c ) is the angle
graph occurs at x = x0 if f  (x0 ) = 0 and f  (x0 + ) subtended at the centre of the unit circle by an arc of
and f  (x0 ) have different signs. length 1 unit.
polar (or modulus-argument) form of a complex radioactive decay: [p. 332] The rate at which a
number: [p. 147] A complex number expressed in radioactive substance decays is proportional to the
the form r cis , represented by the ordered pair [r, ], mass of the substance remaining.
where r is the modulus of z and  is an argument of z. rational functions: [p. 228] Functions which have a
rule of the form:
Im(z)
P(x)
P
z = a + bi f (x) = ,
Q(x)

r where P(x) and Q(x) are polynomials

b real part of a complex number: [p. 138] Re(z) is a
function which defines the real component of

Re(z) z = a + bi, i.e. Re(z) = a
0 a reciprocal circular functions: [p. 104] The
cosecant, secant and cotangent functions.
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Glossary 535

reciprocal functions: [p. 233] f (x) is the reciprocal scalar quantity: [p. 54] A quantity determined only
1 by its magnitude, e.g. distance, time, length,
function of P(x) if f (x) =
P(x) mass.
reciprocal functions, properties of: [p. 233] scalar resolute of a in the direction of b: [p. 84]
x-axis intercepts of the function determine the a.b
(a.b) or , the signed length of the vector
position of the asymptotes for the reciprocal of |b|
the function resolute of a in the direction of b.
the reciprocal of a positive number is positive. secant function: [p. 104]
The reciprocal of a negative number is negative 1
a graph and its reciprocal will intersect if the sec  = provided cos  = 0
cos 
y coordinate is 1 or 1
local maximums of the function produce local second derivative: [p. 210] The second derivative of
minimums for the reciprocal a function f with rule f(x) is denoted by f  with rule
local minimums of the function produce local f  (x). In Leibnitz notation the second derivative is
maximums for the reciprocal d2 y
denoted by .
1 f  (x) dx2
If g(x) = then g  (x) = . Therefore
f (x) f (x)2 sequence: [p. 23] The following are examples of
at any given point the gradient of the reciprocal sequences of numbers:
function is opposite in sign to the original
function.
A 1, 3, 5, 7, 9, . . . i.e. t1 = 1,
related rates: [p. 223] In the chain rule t2 = 3,
dy dy d x dy dx
= , and are related rates. t3 = 5, . . .
dt d x dt d x dt B 0.1, 0.11, 0.111, 0.1111, . . . i.e. t1 = 0.1,
restricted cosine function: [p. 117] t2 = 0.11,
f : [0, ] R, f (x) = cos x t3 = 0.111, . . .
restricted sine function: [p. 116] 1 1 1 1
   C , , , ,... i.e. t1 = 13 ,
3 9 27 81
f: , R, f (x) = sin x t2 = 19 ,
2 2 t3 = 271
,...
restricted tangent function: [p. 117]
   D 10, 7, 4, 1, 2, . . . i.e. t1 = 10,
f: , R, f (x) = tan x t2 = 7,
2 2 t3 = 4, . . .
resultant force: [p. 461] The vector sum of the E 0.6, 1.7, 2.8, 3.9, . . . i.e. t1 = 0.6,
forces acting at a point. t2 = 1.7,
t3 = 2.8, . . .
S Note each sequence is an ordered set of numbers.
scalar product (or dot product), a.b: [p. 78] series: [p. 24] The sum of the terms in a
a.b = |a||b| cos . sequence.
signed area: [p. 287] The signed area of the shaded
a
region is A1 A2 + A3 A4

y
b
For vectors a = a1 i + a2 j + a3 k and
b = b1 i + b2 j + b3 k, a.b = a1 b1 + a2 b2 + a3 b3
scalar product, properties of: [p. 79] A1 A3
a.b = b.a x
k(a.b) = (ka).b = a.(kb) 0 A2 A4
a.0 = 0
a.(b + c) = a.b + a.c
a.b = 0 implies a is perpendicular to b or a = 0
or b = 0 sine function: [p. 2] Sine , or sin , defined as the y
a.a = |a|2 coordinate of the point P on the unit circle where OP
a.b = |a||b| if a and b are parallel and in the forms an angle of  radians measured anticlockwise
same direction from the positive ray of the
= |a||b| if a and b are in opposite directions. x axis.
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536 Essential Specialist Mathematics

y then z 1 z 2 = (a + bi) (c + di)

= (a c) + (b d)i.
1 subtraction of vectors: [pp. 57, 67] Let
P() = (cos , sin )
a = a1 i + a2 j + a3 k, and b = b1 i + b2 j + b3 k.
Then a b = (a1 b1 )i + (a2 b2 ) j + (a3 b3 )k.
sin
sum to infinity (or infinite geometric series), S :
x a tn
1 0 1 [p. 26] S = , where a = t1 and r =
1r tn1
cos

1 T
tangent function: [p. 2] If a tangent to the unit
sine rule: [p. 14] For triangle ABC circle, at A, is drawn then the y coordinate of C, the
point of intersection of the extension of OP and the
a b c tangent is called tangent , or tan .
= =
sin A sin B sin C
B
y C (1, y)
B
1
c a
P()
A C tan
b
sin
The sine rule is used to find unknown quantities in a
A x
triangle when either one side and two angles are
1 0 D 1
given, or two sides and a non-included angle are cos
given.
sliding (or limiting) friction: [p. 497] The frictional
force F R (or F max ) of a particle moving or on the
point of moving on a surface is given by:
1
F R = R
total area: [p. 287] The total area of the shaded
where R is the normal reaction force and  is the region is A1 + A2 + A3 + A4
coefficient of friction. y
Friction acts in the opposite direction to the
velocity of the particle.
slope field (or direction field) of a differential
equation: [p. 354] The slope A1 A3
y
field of a differential equation,
dy x
= f (x), assigns to each 0 A2 A4
dx
point P(x, y) in the plane, x
with x in the domain of f, the
number which is the slope
(gradient) of the solution curve through P. A slope
field can be represented in a graph. U
solid of revolution: [p. 304] The solid formed by
rotating a region about a line. unit vector: [p. 66] A vector of magnitude 1. For a
given vector a the unit vector with the same direction
speed: [p. 367] The magnitude of velocity. a
as a is denoted by a and a = .
speed, average: [p. 367] The average speed of a |a|
particle for a time interval [t1 , t2 ] is equal to i, j and k are unit vectors in the positive directions
distance travelled of the x, y and z axes respectively.
t2 t 1 upper limit of integration: [p. 255] In the
b
subtraction of complex numbers: [p. 139] expression a f (x) d x, the number b is called the
If z 1 = a + bi and z 2 = c + di upper limit of integration.
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Glossary 537

volume of solids of revolution: [p. 303] For

V rotation about the x axis, if the region to be rotated
is bounded by the curve with equation y = f (x)
vector function (or vector equation): [p. 430] A and the lines x = a and x = b and the x axis,
vector that is a function of a variable or parameter, then:
e.g. r (t) = x(t)i + y(t) j, where x(t) and y(t) are  b
x=b
parametric equations.
V = y 2 d x = ( f (x))2 d x
vector quantity: [p. 55] A quantity determined by x=a a

its magnitude and direction, e.g. displacement,

For rotation about the y axis, if the region is bound
velocity, acceleration, force.
by the curve with equation x = f (y) and the lines
vector resolute of a in the direction of b: [p. 84] y = a and y = b then:
a.b a.b 
b = 2 b = (a.b).b y=a
b.b |b| V = x 2 dy
y=b
vector resolute of a perpendicular to b: [p. 84]
  For regions not bounded by the x axis, if the shaded
a.b
a b region in the diagram is rotated around the x axis then
b.b the volume, V, is given by:
vectors, properties of: [p. 59] b
a +b=b+a commutative law V = [ f (x)]2 [g(x)]2 d x
for vector addition a
(a + b) + c = a + (b + c) associative law for
vector addition y
a+0=a zero vector
a + a = 0 a is the opposite
or inverse vector f
m(a + b) = ma + mb distributive law
where m R
a is parallel to b if there exists k R\{0} such
that a = kb g
velocity: [p. 366] The velocity of a particle is
defined as the rate of change of its position with x
respect to time. 0 a b
velocity, average: [p. 366] The average velocity
of a particle for the time interval [t1 , t2 ] is given by
x2 x1
, where x1 is the position of the particle at t1 ,
t2 t 1
and x2 is the position of the particle at t2 . W
velocity, instantaneous: [p. 367] The instantaneous
dx weight: [p. 461] Any mass of m kg, on the Earths
velocity of a particle, v = surface, has a force of m kg wt or mg newtons acting
dt
where x is a function of time, specifies the rate on it directed towards the centre of the earth. This
of change at a given instant in time. force is known as the weight.
velocitytime graphs: [p. 383] These graphs present
information about
acceleration (gradient)
velocity (ordinates)
Z
displacement (signed area or definite integral) zero vector, 0: [p. 57] For three dimensions, the zero
distance travelled (area under curve) vector is 0i + 0 j + 0k.