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Direct Current
Machines
Shunt Machines only
Artemio P. Magabo
Professor of Electrical Engineering
A 2-pole DC armature
Machine
a
C m d-axis
F
interpole
Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering
Generalized Machine Model
q-axis
iI
I vI
iC
C vC
a va
F
ia iF d-axis
m vF
ia iF d-axis
m vF
e ve
F
ia
iF d-axis
m
vF
Shunt
field
where,
R e = R a + RC + RI
L ee = L aa + L CC + L II + 2L CI 2L aI 2L aC
LFF
[L] =
Lee
VF RF + LFF p iF
V = L
Re + Lee p ia
e m aF
For a 2-pole machine,
Te = ( LaF i F )ia
L FF
Es ve RF
L ee R e iF
ia
vF
where
E s = m LaF iF
2. Self-excited machine
4. Compound machine
* separately-excited shunt field
* self-excited shunt field
Ia
Te Eg Vt IF VF = R F I F
m
Tm VF
E g = mL aF IF E g = R e I a + Vt
Te = L aF IF Ia Tm = Te + D m
Ia
Tm Ec Vt IF VF = R F I F
m
Te VF
E c = mL aF IF Vt = R e I a + E c
Te = L aF IF Ia Te = Tm + Dm
Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering
Self-Excited Generator
At steady-state condition, all currents are constant.
Re
Ia IL
V t = R F IF
Eg IF RF Vt
Te
Ia = IF + IL
m
Tm
E g = mL aF IF E g = R e I a + Vt
Te = L aF IF Ia Tm = Te + Dm
Ia IL
V t = R F IF
Ec IF RF Vt
Tm
IL = IF + Ia
m
Te
E c = mL aF IF Vt = R e I a + E c
Te = L aF IF Ia Te = Tm + Dm
Ia=0
IF
Eg Vt
m VF
Assumptions:
1. The machine is driven at a constant speed, m.
2. There is no load; i.e. Ia=0 and Vt = Eg.
3. Residual magnetism is present.
Eg
No-load
magnetization
curve
IF
Note: The expression E g = mL aF IF does not
consider the effect of saturation.
Ia=IL
E g = mL aF IF
Eg Vt IF Vt = E g R e I a
m
VF
With the generated voltage Eg held constant, Vt
decreases as the load current IL is increased.
IFL IL
Define: Voltage Regulation
VNL VFL
VR = 100 (in percent)
VFL
Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering
Separately-Excited Generator
Ia
Eg Vt IF
S
VF
125 Eg
a. = or E g = 111 V
1800 (10 ) 1600 (10 )
125 100
b. = or S = 1440 RPM
1800(10) S(10)
125 Eg
c. = or E g = 154 V
1800(10) 1850(12)
Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering
Example: A separately-excited DC generator is
rated 5 KW and 125 V. The equivalent armature
resistance is 0.2. Assuming the field current IF
and the speed S are held constant,
a. Find the terminal voltage Vt at no load.
b. Find Vt when the load power is 2.5 KW.
0.2 RF
a. At full load,
Ia
PL = 5,000 watts
Eg Vt IF
Vt = 125 volts
5000 S
Ia = = 40 A VF
125
Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering
The generated voltage is
Eg = R eIa + Vt = 133 V
At no-load, Vt=Eg. Thus Vt = 133 V.
2500
b. Since PL=2,500 watts, we get IL =
Vt
Substitute in Eg = ReIa + Vt = 133 V . We get
2500
133 = 0.2 + Vt
or Vt
2
Vt 133 Vt + 500 = 0
Solving for Vt, we get Vt=129 V or (Vt=4 V).
IL=Ia
Vt Ec IF VF = R F I F
Te m
VF
E c = mL aF IF Vt = R e I a + E c
Te = L aF IF Ia Te = Tm + Dm
Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering
Electromagnetic Torque
Whether self-excited or separately-excited,
Te = L aF IFIa = k FIa
Te
separately-excited or
self-excited motor
Ia
Note: The electromagnetic torque increases
linearly with the armature current Ia.
separately-excited or
self-excited motor
Ia
Note: The motor speed decreases linearly with the
armature current Ia.
When IL = 200 A,
Ec1 = 250 200(0.1) = 230 V
m1 = 100 rad/sec
When IL = 100 A
Ec 2 = 250 100 (0.1) = 240 V
We want to find m2
output
Efficiency = (for a generator)
output + losses
input losses
= (for a motor)
input
max efficiency: Fixed Losses = Variable losses
Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering