fea] Microbiographies WHO WAS WHO IN TRANSPORT PHENOMENA R. Byron Birp University of Wisconsin-Madison * Madison, WI 53706-1691 Tecan Weeoece pes ecletop empty pane te ini on a on epee lal Eee te yt erent aor ere ere ee sh Se gar eee aoe repro tg ee ere eee eo So eee ee Most of this material has been assembled from second: sources, and for each person I have indicated those sources (biographical citations are given at the bottom of the next page). Ithas been difficult to decide who should be included in this listing. Quite arbitrarily I decided to exclude persons who are still living, even though their contributions merit recognition, I have tried to include the names that are en- countered frequently in textbooks, names with which any student of chemical engineering should be familiar. In addi- tion, [have included a handful of less-familiar persons, either because I feel some important contribution has been over- Jooked or just because of curiosity on my part. P've tried to be particularly attentive to persons working in the area of diffu- sion. Almost all of the persons listed in ths tabulation are cited in Transport Phenomena, by Bird, Stewart, and Lightfoot, (Wiley, New York, 2nd ed., 2002), where more detailed com- ‘ments are given about their scholarly contributions. Extra emphasis has been placed on those who have devel- ‘oped the kinetic theories for transport phenomena. The rea- son for this decision is that itis the molecular theories that provide the “glue” that binds the various topies together into a coherent subject. It is also the subject to which we ulti mately have to turn when controversies arise that cannot be settled by continuum arguments alone. It would be very easy to enlarge the list by including the authors of exceptional treatises (such as H. Lamb, HS, Carslaw, M. Jakob, H. Schlichting, and W. Jost. Attention could also be paid to those many people who have, through painstaking experiments, provided the basic data on trans- port properties and transfer coefficients. Doing accurate and responsible investigations into the history of science is demanding and time-consuming work, and it requires individuals with excellent knowledge of his- torical research techniques. It may also require a certain amount of travel to gain access to original sources and to conduct interviews. The field of history of engineering is particularly undermanned and engineering societies should be pushing for more work in this area. Comments on these “microbigraphies” would be greatly appreciated; corrigenda can be sent to me at my e-mail address (bird @engr. wise.edu), Finally, I would like to dedi cate this work to the memory of my late colleague, Prof. W. Robert Marshall, who often expressed a desire to contribute to the history of chemical engineering, He felt that there \were many interesting and important stories to be told, [Byron Bird retred in 1992 ater tony years ‘of teacning—one year at Comes and thi ne years at Wisconsin. The book Transport Phe- omen, which he wrote wih colleagues War "en Stewart and Ed Lightfoot, as the st ext. bok on the subject spectcaly prepared for Undergraduate chemical engineering students He also coauhored Dynamics of Polymer Ut ids win Bab Amarong (MI), Ole Hassager (OT), anc Chuck Cues (UW) © Coppight ChE Division of ASE 2001 (Chemical Engincering EducationOH Jerome Howard Arnold (1907-1974) The “Arnold problem: tunsteady-state evaporation + Studied tla Stat College, University of Minnesota, and MIT (SeD 1931) with Ware K. Lewis + 193-1844 up at MIT, Universi of Minest, Lnsly Isineof “Teshnologs, Univesity of North Dakota, nd University of Towa + Books: Chemical Engineering Soichiomer (1941) and Chemica Engineering Dermod namics 1953) + 194-1948 worked wih Standard Oi of California + 1956-1960 was recor of Coma Cota Transit Dist SOURCES: AMS 1965, MIT (Danie! Bernoulli (1700-1782) The “Bernoutequaion”: 402+ (Sine Early developments in kinetic theory of gases + Studied in Heidelberg, Strsboug, and Base + Hsame Doctor of Medicine in 1721 {At Acaemy of Scenes in St.Petersburg unl 1732; stared on ‘mone, mechani, pies + In 1732 move wo Basel profesor of anatomy and bony in 173 became profes of physiology and in 1750 borne professor of physics + 1n 1738 published dodo, n which the “ie ofthe Bernal ‘ution was given ater derived by Eules) + Wor 10 pies ofthe Academy of Senos in Pais fr werk on ssoaony gravitation ies, magnetism, oan cents SOURCES: DSB, RL SGBKT GF Jean Baptiste Biot (1774-1862) ‘The “Biot number” in heat ransfer ‘The “Biot-Savart law” in electromagnetism + Ect athe Ecole Polytechnique +199 appointed profesor mathematics athe Uf Beawais +180 beame professor of physics the College de France +1803 elcid tothe Académie Pransise + Afer 80 inespsted heat conduction in eds “1840 avardod Rumford Meda from the Royal Soil for his velop ret of sine nondestive es 1 tern supa concentration ‘SOURCE: FB, BS Of Ludwig Eduard Boltzmann (1844-1906) "Stefan-Boltgmann law": q,°=0T* Maxwell-Boltgmann distribution of velocities” “Boltzmann equation” for flew) of gas kinetic theory The “Boltzmann constant”: k Entrops-probability connection: S=klogW General formula for stress tensor for linear viscoelastic ‘SOURCES AMS American Men of Scene KK Kagako Kagakkai RPM Annual eviews of Fluid Mockonis KS2 Kafer, J, BLP. Shesinger and . Zumofe, Physi Today, Febe BES Bingraphca Eresclopedia of Scents rary, 3511896) [BMERS Bigraphical Memoirs ofFllacs of the Royo Society LBNPP Boda, B, Ludwig Bltmann: Man, Physicist, Philowpher, Ox BS Bae, LD, and K. Sephao, Hoo! ond Ms Transfer, Springer, Bow Pres, Wodbridge, CP 1983) Bern 198), LN rong, Bd, Lerbok der Notatunde,Seheltems &Halkema, CBC Curtiss, CP, RB. Bird, and PR. Certain, J Phys. Chem. 86,68 Amsterdam (1961) (982) MD Dresden, Max, HA. Kramer: Beteon Triton and Revolution, CC Chapman, 8, and TG. Cosling, Mathematical Theory of Nan Springer, Berlin (187) ‘Uniform Gases, So, Cambridge University Press, 407 (1970) MIT Massachusettes Institute of Technology CCLB —Cercignan,C., LudigBoltemann: The Man Who Trusted Atoms, MIL Lightill Mal, Physic Today, May, 65 (1988) Clarendon Pres, New York,NY (198) (MEISE MeGrau>Hill Modern Scientists and Engines (1980) DSB Gillie, CC, Ba, Dictionary of Scientific Biography, Srbner, NAS Biggrophical Memoirs, National Academy of Seiences ‘New York, NY 0970-199) NICS McMurray, E4, Ed, Notable Twentieth CeturySeentss, Gale EAM Mason, EA, Contomp. Phys, 12, 179(1971) Research ne, New York, NY (1985) EB Bnocipedi Britannia 1974) NIN Nederiands Tidschrift vor Naturkunde, 27,145 (1961) ELC Cusler, EL, Dison, 2d. Cambridge (1997) PAMD Dalits, REL, The Collected Works of PAM. Dirac, Cambridge EPW Wigner, EP., Symmetries and Reflections, Ox Bow Press, University Press (1985) Woodbridge, CT (1979) (Wigne?s original Hungarian name was PEN Neméni, PB, Archive for History of Brat Scenes, 2, 52 (1962) ens Pal Wigner) RBB Bird, RB, Physics Today, 4210), 131989) GKB —Batebelor, GK. Fluid Mich, 70,625 (1975) RBL Lindsay, RB, historia introdation to Rayleigh Theory of HCO Outing, H.C, Socasi Paes in Polymeric Fide, Springer, Sound, Dover, New York, NY 1945) Beri, 29 (1961 RL Rouse Hand S. Ince, History of Hho, Dove, New York, HCE HiseryofChomca Bnginrng, American Chemical Society, Wash NY(iss7) ington, DC 1880) RM Meraki Dr. ei ofthe Mitsubishi Research Center, in personal HE ying, Henry, Ann. Ras, Phx Chem, 28, 11977) tommunisaton, TUM Merk EL, Softerdracht in Laminar Greslagen doar Gedwanger RNB Brsconell, RN. Scientific American, 2606) 86,92 (1980) Cone, Uitgever Exess Gravenage 1957) SGB Brush, SG, translator's intrductin to Boltzmann's Letures on JH Herve, doseph Fourier: The Man and the Physic, Clarendon (Gas Thewey, University of California Pres (1964) Press (1975) SGBKT Brush, SG, Amor. Jour. Physics, 80, 2891962) JM Miao, J, and HG. Reik, Hondbuck der Physik, 82), Springer, UM. University of Michigan archives 4131959) LWWWAH Who Was Who in American History: Scene and Technlogy, Mar JOH Hiseflder, 1.0, Ann. Res Phys. Chm. 84, (1988) qui, Chicago 1975) KGD Denbigh, KG, Thermadyamis of the Steady Sloe, Methuen, WWWWS World Who Who in Scene, Bd. AG. Debus, Margus, Chingy London (1951) (1958) ‘Note This material wos wed asthe bai fora presentation on No. 17, 1988, athe annual meting of AICRE held in Miami Beoch, Fly ait 2001 27‘materials (she “Boltzmann superposition principle”) * Doctorate in Wien 1866, with. Sein + Held professorships in Wien, Gaz Munchen, Leipzig + His Worlerngen ber Gasherie, at 896) and Pst (1898), is masepiece of technical presentation. Inthe preface to Pat I ecase of incesing stack y the sporgsticstmsinly Ota and Mich, be sates, “Tam convinced tht these tacks are merely based on risunerstnding and tha the rl of gs theory in cence as mo yet layed ot. ny opinion would bea ae raged for sence i the (inet) teary of gases were tenga town int oblivion because ‘of amomentry hose atti toward it. am comsios of Being aly nina strgeling weakly against the steam of time.” + Blted othe National Acaemy of Seiences (USA) in 1904 + Waive, ity, land simulating teacher with oustanding ‘ackboudtechigue an excellent Ice demonstations + Lise Meine, who sted his etre during the ero 1902-1905, ‘i "He was a goo teaches, His tures were the most bail and stimlating have ever ead. He was himself so enthusiastic abut all he was teaching hat we ef ery Ice wih se Fecling that an ently new and wonderful world was Being opened to ws. He also loved to inet eoal ema ino his etre + (Other sens of is were Nem. Smuchowsk, Ehren + He wa extardnaly fend and enoyed assisting thers + He len invite twas tos home ad played the piano fr them he hd staid with Ato Braker (18241896), + Heenjoyed ce stating and swimming + Hissuicide in 1906, psy because of health problems or discus meat because his kinetic theory was stil eng stacked, was an enormous troy fr science + SelogW ison his gravestone in Vienna SOURCES: DSB, SGB, SGBKT, LBMPP, CCLB. Gh Joseph Valentin Boussinesq (1842-1929) “Eddy viscosity” for turbulent flow The “Boussinesq approximation”: buoyancy effects + Never sti formally sf tug 11867 was awarded doco’ deace +1873 was apoimed toa profess Lie + Late moved Pais + Published Tore Anlvigu def Chaleur in wo volumes (1901, 1908) SOURCE: BS Henri Coenraad Brinkman (1908-1961) The “Brinkman number”: (Br=pV7KAT), a related dimension- less group is the “Nahme-Griffth number” Fluid heating by viscous dissipation Flow in porous media Plasma pss 1932 recive adotr’s ere wit Profesor HLA. Kraners 11932-1935 stl with Profs F Zemin Groningen 11935 moved to BPA Laboratories in Amsterdam 1194-1954 aug atthe university n Bandang, Indonesia drng wich time he wrte The Aptian fino varias to Atom Physics 11984 moved TNO and wa io ead ofthe FOM stant yor Psa Brea SOURCE: NTN Ol Auguste-Louis Cauchy (Baron) (1789-1857) (pronounced “Koh-shee." with accent on send syllable) ‘Cauchy-Riemann equations” in complex variable theory “Cauchy's equation of motion” in terms ofthe sress tensor “Cauchy's second equation of motion’: symmetry ofthe sess +1800, mir engine, wore on fications at Chebouefor 258 ‘Napléo's planed invasion of Elana + Professrar EzolePelytechrigue, professor tthe Collie de Francs an member of he Academie Frangise + Was smissed fom al ee when be reise 0 ake the ly oth following the elution in 1830 +182 laid he oundation ofthe tery of elasticity + Was neue in Switzerland, Turin and Prague + Allowed to euro race in 1838, After the evolution of 148 is wofessorship at he Srtonne was reise SOURCE: EB, BS OH Sydney Chapman (1888-1970) Rigorous kinetic theory for monatomic gases (generally known ‘asthe “Chapman-Enskog theory”) First experiments on thermal diffusion in gases Kinetic theory of plasmas The “Chapman-Jouguet condition” in theory of flames and detonation + His aber was chi cashier of textile fm +1908 MS in mathematics rom Manchester + 1911 Ist Class in Mathematics Tosa Cambridge, was college lecture ier during he prod 1914-1916 + 1911-1914 an 1916-1918 dd geomagnessm tthe Greenwich Osersaioy + 1919-1924 was profes of mathematics athe Univesity of Manchester, sueceso 1 Sir Horace Lab + 1924-1954 taught at Imperial College ofthe University of London + Afler 1954 wa a th High Altitude Observatory Boule, CO) andthe ‘Geophysical Insti (Alaska) 4+ The Mathematical Theory of Nomiform Gases by Chap Coming went trough the eon and was very influential + Bected fellow of the Royal Society in 1919 + Ht foreign member ofthe Na Academy of Scene, USA in 146 + Was fond of eylinssvinming, and hiking + Know for hs persistence, kindness, meg, and simplicity ‘SOURCES: DSB, SGBKT wd Of Thomas Hamilton Chilton (1899-1972) ‘Chilton-Colburn relations + Sono Methodist inser + Asa youth worked printing shop + Stand college tthe University of Alabama an ished up at Columbia ‘Universi win CRE, degree in 1922 + 192.1989 carers Dy Pont in Wilmington +19 awarded honorary dotrat rom he University of Delaware + Daring WW sere onthe Manten Project + Was preset fr the ist acer plate Universi of Chicago +1950 elected vce president of AICRE. and president in 1981 + Aer ezement el ising poeserships at Berkeley; Kyoto an [Nagoya (apan),U.of New South Wales, Nabe and Toulouse France), Georgia Teh, U, of Delaware, of Virgin, Bia Inst of Techoogy| (Und), UofAluhuma.U. of Masschusets, U-ofPueno Rico, U. of ‘Natal South Ac), U. of Saath Carolina + Hobbies included phsography and classical music + Founder ofthe Auo License Paes Cllrs of America + Was splendid escarce,scholr, cache. remembered for is high ia sana and isa to spices SOURCE: NAE UF Alan Philip Colburn (1904-1955) The “Chilton:Colburn relations” The “Colburn jfactors” Simultaneous heat and mass transfer +1926 BS, 1927 MS, 129 PRD at the University of Wisconsin it PRD staent of Olaf Andres Hougen) Chemical Engineering Education+ 192.1938 di researc at Du Poot in Wilmington + 1938-1988 professorial carcer tthe Universi of Delaware (1938-191 associa profesor, 191-1955 professor, 1947-1950 asia president 1980-1955 provost) + AIChE: 1936 Walker Avard, 188 Professional Progress wand 1+ 19441947 drestor of AICRE ‘+ ASME chia, Hest Taster Division ‘SOURCE: WWWAH OH Stanley (“Stan”) Corrsin (1920-1986) Interaction of turbulent flctuations and chemical reactions The “Corrsin equation” for the propagation ofthe double temperature correlation and for the double concentration ‘correlation in chemically reacting systems +1940 8S mechanical engineering, University of Pennsylvania +1942 MS and 1947 PAD aeons CalTech + 1947-19860 faclyof Johns Hopkins U, whee he had a distinguished «ager and established formidable grou nthe Fie of uence +1963 elected o American Academy of Asa Scenes +197 honorary doctorate, Université de Lyon +1980 else tothe Naonl Academy of Engineering SOURCE: NAE [Gerhard Damkéhler (1908-1944) The “Damkohler number” forthe first-onler heterogeneous reactions (there are other Damkiihler numbers as well) + Hi pubiation “Einfles von Difsion, String, nd Wirmetanspot aut di Auseute vonchemiscen Raktonen,"in Der Cheme-ngenieu Leipzig, 359 (1937) was key plication in chemical ration engineering SOURCE: RS Gd Peter Victor Danckwerts (1916-1984) Residence-time distiburion and mixing Diffusion and chemical reactions Role of diffusion in gas absorption + 19351939 sued chemistry at Oxtord 1939-1940 worked in a smal chemical company + 19401985 was bomb disposal office athe Pr of London during tbe Dit: ater as asin similar work oie of England ws wounded amine il in aly +1988 received an MS at MIT + 1948-1984 was on staf at Cambridge University + 1954-1986 served at the Inds Group ofthe United Kingdom Atomic Energy Autry at Risley + 1956-1959 sere as profesor of chemical enginsering scene at Imperial College in London + 1989-1977 held he Shall Chair a Cambridge Universiy + 1965-1966 was president ofthe Isiuton of Chil Engineers + 1952-1983 served as execute et of Chemial Engineering Science 1970 pls bis tree Gas-Ligd Reactions 1998 else wo National Academy of Enginezerig SOURCES: NAF, BMERS, OH Paul Adrien Maurice Dirac (1902-1984) Asa graduate student at Cambridge, studied the dissociation of a gas in a temperature gradient Suggested the concepls “separative capacity” and “value function” for comparing separation processes + Begun staying eles nginceing at the University of Bristol + Went Cambridge in 1923, where he Became a professarin 1932 + Published his elastic wave equation in 1928 + Received the Nobo ize in pss in 1933, + Elected othe US, National Academy of Sciences in 1989 Fall 2001 SOURCES: LN, PAMD ( Carl Henry Eekart (1902-1973) Thermodynamics of irreversible processes applied to flowing ‘uid mixtures Geophysical hydrodynamics 18S, MS in engincoring t Washington University +1925 PRD at Princeton + Ey in hiscarerhe was deeply invoved inthe development ofthe ‘gant mesic ofthe 1920s at 19308 + Series fou paps in 1940 on thermodynamics of ieversibe processes applied to tampot phenomena in ids (Ps. Re, volumes 38, 73) was tremely infact + 195 elected to National Academy of Scenes an in 1966 recived the NAS Alexander Agassiz Meda + 19651969 vse chanel f the Universi of Calon San Diego SOURCES: NAS, IM, DSB Oh Albert Einstein (1879-1955) “Einstein's viscosity formula” for dilute suspensions of neutally buoyant spheres =H, 14(5/2)0) [in original publication, the factor S72 was missing} Theory of Brownian motion and translational difusvity (Brownian motion was first observed in 1789 by Jan Ingenhousz 1730-1799) + Bom in Un, Germany + Baten German, al an Swizeand + Ate Zier tectum be was extothe-botom std. He disikeiectures and exams. Heike 0 ed + 1902-1900 he served san examine inthe patent ofc in Ber +1908 published tery on spi lati eeived doctorate from ‘ich ame ean + Held peso in Brn, Zaih and Prague +1916 apoined ect of Kaiser Wit fi for Physics +1901 Noel Pe fools effet (ea) Was not mentioned) +1933 fled Hier Gemany and went othe tsi for Advanced Std, Frinton. New Jeney +1842 eleied to National Academy of Senses SOURCE: NAS| Ol David Enskog (1884-1947))promunced roughly “Aynskons") Developed the modern kinetic theory of gases (the “Chapman- eae First theoretical prediction of thermal diffusion in gases Developed the “Enskog kinetic theory for dense gases” First derivation for dilazaional viscosity of dense gases + 1917 dotrate at Upsala, disertion othe solution of he Bolan suton forthe inti they of a8. +11 1930 appointed profesor a the Royal Insite of Tesboogy in ‘Stockholm Sydney Chipman wrote a eter of resommendation fr his professorial appintment Late Chapman said that “his taster toa ‘ives cha cemed rar tobi hin new dues thn increased les. SOURCES: DSB, CC, SGBKT. Ud Henry Eyring (1901-1981) Transport properties of liquids based on simple physical ‘models First molecular theory for non-Newtonian viscosity + Fates had a 14,00 cat ranch in Meco +1923 BS in mining engineering fom the University of Arizona +1924 MS in metal rom the University f Arizona +1927 PRD in ceri (Berkeley) wit Profesor GE. Gibson +1927 inarsctorn chemist atthe University of Wisconsin then ba 29viscosity: =m +1912 maticlted in Leiden to stay wih professor Ehrenfest + 1916 completed “dotora” exam; taught highschool for afew months + 1916-1926 comple work forthe dota t Copenhag an then -onined working with Niels Bohr + 1926-1934 professor of physi the Univers of Uireht + 1954-1952 professor of psc a the Univers of Leiden + 1946-1980 presiden of he Internat, Union of Pie and Applied Pies + The"K" ofthe WKB method or olsing eiffel equations + Know for atacking very ficult and fandamental problems. He was Iphiy respected bythe lading theoretical physio is day and made ‘ny conrturions inthe development of quar theory SOURCES: MD, RBB, DSB Of Johann Heinrich Lambert (1728-1777) Lambert’ Lav of absorption” “Lambert's cosine law” in radiation + sonof ator, largely elFeducated + Known fo his work Photomeiia, Sive de Mensa et Grabs Luminis Color t Umbra, Avgsourg (170) +1750 became member ofthe Bavarian Academy of Seine +1761 he roe tht ta ate ot ational names +1968 became a member othe Bedi Academy of Ssence SOURCE: BS Ul Ley Davydovich Landau (1908-1968) Flow of liquid helium Equations of superfluid dynamics * Ered Baku University at the ape of 14 + 1927 was awarded the doctorate atthe age of 19 + 1929-192 studied in Germany, Switerland, Geet Britain, and Denmark (vith Niels Bt) + 1932-1937 head ofthe theoretical department atthe Ukranian Phyico- ccna Instite +1937 appointed eed ofthe total depatmen, Instat or Physic Problens Academy of Seenes, USSR. 1960 elected foreign member ofthe National Academy of Scenes, USA 1962 eevee Noel Prive fr his work on bau etiam 1962 December) was ina dsasouscar-ruck olson tear Moscow “His ooks on seve pyies, coauthored with EM. Lisi, ate ‘wokfamous, The volume ied Fad Mechanics il he et Book sable on advanced tanger phenomena According tis cau, [Landau was very familar wit id dynamics when they stared wring the book, nd Landau “set about thinking through ita inti st esivig [the basic esas” — dhs eplins why there ae so many ineretng and liferentpproacts inthe ook ‘SOURCE: MHMSE. Gl Warren (“Doc”) Kendall Lewis (1882-1975) The “Lewis number” Le=0l, or its reciprocal The “Lewis relaion": Le=1 The “Lewis-Whitman film theory” +1805 BS at MT, 198 PAD in chemistry at Breas + Worke as. chemist ina tamer in New Hampshire +1911 joined the MT acy + 1920 appointed theft head ofthe CHE department at MIT + 1m 1928 the inten ook, Prints af Chemical Engineering by Walker, Lewis, and MeAdans, was published, providing a unifying influence onthe ikl + 1938 elected o National Acalemy of Sciences +1966 elected o National Academy of Engnering + In Chemical Engineering Progress 4), 17 (1948) one ids the following comment of. Howard Amoi “Id ot bebeve that Lewis ‘versed ths group [Le] do know tat contested the plication of ‘boundary-layer theory tothe problems of simultaneous heal and material 22 transfer and sha hi teoy tity demonstrated the ck of igor in ‘he Lewis analogy. The designation of GD yas the Lewis groups igh imppropitsnddoes not mei gene aceptance" (OF couse, as ied widespread acepanes particu in the field of combustion) Some worker in tefl fcombson asin incor) hat the ‘Levis number was named for Brnrd Lewis (1999-1995), who for many years was a major figure inthe i of combustion research, ‘SOURCES: MMSE. NAF, HCE 1980 chagters ani 7) [James Clerk Maxwell (1831-1879) Kinetic theory of gases “Maxwell-Stefan equations” for binary diffusion Established the theory of linear viscoelasticity “Maxwell-Bolizmann equation” of gas kinetic theory Thermal conduetivity of composite solids ‘Slip of gases at a wall (viscous slip and thermal slip) + 18S graduated wth honor at Tnity Calpe, Cambridge +1856 came professor of rau plilsopt; Aberdeen * 1860 moved onto King’s College London, nd pobiste his Kinetic theory of gases + 1864 Dynamical Theory of the Elecromegetic Fed was published, ‘he Wak or Which es mos anos +1871 became te fist Catena Profesrat Cambridge 41877 published the Theory of Heat + Not conse to ea good teacher, but was Yr renly and mid mere, He hd deep religious convictions ‘SOURCES: EB, DSB, SGBKT. Oh Hendrik (“Henk”) Jacobus Merk (1920-1988) First derivation of Maxwell-Stefan equations for multicompo- nent diffusion from irreversible thermodynamics + 1940162 enol Technische Hogeichool Deft n mechanical ngaerng Hs sais were interred by World War I + 1945-1952 compe sis Del ceve dep in nginsing pyc +1957 eeived doctor's degree with Profesor A. Prins + 19531987 was a professor a Technische Hogeschool Delft SOURCE: HIM ( Claude-Louis-Marie-Henri Navier (1788-1836) (onouounced *Nal-ray” with second abe accented) Obtained “Navier-Stokes equations” before Stokes by (faulty) ‘molecular arguments + Was avi engincer whose specialty was road and bridge building + 1821 established the equations for equibum and vibration of laste solids + Best-known work was a teatse on ridges, however, ridge ‘over the Seine in Pars — designe by him — collapsed because ‘ofthe seding of one pier + He is include as oe ofthe 72 names of notables inserted onthe Eiffel Tower SOURCES: PFN, RI (Sir) Isaac Newton (1643-1727) Newton's “law of viscosity", =-(dv dy) Newtons “law of cooling": q=hAAT Equations of motion of dymamies * Had traumatic childhood because of death of his father and remarige of hie mother + 1661 maticulted at Cambridge +167 was fellow at Tent College +1669 was apoited Lacs Profesor and signed in 701 166 became Warde ofthe Mint 1703 became president ofthe Royal Society Chemical Engineering Education+1705 was knighted by Queen Anne + 1707 was elected to the Académie des Sciences (France) + In ection IX of Book I of the Principia (1687), Newton wrote the following: "The resistance arising fom the Want of lubricity in the parts of a Huds, other things being equal, proportional to the velocity with whieh the parts ofthe fluid are separated rom one nother.” This statements taken tobe the precursor to Newton's “law of scot.” “+ M.Lighthil hi histo say about Newon’s contributions to id «dynamics, one does observe some falling of of quality both in the reasoning and in is elation o observation when one plows ‘onward othe part of Book I ofthe Principia which eas ofthe «dynamics of fd media, Two theories are given, of which We can at leas sy tat neither was worthy of being enshrined forever in a book destined to be treated the scientific equivalent of holy writ, The dense-medium theory rested on the unspoken, tndefended, erroneous assumption tht uid motions can be superposed linearly, and predicts corespondingly unealistic flows. The better known rarefied medium theory i pt forward in ‘propery tentative manner, but nevertheless it was treated with exaggerated revereace (is if it were a physialtheocy of eal uid) for over two centtics, and has recently been resuscitated” ‘SOURCES: EB, DSB, MIL, PEN [H (Amalie) Emmy Noether (1882-1935) “Noether's theorem” shows how the conservation laws for ‘energy, momentum, and angular momentum may be derived from the equations of motion plus the notions of homogeneity of tne, homogeneity of space. and isotropy ‘of space, respectively + Spocialitis were abstract algebra, hypercomplex numbers, rng. and ideals + 1900-1962 was a “nonmatculated auditoe” at Exlangen + 1902-1904 was a “nonmatriculated auditoe” at Gottingen + 1904-1907 studied a Erlangen, doctorate summa cum aude +1915 invited by Hilbert © Gotingen and in 1919 did Habitation + 1922-1933 was a “nichubeamcterausserordetlicher Professor (an unofficial adjunct professoe — without salary!) + Dismissed from her job atthe beginning of Hilr's program of religions persecution + Became profesor of mathematics a Bryn Mawr ‘In Herman Wet's memorial tnbute, he refered to her as. 3 paragon of vitality, and said "she stood on the earth with a coin Sturdy hurr and courage fo ie.” + "Noethers theorem” canbe found in Nac: Kel. Ges. Wis Gottingen (Math-Phys, Kl), 235 (1918) se also Chapter 2 of Landa and Lifshite's Mechanis. + Thete are questions of the assignment of priorities for Noether's theorem sce H. van Dam and EP. Wigner, Phys.Rev. BI38, BISTS, 106). + Crater onthe moon was named after her oeated a 666°N Lat 1135°WLoas.) ‘SOURCES: NICS, EPW (Ernst Kraft Wilhelm Nusselt (1882-1957) First major researcher on convective heat and mass transfer Analogous behavior of heat- and mass-transfer processes Dimensionless presentation of heat- and mass-transfer data The “Nusselt number": NushDfk Film condensation Radiant heat transfer + Doctorate at the Technische Hochschule ia Munchen in 1907 + 1907-1909 was assistant to Mollie at Technische Hochschule in Dresden + After to years in industry, retuned to Dresden in 1913 and Fait 2001 remained there until 1917 (915 published "Das Grundgeset” des Warmedherganges”in Gesundheits-Ingenieur involve 38 — dealing with natural and foxced convection and showing how to use dimensional analysis to generalize experimental data + Discussed film condensation of steam + 1918-1919 was at BASF Ludwigshafen + 1920 became profesor at Technische Hochschule in Karlsruhe + 1925-1952 was professor of theoretical mechanics at Minchen + 1930 dscusced the analogies between Nea and mass transfer + Published Technische Thermodynamik, Volume In 1934 and ‘Volume I in 1944) + He was an exacting taskmaster with students and an avid ‘mountain climber, but was no a colorful or exciting etree ‘SOURCE: DSB OH Lars Onsager (1903-1976) Nonequilibrium thermodynamics ‘Onsager reciprocal relations” Separation of isotopes by thermal diffusion Turbulence + 1920-1925 stated chemical engincering tthe TH. in Trondheim + 1926-1928 staied with Debye in Zarich + 1928 went to Joins Hopkins a an associate in chemistry and was Alismissed ater one yea for very poor teaching + 1928-1933 taught af Brown University. While there in 1981, he published is famous papers on imeverible thermodynamics + 1933 moved to Yale because e was terminated at Brown). He set his work on ineverible thermody amies to Tondheim to {gta doctorate, bit the material Was deemed unworthy of ‘degree. Then he submitted a thesis, Solutions ofthe Mathiew Equation of Peri 4 and Certain Related Functions (1935) (0 the chemistry department at Yale. which enabled him to get an assistant professorship there + 1942 announced the evaluation ofthe parton function forthe Ising ‘model fora tvo-imensionalferemagnet (aceon to Wolfgang Pauli the ony otewethy advance in physics during WWI. + His two courses on satstial mechanics were referred to by students as "Advanced Norwegian I and TL" his lectures were {ical to ftlow + Made many friendships because of his Kindness, warmth and imegrity + 1987 elecod to the National Academy of Sciences + 1960 received an honorary doctorate from Trondheim 11968 ceived the Nob! Prize (for is work on reverse tera ‘ics andthe National Mel of Seiense SOURCES: NAS, BES { Jean-Claude-Bugéne Péclet (1793-1857) (troucanced “Pyclay.” wih recon be accented The *Péclet number": Pé=RePr + Wos edcate at ihe Bol Nomale + Besumes pfesorin Maree it 1816 + Founder of and profesor athe Ecole Cente + Wos eal at he Ecole Nome + Author of evr books, incling Ta de la Chalewet de ses Applications i 1829 and its revised eon in 1883 + Datemine wih Fourie) them coats of varios materi up wiare SOURCE: WWWS Oh Robert (“Bob”) Lamar Pigford (1917-1988) Diffusion and convection; dgiusion and chemical reactions Rate of atmospheric dispersion of clouds of droplets Interphase diffusion Isotope separation 263Transient behavior of mass transfer equipment + 1938 received BS degre from Misisipi State College + 1940 grand MSin chemistry at Univers of iis + 1942 grand PAD in cherishes on mass arse with Profesor H. Fraser Jtnsone + 1981-1947 worked inthe engincrng department of 1d Pont de Nemours and Company: + 1947 named chairman ofthe Chemica Egincrng Department a University of Delaware; on faculty tere 1947-196; 1975-1988 + 1965-1975 served on the fac at Berkeley + Coauthored The Aplicuion of Diferetal Equation to Chemical Enginecrng with WR. Marsal and Absorption and Earaton with ‘TK Sheroed (an thi ein with CR Wik) + ted tothe National Acaemy of Engincerng in 1971 + Bete othe National Academy of Sciences in 1977 + Founding eit of Industrial ond Engineering Chemistry Research + Hobbies includ playing he clarinet operating ham ado, making faite, and fabricating electronic devices + scolar witha warm and refined personality ‘SOURCE: NAE Of Max Karl Ernst Ludwig Planck (1858-1947) “Planck's distribution law" for black-body radiation ‘Planck's constant” b ‘Fokker-Planck equation” Derivation of Sean Botonan constant: a= Zak? + Oct. 19, 1900, proposed his distribution law for the radiant eneray ‘of emission frm black bodies aan empiricism + Dec 14, 10, preset a derivation fis distbtin Ly Jnodcing the notion af uanization of ney + Hisbook Vresungon ier die Theorie der Warmest 2b El (0913), scare presentation of the derivation ofthe Planck Aistution for ack-hdy ration, nhs Book he had this to say about the ide of “emission of quan "tise tht we sal px thereby rove tha this hypothesis eesens the oly posse o ven the mest Mequat expression ofthe elementary dynamical av ofthe vibrations of the oscars On the contr. Think it very probable hat tay he rely improved as regards form and conten. Theres however BO tho of testing ts admisaiity excep the investigation ois ‘consequences, anda longs no contrition in itself or with xpiment is discovered in and long sno more aque hypothesis can be afvanced to replace i it may jot claim a erin impeance. +1918 was awarded he Nobo rz for proposing quantization + When asked in 1931 how be cate o formulate the ies of quantization of energy, id "was an act of esperton For i yeas sagged ‘wt th bck ody theory. knew th prcblem was fundamental bd Kew te answer Tha find theoretical explanation at any cos, except ofthe invoability f the two laws of thermodynamics" (Quoted fom A. Hexmann in Te Genesis of he Quanta Teor; 197.) +16 elec othe National Academy of Sciences, USA + 1980 became president ofthe Kaiser Wie Insite + During Wit he was an outspoken oppoaent of Adolf Hide (his ees ‘on was exe frinvovemet ina plant assinate Hits. n hot May of 1933, he had ery untsfactory anience with Hit, tying 1 dsuae im fro his policies of egos persecution He had to resign he presidency ofthe Kaiser Wiel Society in 1937 + Hews rescued by the U.S Ames Forces nd restored spent ofthe Kaiser Wien Sociery (ater eaumed the Max Planck Soe). +A peak in he Dolomites is ame afte im bec he made is + Heh. welldeeloped intrest in music. He had a harmonium bit ‘ith 1 nes in each ete, He ha the piano technique of pofssonl. He prefered Schubert, Schunana, and Brn «+ He respect fr the la, ist in extabised instiations, song see of, and abo net. He aed a clear conscience ss tremely important, 268 «+ His piste bay ad al is comespondence were destyed ia Alia aid of Bevin ‘SOURCES: DSB, EB, BES, LN, HCO Oh Ludwig Prandtl (1875-1953) (prouncunced “Pruln-l") “Prandil boundary-layer theory” (some prior work on this ‘was done by L. Loren: of Denmark) “Prandil mixing length” in turbulence “Von Karmdn-Prandil equation” for Re) for tubes ‘Prandtl number": Pravla 1998 graduated fom Technische Hochschule in Munich + 1900 dart in physics at Mach +1901 became professor atthe Tesnische Hochschule in Hanover +1904 named ea ofthe Ist ir Technische Phys atthe Univesiy ‘f Gatingen: proposed the Boundary sre +1925 came he othe Kaiser Wiese for lid Mechs + Had perfect pith nd enjoyed playing te piano + Arter tug lecture, because be cold not make a teen without qin it ‘SOURCES: EB, DSB, BES, ARF (19) Ol Osborne Reynolds (1842-1912) “Reynolds number”: Re=DV (named by A. Sommerfeld in 1908) Laminar-tarbulent transition Theory of lubrication “Reynolds stresses Transport of heat by urbulent motion Heat transfer between solids and fluids "Reynolds transport theorem” (Justa special case ofthe three- dimensional Leibniz formula) +1867 graduated from Queens College, Cambridge +1868 named fist professor fengnerng in Owens Cllege, Manchester, nd served thre 37 years +1877 named allow ofthe Royal Society +1883 did he famous experiments on instability of tabe + Ws. ative member of the Manchester Literary abd Philosophie ‘Soci which he served as secretary and president ‘SOURCES: EB, ARFM (22) (ace by N- Rot), DSB, Ol Ernst Heinrich Wilhelm Schmidt (1892-1975) Heat and mass transfer "Solumidt number” Se + Studie ivi engncerng atte LH, a Desen andthe TH. in Mchen, then sched to clea enginseting a the university in Mince, reeivng the doctor of engineering degre in 1921 +1925 became professor in Gash, Poland + 1945-1952 yas profesorathe TH. a Brunschneig +1952 came profess tthe TH. it Munich 6 sascestr to Nast +1956: 1968 wa restr ofthe Tn Munich + Author of ecnische hermod ami Oe (1963), and Wasserdampufl, th ed. (1983) ‘SOURCES: WWWS, BS [i Thomas (‘“Tom”) Kilgore Sherwood (1903-1976) The “Sherwood number” Sb, was appropriately named in honor of his many distinguished contributions to the field lofmass transfer; however, itmay be argued that this dimensionless group frst originated with Nusselt and should therefore bear the later’ name +1923 BSincheniclengiesing fom Mcill Uivesity +1829 SeDinchenical ening fom MIT, wth WK. Lens + 1930-1969 was onthe faulty in hema engineering a MIT * Afr ering fom MI, bcane profesor cf CRE at Berkely Chemical Engineering Education+1984 costed o American Academy of As sd Sciences +1958 eee o National Acaemy af Sciences +1964 chosen asa funding ember of National Academy of Engineering * Coauthor of boks: Absorption and Extraction, Mass Transfer The Properties of Gases and Lud, A Course in Process Design The Role of Difsion in Catalysis + AICHE awards ince the William H. Walber Ava the Founder ‘Award andthe Waren K. Lewis Atard, He alo received the Murpnce ‘ward fromthe Americn Chemical Society + Hoy( C. Hotel, autor ofthe NAE meri id “He had warm, charm, ‘rere anda conscience that de i owe his aes othe fullest toadvance chemical engineering in theory and pr SOURCE: NAE UH Charles Soret (1884-1904) (or. acentom second ale) First ro measure the thermal diffusion effect in liquids in 1879, the “Soret effect.” C. Ludwig, however, published on this Phenomenon in 1856 in Sitber. K. Akad. Wien. + Aswissmineologist [Thomas Edward Stanton (1865-1931) “Stanton number": St=Nu/RePt + Stale wih Reynokl a th Univesity of Manchester + In 1999 became a profesor of engineering athe University of Beisel + Worked on aerodynamics and aiplane constuction ‘SOURCE: BS Gi Josef Stefan (1835-1893) “Maxwell Stefan equations” mixture of N gases: SS kay Vag = FB a v9 aed 1 multicomponent diffusion in a [ George Gabriel Stokes (1819-1903) “Navier-Stokes equation” “Stokes flow” (creeping flow) Stokes law" for flow around a sphere +1849 appoited tthe age of 30, a8 Lacain Protest Cambeidge +185 elesed wo Royal Society of London + 184-1888 served as secretary forthe Royal Society 1188 elected as president ofthe Royal Society +195 elected the Naionl Academy’ of Sienes USA + Worked on easy, wae theory fight, Naorescenoe SOURCE: RI GH John William Strutt, Lord Rayleigh (1842-1919) Established the field of acoustics The “Rayleigh number”: Ra=GrPr “Rayleigh-Jeans theory” of radiant energy flux Fall 2001, ‘Rayleigh seanering + Poor eth yout: ht witha rm Eaton and Harow + 186 entered Tint Coles, Cambria +186 ceived BS depres “Senor Wrangler +187 took extended action on housboat nthe Nile because a hema fever, during he ip be started on the Theory of Sound, VL (087) a Vol (1878) +1873 became the thied Baron Rayleigh and bil lb next his home + 1819-1884 suceeded Manel a the second Cavendish Professor 1186 bocame secretary ofthe Royal Society +1904 eevee Nobel Prize for stn argon + 1905 became president ofthe Royal Society + 1908-1919 served 38 cancel of Cambridge University SOURCES, EB, RBL, LN Geoffrey Ingram ("G.1.”) Taylor (1886-1975) “Taylor diffusion” “Taylor vortices” Statistical theory of turbulence + In 1908 mato t Tiny Cole, Cambie +1911 temporary readership t Cambridge +1912 went om IMS Scoison a six-month expedition in the Noch ‘lane Oven + Aller 1923 was a Royal Society profesor at Cavendish Laboratory in Cambvidge + Daring WWI was involved wth the Menhtan Project nd witnessed he first ales explosion at Alaagono + Retired in 1952, bt cominsed doing esearch fran atonal 20 years + Wall known fr users of moves ilastating fi ow pene SOURCES: GKB, DSB, ARFM (29) [Ernest William Thiele (1895-1993) The “Thiele modulus Catalyst effectiveness factors The "MeCabe-Thiele diagram” + 1919 BS in chemical engineering from te Urivesiy of ans 1025 Sein chemi engicoring t MIT + 1925-1960 associate detor of esearch fr Standard Oi of Indiana + 196-1970 professor of CRE at the Univers of Nore Dame + 1971 honorary DEng trom the University of Note Dae +1980 elected tothe National Academy of Enginering “A kind and geal person ad very god steer + Wie and spoke French and Geman, enjoyed traveling Europe and ‘sing France and Geary ‘SOURCE: NAE OH Moritz, Weber (1871-1951) (proanounced “Nay-ber*) The “Weber number": We=pV'DIO + Profesor of vl architecture in erin + Responsible for naning the Frade umber + Die Grndlagen der Anlichkeismechaik wre Vrwerting bei Modelversuchen (1919) + Wiser name mimo by Franz Eisner (1885-1933) SOURCE: RI UM Wilhelm Carl Werner Otto Franz Wien (1864-1928) (prounounced “Veen") Wien’ displacement law” of radiation +1990 bese sist to Hermann. lobo in atin +1896 became professor f physica Technische Hoesen Aachen +1999 moved o Worburg as pofessor +1911 received Nobel Prize fr physics fr his work on aaton +1920 appoited professor in Mich SOURCE: BS 7