Petroleum Engineering 324 ‘Well Performance Single-Phase, Steady-State Flow in Porous Media The jealous are troublesome to others, but a torment to themselves. — William Penn (1693) Topic: Single-Phase, Steady-State Flow in Porous Media Objectives: (things you should know and/or be able to do) © Be familiar with and be able to develop the single-phase, steady-state flow relations for the laminar flow of gases and compressible liquids in terms of pressure, pressure- squared, and pseudopressure, as appropriate. = Liquid Flow: (Constant Fluid Properties) Linear Flow Radial Flow - =c,kAB =c,kh Ae. Differential Form: de ccf Qe= rE re-Pw PePy Difference Form: (at reat re) ee = cxhAPEP™ a KABxPw. Qc = cri PePw Difference Form: (any x or r) dsc = cxki Pat ae in@rr,) Pressure Form: (any xorr) py = Py + dascBitx Pr= Put base Be In(r/ry) Gas Flow: (Variable Fluid Properties) Pseudopressure Relations Linear Flow Radi 3 = yk He, = Differential Form: Gee = Oa a dx Isc . ; “kA PoPAPplPw) gy, Difference Form: a= eof Meee Pressure Form: (Linear Flow) pp(Ps) = p(w) + due Beit os : Beit Pressure Form: (Radial Flow) —_pp(Pr) = Pp(Pw) + 2- Isp, Warn) Pressure-Squared Relations Rate Form: (Linear Flow) Qs0 = ALT ira al _ (2-pi) Tee Zee! Rate Form: (Radial Flow) tee = Ori al al oe Seep) Note: For the pressure-squared case the (1c), term is evaluated at some "average" pressure. ‘Table of Units Conversions: (for the equations given above) Variable ___Darcy Units Field Units SIUnits cr 1 11278103 8.52710: 2nl 127x103 2n8.527610-5 or Qn or or 7.081x10-3 5.358x10-4Petroleum Engineering 324 ‘Well Performance Single-Phase, Steady-State Flow in Porous Media Objectives: (continued) © Be familiar with and be able to derive the "skin factor" for a well where a near-well skin zone is used to model damage or stimulation in a radial flow system. Be familiar with the theoretical and practical limitations of this approach. © Be able to derive the pressure-squared forms of the "gas deliverability" equations using steady-state, laminar flow theory. Also, be able to establish the conditions of validity for the pressure-squared forms of the gas deliverability equations. © Be familiar with and be able to develop flow relations for gases and compressible liquids, in terms of pressure, pressure-squared, and pseudopressure using the non- Jaminar Forchheimer flow relation, which is quadratic in terms of velocity. Lect in © Linear and radial steady-state laminar flow relations for liquid flow m= Horizontal radial flow © Linear and radial steady-state laminar flow relations for horizontal gas flow m™ Development of "pressure" equations m Development of "pressure-squared” equations m Development of "pseudopressure” equations ™ Ranges of applicability and limitations © Derivation of the pressure-squared forms of the "gas deliverability" equations m Empirical evidence-log-log plot of flow-after-flow test data = Derivation of the steady-state gas flow relations m Relation between empirical behavior and steady-state flow equations Conditions for validity of the pressure-squared concept (s=constant) © Derivation of the "skin factor” for a well where a near-well "skin zone" is used to ‘model damage or stimulation in a radial flow system. ™ Conceptual model m Physical representation of the "effective" wellbore radius concept ™ Limitations © Developments using the Forchheimer, non-laminar flow relation = Liguid flow relations ® Gas flow relations Plotting functions © Various applications of the non-laminar flow equations (discussion) = Transient flow (isochronal tests) m Pseudosteady-state flow (flow-after-flow tests) Reading Assignment: © Review attached notes 1 Derivation of the Steady-State Flow Equations (Horizontal Linear and Radial Flow Cases). ™ Derivation of the Pressure-Squared (p2) Forms of the "Gas Deliverability" Equa- tions. m Derivation of the Skin Factor for a Zone of Altered Permeability Near the Well Radial Flow Case). = Derivation of the Effective Wellbore Concept Concept for the Near Well Skin Factor. = Forchheimer Equation for Non-Laminar Flow in Porous Media,Petroleum Engineering 324 ‘Well Performance Single-Phase, Steady-State Flow in Porous Media Reading Assignment: (continued) © Text Reading: ® Dake, L. P.: Fundamentals of Reservoir Engineering, Elsevier (1978)—Chapters 4 and 8. Lee, W.J.: Well Testing, (1st edition) SPE (1982)—Chapters 5. © Review attached papers—Generalized Flow Behavior in Porous Media m Klinkenberg, LJ.: "The Permeability of Porous Media to Liquids and Gases,” API Drilling and Production Practices (1941) 200-213. = Comell, D., and Katz, D.L.: "Flow of Gases Through Consolidated Porous Media," Ind. and Eng. Chem, (1953), 45, 2145-2152. ™ Hubbert, M.K.: “Darcy's Law and the Field Equations of the Flow of Underground Fluids," Trans. AIME 207 (1956) 222-239. m Tek, MR.: "Development of a Generalized Darcy Equation,” JPT (June 1957) 45- 47, Trans. AIME 210 (1957) 376-378. © Review attached papers—Non-Laminar/Non-Darcy Flow ™ Geertsma, J: "Estimating the Coefficient of Inertial Resistance in Fluid Flow Through Porous Media," SPEJ (Oct. 1974) 445-450. m Firoozabadi, A. and Katz, D.L.: "An Analysis of High Velocity Gas Flow Through Porous Media," JPT (Feb. 1979) 211-216. m Jones, S.C.: "Using the Inertial Coefficient, 8, to Characterize Heterogeneity in Reservoir Rock," paper SPE 16949 presented at the 62nd Annual Technical Conference and Exhibition of SPE held in Dallas, TX, 27-30 Sept. 1987. m Wattenbarger, R.A., and Ramey, H.J., Jr.: "Gas Well Testing With Turbulence, Damage, and Wellbore Storage," JPT (August 1968) 877-887,Derivation of the Skin Factor for a Zone of Altered Permeability Near the Well (Radial Flow Case) (from Petroleum Engineering 324 Course Notes -- 1999) Petroleum Engineering 324 Well PerformanceTh Bash Einute Thickness Model tor the ladiaL Flow Skin factor O ¢ februany Ph the most hy sical, model of near well Bee opelet, ili i derived by assumire, a 2- zone yad.al co, ite reseyvory wn Sold -state thow is ed wn the jnner, tone! and any other peanalty thew ste @, transient, Cham £1¢IOn, mw ps state. tlow) can exist in the." pseu pone “We, ve pon damaged Inon-stinslated portion of the vresewoir), the dinute - thickvess medek tor the vadial flow stin factor is qn by: De aus dor ni ae ayer by (an Brey" onlis yee eye apeve the cross-section - ab ayea, Ay, ts A, = trrh @) Substitutin 12 tuto 4! eae ap dre tnth dp %: nk Mo at er y GB (arg i's positive ) wir e Cea fees Stinvbation Caz: e s | tin one oe have kek is Age -h, ee jk, f* Lave ant [* dp Ir (Apts regative) tw & %e wer Gb “Be) © thonlegae Completing the integration wields blk ]= enkh & @) la)’ ge Solving bg. tor the "basehine" wellbore flowing, pecue, an ques us +2 p- F8u kulh &) t @ Znkh i] 4 ging the pressure behavior as of no cama F clnudas jon existed (ie, kek), Writin 4 in terms of f° told "units, We obtalvi 4% Bre Bo Mahe ie ue “] 6) onthe other band, (f we substitute the permeability of the skin zone, ky £4, 4 becomes ey-l4.2 Fu hh s) oe Te We rote that y, 5 the wellbove e fiewin vessuve that "Yexists becawe of %, timulatian —and woukd be the presne that we actu measuve in the well. In order to re- late the (stimkatio, case 6) with He vada fenstinnutateg case ( Gi we define the "skin gone presse drop" as ad or hy ®TA Blasingame QO 4hebuany A Substituting Eqs, cand b into &.7 Gives 4g = B- ale tee Se ed -|p- 42 teu afk [+ Kh 4] “4 Ga af” ] Ape (42 Gb BI] [4 -L @) ¢ Felle zl vee inte dong 04, 8 by kik, we obtalu our Aye ane Hea. hale 4) ome te ob] G1 is aie a mechanism to calelate the ress a ve to the stin gone; but this is not of mich use tov comparing, pertormance, As a partormaneeletticteney, index, we detine the "thin factor" as ‘pike ETM] © From €4, 10, we oan Case eo] ole ] Comments ke ks © No Domage ov Simulation kee ha (fe ur) Mayimum Stimulation kro oo Maimom Damage7A, Blas\naame Disk From the table on the previous 5 fae age, we uote that asad 2; the potty a e! well is zevo— whiel ° bogleal Howevel, tor the casé of f,=00, we Find that the skin factor ts a function of the Klh, ratio. To demonstrate this behaviour, we present “the following, comparison Tabhe! k200 s Various Ve lry cases keltg = Lal's lrg) “eg 04! s -hel 10 -230 (00 -4el The point of this exereite Us to demonstrate that the'tinte thickness model for the vadiak foe shia factor es not sufficient to represent very Large negative stin factors, Tr yactice, the maumom flr, valve ¢3 sovobab. ou the ordey of s-5— sb what can nt obsewe spt, factors of -bto-#7 The anspler & some sort of phenomena such as a, deviated lor horizontals! bovehohe — or move LiteLy a hgdveuLleatley. ¢ Cet vertical. fractuve. "' Gien this discussion on negative skin factors, we 122 that the, finite Barna model for the rad thow shih fo Yactor Le appropriate, tor ae tive ski ee or EGS tively son 5 oo oy peers 2 Se-/ to -2), wich oald be cated by acid leing’ AFTA: BLasthqgame Ou february, AF The following discussion and figure provide justification tor using, the finite thi Luess mooeh Gel for Yh he racial tlow skih taetor tor damage, byt not dor cases of significant reservoir ttinlation. Skin Factor Moded sk - ] as ks Yad Presswve Behavior in a. 2-éone Laciak Composite Reservoir (Ste -State Flow in Inner Zone) t aA de -— yaa ical Fractured oe ee Solution k 6 hy ip ve @ Case Conditions a ticier carseat oe —— We Damage or Stimulation Kye k $870 —*— Damage Case & ot jae6) (o£ sto) +— CB haht) Stimvbatio Case Krk eet -) —— Marin Stimbatio Case kes 700} 2 Lal lew) a Phy siealluy Linpossibde Bebavior (Wet 4g hieable ) -—_ njaraulie we Case fm, feDerivation of the Effective Wellbore Concept for the Near Well Skin Factor (Radial Flow Case) (from Petroleum Engineering 324 Course Notes -- 1999) Petroleum Engineering 324 Well PerformanceTih, Bhastv ‘efleesve Wellbove Radius” Concept tor the O 4 Febnary HA Radial Flow Skin Factov sed to the “tinite. thickness "model for the radial Gos Lin tactov, the effective wellbove radius concest ts not based on a physical modeL — tut vather, ov “epics mathematical ce " that allows us to = Bere Hf tor as an effective (or wellbore radius, This ettective" wedl- Ve earns) can then be used in ally Ve fal flow solution to vepresent the skin fac a effective eee oa soup ts devived 2 hey vox'mation Y se of a Well ade «ea cod tet a, covstart tlewate in an infinite- — reservoir. this solution is Given as lenet “Th 3] +s a) where, prt Ay sp) 3 dimensioukess @) Pe 4b pressure f= o.ccctes? kt; dimensionless (8) Pug ne time pe Lj dimensionbess radius @ Ma Y= asreib... Exlers constant = Skin factor; dimen slonless pressure. drop Assuming 'b21 (conditions at the well) &, | becomes Boe a= L taf | te aTh, Blashgame Fecalling, several rules of Leganithms Oa Ronanyin hh (ecp[a]) 2a also, eames ponents os given be (et: expla) 4 thevetove Lnlepleg])= 24 vst lhleples]) ) Sibstitsbing, Gb into GS gives 662%) = 24 %] +4 inlesplesl) = Lia e* eeghl Zz [& % ] "Ps eepaa) plo) br) = Lug 2] @ Substityting the de singin of dimensionless time, ty, Wn (3) into 6, #, we o Oey #) = LIn[4 (ocooeese) Kt 1 BG) = gil Coons) | ht ; a) From &4, 6, we define fae = pe a a 4) Yura = YuTA Blasingame Ow 9 Feeney ibte: the notations tin and yi are both accepted tor thé effective! lagparent wellbore rads, veing €4.9, the detintion of dimensionkess time becomes t= Q000%b3F ke pug Oe the vtidity of t lees wellbove radius 5 goncept Go) ts that it comple evakizes the skin factor — pe as oe sical spre drop, but vathy asa ddentity-» Tn other words, the a mathematical identity, sone t of stints atid Hann ha medel— which ts vera trefo in fra. @ Flaw Solution 1a) bgt ky Seo —— b#k3 80 -—- bk; seo | (undistorted i ' 1 1 1 ' H { ' i ‘ t 1 ' t ' fo} tw i kK lod | | Kall) SeSe°) Nua OS) tua tage 3) Le Finite iL undisturbed formation > Thickness Skin Zone