Chapter 02 Physics

CHAPTER 2:
Kinematics of linear motion
(5 hours)

1
 Chapter 02 Physics
Overview:

Motion

Linear Projectile
(1-dimensional) (2-dimensional)

Horizontal with Vertical with

constant constant
acceleration acceleration
(x-axis only) (y-axis only)
Free Fall
2
 Chapter 02 Physics
2.0 Kinematics of Linear motion
is defined as the studies of motion of an objects
without considering the effects that produce the
motion.
There are two types of motion:
Linear or straight line motion (1-D)

with constant (uniform) velocity

with constant (uniform) acceleration, e.g. free

fall motion
Projectile motion (2-D)

x-component (horizontal)

y-component (vertical)

3
 Chapter 02 Physics
Learning Outcome:
2.1 Linear Motion (2 hours)
At the end of this chapter, students should be able
to:
Define and distinguish between

distance and displacement

speed and velocity

instantaneous velocity, average velocity and

uniform velocity
instantaneous acceleration, average
acceleration and uniform acceleration

4
 Chapter 02 Physics
Learning Outcome:
2.1 Linear Motion (2 hours)
At the end of this chapter, students should be able
to:
Sketch graphs of displacement-time, velocity-
time and acceleration-time.
Determine the distance travelled, displacement,
velocity and acceleration from appropriate
graphs.

5
 Chapter 02 Physics
2.1. Linear motion (1-D)
2.1.1. Distance, d
scalar quantity.
is defined as the length of actual path between two
points.
The S.I. unit of distance is metre (m).
For example :

The length of the path from P to Q is 25 cm.

6

Chapter 02 Physics
2.1.2 Displacement, s
vector quantity
is defined as the distance between initial point and final
point in a straight line.
The S.I. unit of displacement is metre (m).
Example 2.1 :
An object P moves 30 m to the east after that 15 m to the south
and finally moves 40 m to west. Determine the displacement of P
N
relative to the original position.
Solution :

W O 30 m
E

15 m

P 10 m 30 m

7
S
 Chapter 02 Physics
The magnitude of the displacement is given by

and its direction is

2.1.3 Speed, v
is defined as the rate of total distance travelled.

scalar quantity.

Equation:

total distance travelled

speed
time interval

v
d
t
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 Chapter 02 Physics
2.1.4 Velocity, v
is a vector quantity.
The S.I. unit for velocity is m s-1.
Average velocity, vav
is defined as the rate of change of displacement.

Equation:
changeof displacement
vav
time interval
s2 s1
vav
t 2 t1
s
vav
t
Its direction is in the same direction of the change in
displacement. 9
 Chapter 02 Physics
Instantaneous velocity, v
is defined as the instantaneous rate of change of
displacement.
Equation:
limit s
v
t 0 t
ds
v
dt
An object moves in a uniform velocity when
ds
constant
dt
and the instantaneous velocity equals to the average velocity
at any time.
10
 Chapter 02 Physics
s

The gradient of the tangent to the curve at point Q

s1 Q
= the instantaneous velocity at time, t = t1

0 t1 t

Therefore

Gradient of s-t graph = velocity

11
 Chapter 02 Physics
2.1.5 Acceleration, a
vector quantity
The S.I. unit for acceleration is m s-2.
Average acceleration, aav
is defined as the rate of change of velocity.

Equation: changeof velocity

aav
time interval
v2 v1
aav
t 2 t1
v
aav
t
Its direction is in the same direction of change in velocity.
The acceleration of an object is uniform when the magnitude
of velocity changes at a constant rate and along fixed 12
direction.
 Chapter 02 Physics
Instantaneous acceleration, a
is defined as the instantaneous rate of change of velocity.

Equation:
limit v
a
t 0 t
2
dv d s
a 2
dt dt
An object moves in a uniform acceleration when
dv
constant
dt
and the instantaneous acceleration equals to the average
acceleration at any time.
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 Chapter 02 Physics
Deceleration, a
is a negative acceleration.

The object is slowing down meaning the speed of the object

decreases with time.
v

Q
v1

The gradient of the tangent to the curve at point Q

= the instantaneous acceleration at time, t = t1
0 t1 t
Therefore

Gradient of v-t graph = acceleration

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 Chapter 02 Physics
2.1.6 Graphical methods
Displacement against time graph (s-t)
s s

Gradient increases
with time
Gradient = constant
0 t 0 t
s (a) Uniform velocity (b) The velocity increases with time
(c) Q
Gradient at point R is negative.
R
P
The direction of
Gradient at point Q is zero.
velocity is changing.

The velocity is zero. 15

0 t
 Chapter 02 Physics
Velocity versus time graph (v-t)
v v v B
Uniform
C
Uniform velocity acceleration

0 t1 (a) t2 t 0 t1 t 0 t1 t
(b) t2 t2 (c)

Area under the v-t graph = displacement

The gradient at point A is positive a > 0(speeding up)

The gradient at point B is zero a= 0
The gradient at point C is negative a < 0(slowing down)
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 Chapter 02 Physics
From the equation of instantaneous velocity,
ds
v
dt

ds vdt
Therefore
t2
s vdt
t1

s sha ded area under the v t graph

Simulation 2.1 Simulation 2.2 Simulation 2.3

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 Chapter 02 Physics
Example 2.2 :
A toy train moves slowly along a straight track according to the
displacement, s against time, t graph in Figure 2.1.
s (cm)
10
8
6
4
2
Figure 2.1 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 t (s)
a. Explain qualitatively the motion of the toy train.
b. Sketch a velocity (cm s-1) against time (s) graph.
c. Determine the average velocity for the whole journey.
d. Calculate the instantaneous velocity at t = 11 s.
18
e. Determine the distance travelled by the toy train.
 Chapter 02 Physics
Solution :
a. 0 to 10 s :
10 to 14 s :

b.

v (cm s1)

1.50

0.68

0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 t (s)
19
 Chapter 02 Physics
Solution :
c.

1
vav 0.429 cm s
d. v average velocity from10 s to14 s

1
v 1.50 cm s
20
 Chapter 02 Physics
Solution :
e. The distance travelled by the train, d is given by

d 6.0 cm

21
 Chapter 02 Physics
Example 2.3 :
A velocity-time (v-t) graph in Figure 2.2 shows the motion of a lift.
v (m s1)

4
2
0
5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 t (s)
-2
-4
Figure 2.2
a. Describe qualitatively the motion of the lift.
b. Sketch a graph of acceleration (m s2) against time (s).
c. Determine the total distance travelled by the lift and its
displacement.
d. Calculate the average acceleration between 20 s to 40 s.
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 Chapter 02 Physics
Solution :
a. 0 to 5 s : Lift moves upward from rest with a constant
acceleration of 0.4 m s2.
5 to 15 s : The velocity of the lift increases from 2 m s1 to
4 m s1 but the acceleration decreasing to
0.2 m s2.
15 to 20 s : Lift moving with constant velocity of 4 m s1.
20 to 25 s : Lift decelerates at a constant rate of 0.8 m s2.
25 to 30 s : Lift at rest or stationary.
30 to 35 s : Lift moves downward with a constant acceleration
of 0.8 m s2.
35 to 40 s : Lift moving downward with constant velocity
of 4 m s1.
40 to 50 s : Lift decelerates at a constant rate of 0.4 m s2
and comes to rest.

23
 Chapter 02 Physics
Solution :
2
b. a (m s )

0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
0
5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 t (s)
-0.2
-0.4
-0.6
-0.8

24
 Chapter 02 Physics
Solution :
v (m s 1)
c. i.

4
2
A2 A3
A1
0
5 10 15 20 25 30 A35 40 45 50 t (s)
-2 4
A5
-4

Total distance area under thegraph of v-t

Total distance 115 m

25
 Chapter 02 Physics
Solution :
c. ii. Displacement area under thegraph of v-t

Displaceme nt 15 m
d.

a av 0.4 m s 2
26
 Chapter 02 Physics
Exercise 2.1 :
1. Figure 2.3 shows a velocity versus time graph for an object
constrained to move along a line. The positive direction is to
the right.

Figure 2.3

a. Describe the motion of the object in 10 s.

b. Sketch a graph of acceleration (m s-2) against time (s) for
the whole journey.
c. Calculate the displacement of the object in 10 s.
27
ANS. : 6 m
 Chapter 02 Physics
2. A train pulls out of a station and accelerates steadily for 20 s
until its velocity reaches 8 m s1. It then travels at a constant
velocity for 100 s, then it decelerates steadily to rest in a further
time of 30 s.
a. Sketch a velocity-time graph for the journey.
b. Calculate the acceleration and the distance travelled in
each part of the journey.
c. Calculate the average velocity for the journey.
Physics For Advanced Level, 4th edition, Jim Breithaupt, Nelson
Thornes, pg.15, no. 1.11
ANS. : 0.4 m s2,0 m s2,-0.267 m s2, 80 m, 800 m, 120 m;
6.67 m s1.

28
 Chapter 02 Physics
Learning Outcome:
2.2 Uniformly accelerated motion (1 hour)
At the end of this chapter, students should be able
to:
Derive and apply equations of motion with
uniform acceleration:

v u at
1 2
s ut at
2
v u 2as
2 2

29
 Chapter 02 Physics
2.2. Uniformly accelerated motion
From the definition of average acceleration, uniform
(constant) acceleration is given by
v u
a
t
v u at (1)

where v : final velocity

u : initial velocity
a : uniform (constant) acceleration
t : time

30
 Chapter 02 Physics
From equation (1), the velocity-time graph is shown in Figure
2.4: velocity

u
Figure 2.4
t time
0
From the graph,
The displacement after time, s = shaded area under the
graph
= the area of trapezium
Hence,
s u v t
1
(2)
2 31
 Chapter 02 Physics
By substituting eq. (1) into eq. (2) thus

s u u at t
1
2
1 2
s ut at (3)
2
From eq. (1), v u at
From eq. (2), v u
2s multiply

t
2s
v u v u at
t
v u 2as
2 2
(4)
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 Chapter 02 Physics
Notes:
equations (1) (4) can be used if the motion in a straight
line with constant acceleration.
For a body moving at constant velocity, ( a = 0) the
equations (1) and (4) become
vu
Therefore the equations (2) and (3) can be written as

s vt constant velocity

33
 Chapter 02 Physics
Example 2.4 :
A plane lands on a runway at velocity 50 m s1 and decelerates at
constant rate. The plane travels 1.0 km before stops. Calculate
a. the deceleration of the plane.
b. the time taken for the plane to stop.
Solution :
1
a?
u 50 m s v0

s 1000 m
t?
a. Use

Hence the deceleration of the plane is 1.25 m s2. 34

 Chapter 02 Physics
Solution :
b. By using the equation of linear motion,

t 40 s
OR

t 40 s
35
 Chapter 02 Physics
Example 2.5 :
A bus travelling steadily at 30 m s1 along a straight road passes a
stationary car which, 5 s later, begins to move with a uniform
acceleration of 2 m s2 in the same direction as the bus. Determine
a. the time taken for the car to acquire the same velocity as the
bus,
b. the distance travelled by the car when it is level with the bus.
1 2
Solution : vb 30 m s constant ; uc 0; ac 2 ms

a. Given vc vb 30 m s 1
Use

t c 15 s

36
 Chapter 02 Physics
b.

vb 30 m s 1 vb vb
b b b
ac 2 m s 2
c uc 0 c
tb 0 s tb 5 s tb t
sc sb
From the diagram,
tb t ; t c t 5 Therefore
sc sb

sc 1183 m

t 39.4 s 37
 Chapter 02 Physics
Example 2.6 :
A particle moves along horizontal line according to the equation
s t 3 2t
Where s is displacement in meters and t is time in seconds.
At time, t =2 s, determine
a. the displacement of the particle,
b. Its velocity, and
c. Its acceleration.
Solution :
a. t =2 s ;

s 12 m
38
 Chapter 02 Physics
Solution :
b. Instantaneous velocity at t = 2 s,

Use

Thus

v 1 4 m s 1

39
 Chapter 02 Physics
Solution :
c. Instantaneous acceleration at t = 2 s,

Use

Hence
2
a 12 m s

40
 Chapter 02 Physics
Exercise 2.2 :
1. A speedboat moving at 30.0 m s-1 approaches stationary
buoy marker 100 m ahead. The pilot slows the boat with a
constant acceleration of -3.50 m s-2 by reducing the throttle.
a. How long does it take the boat to reach the buoy?
b. What is the velocity of the boat when it reaches the buoy?
No. 23,pg. 51,Physics for scientists and engineers with
modern physics, Serway & Jewett,6th edition.
ANS. : 4.53 s; 14.1 m s1
2. An unmarked police car travelling a constant 95 km h-1 is
passed by a speeder traveling 140 km h-1. Precisely 1.00 s
after the speeder passes, the policemen steps on the
accelerator; if the police cars acceleration is 2.00 m s-2, how
much time passes before the police car overtakes the
speeder (assumed moving at constant speed)?
No. 44, pg. 41,Physics for scientists and engineers with
modern physics, Douglas C. Giancoli,3rd edition.
41
ANS. : 14.4 s
 Chapter 02 Physics
3. A car traveling 90 km h-1 is 100 m behind a truck traveling 75
km h-1. Assuming both vehicles moving at constant velocity,
calculate the time taken for the car to reach the truck.
No. 15, pg. 39,Physics for scientists and engineers with
modern physics, Douglas C. Giancoli,3rd edition.
ANS. : 24 s
4. A car driver, travelling in his car at a constant velocity of 8
m s-1, sees a dog walking across the road 30 m ahead. The
drivers reaction time is 0.2 s, and the brakes are capable of
producing a deceleration of 1.2 m s-2. Calculate the distance
from where the car stops to where the dog is crossing,
assuming the driver reacts and brakes as quickly as
possible.
ANS. : 1.73 m

42
 Chapter 02 Physics
Learning Outcome:
2.3 Free falling body (1 hour)
At the end of this chapter, students should be able
to:
Describe free falling body.
Solve problems on free falling body.
For upward and downward motion, use

a = g and g = 9.81 m s2

43
 Chapter 02 Physics
2.3. Free falling body
is defined as the vertical motion of a body at constant
acceleration, g under gravitational field without air
resistance.
In the earths gravitational field, the constant acceleration
known as acceleration due to gravity or free-fall
acceleration or gravitational acceleration.
the value is g = 9.81 m s2

the direction is towards the centre of the earth

(downward).
Note:
In solving any problem involves free falling body or free fall
motion, the assumption made is ignore the air resistance.

44
 Chapter 02 Physics
Sign convention: +
From the sign convention
thus,
- +
a g

-
Table 2.1 shows the equations of linear motion and free falling
body.
Linear motion Free falling body
v u at v u gt
v u 2 as
2 2
v 2 u 2 2 gs
1 2 1 2
s ut at s ut gt
Table 2.1 2 2
45
 Chapter 02 Physics
An example of free falling body is the motion of a ball thrown
vertically upwards with initial velocity, u as shown in Figure
2.5.
velocity = 0

H
vu

Figure 2.5
u
v

Assuming air resistance is negligible, the acceleration of the

ball, a = g when the ball moves upward and its velocity
decreases to zero when the ball reaches the maximum
height, H.
46
 Chapter 02
s
Physics
The graphs in Figure 2.6 show
the motion of the ball moves H v =0
up and down.
Derivation of equations
At the maximum height or
displacement, H where t = t1, 0 t
v t1 2t1
its velocity,
u
v0
0 t1 t
hence
v u gt 2t1
0 u gt 1 u
therefore the time taken for the a
ball reaches H,
0 t
u t1 2t1
t1
Simulation 2.4 g
Figure 2.6 g 47
 Chapter 02 Physics
To calculate the maximum height or displacement, H:
use either 1 2
s ut1 gt1
2
OR Where s = H

v 2 u 2 2 gs
0 u 2 gH
2

maximum height,
u2
H
2g

48
 Chapter 02 Physics
Example 2.7 :
A ball is thrown straight upwards with an initial velocity of 15 m s1
from the roof of a building. The building is 40 m high. Calculate
a. the maximum height of the ball from the ground.
b. the time taken for the ball returns to the original level.
c. the time taken for the ball strikes the ground if it misses the edge
of the roof.
d. the velocity of the ball just before strike the ground.
(Given g = 9.81 m s2)

49
 Chapter 02 Physics
Solution : u 15 m s 1
B a. At point B (highest point), v = 0 and s = h thus

h
u
A C
Therefore the maximum height H from the ground is

40 m H 5 1 .5 m
b. From point A to C, s = 0 m thus

t 3.06 s 50
 Chapter 02 Physics
Solution :

B c. From point A to D, s= 40 m thus

1 2
s ut gt
2
u
A C

40 m By using
s
Time dont
t 4.77 s OR 1.71 s have
negative
D value.

51
 Chapter 02 Physics
Solution :

B d. Time taken from A to D is t = 4.77 s thus

u
1
A C v 3 1 .8 m s
OR
From A to D, s = 40 m

40 m
s
1
v 3 1 .8 m s
Therefore the balls velocity at D is 31.8 m s1 downwards.
D

52
 Chapter 02 Physics
Example 2.8 :
A book is dropped 150 m from the ground. Determine
a. the time taken for the book reaches the ground.
b. the velocity of the book when it reaches the ground.
(given g = 9.81 m s-2)
Solution :
a. The displacement is
u = 0 m s1
s=
Hence

s 150 m 150 m

t 5.53 s
53
 Chapter 02 Physics
Solution :
b. The books velocity is given by

u0
v 54.2 m s 1
OR
s 150 m

v? 1
v 54.2 m s
Therefore the books velocity is 54.2 m s1 downwards.

54
 Chapter 02 Physics
Exercise 2.3 :
1. A ball is thrown directly downward, with an initial speed of
8.00 m s1, from a height of 30.0 m. Calculate
a. the time taken for the ball to strike the ground,
b. the balls speed when it reaches the ground.
ANS. : 1.79 s; 25.6 m s1
2. A falling stone takes 0.30 s to travel past a window 2.2 m tall
as shown in Figure 2.8.

to travel this
2.2 m distance took
0.30 s

Figure 2.8
From what height above the top of the windows did the stone
fall?
55
ANS. : 1.75 m
 Chapter 02 Physics
Learning Outcome:
2.4 Projectile motion (1 hour)
At the end of this chapter, students should be able
to:
Describe projectile motion.
Solve problems on projectile motion.
u x u cos
u y u sin
vx u x
ax 0
ay g

56
 Chapter 02 Physics
2.4. Projectile motion
A projectile motion consists of two components:
vertical component (y-comp.)

motion under constant acceleration, ay= g

horizontal component (x-comp.)

motion with constant velocity thus ax= 0

The path followed by a projectile is called trajectory is shown in

Figure 2.9. y

B
v1y v1 v

P 1
Q v
v1x
2
2x
sy=H v2y
u v2
uy
Simulation 2.5
A C
x
Figure 2.9 ux t1 sx= R t2 57
 Chapter 02 Physics
From Figure 2.9,
The x-component of velocity along AC (horizontal) at any
point is constant,

u x u cos
The y-component (vertical) of velocity varies from one
point to another point along AC.
but the y-component of the initial velocity is given by

u y u sin

58
 Chapter 02 Physics
Table 2.2 shows the x and y-components, magnitude and
direction of velocities at points P and Q.

Velocity Point P Point Q

x-comp. v1x u x u cos v2 x u x u cos

y-comp. v1 y u y gt1 v2 y u y gt2
magnitude v1 v1x v1 y
2 2
v2 v2 x v2 y
2 2

v1 y v2 y
direction 1 tan
1
2 tan
1

v1x v2 x
Table 2.2

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 Chapter 02 Physics
2.4.1 Maximum height, H
The ball reaches the highest point at point B at velocity, v
where
x-component of the velocity, v v u u cos
x x
y-component of the velocity, v y 0

y-component of the displacement, s y H

Use v u 2 gs y
2
y
2
y

0 u sin 2 gH
2

u sin 2 2
H
2g

60
 Chapter 02 Physics
2.4.2 Time taken to reach maximum height, t
At maximum height, H

Time, t = t and vy= 0

Use v y u y gt
u sin
0 u sin gt ' t '
g
2.4.3 Flight time, t (from point A to point C)
t 2 t '
2u sin
t
g

61
 Chapter 02 Physics
2.4.4 Horizontal range, R and value of R maximum
Since the x-component for velocity along AC is constant hence
u x v x u cos
From the displacement formula with uniform velocity, thus the
x-component of displacement along AC is
s x u x t and s x R
R u cos t
2u sin
R u cos
2 g
R 2 sin cos
u
g

62
 Chapter 02 Physics
From the trigonometry identity,
sin 2 2 sin cos
thus
2
u
R sin 2
g
The value of R maximum when = 45 and sin 2 = 1
therefore
2
u
Rmax
g
Simulation 2.6

63
 Chapter 02 Physics
Example 2.9 :
A tennis ball is thrown upward from the top of a building with
velocity 15 m s-1 at an angle 30 to the horizontal. The height of the
building is 40 m. Calculate
a. the maximum height of the ball from the ground.
b. the magnitude of the velocity of the ball just before it strikes the
ground. (given g = 9.81 m s-2)
Solution : u x u cos 30
u = 15 m s1
30
15 cos 301
13.0 m s
ax 0 u y u sin 30
ay g H ? 15 sin 30
h 40 m 7.50 m s 1

v ? 64
 Chapter 02 Physics
Solution : v vx v
a. sy
u vy 0
30
s
sx
H ?
h 40 m

apply:

s y 2.87 m
Therefore

H 42.9 m 65
 Chapter 02 Physics
Solution :
u
b. 30 sx

s y 40 m
h 40 m s

vx
apply: vx u x 13.0 m s 1 vy
use: v?

v y 29.0 m s 1
Therefore

1
v 31.8 m s 66
 Chapter 02 Physics
2.4.5 Horizontal projectile
Figure 2.10 shows a ball bearing rolling off the end of a table
with an initial velocity, u in the horizontal direction.
u u sx
vx

h vy v
sy s
Figure 2.10 A B
x
Horizontal component along path AB.
velocity, u x u v x constant
displaceme nt, s x x
Vertical component along path AB.
initial velocity, u y 0 Simulation 2.7
displaceme nt, s y h 67
 Chapter 02 Physics
Time taken for the ball to reach the floor (point B), t
By using the equation of freely falling bodies,
1 2
s y u y t gt
12 2
h 0 gt
2
2h
t
g
Horizontal displacement, x
Use condition below : Figure 2.11
The time taken for the The time taken for the
ball free fall to point A
= ball to reach point B
(Refer to Figure 2.11)
68
 Chapter 02 Physics
Since the x-component of velocity along AB is constant, thus
the horizontal displacement, x

s x u x t and s x x

2h
x u
g

Note :
In solving any calculation problem about projectile motion,
the air resistance is negligible.

69
 Chapter 02 Physics
Example 2.10 :
y

H
u

= 60.0 P v1x
Figure 2.12 O x
R
Figure 2.12 shows a ball thrown by superman v1y v1 v2x
with an initial speed, u = 200 m s-1 and makes an Q
angle, = 60.0 to the horizontal. Determine
a. the position of the ball, and the magnitude and
v2y v2
direction of its velocity, when t = 2.0 s.
70
 Chapter 02 Physics
b. the time taken for the ball reaches the maximum height, H and
calculate the value of H.
c. the horizontal range, R
d. the magnitude and direction of its velocity when the ball
reaches the ground (point P).
e. the position of the ball, and the magnitude and direction of its
velocity at point Q if the ball was hit from a flat-topped hill with
the time at point Q is 45.0 s.
(given g = 9.81 m s-2)
Solution :
The component of Initial velocity :
u x 200 cos 60 .0 100 m s 1
u y 200sin 60.0 173 m s1
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 Chapter 02 Physics
Solution :
a. i. position of the ball when t = 2.0 s ,
Horizontal component :

s x 200 m from point O

Vertical component :

s y 326 m above the ground

therefore the position of the ball is (200 m, 326 m)
72
 Chapter 02 Physics
Solution :
a. ii. magnitude and direction of balls velocity at t = 2.0 s ,
Horizontal component :

Vertical component :

1
vy 153 m s
Magnitude,
1
v 183 m s
Direction,

56.8
73
 Chapter 02 Physics
Solution :
b. i. At the maximum height, H :

Thus the time taken to reach maximum height is given by

t 17.6 s
ii. Apply

H 1525 m
74
 Chapter 02 Physics
Solution :
c. Flight time = 2(the time taken to reach the maximum height)

t 35.2 s
Hence the horizontal range, R is

R 3520 m
d. When the ball reaches point P thus sy 0
The velocity of the ball at point P,
Horizontal component:
Vertical component:

v1 y 172 m s 1 75
 Chapter 02 Physics
Solution :
Magnitude,
1
v1 200 m s
Direction,

60.0
e. The time taken from point O to Q is 45.0 s.
i. position of the ball when t = 45.0 s,
Horizontal component :

s x 4500 m from point O 76

 Chapter 02 Physics
Solution :
Vertical component :

s y 2148 m below the ground

therefore the position of the ball is (4500 m, 2148 m)
e. ii. magnitude and direction of balls velocity at t = 45.0 s ,
Horizontal component :

Vertical component :

v2 y 269 m s1 77
 Chapter 02 Physics
Solution :
Magnitude,

1
v2 287 m s
Direction,

69.6

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 Chapter 02 Physics
Example 2.11 :
A transport plane travelling horizontally at a constant velocity of
50 m s1 at an altitude of 300 m releases a parcel when directly
above a point X on level ground. Calculate
a. the flight time of the parcel,
b. the velocity of impact of the parcel,
c. the distance from X to the point of impact.
(given g = 9.81 m s-2)
Solution :
u 50 m s 1

300 m

X 79
d
 Chapter 02 Physics
Solution :
The parcels velocity = planes velocity
1
u 50 m s
1 1
thus
u x u 50 m s and u y 0 m s
a. The vertical displacement is given by

Thus the flight time of the parcel is

t 7.82 s

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 Chapter 02 Physics
Solution :
b. The components of velocity of impact of the parcel:
1
Horizontal component: v x u x 50 m s
Vertical component:

v y 76.7 m s 1
Magnitude,

v 9 1 .6 m s 1
Direction,

56.9

81
 Chapter 02 Physics
Solution :
c. Let the distance from X to the point of impact is d.
Thus the distance, d is given by

d 391 m

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 Chapter 02 Physics
Exercise 2.4 :
Use gravitational acceleration, g = 9.81 m s2
1. A basketball player who is 2.00 m tall is standing on the floor
10.0 m from the basket, as in Figure 2.13. If he shoots the
ball at a 40.0 angle above the horizontal, at what initial
speed must he throw so that it goes through the hoop without
striking the backboard? The basket height is 3.05 m.

Figure 2.13
83
ANS. : 10.7 m s1
 Chapter 02 Physics
2. An apple is thrown at an angle of 30 above the horizontal
from the top of a building 20 m high. Its initial speed is
40 m s1. Calculate
a. the time taken for the apple to strikes the ground,
b. the distance from the foot of the building will it strikes
the ground,
c. the maximum height reached by the apple from the
ground.
ANS. : 4.90 s; 170 m; 40.4 m

3. A stone is thrown from the top of one building toward a tall

building 50 m away. The initial velocity of the ball is 20 m s1
at 40 above the horizontal. How far above or below its
original level will the stone strike the opposite wall?
ANS. : 10.3 m below the original level.

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 Chapter 02 Physics

THE END.
Next Chapter
CHAPTER 3 :
Momentum and Impulse

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