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Improvement of Voltage Stability by the Advanced

High Side Voltage Control Regulator

Hitomi Kitamura, Masaru Shimomura (Member) John Paserba (Member)

Mitsubishi Electric Corporation Mitsubishi Electric Power Products, Inc.


Kobe, Japan Warrendale, Pennsylvania, USA

Abstract: An advanced High Side Voltage Control (HSVC) II. PRINCIPLE & CHARACTERISTICS of HSVC
regulator that can improve power system voltage stability by adding
supplemental control to conventional generator excitation system
control has been developed. This paper describes the principles, The configuration of the advanced HSVC is shown in
characteristics, and advantages of applying advanced HSVC in Figure 1. The basic principle of the advanced HSVC on a
comparison with a conventional automatic voltage regulator (AVR) simple power system, shown in Figure 2, is as follows.
or a static var compensator. When applying the advanced HSVC,
a high side voltage of a step-up transformer can be controlled to a
n : Ratio of the step-up transformer
set value and maintained to a higher value than with conventional VH Xt: Reactance of the step-up transformer (pu)
excitation systems. This advanced HSVC is realized without any Xe: Reactance of the power system (pu)
feedback signal from the high voltage side of a step-up transformer Tap
Xdr: Voltage Droop rate (pu)
(i.e., no high-side voltage measurement required). Stable parallel position
HSVC Control Block
S.Tr VHref
operation among adjacent generators is also possible. In addition,
with an adequate phase compensating function added to the
f (Vg,Q,Xt,Xe,Xdr,Iq0,n)
advanced HSVC, oscillatory stability can also be improved.


AVR Control
Keywords: Secondary Voltage Control, Automatic Voltage Block
Regulator (AVR), Static Var Compensator, Line Drop Compensator
(LDC), Excitation System, Voltage Stability, Oscillatory Stability.
EXC
G
I. INTRODUCTION

Figure 1. Construction of HSVC control system


Voltage instability of power systems is becoming a more
serious problem with the ever-increasing utilization and
S.Tr VH Vs
higher loading of existing transmission systems. Various Vg Xe
countermeasures, i.e., synchronous condensers, shunt G
Iq Xt
~
capacitors, static var compensators, etc., have been
increasingly utilized.
Other effective alternatives, such as the line drop Figure 2. Simple power system
compensator (LDC) that compensates the voltage drop by a
reactive current, or the power system voltage regulator 1) Basic Function
(PSVR) that uses a high side voltage as a feedback signal [1],
have also been applied as control methods of the high side With a target setting value of the high side voltage
voltage of a step-up transformer (S.Tr) via a generator (VHref), the generator terminal voltage (Vg), i.e., the low
excitation system. side voltage, is controlled to be:
The advanced High Side Voltage Control (HSVC)
regulator that controls the high side voltage of a step-up Vg=VHref + (Xt - Xdr) Iq (1)
transformer has been developed with no requirement for any
direct feedback signal (i.e., measurement) from the high Where, Iq = Q / Vg. On this condition, the resultant high
voltage side of a step-up transformer. Though the control side voltage (VH) becomes,
principle of the advanced HSVC is similar to that of the LDC,
the advanced HSVC is superior to the traditional methods VH= VHref - Xdr Iq (2)
with respect to control performance, reliability, and economy,
as described in this paper. This characteristic can be expressed as shown in Figure 3.
VH 4) Compensation Function of the Droop Rate
Corresponding to the Variation of the Tap Position of
Slope: - Xdr
the Step-Up Transformer
VHref

When the Vg is controlled by the advanced HSVC, the Vg


may be generally maintained higher than its rated voltage in
0 Iq
order to keep the VH to a constant value. On the other hand,
the continuous allowable Vg is generally up to 5% of the
Figure 3. Characteristics of HSVC rated voltage. If the Vg is near this maximum voltage in a
steady state condition, the improving effect of the voltage
In words, for a target of VHref, the VH can be controlled stability by the advanced HSVC is reduced by this limitation.
to only drop for part of Xdr. This Xdr is necessary for Therefore, in the case of a step-up transformer with LTC, the
stable parallel operation among multiple generators. cooperative control between the advanced HSVC and the tap
position control can increase the ability of the advanced
2) Reactive Current Compensation Function HSVC by way of keeping the Vg to around the rated voltage
in steady state condition. The following division of roles
To equal the VH with VHref at the specified reactive between the advanced HSVC and the tap position control is a
current (Iq0), a supplemental control can be adopted by using suitable solution to improve the voltage stability.
Iq0. The VH at large reactive current can be kept to a
higher value by this function. The Vg is controlled to be: Control Function
HSVC Controls VH to VHref
Vg = VHref + Xt Iq - Xdr (Iq-Iq0) (3) Tap control Controls Vg to approximately the rated
voltage
and the VH becomes,
However, the droop rate changes according to the
VH = VHref - Xdr (Iq - Iq0) (4)
variation of the voltage ratio and the reactance of step-up
transformer (Xt) by controlling the tap position. As a result,
This characteristics can be expressed as shown in Figure 4.
the parallel operation among adjacent generators may become
difficult due to an unbalance of reactive power on each
VH
generator, which is caused by discrepancy of tap position of
Slope : - Xdr each step-up transformer. For preventing this condition, the
VHref0 compensation function that keeps the droop rate constant
corresponding to the tap position can be added to the HSVC.
In the case that both a change of the voltage ratio and the
0 Iq0 Iq reactance by a change of the tap position is the same value (n),
the basic control function is changed from (1) to (6).
Figure 4. Characteristics of reactive current compensation
function Vg = VHref /n + (Xt - Xdr/n) Iq (6)

3) Reactive Current Compensation Function by Xe The resultant VH becomes the same as (2).
As mentioned above, although this characteristic is the
This function is used to follow Iq0 automatically same as with the application of LDC, the advanced HSVC has
corresponding to the variation of the VHref. the following superior features.
For an original setting value VHref0 and an external "# The VHref can be directly set to a desired value from
reactance Xe, a change of the reactive current ( ! Iq0) by a local and/or remote location. Accordingly, the
new setting value VHref is approximately given as (5). cooperating control of the power system voltage among
multiple generators and/or substations is possible.
! Iq0 = (VHref - VHref0)/Xe (5) "# A feedback signal (i.e. measurement) of a high side
voltage is not required.
Therefore, this function can be realized by adding (5) to "# The following optional functions can be added to the
Iq0 of (3) and (4). HSVC:
- Reactive current compensation function The case B shows the characteristic of Iq0 function that is
- Reactive current compensation function by Xe represented by (3). In this figure, theoretical and simulated
- Compensation function of the droop rate results are obtained for variations in VHref and Iq0. In the
corresponding to the variation of the tap position of case of Iq=Iq0, the VH is the nearer value to the VHref.
the step-up transformer. Therefore, if the Iq0 is set to the actual value on the normal
- A phase compensation function can be added to operation condition, the VH can be controlled to the VHref.
further improve stability by modifying the response The case C shows the characteristic of the Iq0
characteristics of the HSVC control loop. compensation function by Xe. In this figure, theoretical and
- The oscillatory stability of a power system can be simulated results are obtained for variations in VHref and
improved by adding an adequate phase compensation without or with this function. These results show that the
function. VH is controlled near the value of VHref both before and
The performance of the HSVC described in the equations after the change of VHref, according to the theory.
above was verified by simulation analysis of a step-change of Figure 6 shows the response characteristics of the
the VHref from 1.0pu to 1.01pu on a simple power system. advanced HSVC in the case of [2]. The VH reaches the
These results are shown in Figure 5 and Figure 6. VHref at about 1.5 sec. and is also controlled smoothly and
Figure 5 shows each resultant characteristic that is plotted stably.
according to the simulation results before and after a step-
change. Where each line shows the theoretical characteristic. 1.03
The case A shows the droop characteristics of HSVC that VH(pu) 1.02
is represented by (2). In this figure, theoretical and 1.01
simulated results are obtained for variations in VHref and Xdr.
1
These resultant points can be shown to fit each theoretical [2]
0.99
line very well. 0 1 2 3 4 5 6
time(s)
(a) High Side Voltage
Case &Condition Characteristics
1.03
A. Study of effect of the 1.015
droop rate Xdr VHref=1.01 1.02
1.01
Vg(pu)

[1]
VH!pu"

Common Condition Xdr=0.01


[2] 1.01
Iq0=0.0pu 1.005
Parameter : Xdr(pu) [2] [1] VHref=1.0 1
1
[1] Xdr=0.0 Xdr=0.01 [2]
0.99
[2] Xdr=0.01 0.995 0 1 2 3 4 5 6
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 time(s)
Iq!pu"
(b) Generator Terminal Voltage
B. Study of effects of 1.015
0.4
Iqo function [3] VHref=1.01
1.01 0.3
Common Condition
VH!pu"

[2]
Iq(pu)

Xdr=0.01 pu 1.005 0.2


[3]
Parameter : Iq0(pu) VHref=1.0
1 0.1
[2] Iq0=0.0 [2]
[3] Iq0=0.2 [2]
0.995
Iq0=0.0 Iq0=0.2 0
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0 1 2 3 4 5 6
Iq!pu" time(s)
C. Study of effects of 1.015 (c) Generator Reactive Current
Iqo compensation [4] VHref=1.01
function by Xe 1.01
Figure 6. Response characteristics of the HSVC
VH(pu)

[2]
Common Condition 1.005
Xdr=0.01pu VHref=1.0
1
Iq0=0.0pu [2],[4] III. IMPROVEMENT of VOLTAGE STABILITY
Parameter : 0.995
Iq0=0.0 Iq0'=0.2
compensation function 0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5
[2] off Iq(pu) The improving effect on the voltage stability of a power
[4] on(Xe=0.05pu) system by the advanced HSVC was estimated by P-V
Initial Condition : P1=0.9pu, Q1=0.04pu, VHref=1pu characteristics [2, 3]. Figure 7 shows a model of a simple
Step : ! VHref=0.01pu, 100MVA base power system. The resultant P-V characteristics by applying
a static var compensator and the advanced HSVC are
Figure 5. Verification result of HSVC function respectively shown as Figures 8(a) and 8(b).
IV. IMPROVING EFFECTS OF OSCILLATORY
Vg VH Vr
STABILITY
S.Tr
Pr+jQr
The improving effect on oscillatory stability by the
Xt=0.1pu Xe=0.3pu
advanced HSVC can be treated via the extended
Static Var
(1000MVA base) Compensator DeMello/Concordia model [4] shown in Figure 9.
Parameters K7 and K8 can be respectively calculated by (7)
and (8). The simplified model can be expressed as shown in
Figure 7. Simple model of a single machine and one load Figure 10.

% X d& ido ' Vqo X q i qo ' Vdo (7)


K7 $ Vb sin ( o % Vb cos ( o
1.1 X d& ' X e Xq ' Xe
1
0.9 X e i do ' Vqo (8)
K8 $
X d& ' X e
0.8
V(pu)

0.7
K1
!Tm
0.6 basic case -
150Mvar + +
1 )0
300Mvar Ms K5
0.5 s
800 1000 1200 1400 1600 - -
P(MW) K2
D

(a) P-V curve (static var compensator) +


K6 +
1.1
basic case
Xdr=0.025pu 1 K7
1 Xdr=0.01pu 1+Td s
K8 + +
0.9
- K4
HSVC
0.8
V(pu)

+ (*1)
K3
0.7 +
-
Excitation system
0.6 +
(*1) with phase conpensation function !etref
0.5
800 1000 1200 1400 1600
P(MW)
Figure 9. Extended DeMello/Concordia model
(b) P-V curve (HSVC)
K1
Figure 8. P-V characteristics -
! Tm + + 1 )0
Ms s
For the static var compensator, the allowable sending end - -
power increases according to larger capacities of installed D
static var compensator, but the nose voltage tends to go up.
+ K1AVR + DAVR
On the other hand, for the advanced HSVC, the allowable
sending end power increases according to a decrease in the + K1HSVC + DHSVC
droop rate and the nose voltage tend to go down. In other
words, the advanced HSVC can also improve the system
Figure 10. Simplified model
voltage characteristics by way of both pushing out the nose
of the curve and not getting near the normal operating voltage
K1AVR and DAVR are the factors of the synchronizing
of the power system. Moreover, since the advanced HSVC
torque and the damping torque by the excitation system,
can be installed on all generators, including already installed
respectively. Similarly, K1HSVC and DHSVC are the
facilities, the existing capability of power plants can
factors of the synchronizing torque and the damping torque
effectively be put to practical use for voltage stability.
by the HSVC, respectively. Accordingly, if a phase
Therefore, the advanced HSVC is also superior on economy.
compensation function is added such that DHSVC becomes
positive, then this means that damping, D, is added and thus
the oscillatory stability of the power system can be improved. This compensating signal (Vcc) is:
Figure 11 shows the simulation result in the case of a three-
phase fault on the high voltage side of step-up transformer Vcc = Xc Iq (9)
with the advanced HSVC equipped with a suitable phase
compensation function. Where, in both cases of AVR and Because of this reason, the advanced method that reduces
HSVC, a conventional PSS is not applied. This result shows the cross current by the deviation signal between generators is
a good mitigating effect of power system oscillations. adopted. This compensating signal (Vac) for G1 is shown in
(10).
1.2
1.4

1.2 0.6
0.7

0.6
Vac = Kc (Iq2 - Iq1) (10)
0.5
1

0.4 0.4
Generator Reactive Power(pu)
PG(pu)

0.8
Generator Power(pu)

QG(pu)

By increasing the suppression gain of cross current Kc,


0.8 0.3

0.6 0.2 0.2

0.4 0.4

0.0
0.1

0
the cross current can be reduced and the deviation between
0.2
AVR AVR
0.0 0
HSVC
-0.2
-0.1

-0.2
HSVC generators becomes smaller. Accordingly, the Vg is not
0 0
1
1
22
3 4 5 6
3 4 5 6
0 0
1 1
2 2
3 4
3 4
5 6 5 6

influenced by the reactive current of each generator and is


Time(s) Time(s)

Time(s) Time(s)

(a) Generator Power (b) Generator Reactive Power kept to constant. These characteristics of the conventional
1.4 1.4
method and the advanced method are compared in Figure 13.
1.2 1.2
1.2 1.2

1 1
Generator Terminal Voltage(pu)
Vg(pu)

VH(pu)

0.8 0.8
0.8 0.8
High Side Voltage(pu)

0.6 0.6
Vg Vg
0.4 0.4
0.4 0.4 Vg=Vgref Vgref
0.2 AVR 0.2
AVR
HSVC HSVC Vg
0.0
0
0
0
1
1
22
3 4 5 6
3 4 5 6 0.0 0
0 1 2 3 4 5 6
Time(s)

Time(s)
0 1 2 3 4 5 6
Time(s)

Time(s)
0 Iq 0 Iq
(c) Generator Terminal Voltage (d) High Side Voltage Iq1 Iq2

Condition : xt=0.05pu, Xe=0.2pu, 100MVA base Cross current Ic

Vg Voltage of G1 Vg Voltage of G1
Figure 11. Suppressing effect of power oscillation Vgref
Vg= Kc : larger
Vgref Vg Vcc
V. PERFORMANCE ON PARALLEL OPERATION Voltage of G2 Voltage of G2
0 Cross current Ic 0 Cross current Ic
The performances for two cases of the parallel operation (a) Advanced method (b) Conventional method
of two generators G1/G2 and four generators G1/G4 on the
power system shown in Figure 12 were studied. Figure 13. Characteristics of cross current suppression
function
Iq1
P1,Q1 G1 IqT1

P2,Q2 G2
Iq2
Vg1 S.Tr VH Vs Figure 14 and Figure 15 show respectively the simulation
Xe Xs
results for the step response (=0.01PU) of VHref on the
Xt
~ parallel operation of two generators and four generators.
Iq3
P3,Q3 G3 Vg2 The results on two generators operation is as follows and
Iq4 LOAD mainly verifies the characteristics of the advanced cross
P4,Q4 G4 IqT2
(PL) (100MVA base)
current suppression function.
(a) The VH follows against a step of the VHref within
Figure 12. Four machines model for studying the parallel several seconds and is smoothly controlled without
operation fluctuation. The resultant VH fits the theoretical value.
(b) Even if the Vg detected by each AVR is different, the
For this study, the advanced cross current suppression VH can be stably controlled according to the VHref.
function is added to suppress the reactive cross current (c) In spite of a discrepancy of each AVR gain, the VH can
between the generators directly connected on the low voltage be controlled according to the VHref except for a slower
side of the step-up transformer. Here, it is between G1 and response of Iq2 by the lower AVR gain.
G2 and between G3 and G4. The conventional cross current (d) In spite of a discrepancy of each AVR response
compensating function that uses a load current of each characteristic, the VH can be controlled to the VHref
generator may have a negative impact on voltage stability, except for a slower response and increasing an
because Vg would decrease as reactive power increases. overshoot of the G2.
(e) In spite of a discrepancy of operation mode, the VH can VII. REFERENCE
be stably controlled. As the Xc becomes large, a
deviation of Iq becomes small. [1] T. Michigami, N. Onizuka, S. Kitamura, Development of
(f) Even if the step signal to G2 AVR is delayed, the VH Advanced Generator Excitation Control Regulator
can be stably controlled according to the VHref. (PSVR) for Improving Voltage Stability of a Bulk
The results on four generators operation is also as follows Power Transmission System, The Institute of Electrical
and mainly verifies the characteristics between generator Engineers of Japan, Vol. 110-B, No. 11, November
groups, G1/G2 and G3/G4. 1990, pp. 887-894
(a) The VH follows against a step of the VHref within [2] C. Taylor, Power System Voltage Stability, McGraw-Hill,
several seconds and is smoothly controlled without Inc., 1994.
fluctuation. The resultant VH fits the theoretical value. [3] P. Kundur, Power System Stability and Control, McGraw-
(b) Even if the Vg detected by each AVR is different, the Hill, Inc., 1994, pp. 216-220.
VH can be stably controlled according to the VHref [4] F. P. De Mello and C. Concordia, Concepts of
except for a discrepancy of Iq and Vg between the Synchronous Machine Stability as Affected by
groups. Excitation Control, IEEE Transactions on Power
(c) In spite of a discrepancy of each AVR gain, the VH can Apparatus and Systems, Vol. PAS-88, Apr. 1969, pp.
be controlled according to the VHref except for a slower 316-329.
response of Iq3/Iq4 by the lower AVR gain.
(d) In spite of a discrepancy of each AVR response VIII. BIOGRAPHIES
characteristic, the VH can be controlled to the VHref
except for a slower response and increasing the Hitomi Kitamura received a M.S. degree in Electrical
overshoot of G3/G4. Engineering from Kansai University in 1998. Since 1998, she
(e) In spite of a discrepancy of operation mode, the VH can has been with the Mitsubishi Electric Corporation in Kobe,
be stably controlled. As the Xdr becomes large, a Japan, and is working for the design and the development of
deviation of Iq becomes small. excitation system and the analysis of power system stability.
(f) Even if the step signal to G3/G4 AVR is delayed, the
VH can be stably controlled according to the VHref. Masaru Shimomura received a B.S. degree in Electrical
Engineering from Kyusyu University in 1970. Since 1970, he
VI. CONCLUSIONS has been with the Mitsubishi Electric Corporation in Kobe,
Japan, and has been mainly developing the excitation control
The performance of the various functions of advanced system. His present main activity is management of electrical
HSVC based on a simple power system were introduced. engineering for control system of power plant.
The simulation results were in agreement in every respect
according to theoretical expectation and it was confirmed that John Paserba earned his BEE (87) from Gannon University,
the advanced HSVC could be put to practical use. Erie, PA., and his ME (88) from RPI, Troy, NY. Mr.
For future development steps, the following studies will Paserba worked in GEs Power Systems Energy Consulting
be continued to further improve the functions and benefits of Department for over 10 years before joining Mitsubishi
the advanced HSVC. Electric Power Products Inc. (MEPPI) in 1998. He is the
"# Analysis and brush-up of the improving effects of the Chairman for the IEEE PES Power System Stability
voltage stability and the oscillatory stability on the multi- Subcommittee and was the Chairman of CIGRE Task Force
machines model. 38.01.07 on Control of Power System Oscillations. He is
"# Study of the control method and the improving effects also a member of the Editorial Board for the IEEE PES
for a transient stability by the advanced HSVC. Transactions on Power Systems.
0.3 1.03 0.5 1.05
0.25 0.4 1.04
1.02 0.3 1.03

Vg(pu), VH(pu)
Vg(pu), VH(pu)
0.2
1.02
I#(pu)

Iq(pu)
0.2
0.15 1.01 1.01
0.1
0.1 1
1 0 0.99
0.05 Vg1 -0.1 0.98 Vg1,Vg2
Iq1,Iq2 VH Iq1-Iq4 VH
0 0.99 -0.2 0.97
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 0 1 2 3 4 5 6
time(s) time(s) time(s) time(s)

(a)Basic case (a)Basic case


0.3 1.03 0.5 1.05
0.25 0.4 1.04
Vg(pu), VH(pu)

1.02 1.03

Vg(pu), VH(pu)
0.2 0.3
1.02
Iq(pu)

0.2

Iq(pu)
0.15 1.01 1.01
0.1 0.1 1
1 0 0.99
0.05 Iq1 Vg1 -0.1 0.98 Vg1 VH
0 Iq2 VH Iq1,Iq2 Iq3,Iq4 Vg2
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 0.99 -0.2 0 0.97
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 1 2 3 4 5 6 0 1 2 3 4 5 6
time(s) time(s) time(s) time(s)

[G1-Vg : G2-Vg=0.995 : 1.005] [G1/2-Vg:G3/4-Vg=0.995 : 1.005]


(b)Discrepancy of AVR feedback voltage (b)Discrepancy of AVR feedback voltage
0.3 1.03 0.5 1.05
0.25 0.4 1.04
1.02

Vg(pu), VH(pu)
1.03
Vg(pu), VH(pu)

0.2 0.3
I#(pu)

1.02
Iq(pu)

0.2
0.15 1.01 1.01
0.1
0.1 1
0 0.99
1
0.05 Iq1 Vg1 -0.1 0.98 Vg1 VH
Iq2 VH Iq1,Iq2 Iq3,Iq4 Vg2
0 0.99 -0.2 0.97
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 0 1 2 3 4 5 6
time(s) time(s) time(s) time(s)

[G1-K : G2-K = 1 : 0.5] [G1/2-K:G3/4-K = 1 : 0.5]


(c)Discrepancy of AVR gain (c)Discrepancy of AVR gain
0.3 1.03 0.5 1.05
0.4 1.04
0.25
V$(pu), VH(pu)

1.02 1.03
Vg(pu), VH(pu)
0.3
0.2 1.02
I#(pu)

0.2
Iq(pu)

0.15 1.01 1.01


0.1
1
0.1 0
1 0.99
0.05 Iq1 Vg1 -0.1 0.98 Vg1 VH
Iq2 VH Iq1,Iq2 Iq3,Iq4 Vg2
0 0.99 -0.2 0.97
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 0 1 2 3 4 5 6
time(s) time(s) time(s) time(s)

[G1- ) c : G2- ) c= 1 : 0.5( ) c:cross over frequency)] [G1/2- ) c:G3/4- ) c= 1 : 0.5 ) c:cross over frequency]
(d)Discrepancy of AVR response characteristics (d)Discrepancy of AVR response characteristics
1.03 0.5 1.05
0.3
0.4 1.04
0.25
1.02 1.03
Vg(pu), VH(pu)

0.3
Vg(pu), VH(pu)

0.2 1.02
Iq(pu)

0.2
Iq(pu)

0.15 1.01 1.01


0.1
1
0.1 0
1 0.99 Vg1[1] Vg1[2]
0.05 -0.1 Iq1,Iq2 [1] Iq3,Iq4 [1] Vg2[1] Vg2[2]
Iq1 [1] Iq1 [2] Vg1 [1],[2] 0.98
Iq1,Iq2 [2] Iq3,Iq4 [2] VH [1] VH [2]
Iq2 [1] Iq2 [2] 0.99 VH [1],[2] -0.2 0.97
0 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 0 1 2 3 4 5 6
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 0 1 2 3 4 5 6
time(s) time(s) time(s) time(s)

[G1:HSVC, G2:AVR Xc(pu):[1] Xc=0.1 [2] Xc=1.0] [G1/2:HSVC,G3/4:AVR Xdr(pu) : [1] Xdr=0.01 [2] Xdr=0.025]
(e)Discrepancy of operation mode (e)Discrepancy of operation mode
0.3 1.03 0.5 1.05
0.4 1.04
0.25
1.03
Vg(pu), VH(pu)

1.02
Vg(pu), VH(pu)

0.3
0.2 1.02
0.2
Iq(pu)
Iq(pu)

0.15 1.01 1.01


0.1
1
0.1 0
1 0.99
0.05 Iq1 Vg1 -0.1 0.98 Vg1 VH
Iq2 VH Iq1,Iq2 Iq3,Iq4 Vg2
0 0.99 -0.2 0.97
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 0 1 2 3 4 5 6
time(s) time(s) time(s) time(s)

[Timing for change of VHref for G2 is 0.1s later than for G1.] [Timing for change of VHref for G3/4 is 0.1s later than for G1/2.]
(f)Discrepancy of timing for change of VHref (f)Discrepancy of timing for change of VHref

Figure 14. Performance for two generators operation Figure 15. Performance for four generators operation

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