MATHEMATICS

* Significant Figures
1. Addition/Subtraction least decimal place
2. Multiplication/Division least significant figures
* Prime Numbers
1. Prime Number Testing 2 to n
* System of Real Numbers
Natural (N) = { 1, 2, 3, }
Whole (W) = { 0, 1, 2, 3, }
Integers (Z) = { -N, 0, +N }
p
Rational (Q) = { q | p, q Z where q 0 }
Irrational (H) = not convertible to radical or fraction form
Real (R) = { Q, H }
 MATHEMATICS
* Algebraic Expressions Translation
1. Inverse Operation (added to, less than, subtracted from)
2. No inverse Operation (plus, minus, exceeds, diminished by)

* Theory of Equations Nature of Roots

1. Quadratic Equation
2 B
Ax + Bx + C = 0 Sum of Roots =
A
C
Product of Roots = A
2. Equations of more than degree of 2
B (coefficient of second highest degree)
Sum of Roots = A (coefficient of highest degree)
C n
Product of Roots = A (-1)
 MATHEMATICS
* Binomial Expansion
For rth term of ( a + b )n = nCr-1 an-r+1 br-1
For no. of terms of ( a + b )n = n 1
* Number or Digit Problems
10t + u (2-digit number)
10u + t (reversed 2-digit number)
100h + 10t + u (3-digit number)
100u + 10t + h (reversed 3-digit number)
1000T + 100h + 10t + u (4-digit number)
 MATHEMATICS
* Clock Problems
1 sec. hand = 6o / div
1 min. hand = 6o / div
1 hr. hand = 30o / div
S = 60M + (min hand is ahead)
M = 12H - (hr hand is ahead)
S = 720H
11M60H
=
2
o 11M60H
180 = (opposite min & hr hand for the first time)
2
11M60H
90o = (min & hr hand are perpendicular for the first time)
2
11M60H
0o = (min & hr hand are coincident for the first time)
2
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* Motion Problems
S (distance)
V= t (time)
* Work Problems
W
Case 1. Rate of Doing Work, R = t (actual work time)
W = 1 = (Rt)
Case 2. Labor
[labor time]req = (labor time)
* Consecutive Numbers/Integers
Consecutive numbers, {n, n+1, n+2, }
Consecutive odd/even numbers, {n, n+2, n+4, }
 MATHEMATICS
* Arithmetic Progression
d = A2 A1 = A3 A2 = An An-1
An = A1 + (n - 1)d
n n
Sn = 2 (A1 + An) = 2 [2A1 + (n - 1)d]
* Geometric Progression
A2 A3 An
r=A =A =A
1 2 n1
An = A1 rn-1
A1 (1rn )
Sn =
(1r)
* Infinite Geometric Series
A1
S = (1r)
 MATHEMATICS
* Harmonic Progression
HP = {p, H, q}
1 1 1
AP = { , , }
p H q
2pq
H = p+q
* Logarithms
logbx = y logbmn = logbm + logbn
logx m
y = logb logb n = logbm logbn
by = x logbmp = plogbm
if b = 10, common cologbx = -y
if b = e, natural antilogx = 10x
 MATHEMATICS
xy = ab
xy ab
e =e
lnxy = lnab
ylnx = blna
* Partial Fractions
f(x) A
=
ax+b ax+b
f(x) A B
= +
(ax+b)(cx+d) ax+b cx+d
f(x) A B K
= ax+b + (ax+b)2 + + (ax+b)k
(ax+b)k
f(x) Ax+B
=
(ax2 +bx+c) (ax2 +bx+c)
f(x) Ax+B Cx+D Kx+L
= (ax2 +bx+c) + (ax2 +bx+c)2 ++ (ax2+bx+c)k
(ax2 +bx+c)k
 MATHEMATICS
* Complex Numbers
= 1
2 = -1
3 = -
4 = 1
n (where n is divisible by 4) = 1
* Angles
Complementary { , 90o }
Supplementary { , 180o }
Explementary/Conjugate { , 360o }

Co-terminal Angle = + 360on (where n is an integer)

 MATHEMATICS
sin , + sin , +
cos, - cos, +
tan, - tan, +
sin , - sin , -
cos, - cos, +
tan, + tan, -
* Trigonometric Functions
sin = csc -1 vers = 1 cos
cos = sec -1 covers = 1 sin
tan = cot -1 exsec = sec 1
1
hav = 2(1 cos)
 MATHEMATICS
* Cofunction Identities
sinA = cos (90o A) cotA = tan (90o A)
cosA = sin (90o A) cscA = sec (90o A)
tanA = cot (90o A) secA = csc (90o A)
* Solution of Right Triangles
SOH CAH TOA or CHO SHA CAO
* Solution of Oblique Triangles
Sine Law
sinA sinB sinC
= =
a b c
Cosine Law
a2 = b2 + c2 2bc cos A
b2 = a2 + c2 2ac cos B
c2 = a2 + b2 2ab cos C
 MATHEMATICS
* Graphs of Circular Function
y = Asin(Bx+C)+D y = tan(Bx+C)+D y = cot(Bx+C)+D
y = Acos(Bx+C)+D
Amplitude A
Period 2
B B 2B
Phase Shift C none none
B
Vertical D D D
Translation
Vertical none

2B
Asymptotes B
x-intercept n n (2n+1) 2

4
Discontinuity
none (2n+1) 2 n
 MATHEMATICS
* Harmonic Motion
S(t) = a sint
S(t) = a cost where (a and are constants)
2
p = (time/cycle)
-1
f = p = 2 (Hertz)

* Angle Conversion
360o
Sexagesimal System = 2
6400 mil
Distance Judgment = 2
400 grad
Centesimal System = 2
 MATHEMATICS
* Triangle
a+b+c
Semi-perimeter, s = 2
Area, A = s(s a)(s b)(s c)
* Parallelogram
Area, A = bh

Properties:
1. Opposite sides are congruent.
2. Opposite angles are congruent.
3. Consecutive angles are supplementary.
4. If one angle is right, then all angles are right.
5. The diagonals of a parallelogram bisect each other.
6. Each diagonal of a parallelogram separates it into two
congruent.
 MATHEMATICS
* Square
Area, A = s2
Diagonal, d = s2
* Rhombus
Area, A = bh

Properties:
1. Consecutive angles are supplementary.
2. Opposite angles are congruent.
3. All sides are parallel and congruent.
4. The diagonals bisect the angles.
5. The diagonals are perpendicular bisectors of each
other.
 MATHEMATICS
* Trapezoid
h
Area, A = 2 (b1 + b2)
* Trapezium (General Quadrilateral)
a+b+c+d
Semi-perimeter, s = 2
Area, A = (s a)(s b)(s c)(s d) abcd cos2 s
1 +3 2 +4
s = =
2 2
b
1 1 2
Area, A = 2 d1d2 sina
d2 c
d1
4 3
d
 MATHEMATICS
* Trapezium (Cyclic Quadrilateral)
+ = 180o
a+b+c+d
Semi-perimeter, s =
2
Area, A = (s a)(s b)(s c)(s d)

From Ptolemys Theorem: 2

d1d2 = ac + bd b
a d1
c
d2
d
2
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* Radius of circle inscribed in a quadrilateral
Area, A = abcd = r s
a+b+c+d
Semi-perimeter, s =
2

* Triangle Medians
1
Median, L = LC-c = 2 2(a2 + b 2 ) c 2

Centroid = Point of intersection

 MATHEMATICS
* Triangle Angle Bisectors
Incenter = Point of intersection

* Triangle Perpendicular Bisectors

Circumcenter = Point of intersection

abc
Area, A =
4r
 MATHEMATICS
* Escribed Circles of a Triangle
a+b+c
Semi-perimeter, s = 2
Area, A = ra (s a)

* Sector of Circle
Perimeter, Psector = r + 2r
1 2
Area, Asector = 2 r

* Segment of Circle
Perimeter, Psegment = r + r2(1 cos)
1 2
Area, Asegment = r ( sin)
2
 MATHEMATICS
* Circle Peripheral Angle Theorem

2
2

* Circle Cross-Chord Theorem

ab = cd
A+B
=
2
 MATHEMATICS
* Circle Secant-Secant Theorem

a (a + b) = c (c + d)
BA
= 2

* Circle Secant-Tangent Theorem

a (a + b) = c2