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KISSsoft AG
Rosengartenstrasse 4
8608 Bubikon
Switzerland
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General Information
Are you interested to know, what are all the meshing frequencies in your transmission? Gear meshing
frequency is defined as the number of gear teeth that enter in the mesh per unit of time or on the other words;
Gear meshing frequency is the number of teeth multiplied by the rotational frequency of the gear. Meshing
frequency is one of the potential noise sources in the transmission. Gear meshing creates a vibration in its
meshing frequency, because of transmission error, machining errors, stiffness variation, torque fluctuation
and other reasons.
Are you also interested to check if some of your bearings may be reason for the noise or vibration. Most
important bearing frequencies are rotational frequencies and possible defect frequencies in races or in rolling
elements.
Frequency is defined as Hertz (Hz) [cycles / sec.]. For the gear meshing it can be calculated by number of
teeth * rotational speed [rpm] / 60. Gear meshing frequency is a harmonic phenomenon and its harmonics
can be found by multiplying fundamental meshing frequency by whole numbers (1, 2, 3).
Different bearing frequencies are calculated in similar manner from the inner geometry of the bearings using
formulas with number of contacts in possible place of defect.
In KISSsys it will be now possible to calculate meshing frequencies of the gear pairs and possible bearing
defects frequencies for the whole transmission very easily. There is a special template available for that. The
fundamental meshing frequencies and selected number of harmonics can be calculated, results in the
operational point will be shown in one table and it is also possible to do order analysis over the selected speed
range. Results will be shown in Hertz. Selected bearing with all of the calculated frequencies can be also
show in graphical presentation over the selected speed range.
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1 Using the template
1.1 Setting up calculations
Open template file 304-Frequency.ks to be able to use calculate frequencies in your gear box. This template
is available to be downloaded from KISSsoft AG homepage. Use copy paste to adopt tables from the
templates into your model tree. There will be one table named MeshingFrequency and a 2DPlot
OrderAnalysis as well as BearingFrequency with a 2DPlot OrderAnalysis available for you. You may
change names of these components if you want to.
Note! Function will work for the different combinations of helical, planetary and bevel gear pairs. At the
moment it is not possible for the worm or crossed helical gears. If you are interested to calculate gear meshing
frequencies of these gears meshes also, please contact KISSsoft AG.
When number of the harmonics is selected in the dialog and OK is pressed a table with the number of
meshing harmonics is created, showing also the power of the mesh, because this can be then used to check
which meshes are active and will really have some effect.
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minimum and maximum speeds you want to see (use only positive speed values). Select also, which
kSysSpeedOrForce- component will be the reference speed component. After pressing OK a picture of
order analysis will appear. Only meshing frequencies and selected harmonics will be drawn for the meshes
which are active.
Number of orders is limited to five (5), because of drawing limitations with different lines. Colors for the gears
are selected from the color list.
No. of harmonic Line style
1st harmonic
2nd harmonic
3rd harmonic
4th harmonic
5th harmonic
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Figure 5. Output file of calculated gear meshing frequencies
2.4 Limitations
There is couple of limitations in order analysis graph.
1. Only limited number of frequencies can be plotted and shown in KISSsys. This may cause in some
cases that all desired orders cannot be seen, use external file in that case to draw all orders.
2. No legend can be shown in the KISSsys order analysis plot.
3. Order analysis is always given for a fixed gear ratio.
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Reference point Select speed reference place. Speed is
converted to positive sign even if defined or
calculated value is negative in operational point
When OK is pressed a table with the bearing information and calculated frequencies is shown.
Bearing frequencies are based on the formulas for internal geometry of the bearings. This data is not available
automatically in KISSsoft-Hirnware-04-2006 version and therefore these values are needed to be added
manually for every bearing. Needful information is described in the following table. This information can be
entered easies directly to the BearingFrequencies- table. User can open it manually from the tree structure
using BearingFrequencies- Show.
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3.2 Frequency order analysis
When function Frequencies is operated order plot of the selected bearing frequencies is shown
automatically. Selected number of harmonics is shown. Speed value is according to the selected reference
point.
Number of orders is limited to five (5), because of drawing limitations with different lines. Colors for the
frequencies are also explained in the table.
No. of harmonic Line style Frequency Color
st
1 harmonic BPFO Red
2nd harmonic BPFI Blue
3rd harmonic BSF Green
th
4 harmonic FTF Yellow
th
5 harmonic BPF Magenta
Note! Frequency values are not automatically updated when any values for the bearings, or kinematics is
changed. User need to run the function Frequencies again to update values to meet new operational values.
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Figure 10. Output file of calculated gear meshing frequencies
3.4 Limitations
There is couple of limitations in order analysis graph.
4. Only limited number of frequencies can be plotted and shown in KISSsys. This may cause in some
cases that all desired orders cannot be seen, use external file in that case to draw all orders.
5. No legend can be shown in the KISSsys order analysis plot.
6. Order analysis is always given for a fixed gear ratio.
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4 Meshing functionality verification
4.1 Verifying formulas
In the template formulas number of teeth * rotational speed [rpm] / 60 are used to find out meshing frequency
for the helical and bevel gears. In case of epicyclical gear arrangement different formulas are needed to find
out correct meshing frequency. In KISSsys, if normal epicyclical arrangement is used (sun-planet-ring), then
given formula is used (speed of the sun speed of the carrier) * sun gear number of the teeth /60. In all
other cases basic formula for the meshing frequency calculation can be used because gear calculations are
made with helical gear module, which already takes in the account the relative speed between gears.
4.2 Example
Following example is used to verify the formulas. Helical planetary type gearbox configuration is created
with one helical gear pair, one normal planetary gear pair and special planetary gear configuration. Input
speed is given as 1000 rpm.
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4.3.3 Epicyclic gear set
z s1 z p 2 z p 4 z p1 z s 2 z p 3
Ratio when sun1 is input, sun2 is fixed and carrier is output i and
z s1 z p 2 z p 4
z
z p 2 s1 ns1 nc
z s1 ns1 nc z z s 2 nc
meshing frequency f s1 p1 , f p 2 p3 p1 and f zs 2 zp 4
60 60 60
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