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Budget
Budgeting is a process and plan for determining how money is to be raised and spent, as well as a
document the budget developed and approved during the budgeting process.
In more technical terms, a budget is a statement of the total educational program for a given unit, as
well as an estimate of resources necessary to carry out the program and the revenues needed to cover
those expenditures. A vertical budget includes the various income and expenditure estimates in a given
fiscal year, while a horizontal budget will include current estimates for a given fiscal year, compared to
prior audited income and expenditures, and a projection of costs into the future. Hence, the budget is a
statement of purpose and a review of income and expenditures by function with a timeline to explain
past, current, and future
School Budget
A school budget is a fiscal managerial document used to plan for the projection of expenditures that will
be incurred during a designated period of time. The time period is referred to as the fiscal year.
The philosophy in establishing the annual school budget should be to create a budget that supports
appropriate funding for all educational programs so that the students may benefit and learn from
quality learning experiences based on educationally sound and fiscally prudent planning.
A. Federal Funds
Federal funds support a minimal portion of the budget for expenditures that are directed
B. State Funds
C. Local Funds
Local funds are generated primarily from property taxes and some miscellaneous sources. Local funds
support the largest portion of the school budget.
To begin the budget development process, the administration analyzes expenditures from the
previous years budget. This analysis includes informal and formal audits, review of instructional versus
non-instructional costs, study of budgeted versus actual expenditures, and various projections of
increases in student enrolment, impact on facilities, and so on. The budget development process
encompasses both school-based budgeting and district-based
budgeting. Budgeting by school sites decentralizes decision-making, thus promoting school staff input
and providing for expenditure choices to meet student needs in the various schools. The school-based
level also provides opportunity for parental input. The school-based budgets are reviewed to ensure
that they correspond with the requirements of statutes,
educational goals, district policies, and collective bargaining agreements. With school-based
budgets, one can expect to see variances in how monies and resources are allocated at the school level.
Differences in allocations reflect differences
in student needs and in the overall size of the student population. School staff is responsible
for:
(1) determining program requirements and assessing what students will require for learning
and teachers will need for teaching; (2) initiating and supervising an assessment of program needs
relative to staffing and scheduling; (3) obtaining community perspectives and opinions concerning
school needs; (4) recommending a school based budget that allocates funds in a manner best-suited to
achieving the school improvement plan; and (5) supporting school-based budget statistics with the plan
for school improvement.
Instruction Accounts
Includes expenditures for salaries, contracted services, travel expenses, equipment rental, supplies,
books, classroom furniture, and maintenance costs directly attributable to equipment.
Benefits Accounts
Includes benefits for staff such as health insurance, life insurance, disability insurance, social security,
Medicare, retirement and pensions programs, unemployment, and workers compensation.
Includes guidance and counselling, health, social work services, appraisal services, nursing services,
psychological services and speech pathology and audiology services.
Includes aids for teachers in developing the curriculum, preparing and utilizing special curriculum
materials, and understanding and appreciating the various techniques that stimulate and motivate
students.
Includes content materials, methods, or experiences used for teaching and learning purposes, printed
and non-printed sensory materials such as textbooks, instructional supplies, software and computer
leases/ purchases.
Includes activities of the elected body which has been created according to state law and vested with
responsibilities for education activities in a given administrative unit.
Includes activities of the superintendent and assistant superintendent in generally directing and
managing all affairs of the district, including all personnel and materials in the office of the chief
executive.
Includes activities performed by the principal, assistant principals and other staff while they supervise all
operations of the school, including the work of clerical staff in support of the teaching and
administrative duties.
Includes budgeting, receiving and disbursing, financial and property accounting, payroll, inventory
control, internal auditing and managing funds.
Includes activities concerned with keeping the physical plant open, comfortable and safe for use, and
keeping the grounds, buildings and equipment in effective working condition and state of repair.
Includes activities which support each of the other instructional and supporting service programs,
including planning, research, information, staff and data processing services for storage, reproduction of
information for management and reporting.
Includes preparing and serving regular and incidental meals, lunches or snacks in connection with school
activities and food delivery.
Includes activities concerned with providing community services to students, staff or other community
participants, including adult education.
Accounts
Includes activities concerned with acquiring land and buildings, remodeling buildings, construction of
buildings and additions to buildings, initially installing or extending service systems and other built-in
equipment and site improvements.
Serving the debt of the district, including payments of both principal and interest.
No matter how you look at it, a school needs money to run properly. They simply cannot function
without money to pay expenses. In fact, to get the necessary money, someone on the staff must know
how much money is needed, in order to keep the school running. A budget can be difficult to write,
especially with the number of things that must be factored in and considered. The following article is
related with how a school budget can be planned.
Step 1
Start with personnel salaries. Include all administrative positions, as well as all support staff, from the
janitors to the dietary workers. Do not forget ancillary positions, such as a school nurse or counsellor.
Add the salaries of every teacher and aid worker. Next, add insurance costs, sick and vacation pay,
payroll taxes and other benefits.
Step 2
Add contract labour costs. Most schools have security forces on campus, traffic directors, even football
field grounds workers and grass cutters. Add the costs of all contract labour.
Step 3
Factor in the cost of running the physical facility. Add the yearly utility costs and other normal day-to-
day maintenance costs. This could include plumbing and electrical repair, painting, floor or ceiling repair.
Step 4
Include the costs of supplies. Add up the cost of toilet paper, paper towels, cleaning supplies, light
bulbs, pails, buckets, and mops. Do not forget paper for copy machines, printer paper and all required
forms that are needed to run a school.
Step 5
Add the cost of machinery and equipment. Computers need to be replaced, overhead projectors and
other teaching aids must be repaired or replaced yearly. Average this cost and include in your yearly
budget. Even the school bells may need repair or replacement.
Step 6
Sports equipment must be replaced or repaired. Add in the costs of basketballs, goals, footballs, soccer
or any other sports equipment to be used within the school year. Do not forget band and other
extracurricular clubs and activities.
Step 7
School grounds and parking lots need to be taken care of yearly. Include a line item for outside repairs
and upkeep.
Step 8
Do not forget capital costs. Does the school need a new roof? Add in the associated costs, over a period
of several years. This will create an insurance for the repair (i.e. The money is budgeted in the event that
the work must be done in the future.)
Tips:
See what expenses have been incurred in years past. Include these as well as any anticipated increases
in costs. Consider staff raises or rising insurance premiums.
Writing a budget is difficult, but good record keeping makes the task a lot easier to do.