Oliver 1932 - The Augustan Pomerium

The Augustan Pomerium
Author(s): James H. Oliver

Source: Memoirs of the American Academy in Rome, Vol. 10 (1932), pp. 145-182
Published by: University of Michigan Press for the American Academy in Rome
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THE AUGUSTAN POMERIUM.'
JAMES H. OLIVER.
(PLATES 48-60).
HE origin of the practice of the establishment of a pomerium is obs

sources state that it was an Etruscan institution, and if so, it must have
Rome during the long period of Etruscan domination like so many other ins
a religious nature familiar to us. The Etruscans may have found some such
existing among the Italic peoples, or may have brought it from Asia, which
corroborated by archaeological evidence, points out as their original home. T
perhaps, more probable. There is a great deal of evidence for the Oriental
Etruscan religion, for example, the custom of divining by the livers of sheep an
of birds. In fact, a purifying ceremony of ploughing the land around the place
for a temple existed back in ancient Sumer (cf. Antiquaries Journal, vi, 1926
The ancient authors, 2 themselves, explained the origin of the word as post
(((behind the wall )), but ancient etymologies are not always trustworthy. Th
at some Etruscan cities the buildings run right up to the wall on the inside,
that the pomerium in such cases must have been on the outside only, espec
the wall was on a slope, i. e., was a f pro-moerium rather than a f post-m
Veii, for example, the city walls run along to the temple of Apollo, and the
of the temple serves as the defense also for the town. Likewise at Rome it
been difficult to imagine a pomerium inside the wall on the Capitoline. How
the nature of the land did not of itself form a protection, and an agger and
to be built, it was necessary to keep the inside also free so that troops mig
1 This discussion was originally presented as a disser- described by E. BRIZIO in Monumenti antic
tation for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Yale per cura della Reale Accademia dei Lincei, i, 18
University in June 1931, and since then has been some- 4 Hence PROFESSOR R. G. KENT argues
what enlarged and partially rewritten. vation of pomerium from t pro-moerium, in
2 VALERIUS MESSALLA, ap. GELL., xiii, 14, 1; AUCT. logical Meaning of Pomerium, in T.A.P.
INC., ap. FEST., 250 a 20 M.; VARRO, L.L., v, 143; 19-24; cf. also MOMMSEN, Der Begriff des
Livy, i, 44, 4-5; PLUT., Rom., 11. in Hermes, x, 1876, 40-50.
3 Cf. the excavations at Marzabotto, near Bologna,
11
146146 JAMES H. JAMES
OLIVERH. OLIVER
moved from pl
scribed by Livy
Immensely valu
the pomerium,
seems to have b
NYSIUS OF HALI
'EnEd 6 naVii, 'oov jv
nteoeyea9ei Tereaywc
rt3v /ielAovoav Vnoo
noAEcov naea/iuevt.
((And after he thou
called them all into t
together to a plough
of ploughing around
VARRO in the
Oppida condebant in
sulcum (hoc faciebant r
bant et introrsum iacta
t eiusque [leg. eoque]

((Many used to foun
cow, and between the
set by the auspices),
earth they called the
behind these was the
were the limits of th
TACITUS, Ann.,
Regum in eo ambitio v
absurdum reor. igitur
designandi oppidi coep
Palatini ad aram Cons
(( Of the kings' riva
given. But I think it
At the Forum Boariu
the plough, began th
boundary stones were
veteres, then to the
VARRO'S descr
that case the co
is indicated in th
GELLIUS, Noct. A
Pomerium est locus in
nibus certeis determi
and auguries).
THE
THE AUGUSTAN POMERIUM
AUGUSTAN POMERIUM 147
147
Similarly LIVY, i, 44,

that by the end of t
sides of the wall:
Pomerium, verbi vim solam

condendis urbibus quondam Etr
parte aedificia moenibus conti
teret soli. Hoc spatium, quod n
id, pomerium Romani appellar
secrati proferebantur.
((They who look simply at
is rather circamoerium, the
ceremonies where they wer
would not touch the wall on
ground would lie open free
the Romans called the pome
as the city increased, these
Livy introduces thi

which he ascribes to
however, we know pra
from time to time.
the ancient authors t
The evidence for Su
GELLIUS (xiii, 14, 4), speak
Tullius rex neque Sulla, qui pro
effatos urbi fines incluserint.
SENECA (De Brev. Vit., xii
speaks of one who had mad
narrabat.... Sullam ultimum Ro
moris apud antiquos fuit.
TACITUS, Ann., xii, 23: Et
etiam terminos urbis propagar
L. Sulla et divus Augustus.
((And Caesar extended the
were permitted to advance
no Roman generals had adop
CASSIUS DIO, xliii, 50, 1, sp
nlsTov eneIyaye. xai Ev etv
the rostra, and the laying t
and temples and laid him op
of hoards of money).
( These things he did and
others he seemed to act like
1 The practical importance
148148 JAMES H.
JAMES H. OLIVER
OLIVER
For Julius Cae

pItoPV ziL CX
Ev Tr t6)st Ee
GELLIUS (xiii,
ferret,.... On t
the silence of
the last to ext
of Claudius on
For Augustus
the author me
extension, cont
paverant nisi
CASSIUS DIO,
had again acce
ra ze TOV ZCO,UQLi
(( He enlarged the
The Vita Aure

built the wall,
Nec tamen pomerio
barbarici aliqua par
Pontus Polemoniacus
(( But he neverthel
pomerium except o
Trajan, and so did N
On the other
Lex de Imperio
is given Vespa
gustus: utique e
ita uti licuit Ti
in the Monum
GELLIUS, xiii,
Furthermore S
.... Sullam ultimum
moris apud antiquos
alteram ex duabus c
((.... that Sulla wa
custom to extend it
than to know that
either because the p
not favorable z.
THE
THEAUGUSTAN POMERIUM
AUGUSTAN 149
POMERIUM 149
On the other hand, one can reply

perio as a proof against an extension
only his immediate predecessor in th
that it also says nothing of Sulla, who
over, the silence of AUGUSTUS himsel
by the nature of this document. In it
the most favorable light possible by
patriotism. Accordingly, he took pain
temples and public buildings he had
Roman imperium, how he had freed
deeds that would make an impression
however, was rather a local matter,
no mention was made of the importan
regions. The effect at which the Em
words such as Ter munus gladiatorium
nepotum nomine. If he had written po
called forth from Asia to the Pillars o
There is another passage which is fr
rium was not extended to the east bey
time of Vespasian. PLINY, N.H., iii, 6
period:
Moenia eius collegere ambitu imperatoribus censoribusque Vespasianis anno urbis conditae DCCCXXVI m. p. XIII. CC,
complexa montes septem. ipsa dividitur in regiones XIV, compita Larum CCLXV. eiusdem spatium mensura currente a
miliario in capite Romani fori statuto ad singulas portas, quae sunt hodie numero XXXVII, ita ut XII portae semel nume-
rentur praetereanturque ex veteribus VII, quae esse desierunt, efficit passuum per directum XX.M.D.CCLXV. ad extrema
vero tectorum cum castris praetoriis ab eodem miliario per vicos omnium viarum mensura colligit paulo amplius LXX p. quod
si quis altitudinem tectorum addat, dignam profecto aestimationem concipiat fateaturque nullius urbis magnitudinem in toto
orbe potuisse ei comparari. clauditur ab oriente aggere Tarquini Superbi, inter prima opere mirabili: namque eum muris
aequavit qua maxime patebat aditu piano. cetero munita erat praecelsis muris aut abruptis montibus, nisi quod exspatiantia
tecta multas addidere urbes.
PLINY considers the city from the geographical standpoint, not the legal. He speaks
of the city first in the old sense of the city within the walls, and he relates how large
it was, measured from the golden mile-stone in the Forum to the gates of the (( Servian ))
Wall. But then, he says, one can include all the part outside the walls as far as the
Praetorian Camp, and he emphasizes the height of the buildings, as much as to say,
(( Imagine the effect!)) Although for him the city as a true unit is that of the (( Servian ,,
Wall, it is in his description of it bounded by the Agger on the east while high walls
and nature fortified it on the other sides, - except that buildings went so far out beyond
the city as to include within it really many other towns. After all, the pomerium furnished
11*
OLIVERH. OLIVER
a legal and religious

passage cannot be a
at the Agger in the
pasian extended bey
Claudius outside thes
That SUETONIUS, h
SENECA should rec
serious difficulties
examples of useless
confirm each particu
been mistaken; or m
concludes the list wi
daciis aut similia. )
case, in the face of d
well affirm that th
is not solved by the
L. LAFFRANCHI, (in
is numismatic evide
Aug. no. 117 and BA
Rom. Emp., i, p. 104
is represented plou
remember the cens
attributes the exten
Claudius or Vespasian
the pomerium exce
represent the establi
likely that the simi
a conclusion which
may not be accepte
There still remains
This up till now has
period of Augustus
fact affords proof t
therefore, Augustu
1 P1. - A., 393-395. 129-130.

2 Cf. MATTINGLY-SYDENHAM, Roman Imperial Coin- 4 S
age, ii, plate 10, no. 184. on p. cvii he suggests, as possible, ((a reference to a pro-
3 PAUL STRACK, Untersuchungen zur romischen Reichs- jected extension, perhaps not carried out ).
prdgung des zweiten Jahrhunderts, Stuttgart, 1931, Teil i,
THE
AUGUSTAN 151
POMERIUM 151
as a line to which the pomerium ad

around and examine every piece of
that was once discovered and then
Each building must be studied in reg
its date. We examine the concrete
established by DR. VAN DEMAN in
Roman Concrete Buildings)), in Am
to determine at what period the p
for building, or rather at which p
Still not all the territory included
rium. The Aventine, as we have in
form a part of the legal city. AUL
Propterea quaesitum est ac nunc etiam in quaesti

intra pomerium sint, Aventinus solum, quae pars n
lius rex neque Sulla, qui proferundi pomerii titu
effatos urbi fines incluserint.
(( Therefore the question has been raised and

the Aventine, which is not a far and a sparsel
other six are inside; and why neither King Serv
rium, nor afterwards the deified Julius, when he
for the city.))
And SENECA in the same passage

pages 147 f. and 150 asks whether
- hoc scire magis prodest quam Avent
propter alteram ex duabus causis, etc.
The topographers generally exclu
tained that it was excluded from t
regions of the Republican city, and
have been common. He cited as e
CAESAR, B.C., i, 6, 7: consules.... ex urbe profici
vetustatis exempla.
LIVY, , 68, 7: ante portas est bellum; sii n ind

LIVY, v, 39, 9: (after the battle of the Allia) nam
placuit cum coniugibus ac liberis iuventutem milit
LIVY, xxxii, 29, 2: Romae non in urbem solum
But these passages distinguish simp

and the rest of the town. Caesar add
impudence of these individuals was
all over the city, even upon the Ca
OLIVERH. OLIVER
legitimate magistrat
therein that private p
implication here cont
example, meant that n
arx, and the sense of
penetrated into its ver
It is not necessary to
rium. There is no in
CITUS, Ann., xii, 24, s
additum urbi credidere
The Capitoline, again

Argei, upon which ou
Considered from VA
city, it did not belong
within the pomerium
A military practice h
upon the Capitoline i
himself in the senate
Capitolium ad dilectum
arms there.
On the other hand, t

comitia curiata had to
378) and were held o
to the effect that thi
on the other hand, ha
they were never hel
Furthermore, AULU
quaesitum est ac nunc
cum ceteri sex intra p
which shows that at h
and therefore it is cle
Moreover, it is only
seat of the Capitoline
it is improbable that
one cannot conceive
with the temple and
town is located within
In our investigation
THE
AUGUSTAN 153
POMERIUM 153
connected with the Servian Wall, w

around the Capitoline, the Quirinal
Porta Capena. Here the line leaves
line lies somewhere in the valley be
location can perhaps be determined,
the territory 50 m. inside and outsid
In locating and dating remains that
also from the PARKER photographs,
the possession of the British and A
University of Michigan at Ann Arbor
long considered to have been destroy
Biblioteca Hertziana and the Americ
The northwest slopes of the Capitol

gated in 1930, and in October of th
out a preliminary report in a well-i
most of the remains, which were con
again or destroyed, so that very litt
The space between the Via Montana
of the Vie Montanara and Tor de' S
large edifice, which the excavators th
building, and of which walls of brok
mained above a mass of concrete fu
to 41/2 cm. thick, and ranged from 1
1 /2 to 2 cm. Bonding courses of bi
of paving tiles. On the basis of its
was assigned to the Age of the Ant
centuries were also recognized. Alon
the largest of which had traces of d
an unusual pattern in semicircles. The
with a different orientation on the s
Further on toward Sant'Andrea in

is directly against the ((balneum )), an
struction, although having triangul
of tiles, and vertical joints of less th
work, and probably belongs to the t
1C.I.L., XV, i, 377, b e; 1106, a.
154 JAMES H. OLIVER
THE SERVIAN" WALL

MONUMENTS DEFI NITELY AUGUSTAN
ARE UNDERLINED
H ORT1
SALLU STIANI
PORTA COLLINA
PORTA VIMINALIS
HOUSES OF THE
AUGUSTAN ERA
TEMPLE
OF
SERAPIS
'MACELLUM LIVIAE
PORTA ESQUILINA
I PORTA
CAELIMONTANA
PORTA CAPENA
0 500 1.000 1.500 2.00 )0
I i - --I - - - METERS
Fig. 1.
THE
155
portus in one place and an at

there were traces of mural
type of construction is about
i, 1347), dated between 120
later repairs. In one spot, mo
orientation could be seen.
Beyond this point the spa
S. Andrea in Vincis stood wa
Three stories were recognizab
vault, and a small triangular
room was apparently divided
likewise covered with barre
staircase still retained its st
stucco facing with traces of
together with excellent bri
time of Trajan and Hadrian c
beginning of the second cen
Next to this building are a
the second century, and furt
of stone of an earlier period
millstones, the excavation o
two openings in the middle,
cornice. Between the eastern
character. The construction
some fourth-century modific
Somewhat further on, at
coeli, were other remains u
wall, against which was anoth
of tufa and a few tile fragm
by 2 to 21/2 cm. of mortar
building to which they bel
was perhaps in the second ha
Moreover immediately adj
Romano and extending also u
from the archaeological stan
Rome itself. This insula sti
1 C.I.L., XV, i, 1410, 115, and 100
OLIVERH. OLIVER
on a cortile, and fo
recognized. The b
four stories, and t
second half of the
century but there
The second floor i
allel rooms each co
ridor from which
divided into three
and openings into
the building is hig
Aracoeli steps. The
the existence of a s
This building had
Frammenti di Fast
Al lato della lunga scala m
et inegualmente troncate,
ad ascendersi. In tale circ
ramente lungo la scalinata
ed agevole a salire. Nel ta
a quella parte esteriore del
menti di grossolano musaic
della scala. Vi si sono inol
Hibero, e Sisenna dell'era
provenienza. He cites FA
In the depression
found remains of
broken-tile facings
by the same width
existing remains w
construction of th
143-146). There ha
pattern ((( opera sp
A well-carved Corin
of stamped bricks
also that the buildi
Further up on the
porated into a build
However, in the sec
THE
157
those that were connected with

Capitoline from a period earlie
of rumors to the contrary I di
opinion that the territory appare
had arrived at the conclusion t
We know from a cippus ' that t
the Capitoline, and so we may a
On the east slope of the Capit
Monument, lead pipes had bee
Caelia Galla (C.I.L., xv, 7489).
century A. D.
We now reach the valley be
Trajan with its two hemicycle
cated in 113 A. D., cut across
Wall. It might be that Domit
(xiii, 5), in speaking of the dee
atque alia multa plusquam magn
stones of the eastern hemicycl
lana, tufa and pieces of trave
forming an angle of 41 with
Forum of Trajan on the pom
near the base of the column, a
in his edition of NARDINI'S R
slope northeast of the east hem
On the southwest side of th
Pompeius Rusonianus (C.I.L.,
7500), but there is no evidence
must have lived somewhere in
favorite of Claudius, and Pomp
D. (Pros., ii, pp. 397 f., no.
Further on are the remains
Colonna Gardens. It was ere
consisting of two narrow row
down 20 meters in front of i
cella of peperino with marble
enormous proportions - shaft
1 C.I.L., vi, 1231 a.
158 JAMES H. OLIVER
of the temple was destroyed in the sixteenth century and the rest in 1630, but many
sketches of it remain (cf. PL.-ASHBY, 491-2; J.-H., I, iii, 422).
The identification of the temple was established, when the lower part of the sub-
structions of the great flights of steps leading to the back of the temple had been uncov-
ered and the brick-work was found to be characteristically Severan, which proved it
to be that of Serapis (cf. ASHBY, in The Year's Work in Classical Studies, 1926-7, 103).
The line of the (( Servian )) Wall passed between the temple and the great ascent.
On the northwest slope of the hill, there were discovered in the Via dei Giardini
in 1880, and in the plot between it and the Via delle Quattro Fontane, the Villino Sca-
lambrini, in 1883, remains of the ( Servian )) Wall, the part just west of the Porta Salutaris.
Against the (( Servian )) Wall on the outside was a reticulate wall, 1.50 m. thick, with two
full-centered (a tutto sesto), yellow-brick arches, and a large semi-circular niche, 2.80 m.
thick. The remains were those of private houses, and were destroyed to make room for
the Villino Scalambrini (cf. Not. d. Sc., 1880, 466; 1883, 340; Bull. Cor., 1888, 15;
1892, 273). From the material they seem to have belonged to the Flavian Age or to
the period of Trajan and Hadrian.
The north slope of the Quirinal, the region near the Palazzo Barberini, had been com-
pletely transformed at the beginning of the seventeenth century, and the perpendicular
drop was changed into an easy ascent. A nymphaeum with well-preserved frescoes was
uncovered here, as appears from the Ms. Barberiano, xxx, 136, containing an account by
TORRIGIO, p. 109 r (published by LANCIANI in the Bull. Corn., 1872, 227):
Cum effoderetutr humus ad ampliandum Palatium Barberinum Anno P. M. a Christo nato M.D.CXXVIII, repertum
est tubi plumbei fragmentum cum inscriptione ( Spurij Maximi)); quin et pictura cryptica perantiqua, cuiusmodi solebant
in Balneis depingi vel ex Symmacho, quam Emin. Cardinalis Franciscus Barberinus conservari iussit. Nunc vero cum re-
perta sit alia pars tubi plumbei in qua legitur expressum ((x. i. ex officina AGNELLI R. S. ,.
Coniicio fuisse omnino ibi Balnea, sic in stae Ceciliae Ecca visuntur ad huc tubi plumbei per quos aqua deducebatur
in balnea, et in stae Praxedis tubus extabat cui erat insculptum ((Caes. Nervae Traiani Aug. Germ. Dacici cura Phileros
et Heraclas ex suo fec. ) Quin etc.
The Spurius Maximus, whose name appeared on a pipe found here in 1627, and on
two others found later, was probably the L. Spurius Maximus, Tribune of the fourth cohort
of the Vigiles under Severus (Pros., iii, p. 258, no. 583), but his name may simply have
indicated later work on an earlier property. The north part of the Palazzo Barberini, and
especially the long building between the stables and the Vicolo di S. Nicolo da Tolentino,
are built over ancient constructions. There was a row of rooms faced with reticulate work
without bricks. The rooms were covered with semicircular barrel vaults (volte a tutto sesto).
The reticulate reached to the second story. Since this structure was built with reticulate,
it could hardly be dated later than Hadrian, and might well have been earlier. 1
1 Cf. J.-H., I, iii, 427, and PL.-A., 190.
THE AUGUSTAN POMERIUM 159
Further on, at the Palazzo Baracchini on the Via Venti Settembre, opposite the Mini
tero della Guerra, workmen found remains of ancient houses (Not. d. Sc., 1920, 277-279
There was a hall 8.35 m. long with niches and with a sectile pavement in geometri
designs, perhaps a library in a private house. The walls were covered with colo
marbles. Bricks here collected bore stamps of the time of Hadrian and of Septimiu
Severus. Accordingly, the reign of Septimius Severus appears to be a terminus post quem
Nearby were other brick-faced walls of a preexisting structure, but nothing more defi
has been communicated concerning its date.
In the same neighborhood were found the remains of a large building on the Via Ven
Settembre just west of the Via di San Nicolb da Tolentino. This was identified by
discovery of two inscriptions as the house of Alfenius Ceionius ulianus Kamenius, who i
the fourth century was one of the leaders of the anti-Christian party (cf. PL.-A., 155; C.
vi, 1675=31902 found in 1755 or -6, and 31940 found in 1884). The house has a perist
surrounded by halls and corridors, the walls of which, according to LANCIANI (Bull. Corn
1884, 43-44), had brick-work of the third century and had been repaired in the fourth
Between the Via delle Finanze and the Via di Sta. Susanna the outside of the ci
wall was partly hidden by a wall faced with bricks with insets of reticulate. BONI, w
published these remains in the Not. d. Sc., 1910, 509, described the type of facing
half-way between the Augustnn and the Hadrianic, but he did not give any reasons for
judgment. The type of construction with bricks and reticulate was in general restric
to the period of Trajan and Hadrian.
Moreover, opposite the Palazzo delle Finanze on the Via Venti Settembre we
discovered in 1881 (cf. Not. d. Sc., 1881, 89) brick-faced walls, described as of a go
imperial period with full-centered (a tutto sesto) arches made with large tiles, some of wh
had stamps, of which the latest were of the time of Hadrian. Whether these remains w
within the district in which we are interested or not, is not quite clear from the accou
in the Notizie.
We are now in the region of the Gardens of Sallust. West of the nymphaeum of th
Gardens there were many indications of building activity in the vicinity of the ((Servia
Wall. Excavations in 1881 (Not. d. Sc., 1881, 372) uncovered a section, against which w
walls, faced with brick-work and reticulate, connected with the nymphaeum and having
pavements of monochrome mosaics. In 1909, at Via Piemonte, more of the wall wa
uncovered with remains of brick-faced construction beside it (Not. d. Sc., 1909, 222
Bull. Cor., 1909, 294). In the next street, Via delle Finanze, were remains of a priv
house with steps of peperino between two walls of reticulate. Seven meters away there w
a brick-faced wall at the end of a hypocaust pavement supported on bipedales. Continuin
down to the level of the first row of stones of the urban fortification, the diggers foun
curvilinear wall, 80 cm. thick, apparently built to support the thrust of the mound at t
OLIVERH. OLIVER
angle formed here by

tiche di Roma anterio
LUCIO TRAGURITAN
Un altro vestigio de simili pi
donna della Vittoria sotto la
per sustruttione d'esso monte,
una sopra l'altra, ma gl'ordini
a scalini; et in quello si vedon
e tagliato esso muro de peperin
poggiate all'antiche mura in m
difficilmente si discernevano,
Nos. 88 and 3293 of t

remains of ancient bu
(( Servian )) Wall in th
are, of course, of the
of the photograph.
The nymphaeum of t
that intrude upon the
emperor Vespasian, b
entius, whose names a
by the type of const
central elliptical hall c
and concave sections.
with certainty, is, acc
We know from CASS
together with other b
that when Domitian re
(HULSEN, in Rom. M
four-story building in
of a somewhat lighte
3 cm. wide or slightly
centimeter. Twenty
courses. The mortar
aggregate consists of
of similar roof-tiles w
in materials and techn
were made in triangul
1(Peperini)) is a mistake;
resembles peperino here (cf. L
THE
161
On the Quirinal just at

was found in the year 18
form of a quadrangle 2
topographers identify it
about the Porta Collina
probable date of the con
vorziiglichem Gusswerk
DEMAN, in A.J.A., xvi, 19
to the concrete, let us s
We now reach the neig
the most impressive mon
was the Baths of Dioclet
extended close to the Ag
Between the Baths and
LANCIANI reported the
Bull. Cor. for 1876 (171)
nated the other building
It was here in the Agger
century B. C., now in
ancient remains at the P
that in the Agger here
outside with the reticul
blocks from the supporti
walls, as is shown in th
was increased in width o
resulting mound. Thus i
altars were frequently r
not prove anything in r
cult was earlier, it does
respected the sites of the
the back of the Agger
the altar were likewise r
Here at the corner of t
the Agger, but separate
1 G6STA SAFLUND, De foreg

kungatidsmur vid Piazza dei C
Finanze, in Eranos, xxviii, 1
accept his date, but I feel he h
the later origin of the cappella
12
162 JAMES H. OLIVER 162 JAMEH. - O LIVE
thick, faced on the inside with reticulate and on the outside

tufa (P1. 60, Fig. 3). There seems to have been more of it at
(cf. Bull. Corn., iv, 1876, 171). FRANK' ascribes it to the yea
perhaps repaired the walls against the expected attack by Caesar.
to the time of Sulla. However, the mortar is brownish like th
Caesar, for example, and the reticulate blocks are from 10 to 13
of the period of Julius Caesar are generally between 4 and
easily to be distinguished from the large Augustan pieces.3
consists chiefly of Anio tufa, a material which belongs espec
I am convinced that it cannot be of the time of Sulla, for r
Rome at that period. 4 On the other hand it is not at all unlik
to do with the remodelling of the Agger into a promenade,
Furthermore, on the site of the present Dogana were discover
of a building containing a water tank and a large cortile with
which opened two rows of cells. The latter received their lig
cells had wall-paintings, of which LANCIANI made a sketch, but
before he could execute their plan (cf. LANCIANI, in Bull. Co
in 1873 an inscription (C.I.L., vi, 3761 =31320), set up by the pre
of the Vigiles, Flavius Magnus, to Septimius Severus, had been d
corner of the baths of Diocletian, an inscription which, as L
time (Bull. Com., 1873, 250-3) had been brought there from a
Statio Cohortis III Vigilum is mentioned in the Notitia as bei
sixth region, and in the Curiosum as between the thermae Diocletian
That it stood near the Porta Viminalis is certain, and LANCIA
cating it in the building, mentioned above, discovered in 187
north of the Porta Viminalis. 6 The inscription, discovered, as w
east corner of the baths of Diocletian, 38 m. from the Agge
tenor that it might just as well have been set up in the house o
station of the Vigiles, and it can not be adduced as cogent ev
probabilities point towards the station of the Vigiles. Nothing
the structure. Since, however, in the time of Septimius Seve
here, it probably occupied the same spot from the time of Aug
divided into the fourteen regions, and when the imperial syste
seven cohorts of Vigiles, one for each two regions, was first in
1 Rom. Buildings, 121-2. Though he observes, loc. cit

2Eranos, xxviii, 1930, 194. estensione del fabbricato sugger
3 VAN DEMAN, in A.J.A., xvi, 1912, 250-1. non una stazione ma un
4 VAN DEMAN, loc. cit. the discussion in P. K. BAILLIE
5 Sat., i, 8, 14f. of Imperial Rome, Oxford and London, 1926, 48-51.
THE
163
Furthermore, just north of the V

as of the imperial period, much re
territory where the fossa had on
with polychrome decoration (No
Education had to permit the destru
exigencies of the railroad service. T
it would seem, because many of th
blocks that were too small were c
the outside were walls, one of whi
by 15 to 22 cm., with one-centimet
measured about 56 cm. (Not. d. S
Agger, constructed in all sorts of
repairs (cf. TENNEY FRANK, Rom.
Outside the station wall, moreove
found many walls of good brickwor
Agger. They appeared to have form
vate edifices constructed against
statue, inscribed Fortunae sacrum
migenia (Bull. Cor., 1873, 201-21
Outside the Agger, just south of
of the 'seventies remains of edifice
were published from time to time
of many objects found there. Th
mosaic and a private house showin
frieze with reliefs of athletic sce
wall-paintings. There are, however
substruction, and for the history
building remains of a late period, d
1883, 129), were destroyed.
The PARKER photographs, again,
here, a general picture of the secti
station. One of them without a n
railroad station. The wall has been
and in the background can be see
at the extreme right can be seen
latter photograph is distinct enoug
faced with broken tiles and reticul
struction. Photograph no. 83 (P1. 5
OLIVERH. OLIVER
the west or inner side

remains of what is rep
outer side of the Agg
view of some houses t
the station. The walls
reticulate work, - a ty
Likewise in no. 3325 (P
here conceals an earli
appears to have a facin
said, suggests the per
Two other photograp
houses with wall-paint
of the first century.
The appended plan (te
imate age of the vari
served. For the sake of
above, and the section
the end of the top li
of point A. The excav
period in which we ar
A-B is of two period
courses of broken roo
where instead of the u
The roof-tiles vary in
The horizontal joint
4 cm. Above this secti
The mortar throughou
aggregate is chiefly t
some travertine is di
facing point strongly
laid, namely the exce
bricks were, of course
wall is puzzling. I pre
third-century refacing
D-E is a typical wal
of broken roof-tiles,
from 19 to 30 cm. in
about 1 /2 cm. Withi
.t
z
0
!t
id
0
z
r1
a <
u0'
H -1 0

a.
Fe
z
i 0t
:1J
. ae
- c
or
CP
L)
I XA
W
r-
I
12*
OLIVERH. OLIVER
broken tiles and t

point J, but not m
The pier X (PI. 60
width slightly un
horizontal joints ar
The aggregate cons
whitish in color. T
still preserved. It i
Antonines than of
The two piers, Y a

the lower level of
of the two is iden
with close horizont
The mortar is dirt
them to the Flavi
Near the point Y i
of 3 m. (P1. 60, Fi
of the excavations
by small aperture
Marcia, Tepula and
is to say (( a preci
may have had some
spot in the early em
The walls G-G' an
paired in mediaeva
tiles are between
color they are ligh
about one centime
is tufa in closely
good work and belo
another floor, in t
two meters above t
I-I' is again a wal
reticulate work, wh
the top of the wall
Agger substructio
while the mortar i
above this consists
THE
AUGUSTAN 167
POMERIUM 167
period is Augustan and the second Hadriani

restorations of the third century.
J-J' has a facing of broken red roof-tiles
of the Severan type. The broken bipedales
run up to 3 1/ cm. The technique is stil
vertical joints between 1 /2 and 2/2 cm.
be poor, for they crumble into powder e
gregate is mostly tufa, with some bricks
or the period of Diocletian. The wall K-K
The wall J-M completely hides N-O except
The Director of Antiquities, HIS EXCELLENC
sion to climb up by means of a ladder to
N-O was faced with reticulate blocks, 8 cm
mortar (P1. 60, Fig. 5). In front is the wall
above ground, and from there up roof-t
roof-tiles are red and compact, from 3 to
although some from 19 to 42 cm. occur. Th
chiefly, and of roof-tiles or bricks. Ther
to be Hadrianic and the earlier wall N-O
From this it appears that the space J'JM
it was then rebuilt in the period of Hadr
two smaller rooms and rebuilt again.
P-P' is a wall with a fine reticulate fac
cm. above the ground level it sets back 1
then continues straight up. The aggrega
bably Augustan but may be somewhat lat
The excavations were continued toward t
filled in there were discovered a number o
Stamped tiles of the end of the second centu
ings belonged rather to the end of the thir
to the excavators. The foundations, howeve
perhaps. One-of these scholae was identifie
the calcarienses (Not. d. Sc., 1877, 13 f., 206
excavated in 1870 (Bull. dell'Inst., 1870, 46
of some importance, the walls of which we
to have been of the first half of the sec
tiles taken from the walls, it was reported a
132 and 137. Brick-stamps, of course, do
OLIVERH. OLIVER
a terminus post q
we are justified in
afterwards. But
considerable num
Inside the Agger
1876-7 a number
to the Agger. Ag
of the fourth cen
was built over th
oratorium in Bull
coes. His drawing
ulate with bands o
type of construc
Agger here, too,
in the I. or II. cen
of private edifice
Celsus, identified
DRESSEL (C.I.L.,
lead pipe of the
other house had w
century at the lat
and a large house
were discovered
212-3; Ann. dell'
with statues. In
with good brick
animals. The thre
means of a stairw
and LANCIANI saw
of the first Anto
an over-life-size s
also a bust of An
Misc., i, 250). We
apparently from
on an accompany
Further south, i
piece of the ( Ser
of buildings. Th
THE
AUGUSTAN 169
POMERIUM 169
is concealed on the outside by a concrete wa

for the other half by a concrete wall, 1.30 m
roof-tile facing has been lost. The reticulate
of tufa and tile fragments, and the mortar
are used. A niche about 90 cm. wide is sti
voussoirs of hard compact red tiles, 28 or 2
tapering toward the bottom. All this sugg
other wall the aggregate is likewise of tufa
brown and less clean. There is the beginn
tile facing, of which nine courses measure
horizontal joints are about one centimeter, w
cm. It seems to belong to the period of th
About seven meters to the east, i. e. abo
wall, is an ancient room, (6 x 4 m.), 1.60
ented from east to west. At its west end it
begins 4 m. from the east end. In the east w
In the east wall, 45 cm. thick, the mortar i
blocks and tile fragments, and the facing is
to 11 cm. across and not always perfect squa
to the Augustan Age. Moreover, the floor is
little limestone tesserae, imperfect squares,
In the north wall, 70 cm. thick, and in the
tile fragments, the mortar is brownish, the
so that fronts vary from 14 to 28 cm. in
and about 3 cm. wide. The vertical joints a
centimeter or less. The total height of 20 co
time of Hadrian and shows later rebuilding.
The voussoirs are bessales, 4 cm. thick, mo
to the later period, not to the period of th
Eight meters beyond this point can be seen
times. The foundation resembles a piscina or
down from either end of the south wall.
a coating of other material over the triangul
bricks are mottled, about 27 cm. long, 4 cm.
the horizontal joints about one centimete
gate consists of tufa and tile fragment
smaller room (2.75 x 4 m.) opens on the
blocks, 7 cm. across, and is of the same p
12**
170 JAMES H. OLIVER
The Macellum Liviae also with its surrounding porticus reached over to the pomerium,
if we accept the identification with the remains southwest of the Piazza Fanti as now
seems certain. CASSIUS DIO, Iv, 8, 2, narrating the events of the year 7 B. C., says that
Tiberius dedicated the precinct of Livia in honor of his mother: O rsi&vtacla 'b AitOOOv
bvoatClts~vov xaC0lptosE pst& TrS przpo6s. By zsp.svac r : Arooov dvotc.apcsvo v he, of course,
meant the Macellum Liviae. The remains consisted of an open court (80 m. x 30 m.)
with a fountain in the middle. The court was surrounded by shops and an arcade.
The construction of the walls showed evidence of work in different periods. We know
from an inscription (C.I.L., vi, 1178) that it was restored between 367 and 375 by Val-
entinian, Valens and Gratian. The long side, still preserved, was constructed in retic-
ulate, which perhaps belonged to the original building, whereas the smaller sides were
faced with brick, where stamps from the time of Hadrian and the Antonines were found.
According to the account given in the Bull. Cor., 1874, 217, the macellum was partly
abandoned as a market at the beginning of the third century, when all the southern part,
i. e. the section between the fountain and the shops, was invaded and occupied by private
houses. Such houses had pavements of black and white mosaics. There were baths
and hypocausts, traces of stairs to upper floors, etc. These houses, too, intruded upon the
old pomerium.
In 1882 some foundations were discovered further on, just inside the wall, in the Via
dello Statuto, together with a lead pipe bearing the name of Aelia Athenais h. f. (C.I.L.,
xv, 7377) of about the middle of the third century of our era. There seems to have
been a private house here.
The ((Servian), Wall is pierced between the Via Merulana and the Via Leopardi
by a building constructed in reticulate work of blocks.6 cm. square, obviously of the
Augustan period, and decorated with frescoes in the third Pompeian style. This well-
known building, the so-called Auditorium of Maecenas, (24.10 x 10.60 m.), is seven meters
below the ancient level, and has an apse to which seven rows of steps lead up. There
are two pavements, of which the original earlier one is a white mosaic. This building is
considered the earliest monument on the pomerium, so far as at present known, in this
region of the city.
Somewhat to the south, where now is the Via Carlo Botta, - that is, outside the walls
but still within the pomerium, - the foundations of an ancient structure in large tufa blocks
were uncovered in 1887 about two meters below the modern level. Right next to it was
found a great deposit of terra-cotta, comprising fragments of statuettes and vases, one of
which carried an archaic inscription to Minerva (Not. d. Sc., 1887, 179-80; Bull. Com.,
1887, 154-6, 166-71, 192-200). Moreover, in the same neighborhood a statue of Minerva
had been found in 1867 (HELBIG, in Bull. dell'Inst., 1867, 141). These considerations
induced GATTI to identify the remains as the temple of Minerva Medica, which is enu-
THE
AUGUSTAN 171
POMERIUM 171
merated in the regionary catalogues am

to this cult in De Div., ii, 123 : et si sine
legendi, ceterarum artium scientiam som
put their faith in dreams. In the rem
it was republican; but if it is that of
sanctuary, for a temple may perhaps be
but it is not easily moved.
However, as HULSEN points out (J.-
been connected with the old potterie
inscription to Minerva among the rema
The problem is, however, settled after
trum Castrense, the Lacus Orphei and t
Topografi, 3-56, Gothenburg 1929, Eran
tiska Avhandlingar). 2 He has demons
calling the Amphitheatrum Castrense
in form to the Ludus Magnus, that,
and was located near the Vivarium so th
the city every day for practice hunt
peared, but it must have been near th
rium. He has demonstrated, moreove
II. Vigilum, and the horti Pallantiani r
Esquilina to the Porta Tiburtina, that n
line, and that the boundary line must h
had to be in a position to serve the tw
Lacus Orphei lay inside the (( Servian
by the name of the inhabitants of on
epithet in Orfea attached to three of
of enumeration for Region V in the cat
near the ((Servian)) Wall, passes along
north to the neighborhood of the Praet
the Campus Viminalis and the Subager
crosses the wall to Isis Patricia on the
which gave its name to the vicus at the
that section of Rome was the continua
1 In Not. d. Scav., 1887, 180, there is mention

a t. - c. head of Minerva, there taken as confi
of the identification (cf. Bull. Com., 1887, 155)
bronze statuette there described does not appe
clusive.
172172 JAMES H.
JAMES
OLIVER
H. OLIVER
exposition, the Re
montium really
which is enumer
only within the
naturally located
wall lay the drea
building activity
Thus the remain
have been destro
Com., 1887, 154) r
presented them o
Likewise on the Fo
of Isis and Serap
For this there is
locate just below t
of a temple in th
or that of one of
though perhaps jo
Furthermore, th
Labicana. Archite
area, sometimes w
nothing. They m
struction of the t
This is probably
which must, acco
clear, too, from
above. LUNDSTRO
boundary here.
However, if we a
as I believe is una
to the east.
Similarly on the
in the path of th
1Anonymous article,
tione della Corte di Ro
dea Iside fu scoperto l'
Celio presso la chiesa d
I, iii, 304). 2 Cf. the temple of Venus and Rome, and the temples
BARTOLI (Mem. 2 in FEA, Miscell., i, 222) after men- of Isis and Serapis in the Campus Martius.
riosum in Region III immediately after the Colosseum, and must have been ne
Notitia, it is true, puts the Ludus Matutinus after the Colosseum without mentio
Ludus Magnus, but this is an obvious mistake, because both the Curiosum and th
had already mentioned the Ludus Matutinus in Region II. LANCIANI was not c
the Ludus with any remains.
After we pass the piece between the Via Buonarroti and the Via Leopardi, the
of the wall is not quite certain until we reach the Caelian. DR. SAFLUND, w
on the ((Servian ) Wall is about to appear, thinks that it lay further in than
indicates, and that it passed through S. Clemente. He connects it with th
wall found on the Via SS. Quattro just north of the church of the Quattro
Therefore we shall now study the remains existing in this region.
The Forum Petronii Maximi is located just outside the line of this wall n
of S. Clemente, because, of the two inscriptions, C.I.L., vi, 1197 (443 A. D.) a
(443-455 A. D.), referring to it, the latter was found there. Petronius Maxim
emperor in 455 A. D.
The Summum Choragium need not concern us, since it lay between S. Clem
the Colosseum and not where LANCIANI has shown it (cf. PLATNER and ASHB
Under S. Clemente itself are the remains of a house containing a Mithraeu
is also a room faced with broken tiles and separated by a space about 1 . m. w
the wall in big tufa blocks. The facing is of hard, compact, red tiles about 31/4
wide and from about 16 to 28 cm. long, of which twenty rows have a total heigh
102 cm. The horizontal joints are close and the vertical ones of about one ce
The ceiling is of stucco. Judging from the building materials the room appear
the time of Trajan. The wall of big tufa blocks is, to be sure, of the same m
the (( Servian )) Wall, and at times it has been identified wth that fortification (cf. J.
GRAY, in Journ. of Br. and Am. Archaeol. Society of Rome, Vol. iv, No. 1, 1906-
However, it does not necessarily follow that because the material is the same,
is another section of the ((Servian > Wall. We should really not expect to fin
so far in, in this situation, since the general line of the wall on both sides
further out. Furthermore, if this were the wall, it is strange that the buildings
erected against it as we have noticed they were elsewhere. In all the sect
station, for example, the houses are actually built against the Agger substructio
on the other hand, we have a free space of 1 /2 meters between the house and t
tufa blocks, an arrangement which would have been suitable only if the tufa wa
to some rather pretentious building.
On the Caelian, remains of the Castra Peregrina have been found southeast o
Stephano Rotondo under the convent of the Little Company of Mary. The earlies
contained reticulate work with cubes 8 cm. across, but the description of th
174174 JAMES H. JAMES H. OLIVER
OLIVER
materials was not defini

REYNOLDS, in their accou
the evidence of construct
continuously from the fi
loose extended from Ves
Part of the remains can
is a late wall, whch nclu
8 cm. across. In this ear
brownish-red and earthy
the whole institution of t
date the reticulate more
Against this conclusion
skeletons in tile graves of
here, one under the dra
row of columns. A little
inscriptions came to ligh
raised the question wheth
in than had hitherto been
But the (( Servian ) Wall
and a piece of it was pre
The graves were in virg
filled in later to straight
The grave stelae found
read as follows:
SEX.SELIVS SEX.L
EPAPRODITVS
CON IVGI
SEX SELIVS SEX,L INFR XI
NIC EPO RVS
IN AGR -PXX
SELIA-SEX- L NICE
IN FR*P.XIIX
IN AGR- PXX
The words ((IN FR(onte) P(edes) XIIX IN AGR(o) P(edes) XX ) sh

on a road, and represented public, not surreptitious, burials;
would have been many more graves than the two here attest
roditus and Niceporus do not suggest celebrities for whom sp
made. The sarcophagus might well have been brought there
Ages or the Renaissance.
The actual graves on the other hand are probably early, i. e. republican, and not sho
under the ((Servian )) Wall at a later date, as was the case in regard to a skeleton f
in the Villa Spith6ver. Burials, however, occasionally did take place inside the po
rium in the case of certain persons who had deserved well of the state. The V
Virgins, too, were buried inside the city. Moreover, the house of the Valerii was
to the east of the Castra Peregrina, as is confirmed by many inscriptions from the th
and fourth centuries. We do not know when they came into possession of the land
there is no evidence to show that they had not been there long before. The Valerii we
an old patrician family, who had been prominent all through the Republic, and it is po
that they had possessed also the plot that the Castra later occupied. Of the Valerii
well known that they enjoyed the unusual privilege of burial within the pomerium.
Near the Porta Capena was the temple of Honos and Virtus, which belonged to
third century B. C. and therefore cannot possibly have stood on the pomerium.
After the Porta Capena the pomerium of the time of Augustus left the wall and pa
somewhere between the Aventine and the Palatine and remained there until the time
Claudius. Most of the valley was occupied by the Circus Maximus, which, trial digg
have shown, was, at one period, flanked on either side by a street; so that it is po
to ascertain its size with accuracy. The resulting figures correspond with the siz
the Circus Maximus of the Augustan Age as described by DIONYSIUS of HALICARNASS
(iii, 68). 2 The original pomerium according to TACITUS (Ann., xii, 24), however, r
follows: a foro boario, ubi aereum tauri simulacrum aspicimus, quia id genus animalium a
subditur, sulcus designandi oppidi coeptus, ut magnam Herculis aram amplecteretur; inde cer
spatiis interiecti lapides per ima montis Palatini ad aram Consi, mox curias veteres, tur
sacellum Larum, inde forum Romanum. The great altar of Hercules stood in the Fo
Boarium not far from the carceres of the Circus Maximus, i. e., at the northeast corn
of the Piazza di Bocca della Verita (PLATNER-ASHBY, 253). The altar of Consus st
at the southeast end of the permanent spina of the Circus Maximus. Therefore the
of the original pomerium on the side toward the Aventine lay according to TACITUS
region which at the end of the Republic was occupied by the Circus Maximus. Bu
so, the presence of the circus would have constituted a violation of the pomerium, an
least parts of it had been there already for centuries. It would seem from this fact ev
probable that TACITUS was mistaken. The remark about the stones certis spatiis i
to be taken seriously, for they obviously were not to be seen in the Circus Maxi
TACITUS assumed for the original pomerium a custom which prevailed in the first cent
A. D., when cippi were set up at regular intervals to mark the line. No such cippi, howe
antedating the time of Claudius, have ever been found.
1 Cf. MARQUARDT, Privatleben der Romer, 2d. ed., 2 Cf. P. BIGOT, in Me. d'Arch. et d' Hist., xx
i, 361. 1908, 229-231, and Bull. Com., xxxvi, 1908, 241-253.
OLIVERH. OLIVER
On the other hand,

the Palatine, accord
auctor diligentissimu
Marte et Ilia: dictaque
a silva quae est in area
fuit Faustuli.
Moreover, in the hundred years before TACITUS wrote, the valley between the Aventine
and the Palatine had been swept by the great fire of Nero, had undergone many changes,
and had been the seat of extensive building and rebuilding activities. The Circus, for
example, had been enlarged, and the spectators' seats ran up on to the Aventine and the
Palatine. In the passage quoted above, TACITUS was evidently describing the course
followed by the Luperci of his time (PLATNER-ASHBY, 393). They, to be sure, ran around
the old Palatine city, but their course had been determined more by the obstacles that
the buildings on the slopes of the Palatine had created than by the line of the ancient
pomerium. They would quite naturally pass through the Circus, because the older street
that traversed the valley had been covered and built over. In the day of TACITUS there
was no open street here.
Since, however, at the end of the Republic, the valley was occupied by the Circus
Maximus, we must seek the pomeriulm between the walls of the Palatine and the Circus
of that period. On the other hand, under the church of Sta. Anastasia, for example, are
remains of a building from the Augustan Age (G. LUGLI, Zona Archeologica, 270; P. B.
WHITEHEAD, in A.J.A., xxxi, 1927, 406). A glance at LANCIANI'S Forma Urbis is sufficient
to show that for all practical purposes the pomerium at the end of the first century B. C.
must have coincided with the road that ran through the valley alongside of the Circus
from the Porta Capena to the Forum Boarium. It is the only free space. This is also
a line very close to that indicated by TACITUS, - a line, of which very likely the Luperci's
route of his day had been an approximation. Elsewhere the pomerium frequently appeared
as a street following the course of the wall, ' and that it should appear here as a street, is
not at all extraordinary.
An examination of ancient building remains on the pomerium has yielded certain results.
On the Capitoline slopes building activity, as far as archaeological evidence is concerned,
1 LANCIANI (in Bull. Com., 1873, 145), after speak- dell'antico pomerio, ma puranche la elevazione delle mura
ing about the insula on the Via Giulio Romano: Quivi del Campidoglio, sul piano del Campo Marzio. Cf. also
incontro, riedificandosi nella primavera dell'anno 1871 la Bull. Corn., 1876, 132-4, where LANCIANI observed
casa che forma angolo con la Piazza dell'Aracoeli, fra i about the Agger: Che tanto sull'orlo estremo della fossa,
num. 55 e 56 si scoprl alla profondita di 6 m. incirca, il quanto a piedi del terrapieno corrono due strade parallele,
pavimento dell'antica strada che dovea congiungere le porte per le quali le tre porte eran poste in comunicazione diretta,
Carmentale e Ratumena: scoperta di grande importanza si all'esterno come all'interno della cittai, etc.
perche ci permette di fissare con certezza non solo l'ampiezza
THE
177
began in the second h

Trajan was invaded shor
Quirinal, remains of wa
centuries had been pre
of Trajan and of Hadri
famous nymphaeum in
Porta Viminalis, howeve
houses built against the
As this general sect
Esquiline in Region V
Augustan Age, namely
On the Caelian the earl
Augustan Age.
However, outside the w
- well authenticated in
bought the property an
Nunc licet Esquiliis ha

Aggere in aprico spati
Albis informem specta
The word modo indica

HORACE began writing
so that we may conside
sarily follow, however,
that, before that time,
of course, could not b
a time even after the de
the wall. On the other
the Augustan Age, nam
on the pomerium. It th
in this region of the ci
Moreover, LUNDSTROM
played no part in the
the wall in that section
tension of the pomerium
rally connected in the
Furthermore, among a
earlier than the Augus
OLIVERH. OLIVER
record of anything t
definite proof that th
the time of Augustus.
the wall.
The old Etruscan pomerium had remained intact for centuries down to the time when
Sulla moved it ; and when the ( Servian ) Wall was built, it was built according to strategic
considerations, of course, and without especial consideration of the religious boundary,
which had already before this assumed an independent existence. Perhaps a line drawn by
Etruscans was not important for Romans of that time. However, the wall had to protect
a city which had grown in size. On the other hand, for LIVY the idea of the pomerium
was closely associated with that of the wall. Probably the line of the pomerium adhered
to the wall at certain points, while it diverged from it at others, and in extending it Sulla
moved it up to the wall everywhere except around the Aventine, thus smoothing out the
little irregularities, and giving it a natural contour.
Thus we may account for the extension of Sulla without any difficulty. For
Julius Caesar, however, there is nothing except the two references of CASSIUS Dio, xliii,
50, 1, and xliv, 49, 2, and that of GELLIUS, xiii, 14, 4, quoted above, against which a
quantity of negative evidence weighs heavily. Then the explicit testimony of TACITUS
(Ann., xii, 23) and SENECA (De Brev. Vit., xiii, 8) that he did not alter the position
of the pomerium, makes it almost certain that Dio and GELLIUS were mistaken. Caesar
intended to carry out many radical changes in the city, and even wanted to change
the course of the Tiber. In three letters to Atticus (xiii, 20, 1 ; xiii, 33, 4; xiii, 35, 1),
CICERO speaks of his intention of extending the pomerium as well, but Caesar was killed
before he had a chance to put his plans into effect. In part they were actually carried
out by Augustus.
CASSIUS DIO (lv, 6, 6) speaks of an extension of the pomerium among the events of
1 There can be no doubt that the wall, as we see it. As PROF. HULSEN has said, the Etruscan victory
it now, is essentially a work of the fourth century with over the Romans at the beginning of the Republic had
later repairs. It was built of grey-yellow tufa, a quarry probably entailed the dismantling of the previous forti-
of which still exists at Grotta Oscura in the neighborhood fications, for a stipulation in this sense would undoubtedly
of Veii, and the quarry-marks cannot be earlier than have formed part of a treaty like that with Porsena in
the fourth century. There are in various places along which the Romans were forbidden to carry weapons
its path cappellaccio remains of what has generally been of iron (PLINY, N.H., xxxiv, 139; cf. MOMMSEN, Hist.
considered a wall of the sixth century, the real Servian of Rome, i, 414). Or perhaps the city as a whole had
Wall, but SAFLUND (in Eranos, xxviii, 1930, 176-99) has never been fortified before the fourth century, but simply
clearly demonstrated that they represent later additions. the Arx by itself and the Palatine by itself. Really
The course of the fourth-century wall may have coincided the story of the sack of Rome by the Gauls would indi-
in a general way with the earlier one. However, the cate that only the Arx had been fortified, if even that.
impressive ramparts, of which enormous remains strike For the literature on the matter consult the article Murus
the eye of the visitor as he arrives at the railroad terminal Servii Tullii in PLATNER AND ASHBY, Topographical
in Rome, cannot have existed before the Gallic catastrophe, Dictionary of Ancient Rome. Moreover, DR. SAFLUND'S
or the Gauls would not have had such an easy time of book on the subject will soon appear.
the year 8 B. C. That would bring it into connection with the division of th
the fourteen regions, when we should naturally expect it. DIONYSIUS of HALICA
iv, 13, 5, however, describing the city of Servius Tullius, says:
El 6e iTE rEiXEL [TO)] 6UIEVQEtcp /eV OVT 8U t9 neaQroayfavovoaa avTo znoaXoev oxlaeLs, lovra be
zovTz xata roLAAZovN Trov; ti agxaia; xaTaoxevr;, 3ovkrOelEr yeroQe7v avTrijv xata rov 'AOrvcov xv'Xov, zTw
rb aarov, ov no2AAc TIVI fIdCwv 6 O rjS Po$ir va a'v a pv avetir xiVogs, x.r.2.
(( But if one wanted to compare it (Rome) with the circumference of Athens by means of the wall, which
with, is now hard to find because of the buildings that cover it in many places, but which in many pla
serves some traces of the ancient fortification, ) etc.
The treatise of DIONYSIUS of HALICARNASSUS appeared in 7 B. C., after he h

22 years in its composition. Accordingly the above words must have been writte
time between 29 and 7 B. C. If the space about the wall was already covered with b
it must have been invaded long before the year 8 B. C., to which CASSIUS DIO at
the extension of the pomerium.
Furthermore, the Agger, as we know from the satire of HORACE above quot
mones, i, 5, 14-16), had already before 35 B. C. been turned into a public walk
in my opinion could hardly have happened without some diminution of the impo
the pomerium at that point.
Probably in the turbulent early years after the death of Caesar, individuals h
to encroach on the pomerium, and Octavian was too busy with more pressing ma
take any notice of such encroachment. His position, moreover, was not so se
he could risk alienating sympathy by being too scrupulous. He had not exte
imperium and in short had no excuse for usurping the privilege of extending the
In other words Octavian compounded with practical considerations and let the lega
calities go for a while. Later, however, at a time when he was laying great
legitimizing everything that had happened, he completed the technicality of
the pomerium, and that would probably have been in the year 8 B. C. as
by CASSIUS DIO. This scrupulous observance of old religious custom was qui
of the policy of Augustus, who did all that he could to revive the Roman cul
intensify the ancient religious feeling. He was appearing in the role of the new
He lived on the Palatine where Romulus had lived, as CASSIUS DIO observed signi
and in 27, when the Senate bestowed the title of Augustus upon him, his own ch
been for Romulus (CASS. DIO, liii, 16, 7). One sees clearly how he visualized hi
This Romulus of the new era refounded the city, perhaps ploughing around it a
an ox and a cow yoked together, as the old Romulus had done around the first se
on the Palatine.
As HORACE wrote the fifth satire of the first book between 41 and 35, and D
wrote his history between 29 and 7, years might have elapsed from the day whe
180
180~~~~~~~~~~
JAMESJAME
H. OLIVER H. OLIVER
said that the Agger h

wrote the words, that
15 or 20 years a vast a
Why the Aventine w

difficult question. Th
Liber de Auspiciis as q
number of reasons, of
urbis condendae gratia
sit: (( Idcirco ) inquit ((o
obscenis ominosum )).
mentioned on pages
pomerium] - hoc scire
adfirmabat, propter alt
cante illo loco aves no
when Remus was takin
It may be, as SCHWE
Remus was localized u
The legend shows that
to include it in the fin
The first of the reaso
The opposite is true: t
Furthermore, the dat
Icilia. The validity of
Lex Icilia as a plebeian
indicated by LIVY, iii
been a popular quarter
the carriage road, w
s. v. Publicius Clivus,
wall took place in the
Modern scholars have
quite, 53-68). Among
the pomerium, the m
(Rom. Gesch., i, 407),
Latins, which could
MOMMSEN (Rom. For
walls for massing tr
pomerium. The milita
THE
181
of fortifying it with the w

In 211 1200 Numidians with
over, the Armilustrium was
purification of the arms and
But the Campus Martius was
In regard to the part play
The temple of Jupiter Latiar
communities of Latium. The
a somewhat different mem
for the League itself. Thus
of Diana was erected upon th
De L. L., v, 43).
Sp. Cassius was the one wh
League, according to the au
still stood behind the rostr
says as much: nisi foedus cum
Cassio uno, quia collega afue
in 502, 493 and 486, and acc
battle of Lake Regillus in 4
There are considerations, ho
We know from a fragment
from a document at the shr
Rome was excluded and tha
league from which Rome w
we accept the tradition that
the time of the last kings,
just mentioned, it must follo
not have been making treati
a whole. BELOCH looks for a
of such a federation and poi
allies fell away from her. T
their independence.
Now according to LIVY (vii
1C.I.L., i2: Fasti Arvalium, p. 21

p. 220, F. Maffeiani, p. 226, F. Am
Antiates, p. 249. following his conclusions. For other views, see H. M.
2 In his Storia dei Romani (ii, 96-104), DE SANCTIS LAST, in Cambr. Anc. Hist., vii, 350, and
followed the tradition and dated the Latin League and in P.- W., x, 1265-1267.
the Foedus Cassianum in the fifth century. BELOCH,
OLIVERH. OLIVER
the League in 358. A

established during the
have been in power du
then have made the pa
survived the Gallic p
fifth century. Obvio
searching for explanat
But since we see tha
discrepancies between
have said, that the po
wall. In other words,
the fourth century the
whereas it had former
Since up to the time
the real problem is w
nations or they would
would probably not ha
to worry about bringi
took place after the d
he moved the pomeriu
was a great plebeian
party, this was not a
Why did not Augustu
not have deterred h
would, of course, hav
the Aventine was a su
had such importance.
of Remus had somet
deterred Sulla, and re
had weight with Augu
But whether or not w
the indubitable and f
1 Cf. BELOCH, op. cit., 12 f
.*:" 1
ii' r,r..
Pi r
j,
" 7" ,
*; i
'"'*
r
e " ' i 4eLi\,

i
r; '1 ;qr -aj . ;E

I*
yl c,'
5-'/:: .. *".....,
' i .
'L *
::=~, .'.*:* .
,.<,.~' ~,.~": I..S
'r f . .;.** : ^
**'s.v.... e b:.. '.
Remains of the Imperial Age against the (Servian)) Wall in the G
THE AUGUSTAN POMERIUM.
Remains of the Imperial Age against the ( Servian ) Wall in the Gardens of Sallust. PARKER'S Photograp
Territory in Front of the Railroad Station. PAR
THE AUGUSTAN
Corner of Area illustrated on Plate 50. PARKER'S Photograph No. 3185. See p. 163.
.4": ..
irf%ii
Corner of Area illustrated on Plates 50 and 51. PARKER'S Photograph No. 3186. See p. 163.
(( First-Century)) Remains on the Inner Side of the Agger under the Mons Justitiae. PARKER'S Photograph N
# , :
!
Remains on the Outer
THE AUGUSTAN
* . . I
I " ...
. i A 4 V
. V
, - ,.
* . r^
E-.- . . . t
* ""
iB ,..-. .,.
; r rg C-L ' "k .
* 3i ta L.i - .7 * .-'
*-- S .
i;f4
;' c 4
r . : (4 *Ls
.
' 7c ;rB
- , .. ? ' .r ..... .
. ***
T, sa
.* " ..". ..
i_ =
.. .
1 TC;f f 1r
fi;, ? t
iii.
, e .*t lr r r. 1
L,
riil,
?-;I, Li
rlc ..,.:
r. 3 ..'. R.5 . ji-i s ;C .
b '
*s r
C :a ;z. ,y t r *1*1:S
I p r
+'t ,L ;
i,;r r 54
I*
hr c; 5 C
1 i J ..
I i bi iiY rlZ j3Lri Z T
4 Y IX i J
:j'ii*I "1Wq ""' :: I '' r i i x r
::"::: '*n ____
i.. rB r . '''':'
i; ; *x:
%

'Z 1 'Irc L.
'L Ij 4 j i
An
c. rU
' sr1 m "' 't,. t
L 5 1
L
tL - -; i f r
I
C =1
L. *' t'; c ;,
::
rci
,1-rr i iir,r Sji
5:
is
Another View of Remains on the Inner Side of the Agger under the Mons Justitiae. PARKER'S Photograph No. 3325. See p. 164.
r--Y-;- 1L
I .-. I.
-- -
.12 -"<*'
. . . ... . .
L^3 .'-^-...
tS^fi
*f.,'S ;, .. ., ' C,. Fs ' I +
. ^
<..... *
^.N^}a
; A. i A Z:6 j
fi i. "' ' . " '.s= " .,.-1.ss .
I , . -*
-i. ;. "''
I : . '' ,
k~~~~~~L ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ Lc:~~~~~~~~~
.? .'..-.''
, ,;''.=: '" .~",. ,... . ' ',
A+_,ii_H' e :.
-i~~~~~~~~~~~~=7 rf '.-.=:.
*:'."
,,..... ~.~~., ~= -. ~, .
'." ~. '.: '*..

*: - ..f;' " ' ;'-..--.
--*-
,r* E
P-,-
'L ur
b'.R i '"?' :
r u:%. C;p L I
.
:: -b. I
k I B ?
yi
a a54 1r
..
- t a;r
;,IO
: c I r
..
i .i
t " I;:
:;r : tt
c?; r:t 'l F'u..., *'

*,r vC;,,. i Jr
rs:. ** r
Remains discovered under the Mons Justitiae. PA

: _F
F * -.-'-. .- -*- . ' . . . - '~. . ~1 . . . . . . -
.,.,.'..._ i^s'~.
A~~;
. ,. :.-'. : .- '
Remains discovered under the Mons Justitiae. PARKER'S Photograph No. 1334
PLATE 59.
1. View of Augustan Wall built against the Outer 2. The Same as seen from Above.
Side of the Agger at the Railroad Station.
See p. 164.
3. Another Augustan Wall extending out from the One Represented Above.
See p. 166.
PLATE 60.
2. So-called Castellum. See p. 166.
1. A Pier of the Time of the Antonines.

See p. 166.
3. Portion of the Agger Substruction at the

Piazza dei Cinquecento. See p. 162.
4. Wall of Two Periods (Augustan and Hadrianic). 5. Photograph takenfrom Above showing Two Walls built against the
See p. 166. Agger Substruction. The Second Wall completely concealed the First
One of the Time of Augustus. See p. 167.
(Figs. 1, 2, 4, 5: Just outside the Agger at the Railroad Station).

Oliver 1932 - The Augustan Pomerium

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Oliver 1932 - The Augustan Pomerium

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The Augustan Pomerium

Author(s): James H. Oliver

HE origin of the practice of the establishment of a pomerium is obs

t eiusque [leg. eoque]

Similarly LIVY, i, 44,

Pomerium, verbi vim solam

Livy introduces thi

1 The practical importance

For Julius Cae

The Vita Aure

On the other hand, one can reply

a legal and religious

1 P1. - A., 393-395. 129-130.

as a line to which the pomerium ad

Propterea quaesitum est ac nunc etiam in quaesti

(( Therefore the question has been raised and

And SENECA in the same passage

LIVY, , 68, 7: ante portas est bellum; sii n ind

But these passages distinguish simp

The Capitoline, again

On the other hand, t

connected with the Servian Wall, w

The northwest slopes of the Capitol

Further on toward Sant'Andrea in

1C.I.L., XV, i, 377, b e; 1106, a.

THE SERVIAN" WALL

0 500 1.000 1.500 2.00 )0

portus in one place and an at

1 C.I.L., XV, i, 1410, 115, and 100

those that were connected with

1 C.I.L., vi, 1231 a.

1 Cf. J.-H., I, iii, 427, and PL.-A., 190.

angle formed here by

Nos. 88 and 3293 of t

On the Quirinal just at

1 G6STA SAFLUND, De foreg

thick, faced on the inside with reticulate and on the outside

1 Rom. Buildings, 121-2. Though he observes, loc. cit

Furthermore, just north of the V

the west or inner side

broken tiles and t

The two piers, Y a

period is Augustan and the second Hadriani

is concealed on the outside by a concrete wa

merated in the regionary catalogues am

1 In Not. d. Scav., 1887, 180, there is mention

materials was not defini

The words ((IN FR(onte) P(edes) XIIX IN AGR(o) P(edes) XX ) sh

On the other hand,

began in the second h

Nunc licet Esquiliis ha

The word modo indica

The treatise of DIONYSIUS of HALICARNASSUS appeared in 7 B. C., after he h

said that the Agger h

Why the Aventine w

of fortifying it with the w

1C.I.L., i2: Fasti Arvalium, p. 21

the League in 358. A

1 Cf. BELOCH, op. cit., 12 f

e " ' i 4eLi\,

r; '1 ;qr -aj . ;E

**'s.v.... e b:.. '.

Remains of the Imperial Age against the (Servian)) Wall in the G