10th International Research/Expert Conference

Trends in the Development of Machinery and Associated Technology

TMT 2006, Barcelona-Lloret de Mar, Spain, 11-15 September, 2006

THE INFLUENCE OF SLIDING SPEED AND SPECIFIC SLIDING OF

THE INTERNAL MESHING GEARS

Dr. sc. Nijazi Ibrahimi, Dr. sc. Sadullah Avdiu,

Faculty of Mechanical Engineering
Prishtina
Kosova

ABSTRACT
In this paper was analysed the kinematics of the internal meshing of the gear pairs. In details, the
sliding speed and specific sliding of the meshing interval (practical and theoretical) were analysed.
Also, the factors that influence in the improvement of the meshing conditions i.e. number of teeth,
displacement coefficient, transmission rate, etc. results obtained from this study are presented in a
form of a diagram and are followed with the appropriate comments.
Key words: Internal meshing, sliding speed (velocity), specific sliding.

1. INTRODUCTION
Except external mesh of gears, the internal mesh exists as well. In Figure 1. is shown internal mesh of
two teeth profiles of the gears.
Absolute velocity of an instant contact point Y1 can be
y y 1

expressed by:
r r r
vn1 = v y1 vt1 ... (1.1)
x1 v n2
v n1 = v t2 where:
r r r
y2

Y v t1
y1

C v y1 = 1 ry1 - is peripheral velocity vector for instant

1 v rr
1

1 v2
T1 P
v1
contact point Y1, v y1 = 1 ry1 - is peripheral velocity for
T 2 y1 r
1 instant contact point Y1, vt1 - is relative velocity vector
in
w

as for instant contact point Y1.

w
r y1

In the same way can be determined peripheral velocity

r b1 '
r b1

x 1
for instant contact point Y2 in the tooth profile of driven
r b2

gear. Absolute velocity for instant contact point Y2 can

be calculated:
r r r
O1 v n 2 = v y 2 vt 2 ... (1.2)
r y2

y2
where:
r r r
v y 2 = 2 ry 2 - is peripheral velocity vector for instant
w
contact point Y2, v y 2 = 2 ry 2 - is peripheral velocity
r
2 for instant contact point Y2, vt 2 - is relative velocity
vector for instant contact point Y2.
At the instant contact point Y, absolute velocities of
meshed teeth profiles of the gears are equal:
O2 r r
vn1 = vn 2 ... (1.3)
Figure 1. Internal mesh for a couple of At the instant contact point Y, peripheral velocities Y1
gears and Y2 have different directions and intensity and as a

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result of tooth profile sliding at one of the gears in relation to the tooth profile of the other one.
Therefore, sliding velocity of tooth profile is:
r r r
vrr 1 / 2 = v y1 v y 2 ... (1.4)
Based on above expressions the sliding velocity at arbitrary contact point can be calculated:
vrr 1/ 2 = (2 1 ) CY ... (1.5)
At the position when instant contact point of meshed teeth profiles of the gears coincide with point C,
then velocity is:
vrr 1 / 2 = v y1 v y 2 = 0 ... (1.6)

2. SPECIFIC SLIDING ANALYSIS

Parallel with the definition for sliding velocity of teeth profiles

E2
also can be determined the sliding velocity of the profile of tooth
E
Y2 of the gear at instant contact point Y as a proportion between
Y sliding velocity and the respective component of the relative
w

C2

C
A2 A A1

T 1
C1
velocity. Therefore specific profile sliding of the driving gear
Y1
E1

T2

n w
tooth at instant contact point Y1 is calculated by expression:
a si y1
vrr 1 / 2
w
y1 = ... (2.1)
r y1

r a1

vt1
r b1

r1

1
r b2

After necessary substitutions the final expression for the specific

O
sliding at instant contact point Y1, in the tooth profile of the gear
1
r y2

with outside teeth is:

r a2
r2

y2

w y1 = 1 Y 2 ... (2.2)
u Y 1
a

Similar, the specific sliding at the instant contact point Y2, in the
2

tooth profile of the gear with inside teeth can be calculated:

vrr 2 / 1
O 2 2 = ... (2.3)
Figure 2. Radii of curves at vt 2
specific points at contact Respectively, after needed substitutions the specific sliding
lines for internal mesh at the instant contact point Y2, in the tooth profile of the gear
with inside teeth is given by:
u Y 1
y2 = 1 ... (2.4)
Y 2

3. RESULT ANALYSIS
Based on theoretical analysis the program for calculation of the velocity for teeth profiles of the
evolvent cylindrical gears with internal mesh has been created.
Mathematical model was developed to calculate certain quantities for entire mesh interval. In this
paper influences of the number of teeth of meshed gears, kinematical transmission ratio, angel of
contact curve, profile deviation ratio etc are analysed.
Analysis for z1 = 17, 20, 25 and 30, z2 = z1u and for u=26 has been done, where profile deviation
ratio is adopted at interval x = 0 1, for couple XO (x1=-x2).
In Figure 3. the graphic presentation of the curves for sliding velocity vrr (Figure 3.a); relative
velocity vt (Figure 3.b) and specific sliding (Figure 3.c) at entire contact interval AE and parameter
values z1 = 17; u = 2; = 20 is given.

850
 0.2 0.6
0.183 0.517

0.5
0.1

0.4

vrr12( z1 , ) vt12 ( z1 , )

vrr22( z1 , )
0.3
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 vt22 ( z1 , )

0.2
0.1

0.1

0.183 0.2 0.049

0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35
3.486 32.774 3.486 32.774

a) b)
1
0.789

0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35

1
12( z1 , )

22( z1 , )

3.731 4

3.486 32.774

c)
Figure 3. Variability of the sliding velocity (a), relative velocity (b) and specific sliding (c) at
mesh interval AE

In Figure 4. graphic presentation of profile deviation ratios influence on sliding velocity and specific
sliding at mesh interval AE is given. Analysis was carried for profile deviation ratios: x1 = 0,0; 0,5; and
1,0 where x2 = -x1 and for teeth number of driving gear z1 = 17 with transmission ratio u = 2.
0.15 5
0.143 0.952

0.1
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35

0.05

5
vrr1( z1 , ) 1( z1 , )

vrr2( z1 , ) 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 2( z1 , )

10
0.05

15
0.1

0.143 0.15 19.985 20

0.509 32.723 0.509 32.723

x1 = 0; x2 = 0 x1 = 0; x2 = 0
0.2 0.263
0.156

0.15 0.2

0.1
0.1

0.05

vrr1( z1 , ) 1( z1 , ) 10 15 20 25 30 35 40

vrr2( z1 , ) 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 2( z1 , )
0.1
0.05

0.2
0.1

0.15 0.3

0.156 0.2 0.357 0.4

11.994 36.99 11.994 36.99

x1=0,5; x2= -0,5 x1=0,5; x2= -0,5

851
 0.2 0.3
0.196 0.286

0.2

0.1 0.1

20 25 30 35 40 45
vrr1( z1 , ) 1( z1 , )

vrr2( z1 , ) 0.1
20 25 30 35 40 45 2( z1 , )

0.2

0.1 0.3

0.4

0.196 0.2
0.401 0.5

20 40.4
20 40.4

x1= 1,0; x2= -1,0 x1= 1,0; x2= -1,0

Figure 4. Profile deviation ratios influence on sliding velocity and specific sliding
at mesh interval AE

Graphic presentation of the results on influence of the angle of teeths contact curve on sliding
velocity and specific sliding are given in Figure 5.for angle values: =20, 22.5, 25 and 30.

0.3 2
0.201 0.886

0.2
vrr12( z1 , )
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35
vrr22( z1 , ) 12( z1 , )
0.1 22( z1 , )
vrr13( z1 , )
13( z1 , )
vrr23( z1 , ) 2
23( z1 , )
vrr14( z1 , ) 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35
14( z1 , )
vrr24( z1 , )
0.1 24( z1 , ) 4
vrr15( z1 , )
15( z1 , )
vrr25( z1 , )
25( z1 , )
0.2
6

0.201 0.3

2 32.7 7.767 8

2 32.7

a) b)
Figure 5. Influence of the angle of teeths contact curve on sliding velocity (a) and specific sliding (b)

4. CONCLUSIONS
Based on results analysis graphically presented in Figure 3.1, 3.2 and 3.3 on influence of teeth
number, deviation ratio and angle of teeths contact curve on sliding velocity and specific sliding of
the gears teeth can be concluded that:
- Profile deviation ratios are geometric parameters which change shape of the tooth profile;
- With increase of the profile deviation ratios the cinematic conditions at the start of meshing
are improved (values for sliding velocity and specific sliding are lower) which is positive but
active distance of contact line is shortened;
- Profile deviation influences on increase of the consistency of gears couple;
- Angle of the contact line of = 20 is most acceptable value, because sliding velocity and
specific sliding decreases.

5. REFERENCES
[1] Avdiu, S.: Ndikimi i shkalls s ingranimit dhe shpejtsis s rrshqitjes n bartjen e dhmbve t
dhmbzorve, Disertacion i doktoraturs, Prishtin, 2002.
[2] Buckingham, E.: Analytical Mechanics of Gears, McGraw-Hill, 1988.
[3] Dudley, D.: Handbook of Practical Gear Design, McGraw-Hill, 1984.
[4] Norton, R.: Machine Design, An Integrated Approach, Prentice-Hall, Inc., 1998.
[5] Faydor Litvin: Gear Geometry and Applied Theory, Prentice-Hall, Inc., 1994.
[6] Niemann, G., Winter, H.: Maschinenelemente, Band II, Springer-Verlag, Berlin, 1985.
[7] Ibrahimi, N.: Detalet e makinave, Pjesa II, Prishtin, 1996.

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