Metathesis for maximum propylene

Using metathesis technology to process refinery-based C4 feedstocks can

maximise propylene

Robert J Gartside and Marvin I Greene ABB Lummus Global

T
he past few years have seen a dramatic olefins projects utilising methanol reaction to
increase in the demand for propylene to mixed olefins or propylene. These processes are
feed the growing markets for polypropyl- characterised by high capital costs and, in some
ene, propylene oxide and acrylic acid. cases, high by-product volumes. Alternatively, a
Traditionally, propylene has been produced as a number of technologies have been or are being
by-product of steam cracking and fluid catalytic developed based upon
cracking (FCC). However, propylene demand by-product transformation techniques using
growth has exceeded ethylene and gasoline/ C4C6 olefins as feed. These lower-valued olefin
distillate demand growth, and propylene supply by-products from steam crackers or FCC units
has not kept pace with this increase in demand. are reacted to produce propylene. There are two
In addition, considerable ethylene capacity added technology approaches to this transformation.
in the Middle East has been based upon ethane, Olefin metathesis is an equimolar olefin inter-
which produces only a small amount of propyl- conversion technology, where two olefins are
ene, further exacerbating the tight supply reacted with each other to produce two different
situation. The limited availability of propylene olefins. Olefin cracking utilises zeolitic cracking
has resulted in a dramatic increase in propylene catalyst technology to crack the olefins to a
pricing, as shown in Figure 1.1 mixture of lighter olefins and aromatics.
This extremely tight supply situation has
resulted in producers looking for alternate Metathesis
sources of propylene. CMAI has projected that, The term metathesis is derived from the Greek
based upon current capacity and growth rates, meta (change) and tithemi (place). It refers to
an additional 19.8 million tons of new propylene the changing of positions of the R groups
capacity will be required by 2010.1 A
large fraction of this capacity will come
from new steam crackers and/or FCC  
units. 3%!SIAPROPYLENESPOTPRICE#&2
There have been significant advances in  7EST%UROPEPROPYLENECONTRACTPRICE$EL

530'PROPYLENECONTRACTPRICE$EL
FCC catalysts and additives to increase
 
propylene production. Yields from exist-
#ENTSLB

ing FCC units can be increased from a

TON

 
nominal 35% on feed to 79%, and
investment in increased propylene recov-  
ery is occurring. However, a major
 
fraction of the propylene shortfall will 3OURCE#-!)
have to be supplied by on-purpose propyl-  
ene projects. On-purpose propylene can        
9EAR
be produced in standalone systems via
propane dehydrogenation, high-severity
FCC or FCC olefins units and gas-to- Figure 1 Propylene price since 1990

www.digitalrefining.com/article/1000178 PTQ Q2 2006 1


Metathesis reactions
Main reaction
C2H4 + 2-C4H8 (2) C3H6
Side reactions
1-C4- + 2-C4- C3- + 2-C5-
1-C4- + 1-C4- C2- + 3-C6-
IC4- + 2-C4- C3- + 2-Me-2-C4-
C2H4 + 1-C4H8 No net reaction
C2H4 + I-C4H8 No net reaction
1C4- + 2C4- No net reaction
Table 1
around a pair of double bonds. Thus:
R1-C=C-R2 + R3-C=C-R4 R1-C=C-R3 + R2-C=C-R4
This equilibrium reaction is carried out over
Group VIA or VIIA metal oxide catalysts. The
predominant technology was first developed by
Phillips in the 1960s and is now licensed by ABB
Lummus Global under the proprietary name
Olefins Conversion Technology (OCT). The most
well-known metathesis reaction is between ethyl-
ene and 2-butene to form two propylene
molecules. However, metathesis can occur
between any two olefins and/or dienes as long as
there is a pair of double bonds.
The equilibrium metathesis reactions for the
C4 fraction are shown in Table 1. Paraffins do not
react, which is also true for the olefins cracking
technologies. Thus, for any upgrading technol-
ogy, the fact that refinery-based C4 streams
contain considerably more paraffins than ther-
mal cracking C4 feeds is an issue. Any butadiene
in the feed should preferentially be removed. For
refinery-based feedstocks, the butadiene content
is nominally below 5000ppm. Butadiene must
be selectively hydrogenated to a lower level and
the location of that hydrogenation is a function
of unit design.
While it is commonly believed that ethylene is
required for the metathesis reaction and that
isobutylene should be minimised, this is not
correct. Excess ethylene is utilised in the reactor
not by requirement, but in order to maximise the
selectivity of the normal C4 olefin fraction to
propylene.
As shown in Table 1, by operating with excess
ethylene, the equilibrium reactions between the
2 PTQ Q2 2006
various butenes (iso and normal) are minimised
either by concentration or reverse equilibrium.
However, the ability of butenes to react with
themselves (the side reactions) can be exploited
for product flexibility or for operation at lower
ethylene/butene ratios.
In the operating system with ethylene (ie,
conventional metathesis), if there is 1-butene
present the catalyst system typically employs a
co-catalyst that provides double bond isomerisa-
tion activity. This shifts the 1-butene to 2-butene,
as the 2-butene is reacted away with ethylene and
maximises selectivity to propylene as well as
propylene production. When using ethylene,
isobutylene is typically removed prior to metathe-
sis to minimise recycle, since isobutylene does not
react with ethylene, as shown in Table 1. However,
isobutylene can be processed through the reaction
system similarly to the normal C4 olefins.
It is important to understand the nature of the
metathesis reactions and their influence on the
selectivity to propylene. As shown in Table 1, in
order to make propylene, a reaction must occur
between an alpha olefin and a secondary olefin.
If the alpha olefin is ethylene and the secondary
olefin is 2-butene, two propylene molecules are
formed. If the reaction is between an alpha olefin
(1-butene or isobutylene) and a secondary olefin
(2-butene), one propylene and one C5 olefin are
formed. The structure of the C5 olefin depends
upon the structure of the alpha olefin (normal or
iso). When two alpha olefins are present and one
of those alpha olefins is ethylene, there is no
reaction, since there is no potential for shifting
of the appropriate R groups around the double
bond. When both alpha olefins contain R groups
(for example, 1-butene and isobutylene), reaction
is possible but at a lower rate because of the
steric influence of the double bond shifting.
These reactions occurring between two higher
alpha olefins are termed half productive reac-
tions. Further, the reaction between two alpha
olefins produces ethylene and another hydrocar-
bon, not propylene and another hydrocarbon.
For the reaction between ethylene and 2-
butene, the selectivity of the ethylene and/or
butenes to propylene is theoretically 100%. In
this reaction, there is one associated propylene
for each feed molecule. Thus:
([C3H6 formed]/2) / [C2H4 used] = 1 or
([C3H6 formed]/2) / [2-C4H8 used] = 1
www.digitalrefining.com/article/1000178
 If 1-butene is isomerised to 2-butene and the
reaction between 1- and 2-butene avoided, 1-
butene will also have a 100% theoretical
selectivity to propylene. By operating with excess
ethylene to minimise the side reactions between
C4s, the selectivity of both normal butenes (1-
butene and 2-butene) to propylene can be
maximised.
In order to produce propylene from C4s, 2-
butene is required (secondary olefin), but there
is no requirement for the character of the alpha
olefin. It thus follows that if the alpha olefin is
isobutylene, it will act similarly to ethylene and
the selectivity to propylene of the normal butene
(in this case, 2-butene) will be maximised (one
propylene from one normal butene). The selec-
tivity of the alpha olefin when using isobutylene
will be to isoamylene (gasoline component), as
opposed to propylene when ethylene is used as
the alpha olefin.
In the reactions of C4s to propylene, the critical
issue is the selectivity and recovery of normal
butenes. The reactions between ethylene/2-
butene and isobutylene/2-butene each have a
normal butene selectivity of 100%, while the
reaction between 1- and 2-butenes will have a
normal butene selectivity of 50% (one propylene
and one C5 from two normal butenes). It is this
reaction that must be avoided. Instead, 1-butene
should be isomerised to 2-butene to achieve a
selectivity to propylene of 100%. (Note that the
reaction between the two alpha olefins [1- butene
and isobutylene] will result in ethylene and
isohexene.)
The character of the alpha olefin and the
resulting product play an important role in the
economics. Currently, ethylene and propylene
have similar values (Figure 2). While reactions
using ethylene produce the maximum propylene,
the value for upgrading the ethylene to propyl-
ene is related only to the improved normal
butene selectivity by minimising the reaction
between 1-butene and 2-butene. The situation
for isobutylene is different. Isobutylene can be
used for LPG or for upgrading to chemicals,
including tertiary butyl alcohol (TBA). Its value
as fuel is lowest. If isobutylene can be upgraded
to isoamylene or isohexene, its product value
increases as high-octane gasoline or as a chemi-
cal feedstock respectively, especially if used for
higher oxygenates such as TAME (tertiary amyl
methyl ether).
www.digitalrefining.com/article/1000178
1.3
Forecast
1.2
1.1
1.0
Ratio
0.9
0.8
Southeast Asia
West Europe
0.7
North Ameica
0.6
1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004 2006 2008 2010
Year
Figure 2 Propylene/ethylene price
The character of the C4 feedstock plays an
important role in determining the ultimate
upgrading potential. Refinery C4 streams are
inherently more difficult to process for either
upgrading technology due to the higher concen-
tration of paraffins. Table 2 compares the
composition of a typical thermal cracking C4
stream with a typical refinery-based C4 stream.
There are distinct differences that impact both
the potential for propylene and the ease of
processing the stream. The most important is in
paraffin content: paraffins are inerts in either
metathesis or olefins cracking. In any recycle
mode to increase the utilisation of the reactive
C4 olefins, the paraffin content, and hence the
total mass flow of the internal streams, poten-
tially could be very high. Both metathesis and
olefin cracking have a nominal 70+% once-
through conversion of olefins. For thermal
cracking C4 streams with a nominal 10% paraffin
content, olefin recycle to obtain overall butene
reactive utilisation of 8590% will result in a
paraffin content in the recycle of 50%. The
higher paraffin content of refinery-based C4 feeds
Composition of C4 stream
Component Thermal cracking Refinery based
n-butane 9 10
i-butane 1 13
Total paraffins 10 26
1-butene 14 14
2-butene 10 42
i-butene 26 20
butadiene 40 1
Total 100 100
Table 2
PTQ Q2 2006 3
 from a steam cracker feed, primarily
CD Hydro as 2-butene. This stream is then
deisobuteniser Fresh mixed with ethylene, such that the
ethylene feed
iC4/C4 ethylene will be in excess at the inlet
product to the metathesis reactor.
OCT
reactor The mixed feed is first preheated
and passed to the fixed-bed metathe-

Deethyleniser
Polymer grade
sis (OCT) reactor. The catalyst can be
C4 feed propylene either a bed of metathesis catalyst
product
H2 only or a mixed bed of metathesis and
double-bond isomerisation catalyst.
LPS
The effluent is then passed to a frac-
LPS
tionation section, where ethylene is

Depropyleniser
removed in the deethyleniser and
recycled to extinction. The bottom
CW product passes to a depropyleniser. It
should be emphasised that paraffins
LPS C4 are not produced during the metathe-
purge to
cracker sis reaction: two olefins produce two
olefins. If polymer-grade ethylene is
used, there is no build-up of ethane
Figure 3 Front-end CD-DIB process flow diagram in the recycle and, most importantly,
the product exceeds polymer-grade
effectively limits overall C4 utilisation to lower propylene specifications, requiring only carbon
values to avoid excessive recycle cost. number fractionation rather than a propylene/
There is another aspect of refinery-based C4 propane splitter. Olefin cracking technologies
processing that can potentially have a significant produce paraffins in addition to olefins and thus
impact upon metathesis. In many situations, require high-cost ethylene and propylene splitter
there is a limitation on the quantity of ethylene capacity to make the equivalent product.
available at a refinery site relative to C4s. While The bottoms stream of the depropyleniser is
importing ethylene could be considered, in many used to purge the system of any C5+ material and
situations it is not possible or economically feasi- the normal butane brought in with the metathe-
ble. In order to address issues faced when sis feed. The purge can be hydrogenated and sold
processing refinery feedstocks, improved process as LPG. Alternatively, this purge, which typically
configurations have been developed that address contains mostly butanes with some butenes and
the ethylene and paraffin issues. the small amount of C5+ material formed in the
reaction, can be recycled to a steam cracker. It
Process configurations can be blended directly with most steam cracker
Figure 3 shows a typical conventional OCT proc- feeds and no hydrogenation is required.
ess configuration for upgrading a C4 stream to The overhead from the CD-DIB is significantly
propylene. The first step is the removal of the larger when processing a refinery C4 feedstock
isobutylene and isobutane from the C4 feedstock. than a steam cracker C4 stream because of the
The process uses a catalytic distillation much higher isobutane in the former. This
deisobutyleniser CDHydro DIB (CD-DIB) that increases the loss of normal butenes overhead as
separates the iso C4s from the normal C4s while well as the utilities for the tower itself. It is not
simultaneously hydro-isomerising the 1-butene unusual for the normal butenes recovery to be
to 2-butene. In addition, any residual butadiene below 90% for this step compared to over 95% for
is hydrogenated. Catalyst is located in the tower a steam cracker C4 feed. Loss of butenes directly
above the feed point. The CD-DIB serves to impacts propylene production. Normal butanes
maximise the propylene selectivity from the are primarily in the bottoms product that is then
normal butenes. A typical CD-DIB recovers fed to the metathesis unit. These must be purged
approximately 9095% of the normal butenes out in the bottoms of the depropyleniser.

4 PTQ Q2 2006 www.digitalrefining.com/article/1000178

 If the site is ethylene limited, the
metathesis reactor feed stream operates # FEED

at a lower ethylene-to-butene ratio. Once

the isobutylene is removed, ethylene and !UTOMET
REACTOR
1-butene are the only alpha olefins

$EETHYLENISER
present. In ethylene-limited situations,
the C4 metathesis reactions proceed at
lower selectivity to propylene. As
discussed earlier, the reaction between
1-butene and 2-butene results in lower &RESH
ETHYLENE /#4
selectivity for the reaction of normal FEED REACTOR ,03
butenes to propylene, instead producing 0OLYMERGRADE
normal C5s that are purged from the PROPYLENE
PRODUCT
system. Thus, overall, the propylene
production from the normal butenes in I#n#
PRODUCT
the feed stream will be lower by the

$EPROPYLENISER
combination of lower recovery and lower #$HYDRO
selectivity. $EBUTANISER
Figure 4 shows an alternate process (
configuration for these refinery feeds. It
,03
takes advantage of two design strategies ,03
to realise higher overall normal butene
utilisation to propylene at reduced ethyl-
ene consumption. The first feature is the
use of auto or self metathesis on the $EBUTANISER
fresh feed alone to achieve high conver-
,03 # ANDHEAVY
sion of the isobutylene, thus minimising .OTE0ATENTPENDING GASOLINEBLEND
the requirement for high-cost isobuty-
lene separation. The second feature is to
use a metathesis reactor in the recycle Figure 4 Back-end CD-DIB process flow diagram
loop.
The C4 feedstock passes in its entirety over a isobutylene + 2 normal butenes 5 2 propylene + isohexene (high-
metathesis catalyst without any (or with low) octane gasoline component)
ethylene co-feed. Depending upon the level of
isobutylene in the feed, isobutylene is used as This is a very favourable economic upgrading
the alpha olefin instead of (or in addition to) reaction. Isobutylene is removed via reaction
ethylene. The isobutylene is as effective as rather than by high-cost fractionation while
ethylene in diluting the 1-butene to minimise producing more valuable products like high-
the reaction between 1- and 2-butene. octane gasoline components instead of LPG.
Furthermore, unlike ethylene, the isobutylene is Testing in laboratories, pilot plants and large
upgraded to propylene and isoamylene when semi-commercial units has shown that auto or
reacted with 2-butene, and produces ethylene self metathesis can be carried out without foul-
and isohexene when reacted with 1-butene. ing for long cycle times. The result of such a test
Since ethylene is produced in this latter reac- is shown in Figure 5. Note that the slight rise in
tion, the result, in effect, is the same high conversion for isobutylene was a result of a
selectivity of normal butenes to propylene by reduction in the C5 content in the feed. Since
the net reaction of: these are equilibrium reactions, if the isopentenes
are recycled they will react with ethylene or
IC4- + 1-C4 C2- + 2Me 2 C5- propylene to reform isobutylene and normal
C2- + 2-C4- C3- + C3- butene and thus reduce isobutylene conversion.
Under auto-metathesis conditions, the relative
The net overall reaction is: conversion levels and selectivities are a strong

www.digitalrefining.com/article/1000178 PTQ Q2 2006 5

 Feed/product pricing scenario

Isobutene
conversion $/MT
Raw C4 feed 400
Conversion, %

Polymer-grade propylene 646

Polymer-grade ethylene 680
C5 gasoline 435
Butene-1 + butene-2 C4 purge 400
conversion C2 purge 612
Isobutylene-rich 400

Table 3
Catalyst turnover number (ton), MT/MT

2-butene. The bottoms of this tower is

Figure 5 Auto-metathesis test with mixed butanes now a stream consisting of 2-butene,
isobutylene and normal butane. It is at
function of the relative concentrations in the C4 this point that ethylene (fresh and recycle) is
olefin stream. added. This reaction produces propylene at the
The second feature (ie, using a metathesis highest selectivity possible (100%) since 1-butene
reactor in the recycle loop) has the effluent from is not present. The total ethylene required is
the auto-metathesis reactor passing into the reduced by that fraction of the normal butenes
separation section. Polymer-grade ethylene is that has reacted in the auto-metathesis reactor
separated out, followed by propylene. The with isobutylene (also at 100% selectivity).
bottoms of the depropyleniser is sent to a debu-
taniser, where high-octane C5+ gasoline Economic analysis
components produced by the reaction with Cash cost of production and gross margin calcu-
isobutylene are recovered. The C4 overhead is lations were made to compare economic
sent to a CD-DIB, where the isobutane is scenarios for the conventional flow scheme of
removed along with isobutylene. As with the Figure 3 with that of the improved flow scheme
front-end system, 1-butene is also isomerised to of Figure 4 (containing the auto-metathesis reac-
tor). Such analyses are dependent upon
Economics summary for three cases of metathesis process the raw materials and by-product pricing
flow schemes structures considered and, in this analy-
sis, the prices used are shown in Table 3.
Conventional OCT BE CD-DIB BE CD-DIB Three cases were considered: a front-
Feed C2/prod C3 weight ratio 0.333 0.199 0.123 end flow scheme at 0.18 MT ethylene
Major feeds, MTA feed/MT FCC-derived butenes feed; a
C4 518 515 620 312 518 513
back-end flow scheme at 0.09 MT/MT;
C2 93 490 55 855 23 344
Major products/by-products, MTA and a back-end flow scheme at 0.045
Polymer-grade propylene 281 166 281 166 190 343 MT/MT. These cases examine the impact
C2 purge 1094 520 431 of ethylene availability on the gross
Isobutylene-rich 205 881 222 178 171 622
margin performances for producing
C5 gasoline 0 172 414 179 298
C4 purge 124 018 0 0 propylene via metathesis technologies.
Variable cost of production, $MM/yr The results of the calculations are summa-
Raw materials cost 271.3 286.1 223.4 rised in Table 4.
By-product revenues (131.9) (164.0) (146.7)
The first two cases compare the conven-
Total utilities costs 5.3 5.5 3.5
Total 144.7 127.6 80.1 tional front-end system to the back-end
system. For the same propylene produc-
Propylene revenues, $MM/yr 181.6 181.6 123.0 tion, the back-end scheme uses half the
Gross cash margin
ethylene feed and 18% more C4 feed than
$MM/yr 36.9 54.0 42.9
$/MT C3 131.2 192.1 225.2 the front-end scheme. However, the back-
end scheme also produces 172 400 metric
Table 4 tons per annum (172 KMTA) of high-

6 PTQ Q2 2006 www.digitalrefining.com/article/1000178

octane C5/C6 gasoline components
containing 0ppm sulphur for use in 500
gasoline blending. In this scheme,

Gross cash margin, $/MT propylene

450
68% of the isobutylene is converted.
400
The IC4 purge has value primarily as
350 Back-end
LPG, since it contains the isobutane. CD-DIB scheme
300
There is no separate C4 purge back
250
to the cracker for the back-end case,
200
as the normal butane is removed via Front-end
150 CD-DIB scheme
the overhead of the back-end DIB
100
tower.
50
By reducing the ethylene and 0
upgrading the isobutylene, the corre- 0.65 0.75 0.85 0.95 1.05 1.15 1.25 1.35
sponding gross cash margin for the Propylene/ethylene price ratio

back-end case at identical propylene

production is more than 45% higher Figure 6 Sensitivity of gross cash margin to P/E price ratio @ $680/MT
than for the front-end case using the PG ethylene price and 277 KMTA propylene
pricing scenarios considered.
The third case shows the impact of
operating at an even lower ethylene- 300
Gross cash margin, $/MT propylene

to-butenes fresh feed ratio. In this 275

example, the fresh C4 feed flow was
250
identical to the base front-end case.
The gross cash margin expressed in 225 Back-end
CD-DIB scheme
$MM/Yr is 14% higher than the base 200
case for the same C4 feed (from 175
$36.9MM to $42.9MM). However, Front-end
150
the margin increases by 70% when CD-DIB scheme
expressed on a per ton propylene 125
basis (from $131.2/MT to $225.2/ 100
0.90 1.00 1.10 1.20 1.30 1.40 1.50
MT). With the same C4 feed, the
C5 gasoline price, $/gal
back-end scheme shows a small loss
of normal butene selectivity, since it
uses 70 KMTA less ethylene, but Figure 7 Sensitivity of gross cash margin to C5 gasoline price (ethylene
produces 91 KMTA less propylene. @ $680/MT; 0.95/1 P/E price ratio; 277 KMTA propylene
However, the upgrading of the
isobutylene to high-octane gasoline more than gasoline value. There is no impact on the front-
compensates for this. end case, since essentially no high-octane
Two sensitivity studies were made: one to gasoline is produced. The back-end scheme,
explore the impact of the propylene-to-ethylene however, could be especially attractive to operat-
price ratio and the other to explore the impact of ing companies that can utilise a C5+ gasoline cut
the C5 gasoline by-product transfer price. The characterised by a high-octane blending number
results are shown in Figures 6 and 7 respectively. (~140) and essentially zero sulphur content
When comparing cases 1 and 3 (same C4 fresh either for direct blending or as a feedstock for
feed) in Figure 6, the back-end configuration will higher oxygenate production.
realise approximately $60/MT higher margin for
all P/E ratios, due primarily to the higher value of Summary
the high-octane, sulphur-free gasoline resulting Propylene demand, primarily for polypropylene
from upgrading the isobutylene compared to usage, is exceeding ethylene demand. This is
LPG. creating a propylene/ethylene imbalance in the
Given the increase that can be attributed to the petrochemical and refining industries.
gasoline, Figure 7 shows the sensitivity to Accordingly, on-purpose propylene technologies

www.digitalrefining.com/article/1000178 PTQ Q2 2006 7

 are being installed at a significant rate to meet
this imbalance. Metathesis is the most commer-
cially practiced on-purpose technology, with four
commercial operating units and 13 more in
design or construction phases. The OCT technol-
ogy has captured 100% of the metathesis market
and the current installed or committed capacity
is over four million MTA of propylene.
Metathesis of secondary normal olefins (2-
butene) to propylene proceeds by reaction with
an alpha olefin, with ethylene being the most
commonly used alpha olefin. Isobutylene can
also be used to produce propylene at high selec-
tivity. Process flow schemes have been
formulated that take advantage of using isobuty-
lene as the alpha olefin to produce propylene,
and the metathesis reaction steps have been
shown in pilot plants to achieve both high selec-
tivity and long catalyst cycle life.
The back-end flow scheme utilising isobutylene
as an alpha olefin not only produces propylene
at high selectivity and at lower ethylene flow, but
upgrades the isobutylene via reaction to produce
a sulphur-free, high-octane gasoline product.
This creates economic advantages over the
comparable front-end scheme that uses ethylene
8 PTQ Q2 2006
as the primary alpha olefin. There is about a
$60/MT propylene advantage of the back-end
scheme for all propylene/ ethylene price ratios.
CDHydro is a mark of ABB Lummus.
Reference
1 Zinger S, On-purpose propylene: a sign of the times, World
Petrochemical Conference, Houston Texas, 2931 March 2005.
Robert J Gartside is a distinguished technologist at ABB Lummus
Global, Bloomfield, New Jersey, USA. He is responsible for process
development and reaction engineering activities within Lummus.
Gartside has a BSChE and MSChe from Cornell University and
holds over 45 US patents. Email: robert.j.gartside@us.abb.com
Marvin I Greene is Sr, principal development engineer at ABB
Lummus Global. He is responsible for the OCT development
programs within Lummus. Greene has a BChE from The Cooper
Union and a MSChE from Penn State University and is the inventor
of 25 US patents. Email: marvin.i.greene@us.abb.com
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