EOR Lect 1 EOR Overview

1/10/2016
Advanced Enhanced Oil Recovery Processes:

Chemical, Miscible and Thermal
(5 days Industry Training Course)
Overview
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Instructor
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Dr. Shedid A. Shedid
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Consultant and Professor

Petroleum Engineering
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Profile:
Dr Shedid A. Shedid,
!& Professor, Petroleum Eng.
Instructors

Consultant

Background
Educational
Assistant, associate, and professor of petroleum engineering

Ph. D. from University of Oklahoma, Norman, Oklahoma, U. S. A..
B. Sc. and M. Sc. of Petroleum Eng., Suez Canal University, Egypt.
Copyright 2001-2011 NExT. All rights reserved
1
1/10/2016
Instructors Profile: Dr Shedid A. Shedid,

Consultant & Professor, Petroleum Eng.
Experience
1. Consultant & Professor of Petroleum Eng. (1999-present).

2. Professor at American University in Cairo (AUC), Egypt (2010-present).
3. Associate Professor at Texas A & M University (2008-2010).
4. Associate Professor, University of Western Australia (UWA), Perth, Australia (2006-2008).

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5. Associate Professor at UAE University (1999-2006).
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Profile:
Dr Shedid A. Shedid,
!& Professor, Petroleum Eng.
Instructors

Consultant

Technical Consultation:

1.NExT-Schlumberger-USA
International

(2012-present), Worldwide.
2. Society of Pet. Eng (SPE), USA (2011-present), Worldwide.
3. IBC Academy, London, U. K., (2012-present) , Worldwide.

4. Boots & Coots-USA (2008-2010), Hassi Masoud, Algeria.
5. Occidental (OXY)-UAE (2003-2006)
6. ADNOC & ADCO-UAE (2000-2006).
7. Petrolite-USA (1997-1998):
For more details;

Please search Google for Linkedin website: Dr. Shedid A. Shedid
E-mail: shedid72@yahoo.com
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1/10/2016
Day 1 Course Outline
Overview
Different EOR Processes Concepts, Limitations & Challenges
Fundamental Science & Engineering behind EOR application-
Screening oil reservoirs for the best EOR method
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Technical constraints of different EOR processes
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Different reservoir characterization techniques
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Day
!2 Course Outline

Sampling
Tools and Techniques

Water flooding and Buckley-Leverett model

Screening criteria for chemical EOR methods:
Polymer EOR design and analysis
Alkaline/Polymer EOR process and screening oil
6 Copyright 2001-2011 NExT. All rights reserved
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1/10/2016
Alkaline/Surfactant/Polymer (ASP) flooding
Screening criteria and actual field study of ASP process
Two Actual field cases of design and result analysis
Pilot design of chemical EOR project
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Day
!4 Course Outline

CO Flooding - Properties, Design & Case Study
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Lab determination and calculation of Minimum Miscibility Pressure
(MMP)

Actual field case study of USA reservoir
Thermal Recovery Processes

Cyclic Steam Stimulation (CSS)
Continuous Steam Flood
Steam Assisted Gravity Drainage (SAGD)
In-Situ Combustion (Fire)
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1/10/2016
Reservoir Simulation Steps and Work flow

Types of reservoir simulators
Input data for reservoir simulation
Main steps of a reservoir simulation study
Newly Developed Recovery Processes

Toe to Heel Air Injection (THAI); THAI with Catalyst (CAPRI)
Steam Solvent Based Hybrid Processes
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Other Newly Developed Recovery Processes )"
Microbial Enhanced Oil Recovery (MEOR)
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Enzyme Enhanced Oil Recovery (EEOR)
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Electric EOR, Seismic EOR, and Microwave EOR
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The

! Reservoir

A reservoir is a porous rock which contains fluids
The reservoir has suitable both porosity and permeability

Gas
Oil
Cap rock
Water
Reservoir
Source Migrating hydrocarbons
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1/10/2016
Phases and Lifecycle of an Oilfield
Lifecycle of an oil field involves:

1. Exploration: Apply
- Geological,
- Geophysical, and
- Geochemical
2. Appraisal: using possible tools for formation

evaluation
3. Development: Drilling more well to increase

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production

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4. Production: Optimize production
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A. Primary Oil Recovery
B. Secondary Oil Recovery !
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C. Enhanced Oil Recovery
5. Abandonment/Storage
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OilRecovery

Enhanced
! (EOR) Processes

Enhanced

oil recovery (EOR)
processes
include all methods
that use external sources of
energy and/or materials to

recover oil that cannot be
produced economically by
conventional means.
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1/10/2016
EOR Projects in the US
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EOR

! Vision

Develop technologies, products and workflows to help increase

recovery factors in oil fields.
is the most integrated activity of the

EOR

O&G Industry;

Each activity (yellow boxes) has to take
place in a well synchronized manner for
incremental oil to be realized at the stock tank.
If one of them fails there will be no additional
recovery realized;
In the past, EOR projects were designed with
focus mainly on reservoir engineering and
laboratory experiments;
EOR success in the field requires
collaborative integration from all disciplines
(Geoscience-Engineering-Economics)
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1/10/2016
Technology Relevance Measurement Scale
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Overview & Applications
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Laboratory Measurement

Courtesy Cuong Jackson

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Improved Recovery Efficiency Processes
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This course will focus on enhanced oil recovery methods.
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the World
Why ! Needs EOR Technology
World

daily oil production is roughly 89.84 million barrels per

day
The
billion barrels per year) in 2012.

(32
EIA estimates that global consumption grew by 1.2 million bbl/d in

2013, averaging 90.4 million bbl/d for the year.

EIA expects global consumption to grow 1.2 million bbl/d in 2014
and 1.4 million bbl/d in 2015.
This means every year the oil industry has to find twice the
remaining volume of oil in the North Sea just to satisfy the industry
needs by replacing the depleted reserves.
Source: BP Statistical Review of World Energy," British Petroleum, June 2013. Source: EIA.com
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1/10/2016
World Production & Demand (April 2014)
Total World Oil Total World Daily Oil Shortage

Year Demand Production
(MM bbl/day) (MM bbl/day) (MM bbl/day)
2012 89.17 89.84 0.67
2013 90.38 90.37 - 0.01
2014 91.61 (Forecast) 91.78 - 0.17
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2015 92.97 (Forecast) 93.09 - 0.12

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Source: US Energy Information Administration http://www.eia.gov

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of EOR Processes
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Summary

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Oil Recovery: Types and Definitions
Types of Oil Recovery;
1. Primary Oil Recovery: by natural reservoir forces
2. Secondary Oil Recovery, by water flood/gas injection
3. Enhanced Oil Recovery (EOR); includes

A- Chemical,
B- Thermal ,
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C- Gas EOR Injection, and
D- Other EOR: Microbial, Electric, LSW .others )"
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Enhanced Oil Recovery (EOR) 21
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Definition
! of EOR Processes

Enhanced

oil recovery (EOR) processes is defined as using

different methods injecting one or more external source(s) of

energy or materials to recover additional oil, which cannot be
produced, economically using conventional processes.
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1/10/2016
EOR and IOR Definitions
Enhanced Oil Recovery (EOR)

It is an oil recovery process using injection of gases or chemicals and/or
thermal energy into the reservoir. It is not restricted to a particular phase,
as defined previously, in the producing life of the reservoir.
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Improved Oil Recover (IOR) covers just about anything, including

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- infill drilling
- optimized well placement,
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- better reservoir characterization, and
- other techniques/applications.
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EOR! and IOR Definitions

The
terms EOR and IOR should refer to reservoir processes.

Any practices that are independent of the recovery process itself
should not be grouped into either EOR or IOR.
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Water Flooding
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Flooding
Water
! Highlights

Process
Description
Water flooding consists of injecting water into the reservoir.

Water is injected in patterns or along the periphery of the

reservoir.

Mechanisms that Improve Recovery Efficiency
Water drive
Sweep efficiency
Maintain pressure
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1/10/2016
Water Flooding Highlights
Limitations
High oil viscosities result in high mobility ratios resulting in

fingering.
Some heterogeneity is acceptable, but avoid extensive

fractures.
Not-effective in fault barrier

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Flooding
Water
! Highlights

Challenges

Poor compatibility between the injected water and the reservoir

rocks may cause formation damage.

Subsurface fluid control to divert injected water and to shut off
undesirable produced fluids.
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1/10/2016
Currently Used EOR Processes
Group 1: Chemical EOR Methods
1. Polymer Flooding
2. Surfactant/Polymer (SP) Flooding
3. (Caustic) Alkaline/Polymer (AP) Flooding
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4. Alkaline/Surfactant/Polymer (ASP) Flooding

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Polymer

! Flooding

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1/10/2016
Polymer Flooding Highlights
Description
Polymer augmented water flooding consists of adding water
soluble polymers to the water before it is injected into the
reservoir.
Mechanisms That Improve Recovery Efficiency
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Reduction of Mobility Ratio (M), which improves volumetric sweep
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efficiency.
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Shedid, S. A., Influences of Fracture Orientation on Oil Recovery by Water and Polymer Flooding Processes: An Experimental Approach, Journal of Petroleum Science
and Engineering, Volume 50, Issues 3-4, 16 March 2006, Pages 285-292.
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Flooding

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Polymer Highlights

Limitations

1. High oil viscosities require higher polymer concentration.

2. Results are normally better if the polymer flood is started
before the water-oil ratio becomes excessively high.
3. Clays, Gypsum, or Anhydrite increase polymer adsorption.
4. Some heterogeneity is acceptable, but avoid extensive

fractures. If fractures are present, the crosslinked or gelled
polymer techniques may be applicable.
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1/10/2016
Polymer Flooding Highlights
Challenges
Lower injectivity than water can adversely affect oil production

rates in the early stages of the polymer flood.
Acrylamide-type polymers loose viscosity due to shear

degradation, salinity and divalent ions.
Xanthan gum polymers cost more, are subject to microbial

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degradation, and have a greater potential for wellbore plugging.
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Surfactant/Polymer Flooding

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Surfactant/Polymer Flooding Highlights
Description
Surfactant/polymer flooding consists of injecting a slug that contains

water, surfactant, electrolyte (salt), usually a co-solvent (alcohol),
followed by polymer-thickened water.
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Interfacial tension reduction (increasing the Capillary Number, Nc).
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Mobility Ratio (M) Reduction
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Flooding Highlights
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Surfactant/Polymer

An
Limitations
areal sweep of more than 50% for waterflood is desired.
Relatively homogeneous formation.

High amounts of anhydrite, gypsum, or clays are undesirable.
Available systems provide optimum behavior within a narrow
set of conditions.
With commercially available surfactants, formation water
chlorides should be <20,000 ppm and divalent ions (Ca++ and
Mg++) <500 ppm.
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1/10/2016
Surfactant/Polymer Flooding Highlights
Challenges
Complex and expensive system.
Possibility of chromatographic separation of chemicals.
High adsorption of surfactant.
Interactions between surfactant and polymer.
Degradation of chemicals at high temperature.
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Used

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Currently

EOR Processes

Group
2: Gas Injection EOR Methods
1. Carbon Dioxide (CO2) Injection

2. Hydrocarbon Gas Injection
3. Flue gas Injection
4. Nitrogen Gas Injection
5. Water-Alternating-Gas (WAG) Injection.
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1/10/2016
Miscible Gas Flooding (CO2 Injection)
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Shedid, S. A, Zekri, A. Y.,, and Almehaideb, R. A., Laboratory Investigations of Influences of Initial Oil Saturation and Oil Viscosity on Oil Recovery By CO2 Miscible
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Flooding, Paper SPE 106958, The SPE Europec/EAGE Annual Conference and Exhibition, 11-14 June, London, U. K, 2007.

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Gas
Flooding

Miscible

! (CO Injection) 2

CO flooding consists of injecting large quantities of CO
Description
(15% or

2 2
more hydrocarbon pore volumes) in the reservoir to form a miscible

flood.

CO2 extracts the light-to-intermediate components from the oil,
and, if the pressure is high enough, develops miscibility to
displace oil from the reservoir.
Viscosity reduction / oil swelling.
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1/10/2016
Limitations
1. Very low Viscosity of CO2 results in poor mobility control.
2. Availability of CO2
3. Surface Facilities
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Flooding

Miscible Gas
! (CO Injection) Highlights

Challenges

Early breakthrough of CO causes problems. 2

Corrosion in producing wells.
The necessity of separating CO2 from saleable hydrocarbons.
Repressuring of CO2 for recycling.
A large requirement of CO2 per incremental barrel produced.
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1/10/2016
Miscible Gas Flooding (Hydrocarbon Injection)
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Gas Flooding
(Hydrocarbon
Miscible

! Injection) Highlights

Hydrocarbon
Description

gas flooding consists of injecting light hydrocarbons

through the reservoir to form a miscible flood.

Viscosity reduction / oil swelling / condensing or vaporizing gas

drive.
Shedid, S. A., Zekri, A. Y., Almehaideb, R. A., Optimization of Carbon Dioxide Flooding For a Middle-Eastern Heterogeneous Oil Reservoir, Canadian International
Petroleum Conference (CIPC)/SPE, Calgary, Alberta, Canada, 16- 19 June, 2008.
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1/10/2016
Limitations
Minimum depth is set by the pressure needed to maintain the
generated miscibility.
The required pressure ranges from about 1,200 psi for the LPG
process to 3,000-5,000 psi for the High Pressure Gas Drive,
depending on the oil.
A steeply dipping formation is very desirable - permits gravity

stabilization of the displacement that normally has an
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unfavorable mobility ratio.
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Gas
Flooding

Miscible

! (CO Injection) 2

Challenges

Viscous fingering results in poor vertical and horizontal sweep

efficiency.
Large quantities of expensive products are required.
Solvent may be trapped and not recovered.
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1/10/2016
Nitrogen / Flue Gas Flooding
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/ Flue
Gas Flooding Highlights
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Nitrogen

Nitrogen
Description
or flue gas injection consists of injecting large quantities of

gas that may be miscible or immiscible depending on the pressure
and oil composition.
Large volumes may be injected, because of the low cost.

Nitrogen or flue gas are also considered for use as chase gases in
hydrocarbon- miscible and CO2 floods.
Vaporizes the lighter components of the crude oil and generates
miscibility if the pressure is high enough.
Provides a gas drive where a significant portion of the reservoir
volume is filled with low-cost gases.
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1/10/2016
Nitrogen / Flue Gas Flooding Highlights
Limitations
Miscibility can only be achieved with light oils at high pressures;

therefore, deep reservoirs are needed.
A steeply dipping reservoir is desired to permit gravity stabilization

of the displacement, which has a very unfavorable mobility ratio.
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/ Flue
Gas Flooding Highlights
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Nitrogen

Challenges

Viscous fingering results in poor vertical and horizontal sweep
efficiency.
Flue gas injection can cause corrosion.
Non hydrocarbon gases must be separated from saleable gas.
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1/10/2016
Currently Used EOR Processes
Group 3: Thermal EOR Methods
- Steam-Based Thermal Processes:

A. Cyclic Steam Injection (Huff and Puff)
B. Continuous Steam Stimulation (CSS)
C. Steam Assisted Gravity Drainage (SAGD)
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- Non-Steam Based Thermal Processes
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A. In-Situ Combustion Flood includes
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(i) Dry (without water) In-Situ Combustion

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(ii) Wet (with water) In-Situ Combustion
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B. Surface Mining Processes
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(Steam Flooding)
Thermal
!

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1/10/2016
Steam Flooding Highlights
Description
Steamflooding consists of injecting about 80% quality steam to
displace oil.
Normal practice is to precede and accompany the steam drive by a
cyclic steam stimulation of the producing wells (called huff and
puff).
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Viscosity reduction / steam distillation.
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Thermal expansion.

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Supplies pressure to drive oil to the producing well.
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Flooding
Steam
! Highlights

1.Limitations

Applicable to viscous oils in massive, high permeability
sandstones or unconsolidated sands.
2. Oil saturations must be high, and pay zones should be > 20
feet thick to minimize heat losses to adjacent formations.
3. Steam flooded reservoirs should be as shallow as possible,

because of excessive wellbore heat losses.
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1/10/2016
Steam Flooding Highlights
More Limitations
Steamflooding is not normally done in carbonate reservoirs.

Since about 1/3 of the additional oil recovered is consumed to
generate the required steam, the cost per incremental barrel of oil
is high.
A low percentage of water-sensitive clays is desired for good
injectivity.
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Challenges
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Adverse mobility ratio and channeling of steam.

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Fire
Flooding
!

Dry combustion
Injection of compressed
air and normally some

thermal energy

Wet combustion
Simultaneous injection
of air and water
Water acts as scavenger
of heat, converts into
steam
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1/10/2016
Fireflood Highlights
Description
Fire flooding process is initiated by injecting air for a short period,
so as to establish a continuous gas phase between the injector
and producer.
The gas saturation at a distance ahead of the front is high enough
to allow the combustion gases to flow to the production end
without undue pressure drop
Some distance beyond the front, water is condensing, and the oil
is swept forward by the gas and steam to form a oil bank
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Viscosity reduction / in-situ upgrading.
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Thermal expansion.
Supplies pressure to drive oil to the producing well.
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(Steamflooding)

!
Thermal Highlights

Limitations

Fire flooding has found less success than steam processes

because of the difficulty in controlling the process

Fire front tend to advance much erratically than steam front, and it
is much harder to obtain an even sweep of the reservoir
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1/10/2016
Heavy Oil Recovery Processes
Recovery Processes Surface Mining

In-situ
Primary Thermal Non-Thermal
Cold Production Steam-Based Combustion Water Flooding

CHOPS CSS Fire Flooding Chemical (ASP)
Flooding THAI Miscible/Immiscible
SAGD CAPRI VAPEX
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Steam-Solvent Based Hybrid Processes

!
CHOPS Cold Heavy Oil Production with Sands

CSS Cyclic Steam Stimulation

SAGD Steam Assisted Gravity Drainage
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THAI Toe-to-Heel Air Injection
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VAPEX Vapour Extraction
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Screening
Criteria for EOR Methods
!
Summary

of

METHOD

OIL PROPERTIES

Waterflood
Gravity, API
>25
Viscosity, cp
<30
Composition
N.C.
Oil Saturation
>10% mobile oil
Hydrocarbon >35 <10 High % of C2-C7 >30% PV
GAS
Nitrogen & >24
INJECTION <10 High % of C1-C7 >30% PV

Flue Gas >35 for N2
METHODS
Carbon Dioxide >26 <15 High % of C5-C12 >30% PV
Surfactant / Light intermediate
>25 <30 >30% PV
CHEMICAL Polymer desired
FLOODING Polymer >25 <150 N.C. >10% PV
METHODS Above waterflood
Alkali 13-35 <200 Some organic acids
residual
<40 (10-25 Some asphaltic
THERMAL Combustion normally) <1000 components
>40-50% PV
METHODS
Steamflooding <25 >20 N.C. >40-50% PV
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1/10/2016
Summary of Screening Criteria for EOR Methods (contd.)
RESERVOIR CHARACTERISTICS
METHOD Formation Type

Net
Thickness
Permeability Depth Temp.
(md) (ft) (F)
(ft)
Waterflood Sandstone or Carbonate
Hydrocarbon Sandstone or Carbonate

GAS
INJECTION Nitrogen & Flue Gas Sandstone or Carbonate
METHODS Carbon Dioxide Sandstone or Carbonate
Surfactant / Polymer Sandstone or Carbonate

CHEMICAL
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>10
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Sandstone preferred;
FLOODING Polymer N.C. <9000 <200
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Carbonate possible (normally)
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METHODS
Alkali Sandstone preferred N.C. >20

<9000
!
<200

Sand or Sandstone with >150
Combustion
+
>10 >10 >500
*
THERMAL high porosity preferred
&N.C.
METHODS Steamflooding
Sand or Sandstone with
high porosity
>20
>200

300-
5000
!

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Technical

Constraints
!

of EOR Constraints (I-DOE NIPER 527)

Classification
Classification
Explanation

Mobility Control Gas channeling related to mobility rather than

heterogeneity; breakdown of polymer bank due to
bacterial degradation
Operation Problems with oil treating, corrosion, scale,
artificial lift, compression, formation plugging
unrelated to injectant quality
Reservoir Refers to reservoir fluid conditions such as oil
Condition saturation, thickness of oil column, reservoir drive
mechanism, etc. As defined, reservoir conditions
are a subset of reservoir description
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1/10/2016
Technical Constraints
Classification of EOR Constraints (I-DOE NIPER 527)
Classification Explanation
Reservoir Description Refers to rock related description such as depositional

environment, rock composition, faulting, heterogeneity,
continuity, etc.
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Reservoir Areal or vertical permeability variations, faults, directional flow

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Heterogeneity trends, depositional environments, etc. )"
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Process Design Inadequate or incomplete investigation of different areas
known to be important in the EOR processes.
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Technical

Constraints
!

of EOR Constraints (I-DOE NIPER 527)

Classification
Classification
Explanation

Chemical Loss

Loss of injected fluid due to chemical, mechanical, or microbial
degradation; chemical loss due to adsorption, ion exchange, or

entrapment.
Downhole Completion Completion techniques; equipment; production problems

unrelated to corrosion, scale, or artificial lift.
Facility Design Surface injection or production facilities.

Gravity Segregation Gravity override in Steam; potential may exist for override in situ
combustion or gas injection projects
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1/10/2016
Technical Constraints
Classification of EOR Constraints (I-DOE NIPER 527)

Classification Explanation
Injectivity Process specific to gas injection projects. Low

polymer injectivity in chemical projects was
considered inherent to the polymer process.
Injection Control Formation pressure parting; injected fluid flow out

of intended zone; inadequate monitoring of
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injection. #
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Injectant Quality

Steam quality at sandface; injection well plugging $, &"
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related to poor mixing (polymer) or injection
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system contaminants (rust, lubricants).
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!

33

EOR Lect 1 EOR Overview

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1/10/2016

Advanced Enhanced Oil Recovery Processes:

  Assistant, associate, and professor of petroleum engineering

B. Sc. and M. Sc. of Petroleum Eng., Suez Canal University, Egypt.

Copyright 2001-2011 NExT. All rights reserved

Instructors Profile: Dr Shedid A. Shedid,

1. Consultant & Professor of Petroleum Eng. (1999-present).

3. Associate Professor at Texas A & M University (2008-2010).

4. Associate Professor, University of Western Australia (UWA), Perth, Australia (2006-2008).

  Technical Consultation:

 2. Society of Pet. Eng (SPE), USA (2011-present), Worldwide.

  3. IBC Academy, London, U. K., (2012-present) , Worldwide.

For more details;

Day 1 Course Outline

Different EOR Processes Concepts, Limitations & Challenges

Fundamental Science & Engineering behind EOR application-

Screening oil reservoirs for the best EOR method

Polymer EOR design and analysis

Alkaline/Polymer EOR process and screening oil

6 Copyright 2001-2011 NExT. All rights reserved

Day 3 Course Outline

Alkaline/Surfactant/Polymer (ASP) flooding

Screening criteria and actual field study of ASP process

Two Actual field cases of design and result analysis

Pilot design of chemical EOR project

  Lab determination and calculation of Minimum Miscibility Pressure

Thermal Recovery Processes

8 Copyright 2001-2011 NExT. All rights reserved

Day 5 Course Outline

Reservoir Simulation Steps and Work flow

Newly Developed Recovery Processes

Source Migrating hydrocarbons

10 Copyright 2001-2011 NExT. All rights reserved

Phases and Lifecycle of an Oilfield

Lifecycle of an oil field involves:

2. Appraisal: using possible tools for formation

3. Development: Drilling more well to increase

 that use external sources of

  energy and/or materials to

12 Copyright 2001-2011 NExT. All rights reserved

EOR Projects in the US

 is the most integrated activity of the

14 Copyright 2001-2011 NExT. All rights reserved

Technology Relevance Measurement Scale

Courtesy Cuong Jackson

Improved Recovery Efficiency Processes

  daily oil production is roughly 89.84 million barrels per

 EIA estimates that global consumption grew by 1.2 million bbl/d in

Copyright 2001-2011 NExT. All rights reserved

World Production & Demand (April 2014)

Total World Oil Total World Daily Oil Shortage

20 Copyright 2001-2011 NExT. All rights reserved

Oil Recovery: Types and Definitions

Types of Oil Recovery;

1. Primary Oil Recovery: by natural reservoir forces

2. Secondary Oil Recovery, by water flood/gas injection

3. Enhanced Oil Recovery (EOR); includes

Enhanced Oil Recovery (EOR) 22

EOR and IOR Definitions

Enhanced Oil Recovery (EOR)

  should not be grouped into either EOR or IOR.

Enhanced Oil Recovery (EOR) 24

26 Copyright 2001-2011 NExT. All rights reserved

Water Flooding Highlights

Assistant, associate, and professor of petroleum engineering

Technical Consultation:

2. Society of Pet. Eng (SPE), USA (2011-present), Worldwide.

3. IBC Academy, London, U. K., (2012-present) , Worldwide.

Lab determination and calculation of Minimum Miscibility Pressure

that use external sources of

energy and/or materials to

is the most integrated activity of the

daily oil production is roughly 89.84 million barrels per

EIA estimates that global consumption grew by 1.2 million bbl/d in

should not be grouped into either EOR or IOR.

Relatively homogeneous formation.

3. Flue gas Injection

more hydrocarbon pore volumes) in the reservoir to form a miscible

Large quantities of expensive products are required.

Flue gas injection can cause corrosion.

sandstones or unconsolidated sands.

air and normally some

Hydrocarbon >35 <10 High % of C2-C7 >30% PV