PSYCHOANALYTIC THERAPY

1. Introduction
a. Contemporary practice is continuously influenced by Freuds views
b. Some therapeutic approaches extended the psychoanalytic model
c. Freuds psychoanalytic system introduced psychodynamic factors, role of the unconscious,
and therapeutic procedure to understand and modify ones characteristics
2. Scope and Limitations
a. Impossible to discuss the diverse models of psychoanalytic approaches in one chapter
b. Focused on basic psychoanalytic concepts and practices
c. Summarizes Erik Eriksons Psychosocial Development Theory extending to Freudian Theories
d. Brief attention to Carl Jungs approach
e. Contemporary psychoanalytic theory and practices
3. Key Concepts
a. View of Human Nature
i. Deterministic
1. behavior is determined by irrational forces (unconscious motivations and
biological and instinctual drives)
ii. Instincts
1. Life Instincts
a. Survival
b. libido
i. earlier referred as the sexual energy but later refer as the
energy of all the life instincts
2. Death Instincts
a. aggressive drive
b. the urge to hurt self and/or others
b. Structure of Personality
i. Personality is consisted of three systems
1. Id
a. Pleasure
b. Everyone is born with id
2. Ego
a. Reality
b. People develop ego starting from 6 months
3. Superego
a. Moral
b. An individual acquires it starting from school years
c. Consciousness and the Unconscious
i. Levels of Consciousness
1. Conscious
2. Subconscious
3. Unconscious
a. stores experiences, memories, and repressed materials
b. Clinical evidences that would help in studying unconscious
i. Dreams
ii. Slips of the Tongue and Forgetting (Freudian slip)
iii. Posthypnotic suggestions
iv. materials derived from free-association techniques
v. materials derived from projective techniques
vi. symbolic content of psychotic symptoms
 d. Anxiety
i. a state of tension that motivates us to do something
ii. feeling of dread resulted from repressed feelings, memories, desires, and experience
that emerge to the surface of awareness
iii. conflict among id, ego, and superego
iv. Kinds of Anxiety
1. Reality
a. fear of danger from external world
b. real threat
c. balanced power
2. Neurotic
a. instincts will get out of hand and might cause punishment at the later
part
3. Moral
a. fear of own conscience
b. feeling of guilt
e. Ego-Defense Mechanisms
i. When ego cannot control anxiety by rational and direct methods, it relies on indirect
ones
ii. helps in coping from anxiety
iii. prevents ego from getting overwhelmed
iv. defenses employed depends on development and level of anxiety
v. Common characteristics
1. denied or distorted reality
2. operated on an unconscious level
Defense Description Example

Repression Suppressing a memory until it A woman doesnt recall being raped

disappears into the subconscious

Denial Not acknowledging that there is a A man diagnosed with HIV but adamant
problem that it is just an incorrect diagnosis and
he needs to undergo another test

Reaction formation Pretending you are different John has unconscious hostility towards
his father but he acts very affectionate
towards him

Projection Putting your own belief or behavior You hate people because you are
onto someone thinking that they hate you that is why
you hate them back

Displacement satisfying an impulse (e.g. aggression) Someone who is frustrated by his boss
with a safer substitute object may go home and kick the dog

Rationalization Creating false excuses for ones Boyfriend cheated on his girlfriend
unacceptable feelings, thoughts, or because he thought that she is cheating
behavior
Sublimation Replacing socially unacceptable Channeling inappropriate sexual desires
impulses with socially acceptable into art
behaviors

Regression Reverting to immature behavior from Throwing temper tantrums as an adult

an earlier stage of development when dont get your way

Introjection Accepting another persons attitude, MJ, who idolize a movie star, who
beliefs, and values as ones own committed suicide, also committed
suicide when she reached her idols age

Identification Modeling actions and opinions of Being unaware of adapting the same
influential others while searching for personality of the person you idolize
identity

Compensation Strengthening one characteristic to hide Tried to the smartest among the class
other characteristics to cover up his weak body
f. Development of Personality
i. Contributors to Psychoanalytic Model
1. Freuds Psychosexual Stages
2. Eriksons Psychosocial Stages
ii. Unsatisfied developmental task causes unconscious anxiety in the present or future
self
iii. Regardless of the length of the therapeutic process, traces of childhood need and
traumas will never be erased
1. infantile conflict may not be resolved
2. our past is always a vital part of the person we are presently becoming
4. Therapeutic Process
a. Therapeutic Goals
i. Freudian psychoanalytic therapy
1. 2 goals towards behavior based on reality and less on instincts and guilt
a. make the unconscious conscious
b. strengthen the ego
b. Therapists Function and Role
i. Blank-screen approach
1. therapist should maintain disclosing little about oneself and neutrality to
foster a transference relationship
ii. Transference
1. the client will make projection onto you
2. transfer of feelings originally experienced in an early relationship to other
important people in a persons present environment
iii. Help the client to have the freedom to love, work, and play
iv. Assist clients in
1. achieving self-awareness, honesty, and more effective personal relationships
2. dealing with anxiety in a realistic way
3. gaining control over impulsive and irrational behavior
v. Therapist listens, learns, and decide when to make an interpretation
1. take note of the resistance and inconsistencies
2. infer meanings of dreams and free associations
3. teach the client the meaning of these processes to
 a. achieve insights on their problems
b. increase awareness of ways to change
c. gain more control over their lives
4. the process should be differentiated and progressive
c. Clients Experience in Therapy
i. must be willing to undergo a very long process
1. from face-to-face to lying on a couch and engage in a free association
a. lying reduces the clients ability to see analysts reaction
ii. must not censor information
1. report their feelings, experiences, associations, memories, and fantasies
iii. not asked to have any radical change of their lifestyle during the analysis
iv. Sessions can only be terminated if both the client and analyst agreed that they have
resolved the symptoms and conflict and answered the question Why?
d. Relationship Between Therapist and Client
i. Relational Model of Psychoanalysis
1. Transference
a. positive transference
i. not all positive behavior towards the therapist
b. negative transference
i. not all negative behavior towards the therapist
2. Countertransference
a. when the therapist responds irrationally towards the client and lose
the objectivity in a relationship because their own conflicts are
triggered
b. Not all countertransference are detrimental. Some are helpful to have
a better understanding of the clients world
c. If therapist observes strong symptoms of countertransference, it is
imperative to seek professional help to resolve that issue for it may
hinder the therapist to be effective
3. Therapist should maintain objectivity in the face of anger, love, adulation,
criticism, and other intense feelings of their clients
ii. Working Through Process
1. achieved by repeating interpretations and exploring forms of resistance
Psychoanalysis Comparative Matrix

TOPIC FREUD PSYCHOANALYTIC THERAPY JUNGIAN ANALYSIS or

Goal Understand that various
unconscious forces affect our
relationships and sense of self
Examine early childhood
experiences in order to discover
how these events formed the
individual and how they
contribute to present actions
Concepts Unconscious Thoughts
Determinism
Psychosexual Stages
Defense Mechanisms
ANALYTICAL PSYCHOTHERAPY
Empower them to consciously
make changes that will help them
to become more balanced and
whole
Individuation
Collective Unconscious
Logos
Nekyia
 Process of self-awareness,
transformation and actualization
Assessment Rorshach Ink Blot Test Myers-Briggs Type Indicator (MBTI)
Freudian Slips Jungian Type Index (JTI)
Free Association Keirsey Temperament Sorter
Interpretation Dream Analysis
Dream Analysis Word Association Test
Analysis of Resistance Active Imagination
Analysis of Transference Symbol Analysis
Methodologies Talk therapy Depth Psychology
Blank-screen approach Creative Activities
Duration or At least once a week and may continue More than once a week
Frequency of for a number of weeks, months or even
Sessions years
Advantages Client gains understanding of the Help individuals see what is out of
self balance in their psyche
Learn from personal past Analyze these archetypes in order
Highlights developmental growth to better understand the human
stages self
Offers a nonjudgmental Explain why we have habits we
environment where they can feel cannot break, such as addictions,
safe in revealing feelings and depression and anxiety
thoughts
Disadvantages Expensive Analyst need to be analyzed first
Extensive
They might find out some painful
and unpleasant memories that
had been repressed, which may
cause more distress
Notes for This type of therapy does not work for Most cases
Psychotherapist all people and for all types of disorders.
and Counselling
Practitioners