treating type 1 eat five portions of fruit and

diabetes and treating type 2 vegetables a day; read

diabetes more healthy diet advice
a procedure to widen or bypass
an affected artery such as exercise regularly aim for at
a coronary angioplasty, least 150 minutes of moderate
a coronary artery bypass graft, or aerobic activity such as cycling or
a carotid endarterectomy fast walking every week,
and strength exercises on at least
two days a week
maintain a healthy weight aim
for a body mass index (BMI) of
18.5 to 24.9; use the BMI
V. Prevention
calculator to work out your BMI
and read advice about losing
Making healthy lifestyle changes weight
can reduce your risk of developing moderate your alcohol
atherosclerosis and may help stop it consumption men and women
getting worse. are advised not to regularly drink
more than 14 alcohol units a
The main ways you can reduce your week; get tips on cutting down on
risk are: alcohol
stop smoking
have a healthy diet avoid foods
that are high in saturated
fats, salt or sugar, and aim to
TUBERCULOSIS
I. Definition / Background III. Signs & Symptoms
Tuberculosis (TB) is a bacterial Typical symptoms of TB include:
infection spread through inhaling tiny a persistent cough that lasts
droplets from the coughs or sneezes of more than three weeks and
an infected person. usually brings up phlegm, which
It mainly affects the lungs, but it may be bloody
can affect any part of the body, including weight loss
the tummy (abdomen) glands, bones night sweats
and nervous system. high temperature (fever)
tiredness and fatigue
II. Causes
loss of appetite
TB is a bacterial infection. TB that
affects the lungs (pulmonary TB) is the swellings in the neck
most contagious type, but it usually only
spreads after prolonged exposure to IV. Treatment
someone with the illness. With treatment, TB can almost
In most healthy people, the always be cured. A course of antibiotics
body's natural defense against infection will usually need to be taken for six
and illness (the immune system) kills the months.
bacteria and there are no symptoms. Several different antibiotics are
Sometimes the immune system can't kill used because some forms of TB are
the bacteria, but manages to prevent it resistant to certain antibiotics.
spreading in the body. If you're infected with a drug-
You won't have any symptoms, resistant form of TB, treatment with six
but the bacteria will remain in your body. or more different medications may be
This is known as latent TB. People with needed.
latent TB aren't infectious to others. If you're diagnosed with
If the immune system fails to kill pulmonary TB, you'll be contagious for
or contain the infection, it can spread about two to three weeks into your
within the lungs or other parts of the course of treatment.
body and symptoms will develop within You won't usually need to be
a few weeks or months. This is known isolated during this time, but it's
as active TB. important to take some basic
Latent TB could develop into an precautions to stop the infection
active TB disease at a later date, spreading to your family and friends.
particularly if your immune system
becomes weakened. You should:
 stay away from work, school or
college until your TB treatment
team advises you it's safe to
return
always cover your mouth when
coughing, sneezing or laughing
carefully dispose of any used
tissues in a sealed plastic bag
open windows when possible to
ensure a good supply of fresh air
in the areas where you spend
time
avoid sleeping in the same room
as other people
If you're in close contact with
someone who has TB, you may have
tests to see whether you're also
infected. These can include a chest X-
ray, blood tests, and a skin test called
the Mantoux test.
V. Prevention
Active tuberculosis (TB) is
very contagious. The World Health
Organization (WHO) estimates that
one-third of the world's population is
infected with the bacteria that cause
TB.
To avoid getting an active TB
infection:
Do not spend long periods of
time in stuffy, enclosed rooms
with anyone who has active
TB until that person has been
treated for at least 2 weeks.
Use protective measures, such
as face masks, if you work in
a facility that cares for people
who have untreated TB.
If you live with someone who
has active TB, help and
encourage the person to
follow treatment instructions.
Can the TB vaccine help?
A TB vaccine (bacille Calmette-
Guerin, or BCG) is used in many
countries to prevent TB. But this
vaccination is almost never used in
the United States because:
The risk of getting TB is low in
the U.S.
The vaccine is not very
effective in adults who receive
it.
The BCG vaccine may cause a
tuberculin skin test to indicate
a TB infection even if a person
is not infected with TB. This
complicates the use of the
tuberculin skin test to check
people for TB.
COPD
I. Definition / Background narrowed. The main cause is smoking,
although the condition can sometimes
Chronic obstructive pulmonary affect people who have never smoked.
disease (COPD) is the name for a group
of lung conditions that cause breathing The likelihood of developing
difficulties. COPD increases the more you smoke
and the longer you've smoked.
It includes:
emphysema damage to the air Some cases of COPD are
sacs in the lungs caused by long-term exposure to
chronic bronchitis long-term harmful fumes or dust, or occur as a
inflammation of the airways result of a rare genetic problem that
means the lungs are more vulnerable to
COPD is a common condition that damage.
mainly affects middle-aged or older
adults who smoke. Many people don't III. Signs & Symptoms
realize they have it.
The main symptoms of COPD are:
The breathing problems tend to get increasing breathlessness,
gradually worse over time and can limit particularly when you're active
your normal activities, although a persistent chesty cough with
treatment can help keep the phlegm some people may
condition under control. dismiss this as just a "smoker's
cough"
II. Causes frequent chest infections
persistent wheezing
COPD occurs when the lungs
become inflamed, damaged and
 Without treatment, the symptoms pulmonary rehabilitation a
usually get slowly worse. There may specialized program of exercise
also be periods when they get suddenly and education
worse, known as a flare-up or surgery or a lung transplant
exacerbation. although this is only an option for
a very small number of people
IV. Treatment

The damage to the lungs caused V. Prevention

by COPD is permanent, but treatment
can help slow down the progression of COPD is largely a preventable
the condition. condition. You can significantly reduce
your chances of developing it if you
Treatments include: avoid smoking.
stopping smoking if you have If you already smoke, stopping
COPD and you smoke, this is the can help prevent further damage to your
most important thing you can do lungs before it starts to cause
inhalers and medications to troublesome symptoms.
help make breathing easier
BRONCHITIS
I. Definition / Background
Bronchitis is an infection of the
main airways of the lungs (bronchi),
causing them to become irritated and
inflamed.
The bronchi branch off on either
side of your windpipe (trachea). They
lead to smaller and smaller airways
inside your lungs, known as bronchioles.
The walls of the bronchi produce
mucus to trap dust and other particles
that could otherwise cause irritation.
Most cases of bronchitis develop
when an infection irritates and inflames
the bronchi, causing them to produce
more mucus than usual. Your body tries
to shift this extra mucus
through coughing.
Bronchitis can be described as being
either:
acute bronchitis temporary
inflammation of the airways,
causing a cough and mucus
production, lasting up to three
weeks; acute bronchitis can
affect people of all ages but
mostly affects children under the
age of five; it's more common in
winter and often develops
following a common cold, sore
throat or flu
chronic bronchitis a daily
productive cough that lasts for
three months of the year and for
at least two years in a row;
chronic bronchitis is one of a
number of lung conditions,
including emphysema, that are
collectively known as chronic
obstructive pulmonary disease
(COPD); it mostly affects adults
over 40
It's important that you stop smoking if
you smoke and you have bronchitis.
II. Causes
Bronchitis can be caused by
either a virus or bacteria, although viral
bronchitis is much more common.
In most cases, bronchitis is
caused by the same viruses that cause
the common cold or flu. The virus is
contained in the millions of tiny droplets
that come out of the nose and mouth
when someone coughs or sneezes.
These droplets typically spread
about 1m (3ft). They hang suspended in
the air for a while, then land on surfaces
where the virus can survive for up to 24
hours. Anyone who touches these
surfaces can spread the virus further by
touching something else.
III. Signs & Symptoms
The main symptom of acute
bronchitis is a hacking cough, which
may bring up clear, yellow-grey or
greenish mucus (phlegm). Other
symptoms are similar to those of the
common cold or sinusitis, and may
include:
sore throat
headache
runny or blocked nose
aches and pains
tiredness
If you have acute bronchitis, your
cough may last for several weeks after
other symptoms have gone. You may
also find that the continual coughing
makes your chest and stomach muscles
sore.
IV. Treatment
In most cases, acute bronchitis
will clear up by itself within a few weeks
without the need for treatment. In the
meantime, you should drink lots of fluid
and get plenty of rest.
In some cases, the symptoms of
bronchitis can last much longer. If
symptoms last for at least three months,
it's known as "chronic bronchitis".
There's no cure for chronic bronchitis,
but some lifestyle changes can help
ease your symptoms, such as:
eating a healthy diet can help
prevent lung infections
regular moderate exercise plus a
healthy diet will help you to
maintain a healthy weight being
overweight makes breathing
harder
avoiding smoking and smoky
environments
There are several medications to
relieve symptoms. Bronchodilators and
steroids "open up" the airways and can
be prescribed as an inhaler or as
tablets. Mucolytic medicines thin the
mucus in the lungs making it easier to
cough up.
V. Prevention
Avoiding lung irritants is
important for preventing acute bronchitis
as well as treating it. If you smoke, quit.
To help protect your lungs, wear a mask
over your mouth and nose when using
lung irritants such as paint, paint
remover or varnish.
Other ways to help prevent acute
bronchitis include:
Wash your hands often to reduce
your exposure to viruses and
bacteria
Get a flu shot every year
Ask your doctor if you should get
a pneumonia shot, especially if
you're 60 or older
LEUKEMIA
I. Definition / Background
Leukemia is a type of cancer that
affects the blood and bone marrow.
The Types of Leukemia
The onset of leukemia can be
acute (sudden onset) or chronic (slow
onset). In acute leukemia, cancer cells
multiply quickly. In chronic leukemia, the
disease progresses slowly and early
symptoms may be very mild.
Leukemia is also classified
according to the type of cell. Leukemia
involving myeloid cells is called
myelogenous leukemia. Myeloid cells
are immature blood cells that would
normally become granulocytes or
monocytes. Leukemia involving
lymphocytes is called lymphocytic
leukemia. There are four main types of
leukemia:
Acute Myelogenous Leukemia (AML)
Acute myelogenous leukemia
(AML) can occur in children and adults.
According to National Cancer Institute
(NCI), about 21,000 new cases of AML
are diagnosed annually in the United
States. This is the most common form of
leukemia.
Acute Lymphocytic Leukemia (ALL)
Acute lymphocytic leukemia
(ALL) occurs mostly in children. About
6,000 new cases of ALL are diagnosed
annually.
Chronic Myelogenous Leukemia (CML)
Chronic myelogenous leukemia
(CML) affects mostly adults. About
7,000 new cases of CML are diagnosed
annually.
Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia (CLL)
Chronic lymphocytic leukemia
(CLL) is most likely to affect people over
the age of 55. Its very rarely seen in
children. About 15,000 new cases of
CLL are diagnosed annually.
Hairy cell leukemia is a very rare
subtype of CLL. Its name comes from
the appearance of the cancerous
lymphocytes under a microscope.
II. Causes
No one knows exactly what
causes leukemia. People who have it
have certain abnormal chromosomes,
but the chromosomes dont cause the
leukemia.
You cant really prevent
leukemia, but it may be possible that
certain things in your environment could
trigger the development of it. For
example, if you are a tobacco smoker,
you are more prone to some types of
leukemia than a non-smoker. Its also
associated with a high amount of
radiation exposure, and certain
chemicals.
Some kinds of chemotherapy and
radiation therapy used to treat other
cancers can actually cause leukemia.
The chance that youll develop leukemia
depends on the types of chemotherapy
drugs used.
Family history is another risk
factor for leukemia. For example, if an
identical twin gets a certain type of
leukemia, there is a 20% chance the
other twin will have it within a year.

III. Signs & Symptoms
The symptoms of leukemia include:
excessive sweating, especially at
night (called night sweats)
fatigue and weakness that dont
go away with rest
unintentional weight loss
bone pain and tenderness
painless, swollen lymph nodes
(especially in the neck and
armpits)
enlargement of the liver or spleen
red spots on the skin, called
petechiae
bleeding and bruising easily
fever or chills
frequent infections
Leukemia can also cause symptoms
in organs that have been infiltrated or
affected by the cancer cells. For
example, if the cancer spreads to the
central nervous system, it can cause
headaches, nausea and vomiting,
confusion, loss of muscle control, and
seizures.
Leukemia can also spread to other
parts of your body, including:
the lungs
gastrointestinal tract
heart
kidneys
testes
IV. Treatment
Leukemia is usually treated by a
hematologist-oncologist. These are
doctors who specialize in blood
disorders and cancer. The treatment
depends on the type and stage of the
cancer. Some forms of leukemia grow
slowly and dont need immediate
treatment. However, treatment for
leukemia usually involves one or more
of the following:
Chemotherapy uses drugs to kill
leukemia cells. Depending on the
type of leukemia, you may take
either a single drug or a
combination of different drugs.
Radiation therapy uses high-
energy radiation to damage
leukemia cells and inhibit their
growth. Radiation can be applied
to a specific area or to your entire
body.
Stem cell transplantation replaces
diseased bone marrow with
healthy bone marrow, either your
own (autologous transplantation)
or from a donor (allologous
transplantation). This procedure is
also called a bone marrow
transplant.
Biological or immune therapy
uses treatments that help your
immune system recognize and
attack cancer cells.
Targeted therapy uses
medications that take advantage
of vulnerabilities in cancer cells.
For example, imatinib (Gleevec) is
a targeted drug that is commonly
used against CML.
V. Prevention
Some types of leukemia may be
prevented by avoiding high doses of
radiation, exposure to the chemical
benzene, smoking and other tobacco
use, or certain types of chemotherapy
used to treat other types of cancer.