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Toxicologa ambiental
Qumica Ambiental
Enero 2013
Toxicologa ambiental
Carcingenos:
Mutagnicos:
Teratognicos:
La ruta de exposicin.
La concentracin de la sustancia.
La toxicidad de un sustancia !
depender de:
Metabolismo
Distribucin en el cuerpo y
rganos directamente afectados
La relacin dosis-respuesta
Excrecin
La ruta de exposicin
!
Efectos txicos
La toxicidad de un compuesto
puede resultar en:
afectacin de un sistema
enzimtico
alteraciones en la sntesis de
proteinas.
Toxicidad sistmica
Incluye:
Toxicidad aguda
Toxicidad subcrnica
Toxicidad crnica
Toxicidad gentica
Efectos de
contaminantes
Persistencia
Bioacumulacin
Biotransformacin
Biodegradacin
Persistencia
endrin Insecticide used on crops such as Under FIFRA, no U.S. registrations; most uses
cotton and grains; also used to control canceled in 1979; all uses by 1984.
rodents. No production, import, or export.
Priority toxic pollutant (CWA).
mirex Insecticide used to combat fire ants, Under FIFRA, no U.S. registrations; all uses can-
termites, and mealybugs. celed in 1977.
16
POP Global Historical Use/Source Overview of U.S. Status
heptachlor Insecticide used primarily against soil Under FIFRA:
insects and termites. Also used against Most uses canceled by 1978; registrant voluntarily
some crop pests and to combat malaria. canceled use to control fire ants in underground
cable boxes in early 2000.
All pesticide tolerances on food crops revoked
in 1989.
No production, import, or export.
Regulated as a hazardous air pollutant (CAA).
Priority toxic pollutant (CWA).
hexachlorobenzene Fungicide used for seed treatment. Under FIFRA, no U.S. registrations; all uses canceled
Also an industrial chemical used to make by 1985.
fireworks, ammunition, synthetic rubber, No production, import, or export as a pesticide.
and other substances. Manufacture and use for chemical intermediate (as
Also unintentionally produced during allowed under the Convention).
combustion and the manufacture of Regulated as a hazardous air pollutant (CAA).
certain chemicals.
Priority toxic pollutant (CWA).
Also an impurity in certain pesticides.
PCBs Used for a variety of industrial processes Manufacture and new use prohibited in 1978 (TSCA).
and purposes, including in electrical Regulated as a hazardous air pollutant (CAA).
transformers and capacitors, as heat
exchange fluids, as paint additives, in Priority toxic pollutant (CWA).
carbonless copy paper, and in plastics.
Also unintentionally produced during
combustion.
Es claro que el efecto nocivo del txico ser funcin de la dosis a la que el
individuo (o sistema) sea expuesto
Las mayora de compuestos txicos han sido sintetizados por el hombre, sin
embargo existen tambin compuestos txicos que ocurren en el medio de
forma natural (ej. compuestos generados por hongos y algas)
Table 3.1
Toxicity Data for Compound 1
Dose
0.5 1.0 2.0 3.0 4.0 5.0 6.0 7.0 8.0
Compound 1
Cumulative toxicity 0.0 2.0 7.0 23.0 78.0 92.0 97.0 100.0 100.0
Percent additional 0.0 2.0 5.0 15.0 55.0 15.0 5.0 3.0 0.0
deaths at each
concentration
Note: All of the toxicity data are given as a percentage of the total organisms at a particular
treatment group. For example, if 7 out of 100 organisms died or expressed other end-
points at a concentration of 2 mg/kg, then the percentage responding would be 7%.
100
deaths at each
concentration
Note: All of the toxicity data are given as a percentage of the total organisms at a particular
treatment group. For example, if 7 out of 100 organisms died or expressed other end-
points at a concentration of 2 mg/kg, then the percentage responding would be 7%.
La curva dosis-respuesta
Plot of Toxicity Data Compound 1
100
80
Total Percent Dead at Each Dose
60
40
20
0
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
Dose (Concentration) Weight/Weight
Figure 3.1
Plot of cumulative mortality vs. environmental concentration or dose. The data are plotted as
cumulative number of dead by each dose using the data presented in Table 3.1. The X-axis is in
units of weight to volume (concentration) or weight of toxicant per unit weight of animal (dose).
La curva dosis-respuesta
!
LC50: La concentracin que causa la mortalidad del 50% de los
organismos evaluados, estimado por medios grficos o computacionales
La curva dosis-respuesta
!
IC50: Concentracin inhibitoria que reduce la respuesta normal de un
organismo en un 50%, estimado por medios grficos o computacionales
(ej. el crecimiento de algas, bacterias)
Plot of Toxicity Data Compound 1
100
80
Percent Mortality
60
LD50
40
LD20
20
0
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
Dose (Concentration) Weight/Weight
Figure 3.3
The sigmoid dose-response curve. Converted from the discontinuous bar graph of Figure 3.2 to
Comparison of Dose-Response Curves-1
100
80
Percent Mortality
60
Compound 1
Compound 2
40
20
0
0 2 4 6 8
Dose (Concentration) Weight/Weight
Figure 3.4
Comparison of dose-response curves-1. One of the primary goals of toxicity testing is the com-
An Introduction to Toxicity Testing 37
100
80
Percent Mortality
60
LD50 Compound 1
Compound 3
40
LD20
20
0
0 2 4 6 8
Dose (Concentration) Weight/Weight
Figure 3.5
Comparison of Dose-Response Curves-3
100
80
Percent Mortality
60
Compound 1
Compound 3
40
20
0
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
Dose (Concentration) Weight/Weight
Figure 3.6
An Introduction to Toxicity Testing 39
100
80
60
Percent Mortality
Compound 1
LD50
Compound 3
40
LD20
20
0
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
Dose (Concentration) Weight/Weight
Figure 3.7
Comparison of dose-response curves-4. Although the midpoints of the curves for compounds 1
La curva dosis-respuesta
!
NOAEC: Concentracin de efectos adversos no observados, determinado
por mtodos estadsticos de prueba de hiptesis. El efecto es
generalmente escogido por su potencial impacto en la especie evaluada.
Algunas especies empleadas
El uso de mtodos estndares
Los datos obtenidos pueden ser combinados con los de otros laboratorios
cuando se requiere un anlisis de grandes bases de datos.
Multispecies
Field Studies
Aquatic Toxicity Study
Mesocosms
Microcosms
Escenarios de exposicin:
En los ensayos es algo que debe ser considerado con cuidado pues otras
rutas de exposicin diferentes a las deseadas podran estar ocurriendo (ej.
deposicin de partculas en la piel)
Parmetros de diseo para pruebas de toxicidad:
experimentos de una sola especie
Pruebas de toxicidad