Nama:______________________________ Tingkatan:__________

TAJUK: BAHAN KIMIA UNTUK PENGGUNA

TE 2008 Pahang P2B8
1.

CH3 CH2 CH2 CH2 CH2 CH2 CH2 CH2

CH2 CH2 CH2 CH2 CH2 CH2 CH2 COO Na +

Part X Part Y
Bahagian X Bahagian Y

Diagram 8.1 / Rajah 8.1

(a) Name part X and part Y. State the solubility of each parts in water and grease.
Namakan bahagian X dan bahagian Y. Nyatakan keterlarutan setiap bahagian di dalam air
dan gris.
[4 marks]

(b) Diagram 8.2 shows a set-up of apparatus when a student carried out two experiments to
investigate the cleansing effect of soap and detergent on oily stained cloth in hard water.
Rajah 8.2 menunjukkan susunan radas apabila seorang pelajar menjalankan dua eksperimen
untuk mengkaji kesan pembersihan bahan pencuci oleh sabun dan detergen keatas kotoran
berminyak dalam air liat.
Experiment / Eksperimen
Experiment I: Experiment II:
Eksperimen I: Eksperimen II:
Soap + hard water
Detergent + hard water
Sabun + air liat
Detergen + air liat
Arrangement
of apparatus
Susunan radas

Cloth with oily stain Cloth with oily stain

Kain kotor yang berminyak Kain kotor yang berminyak

Observation Oily stain remained Oily stain disappeared

Pemerhatian Kotoran berminyak kekal Kotoran berminyak hilang

Diagram 8.2 / Rajah 8.2

Compare the cleansing effect between Experiment I and Experiment II.

Explain why there are differences in the observations. State the substance which is more
suitable as a cleansing agent to remove stain in hard water.
Bandingkan kesan pembersihan antara Eksperimen I dan Eksperimen II.

1
 Terangkan mengapa terdapat perbezaan dalam pemerhatian tersebut. Nyatakan bahan yang
lebih sesuai sebagai bahan pencuci kotoran berminyak dalam air liat.
[6 marks]

(c) Patient X, Y and Z are suffering from dental pain, pneumonia and depression respectively.
What are the medicines that can be used to treat patients X, Y and Z ?
Pesakit X,Y dan Z mengalami sakit gigi , pneumonia dan depresan. Apakah ubatan yang
boleh digunakan untuk merawat pesakit X, Y dan Z.
[3 marks]

(d) Based on your answer in (c),

Berdasarkan jawapan anda di (c ),
(i) State one precaution that should be followed by patient X while taking the medicine.
Explain why.
Nyatakan satu langkah berjaga-jaga yang perlu diikuti oleh pesakit X apabila
mengambil ubat. Jelaskan mengapa.
[2 marks]

(ii) Explain why patient Y must complete the whole course of the medicine prescribes to
him even if he feels better.
Jelaskan mengapa pesakit Y mesti menghabiskan kesemua ubat yang disyorkan
walaupun beliau telah sihat.
[3 marks]

(ii) State two side effects of the medicine taken by patient Z.

Nyatakan dua kesan sampingan terhadap ubat yang diambil oleh pesakit Z.
[2 marks]

TE 2010 KL P2C10
2. (a) Food preservatives are substances added to food so that the food can be kept for longer
periods of times. Using two suitable examples, explain how they work as preservatives.
Bahan pengawet makanan adalah bahan yang ditambahkan kepada makanan supaya
makanan boleh disimpan pada jamgka masa yang lebih lama. Dengan menggunakan
dua contoh yang sesuai terangkan bagaimana bahan tersebut bertindak sebagai bahan
pengawet.
[4 marks]

(b) The following is the information about two children.

Berikut adalah maklumat mengenai dua orang kanak-kanak.
Age Disease
Umur Penyakit

2 year High fever

2 tahun Demam panas

3 year Whooping cough

3 tahun Batuk kokol

Based on the information above,

Berdasarkan maklumat di atas:

(i) Name the modern medicines that can be used to treat the each of the disease.

2
 Namakan ubat moden yang boleh digunakan untuk merawat setiap satu penyakit
tersebut.
[ 2 marks]

(ii) State the precautions that should be taken by the parents while giving the
medicines to their children.
Nyatakan peraturan yang perlu diambil oleh ibu bapa apabila memberi ubat
kepada anaknya.
[2 marks]

(iii) Explain the effects if the precautions stated in (b)(ii) are not followed properly.
Terangkan apakah kesan jika peraturan dalam (b)(ii) tidak diikuti dengan
sempurna.
[2 marks]

(c) Table 10 shows the food additives that are added to a certain food by two chefs.
Jadual 10 menunjukkan bahan tambah makanan yang ditambah kepada makanan
tertantu oleh dua orang tukang masak.
Chef Wan Chef Man
Turmeric Tartrazine
Kunyit Tartrazin
Sugar, salt and spice Monosodium glutamate
Gula, garam dan rempah Mono natrium glutamat
Garlic Ascorbic acid
Bawang putih Asid askorbik
Table 10 / Jadual 10

Based on Table 10,

Berdasarkan Jadual 10,
(i) categorise the food additives. Include in your answer the function of each type of
food additives
kategorikan bahan tambah makanan tersebut. Dalam jawapan anda nyatakan
fungsi bagi setiap jenisnya.

(ii) explain the disadvantages of using any two food additives.

terangkan keburukan menggunakan salah satu dari dua bahan tambah makanan
tersebut.
[10 marks]

TE 2008 Sarawak P2C10

3. (a) Using suitable examples, explain why an alloy is harder than the pure metal.
Dengan menggunakan contoh yang sesuai, jelaskan mengapa aloy lebih kuat daripada
logam tulen.
[6 marks]

(b) (i) State two reasons for using food additives in food processing.
Nyatakan dua sebab penggunaan penambah perasa makanan dalam pemprosessan
makanan.
[2 marks]

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 (ii) State two types of food additives. Give an example for each food additive and explain
their function.
Nyatakan dua jenis penambah perasa makanan. Berikan contoh bagi setiap penambah
perasa dan jelaskan kegunaannya.
[6 marks]

(c) (i) What is soap?

Apakah itu sabun?
[2 marks]
(ii) State two differences between soap and detergent.
Nyatakan perbezaan antara sabun dan detergen.
[4 marks]

TE 2008 Perlis P2C10

4. (a) Describe a laboratory experiment to prepare a soap by using a namely oil and alkali.
State how to verify the product formed is soap.
Terangkan eksperimen makmal untuk menyediakan sabun dengan menggunakan minyak
dan alkali yang dinamakan. Nyatakan bagai mana anda mengesahkan hasil yang
terbentuk itu adalah sabun.
[10 marks]

(b) Table 10 shows the observations for two experiments to investigate cleansing effect of soap
and detergent on oily stain in hard water.
Jadual 10 menunjukkan pemerhatian bagi dua eksperimen untuk mengkaji kesan pencuciaan
sabun dan detergen ke atas kotoran berminyak dalam air liat.

Experiment Observation
Eksperimen Pemerhatian
I

Soap + hard water

Oily stains remained Soa
Sabun + air liat
Pakaian Kotoran berminyak kekal
Cloth Oily stains
Kotoran berminyak

II

Detergent + hard water

Detergen + air liat Oily stains disappeared
Pakaian Kotoran berminyak hilang
Cloth

Table 10 / Jadual 10
4
 Based on Table 10, explain why there are differences in observation by comparing the
cleansing effect of soap and detergent in hard water.
Berdasarkan Jadual 10, terangkan mengapa terdapat perbezaan dalam pemerhatian dengan
membandingkan kesan pencucian sabun dan detergen dalam air liat.
[6 marks]

(c) A patient is suffering from tuberculosis for a period of time.

Suggest a type of medicine that should be taken and the prescription should be followed by
the patient.
Seorang pesakit mengalami batuk kering dalam suatu tempoh masa yang lama.
Cadangkan jenis ubat yang patut digunakan dan aturan yang perlu dipatuhi oleh pesakit itu.
[4 marks]

TE 2009 Malacca P2C10

5. (a) The following equation shows a reaction in the preparation of soap in a laboratory.
Persamaan berikut menunjukkan suatu tindak balas dalam penyediaan sabun dalam
senuah makmal.

Oil + Concentrated alkali Soap + Glycerol

Minyak + Alkali pekat Sabun + Gliserol

Describe a laboratory experiment to prepare soap by using a named oil and alkali.
Describe how to verify the product formed is soap.
Huraikan satu ujikaji makmal bagi penyediaan sabun dengan menggunakan satu
minyak yang dinamakan dan alkali.
Huraikan juga bagaimana untuk mengesahkan hasil yang terbentuk adalah sabun.
[8 marks]

(b)
A student discovered that his shirt has oily stains. He
washed it with soap.
Seorang pelajar mendapati bajunya terkena kotoran
berminyak. Dia mencuci bajunya menggunakan sabun.

Explain the cleansing action of soap on the oily stain.

Terangkan tindakan pencucian sabun ke atas kotoran berminyak.
[8 marks]

(c) A student carried out two experiments to investigate the cleansing effects of soap and
detergent on oily stains in hard water.
Table 10.1 shows the set up of apparatus and the observations for the two experiments.
Seorang pelajar menjalankan dua eksperimen bagi mengkaji kesan pencucian sabun
dan detergen ke atas kotorn berminyak dalam air liat.
Jadual 10.1 menunjukkan susunana radas dan pemerhatian untuk dua eksperimen.

5
 Experiment Observation
Eksperimen Pemerhatian
I

Soap + hard water Oily stain remained

Sabun + air liat Kotoran berminyak
Pakaian kekal
Cloth Oily stains
Kotoran berminyak
II

Detergent + hard water Oily stains disappeared

Detergen + air liat Kotoran berminyak
Pakaian hilang
Cloth

Table 10.1 / Jadual 10.1

Compare the cleansing effects between Experiment I and II.

Explain why there are differences in the observations.
Bandingkan kesan pencucian antara Eksperimen I dan Eksperimen II.
Terangkan mengapa terdapat perbezaan dalam pemerhatian yang diperolehi.
[4 marks]

6
 Skema

Total
No. of Q Explanation Marks
Mark
1. (a) Part X hydrophobic/hydrocarbon 1m 1
Part Y hydrophilic/ionic 1m 1
Parx X dissolves in grease 1m 1
Part Y dissolves in water 1m 1 4
(b) 1.The cloth in experiment II is clean whereas the cloth
in Experiment I is still dirty. 1
2.In hard water,soap react with magnesium ion 1
3.to form scum 1
4.Detergent are more effective in hard water 1
5.Detergent does not form scum 1
6.Detergent are better cleansing agen then soap to 1 6
remove oily stain.
[ each points 1m ]
(c) Patient X : Analgesik/aspirin 1
Patient Y: Antibiotic/penicillin/streptomycin 1
Patient Z ; Psychotherapeutic / antidepressant 1 3

(d) (i) Precaution:

1.Take after food.
2. Swallowed with plenty of water
Explain:
1. Acidic and can cause irritation of the stomach. 1
2. To avoid internal bleeding/ulceratiion 1 2
[precaution 1m]
[explain 1m ]
(ii) 1.To make sure all the bacteria are killed /
becomes ill again 1
2. bacteria become more resistant. 1
3.Need stronger antibiotic to fight the same infection 1 3
(iii) 1.Drowsiness 1
2. poor coordination/light-headedness 1 2

Total 20

7
TE 2010 KL P2C10
Total
No. of Q Rubrics / Explanation Marks
Mark
2 (a) Examples of food preservatives and their functions:
Sodium nitrate-slow down the growth of microorganisms in
meat. 1+1
Vinegar- provides in acidic condition that inhibits the growth of
microorganisms in pickled food. 1+1 4
(b) (i) Paracetamol for high fever 1
Codeine for whooping cough 1 2
(ii) Precautions:
- To follow the instructions given by the doctor concerning the
dosage and method of taking the medicine 1
- To visit the doctor immediately if there are symptoms of
allergy or other side effect of the medicines 1 2

(iii) - If the correct dosage is not given to the child, it will cause
abuse of the medicines. For instance , if the child is given an
overdose of codeine, it may lead to addiction. 1
- If the child is given paracetamol on a regular basis for a long
time, it may cause skin rashes, blood disorders and acute
inflammation of the pancreas. 1 2

(c) (i)
Type of additives Examples Function
To slow down the 2
1. Preservatives Sugar, salt growth of
microorganisms
Monosodium To improve and 2
2. Flavourings glutamate, enhance the
spices, garlic taste of food
To prevent 2
3. Antioxidants Ascorbic acid
oxidation of food
4. Dyes/ Tartrazine To add or restore 2 8
Colourings Turmeric colour in food.
(ii) Disadvantages
Food additives Harmful side effects
Sugar Obesity / Diabetes
Salt High blood pressure
Tartrazine Hyperactive / asthma /
rashes
MSG Headache / nausea
Azo dye Cause canser
Any food additive Any related effect Any
pair 2
Total 20

8
TE 2008 Sarawak P2C10- C13
Total
No. of Q Explanation Marks
Mark
3 (a) 1. Pure metal, for example iron, 1
2. Pure iron consists of iron atoms of the same size and 1
arranged in a regular and orderly manner.
3. This allows the layers of iron atoms to slide over / upon each 1
other easily when an external force is applied on it.
4. In the alloy of iron, for example steel, 1
5. the presence of carbon atoms disrupt the orderly
arrangement of the iron atoms. 1
6. Thus, the layers of iron atoms are prevented from sliding over /
upon each other easily.
This makes steel harder than pure iron. 1 6
(b) (i) 1. To preserve food for a longer period of time//food can last
longer. 1
2. To give flavour to food II enhance the flavour of food // 1
3. To make food look more attractive. 2
(any two answers)

9
 Total
No. of Q Explanation Marks
Mark

(ii) Food additives Function Examples

Flavourings To improve the taste Monosodium

of food // give flavour glutamate // MSG/
to food // Aspartame / ester 3
Preservatives Slowdown /prevent Sodium nitrite / nitrate
the growth of // Benzoic acid //
microorganism in sodium benzoate //
food. sulphur dioxide// salt/
3
sugar/ vinegar
Colourings Food look more Tartrazine / caramel
attractive. Azo compounds //Tri
phenyl compounds // 3
Brilliant Blue
Antioxidants Prevent / slow down Ascorbic acid / Vitamin
oxidation of food // C / Tocopherol /
Prevent food from vitamin E / Sodium
becoming rancid / citrate / BHA/BHT
brown / developing 3
black spots.
Stabilisers Prevent emulsion Lecithin /
from separating out monoglycerides /
// Stabilise emulsions diglycerides of fatty
// Prevent the acids
separation of oil and 3
water.
Thickeners To thicken food. Acacia gum // Pectin /
Agar-agar/ gelatine /
modified starch //com
flour 3 6

(c) (i) Soap is sodium or potassium salt of long-chain fatty / 1

carboxylic acids. 1 2

10
 Total
No. of Q Explanation Marks
Mark
(ii) Any two from the following:
Soap Detergent
1. Not effective in hard/ 1. Effective in hard / acidic /
acidic / sea water. sea water.
2+2
2. Not very soluble in water. 2. Highly soluble in water.

3. Biodegradable/does not 3. Some detergent is not

cause water pollution. biodegradable / causes water
pollution.

4. Less versatile // cannot be 4. Can be formulated to meet

adapted to different
varieties of fibres /
washing temperatures and
water conditions.
5. Not toxic to aquatic lives.
different varieties of
fibres/ washing
temperatures and water
conditions.
5. May be toxic to aquatic
lives. 4

Total 20

TE 2008 Perlis P2C10

Total
No. of Q Explanation Marks
Mark
4 (a) (i) Materials: palm oil/corn oil/olive oil/any vegetable oil,
concentrated sodium hydroxide 1

Procedure:
1. Pour (5-10 cm3) of palm oil/corn oil/olive into a
beaker. 1
2. Add 50 cm3 of (5-6) mol dm-3 sodium hydroxide/
NaOH / Concentrated sodium hydroxide 1
3. Stir and heat the mixture until it boils 1
4. Add 50 cm3 of distilled water and 3 spatulas of
sodium chloride / NaCl / Add 50 cm3 NaCl solution 1
5. Boil the mixture for another 5 minutes. 1
6. Filter out the soap 1
7. The soap is put into a test tube 1
8. T he water is added and shake the test tube 1
9. Foam is formed 1 10
(b) (i) - detergent is more effective 1
- Hard water contains Mg2+ ion and Ca2+ ions 1
- In Exp. I, soap react with Ca2+ ion and Mg2+ ion to form
insoluble salt//precipitate / scum 1
- no foam 1
- In Exp. II, detergent react with Ca2+ ions and Mg2+
ion form soluble salt/ no precipitate/no scum 1
- foam is formed 1 6

11
 Total
No. of Q Explanation Marks
Mark
(ii) Antibiotic 1

- the patient must complete the whole course 1

- follow the instructions concerning the dosage and
method of taking 1
- do not prescribe medicines for another people//do not the
medicine after the expiry date 1 4
Total 20

TE 2009 Malacca P2C10

Total
No. of Q Explanation Marks
Mark
5 (a) Materials: palm oil/corn oil/olive oil/any vegetable oil, 1
concentrated sodium hydroxide 1

Procedure:
1. Pour (5-10 cm3) of palm oil/corn oil/olive into a
beaker. 1
2. Add 50 cm3 of (5-6) mol dm-3 sodium hydroxide/
NaOH / Concentrated sodium hydroxide 1
3. Stir and heat the mixture until it boils 1
4. Add 50 cm3 of distilled water and 3 spatulas of sodium
chloride / NaCl / Add 50 cm3 NaCl solution 1
5. Boil the mixture for another 5 minutes. 1
6. Filter out the soap 1
7. The soap is put into a test tube 1
8. T he water is added and shake the test tube Max
9. Foam is formed 1 8

(b) 1. Soap molecule consists of hydrophobic and hydrophilic 1

portion. 1
2. Soap will lower the surface tension of water
3. Allows the water to spread out and wet the surface of the 1
cloth 1
4. Hydrophobic portion dissolve in oil 1
5. Hydrophilic portion disso1ve in water 1
6. Soap break the grease into small drop!cls 1
7. During scrubbing/ rinsing washes away the small drop les 1
8. labelled diagram

max
1 8

12
 Total
No. of Q Explanation Marks
Mark
(c) 1. Cloth in Exp I, remain dirty // cloth in exp II is cleaned 1
2. In hard water, soap will react with magnesium ion /
calcium ion 1
3. To form scum/ insoluble salt / precipitate 1
4. Detergent does not form scum in hard water 1 4
Total 20

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