Encyclopedia of Small Silver Coins (2008)

ENCYCLOPEDIA OF SMALL SILVER COINS
KKKKK.
Brother Can You Spare A Dime?
MODERN DIME SIZE SILVER

COINS OF THE WORLD
WITH
FOOTNOTES TO HISTORY
Roger deWardt Lane
This Revised Third Edition is presented in

One Volume
Covering all Countries of the World
Within the Dime Size Silver Series
From Afghanistan to Yemen
Roger deWardt Lane, third generation hotel executive became interested in coins shortly after his
young children started collecting foreign coins. Their interest soon waned and he continued the hobby.
Selecting his daughters specialty he has assembled an extensive type and date collection of this series,
which formed the basis of his studies of the subject. Starting before the current catalogers had listed all
dates, he had to research this information using his other numismatic interest - numismatic literature.
This Encyclpedia of Small Silver Coins was in preparation for thirty years. For the first ten
years it was hand printed in manuscript form. Then using his first PC and Applewriter as a word
processor, the first 300 pages were typed. Then it was converted to an IBM PC. It took several more
years to finish the recording and continued editing of the work. The format was converted to Wordstar,
then to MSword and finally about dozen years later, to PageMaker before the final text was finished.
The files were finally converted to Adobe Acrobat 7.0.
Dr. Alan K. Craig, who kindly assisted with the initial editing, upon seeing the finished draft,
remarked it was too long (now over 900 pages). So, reformatting was tackled, converting to the double
column and current tight listing of the FOOTNOTES. A new scanner was used to produce the enlarged
coin illustrations, in most cases from the author's collection. The First Edition was laser printed in two
copies, one residing at the American Numismatic Society library in New York, the other - the authors
copy. Two years later the First Edition was self-produced, as a CD-rom. Minor corrections and current
prices were added for the Second Edition CD-rom. This version won the Best of Software award of the
Numismatic Literary Guild. The new Third Edition, a revised title, updated with NCLT issues, with a
listing of mints and mint cities, and a new Index was posted on the internet, followed by the printing of
this hard bound Print-on-Demand Edition.
Roger Lane is a member of the American Numismatic Society, Fellow of the Royal Numismatic Society,
and has had articles published by Numismatic International. He is currently the Treasurer and bourse
chair of the Gold Coast Coin Club of Hollywood, Florida and Treasurer of the Fort Lauderdale Coin
Club.
Dr. Alan K. Craig, Ph.D. was a Professor of Geography at Florida Atlantic University since
1966, recently retired. He has published extensively on Spanish Colonial numismatics and maintains
active research interests in Latin American archaeology, anthropology, geography, and geology.
Steve Schor, numismatist has kindly proof read this revised edition with comments and
suggestions, however, the author must respectively takes full responsibilities for any errors and omissions.
Hollywood, Florida
March 28, 2008
ENCYCLOPEDIA OF SMALL SILVER COINS - PAGE ii

To Andria Elizabeth deWardt Lane, my daughter whose keen interest in the new family
hobby, restrained by her modest means, conceived the idea of assembling a "Modern
Dime Size Silver Coins of the World" type set, which sparked the beginning of the
many year study of these wonderful little pieces of art, history and numismatics which
were the foundation of this work.
Roger deWardt Lane
ENCYCLOPEDIA OF SMALL SILVER COINS - PAGE iii

cent coins to Canada in 1858, followed shortly thereafter by ship-
ments to New Brunswick in 1862 and to Newfoundland in 1865. The
ENCYCLOPEDIA Mexican 8 reales led to the issuing of 10 centavos in 1864.
of
Small Silver Coins
DIME (French, dixieme, Latin, decimus, tenth), the term for the tenth
part of a dollar or ten-cent piece in the United States of America,
authorized by Act of Congress, April 2, 1792. The first dime was coined Mexico - 10 centavos - 1869
in 1796.
The Kingdom of Hawaii ordered from San Francisco coins dated 1883
Brother, can you spare a dime? We have all heard this expres- with the ONE DIME - 10 cents denomination, after they were unsuc-
sion of the depression years. The story of Modern Dime Size Silver cessful in trying to have a 12 2 cent coin struck. American influence
Coins of the World and Footnotes to History is the story of the money is responsible for the 10 cents coins of Liberia first dated 1896, even
of the people. though the country was on the English gold standard, which accounts
for why the Birmingham mint struck these coins in sterling .925 fine.
Better than 2500 years ago the first coinage is attributed to the King-
dom of Lydia, what is now western Turkey. These coins of Electrum,
a natural mixture of gold and silver, were small as were others of the
early coinage, as their purchasing power was great. But as com-
merce increased larger coins of both gold and silver were struck.
Some of the most artistic engraving and beautiful coins come from
this period.
The age of silver begins with Pepin the Short (752-768 AD) who
demonetized gold and made the silver denarius or penny the stan-
Curacao - 1 reaal - 1821
dard coin throughout the whole of his dominions, so wrote George
MacDonald in his The Evolution of Coinage published at Cambridge In the Caribbean, the earliest listing is from Curacao, 1821 Y-1, 1
in 1916. reaal. Spain issued for the Isle of Puerto Rico 10 centavos as sub-
sidiary coins to their peso in 1896 and the Danish West Indies (even-
These small thin silver pennies have many of the characteristics of tually to become the American Virgin Islands during World War I),
the silver series of this study. The governing authority standardized ordered from Copenhagen a 10 cents - 50 bit coin, subdivision of
these as to size and generally their weight as they represented a their daler denomination.
convenient economic size (or value) for the people. Larger coins were
to be minted later with the Joachimstaler or taler of 1519 named for Even later, Cuba in 1915 ordered from Philadelphia, coins of 10
the location of the source of the silver mines in the valley of St. Joachim centavos which were equal to the American standards as was their
in Bohemia. Our dollar takes its name from this source and when peso. The Dominican Republic followed with the same denomina-
subdivided by the decimal system of French origin, was equal to 10 tions, ordering coins from several different mints. British Honduras
dimes. used the dollar and 10 cent denominations even though the coins
came from England.
The denomination One Dime has a French root from dixieme to disme
(used on the U.S. pattern of 1792) to the tenth part of a dollar. There is an interesting story for the Panama issues produced by the
Philadelphia mint. The country was on the gold standard based on
As milling coin presses became more popular and installed in most the Balboa equal to the American dollar and during the construction
of the central mints of the world, national standards were established of the Canal, the American workers were paid in gold. The coins in
for the coinage of each country. As a result of trading patterns and size were equal to the American, but the size of a silver balboa was
the growth of colonial empires of the major European nations, a group- equal to the American half dollar, therefore the dime size coinage
ing of these standards appeared. From the study of this series it is was issued with the denomination of 5 centesimos in 1904 and 1916.
possible to see the areas of influence and how they set the coin's The local workers on the Canal were paid in silver, which if it had
standards. been at par with the American coinage would have required twice
the funds. During the later years, the U.S. servicemen assigned to
The oldest and certainly the forefather of all the modern monetary the Canal Zone found out that their dime vending machines would
standards goes to the French, who under Napoleon I, set about es- take the Panamanian 5 centesimos (dime size), which of course dis-
tablishing new sets of rules from the Law to Numismatics. The French turbed the local businessmen.
5 franc (crown size silver coin) setting the early standards for Eu-
rope, was soon followed by the Spanish (mostly New World) 8 reales, Local stories have been told, that the shop owners would accumu-
which gave the popular literature the colorful pieces of eight of the late the 5 centesimos pieces and toss then in the lake to keep them
pirate trade. from circulating. This may account for the general scarcity of these
dates.
From these two very similar intrinsic coins the majority of the dime
size coins of the world represent a tenth division. The United States Almost all of the Latin American Republics issued a dime size coin-
of America adopted the dollar in 1792 AD, with a dime a tenth part age, even if only for a brief period. These were 1/10 of a peso with
and at the same time the Spanish or Mexican dollar was recognized the denomination of decimo from Chile in 1852, Colombia - 1853
as legal tender. and Peru in 1863. Uruguay used the 10 centesimos denomination
while Bolivia named its coinage after the country with the crown called
So many countries trace the roots of their coinage for both the dollar a boliviano and the dime size coinage with the 1/10 boliviano de-
and the dime size coinage to these beginnings; London shipped 10 nomination.
ENCYCLOPEDIA OF SMALL SILVER COINS - PAGE iv

The Argentine peso was subdivide into 10 centavos 1881, while Ven- Spanish crowns known as 5 pesetas and the dime size coins of 2
ezuela, the home of the Liberator called the dollar size coin a reals and later 50 centavos first issued from Madrid in 1869, while
Venezolano subdivided into 10 centavos dime size coins first ordered Greece used the denominations of 5 drachma and 50 lepta dated
from Paris in 1874. Ecuador named its crown after the great states- 1874 minted at the Paris mint.
man Sucre, with the dime size denomination one decimo, first or-
dered from the Heaton Mint, Ltd. in 1884.
Costa Rica in 1865, Honduras in 1871, Nicaragua in 1880, El Salva-

dor in 1892; all subdivided their peso into 10 centavos, and later El
Salvador issued in 1953 a 25 centavos, dime size subdivision of the
colon named for Columbus.
Now go back to the roots of the American dollar and the Mexican
Spain - 2 real -1852
dollar, as we go to the Far East. Remember these were the days of
the China trade, the clipper ships and American influence first devel-
oped with the opening of Japan by Perry. The Spanish or Mexican
Although they were never signatories to the Convention, many coun-
dollar was the basis of all trade, until the European and American
tries issued coinage equal to the standards of the Latin Monetary
trade dollars tried unsuccessfully to replace it. All subsidiary coins of
Union. The denominations of their crown coins and first dime size
the Mexican dollar were less than intrinsic parts, of which the most
pieces include: Rumania - 5 leu and 50 bani of 1873; Finland - 5
popular were, the 20 cents pieces of China and less popular the 10
markka and 50 pennia of 1864; Serbia - 5 dinar and 50 para of 1875;
cents coins first issued in 1889. In later years these coins were to be
and Bulgaria - 5 lev and 50 stotinki dated 1883.
debased more and more, so that at one time 11 ten cents Chinese
coins were equal to the Chinese dollar.
The Belgian Congo under Leopold II, used the Latin Standard for
their 5 franc and 50 centimes dated 1887. The Italian Colony of Eritrea
Dime size coins were issued with 10 cents denomination for Hong
had shipped from Milan coins with denominations the same as Italy
Kong in 1863, Straits Settlements 1871, Sarawak 1900 and Malaya
dated 1890 and the small independent country of San Marino issued
as late as 1939, all subdivisions of their dollars, but with varying fine-
a one year coinage from the Rome mint with the same standards
ness.
and denominations as Italy in 1898. Liechtenstein much later had
minted at the Berne mint coins in 5 franken and 2 frank to the Latin
Native names include the Philippines peso with a 10 centimos dime
Monetary Union standards.
size coins while under Spanish rule. The Japanese denominations
were yen for their crown and 10 sen for their dime size first issued in
When Tunisia came under the administration of France the Paris
1870 and under Japanese administration, Korea issued a 10 chon in
mint struck their coinage using the French denominations of 5 franc
1906, subdivision of the won crown denomination.
and 50 centimes starting in 1891. Even earlier Cambodia had coin-
age issued to the new standards dated 1860 (the Accession Year of
With the French colonization of French Cochin China the piastre
King Norodom I), but struck by the Brussels mint in 1875 with the 5
denomination was subdivided into 10 centimes first issued in 1879
franc and 50 centimes denominations.
and for French Indo China in 1885 with the coins being shipped from
the Paris mint.
After the Great War, France was given the former Turkish Provinces
of Syria and Lebanon as a Mandate. Dated 1929 the Paris mint struck
Several of the above countries or colonies issued silver dime size
for both of these new countries, coinage using the denomination 10
coins for only a few brief years, while others had many years of coin-
piastres for the dime size coinage, but, with a 17 millimeter size and
age. When the value of silver was low they ordered from their home
.680 fineness.
mints very large quantities of these small coins of the people, as
there was a profit to be made from the seignorage. The reverse was
Another country Haiti, has a most colorful monetary name and his-
also true, as when silver became dear, during the period around 1889-
tory, (see Footnotes for Haiti) the gourde, the denomination of there
93 and again during the Great War, most all small coinage in silver
large coins, subdivided into 10 centimes, was first ordered from Paris
was stopped, while paper money or base metal coins were used.
in 1881. On the other side of the island of Hispanola, the Dominican
Republic had the Paris mint also strike coinage to the new standards
In Europe another standard was established with its early beginnings
dated 1891 using the Spanish language version of the French as 5
in France which minted a 5 franc crown and subdivisions including a
franco and 50 centesimos.
50 centimes dime size coin dated 1845. The franc became the basis
of the Latin Monetary Union, which established in 1865 a bimetal
There was also a one year issue for Guatemala dated 1881 with a 50
monetary system. To prevent the melting and over production of sub-
centimos dime size coin locally minted, but to the new standards.
sidiary coinage, the Union agreed to provide that each country could
issue subsidiary coinage equal to 2 francs per person each year and
While the major European countries were part of the Latin Monetary
that the dime size coin would be issued with a fineness of 835/1000
Union, several other principal countries each had their own stan-
parts silver, 2.5 grams in weight, 18 millimeters size.
dards.
The crown size piece or 5 franc coin would continue to be .900 fine,
Great Britain and her Colonies were on the gold standard based on a
25 grams, in unlimited mintage. Therefore if any one were to melt
pound or sovereign. Although slightly larger at 20 millimeters En-
coins, the crown pieces had more value than the small change pieces.
gland used the 6 pence denomination for these coins, which are not
The second part of the Latin Monetary Union was the interchange-
included in this series.
ability of money within the countries who were signatures to the con-
vention. The original members were France, Switzerland which first
England also each year issued their Maundy 4 pence which is dime
issued a 2 franc in 1850, and Belgium which minted a 50 centimes
size. British colonies and dominions much later had their own 6 pence
denomination in 1866 to the same standard, although they had minted
coins of 19 millimeters including: Australia in 1910; British West Af-
.900 fine dime size coins since 1833.
rica 1913; Union of South Africa 1923; Southern Rhodesia 1932;
New Zealand in 1933; and Fiji in 1934. The early issues were minted
The Italian crown denomination was the 5 lira, with the 50 centesimi
in sterling and later when the value of silver increased, they debased
first minted in 1861. Spain and Greece later joined the Union with the
there issues to .500 fine.
ENCYCLOPEDIA OF SMALL SILVER COINS - PAGE v

Earlier in 1892 the denomination of pond and 6 pence were used by
the South African Republic and Egypt under British administration
had an Egyptian pound and 6 pence size coin with the denomination
of 2 guerch first dated 1886. Turkey minted coins name lira and 2
piastres.
Two small countries were also on the British standard, using small 6
pence size coins; Danzig - 2 gulden dated 1923 and Lithuania a
litas of 1925. Much earlier Persia under British influence issued large
size toman coins and 500 dinar small coins first in 1879 dated in
Arabic with A. H. dates.
The Maria Theresa thaler or ryal was the standard trade coin of
Portugal - 100 Reis - 1865
Arabia. Two towns of the Hadramaut ordered coins from The Mint,
Birmingham: Tarim with a frozen date AH 1315 (1897 AD) with 12
chomsihs denomination, and Ghurfah AH 1344 (1925 AD), with the
15 chomsihs denomination. Saudi Arabia issued a 1/4 riyal in 1935
while Yemen struck a 1/10 imadi starting in AH 1337 (1918 AD).
Morocco used a crown with the 10 dirhem denomination and a sub-
sidiary 1 dirhem starting in 1882.
The Island of Mauritius using the rupee denomination ordered from
While America was on the dollar standard, Europe with its Latin Mon- the Birmingham mint a 20 cents coinage dated 1877 but with a de-
etary Union and the British Empire with is sterling, other major Em- sign much like the Straits Settlement 10 cents coinage, both .800
pires each had a different rate of exchange and names for their large fine, 18 millimeters and dime size.
and small coins; Austria-Hungary - forint and 10 krajczar first in 1868,
the German Empire - 5 mark crowns and 50 pfennig 19 millimeter One other large trading area existed based on the British Indian ru-
coins first dated 1875 when the Empire was established. Some indi- pee which was subdivided into a 3 rupee coin about 19 millimeters
vidual German States earlier issued billion debased small size coin- and .916 fine first issued by the East India Company dated 1835.
age. Portuguese India issued similar size coinage starting in 1881, Tibet
used coins struck in China made to imitate the Indian Queen Victoria
coinage starting in 1903.
Several East African colonies had similar denominations produced

by the mother country using the rupee standards including; Mombasa
1890, German East Africa 1891 and Italian Somaliland in 1910. East
Africa & Uganda Protectorate in 1906 based their monetary unit on
the Indian rupee with a 25 Cents denomination. Two other countries
were on the rupee standard, but issued 25 cents coins; Ceylon start-
Germany - 50 Pfennig - 1876 ing in 1892 and British North Borneo one year dated 1929. Still in the
rupee trading area, Nepal issued a 4 mohar equal to the rupee and a
small coin with the 2 Mohar denomination in 1912.
So we have been Around The World, starting with the Spanish or

Mexican dollar and its 1/10 dime size coins for the Americas and its
The Empire of All the Russias coined roubles and 10 kopeks from
trading area including the Far East. Off to Europe which had the
1802. Much later when Outer Mongolia was under Russian influ-
largest and longest real standard system - the Latin Monetary Union.
ence, the Leningrad mint struck 10 mongo dime size coins dated
But not all Europe agreed to this standard as each Empire set its
1925. Their crown was called a tugrik.
own standards including; British Empire, German Empire, Austria-
Hungary Empire, Russian Empire, and Dutch, Portuguese along with
the smaller but equally strong Scandinavian standard. And then to
India where we see the rupee standard used by East African coun-
tries and islands on the trade routes to India.
Having completed this catalogue and compiled most of the anthol-

ogy, it is now quite clear that these little silver pieces have a very
interesting history, if only they could talk. Read the FOOTNOTES as
each has a little story to tell.
Denmark - 1874 - 25 re
The Kings, Queens and National Heroes which are portrayed or listed
on the coins, were each colorful in themselves. Their brief biogra-
phies and photos may interest you in reading more about their lives.
The Scandinavian Monetary Union was established to set com- Conventions, notations and abbreviations for each type of dime size
mon weights and denominations for Sweden, Norway and Denmark silver coin are now explained. Yeoman type number from one of the
in 1873 based on a 5 krone crown with 25 re the small silver de- earlier type catalogs - A Catalogue of Modern World Coins, by R. S.
nomination. The Netherlands used as the basis of their monetary Yeoman, 1st Edition 1957, through 11th Edition, 1974, were the ini-
system a gulden with the 25 cents starting in 1848, a slightly larger tial basis for determining separate listings, beginning about 1850
piece but of reduced fineness of .640. The 1/4 gulden denomination through 1970. After determining the mint of origin, they were later
was used by their colonies of Netherlands East Indies starting in subdivided and presented alphabetically by mint. Sub-types as iden-
1854, Curacao by 1900 and more recently Netherlands Antilles be- tified by a change in mint (or mintmark), Assayer or Engravers ini-
ginning in 1954. Portugal and its former colony of Brazil named their tials or marks, and debasing of the silver content are each listed
crown a milreis and the small silver coins 100 reis. separately.
ENCYCLOPEDIA OF SMALL SILVER COINS - PAGE vi

The KM numbers from the Standard Catalog of World Coins, by Following all of the above are FOOTNOTE: remarks, usually short
Chester L. Kause & Clifford Mishler, have been included as a refer- paragraphs of some historical facts. Others are of biographical sum-
ence number and special reference numbers are cross referenced. mary of the portrait shown on the obverse, and intermixed are nu-
Mintages from mint reports or specialized works have been com- mismatic footnotes about the particular issue or coinage standards
piled not to show the current rarity, but to compare the number of of the country. Most footnotes are excerpts from contemporary pub-
coins issued annually with the population of a country from time to lications printed only a few years after the dates of the coins. The
time. When the mintage is not listed, it is noted as u/m for unre- editing has been limited to eliminating much duplication of facts, cer-
ported mintage, when two years or two types of issues are com- tain religious descriptions, and war or military details. Where pos-
bined into one reported mintage, the quantity is listed by the first sible the footnotes have been included to describe the time and his-
date and the other listing refers to i/a for included above or in- tory of the people who might have used the coinage in everyday life.
cluded with _ _ _ _.
The world was much smaller and travel extremely slow only a hun-
At the top of each listing is the country and government at the time, dred or so years ago. A dime quite often represented all or a great
i.e. Kingdom or Republic, etc. and below the mint city. Most large part of a days work. It would buy a meal, an evenings entertainment
countries with coinage from several national or foreign mints have and a few would buy an old coin for anyone who started collecting
been arranged in mint city order, alphabetically, then date order within Modern Dime Size Silver Coins of the World, a century ago, as shown
mint. Single mint countries and a few countries in which most coin- by the illustrations from The Scotts Catalogue of 1893. (Catalog price
age was struck by only one mint except for a few intervening years, 50 cents, post free).
have been kept in chronological order for simplicity. In most cases
the first footnote lists the mint cities and arrangement for each coun-
try, colony or issuing state.
Denomination, the millimeter size, the silver fineness expressed in a

1000 decimal, and the weight in grams are listed in the heading.
Following the heading data, the AD date is listed for each year this
type was minted unless frozen dates pertain. If the date is presented
in brackets, this date represents a conversion to AD date from the
coin date which is identified by designation; AH = Hegira or Arabic
dates, SE = Samvat Era. Chinese or Japanese numbers or other
United States of America
dating systems, are explained in the Footnotes. Next to the dates ONE DIME - 1796
are full mintages and some rarity notations where the date listed
should be identified as such. To the right specialized numbering sys-
tems have been noted in order to compare specific coin listings with
national catalogues. Few listings of overdates or varieties have been An effort like this requires the encouragement and assistance of many
included except in some of the footnotes. people. My thanks are extended to the outstanding numismatists who
first gave me direction and encouragement, when the manuscript
The illustrations of dime size silver coins are shown in a few cases was beginning to be written; The late Dr. John Davenport, the late
as 1 to 1. All the coins with black backgrounds were scanned with a Maurice Gould, the late John J. Pittman, Mrs. Margo Russell and the
20 MM background and enlargements a little over 4X to fit the page. late A.M. Kagan, Chet Krause and Cliff Mishler.
Some illustrations with white backgrounds were copied from a photo.
Special thanks are also extended to the people who added their nu-
The description of each coin follows with the OV: to denote the mismatic knowledge, along the way; with the special help of Alex
obverse or front. The arrow is shown to identify the die direction. All Radichevich who proof read the first computer draft and lent coins
non English legends and inscription have first been detailed as shown for scanning, Jacinto Diaz, who also provided coins from his collec-
on the coin, then initials and abbreviations translated into full words, tion. Thanks to Francis D. Campbell, American Numismatic Society
followed in brackets by a translation into English. The slash is used Librarian, for research and Marvin L. Fraley, Numismatics Interna-
to denote a separate line of the inscription, one under the other start- tional Editor who first published this introduction in their journal.
ing at the top or center. The capitalized word DATE denotes the AD
date or native date as shown in Arabic or characters for the year as I am indebted to Yasser M. Kattan, who provided the arabic transla-
shown on the coinage. For one year types the actual date is listed in tions, while a graduate student at Florida Atlantic University, before
the description. returning to Saudi Arabia. The final statement of gratitude goes to
Dr. Alan K. Craig, Ph.D. who without his expert knowledge of numis-
The notation RV: preceded with the or die direction arrow starts matics and keen interest in seeing this publication finished, assisted
a similar description of the reverse or back of the coin. EDGE: Reeded with the early editing. And also a special thanks to Stan Klein, nu-
or Plain (a few older coins have diagonal reeding noted as /////, and mismatist for assisting with the CD-rom and Steve Schor, numisma-
safety edges or edge lettering) are noted under this heading. MINT: tist for editing this Edition.
(no mintmark) = PHILADELPHIA means this type of listings was
minted as noted without any mintmark. If a mintmark such as H is Starting on October 15th 2007, the files of the Second Edition were
listed and noted as = THE MINT, BIRMINGHAM,LTD. by looking at posted as a Free E-book, with printer restrictions, on the Internet.
the obverse or reverse description the location of the mintmark will Each chapter is downloadable to a hard drive or bookmarked. The
be shown in bold type in the sequence of the description with the Internet publication met with great success. Interest came from
(mintmark) next to it. This helps differentiate between mintmark, numismatists from around the world.
assayer or designers initials which appear on the coinage.
DESIGNER:, ENGRAVER:, and or ASSAYER: listed with the initials

are shown as they appear on the coinage, i.e. Costa Rica Y-14 of Roger deWardt Lane
1887, CB = Charles Barber, the designer and GW = Guillermo Wit- Hollywood, Florida
ting, the assayer of the San Jose mint. POPULATION: denotes the June 30, 2008
population of the country at the year as indicated and many times
the inhabitants of the capital or mint city are noted.
ENCYCLOPEDIA OF SMALL SILVER COINS - PAGE vii

Modern Dime Size Silver Coins of the World
AFGHANISTAN
====================================================================== ======================================================================
AFGHANISTAN, KINGDOM of
KABUL MINT
======================================================================
1 QIRAN 18MM .916 FINE 4.6 GRAMS
======================================================================
(1891) AH 1308 u/m HH-5A

(1892) 1309 u/m HH-5B
(1893) 1310 u/m HH-5B
OV: i at top, TOUGHRA-I-KHORASONEE / legend

(AMIR ABDUL RAHMAN) within wheat wreath.
RV: i at top, MIHRAB and MONBER (the emblem of

Afghanistan) / KABUL / arabic DATE, within wheat wreath.
EDGE: Reeded
MINT: Legend = KABUL
REFERENCE: Y-9.2, KM-804
FOOTNOTE: All the listed coins for Afghanistan were minted by the
Kabul mint, listings are chronological from 1891 to 1919 AD. The HH
reference refers to Hamim Hamidi who assigned a number to each
date.
FOOTNOTE: Abdul-Ur-Rahman, Khan (1830-1901), Ameer of Af-

ghanistan. In the confusion succeeding the death of his grandfa-
ther, Dost Mohammed in 1863, he supported the pretensions of his AH1313 - 2 - RUPEE - OBVERSE
father, Afzul, against his uncle, Shere Ali, who had been named as
======================================================================
his successor by the late Ameer. The rebellion was at first suc-
cessful, and Abdul-Ur-Rahman was installed as Governor of Balkh,
KABUL MINT
where he showed himself a wise ruler. In 1868 Shere Ali over-
======================================================================
throws his rivals and Abdul-Ur-Rahman took refuge in Russian
2 RUPEE 18.5 MM .916 FINE 4.6 GRAMS
territory, living at Samarcand upon a liberal Russian pension. In
======================================================================
1879 he returned to his old province of Balkh, which had always
been well disposed toward him. Yakub, the son of Shere Ali, who
(1896) AH 1313 u/m
had been set up as Ameer by the English, and then left to shift for
himself, was unable to maintain order, and a new war with the
OV: arabic date AD 1313 / TOUGHRA / legend (AMIR
English was followed by his deposition. Abdul-Ur-Rahman, in July
ABDUL RAHMAN) within wheat wreath tied with ribbon below,
1880, was recognized as Ameer by the leading chiefs and was
within outer circle of pearls.
confirmed by the Anglo-Indian Government, from whom he re-
ceived a subsidy of 160,000 a year and much in the way of
RV: legend (KABUL) / MIHRAB and MONBER /
military equipment. It had been feared from his previous relations
denomination (NEEM RUPYA = 2 rupee), within wheat wreath
with Russia that he would be favorable to Russian designs; but he
tied with ribbon below, within outer circle of pearls.
at once resumed the pro-English policy of his grandfather. He was
an intelligent, well-meaning ruler, of a masterly habit, which stood
EDGE: Reeded
him in good stead in dealing with his half-barbarous people. He
died October 3, 1901, after a brief illness, and was succeeded by
his eldest son Habib Ullah. New International Encyclopedia, 1910.
======================================================================
REFERENCE: Y-9.3, HH-5C, KM-812
POPULATION: Afghanistan - 1895 - 5,000,000 with

capital Kabul with 60,000 inhabitants.
FOOTNOTE: The MIHRAB and MONBER (the emblem of Afghani-

stan) in addition to Minarets are principal features of a Moham-
medan Mosque. In the direction towards Mecca is the MIHRAB, a
recess in the wall to direct the worshipers where to turn their
eyes in prayer, and near this is the MONBER or pulpit. New Cabinet
Cyclopaedia, Philadelphia, 1896.
FOOTNOTE: Arabic numbers can be read as below:

1234567890
Afghan Iightning express
[QRSTUVWXY
ENCYCLOPEDIA OF SMALL SILVER COINS - AFGHANISTAN - PAGE 1
FOOTNOTE: (Continued) Not long after this settlement the British
Resident at Kabul, Sir Louis P. Cavagnari, and the other members
of the mission were treacherously attacked and slain by the Af-
ghans, and troops had again to be sent into the country. Kabul was
again occupied, and Kandahar and Ghazni were also relieved;
while Yakoob Kahn was sent to imprisonment in India. In 1880
Abdul-Ur-Rahman, a grandson of Dost Mohammed, was recog-
nized by the British as Emir of the country, and has since been on
friendly terms with the British, by whom he is subsidized. En-
croachments by the Russians on territory claims by Afghanistan
almost brought about a rupture between Britain and Russia in
1885. Cabinet Cyclopaedia, 1896.
======================================================================
AH1313 - 2 - RUPEE - REVERSE

======================================================================
FOOTNOTE: In 1738 Afghanistan was conquered by the Persians
under Nadir Shah, On his death in 1747 Ahmed Shah, one of his
generals, obtained the sovereignty of Afghanistan, and became
the founder of a dynasty, which lasted about eighty years. At the
end of that time Dost Mohamad, the ruler of Kabul, had acquired a
considerable influence in the country. On account of his dealings
with the Russians the British resolved to dethrone him and restore
Shah Shuja, a former ruler. In April, 1839 a British army under Sir
John Keane entered Afghanistan, occupied Kabul, and placed
Shah Shuja on the throne, a force of 8000 being left to support the
new sovereign. Sir W. MacNaghten remained as Envoy at Kabul,
with Sir Alexander Burnes as Assistant Envoy. The Afghans soon
organized a widespread insurrection, which came to a head on
November 2, 1841, when Burnes and a number of British officers,
besides women and children, were murdered, MacNaghten being
murdered not long after. The other British leaders now made a
treaty with the Afghans, at whose head was Akbar, son of Dost
Mohamad, agreeing to withdraw the forces from the country, while
the Afghans were to furnish them with provisions and escort
them on their way. On 6th January, 1842 the British left Kabul and
began their most disastrous retreat. The cold was intense, they AMIR ABDUL UR RAHMAN
had almost no food - for the treacherous Afghans did not fulfill
their promises - and day after day they were assailed by the FOOTNOTE: AMIR ABDUL RAHAN - On July 21, 1880 during a
enemy. By the 13th 26,000 persons, including camp-followers, period of much internal turmoil, Amir Abdul Rahman, grandson of
women and children, were lost. Some were kept prisoners, but former ruler Dost Mohammed succeeded to the throne of Afganistan.
only one man, Dr. Brydon, reached Jelalabad, which, as well as This was following the murder of British Envoy Major Sir Pierre
Kandahar, was still held by the British troops. In a few months Louis Cavagnari and his whole escort on September 3, 1879 in the
General Pollock, with a fresh army from India, retook Kabul and Bala Hissar which prompted the dispatch of Lt.General Frederick
soon finished the war. Shah Shuja having been assassinated, Roberts to occupy Kabul the following month. With British
Dost Mohammed again obtained the throne of Kabul, and acquired recognization, Amir Abdul Rahman, autocratic, absolute and su-
extensive power in Afghanistan. He died in 1863, having nomi- preme was just the King and ruler Afghanistan needed to stop the
nated his son Shere Ali his successor. Shere Ali entered into rebellion and unify the country and people. As an isolationist, he
friendly relations with the British, but in 1878, having repulsed a kept the door to Afghanistan closed completely to frreign intrigue,
British Envoy and refused to receive a British Mission (a Russian until with much distrust, he invited the British to assist in setting up
Mission being meantime at his Court), war was declared against the first modern mint for Afghanistan, attached to a gun factory
him, and the British troops entered Afghanistan. They met with called Masheenkhana in 1890.
comparatively little resistance; the Ameer fled to Turkestan, where
he soon after died; and his son Yakoob Khan having succeeded
him concluded a treaty with the British (at Gandamak, May, 1879),
in which a certain extension of the British frontier, the control by
British of the foreign policy of Afghanistan, and the residence of a
British envoy in Kabul, were the chief stipulations.

======================================================================
KABUL MINT
======================================================================
1 QIRAN 18.5 MM .916 FINE 4.6 GRAMS
======================================================================
(1897) AH 1314 u/m
OV: i (star) at top, arabic date AH 1314 to right of

TOUGHRA-I-KHORASONEE / legend (Amir Abdul Rahman) within
wheat wreath.
RV: legend (YAK MESQHAL = one mesqhal) above

MIHRAB and MONBER / denomination (YAK QIRAN = one qiran)
within wheat wreath.
EDGE: Reeded
REFERENCE: Y-9.3 HH-5D, KM-817
FOOTNOTE: Afghanistan - A country lying on the northwestern

frontier of India. The surface is generally rugged and mountainous,
but with many fertile and well watered valleys. The climate is
diversified, but usually heathful. Among the agricultural products
are wheat, barley, rice, millet, and Indian corn. The castoroil plant,
madder, and assafetida plant are grown. Large quantities of as- AH 1316 - 2 RUPEE - REVERSE
safetida are annually exported to India. All ordinary fruits, together ============================================================================================================================================
with figs, pomegranate, and almonds, are produced in the greatest AFGHANISTAN, KINGDOM of
abundance; they form the chief food of many of the inhabitants, KABUL MINT
and in a preserved state, enter largely into the exports of the ======================================================================
country. Principal manufactures: felt, carpets, and rosaries. Atlas 1/2 RUPEE 19MM .916 FINE 4.62 GRAMS
of the World, 1896, Rand,McNally Co., Chicago. ======================================================================
FOOTNOTE: AMIR translates as Commander or Lord. (1899) AH 1316 u/m
====================================================================== OV: legend (KABUL) / TOUGHRA-I-KHORASONEE

dividing arabic date AH 13 left, 16 right, arabic legend within
wheat wreath.
RV: MIHRAB and MONBER / crossed cannon and

swords / denomination (NEEM RUPYA = 1/2 rupee) within wheat
wreath tied with ribbon below.
EDGE: Reeded
REFERENCE: Y-9.4, HH-5E, KM-825
FOOTNOTE: Kabul (Cabul), capital of the Kingdom of Afghanistan,

165 miles from the Indian station and fort of Peshawar, 600 from
Herat, and 290 from Canabar. It stands on the Cabul river, at an
elevation of 6400 feet above sea-level. The Citadel, Bala-Hissar,
contains the Palace and other public buildings, the Fort, etc. Cabul
carries on a considerable trade with Hindustan through the Khyber
pass. The population is estimated at 75,000. Cabinet Cyclopaedia,
1895.
FOOTNOTE: Abdul Rahman, Ameer of Afghanistan was the eldest

son of Afzul Khan and nephew of the late Ameer Shere Ali. He
was born about 1830, and received a through economic and politi-
cal training.The International Year Book, 1901, New York.
AH 1316 - 2 RUPEE - OBVERSE FOOTNOTE: the TOUGHRA-I-KHORASONEE was the Royal signa-
ture of Abdul Rahman.

====================================================================== ======================================================================
AFGHANISTAN, KINGDOM of AFGHANISTAN, KINGDOM of
KABUL MINT KABUL MINT
====================================================================== ======================================================================
1 QIRAN 19MM .916 FINE 4.6 GRAMS 2 RUPEE 19.5 MM .916 FINE 4.7 GRAMS
====================================================================== ======================================================================
(1900) AH 1317 u/m rare (1901) AH 1319 u/m rare
OV: legend (KABUL) / legend (AMIR ABDUL OV: i at top, legend (AMIR ABDUL RAHMAN)
RAHMAN) / arabic date to right AH 1317 of TOUGHRA-I- arabic date AH 1319 divided at top of TOUGHRA -
KHORASONEE within wheat wreath. KHORASONEE within wheat wreath.
REV: MIHRAB and MONBER / crossed cannon and RV: i at top, MIHRAB and MONBER / crossed
swords / denomination ( YAK QIRAN = one qiran) within wheat cannon / within wheat wreath.
wreath.
EDGE: Reeded
EDGE: Reeded
MINT: (no mintmark) = KABUL
REFERENCE: Y-9.5, HH-5H, KM-831
REFERENCE: Y-9.4A, HH-5F, KM-825 (reported not
confirmed) FOOTNOTE: Type identified in Standard Catalog of World Coins
1981 Edition. This AH date could have been struck between May
POPULATION: Afghanistan - 1900 - 4,000,000. 20,1901 and October 1, 1901 when Amir Abdul Rahman died.
======================================================================
======================================================================
KABUL MINT
======================================================================
1 QIRAN 19MM .916 FINE 4.6 GRAMS
======================================================================
(1900) AH 1318 u/m rare
OV: i at top, legend (AMIR ABDUL RAHMAN) AH 1320 -1 ABBASI

arabic date AH 1318 to right of TOUGHRA - KHORASONEE
within wheat wreath. ======================================================================
RV: i at top, MIHRAB and MONBER / crossed KABUL MINT
cannon and swords / within wheat wreath. ======================================================================
1 ABBASI 17MM .916 FINE 3.0 GRAMS
EDGE: Reeded ======================================================================
MINT: (no mintmark) = KABUL (1902) AH 1320 u/m rare
REFERENCE: Y-94B, HH-5G, KM-825 (Reported not OV: Legend (AFGHANISTAN) / TOUGHRA / arabic
confirmed) date AH 1320, within wheat wreath.
FOOTNOTE: Amir Abdul Rahman, after twenty one years of suc- RV: MIHRAB and MONBER / denomination (YAK
cessful rule of Afghanistan, died on October 1, 1901 at the Sum- ABBASI = one abbasi) within wheat wreath.
mer Palace Baghi-Bala near Kabul. He was succeeded by his
eldest son Amir Habibullah. EDGE: Reeded
FOOTNOTE: Kabul the capital of Afghanistan, 7000 feet above sea MINT: Legend (AFGHANISTAN) = KABUL
level on the Kabul river is 228 miles north west of Peshawar,
capital of Indias northwest frontier province. The Province of Kabul REFERENCE: Y-15, HH-16A, KM-837
is 100 sq. miles covering the plains of Koh Daiman and Beghram to
the Hindukush mountains of the north, extending to Jelalabad on FOOTNOTE: Currency of Afghanistan - 3 abassi = 1 rupee
the east, to the border of Ghazni on the south, and northwest to
the Pugman Hillsand including the valley of the Upper Kabul river. In FOOTNOTE: Amir Habibullah succeeded to the throne on his fa-
the fertile valley of the Kabul, wheat and barley are raised, and in thers death in 1901 to become a sympathetic and devoted ruler of
the Koh Daiman every kind of fruits. The city of Kabul is situated in Afghanistan. Economic progress continued, including the building
the center of a rich fruit-growing district. It commands passes and of modern roads and buildings and the first electric plant.
strategic routes from the east through the Khyber Pass into India,
from the north through the Hindu Kush range from Russia, and
southwest through Kandahar into Persia (Iran). Kabul manufac-
tures matches, buttons, leather goods, boots, and furniture. Kabul
is the site of the mint where all coinage of Afghanistan is struck.
Through Kabul pass the camel, pony, horse and donkey caravans
trade with central Asia.

====================================================================== ======================================================================
====================================================================== ======================================================================
1 QIRAN 19MM .916 FINE 4.6 GRAMS 1 QIRAN 19MM .916 FINE 4.6 GRAMS
====================================================================== ======================================================================
(1902) AH 1320 u/m HH-15A (1903) AH 1321 u/m

(1907) 1325 u/m HH-15D
OV: Legend (AFGHANISTAN) / legend (AMIR
OV: Legend (AFGHANISTAN) / legend (AMIR HABIBULLAH) / TOUGHRA with arabic date AH 1321 to right,
HABIBULLAH) / TOUGHRA / arabic AH DATE, within wheat within wheat wreath.
wreath.
RV: Divided arabic date AH 1321 at top / denomina-
RV: Divided arabic DATE at top / denomination (YAK tion (YAK QIRAN = One qiran) between date / MIHRAB and
QIRAN = one qiran) between AH DATE / MIHRAB and MONBER / MONBER / crossed cannon and swords within wheat wreath.
crossed cannon and swords within wheat wreath.
EDGE: Reeded
EDGE: Reeded
MINT: Legend (AFGHANISTAN) = KABUL
MINT: Legend (AFGHANISTAN) = KABUL
REFERENCE: Y-16.2, HH-15B, KM-841
TYPE: I - Arabic date between TOUGHRA.
TYPE: II - Arabic date to right of TOUGHRA.
FOOTNOTE: Afghanistan is called Khorassan by the natives. FOOTNOTE: The full title of the Amir of Afghanistan is - His Majesty
Siraj-ul-Millat-Wad-Din Amir Habibullah Kahn. He succeeded to the
FOOTNOTE: Habibullah Kahn (The Beloved of God), Ameer of Af- throne on October 7, 1901.
ghanistan, who succeeded to the title upon the death of his father,
Abdul-Ur-Rahman, on October 3, 1901 was born at Samarcand, in
1872. His mother was the daughter of the Mir (chief) of Badakshan. FOOTNOTE: There are no railroads in the country. Merchandise is
He is allied, through his wives, with several of the important chiefs transported on camel or pony back along seven important trade
of Afghanistan. He is the eldest of the surviving sons of the late routes.
Ameer. From his earliest years he has been thrown into close
relationship with the administration of Afghan affairs, as early as
1888 being introduced with the government of Kabul during the ======================================================================
war with Ishak. Of his two years rule at Kabul his father wrote: I
found he had governed the country wisely, cleverly, and entirely in
accordance with my wished... In 1897, he was placed in control
of the State Treasury, and at the same time was constituted Su-
preme Court of Appeal. One of his first declarations was that of
his purpose to increase the army efficiency, and at the same time
to reduce the tax rate, (Extortion and dishonesty prevail in the
collection of taxes). The International Year Book, 1901, New York.
AH 1328 - 1 ABBASI
======================================================================
KABUL MINT
======================================================================
1 ABBASI 17MM .916 FINE 3.0 GRAMS
======================================================================
(1906) AH 1324 u/m

(1910) 1328 u/m
OV: i at top, legend (AMIR HABIBULLAH, SERAJ

UL-MELETE-WADEEN = Amir Habibullah, The Enlightened of Faith
and Nation) / arabic AH DATE, within wheat wreath.
RV: MIHRAB and MONBER / denomination (YAK

ABBASI = one abbasi) within wheat wreath.
EDGE: Reeded
REFERENCE: Y-22, HH-16B, KM-845

AH 1323 - 1 QIRAN - OBVERSE AH 1323 - 1 QIRAN - REVERSE
====================================================================== ======================================================================
====================================================================== ======================================================================
1 QIRAN 19MM .916 FINE 4.6 GRAMS 1 QIRAN 19MM .916 FINE 4.6 GRAMS
====================================================================== ======================================================================
(1905) AH 1323 u/m (1908) AH 1326 u/m

(1906) 1324 u/m (1911) 1329 u/m
(1909) 1327 u/m
(1910) 1328 u/m OV: i at top, legend (AMIR HABIBULLAH, SERAJ
(1911) 1329 u/m UL-MELETE-WADEEN = Amir Habibullah, The Enlightened of Faith
and Nation) / arabic AH DATE divided below MELAT and SERAJ
OV: i at top, legend (AMIR HABIBULLAH, SERAJ within wreath of wheat.
UL-MELETE-WADEEN = Amir Habibullah, The Enlightened of Faith
and Nation) / arabic AH DATE divided below Melat and Seraj, RV: Divided arabic DATE with denomination between
within wreath of wheat. DATE (YAK QIRAN = one qiran) / MIHRAB and MONBER, with
crest of inverted pyramid / crossed cannon and swards, within
RV: Divided arabic date AH 1320, denomination wreath of wheat.
between date (YAK QIRAN = one qiran) / MIHRAB and MONBER,
toped by inverted pyramid / crossed cannon and swords, within EDGE: Reeded
wreath of wheat.
EDGE: Reeded
REFERENCE: Y-23A, HH-15E, KM-844
REFERENCE: Y-23, HH-15C, KM-844
POPULATION: Afghanistan - 1910 - Estimated at

5,000,000 with capital Kabul with 150,000 inhabitants.
FOOTNOTE: Cabul, the capital of the province of Cabul, and of the

dominions of the sultan of Afganans, seated near the foot of the
Hindoo-ko on the river Attock, a branch of the Indus. It carries on a
considerable trade, and is considered as the gate of India towards
Tartary. In 1739 Nadir Shah took it by storm, and plundered it of
great treasurers. It is 170 miles N.E. of Candahar. A New Univrsal
Gazetteer, Phila., 1839.

======================================================================
AH 1333 - 1 ABBASI
======================================================================
KABUL MINT
======================================================================
1ABBASI 17MM .916 FINE 3.0 GRAMS
======================================================================
(1911) AH 1329 u/m

(1912) 1330 u/m
(1915) 1333 u/m
(1916) 1334 u/m
(1917) 1335 u/m
(1919) 1337 u/m
OV: i at top, legend (In naskh characters) (AMIR

HABIBULLAH KAHN) / arabic AH DATE, below, within wreath of
wheat tied with ribbon below.
Khyber Pass, between India and
REV: Denomination (YAK ABBASI = one abbasi) / Afghanistan - 1880
MIHRAB and MONBER / crossed cannon, with inner circle with
sun-burst around, within wreath of wheat tied with ribbon
below.
EDGE: Reeded
REFERENCE: Y-28, HH-16C, KM-851
HH = A catalog of Modern Coins of Afghanistan by

Hamim Hamidi, Kabul, 1967.
POPULATION: Afghanistan - 1921 - 6,380,500.
FOOTNOTE: Amir Habibullah was assinated on the night of Febru-

ary 20, 1919, by rebels under the command of his brother Nasrallah.
His third son seized the throne and proclaimed himself King, shortly
to be followed by a war of Independence from Great Britain. Inde-
pendence was recognized on November 22, 1921.
On the road to Candahar
Travel by camel
ARGENTINA
====================================================================== ======================================================================
1883 -10 CENTAVOS - OBVERSE 1883 - 10 CENTAVOS - REVERSE

====================================================================== ======================================================================
ARGENTINA, REPUBLIC of
BUENOS AIRES MINT FOOTNOTE: The Republic of Argentina produced only one type of
====================================================================== dime size silver coinage in 1881-83 minted at Buenos Aires. Cur-
10 CENTAVOS 18MM .900 FINE 2.5 GRAMS rency of Argentina - 100 centavos = 1 peso
======================================================================
FOOTNOTE: In 1881 a new law attempted to set up bimetallism at
1881 1,020 GC-180 rare the already out-of-date ratio of 15.5 to 1 (equal to the French 5
1882 778,131 CC-185 francs of 25 grams 0.900 fine); this was not successful, although
1883 2,785,650 GC-192 the country did attain a brief interlude in 1883-84 when paper
money was convertible to gold, only to be followed by a return to
OV: Arms of the Republic, REPUBLICA ARGENTINA inconvertible paper money again. Silver Money, D. Leavens,
(Republic of Argentina) around / n DATE n below. Bloomington, Ind.,1939.
RV: Liberty Head, with Liberty Cap, facing left, ======================================================================

n LIBERTAD n (Liberty) above / OUDINE under bust / 10 CENT
os (centovos) \ n Dos \ FINO, below.
EDGE: Reeded
MINT: (no mintmark) = BUENOS AIRES
DESIGNER: OUDINE = Eugene Andre Oudine,

1810-87
POPULATION: Argentina - 1890 - 2,026,000. By 1900

the population increased to 4,794,149 with 836,381
inhabitants in Buenos Aires the capital.
REFERENCE: Y-3, KM-1
GC = Catagolo De La Moneda Metalica Argentina by

Jose Maria Gonzales Conde, Buenos Aires, 1970
FOOTNOTE: The Arms of the Republic of Argentina: An oval shield
party per fess, in chief azure liberty cap on a pole supported by
two hands on base argent; crest, sun.
ENCYCLOPEDIA OF SMALL SILVER COINS - ARGENTINIA - PAGE 8

FOOTNOTE: Eugene Andre Oudine, was born in Paris in 1810. He FOOTNOTE: The typical inhabitants of the Pampas are the Gaucho,
studied under Ingres and was awarded the Prix de Rome in 1831. a race of half-breed cattle-rearers and horse-breakers; they are
He engraved the French 50 centimes depicting the portrait of Ceres almost constinually on horseback. galloping over the plains, col-
in addition to the Liberty Head on the coinage of Argentina of 1881- lecting their herds and droves, taming wild horses, or catching and
83. He died in 1887. slaughtering cattle. In such occupation they require a marvelous
dexterity in the use of the lasso and bolas. Cabinet Cyclopaedia,
1896.
Victoria Plaza, Buenos Aires

FOOTNOTE: The early period of Argentine development was
marked by a conflict between the provinces and Buenos Aires
with the provinces favoring a Federal form of government and the
later unitarian and centralistic. First organized as the United Prov-
inces of the River Plata in 1826, then the Cisplatine Province be-
came the independent Republic of Uruguay in 1828 after a short
war with Brazil. The Argentine Confederation was ruled for twenty
years by strongman Juan Manuel Rosas. Defeated decisively by Avenue of Palms, Buenos Aires
Justo Jos Urquiza, the governor of Entre Rios Province in 1852,
Rosas left for exile in England where he died in 1877. Urquiza
FOOTNOTE: Argentina - Sheep and cattle were formerly raised
declared a general amnesty and introduced a federal constitu-
almost entirely for wool, hides, and tallow. The meat was thrown
tional government which in 1860 was designated, Argentine Na-
away. It was not till 1882 that great factories were built for freez-
tion. Trouble had developed in Entre Rios, where Urquiza the
ing mutton and beef so that it might be carried across the tropics to
defeated Presidential candidate, was again Governor. Lopez Jor-
the European market. Sheep cost about $2 a piece, weight dresses
dan, an ambitious and unscrupulous army officer on the night of
from thirty pounds (lamb) to seventy pounds (mutton), and cost 1
April 11, 1870, entered the Governors Palace with a band of ruffi-
to 2 cents a pound freightage to London, where the retail price is
ans and murdered General Urquiza in cold blood. Three days later
ten cents a pound. Commercial Geography, Cyrus C.Adams,N.Y.,
he was elected Governor of Entre Rios in Urquizas place. Yellow
1912.
fever broke out in Buenos Aires in 1871 with most of its three
hundred thousand inhabitants fleeing to adjoining sections. Thirty
thousand died in five months with industry and commerce virtually
at a standstill in the capital. In 1878 and 1879 new lands were
opened to settlement in the northern part of Patagonia resulting
from campaigns waged against the Indians under Julio Roca, Min-
ister of War. Roca a candidate for President in 1880, with the
majority of the electrical vote, had to defend his position and take
Buenos Aires, which after this period became the Federal Capital
of the Republic of Argentina, with the Province of Buenos Aires
moving to a new seat of government at La Plata. New Cabinet
Cyclopaedia, Phila.,1896.
======================================================================
The wharves of Buenos Aires
Gaucho on the Pampas Cape Horn, Tierra del Fuego Islands
ENCYCLOPEDIA OF SMALL SILVER COINS - ARGENTINIA - PAGE 9

AUSTRALIA
====================================================================== ======================================================================
1942 D - SIXPENCE - OBVERSE 1942 D - SIXPENCE - REVERSE

====================================================================== ======================================================================
AUSTRALIA, COMMONWEALTH of
DENVER MINT FOOTNOTE: The listings for Australia are presented by mints in
====================================================================== alphabetical order; Denver, London, Melbourne, San Francisco
6 PENCE 19.3 MM .925 FINE 2.83 GRAMS and Sydney. The first sixpence were shipped from London in
====================================================================== 1910. The Royal Mint, London continued to supply the Common-
wealth with coinage until 1916 when the Melbourne branch mint,
1942 12,000,000 which up to this time had been striking only Gold, started to strike
1943 8,000,000 subsidiary coinage. At the same time from 1912-26 the Sydney
branch mint also struck the sixpence coins and as both issues
OV: Crowned head of GEORGE VI, facing left were without mintmark, only the 1922 date can be identified as
GEORGIVS VI D:G:BR:OMN:REX F:D:IND:IMP: (George VI Dei from the Sydney mint. During World War II the American mints of
Gratia Britanniarum Omnium Rex Fidei Defensor Imperator = Denver and San Francisco produced coins for Australia. London
George VI by the grace of, God King of all the Britains, Defender again produced a large issue dated 1951, the only time the Royal
of the Faith, Emperor of India) around / H P under bust. Mint of London has used a mintmark PL in recent times. All six-
pence were again struck at the Melbourne mint as long as silver
RV: Arms / Motto: ADVANCE AUSTRALIA on scroll, was used for the small coinage with the last issue dated 1963.
SIXPENCE, above / D (mintmark) / DATE below.
EDGE: Reeded
MINT: D = DENVER
DESIGNER: (obv) H P = Thomas Hugh Paget

(rev) = W.H.J.Blakemore
FOOTNOTE: The Commonwealth Coat of Arms of Australia was

granted in May 1908 by King Edward VII. It consists of an ermine
bordered shield the Cross of St. George at the center and four
seven pointed stars thereon. The shield is supported by a kanga-
roo, left and emu, right, standing upon a grassy field. Above the
shield is a torse surmounted by a seven pointed Commonwealth
Star. Below is a banner bearing the motto ADVANCE AUSTRA-
LIA. The Arms of Australia, date from an early banner of 1805.
Melbourne in 1840
ENCYCLOPEDIA OF SMALL SILVER COINS - AUSTRALIA - PAGE 10
Government House - 1892
======================================================================
1910 - SIXPENCE - OBVERSE

======================================================================
LONDON MINT
======================================================================
6 PENCE 19MM .925 FINE 2.83 GRAMS
======================================================================
1910 3,046,635
OV: Crowned head of EDWARD VII, facing right

EDWARDVS VII D:G:BRITT:OMN:REX F:D:IMP: (Edward VII Dei
Gratia Britanniarum Omnium Rex Fidei Defensor Imperator =
Edward VII by the grace of God, King of all the Britains,
Defender of the Faith, Emperor of India) around / DES. under
bust / (dot) below.
RV: Arms / Motto: ADVANCE AUSTRALIA on scroll,

SIXPENCE, above / 1910 below.
Murray and Darling Rivers - 1892 EDGE: Reeded
======================================================================
MINT: (no mintmark) = Royal Mint, LONDON
FOOTNOTE: King Edward VIII when he abdicated to marry the
American Mrs. Wallis Warfield Simpson, requested his brother, DESIGNER: (obv) DES. = George William DeSaulles
when he became King George VI to have Paget design his coin- (rev) = W.H.J.Blakemore
age. The H P mark appears on the coins of King George VI of
Australia, Canada, Great Britain, and New Zealand. The Dominican REFERENCE: Y-2, KM-19
Republic 10 centavos Y-17 with the Arawak Indian liberty head
was the work of Paget as many commemorative coins during this FOOTNOTE: The English began colonization of Australia in 1787 by
period. Iraq 20 fils Y-17 with portrait of King Faisal II facing right transporting to Botany Bay a number of convicts. Gold was dis-
was prepared from a portrait by Paget which the young King covered in 1851 which brought in many settlers. The Common-
commissioned when he was a student at Harrow. In 1958 the wealth of Australia was founded in 1900 with six states; New
young King, the Crown Prince of Iraq and almost the whole Royal South Wales, Tasmania, Victoria, Queensland, South Australia and
Family were murdered during a military coup in Iraq. The famous Western Australia. The 1910 issue was a one year type as the
designer died at the age of 81 in 1974. coin minted in London with the bust of King Edward VII had to be
sent half way around the world by ship. The King had died before
FOOTNOTE: Australia, meaning The South from the Latin, Austra- the coins reached Australia.
lis = Southern.
FOOTNOTE: The obverse design of the EDWARD VII sixpence
FOOTNOTE: F:D: in the inscription are initials for Defender of the was designed by the Chief Engraver at the Royal mint, George
Faith granted to Henry VIII by Pope Leo X in 1521. The BR:OMN: in William DeSaulles.
the inscription abbreviated from the Latin - BRITANNIARUM OM-
NIUM (of all the Britains).

1910 - SIXPENCE - REVERSE 1951 PL - SIXPENCE - REVERSE
====================================================================== ======================================================================
AUSTRALIA, COMMONWEALTH of AUSTRALIA, COMMONWEALTH of
LONDON MINT LONDON MINT
====================================================================== ======================================================================
6 PENCE 19MM .925 FINE 2.83 GRAMS 6 PENCE 19MM .500 FINE 2.83 GRAMS
====================================================================== ======================================================================
1911 1,000,000 1951 20,024,000

1912 1,600,000
1914 1,800,000 OV: Crowned head of GEORGE VI, facing left
GEORGIVS VI D:G:BR:OMN:REX F:D:IND:IMP: (George VI Dei
OV: Crowned head of GEORGE V, facing left Gratia Britanniarum Omnium Rex Fidei Defensor Imperator =
GEORGIVS V D.G.BRITT:OMN:REX F.D.IND:IMP: (George V Dei George VI by the grace of God, King of all the Britains, Defender
Gratia Britanniarum Omnium Rex Fidei Defensor Imperator = of the Faith, Emperor of India) around / H P under bust.
George V by the grace of God, King of all the Britains, Defender
of the Faith, Emperor of India) around B.M. on truncation / (dot) RV: Arms / Motto: ADVANCE AUSTRALIA on scroll,
below. SIXPENCE, above, PL (mintmark) / 1951 below.
RV: Arms / Motto: ADVANCE AUSTRALIA on scroll, EDGE: Reeded

SIXPENCE, above / DATE below.
MINT: PL = Royal Mint, LONDON
EDGE: Reeded
MINT: (no mintmark) = Royal Mint, LONDON (rev) = W.H.J.Blakemore
DESIGNER: (obv) B.M.= Sir Edgar Bertram MacKennal REFERENCE: Y-25, KM-45
FOOTNOTE: Proof sixpence dated 1951 were struck at London.
FOOTNOTE: The PL mintmark for the Royal mint in London was
POPULATION: Australia - 1911 - 4,455,005, capital first used in Roman times; PECUNIA LONDINII (Money of London) or
Canberra, with Melbourne, the seat of government PECUSSA LONDINIO (Struck at London).
with 591,830 inhabitants.
FOOTNOTE: Sir Edgar Bertram MacKennal - Australian sculptor
FOOTNOTE: A 1911 proof sixpence was minted at London. Edgar Bertram MacKennal was born in Melbourne in 1863 and
Knighted in 1921. He was the first artist who had his design ac-
FOOTNOTE: The Royal mint, London struck many dime size silver cepted by the Royal mint following the improvements in 1902 which
coins for the British colonies, all without mintmarks, except the made it unnecessary for coinage dies to be engraved by hand. His
1951 Australian sixpence which shows a mintmark of PL. This designs were used for the coinage of King George V as seen on
makes this type a unique coin for this series. the Maundy four pence of Great Britain, the sixpence of Australia,
10 cents of Canada and Newfoundland, British Honduras and
Straits Settlements and the 25 cents of Ceylon. He died October
1931.

======================================================================
MELBOURNE MINT
======================================================================
======================================================================
1916 1,769,000
1917 1,632,000
1918 915,000 rare
1919 1,520,773
1920 1,476,000
OV: Crowned head of GEORGE V, facing left

GEORGIVS V D.G.BRITT:OMN:REX F.D.IND:IMP: (George V Dei
of the Faith, Emperor of India) around B.M. on truncation / (dot)
below.

SIXPENCE, above / DATE / M (mintmark) below.
EDGE: Reeded
MINT: M = MELBOURNE
DESIGNER: (obv) B.M. = Sir Edge Bertram MacKennal

1928 - SIXPENCE - REVERSE
=====================================================================
REFERENCE: Y-10, KM-25 AUSTRALIA, COMMONWEALTH of
MELBOURNE MINT
TYPE: I - M mintmark under DATE. ======================================================================
FOOTNOTE: 25 proof sixpence dated 1916 were struck at the ======================================================================
Melbourne mint.
1921 2,633,000
FOOTNOTE: The Melbourne mint opened June 12, 1872 as a branch 1923 206,000
of the Royal mint. It struck only gold sovereigns and half sover- 1924 618,000
eigns until 1916 when it started to mint most of the coinage then 1925 2,174,000
current in Australia. 1926 3,404,000
1927 3,592,040
1928 2,721,000
1934 1,024,000
1935 392,000
1936 1,800,000

FOOTNOTE: Melbourne, Capital of the colony of Victoria, on the
Yarra-Yarra, about 2 miles from Port Phillip Bay. Melbourne was
of the Faith, Emperor of India) around B.M. on truncation /
founded in 1836 during the premiership of Lord Melbourne, after
(dot) below.
whom it was named. The city and its suburbs occupy an exten-
sive area, which is mostly hilly or undulating, with the Yarra wind-
ing through it. The city proper, on the north bank of the Yarra, being
the central and most important business part of the whole. Here
the principle streets are about a mile long and 99 feet wide, and run
EDGE: Reeded
at right angles to one another, being lined with handsome and
substantial edifices. Among them the most remarkable are the
MINT: (no mintmark) = MELBOURNE
Houses of Parliament, the Treasury, the Law-court, the free li-
brary; the mint, a very handsome quadrangle; the University, the
TYPE: II - no mintmark
Town Hall, and numerous churches,etc. The shipping trade is large,
both in export and import, the chief of the former being wool, of the
DESIGNER: (obv) B.M. = Sir Edge Bertram MacKennal
latter manufactured goods. New Cabinet Cyclopaedia, Phila., 1896.
FOOTNOTE: An improved type of reducing machine introduced
around 1902, made it unnecessary for dies to be engraved by
hand and allowed the Royal mint to accept the work of artists who
FOOTNOTE: All dates 1921-1926 except 1922 sixpence were
were not engravers. The George V design of Sir Edgar Bertram
minted in both Melbourne and Sydney without mintmark. Proofs
MacKennal was one of these early designs from the eminent Aus-
dated 1921, 1924, 1926, 1927, 1934 and 1936 were struck at the
tralian sculptor.
Melbourne mint.

Australian sheep
======================================================================
FOOTNOTE: Thomas Hugh Paget - British coin designer Thomas
Hugh Paget was born in 1893 and received his training at Londons
Central School of Arts and Crafts. Later he studied at the Royal
Academy Schools with a Landseer Scholarship. He was commis-
1938 - SIXPENCE - OBVERSE sioned first by the Royal mint in 1935 to sculpt a portrait of the
Prince of Wales for a commemorative medal. Impressed by Pagets
====================================================================== likeness, the Prince asked that he join other artists in a competition
AUSTRALIA, COMMONWEALTH of for his new coins after his accension to the throne as King Ed-
MELBOURNE MINT ward VIII. Paget's design was chosen for the new coinage and a
====================================================================== full set of patterns were prepared, but never issued after the King
6 PENCE 19MM .925 FINE 2.83 GRAMS abdicated in 1936. The direction of the head of King Edward VIII
====================================================================== caused Paget to prepare a double set of dies, as tradition indicated
that the Kings portrait should face the opposite direction from his
1938 2,864,000 predecessor. King George V faced left, however King Edward VIII
1939 1,600,000 had changed the part in his hair from right to left earlier and felt his
1940 2,512,000 likeness should face left.
1941 3,264,000
1942 7,704,000 FOOTNOTE: Melbourne - In 1835 John Batman, an Englishman,
1945 10,096,000 sailed up the Yarra River and bought from the native chief an area
of more than one thousand square miles of land, for which he paid
OV: Crowned head of GEORGE VI, facing left a few dollars worth of flour, sugar, glass beads, and other of
GEORGIVS VI D:G:BR:OMN:REX F:D:IND:IMP: (George VI Dei those trinkets always so beautiful in the eyes of savages. Batman
Gratia Britanniarum Omnium Rex Fidei Defensor Imperator = at once went to Tasmania to raise a band of colonists to go back
George VI by the grace of God, King of all the Britains, Defender and colonize the land he had purchased. By the time he had re-
of the Faith, Emperor of India) around / H P under bust. turned, to the present site of Melbourne, he found that possession
had already been taken by a John Faukner, who records tell us
RV: Arms / Motto: ADVANCE AUSTRALIA on scroll, made the first permanent settlement, bringing with him five men,
SIXPENCE, above / DATE / M (mintmark) below. two horses, two pigs, one cat, and three kangaroo dogs. The
colony grew rapidly and only four years after its founding, it could
EDGE: Reeded boast seventy shops and three thousand people. In addition, their
first ship with a cargo of four hundred bales of wool had been
MINT: M = MELBOURNE sent to London. The city is carefully laid out, a mile and a half
square, with broad regular avenues and generous parks. By 1892
DESIGNER: (obv) H P = Thomas Hugh Paget the population was more than three hundred and sixty thousand.
(rev) = W.H.J.Blakemore Yarra-Yarra, the river upon which the city is built, is a small river,
navigable only to Port Melbourne, two and a half miles below the
REFERENCE: Y-17, KM-38 city proper. Stories of Australasia by Mara Pratt, Boston 1892.
POPULATION: Australia - 1940 - 6,630,615
FOOTNOTE: 1938 proof mintage 250 from the Melbourne mint.

======================================================================
MELBOURNE MINT
======================================================================
======================================================================
1946 10,024,000
1948 7,824,000
OV: Crowned head of GEORGE VI, facing left

GEORGIVS VI D:G:BR: OMN: REX F:D: IND: IMP: (George VI Dei
George VI by the grace of God, King of all the Britains, Defender
of the Faith, Emperor of India) around / H P under bust.

EDGE: Reeded

REFERENCE: Y-17a, KM-38a

1953 - SIXPENCE - OBVERSE
===================================================================== ======================================================================
AUSTRALIA, COMMONWEALTH of AUSTRALIA, COMMONWEALTH of
MELBOURNE MINT MELBOURNE MINT
====================================================================== ======================================================================
====================================================================== ======================================================================
1950 10,272,000 1953 1,152,000

1951 13,760,000 1954 7,672,000
1952 2,112,000
Ov: Head of ELIZABETH II, facing right
OV: Crowned head of George VI, facing left +ELIZABETHIIDIAGRATIAREGINA (+Elizabeth II, by the grace
GEORGIVS VI D:G:BR:OMN:REX FIDEI DEF. (George VI Dei Gratia of God Queen) around M G on trunction.
Britanniarum Omnium Rex Fidei Defensor Imperator = George VI
by the grace of God, King of all the Britains, Defender of the RV: Arms / Motto: ADVANCE AUSTRALIA on scroll,
Faith) around / H P under bust. SIXPENCE, above / DATE below.
RV: Arms / Motto: ADVANCE AUSTRALIA on scroll, EDGE: Reeded

EDGE: Reeded
DESIGNER: (obv) M G = Mrs. Mary Gillick
MINT: (no mintmark) = MELBOURNE (rev) = W.H.J.Blakemore
DESIGNER: (obv) H P = Thomas Hugh Paget REFERENCE: Y-31, KM-52

FOOTNOTE: In 1949 the legend on the obverse was changed to

eliminate IND:IMP: (INDIA IMPERATOR = Emperor of India) when
India became independent. Australian kangaroo
1953 - SIXPENCE - REVERSE 1959 - SIXPENCE - OBVERSE
====================================================================== ======================================================================
MELBOURNE MINT
======================================================================
======================================================================
1955 14,248,000
1956 7,904,000
1957 12,584,000
1958 16,648,000
1959 11,728,000
1960 18,592,000
1961 9,152,000
1962 44,816,000
1963 25,056,000
OV: Head of ELIZABETH II, facing right

+ELIZABETHIIDIAGRATIAREGINA F:D: (+Elizabeth II Dia Gratia
Regina Fidei Defensor = +Elizabeth II, by the grace of God
Queen, Defender of the Faith) around M G on trunction.
Transporting wool RV: Arms / Motto: ADVANCE AUSTRALIA on scroll,

======================================================================
EDGE: Reeded
FOOTNOTE: Mrs. Mary Gillick, Chelsea artist and sculptor at age
71 had her first design accepted for the 1953 coinage showing MINT: (no mintmark) = MELBOURNE
Queen ELIZABETH II facing right in a youthful portrait.
DESIGNER: (obv) M G = Mrs. Mary Gillick
Collecting Australian Coins by Tom Hanley and Bill

Jones, Sydney 1970.
Rennick Australian Coins and Banknote Guide by

Don H. Skinner, South Australia, 1974.
FOOTNOTE: The 1959 sixpence illustrated is from a proof set.

1959 - SIXPENCE - REVERSE 1943 S - SIXPENCE - OBVERSE
====================================================================== ======================================================================
FOOTNOTE: Proof sets each with a silver sixpence were issued SAN FRANCISCO MINT
by the Melbourne mint with the following mintages: ======================================================================
6 PENCE 19.3 MM .925 FINE 2.83 GRAMS
1955 - 1,200 ======================================================================
1956 - 1,500
1957 - 1,256 1942 4,000,000
1958 - 1,506 1943 4,000,000
1959 - 1,506 1944 4,000,000
1960 - 1,509
1961 - 1,506 OV: Crowned head of GEORGE VI, facing left
1962 - 2,016 GEORGIVS VI D:G:BR:OMN:REX F:D:IND:IMP: (George VI Dei
1963 - 2,000 Gratia Britanniarum Omnium Rex Fidei Defensor Imperator =
George VI by the grace of God, King of all the Britains, Defender
====================================================================== of the Faith, Emperor of India) around / H P under bust.

SIXPENCE, above / S (mintmark) / DATE below.
EDGE: Reeded
MINT: S = SAN FRANCISCO

REFERENCE: Y-17 KM-38
Domestic and Foreign Coins Manufactured by the

United States 1793-1970 - U. S. Govt. Printing Office,
Washington,D.C., 1972.
FOOTNOTE: The issue of 1944 was the last year the sixpence of
Australia was minted in sterling silver. The standard for sterling
silver consists of thirty seven-fortieths of fine silver and thee
fortieths of alloy and is denoted .925 fine.
Australian emu
1943 S - SIXPENCE - REVERSE 1922 - SIXPENCE - REVERSE
====================================================================== ======================================================================
SYDNEY MINT
======================================================================
======================================================================
1921 1,164,000
1922 1,488,000
1923 1,248,000
1924 420,000
1925 1,092,000
1926 204,000

Australia today Gratia Britanniarum Omnium Rex Fidei Defensor Imperator =
====================================================================== George V by the grace of God, King of all the Britains, Defender
of the Faith, Emperor of India) around B.M. on truncation / (dot)
FOOTNOTE: The sixpence of Australia were minted by five mints; below.
London, Melbourne and Sydney, Denver and San Francisco. Dur-
ing the period of issue 1910-1963 the total mintage produced by all RV: Arms / Motto: ADVANCE AUSTRALIA on scroll,
these mints was 363,147,448 coins. The output of coinage from SIXPENCE, above / DATE below.
London totaled 58,070,635 including the large striking dated 1951
of over 20,000,000 sixpence. The majority of the coins were struck EDGE: Reeded
by the Melbourne mint starting in 1916, with the last issue 1963
with a total mintage of 267,460,813 sixpence. The Sydney mint MINT: (no mintmark) = SYDNEY
which only issued these coins for six years 1921 through 1926
recorded production of only 5,616,000 sixpence and only the 1922 TYPE: II - no mintmark
dated sixpence can be identified as from this mint with mintage of
1,488,000 as the coins were minted at the same time at Melbourne DESIGNER:(obv) B.M. = Sir Edge Bertram MacKennal
without mint marks. During World War II, Australia supplemented (rev) = W.H.J.Blakemore
their own production with coins ordered from the United States
with 20,000,000 sixpence from the Denver mint and 12,000,000 REFERENCE: Y-10, KM-25
sixpence from the San Francisco mint. Subdividing the total pro-
duction into decades, the number of sixpence were: FOOTNOTE: The 1922 sixpence was only minted at Sydney.
1910 - 1919 43,883,408 FOOTNOTE: Sydney, the capital of New South Wales, was founded
1920 - 1929 22.440,040 on January 26, 1788, and so named by Captain Phillip after Tho-
1930 - 1939 7,680,000 mas Townshend, first Lord Sydney, who, as Home Secretary,
1940 - 1949 73,424,000 drew up, in 1786, a scheme for the transportation of convicts to
1950 - 1959 118,104,000 New South Wales. The name Sydney is corrupted from St. Dennis,
1960 - 1963 97,616,000 pronounced in French San-de-knee.

Gold rush miners - 1851
======================================================================
FOOTNOTE: The discovery of gold at Ophir, New South Wales,

in 1851 led to the establishment of a branch of the Royal mint in
Sydney which opened May 14, 1855.
FOOTNOTE: It was in 1851 that some one sent a pan of Australian

sand to Great Britain, to have it examined for gold. Gold was there
and now Australia was important. Up to this time the island pos-
session was just a place to send English convicts. Companies
were organized and within one year eighty thousand were added
to the population of the colony. Stories of Australasia, Mara
Pratt,Boston,1892.
======================================================================
Sydney Townhall - 1892

======================================================================
FOOTNOTE: The city of Sydney is very new in its appearance; it

is only within the last ten of fifteen years that the larger fine-
looking buildings have been erected. The streets in the old part of
town, are narrow and crooked., but are fast being broadened and
straightened. Stories of Australasia, Mara Pratt, Boston,1892.
======================================================================
Sydney waterfront - 1902

======================================================================
FOOTNOTE: Sydney, is situated on the southern shores of Port

Jackson, about 8 miles from the sea. The port of Sydney has
upwards of 23 miles of wharves. On Cockatoo Island are two
large government dry docks. The city is defended by modern forts
and batteries (1910). Manufactures comprise glass, pottery, boots,
shoes, carriages, stoves, tobacco and there are car shops, distill-
eries, and breweries. Within a radius of 100 miles large quantities
of coal are mined for domestic consumption as well as for export.
New Standard Encyclopedia,1910.
Sydney downtown - 1902
AUSTRIA
====================================================================== ======================================================================
AUSTRIA, EMPIRE of
KREMNITZ MINT FOOTNOTE: Francis Joseph I, Emperor of Austria and King of
====================================================================== Hungary was born in 1830, the son of Emperor Francis I and
10 KREUZER 18MM .900 FINE 2.5 GRAMS nephew of the Emperor Ferdinand I. The revolution of 1848 com-
====================================================================== pelled Ferdinand I to abdicate and his brother resigning his claims
to the throne in favor of his own son, the latter was at the early
1853 u/m age of 18 called to rule an empire shaken by civil war. He took part
in the campaign against the Hungarians and was present at the
OV: Laureated head of FRANZ JOSEPH I, facing capture of Raab in June 1849. The Hungarian Constitution was
right, FRANC.IOS.I.D.G.AVSTRIAE IMPERATOR (Franz Joseph I suspended, the absolute authority of the Habsburh Monarchy in
Dei Gratia Austrae Imperator = Francis Joseph I, by the grace of the Austrian Dominions proclaimed, and the Imperial Ministers were
God, Emperor of Austria) around / B (mintmark) under bust. declared responsible only to the Emperor. The absolute regime
was maintained during the first ten years of his reign. It was not till
RV: Crowned double headed eagle with shield, Austria had sustained severe reverses abroad that the system
HVNG.BOH.LOMB.ET.VEN (Hvngariae, Bohemiae, Lombardiae et fell. The demand of Napoleon III that the question of the Lombardo-
Venetiae = Hungary, Bohemia, Lombardy and Venetia) around to Venetian States should be referred to a European conference
right, GAL.LOD.ILL.REX.A.A. (Galiciae, Lodomeriae, Illyriae, Rex being refused, war was declared. The Austrians were defeated
Archidux Avstriae = Galicia, Lodomeria, Illyria, King and at the Battle of Solferino on June 24, 1859 and the Emperor was
Archduke of Austria) around to left, 1853 top to left / 10 for compelled to sign the Treaty of Villafranca, by which all claims to
denomination dividing legend below. Lombardy were resigned. A dispute between Austria and Prussia
as to Schleswig-Holstein led to war between the two nations in
EDGE: Plain 1866. Again the Austrians were defeated and compelled to accept
the North German Confederation under the leadership of Prussia
MINT: B = KREMNITZ (Kormoczbanya) and to give up Venice to Italy. The last minting of 10 kreuzer (Y-10)
from the Venice mint was dated 1865. Issues from Vienna were
REFERENCE: C-206.2, J-293, LH-715 1863 and 1865 for the 10 kreuzer (Y-10) followed by the new
Older portrait with side whiskers of Franz Joseph I in 1867 (Y-
FOOTNOTE: The 10 kreuzer coinage beginning with 1853 are listed 10A). Franz Joseph was declared King (Csaszar) of Hungary in
by mint locations and then dates. Kremnitz with a B mintmark struck 1867. Starting in 1868, the 10 krajczar of Hungary (Y-6 and Y-7)
18 millimeter coins dated 1853 and 1858, Milan mint using an M were minted at Karlburg and Kremintz, with the portrait of Franz
produced this size only during one year 1859, and Venice with a V Joseph. Later issues (Y-10) carried the titles; Francis Joseph I,
mintmark from 1858 thorough 1865. The capital mint at Vienna Emperor of Austria and Apostolic King of Hungary, Croatia, Slovakia,
used the A mintmark with dates from 1852-72 and the last series Delmatia. In 1854 the Emperor had married Elizabeth of Bavaria,
from the Republic 1925-26. who was assassinated in 1898. Misfortune struck earlier by the
suicide of the Crown Prince Rudolph in 1889, depriving him of all
FOOTNOTE: Currency of Austria - 100 kreuzers = 1 florin hope of a direct successor. His nephew Francis Ferdinand be-
come the heir-apparent. The assassination of Francis Ferdinand
FOOTNOTE: Kormoczbanya (german, Kremnitz), an old mining at Saravejo, Bosnia June 28, 1914 precipitated the First World War.
town, in the country of Bars, in Hungary, 158 miles north of Francis Joseph I died after a reign of 68 years in 1916. He was
Budapest by rail. It is situated in a deep valley in the Hungarian Ore succeeded by his Grand-Nephew, Charles Francis Joseph until
Mountains region. Among its principal buildings are the castle and November 12, 1918 when the Republic Oesterreich was estab-
the mint where the celebrated Kremnitz gold duckets were struck. lished, following the cessation of hostilities of the First World War.
The great bulk of the inhabitants find employment in connection A constitution was adopted on November 10 ,1920. The new mon-
with the gold and silver mines, which, though far less productive etary system of the Republic of Austria was based on the schilling
than formerly, still yield considerable quantities of ore. By means of equal to 100 groschen. In 1924 a new design for Austria 2 schilling
a tunnel 9 miles in length, constructed in 1851-52, the water is was struck in proof only with regular circulation strikes dated
drained off from the mines into the Gran. Population in 1880 - 8,552 1925 and 1926 following (Y-67)
mostly Germans. According to tradition, Kormoczbanya was
founded in the 8th century by Saxons. Encyclopedia Britannica
9th & 11 Ed. 1888,1911. FOOTNOTE: See Hungary for Franz Joseph I issues in the Hungar-
ian language struck during the Duel-Monarchy of Austria - Hun-
gary.
FOOTNOTE: On the 4th of June, 1859, was fought the great battle
of Magenta, in which 100,000 French and Sardinians, under Gen-
eral MacMahon, were engaged. The Austrians were defeated,
with the loss of 27,000 men in killed, wounded, and prisoners.
After the battle, Napoleon III Emperor of France and King Victor
Emmanuel of Sardinia entered Milan, where they were welcomed
with the warmest enthusiasm. Napoleon III, published a proclama-
tion to the Italian people, declaring his intention of securing to Italy
nationality and independence; and Victor Emmanuel issued a proc-
lamation to the people of Lombardy, declaring that country united
with Sardinia. Illustrated Universal History by Israel Smith Clare,
Phila.,1881.
Arms of Austrian Empire
ENCYCLOPEDIA OF SMALL SILVER COINS - AUSTRIA - PAGE 20

====================================================================== ======================================================================
AUSTRIA, EMPIRE of .AUSTRIA, EMPIRE of
KREMNITZ MINT MILAN MINT
====================================================================== ======================================================================
10 KREUZER 18MM .500 FINE 2.0 GRAMS 10 KREUZER 18MM .500 FINE 2.0 GRAMS
====================================================================== ======================================================================
1858 1,354 rare 1859 u/m
OV: Head of FRANZ JOSEPH I, facing right,FRANCIS OV: Head of FRANZ JOSEPH I, facing right,
JOSEPH I.V.G.G.KAISER V.OESTERREICH (Franz Joseph I von FRANCIS JOSEPH I.V.G.G.KAISER V.OESTERREICH (Franz
Gottes Gnaden Kaiser von Oesterreich = Francis Joseph I, by Joseph I von Gottes Gnaden Kaiser von Oesterreich = Francis
the grace of God, Emperor of Austria) around. Joseph I, by the grace of God, Emperor of Austria) around.
RV: Crown / 10 / DATE / B (mintmark), SCHEIDE left, RV: Crown / 10 / 1859 / M (mintmark), SCHEIDE left,
MUNZE right, (divided money) short wreath of laurel and willow MUNZE right, (divided money) short wreath of laurel and willow
tied with ribbon below. tied with ribbon below.
EDGE: Reeded EDGE: Reeded
MINT: B = KREMNITZ (Kormoczbanya) MINT: M = MILAN
REFERENCE: Y-10.1, J-325, LH-720 REFERENCE: Y-10.3, J-325, LH-721
FOOTNOTE: Francis Joseph I, was born August 18, 1830, at Vienna, FOOTNOTE: This one year issue from Milan (Lombardy) with the M
the eldest son of Archduke Francis and nephew of Ferdinand I., mintmark dated 1859 was struck before events that marked the
Emperor from 1835 to 1848. Francis was taught the various lan- end of Austrian occupation of Lombardy.
guages of the heterogeneous Austrian Monarchy. In 1848 he served
under Radetzky in Italy. On December 2, 1848, amid convulsions
which threatened the dissolution of the Empire, the weak Emperor
Ferdinand abdicated, his brother, the Archduke Francis, gave up
his claims to the Crown, and Francis Joseph, whose youth and
popularity it was believed would make it easier to harmonize the
conflicting interests of the Monarchy, mounted the Austrian throne.
Hungary was now in a state of open revolt, and in April 1849,
declared itself a Republic with Kossuth as Governor. In Italy Charles
Albert of Sardinia again took up arms against Austria. Both in
Hungary and Italy, Austria triumphed, and the Emperor devoted =====================================================================
himself to the reestablishment of his authority. In 1853 an attempt
on his life was made by an Hungarian, but the Emperor escaped
with a slight wound. In 1855 a concordat was concluded with Pius
IX., which restored to the Roman Catholic Church throughout the
Empire many of the liberties of which it had been deprived since
the hostile reign of the Emperor Joseph II. In 1859 Francis Joseph
was called to face a war with France and Sardinia, which ended
with the loss of Lombardy. After this war Francis Joseph aban-
doned his conservative policy, and began the necessary work of
reform, and after the disastrous Seven Weeks War with Prussia,
a reconstruction of the Monarchy on a Dualistic basis was ef-
fected by the Ausgleigh of 1867. The abrogation in 1870 of the
concordat of 1855 antagonized the Pope. Francis Joseph has
since striven to maintain a constitutional and parliamentary regime
in his dominions. He enjoys the respect and affection of his sub-
jects, and it is his personal influence that really holds his dominions
together under the most discouraging political conditions. Francis
Joseph married, April 24, 1854, Elizabeth, daughter of Duke
Maximilian of Bavaria, who was assinated by an Italian anarchist
in Geneva, September 10,1898. His only son, Rudolph died a vio-
lent death in January, 1889. The heir presumptive is the nephew of
Francis Joseph, Francis Ferdinand. New International Encyclope-
dia, 1910
Market1880
1859 V - 10 KREUZER - OBVERSE
======================================================================

1859 V - 10 KREUZER - REVERSE
======================================================================
AUSTRIA, EMPIRE of
VENICE MINT
======================================================================
10 KREUZER 18MM .500 FINE 2.0 GRAMS
======================================================================
1858 u/m LH-722

1859 u/m LH-723 Rialto in Venice
1860 u/m LH-724
1861 u/m LH-725
1862 u/m LH-726
1864 36,280 LH-727 FOOTNOTE: Foundations of Venice rest on wooden piles driven
1865 1,198,280 LH-728 into the mud islands of the lagoons. There are about 16,000 build-
ings, around and between which flow some 170 canals, crossed
OV: Head of FRANZ JOSEPH I, facing right, by more than 400 bridges. Two of these bridges are world famous
FRANCIS JOSEPH I.V.G.G.KAISER V.OESTERREICH (Franz - Rialto and the Bridge of Sighs. The former, which is mentioned
Joseph I von Gottes Gnaden Kaiser von Oesterreich = Francis in Shakespeares Merchant of Venice, crosses the Grand Canal
Joseph I, by the grace of God, Kaiser of Austria) around. and is lined with shops. The latter leads from the upper story of the
Doges Palace to the State Prison, where in bygone days of Venices
RV: Crown / 10 / DATE / V (mintmark), SCHEIDE left, power so many political offenders went to secret and cruel deaths.
MUNZE right, (Divided Money) short wreath of laurel and willow Comptoms Pictured Encyclopedia, Chicago, 1922.
tied with ribbon below.
EDGE: Reeded
MINT: V = VENICE
REFERENCE: Y-10.2, J-325
FOOTNOTE: Venice is situated at the head of the Gulf of Venice, on

72 small islands, connected by 500 bridges. It was formerly the
capital of a republic of the same name, and the greatest commer-
cial city on the globe. Though much reduced, it is still one of the
most magnificent and remarkable cities of Europe. It has canals
instead of streets - boats instead of cars - gondolas instead of
coaches. Olneys Geography, 1849.
FOOTNOTE: The Venetians are lively and ingenious, extrava-

gantly for of amusements, with an uncommon relish for humour.
The Universal Gazetter, Phila., 1893.
Port of Venice

====================================================================== ======================================================================
AUSTRIA, EMPIRE of AUSTRIA, EMPIRE of
VIENNA MINT VIENNA MINT
====================================================================== ======================================================================
====================================================================== ======================================================================
1852 u/m LH-711 1858 u/m LH-716

1853 u/m LH-712 1863 u/m LH-718
1854 u/m LH-713 1864 1,050,000 LH-719
1855 u/m LH-714
OV: HEAD of FRANZ JOSEPH I, facing right,
OV: Laureated head of FRANZ JOSEPH I,facing FRANCIS JOSEPH I.V.G.G.KAISER V.OESTERREICH (Franz
right,FRANC.IOS.I.D.G.AVSTRIAE IMPERATOR (Franz Joseph I Joseph I von Gottes Gnaden Kaiser von Oesterreich = Francis
von Gottes Gnaden Kaiser von Oesterreich = Francis Joseph I, Joseph I, by the grace of God, Emperor of Austria) around.
by the grace of God, Emperor of Austria) around / A (mintmark)
under bust. RV: Crown / 10 / DATE / A (mintmark), SCHEIDE left,
MUNZE right, (divided money) short wreath of laurel and willow
RV: Crowned double headed eagle with shield, tied with ribbon below.
HVNG.BOH.LOMB.ET.VEN (HVNGARIAE, BOHEMIAE,
LOMBARDIAE ET VENETIAE (Hungary, Bohemia, Lombardy and EDGE: Reeded
Venice) around to right, GAL.LOD.ILL.REX.A.A. (Galiciae,
Lodomeriae, Illyriae, Rex Archidux Avstriae = Galicia, Lodomeria, MINT: A = VIENNA
Illyria, King and Archduke of Austria) around to left, DATE top to
left. / 10 for denomination dividing legend below. REFERENCE: Y-10.1, J-325
======================================================================
EDGE: Plain AUSTRIA, EMPIRE of
VIENNA MINT
MINT: A = VIENNA ======================================================================
10 KREUZER 18MM .500 FINE 2.0 GRAMS
REFERENCE: C-206.1, J-293 ======================================================================
1859 u/m
OV: Head of FRANZ JOSEPH I, facing right,

FRANCIS JOSEPH I.V.G.G.KAISER V.OESTERREICH (Franz
Joseph I von Gottes Gnaden Kaiser von Oesterreich = Francis
Joseph I, by the grace of God, Kaiser of Austria) around.
RV: Crown / 10 / 1859 / SCHEIDE left, MUNZE right,

(divided money) short wreath of laurel and willow tied with
ribbon below.
EDGE: Reeded
MINT: (no mintmark) = VIENNA
REFERENCE: Y-10.1, J-325, LH-717
FOOTNOTE: Illyria, a name formerly rather loosely applied to a

large tract of country on the east side of the Adriatic, the name of
Illyrian province was given, by a decree of Napoleon in 1809, to
Carniola, Delmatia, and other countries, then part of the French
Empire. After the fall of Napoleon the Illyrian provinces were re-
stored to Austria, and designated as the Kingdom of Illyria, a title
which the country bore till 1849, when it was divided into the
provinces of Carinthia, Carniola, and the coast-lands. New Cabi-
Lodomeria and Galicia net Cyclopedia, Phila.,1896.
FOOTNOTE: From the first partition of Poland, Austria acquired FOOTNOTE: Vienna, a city of lower Austria, the capital of the
Galicia and Lodomeria in 1772. As a result of the Congress of Empire It stands on a fertile plain, on the left bank of the Danube.
Vienna, Austria regained Illyria and Delmatia and Lombardy was The streets are narrow, and houses high. Some of the public
added to Venetia to constitute a Kingdom under the Habsburg buildings are magnificent; the chief of them are the palaces and the
crown. The dominions of Bohemia and Hungary have long been mint. The trade of Vienna is in a flourishing state, and it has manu-
ruled by the House of Habsburg. Cabinet Cyclopaedia, 1895. factures of silk stuffs, gold & silver, lace, looking-glasses, &c. In
1830 Vienna experienced a severe calamity; after a frost of 118
FOOTNOTE: Bohemia, a province with the title of Kingdom belongs days a thaw set in on the 26th of February, and about midnight on
to the Austro-Hungarian monarchy. In 1527, Bohemia lost its sepa- the 28th the ice broke and inundated the dwellings of 50,000 in-
rate existence, being declared a hereditary possession of the habitants, many of whom were drowned, together with a great
House of Austria. Cabinet Cyclopaedia, 1895. number of horses, cows, pigs, &c. The Universal Gazette, Phila.,
1839.

1870 A - 10 KREUZER - OBVERSE 1870 A - 10 KREUZER - REVERSE
====================================================================== ======================================================================
AUSTRIA, EMPIRE of AUSTRIA, EMPIRE of
VIENNA MINT VIENNA MINT
====================================================================== ======================================================================
====================================================================== ======================================================================
1867 58,500 1868 11,681,680 LH-731

1869 29,628,270 LH-732
OV: Head of FRANZ JOSEPH I,(with side whiskers), 1870 34,878,309 LH-733
facing right, FRANCIS JOSEPH I.V.G.G.KAISER V.OESTERREICH 1871 1,700,680 LH-734
(Franz Joseph I von Gottes Gnaden Kaiser von Oesterreich = 1872 68,518,777 LH-735
Francis Joseph I, by the grace of God, Kaiser of Austria)
around. OV: Head of FRANZ JOSEPH I, facing right,
FRANC.Ios.I.D.G .AVSTRIAE IMPERATOR (Franz Joseph I Dei
RV: Crown / 10 / 1867 / A (mintmark), SCHEIDE left, Gratia Avstriae Imperator = Francis Joseph I, by the grace of
MUNZE right, (Divided Money) short wreath of laurel and willow God, Emperor of Austria) around.
RV: Crown double headed eagle of Austria, value 10
EDGE: Reeded on shield in center, LODILLREX AADATE HVHGARBOHEM.
GAL(Lodomeriae, Illyriae, King and Archduke of Austria DATE
MINT: A = VIENNA Hvngariae, Bohemiae, Galiciae = King of Hungary and Bohemia,
Galicia, Lodomeria, Illyria, Archduke of Austria) around.
REFERENCE: Y-10A, J-333, LH-729
EDGE: Plain
POPULATION: Austria - 1900 - 26,150,597, with

capital Vienna with 1,674,957 inhabitants.
REFERENCE: Y-11, J-339
FOOTNOTE: Galicia, the largest province and a crownland of Aus-

tria. Potatoes and other vegetables, barley, oats and rye are culti-
vated, but agriculture is still undeveloped. Manufactures are back-
ward but textile goods are made in Biala, and distilling is important.
Lembery with population of 159,618 is the capital and Cracow
with 91,310 is the second largest city. In 1900 the total population
of Galicia was 7,295,538. Cabinet Cyclopaedia, 1895.
Franz Joseph I
1926 - 2 SCHILLING - OBVERSE 1926 - 2 SCHILLING - REVERSE
====================================================================== ======================================================================
AUSTRIA, REPUBLIC of
VIENNA MINT FOOTNOTE: Following World War I, Austria was created a Federal
====================================================================== Republic. During the war there had been inflation, but afterwards
2 SCHILLING 19MM .640 FINE 3.0 GRAMS hyperinflation set in, worse even than that of Germany. On De-
====================================================================== cember 21, 1923 a law was passed authorizing new coins based
on the krone. A new act was passed on December 20, 1924
1925 18,370,000 LH-46 providing for a new system of currency based on the schilling.
1926 12,370,000 LH-47 The new monetary system of the Republic of Austria was based
on the schilling equal to 100 groschen, with 2 and 1schilling coins
OV: Shield, REPVBLIK <>,above OESTERREICH <>, in silver and gold coins of 25 and 100 schillings. In 1924 the new
below. (Republic of Austria). design for Austria 2 schilling was struck in proof only with regular
circulation strikes dated 1925 and 1926 following (Y-67)
RV: 2 within diamond, HALB <> above, SCHILLING
<> below, with DATE between letters - HALB (Half Schilling).
EDGE: Reeded
POPULATION: Austria - 1921 - 6,139,197; 1930 -

6,686,600.
REFERENCE: Y-67, J-428
LH = Osterreighische Munzpragungen by Ludwig

Herinek, Vienna, 1970.
J = Die Munzpragungen des Hauses Habsburg

undder Republik Osterrekn by Peter Jaeckel, Basel,
Vienna about 1880
1967.
FOOTNOTE: Austria in german OESTERREICH means the Eastern

Empire.
FOOTNOTE: Republic of Austria proclaimed November 12, 1918,

Comprises former Imperial provinces of Lower and Upper Austria,
Vienna, Salzburg, Styria, Carinthia, Tyrol, Vorarlberg, and
Burgenland. Population 6,526,661; Capital, Vienna with 1,863,783
inhabitants. the former Imperial Austria had an estimated popula-
tion of 27,963,872 in 1918.

.
- AUSTRIA - PAGE 25
BELGIAN CONGO
====================================================================== ======================================================================
1887 - 50 CENTIMES - OBVERSE 1887 - 50 CENTIMES - REVERSE

====================================================================== ======================================================================
BELGIAN CONGO, INDEPENDENT STATE of
BRUSSELS MINT FOOTNOTE: From the official bulletin of the Belgian Kongo dated
====================================================================== April 14,1908. Article 1. The silver coins of 5 francs, 2 francs, 1
50 CENTIMES 18MM .835 FINE 2.5 GRAMS franc and 50 centimes, coined by the Independent State of the
====================================================================== Kongo by virtue of the decree of the reigning King, July 27, 1887,
shall cease to have legal currency in the country from October 1,
1887 20,000 CD- 31 1909. Article 2. Up to July 1, 1911, these coins shall be exchanged
1891 60,000 CD- 76 against the coins of account (legal coins) by the Colonial Treasury
1894 40,000 CD- 83 at Brussels and by the Cash Offices of the Kongo, which shall be
1896 200,000 CD-124 designated by the Minister of the Colonies.
OV: Head of LEOPOLD II, facing left, LEOP.II

R.D.BELG.SOUV.DE LETAT INDEP DU CONGO (Leopold II Rio des
Belges Souverain de Letat Independent du Congo = Leopold II
King of Belgium, Sovereign of Congo Free State) around /
L.WIENER under bust.
RV: Crowned arms within wreath of palms, 50

CENTIMES, above / DATE below.
EDGE: Reeded
MINT: (no mintmark) = BRUSSELS
DESIGNER: L.WIENER = Leopold Wiener

Natives and huts
REFERENCE: Y-5 FOOTNOTE: Congo Free State, a state recently founded on the
River Congo, in central south Africa, stretching by a kind of narrow
POPULATION: Belgian Congo - 1900 - 30,000,000 neck of territory to the rivers mouth, but expanding inland so as to
including 2,000 whitemen in the service of the State, cover an immense area, mainly lying south of the river. The obvi-
trading companies, and missionary societies. ous advantages of the Congo as a waterway in opening up the
continent led to the formation at Brussels in 1878 of a Comite d
Etudes du Haut Congo, under the patronage of Leopold II, having
as its aim the internationalization and development of the Congo
area. Cabinet Cyclopaedia,1895.
ENCYCLOPEDIA OF SMALL SILVER COINS - BELGIAN CONGO - PAGE 26

FOOTNOTE: The principle part of the great colony of Belgium Congo
is in the interior of south Central Africa. It has only a short coast line
on the South Atlantic at the mouth of the Congo River. to the north
and west of it lies French Equatorial Africa, and on the northeast it
touches the Anglo-Egyptian Sudan. To the southwest is Angolia, a
Portuguese colony. Northern Rhodesia lies to the East, along with
Uganda and German East Africa. Missionary Atlas, Harrisburg,
Pa., 1950.
Grass huts, Kongo State - 1902

FOOTNOTE: Stanley, a New York reporter and explorer, returned
to the Congo in 1879 to open up the river and form a Free State
under European auspices. He established a first station at Vivi, the
limit of maritime navigation, 110 miles above the mouth of the river,
constructed roads past the Yellala and Livingstone cataracts, and
hauled steamers up to the higher reaches of the Congo, where in
1882 the station of Leopoldville was formed on Stanley Pool. Of
the 223 miles between Vivi and Leopoldville only 88 are navigable
water; but from the latter station to Stanley Falls the Congo itself is
continuously navigable for 1000 miles, to which its great effluents
already explored add no fewer than 5000 miles of serviceable
water-way. Above the Stanley Falls station (destroyed by arab
slave-dealers in November 1886) the river is again navigable for a
distance of 385 miles to Nyangwe, which is about 1300 miles from
the Chambezi sources. The work having been thus initiated by
Stanley, and the feasibility of the project made manifest, the Asso-
The vastness of Africa, with the Congo
ciation in 1884-85 entered into treaties with all European powers River in Central Africa
and the United States for the recognition of its Sovereign powers.
The boundaries of the New Congo Free State were settled at the FOOTNOTE: The series of bold explorations which resulted in
same time, it being agreed that the basin of the Congo and its increasing knowledge of the interior of Africa began when in 1852
tributaries should be free to all nations, that no duties should be the celebrated Dr. David Livingstone traversed South Africa, and
levied on imports, and that the slave-trade should be suppressed... after a four-year journey of eleven thousand miles, descended the
the exports forming the staple of present trade are palm-oil, Zambesi River to its mouth. In 1856 Burton and Speke landed at
caoutchoue, ivory, orchilla, copal, ground-nuts, camwood, wax, Zanzibar, and two years later, after a journey of a thousand miles,
etc. Cabinet Cyclopaedia,1895. discovered Lake Tanganyika.. Speke immediately pushed his ex-
ploration to the northward, and discovered the magnificent lake to
which he gave the name Victoria Nyanza. (N'yanza, meaning "the
lake," is the native name of this body of water.) Victoria Lake was
in 1861 revisited and further explored by Speke, accompanied by
Capt. Grant. Three years later, Sir Samuel Baker discovered the
great lake to which he gave the name of Albert Nyanza, traced its
connection with the Victoria Nyanza, and behold, emerging from
the former, the majestic Nile, whose sources had been vainly
sought for two thousand years. From 1865 to 1871 Dr. Livingstone
made extensive surveys of the region of the great lakes, exploring
lakes Bangweolo, Nyassa, and Tanganyike. For two years subse-
quent to May, 1869, at which time Dr. Livingstone was at Ujiji, no
tidings were received from him, and he was supposed to be dead;
but in 1871 Stanley found him, alive and well, at the last-names
place. Soon afterward, Livingstone undertook another series of
explorations toward the west, but died in the midst of these in
1873. Stanley again returned to the heart of the African continent,
and starting from the head waters of the Livingstone River, sailed
down its entire course to the sea. This was followed by the explo-
ration of the Congo and its tributaries and the opening of them to
the commerce of the world. Geography, William Swinton, New
Kongo rapids York, 1880.
ENCYCLOPEDIA OF SMALL SILVER COINS - BELGIAN CONGO - PAGE 27

BELGIUM
====================================================================== ======================================================================
BELGIUM, KINGDOM of
BRUSSELS MINT
======================================================================
2 FRANC 18MM .835 FINE 2.5 GRAMS
======================================================================
1849 209,571
1850 i/a
OV: Bear-head of LEOPOLD, facing left, LEOPOLD

PREMIER (Leopold First) left, RIO DES BELGES (King of the
Belgians) right / L.WIENER under bust.
RV: LUNION FAIT LA FORCE (Unity Creates

Strength) above, Crowned shield of Arms (A lion rampant)
Belgium Coat of Arms dividing denomination, 2 and F. (franc) within wreath of laurel
======================================================================
BELGIUM, KINGDOM of EDGE: Reeded
BRUSSELS MINT
====================================================================== MINT: (no mintmark) = BRUSSELS
====================================================================== DESIGNER: L.WEINER = Leopold Weiner
1833 58,350 REFERENCE: C-16

1834 1,578,047
1835 805,042 FOOTNOTE: This issue was the first Belgium series to be struck to
1838 550,367 the standards which later became known as the Latin Monetary
1840 347,370 Union for subsidiary coinage. There is a rare pattern dated 1849 of
1843 346,000 this issue.
1844 1,584,000
OV: Laureate head of LEOPOLD, facing left,

LEOPOLD PREMIER (Leopold First) left, RIO DES BELGES (King
of the Belgians) right / BRAEMT F. under bust.
RV: 2 / FRANC / DATE / i (star) within wreath of

oak around.
EDGE: Reeded
ENGRAVER: BRAEMT F. = Joseph Pierre Braemt,

F. (Fecit = He made it).
REFERENCE: C-10
INSCRIPTION: French
FOOTNOTE: All the Belgian issues of 50 centimes were struck at

the Brussels mint. This series is listed in chronological order. There
is a rare pattern dated 1841 of this issue.
FOOTNOTE: Currency of Belgium - 100 centimes = 1 franc Leopold I King of the Belgians
FOOTNOTE: Joseph Pierre Braemt, Medallist and engraver was FOOTNOTE: Leopold I King of the Belgians, was the fourth son of
born at Ghent, Belgium in 1796. His early work included portraits of Francis, Duke of Saxe-Coburg-Saalfeld, and thus the uncle of
William I King of the Belgians, William I King of the Netherlands and Queen Victoria of Great Britian. His youth was chiefly spent in the
in 1832 the Election of Prince Leopold of Saxe-Coburg. The Bel- Russian military service; he commanded a battalion at Lutzen,
gium mint has a complete collection of his work. He died at Brus- Bautzen, and Leipsic, entering Paris with the allied sovereigns,
sels December 2, 1864. and accompanied them to England. In May 1816 he married the
Princess Charlotte, only child of the Prince Regent ( who died in the
FOOTNOTE: By treaty signed April 19, 1839 Belgium and the King- following year), having previously been created Duke of Kendal in
dom of the Netherlands were separated. The treaty declared Bel- the English peerage. In 1830 he declined the crown of Greece, but
gium an independent and perpetually neutral state. was elected to the Throne of Belgium in June 1831. Encyclopedia
Britannica, 9th Ed., 1888.
ENCYCLOPEDIA OF SMALL SILVER COINS - BELGIUM - PAGE 28

1886 - 50 CENTIMES - FRENCH - OBV 1886 - 50 CENTIMES - FLEMISH - OBV
====================================================================== ======================================================================
BELGIUM, KINGDOM of BELGIUM, KINGDOM of
BRUSSELS MINT BRUSSELS MINT
====================================================================== ======================================================================
50 CENTIMES 18MM .835 FINE 2.5 GRAMS 50 CENTIMES 18MM .835 FINE 2.5 GRAMS
====================================================================== ======================================================================
1866 6,806,000 CD-1049 1886 3,750,000 CD-1245

1867 1,014,000 CD-1087 1898 501,000 CD-1289
1868 1,075,864 CD-1099 1899 500,000 CD-1311
1881 200,000 CD-1227
1886 1,250,000 CD-1244 OV: Head of LEOPOLD II, facing left, LEOPOLD II
1898 499,000 CD-1287 KONING DER BELGEN (Leopold II King of the Belgians) around / L
1899 500,000 CD-1309 WIENER under bust.
OV: Head of LEOPOLD II, facing left, LEOPOLD II RIO RV: Crowned Arms EENDRACHT MAAKT MACHT
DES BELGES (Leopold II King of the Belgians) around / L WIENER (Unity Creates Strength) above, denomination divided 50 and Cn
under bust. / DATE divided by cross from arms, below.
RV: Crowned Arms, LUNION FAIT LA FORCH (Unity EDGE:Reeded

Creates Strength) above, denomination divided 50 and Cs / DATE
divided by cross from arms, below. MINT: (no mintmark) = BRUSSELS
EDGE: Reeded DESIGNER: L.WIENER = Leopold Weiner
MINT: (no mintmark) = BRUSSELS INSCRIPTIONS: Flemish
DESIGNER: L WEINER = Leopold Weiner REFERENCE: Y-5, Dem-99, KM-5.2
INSCRIPTIONS: French POPULATION: Belgium - 1899 - 6,744,000
REFERENCE: Y-5, Dem-98, KM-5.1 FOOTNOTE: Starting in 1886 the 50 centimes was issued in two
types, similar except for the inscriptions; the 1886 the mintege
POPULATION: Belgium - 1890 - 5,585,846 was 1,250,000 in French and 3,750,000 strikes with Flemish in-
scriptions while later dates were issued about equal, half in French
FOOTNOTE: Carlotta, wife of Maximilian, Emperor of Mexico was and half in Flemish.
the sister of King Leopold II, King of the Belgians.
FOOTNOTE: The principle language of northern Belgium is Flemish,
similar to Dutch. In 1880, about 45 per cent of the population of
Belgium spoke Flemish and 40 per cent of the people spoke Walloon
a French dialect, while 8 per cent spoke both languages.

1886 - 50 CENTIMES - FRENCH - REV 1901 - 50 CENTIMES - FLEMISH - OBV
====================================================================== ======================================================================
BELGIUM, KINGDOM of
BRUSSELS MINT
======================================================================
50 CENTIMES 18MM .835 FINE 2.5 GRAMS
======================================================================
1901 3,000,000 CD-1338
OV: Head of LEOPOLD II, facing left, LEOPOLD II RIO

(Leopold II King) left, DES BELGES (of the Belgians) right.
RV: Lion with head to left, LUNION FAIT LA FORCE

(Unity Creates Strength) above / 1901 left / 50 cs below /
VINCOTTE incised below.
EDGE: Reeded
DESIGNER: VINCOTTE = Th. Vincotte
INSCRIPTIONS: French
REFERENCE: Y-15, Dem-102, KM-15.1
FOOTNOTE: Louis Philippe Marie Victor Leopold II, King of the Bel-
gians was born April 9, 1835, the eldest son of King Leopold I. He
married, in 1853, Marie Henriette, a daughter of the Archduke Jo-
seph of Austria and ascended the throne on the death of his
father, December 10, 1865. New InternationalI Encyclopedia, 1910.
1886 - 50 CENTIMES - FLEMISH - REV
======================================================================
FOOTNOTE: The little state of Belgium has taken a place among the
great manufacturing countries of the world, and has developed a
dense population of over 6,000,000 people. The mintage of the 50
centimes pieces for 1901 was 3,000,000 with Flemish inscriptions
and 3,000,000 bearing French inscriptions, both struck in Brus-
sels.

1901 - 50 CENTIMES - FLEMISH - REV 1909 - 50 CENTIMES - FRENCH - OBV
====================================================================== ======================================================================
BELGIUM , KINGDOM of BELGIUM, KINGDOM of
BRUSSELS MINT BRUSSELS MINT
====================================================================== ======================================================================
====================================================================== ======================================================================
1901 3,000,000 CD-1340 1907 545,000 CD-1625

1909 2,510,000 CD-1685
OV: Head of LEOPOLD II, facing left, LEOPOLD II
KONING (Leopold II King) left, DER BELGEN (of the Belgians) OV: Head of LEOPOLD II, facing left, LEOPOLD II RIO,
right. (Leopold II King) left, DES BELGES, (of the Belgians) right / TH.
VINCOTTE under bust.
RV: Lion with head to left, EENDRACHT MAAKT
MACHT (Unity Creates Strength) above / 1901 left / denomination RV: 50 / CENTs. / DATE within wreath of oak and
50 C en below / VINCOTTE incised below. maple leaves ties with ribbon below.
MINT: (no mintmark) = BRUSSELS MINT: (no mintmark) = BRUSSELS
DESIGNER: VINCOTTE = Thomas Jules Vincotte DESIGNER: VINCOTTE = Thomas Jules Vincotte
INSCRIPTION: Flemish INSCRIPTIONS: French
REFERENCE: Y-15, Dem-103, KM-15.2 REFERENCE: Y-16, Dem-108, KM-16.1
POPULATION: Belgium - 1900 - 6,693,548
FOOTNOTE: Varieties exist with designer: Th Vincotte (which omits

the stop after Th). There is a rare essai dated 1906 of French
issue, CD-1588.
FOOTNOTE: Thomas Jules Vincotte, Belgian Sculptor and Medallis

was born January 8th, 1850 at Borgerhout. He attended the Royal
Academy of Fine Arts of Brussels and the Ecole des Beaux-arts of
Paris. He was a member of the Royal Academy of Belgium and
professor at the Institut superieur des Beaux-Arts of the Royal
Academy of Antwerp. Known for the sculptor like character of the
portrait Leopold II on this series of coinage, which were struck
with both French and Flemish legends.

1909 - 50 CENTIMES - FRENCH - REV 1909 - 50 CENTIMES - FLEMISH - OBV
===================================================================== =====================================================================
BELGIUM, KINGDOM of
BRUSSELS MINT
======================================================================
======================================================================
1907 545,000 CD-1626

1909 2,510,000 CD-1686
OV: Head of LEOPOLD II, facing left, LEOPOLD II

KONING (Leopold II King) left, DES BELGES (of the Belgians)
right / TH. VINCOTTE under bust.
RV: 50 / CENTn. / DATE within wreath of oak and

maple leaves ties with ribbon below.
EDGE: Reeded
DESIGNER: VINCOTTE = Thomas Jules Vincotte
INSCRIPTIONS: Flemish
FOOTNOTE: There is a rare essai dated 1906 of this issue, CD-

1602.
1909 - 50 CENTIMES - FLEMISH - REV

=====================================================================
Arms of Belgium

1912 - 50 CENTIMES - FRENCH - OBV 1911 - 50 CENTIMES - FRENCH - REV
====================================================================== ======================================================================
BELGIUM, KINGDOM of
BRUSSELS MINT FOOTNOTE: ALBERT I, King of the Belgiums - Born at Brussels
====================================================================== April 8, 1875, King Albert was the younger son of Prince Philippe of
50 CENTIMES 18MM .835 FINE 2.5 GRAMS Saxe-Coburg and Gotha (the Count of Flanders) and Princess
====================================================================== Marie of Holenzollen-Sigmaringen. His father was a brother of
King Leopold II. In 1900 he married Princess Elizabeth of Bavaria
1910 1,900,000 CD-1764 and on December 17, 1909 succeeded his uncle Leopold II, as King
1911 2,063,000 CD-1897 of the Belgians. During World War I, he was the only King in Europe
1912 1,000,000 CD-1950 to take personal command of his troops and fight in the trenches
1914 240,000 CD-1988 with them through the war. After the war, King Albert devoted all
his energies toward restoring his war worn lands and bettering
OV: Head of ALBERT, facing left, ALBERT RIO the conditions of the people. Long a devotee of mountain climbing,
(Albert King) left DES BELGES (of the Belgians) right / King Albert set out on the afternoon of February 17, 1934 accom-
G.DEVREESE under bust. panied by a personal servant for Rocher deMarches des Dames,
a peak near Namur, which was a National Park. At the foot of the
RV: 50 / CENTs. / DATE within wreath of oak and cliffs he equipped himself with a rope, a canvas knapsack and a
maple leaves ties with ribbon at top, .LUNION FAIT LA climbing ax and started the ascent alone. That was the last that
FORCE (Unity Creates Strength) around below. was seen of him alive. The next morning a searching party found
his body at the foot of a cliff with a deep wound in his head.
EDGE: Reeded Apparently the rope on which he was climbing had given away
and he fell to his death. He was succeeded by his son, King
MINT: (no mintmark) = BRUSSELS Leopold III. The silver 50 centimes with the portrait of Albert, King of
the Belgians was struck during only four years, 1910, 1911, and
DESIGNER: G.Devreese = Godefroid Devreese, 1912 in equal amounts with French and Flemish inscriptions and
Belgian medallist the last issue dated 1914 struck at the Brussels mint in French only
had a mintage of 240,000 due to the onset of World War.
INSCRIPTIONS: French
POPULATION: Belgium - 1912 - 7,423,784 with capital

Brussels with 177,078 inhabitants.
FOOTNOTE: Godefroid Devreese was born at Courtrai, Flanders

in 1861. His first studies were at the Academy of Fine Arts of his
native town, and later under his father a well known sculpter. He
produced numerous medals and the portrait of King Albert for his
coinage.
Belgium today

1911 - 50 CENTIMES - FLEMISH - OBV 1911 - 50 CENTIMES - FLEMISH - REV
====================================================================== ======================================================================
BELGIUM, KINGDOM of
BRUSSELS MINT
======================================================================
======================================================================
1910 1,900,000 CD-1766

1911 2,063,000 CD-1899
1912 1,000,000 CD-1951
1914 u/m rare
OV: Head of ALBERT, facing left, ALBERT.KONING.

(Albert King) left .DER.BELGEN. (of the Belgians) right /
G.DEVREESE under bust.
RV: 50 / CENTn. / DATE within wreath of oak and

maple leaves ties with ribbon at top, EENDRACHT MAAKT
MACHT (Unity Creates Strength) around below.
EDGE: Reeded
DESIGNER: G.Devreese = Godefroid Devreese,

Belgian Medalist
INSCRIPTIONS: Flemish
CD = Monnaies et Essais Monetares Du Royaume De

Belgique Et Du Congo Belge by Charles Dupritz, Vol
I & II, Brussels. 1949.
Dem = Les Monnaies Du Benelux by J. DeMey and

G.Pauwel, Brussels, 1967,
Catalogus Belische Munten 1832-1970 by Frans

Albert I, King of the Belgians
Morin, Brussels, 1971.

BOLIVIA
====================================================================== ======================================================================
FOOTNOTE: Bolivia - A gentleman in La Paz may send a servant in
the morning to the heights above to bring down a load of ice for the
household, and another to the lower levels for pineapples and
other tropical fruits; both will return at noon with their commodities.
Commercial Geography, 1912.
======================================================================
BOLIVIA, REPUBLIC of
LA PAZ MINT
======================================================================
2 SOL 17MM .900 FINE 1.65 GRAMS
======================================================================
1858 u/m BO#32++
Coat of Arms - Eagle surmounting oval shield of rayed sun behind OV: Head of BOLIVAR, facing left, LIBRE POR LA
Mount Cerro de Potosi, llama to the left, tree to right, trophy of CONSTITUTION (Freedom through the Constitution) around /
military arms behind. BOLIVAR across base of bust.
======================================================================
BOLIVIA, REPUBLIC of RV: Two llamas under palm tree, iiiiiiiii
LA PAZ MINT (nine stars) above, REPUBLICA BOLIVIANA (Republic of Bolivia)
====================================================================== around / PAZ (mintmark) DATE P below.
====================================================================== EDGE: Reeded
1855 u/m BO#32 MINT: PAZ = LA PAZ

1856 u/m BO#32+
ASSAYER: P = unknown
OV: Head of BOLIVAR, facing left, LIBRE POR LA
CONSTITUTION (Freedom through the Constitution) around / REFERENCE: Y-17b, KM-132
BOLIVAR across base of bust.
RV: Two llamas under palm tree, iiiiiiiii

(nine stars) above, REPUBLICA BOLIVIANA (Republic of Bolivia)
around / PAZ (mintmark) DATE P below.
EDGE: Reeded
MINT: PAZ = LA PAZ
ASSAYER: P = unknown
FOOTNOTE: Two Bolivian mints struck coinage of this series; La

Paz and Potosi between 1853 and 1900 when small silver was
discontinued. Listings are arranged first from La Paz followed by
Potosi and the in date order, As with most former Spanish colo-
nies, the practice of identifying the assayer by initials was fol-
lowed by Bolivia, although most are not identified here. The issues
are separated by assayer initials. The first denominations are the
2 sol of La Paz 1855-56, followed by 1858. The first listings of
Potosi is the 2 sol starting with 1853. Denominations listed changed
to 1/8 peso of 1859-63. In 1864-7 the 1/10 boloviano was the
denomination on the dime size coinage of Bolivia. Starting in 1870
the denomination became the 10 centavos which continued through
1900 when the last of the silver issues of this size were struck. Street Kitchen - La Paz - 1902
======================================================================
FOOTNOTE: La Paz, a city and capital of the Department of La Paz FOOTNOTE: Last of the Spanish Colonies to gain its independence,
is situated on the Chuquiapu river, 30 miles southeast of Titicaca, was upper Peru in 1825, which was renamed Bolivia after the
more than 12,000 feet above sea level, and has a cool and health- Liberator. The coat of arms of Bolivia was approved in 1888 on the
ful climate. It has paved streets, and there are twenty bridges basis of arms of 1825: Mount Cerro de Potosi, the sun rising behind
crossing the river. In its early history it suffered several times from it, symbolizes minerals, the llama for wool, and the sheaf of corn
Indian uprisings, being once besieged for four months by 100,000 and breadfruit tree for fertility. The stars are for the nine prov-
Indians. It was the first Peruvian city to revolt against Spain. It has inces. The weapons symbolize the will to defend and the banners
an active trade in agricultural products of the surrounding district. stand for patriotism. In the upper left is the Liberty cap for Liberty
Gold, copper, silver and tin are the chief mineral products of the and the upper right an Inca battle axe.
region. New Internatinal Encyclopedia,1910.
ENCYCLOPEDIA OF SMALL SILVER COINS - BOLIVIA - PAGE 35

======================================================================
POTOSI MINT
======================================================================
1/2 SOL 17MM .900 FINE 1.65 GRAMS
======================================================================
1853 u/m BO#17

CONSTITUTION (Freedom through the Constitution) around.
RV: Arms, REPUBLICA BOLIVIANA (Republic of

Bolivia) above / BOLIVAR under arms / P (mintmark) 1853 .F.P.
below.
EDGE: Reeded
MINT: P = POTOSI
ASSAYER: F.P. = unknown
REFERENCE: Y-2, KM-118.1
FOOTNOTE: The mintmark for the Casa de la Moneda de Potosi

(Potosi Mint) is the superimposed letters P-T-S-I with a small circle
above = P.
FOOTNOTE: In 1825 the southern portion of Peru, under the lead-

1855 - 2 SOL - OBVERSE
======================================================================
ership of General Sucre, established an independent republic which
took the name of Bolivia, in honor of the great South American
POTOSI MINT
Liberator, Bolivar. Catalogue of Coins, Tokens, and Medals in the
======================================================================
Numismatic Collection of the Mint of the United States at
Philadelphia,Pa.,Washington, 1912. [Mint]
======================================================================
======================================================================
1854 u/m BO#18
1855 u/m BO#19
POTOSI MINT
1856 u/m BO#20
======================================================================
======================================================================
CONSTITUTION (Freedom through the Constitution) around /
1856 u/m BO#21
around / P (mintmark) DATE MJ below.
EDGE: Reeded
MINT: P = POTOSI
around / P (mintmark) 1856 FJ below.
ASSAYER: .M.J. = unknown
EDGE: Reeded
MINT: P = POTOSI
FOOTNOTE: Potosi is situated on a declivity of the mountain which
ASSAYER: F.J. = unknown
contains the celebrated mines of Potosi. The streets are narrow
and irregular. The houses are built of stone or brick, of only one
story, with balconies of wood, but without chimneys. Potosi is the
center of trade between the United Provinces and the pacific, and
FOOTNOTE: Potosi, one of the most famous mining towns of
is noted for the gaiety and dissipation of its inhabitants. Olneys
South America, lies 50 miles south west of Sucre on the Cerro
Geography, 1849.
de Potosi at 13,325 feet above the sea. Potosi had a population
of 170,000 and was the highest town in the world and the
largest city in the New World. The total output of silver per year
up to 1850 was over $5,000,000.
FOOTNOTE: Assayer (Ensayadores in Spanish) is designated usu-

ally by two initials, the first initial of the Chief Assayer followed by
the first initial of his assistant. The placing of initials on the die
guaranteed the silver fineness of the coinage.

1855 - 2 SOL - REVERSE 1856 - 2 SOL - OBVERSE
====================================================================== ======================================================================
FOOTNOTE: Bolivia had few competent and patriotic leaders, save POTOSI MINT
the Liberator, who the country was named after, and his young ======================================================================
successor, Jose de Sucre, for whom the capital was names. 2 SUELDO 17MM .900 FINE 1.65 GRAMS
Forced out by a mutiny among his own troops, he returned to ======================================================================
Ecuador (where his name became the unit of monetary value).
1829-39 was the period of Santa Cruz who created the Bolivian- 1856 u/m BO#25
Peruvian Confederation in 1836. Following the ejection of Santa 1857 u/m BO#26
Cruz, Bolivia was left to the mercy of his rivals; Jose Ballivan 1858 u/m BO#27
1841-47 and then Isidoro Belzu and his inept successor during the
1850s and 1860s. The most lurid ruler of Bolivia, Mariano Melgarejo OV: Head of BOLIVAR, facing left, LIBRE POR LA
(1864-71), a cholo bastard, fearless, illiterate, physically power- CONSTITUTION (Freedom through the Constitution) around /
ful, he commanded a private army, which for six years, put down BOLIVAR across base of bust.
revolts with cruelty. In order to get money, he created a new
currency, calling the new unit the Melgarejo. During this period RV: Arms, REPUBLICA BOLIVIANA (Republic of
many dime size silver tokens, without denominations were pro- Bolivia) around / iiiiiiiii (nine stars) P (mintmark) 2
duced by the mints of Bolivia with patriotic or political inscriptions. DATE FJ below.
Several of these from the author's collection are shown. Though
not coins, they undoubtedly did circulate along with the coinage of EDGE: Reeded
Bolivia at the time.
MINT: P = POTOSI
REFERENCE: Y-2A, KM-118.2
FOOTNOTE: The silver mines of Potosi, so celebrated throughout

the world, were accidentally discovered in 1545 by a Peruvian
Indian named Hualpa, as he was pursuing some wild goats up the
mountains. Arriving at a steep place, he laid hold of a bush to
assist him in his course, but the shrub, unable to support his
weight, was torn up by the roots, and disclosed to the hunter a
rich mass of silver. For a time, Hualpa concealed the knowledge of
his discovery even from his friends. But his sudden and abound-
ing wealth soon excited their suspicions, and they at length in-
duced him to reveal the secret to them. A quarrel happening be-
tween him and his Indian associates, Hualpa made known the
existence of the mine to his master, who was a Spaniard. From the
time of first discovery to 1803 these mines yielded 1,476,372,174
Mining silver in 1849 dollars in silver, besides a large amount of gold. Olneys Geogra-
phy, 1849.

1856 - 2 SOL - REVERSE 1856 - 2 PESO - OBVERSE
====================================================================== ======================================================================
====================================================================== POTOSI MINT
BOLIVIA, REPUBLIC of ======================================================================
POTOSI MINT c PESO 18MM .903 FINE 2.6 GRAMS
====================================================================== ======================================================================
2 SUELDO 17MM .900 FINE 1.65 GRAMS
====================================================================== 1859 u/m BO#310
1859 u/m BO#34 OV: Head of BOLIVAR, facing left, LIBRE POR LA
OV: Large Head of BOLIVAR, facing left, LIBRE POR BOLIVAR under bust / PESO 50 Gs below.
LA CONSTITUTION (Freedom through the Constitution) around /
BOLIVAR under bust. RV: Arms, REPUBLICA BOLIVIANA (Republic of
Bolivia) around / iiiiiiiii(nine stars) P (mintmark) 10 D
RV: Two llamas under palm tree, iiiiiiiii 20 Gs (10 dineros 20 granos) 1859 FJ below.
around / P (mintmark) 1859 FJ below. EDGE: Reeded
EDGE: Reeded MINT: P = POTOSI
MINT: P = POTOSI ASSAYER: F.J. = unknown
ASSAYER: F.J. = unknown REFERENCE: Y-8, KM-134.1
REFERENCE: Y-2B, KM-118.3 FOOTNOTE: In 1859 a new unit, the Peso with lower weight re-
placed the 8 sueldos with the new weight indicated on the coin-
FOOTNOTE: From the foundation of the Republic of Bolivia until age. The subsidiary coinage followed with the c peso indicating
1863 the old Spanish monetary system of gold scudos and silver weight 50 Gs (50 grains).
soles or peso of 8 reales was retained in Bolivia. Mint, Wash-
ington, 1912.
FOOTNOTE: In 1868, the dictator Melgarejo insulted the British

Minister to Bolivia, by tying him on a donkey, facing him backward
and riding him around the public square of the capital. When word
reached the British Queen Victoria of this offending country, the
Queen called for a map, drawing rough lines across Bolivia, she
declared Bolivia no longer exists.
FOOTNOTE: Bolivia, formerly Upper Peru, was so named in honor

of General Bolivar. Olneys Geography,
Llama

1859 - 2 PESO - REVERSE 1861 - c PESO - REVERSE
====================================================================== ======================================================================
POTOSI MINT
FOOTNOTE: The new coinage law of 1863, established a new ======================================================================
unit on the decimal system, the silver boliviano of 100 centavos. 1/8 PESO 18.5 MM .903 FINE 2.6 GRAMS
The new unit was 25 grams weight and 900 thousandth fine, ======================================================================
and thereafter the equivalent of the 5 franc piece of the Latin
Monetary Union. Mint, Washington, 1912. 1859 u/m BO#311
1860 u/m BO#312
1861 u/m BO#313
======================================================================
BOLIVAR under bust / 50 Gs below.
RV: Arms dividing 10 Ds (10 dineros) and 20 Gs (20

granos), REPUBLICA BOLIVIANA (Republic of Bolivia) around /
iiiiiiiii(nine stars) P (mintmark) DATE FJ below.
EDGE: Reeded
MINT: P = POTOSI
POPULATION: In 1861 the population of Bolivia of

European origin was estimated to be 1,742,352.
1861 - c PESO - OBVERSE

======================================================================
POTOSI MINT
======================================================================
c PESO 18.5 MM .903 FINE 2.6 GRAMS
======================================================================
1862 u/m BO#314

1863 u/m BO#315

BOLIVAR under bust / .50 Gs below.
RV: Arms dividing 10 Ds (10 dineros) AND 20 GS.

(20 granos), REPUBLICA BOLIVIANA (Republic of Bolivia) around
/ iiiiiiiii (nine stars) / (mintmark) DATE FP
below.
EDGE: Reeded
MINT: = POTOSI
ASSAYER: F.P. = unknown
1870 -10 CENTAVOS - OBVERSE

====================================================================== ======================================================================
BOLIVIA, REPUBLIC of BOLIVIA, REPUBLIC of
POTOSI MINT POTOSI MINT
====================================================================== ======================================================================
1/10 BOLIVIANO 18MM .900 FINE 2.5 GRAMS 10 CENTAVOS 18MM .900 FINE 2.5 GRAMS
====================================================================== ======================================================================
1864 u/m BO#470 1870 u/m BO#475

1865 u/m BO#471
1866 u/m BO#472 OV: Arms, REPUBLICA (Republic) left, BOLIVIANA
1867 u/m BO#473 (Bolivia) around / iiiiiiiiiii (eleven stars) below.
OV: Arms, REPUBLICA (Republic) left, BOLIVIANA RV: DIEZ CTS (ten centavos) / 2 GMS Y 5 Ds (2
(Bolivia) around / iiiiiiiii (nine stars) below. grams and 5/10) / 9 Ds FINO (9/10 fine), within wreath of laurel
and oak tied with ribbon below, LA UNION ES LA FUERZA (The
RV: 1/10 / BOLIVIANO / 50 Gs / 9 Ds FINO (9/10 Union is Strength) around / ER 1870 (mintmark) below.
fine), within wreath of laurel and oak tied with ribbon below, LA
UNION ES LA FUERZA (The Union is Strength) around / EDGE: Reeded
(mintmark) DATE FP below.
MINT: = POTOSI
EDGE: Reeded
ASSAYER: .E.R. = unknown
MINT: = POTOSI
TYPE: I - Eleven stars, 2.5 grams weight, .E.R.(three
ASSAYER: F.P. = unknown stops)
REFERENCE: Y-27. KM-150 REFERENCE: Y-34, KM-153.1
FOOTNOTE: Bolivar, Simon, the founder and first president of FOOTNOTE: Currency of Bolivia - 100 centavos = 1 peso
the Republic of Columbia, known as "The Liberator of the South
America." Born in Venezuela, 1783, he was educated in Madrid, FOOTNOTE: Bolivar (continued) Upper Peru was constituted a
and traveled in Europe and the United States. When the revolt separate republic with the title of Bolivia. As President of Columbia
against the Spanish yoke broke out in Venezuela, he joined it, but he had to endure much factious hostility; but though he tended his
had to fly. In 1813 he returned, and gathering a force together, resignation more than once it was never accepted, the supreme
defeated General Monteverde at Caracas. The tide then turned, power being confirmed in him in 1828. Bolivar died in 1830. The
and Bolivar fled to Jamaica, but he shortly returned, and after Standard Dictionary of Facts, Buffalo, N.Y. 1912.
varying fortune in 1819 won the battle of Bojaca, resulting in the
inauguration of the Republic of Venezuela in the same year, to
which was afterwards united New Granada. In 1822 Bolivar went
to help the Peruvians in their struggle for liberty, and was given the
command. After a long campaign he won the great battle of
Ayacucho. The Standard Dictionary of Facts, Buffalo, N.Y. 1912.

======================================================================
POTOSI MINT
======================================================================
10 CENTAVOS 18MM .900 FINE 2.5 GRAMS
======================================================================
1871 u/m BO#477
OV: Arms, REPUBLICA (Republic) left, BOLIVIANA

(Bolivia) around / iiiiiiiiiii (eleven stars) below.
RV: DIEZ Cts (ten centavos) / 2 Gms Y 5 Ds / 9 Ds

FINO (9/10 Fine), within wreath of laurel and oak tied with ribbon
below, LA UNION ES LA FUERZA (The Union is Strength) around /
F.P. 1871 (mintmark) below.
EDGE: Reeded
MINT: P = POTOSI
ASSAYER: .F.P. = unknown
TYPE: II - Eleven stars, weight.
1870 -10 CENTAVOS - REVERSE ======================================================================

======================================================================
POTOSI MINT
======================================================================
======================================================================
1871 u/m BO#476

(Bolivia) around / iiiiiiiiiii (eleven stars) below.
RV: DIEZ Cts (ten centavos) / 2 GMS Y 5 Ds (2

grams and 5/10) / 9 Ds FiNO (9/10 fine), within wreath of laurel The Andes Mountains
and oak tied with ribbon below, LA UNION ES LA FUERZA (The ======================================================================
Union is Strength) around / E.R. 1871 (mintmark) below. BOLIVIA, REPUBLIC of
POTOSI MINT
EDGE: Reeded ======================================================================
MINT: = POTOSI ======================================================================
ASSAYER: E.R. = unknown 1871 u/m BO#476A
TYPE: II - Eleven stars, 2.5 grams weight, E.R. (two OV: Arms, REPUBLICA (Republic) left, BOLIVIANA
stops). (Bolivia) around / iiiiiiiiiii (eleven stars) below.
REFERENCE: Y-34A, KM-153.2 RV: DIEZ Cts (ten centavos) / 9 Ds FINO (9/10 fine),
within wreath of laurel and oak tied with ribbon below, LA UNION
ES LA FUERZA (The Union is Strength) around / E.R. 1871
(mintmark) below.
EDGE: Reeded
MINT: = POTOSI
ASSAYER: E.R. = unknown
TYPE: III - Eleven stars, no weight.
Bolivia, South America

1872 -10 CENTAVOS - OBVERSE 1872 -10 CENTAVOS - REVERSE
====================================================================== ======================================================================
POTOSI MINT
======================================================================
======================================================================
1872 u/m BO#478

(Bolivia) around / iiiiiiiii (nine stars) below.
RV: DIEZ (ten) / CENT. (centavos) / 9 Ds FINO (9/10

UNION ES LA FUERZA (The Union is Strength) around / F.E. 1872
(mintmark) below.
EDGE: Reeded
MINT: = POTOSI
ASSAYER: .F.E. = unknown
TYPE: IV - Nine stars, no weight,stop after CENT.
REFERENCE: Y-34B, KM-153.3
======================================================================
1873 -10 CENTAVOS - OBVERSE

======================================================================
FOOTNOTE: Bolivia was at war with Chile 1879-83. Known as the
Pacific War, it was a frontier dispute over the Atacama Desert
nitrate deposits. Bolivia lost the war and all direct access to the
ocean and the little port of Cobija., which has since disappeared.
The frontier with Chile was settled by the peace treaty of 1904.The
last coins of this series were minted in 1900. Bolivia was on the
1928 - UN BOLIVIANO NOTE silver standard after 1872. In 1904 to 1908 steps were taken
Featuring the portrait of Simon Bolivar towards adoption of the gold standard. Gold bank notes were
issued with subsidiary nickel coins.
======================================================================

======================================================================
POTOSI MINT
======================================================================
======================================================================
1872 u/m BO#480

1873 u/m BO#481
1874 u/m BO#482
1875 u/m BO#483
1876 u/m BO#484
1877 u/m BO#485
1878 u/m BO#486
1879 u/m BO#487
1880 u/m BO#488
1881 u/m BO#489
1882 u/m BO#490
1883 u/m BO#491
1884 u/m BO#492
OV: Arms, REPUBLICA BOLIVIANA (Republic Bolivia)

around / iiiiiiiii (nine stars) below.
RV: DIEZ (ten) / CENTs (centavos) / 9 Ds FINO (9/10

UNION ES LA FUERZA (The Union is Strength) around /
(mintmark) DATE F.E. below. 1885 -10 CENTAVOS - OBVERSE
======================================================================
EDGE: Reeded 10 CENTAVOS
MINT: = POTOSI POTOSI MINT
======================================================================
ASSAYER: .F.E. = unknown 10 CENTAVOS 18MM .900 FINE 2.5 GRAMS
======================================================================
TYPE: I - no line under cents (centavos).
1885 u/m BO#485
REFERENCE: Y-48, KM-158.1 1886 u/m BO#486
1887 u/m BO#487 rare
====================================================================== 1888 u/m BO#488
1889 u/m BO#489 rare
1890 u/m BO#490

around / iiiiiiiii (nine stars) below.
RV: DIEZ (ten) / CENTs (centavos) / -- / 9 D. FINO

(9/10 fine), within wreath of laurel and oak tied with ribbon
below, LA UNION ES LA FUERZA (The Union is Strength) around
/ (mintmark) small DATE F.E. below.
EDGE: Reeded
MINT: = POTOSI
ASSAYER: .F.E. = unknown
TYPE: II - Line -.- under Cents (Centavos)
POPULATION: Bolivia - 1890 - 2,325,000.
FOOTNOTE: There is a rare Pattern dated 1884 of this issue.
FOOTNOTE: Bolivia, having no seacoast and few railroads, has

but little commerce. Peruvian bark and silver ore are exported
through Buenos Ayres.
1873 -10 CENTAVOS - REVERSE

(Continued - Potosi) a long time remained the richest silver mines
in the world. The total output for the next 300 years up to 1850
was estimated at $1,600,000,000, or an average of over
$5,000,000 per year. The city itself grew rapidly, and in the seven-
teenth and eighteenth centuries was the largest city in the world,
its population being then estimated as high as 170,000. The mines
are now almost abandoned, only a few of the 2,000 shafts still
worked by the remaining inhabitants which number 20,910. New
International Encyclopedia, 1910.
======================================================================
POTOSI MINT
======================================================================
======================================================================
1895 u/m BO#493B rare

around / iiiiiiiii(nine stars) below.

(9/10 Fine), within wreath of laurel and oak tied with ribbon
/ (mintmark) 1895 E.S. below.
1885 -10 CENTAVOS - REVERSE EDGE: Reeded

======================================================================
FOOTNOTE: Two varieties of the 1884 exist, line and no line. MINT: = POTOSI
======================================================================
BOLIVIA, REPUBLIC of ASSAYER: E.S. = unknown
POTOSI MINT
====================================================================== REFERENCE: Y-48A, KM-158.2
====================================================================== FOOTNOTE: Potosi, once the largest city in South America in the
seventeenth century is fast decaying with most of the silver mines
1890 u/m BO#491 abandoned.
1891 u/m BO#492 ======================================================================
1893 46,104 BO#493 BOLIVIA, REPUBLIC of
POTOSI MINT
OV: Arms, REPUBLICA BOLIVIANA (Republic Bolivia) ======================================================================
around / iiiiiiiii(nine stars) below. 10 CENTAVOS 18MM .900 FINE 2.5 GRAMS
======================================================================
(9/10 fine), within wreath of laurel and oak tied with ribbon 1899 u/m
below, LA UNION ES LA FUERZA (The Union is Strength) around 1900 28,163 BO#494
/ (mintmark) DATE C.B. below.
EDGE: Reeded around / iiiiiiiii (nine stars) below.
RV: DIEZ (ten) / CENTs. (centavos) / -- / 9 D. FINO

MINT: = POTOSI
(9/10 fine) within wreath of laurel and oak tied with ribbon
ASSAYER: C.B. = unknown
/ (mintmark) small DATE M.M. below.
EDGE: Reeded
FOOTNOTE: Potosi in southwestern Bolivia, is situated on the Cerro
de Potosi at an altitude of 13,325 feet, being probably the highest MINT: = POTOSI
town in the world. It lies several hundred feet above what has
been considered the highest inhabitable altitude, and owing to the ASSAYER: M.M. = unknown
rarity of the atmosphere, infant mortality is so great that the popu-
lation can be kept up only by immigration. The city is now only a POPULATION: Bolovia - 1900 - 1,744,568, capital
shadow of its former self. A large part of it lies in ruins, through Sucre with 27,350 inhabitants and mint city Potosi
which passes the now deserted prado, lined with statues and about 25,000.
other evidence of former grandeur. There are several fine and
solid buildings, such as the great granite Cathedral, and the Mint, REFERENCE: Y-48A, KM-158.2
the later built in 1562 at a cost of over a million dollars, but no longer
used (1900). Potosi owes its origin to the silver lodes which were BO# = The Coins of Bolivia 1820-1970 by Dale Seppe
discovered in the Cerro in 1546, and which for (continued) and Alcede Almanzar, San Antonio, 1970.

BRAZIL
====================================================================== ======================================================================
1854 - 200 REIS - OBVERSE 1854 - 200 REIS - REVERSE

====================================================================== ======================================================================
BRAZIL, EMPIRE of
RIO DE JANEIRO MINT REFERENCE: Y-A6, C-191
======================================================================
200 REIS 19MM .916 FINE 2.5 GRAMS
======================================================================
FOOTNOTE: Coinage listed starts with the 200 reis minted at Rio de
1854 36,880 SL-521 R-2004 Janeiro 1854-67, followed by a three year issue shipped from the
1855 227,609 SL-522 R-2007 Utrecht mint of the Netherlands, dated 1867-69.
1856 103,309 SL-523 R-2009
1857 128,321 SL-524 R-2011 FOOTNOTE: Rio de Janeiro is the capital of the Brazilian Empire,
1858 244,818 SL-525 R-2013 and the largest and most important commercial emporium of South
1859 151,586 SL-526 R-2015 America, It stands on a magnificent harbor. The harbor or bay of
1860 28,109 SL-527 R-2017 Rio, said, and apparently with justice, to be the most beautiful,
1861 u/m SL-528 R-2018 secure, and spacious bay in the world, is landlocked, being en-
1862 u/m SL-529 R-2019 tered from the south by a passage about a mile in width. It extends
1863 u/m SL-530 R-2020 inland 17 miles and has an extreme breadth of about 12 miles. Of
1864 u/m SL-531 R-2021 its numerous islands, the largest, Governors Island, is six miles
1865 u/m SL-532 R-2022 long. The entrance of the bay, guarded on either side by granite
1866 u/m SL-533 R-2023 mountains, is deep, and is so safe, that the harbor is made without
1867 u/m SL-534 R-2024 the aid of pilots. On the left of the entrance rise the peak called,
from its peculiar shape, Sugar-loaf mountain; and all around the
OV: Crowned Arms with band of 19 stars around, IN bay, the blue waters are girdled with mountains and lofty hills of
HOC SI - - GNO VINCES (In This Sign Hast Thou Conquered) every variety of picturesque and fantastic outline. The harbor is
above within partial wreath of laurel and oak tied with with protected by a number of fortresses. The city stands on the west
ribbon, below. shore of the bay, about 4 miles from its mouth. Seven green and
mound-like hills diversify its site; and white-walled and vermilion
RV: -- / 200 / -- within wreath of laurel, around, roofed houses cluster in the intervening valleys, and climb the
PETRUS II.D.G.CONST.IMP.ET PERP.BRAS.DEF. (Peter II Dei Gratia eminences in long lines. From the central portion of the city, lines of
Constitutional Imperator et Perp.Brasiliarum Defensor = Peter II by houses extend four miles in three principal directions. The old
the grace of God Constitutional Emperor and Hereditary town, nearest the bay, is laid out in squares; the streets cross at
Defender of Brazil) around / DATE. right angles, are narrow, and are paved and flagged; and the
houses, often built of granite, are commonly two stories high.
EDGE: Reeded West of it is the elegantly built new town; and the two districts are
separated by the Campo de Santa Anna, an immense square or
MINT: (no mintmark) = RIO DE JANEIRO park, on different parts of which stand an extensive (continued)
ENCYCLOPEDIA OF SMALL SILVER COINS - BRAZIL - PAGE 45

(Continued - Rio de Janeiro) garrison, the Town-hall, the National
Museum, the Palace of the Senate, the Foreign Office, a large
opera-house, etc. From a number of springs which arise on and
around Mount Corcovado (3000 feet high, and situated 3 1/2 miles
south-south-west of the city), water is conveyed to Rio by a splen-
did aqueduct, and supplies the fountains with which the numerous
squared are furnished...the city is abundantly lighted with gas; and
commodious wharfs and quays are built along the water-edge.
European steamships arrive and depart almost daily, and there is
telegraphic connection with Europe. Two railways - one towards
the north, and another southwards were opened at Rio in 1864.
Population (1872) 274,972. Library of Universal Knowledge, New
York,1880.
FOOTNOTE: Dom Pedro II, de Alcantara, surnamed The Magnani-

mous, was born at Rio Janeiro, Brazil in 1825, the son of Pedro I,
Emperor of Brazil and King of Portugal, and Archduchess Caroline
Josephine, daughter of Emperor Francis I of Austria. He came to the
Brazilian throne at the age of six when his father returned to rule
Portugal. Exceptionally brilliant, he made such progress in his stud-
ies and had so wide a knowledge of his country that at fifteen he
was considered fit to rule and was crowned Emperor. Dom Pedro
II was an intellectual and eloquent in seven languages, besides his
own, he spoke and wrote english, french spanish, italian, german,
latin, hebrew, and portuguese. He discussed the natural sciences
and the arts with experts of his time, was an able astronomer, an
accomplished musician, a poet of distinction, and a skilled painter.
His greatest concern was the slavery that still existed in his empire,
over three million slaves. His efforts to emancipate his people were 1867 - 200 REIS - OBVERSE
too radical for the legislators and the nation denounced him as a ======================================================================
tyrant. He appealed once more to the people and at last in 1888 BRAZIL, EMPIRE of
slavery was declared ended forever in Brazil. The slave holders, UTRECHT MINT
declaring Dom Pedro II had overstepped his Constitutional authority, ======================================================================
plotted against him when the conspiracy gained momentum, Dom 200 REIS 19MM .835 FINE 2.5 GRAMS
Pedro II was in Europe. Sixty years of age and ailing from malaria. ======================================================================
He had been sent there by his physicians. Had he been in Brazil,
revolt might have been prevented. The plotters were demanding 1867 u/m SL-545
his abdication. He returned at once but it was too late. At Rio, when 1868 u/m SL-547
the abdication papers were brought to him, he signed them in an 1869 u/m SL-548
effort to prevent civil war. The insurgents treated him with great
respect and placed him on a ship for Portugal. He lived in Lisbon for OV: Head of PETRUS II, facing left / C.L. under bust,
a short time, thence to Cannes and later to Paris two years later on PETRUS II DGCIMP (Petrus II Dei Gratia Constitutional Imperator
December 5, 1891, the end came for the illustrious exile. Worlds = Peter II, by the grace of God, Constitutional Emperor) left, ET
Great Men, VOL.II, J.A.Rogers,N.Y. 1947. PERPBRASDEF (et Perp.Brasiliarum Defensor = and Hereditary
Defender of Brazil) right / (globe) DATE (cross with incised
FOOTNOTE: The aggregate population of Brazil amounts to near a cross) below.
million, four-fifths of whom are slaves and people of colour. The
Brazilians are indolent, and great numbers of those who are wealthy RV: Crowned Arms within wreath of laurel and oak
pass their time upon their estates in the country, where their chief with ribbon and star below / (mercuryshaft) (mintmark) 200
delight is to swing in their hammocks all the afternoon. The chief REIS (scale).
amusement besides hunting, which from the abundance of game in
the interior districts is carried on to a great extent. Universal Gaz- EDGE: Reeded
etteer, Phila., 1839.
MINT: (mercuryshaft) = UTRECHT
FOOTNOTE: Brazil, from Portuguese name of the dye-wood ex-
ported from the country. The Compendium of Universal Knowl- DESIGNER: C.L. = C. LUSTER
edge, Phila.,1891.
ENGRAVER: (scale) = unknown
FOOTNOTE: On the invasion of Portugal in 1808 by the French the
Sovereign of that Kingdom, John VI, sailed for Brazil, accompanied REFERENCE: Y-A19, C-195
by his court and a large body of emigrants. He raised Brazil to the
rank of a Kingdom, and assumed the title of King of Portugal and Catalogo de Moedas do Brazil by Arnoldo Russo
Brazil. But on his return to Portugal in 1820 he found the Portuguese
Cortes unwilling to grant civil and political equality to the Brazilians SL = Catalogo de Moedas Brazileiras by Santos
- a fact which raised such violent convulsions in Rio Janeiro and Leitao,Rio de Janeiro.
other parts of Brazil that Dom Pedro, the Kings son, was forced to
head the party resolved to make Brazil independent and in 1822 a FOOTNOTE: Currency of Brazil - 1000 Reis = 1 Milreis
national assembly declared the separation of Brazil from Portugal,
and appointed Dom Pedro the Constitutional Emperor. Cabinet
Cyclopaedia, 1895.

======================================================================
Brazil today
======================================================================
1867 - 200 REIS - REVERSE
Rio de Janeiro harbor -1902

====================================================================== ======================================================================
Brazilian coffee plantation Transportation

BRITISH HONDURAS
====================================================================== ======================================================================
1894 - 10 CENTS - REVERSE 1936 - 10 CENTS - REVERSE

====================================================================== ======================================================================
BRITISH HONDURAS, CROWN COLONY of BRITISH HONDURAS, CROWN COLONY of
====================================================================== ======================================================================
10 CENTS 18MM .925 FINE 2.32 GRAMS 10 CENTS 18MM .925 FINE 2.32 GRAMS
====================================================================== ======================================================================
1894 126,000 1918 10,000 PR-22

1919 10,000 PR-23
OV: Diademed head of VICTORIA, facing right, 1936 30,000 PR-24
VICTORIA left, QUEEN right.
RV: 10 / CENTS within circle of pearls, BRITISH, GEORGE V KING AND EMPEROR OF INDIA around / (dot) below,
HONDURAS, above / 1894 below, each within equal panels. B.M. on truncation.
EDGE: Reeded RV: 10 / CENTS within circle of pearls, BRITISH,

HONDURAS, above DATE below, each within equal panels.
MINT: (no mintmark) = LONDON
EDGE: Reeded
ENGRAVER:(obv) Leonard Charles Wyon
(rev) George William DeSalles MINT: (no mintmark) = LONDON
REFERENCE: Y-3, PR-21, KM-8 DESIGNER: B.M. = Sir Edgar Bartam MacKennal
POPULATION: British Honduras - 1891 - 31,471, with REFERENCE: Y-13, KM-20

capital Belize with 9,113 inhabitants.
POPULATION: British honduras - 1930 - 50,286.
FOOTNOTE: British Crown Colony in Central America with the Car-
ibbean Sea on the east and Guatemala to the west. In 1862 the FOOTNOTE: 1936 issue was struck in proof with mintage of 50.
country was officially declared a British Colony under Jamaica
and in 1884 British Honduras became an independent British Colony. FOOTNOTE: The population is composed chiefly of negroes and
caribs from the West Indies, who were first brought to the country
FOOTNOTE: United States gold currency was adopted as a legal as slaves. Population - British Honduras - c. 1894 - 31,471 in-
tender in 1894 for British Honduras along with British sovereigns cludes about 400 whites. New Cabinet Cyclopaedia, Phila.,1896.
and half sovereigns.
ENCYCLOPEDIA OF SMALL SILVER COINS - BRITISH HONDURAS - PAGE 48

1943 -10 CENTS - OBVERSE 1943 -10 CENTS - REVERSE
====================================================================== =====================================================================
BRITISH HONDURAS, CROWN COLONY of
LONDON MINT FOOTNOTE: British Honduras is a British Crown Colony, the only
====================================================================== political division of Central America which is not a republic. The
10 CENTS 18MM .925 FINE 2.32 GRAMS population in 1938 was estimated at 57,000. There are only 140
====================================================================== automobiles in the colony. About 17,000 people live in Belize the
capital. The only systematic local transportation from Belize to the
1939 20,000 PR-25 other parts of the country is by motorboats along the coast and on
1942 10,000 PR-26 the Belize river. Overland transportation is by mules or by native
1943 20,000 PR-27 carriers over bush or forest tracks. British Honduras currency is
1944 30,000 PR-28 based on the United States dollar. Only notes and coins issued in
1946 10,000 PR-29 British Honduras are legal tender, although American money circu-
lates inter-changeably with that of the colony. Steamers anchor
OV: Crowned head of GEORGE VI, facing left from 1 to 2 miles out, and passengers are taken ashore in small
GEORGE VI KING AND EMPEROR OF INDIA around, P M below boats. Cargo is lightered to the customs warehouse. The Palace
bust. Hotel in Belize is equipped with running water in each room and
beds are screened against mosquitoes. Commercial Travelers
RV: 10 / CENTS within circle of pearls, BRITISH, Guide, Washington, 1941.
HONDURAS, above DATE below, each within equal panels.
FOOTNOTE: Belize settlement - This comprises a small territory in
EDGE: Reeded Mexico, on the east side of the peninsula of Yucatan. It is owned
by the British, and was established for the purpose of cutting
MINT: (no mintmark) = LONDON logwood and mahogany. It extends along the Bay of Honduras
about 150 miles, and is inhabited by negroes and indians, with a
DESIGNER: P M = Percy Metcalfe few whites. Belize, the capital, is situated on a river of the same
name. It contains about 250 houses, built of wood. It is the only
REFERENCE: Y-18, KM-23 seaport in the settlement, and its exports annually amount to about
one million and a half dollars. Olneys Geography, 1849.
PR = The Coins of the British Commonwealth of
Nations - West Indies by Major F. Pridmore, London,
1965.
POPULATION: British Honduras - 1944 - 63,390 with

capital Belize with 18,188 inhabitants.
FOOTNOTE: All through this series of small silver coinage, there

are many times when it may be noted that there is a very close
relationship between the population of the country or its capital
city and the annual mintage.
FOOTNOTE: Encylopedia of Small Silver Coins of Belize are listed
FOOTNOTE: British Honduras, Great Britain's last colony on the
under Appendix A - NCLT, when in 1974 British Honduras became
American mainland, achieved independence as Belize, on Sept.
21, 1981. a self-governing colony under the name of Belize.
ENCYCLOPEDIA OF SMALL SILVER COINS - BRITISH HONDURAS - PAGE 49

BRITISH NORTH BORNEO
1929 - 25 cents - The Mint, Birmingham,Ltd - Obverse
ENCYCLOPEDIA OF SMALL SILVER COINS - BRITISH NORTH BORNEO - PAGE 50

FOOTNOTE: The British Protectorate of North Borneo issued only
this one year type of small silver in a unique denomination of 25
cents of the Straits Settlements dollar. The coins were struck by
the Mint, Birmingham Ltd. in only .500 fine. The monetary unit of the
State of North Borneo was originally the Mexican dollar equal to
100 cents. Later the dollar was meant to refer to the Straits Settle-
ment silver dollar rated at 9 Straits Settlement dollars equal to 5 U.S.
dollars gold.
1929 - 25 CENTS - REVERSE

======================================================================
BRITISH NORTH BORNEO, PROTECTORATE of
Borneo House - 1902
BIRMINGHAM MINT
====================================================================== FOOTNOTE: The Malay Archipelago, or Malaysia, includes the nu-
25 CENTS 18MM .500 FINE 2.83 GRAMS merous islands and island-groups situated between southeastern
====================================================================== Asia and Australia. Among the vast multitude of islands in Malaysia
the largest are; Borneo, Sumatra, Celebes, Java, Philippine Islands
1929 400,000 and Moluccas. The natives are strongly addicted to maritime pur-
suits, and are in many cases inveterate pirates, though a great
OV: Arms of British North Borneo Company with deal of peaceful commerce of the Archipelago is in the hands of
motto: PERGO ET PERAGO (I undertake and I accomplish) / H the Malay natives. The people are of a brown color, with lank hair;
(mintmark) below. they wear little clothing, live chiefly on rice, fruit, and fish, and
dwell bamboo houses, perched on pillars to raise them above the
RV: 25 / CENTS within circle of pearls, STATE OF water.
NORTH BORNEO, around / 1929 below.
EDGE: Reeded
MINT: H = The Mint, Birmingham,Ltd.
REFERENCE: Y-6, BN9, P-1, KM-6
BN9 = A Numismatic History of the Birmingham Mint

by James O.Sweeny, 1981.
P = The Coins of the British Commonwealth of Nations,

Part 2 - Asian Territories by F. Pridmore, London 1965.
The Guide Book & Catalogue of British Commonwealth

Coins by Jerome Remick, 3rd edition,Winnipeg 1971. Trading ship surrounded by junks
POPULATION: British North Borneo - 1930 - 257,804 FOOTNOTE: British Protectorate on the northern portion of the
principally Mohammedan settlers on the coast, island of Borneo, under the jurisdiction of the British North Borneo
aborigines in the interior, with some Chinese traders Company which operates under grants from the Sultans of Brunei
and artisans and about 550 Europeans, capital and Sulu and is a Royal Chartered Company. The interior is moun-
Sandakan with 13,826 inhabitants. tainous, Mount Kina Balu being 13,455 feet high, but most of the
surface is jungle. On May 12, 1888 a formal Protectorate was
FOOTNOTE: In the interior the principal medium of exchange among proclaimed over the State of North Borneo. Although the Capital is
the natives is the large earthenware jars, imported originally, it is Jesselton, the real seat of government of the territory called British
believed, from China, which form the chief wealth both of tribes North Borneo is in London, England at No. 37 Threadneedle St., the
and individuals. The Encyclopedia Britannica, Eleventh Edition,1910. office of the British North Borneo Company, for the Court of Direc-
tors. The Statesmen's Year-Book, London 1916.
ENCYCLOPEDIA OF SMALL SILVER COINS - BRITISH NORTH BORNEO - PAGE 51

BRITISH WEST AFRICA

====================================================================== ======================================================================
1918 - SIX PENCE - OBVERSE 1918 - SIX PENCE - REVERSE

====================================================================== ======================================================================
BRITISH WEST AFRICA, COLONY of
BIRMINGHAM MINT FOOTNOTE: The first silver six pence struck in sterling for British
====================================================================== West Africa were produced by the Birmingham Mint with the H
6 PENCE 19MM .925 FINE 2.8 GRAMS mintmark starting in 1913 through 1919 for the newly formed West
====================================================================== Africa Currency Board The monetary unit was the West Africa
pound equal to 20 shillings or 240 pence. The six pence was
1913 400,000 continued for an additional year, 1920, this time in reduced fine-
1914 952,000 ness of .500 silver. The Royal Mint, London also shipped out some
1916 400,000 1913 six pence to British West Africa as a one year issue, without
1917 2,400,000 mintmark. British West Africa consisted of British Protectorates of
1918 1,160,000 Nigeria, Gambia, Gold Coast, and Sierra Leone.
1919 8,676,000 frozen date
FOOTNOTE: Coins dated 1919 were struck; 1919 - 7,240,000 and
OV: Crowned head of George V, facing left 1920 - 1,436,000.
GEORGIVS V D.G.BRITT:OMN:REX F.D.IND:IMP: (Georgivs V Dei
Gratia Britanniarum Omnium Rex Fidei Defensor Indae Imperator FOOTNOTE: Gold Coast - The Gold Coast Colony comprises the
= George V, by the grace of God, King of all the Britains, coast of the Gulf of Guinea, extending inland to an average dis-
Defender of the Faith, Emperor of India) around / (dot) below, tance of 440 miles. The total area of the colony and its dependen-
B.M. on trucation. cies is estimated at 80,235 sq. miles. The population - 1,503,386.
The Castle and settlement of Elmina was founded by the Portu-
RV: 6 / PENCE within oak wreath with ribbon, guese and taken from them by the Dutch. In 1618, some English
below, BRITISH WEST AFRICA around / H (mintmark) / DATE merchants built a fort at Kormantyne, and subsequently many
below. forts and factories were established. The first English Company to
trade with the Gold Coast was chartered in 1662. This was suc-
EDGE: Reeded ceeded in 1672 by the Royal African Company, which enlarged
and strengthened Cape Coast Castle until it was the best on the
MINT: H = The Mint, BIRMINGHAM,Ltd. coast. Gold is found in considerable quantities. The principal ex-
ports; cocoa, gold, lumber, rubber, palm kernels, and kola nuts. The
DESIGNER: B.M. = Sir Edgar Bertram MacKennal chief imports are textiles, alcohol, and hardware.Whitakers
Almanack,London,1914.
REFERENCE: Y-15, BW 8, KM-11
ENCYCLOPEDIA OF SMALL SILVER COINS - BRITISH WEST AFRICA - PAGE 52

====================================================================== ======================================================================
BRITISH WEST AFRICA, COLONY of BRITISH WEST AFRICA, COLONIES of
BIRMINGHAM MINT LONDON MINT
====================================================================== ======================================================================
====================================================================== ======================================================================
1920 2,948,000 1913 560,000
OV: Crowned head of George V, facing left OV: Crowned head of George V, facing left
GEORGIVS V D.G.BRITT:OMN:REX F.D.IND:IMP: (Georgivs V Dei GEORGIVS V D.G.BRITT:OMN:REX F.D.IND:IMP: (Georgivs V Dei
Gratia Britanniarum Omnium Rex Fidei Defensor Indae Imperator = Gratia Britanniarum Omnium Rex Fidei Defensor Indae Imperator =
George V, by the grace of God, King of all the Britians, Defender George V, by the grace of God, King of all the Britians, Defender
of the Faith, Emperor of India) around / (dot) below, B.M. on of the Faith, Emperor of India) around / (dot) below, B.M. on
trucation. trucation.
RV: 6 / PENCE within oak wreath with ribbon, below, RV: 6 / PENCE within oak wreath with ribbon, below,
BRITISH WEST AFRICA around / H (mintmark) / 1920 below. BRITISH WEST AFRICA around / 1913 below.
MINT: H = The Mint, BIRMINGHAM,Ltd. MINT: (no mintmark) = Royal Mint, LONDON
DESIGNER: B.M. = Sir Edgar Bertram MacKennal DESIGNER: B.M. = Sir Edgar Bertram MacKennal
REFERENCE: Y-15B, BW12, KM-11a REFERENCE: Y-15, KM-11
FOOTNOTE: Nigeria - The Colony and Protectorate of Southern

Nigeria includes the territories situated on the Bight of Benin. The
area of the whole territory is 80,000 sq. miles, and the population
roughly 8,000,000. The chief industry is agriculture, and crops
consist of cocoa, maize, plantains, earth-nuts, yams and cassava,
while coffee and cotton are also grown. The natural products
West Africa trading fort exported are palm oil and kernels, gum copal and rubber, and the
export of cocoa, cotton and maize is steadily increasing. A railway
has been constructed from Iddo Island, near Lagos, to Zungern,
FOOTNOTE: Gambia - The West African river Gambia, which is
the capital of Northern Nigeria, a distance of about 429 miles, cross-
navigable for some 300 miles from its mouth, was discovered by
ing the Niger at Jebba. The Protectorate of Northern Nigeria was
the Portuguese in 1447; and in 1588, the year of the Spanish Ar-
established on January 1, 1900 and includes the northern portion
mada, Queen Elizabeth, being then at war with Spain and Portugal,
of the territories formerly administered by the Royal Niger Com-
gave a charter to a British Company to trade with the Gambia and
pany. It is bounded on the south by Southern Nigeria, to the west
as early as 1618 an effort to do so was made, but it was not
and north by the French possessions in the hinterland of Dahomey
successful. In 1686 a fort was built upon a rocky island, and, in
and the Sudan, and on the east by Lake Chad and the German
honor of the new King, was named Fort James. The Colony of the
territory of the Cameroons. The area is about 256,000 square miles.
Gambia was created in 1843 of the Island of St. Mary, British Kombo,
The population has been estimated at about 9,000,000. Whitakers
Albreda, the Ceded Mile, MacCarthy Island, and various other is-
Almanack,London,1914.
lands and territories on the banks of the (Gambia) river. The total
area is estimated at 4,000 sq. miles. The population of the Island of
FOOTNOTE: At the turn of the century, perhaps nothing furnishes a
St. Mary, at the census of April 2, 1911,was 7,700, and that of the
better and more deplorable illustration of the state of affairs than
Protectorate, 138,401.Whitakers Almanack,London,1914.
the African liquor trade. Not only frequently, but well-nigh invari-
ably, the ship that bears one or two missionaries to convert the
FOOTNOTE: Sierra Leone - The peninsula of Sierra Leone (Lion
african, carries also thousands of gallons of rum to damn him. This
Mountain) was ceded to Great Britain in 1787 by the native chiefs,
comes principally from Boston, whose rum and religion constitute a
to be used as an asylum for the many destitute negroes then in
puzzle which Africans and philanthropists have tried in vain to
England; and great numbers of liberated Africans from North America
solve. When I was introduced to the black Ashantis, they were
and the West Indies, besides those taken in slavers on the coast,
informed that I was an American, Ah melican man, eh? said the
have from time to time been settled there. The extreme length of the
Chief, Melican lum plenty good, you got melican lum? This was all
Colony is about 210 miles, with an estimated area of 4,000 sq.
he knew of America. I could not elicit anything more about my
miles. The population in 1911 amounted to 75,572, of whom 650
country from him than this testimony to the far-reaching influence
were resident Europeans. Of the rest, more than half were liber-
of New England culture. During a recent period of four years
ated Africans and their descendants, while the remainder belonged
30,000,000 gallons of strong drink were shipped from Europe and
to the neighboring tribes.The liberated Africans were brought from
America to help in the work of civilizing Africa! Missionaries assert
all parts of Africa, and as a result no less than 60 different lan-
that their worst enemy is not witchcraft, native depravity, licen-
guages are said to be spoken in Freetown. The exports are palm-
tiousness, nor race-old superstitions, but rum from their own civi-
oil, palm-kernels and kola nuts; but ginger, ground nuts, india-rub-
lized lands! Daybreak in the Dark Continent, W.S.Naylor, 1905.
ber, gum-copal, hides, beeswax, and rice are also exported. The
principal imports are cotton goods, coal, apparel, hardware, provi-
sions and tobacco. A Protectorate was proclaimed on August 31,
1896. It has an area of about 27,000 square miles and a population
estimated at 1,327,569. Freetown, the capital and seat of govern-
ment, is the greatest seaport and has the finest harbor in West
Africa. Whitakers Almanack,London,1914.
ENCYCLOPEDIA OF SMALL SILVER COINS - BRITISH WEST AFRICA - PAGE 53

BULGARIA
====================================================================== ======================================================================
1883 - 50 STOTINKI - OBVERSE 1883 - 50 STOTINKI - REVERSE

====================================================================== ======================================================================
BULGARIA, PRINCIPALITY OF
ST.PETERSBURG MINT FOOTNOTE: Bulgarians are a race of Finnish origin whose original
====================================================================== seat was the banks of the Volga, and who subdued the old Moesian
50 STOTINKI 18MM .835 FINE 2.5 GRAMS population and established a Kingdom in the present Bulgaria in the
====================================================================== 7th century. They soon became blended with the conquered Slavs,
whose language they adopted. In the 14th century the country
1883 3,000,000 was conquered by the Turks. The Bulgarian language is divided
into two dialects, the old and the new; the former is the richest and
OV: Battenburg coat of Arms within circle of pearls best of the slavonic tongues, and although extinct as a living tongue
Cyrillic inscription n [W9'!C3a n (Bulgaria) above, Cyrillic is still used as the sacred language of the Greek Church. Cabinet
inscription EW+O3=3+ - G? AC!%3 E39! - G! (The right Cyclopaedia, 1895.
ones are strong by unity) around below.
RV: 50 / Cyrillic denomination EGOG3=73 (stotinki)

/ 1883 within wreath of roses, laurel and wheat tied with ribbon
below, within outer ring of pearls.
EDGE: Reeded
MINT: (no mintmark) = ST.PETERSBURG
REFERENCE: Y-4
FOOTNOTE: The Bulgarian National Bank was established in 1879.

Their accounts were kept in French francs, with payments in
Russian rubles. Small coins used were Turkish copper coins. The
Law of June 1880 provided for a national currency based on the
French standards with the Bulgarian lev equal to 100 stotinki. The
first silver coins minted at St.Petersburg were minted, included the FOOTNOTE: The Battenburg coat of Arms consists of crowned
50 stotinki of 1883, by melting Russian rubbles. The denomination lion passant,facing left, supported by two facing lions under a
leva is plural of lev, meaning lion. canopy.
ENCYCLOPEDIA OF SMALL SILVER COINS - BULGARIA - PAGE 54

FOOTNOTE: Alexander I, Prince of Bulgaria was the second son of
Prince Alexander of Hesse by a morganatic marriage with Count-
ess Julia of Hauck. He served in the Russo-Turkish War of 1877-
78 on the staff of General Gurko and in the personal suite of the
Czar. After the erection of Bulgaria into an Autonomous Principality,
he was elected Hereditary Prince April 29, 1879, by the Bulgarian
Sobranje, at the insistence of Russia, and the choice was con-
firmed by those powers which had participated in 1878 in the
Congress of Berlin. The Principality was organized under Russian
influence, but at once developed political parties. Alexander be-
gan his administration with a conservative ministry, seeking to
maintain a good understanding with Russia and to establish an
orderly government. He then tried a Nationalist ministry, but in 1881
dismissed it, convoked the Sobranje, and secured special pow-
ers, under which he appointed a Conservative ministry, headed by
two Russian Generals, Kaulbars and Soboleff. The Conservative
party was but a small faction, and Alexander now allied himself
with the Nationalists, who were able to assert themselves more
and more against the Russian influence. In 1885 Eastern Rumelia
revolted against its Governor-General, sought aid from Alexander,
who assumed the title of Prince of the Two Bulgarias, and accom-
plished the union in spite of Russian opposition, securing recogni-
tion as Governor from the Porte. This brought on a war with Serbia,
in which Bulgaria triumphed, Prince Alexander conducting his army
with courage and skill. In the night of August 20-21, 1886, a
conspiracy headed by Zankoff, and inspired by Russian machina-
tions, forced him to sign his abdication, and he was kidnapped and
taken into Russian territory. Popular indignation in Bulgaria pro-
cured his release, but on September 7, 1886 he formally abdi-
1891 - 50 STOTINKI - OBVERSE
cated, believing that it was for the good of the country in view of ======================================================================
Russian opposition. He had shown a courage, ability, and loyalty to BULGARIA, PRINCIPALITY OF
Bulgaria such as had hardly been expected. He died on his estate KREMNITZ MINT
at Gratz, in Styria in 1893. New International Encyclopedia, 1910. ======================================================================
50 STOTINKI 18MM .835 FINE 2.5 GRAMS
====================================================================== ======================================================================
1891 2,000,046
OV: Head of Ferdinand I, facing left,Cyrillic inscrip-

tion K+C)3=!=)W y. 7=a1[ =! [WA'!CE733 (Ferdinand
I, Prince of Bulgaria) abound / 7.[
[. (mintmark) A.S. under bust.

/ 1891, within wreath of roses, laurel and wheat tied with ribbon
below, within outer ring of pearls.
EDGE: Reeded
MINT: 7.[
[. = KREMNITZ (Kormocz Banya)
DESIGNER: A.S. = A. Schraff
REFERENCE: Y-12
POPULATION: Bulgaria - 1890 - 2,179,375 with

capital Sofia with 30,420 inhabitants.
FOOTNOTE: Prince Ferdinand of Saxe-Coburg was offered the

vacant throne of Bulgaria on July 7, 1887. Born on February 26,
1861 in Vienna, the youngest son of Prince Augustus of Saxe-
Coburg and Princess Clementine of Bourbon-Orleans, he was
only 26 years of age and an officer in the Austrian army. He
married on April 20, 1893 Princess Marie Louise of Parma; who
died in 1899. He married again on February 28, 1908, Princess
Eleonore of Reuss-Kostritz. He ruled as Prince from 1887 to 1908
when he was crowned Czar (King) of the Bulgarians. He abdi-
cated and was succeeded in 1918 by his son who became King
Boris III. King Ferdinand died in 1948.
Prince Ferdinand I

======================================================================
BULGARIA, KINGDOM OF
KREMNITZ MINT
======================================================================
======================================================================
1910 400,016
OV: Head of Ferdinand I, facing right, Cyrillic

inscription K+C)3=!=)W y O!CW =! [WA'!C3G[
(Ferdinand I, Czar of Bulgaria) around / ST.SCHWARTZ under bust.

/ 1910, within wreath of roses, laurel and wheat tied with ribbon
below,within outer ring of pearls.
EDGE: Reeded
MINT: (no mintmark) = KREMNITZ
DESIGNER: ST.SCHWARTZ = Prof. Stephen Schwartz
REFERENCE: Y-24
POPULATION: Bulgaria - 1908 - 4,158,000
1891 - 50 STOTINKI - REVERSE FOOTNOTE: The Slavic title CZAR, meaning emperor comes from
the Latin Caesar. It was first used by the Grand-Duke of Russia
====================================================================== early in the 12th century and adopted as a title of the reigning
sovereign by Ivan the Terrible in AD 1547.
FOOTNOTE: The monetary unit of value is the lev (100 stotinki
equal to 1 lev), worth at the time 19.3 U.S. cents, the same as the FOOTNOTE: The issue of 1910 was struck to show the title of
Latin Monetary Union. Czar (King) for Ferdinand I.
====================================================================== ======================================================================
1910 - 50 STOTINKI - OBVERSE 1910 - 50 STOTINKI - REVERSE

FOOTNOTE: Ferdinand I, Czar of Bulgaria was born in 1861 in
Vienna, the youngest son of Prince Augustus of Saxe-Coburg and
Princess Clementine of Bourbon-Orleans. He married (1) Princess
Maria Louisa, daughter of the Duke of Parma, who died in 1899; and
(2) Princess Eleanore of Reuss. On the deposition of Prince
Alexander of Bulgaria, Ferdinand accepted the offer of the Crown.
He was elected by the Bulgarian Parliament on July 7, 1887, but
sovereignty was not recognised by the Great Powers until 1896.
Prince Ferdinand, it will be remembered, had proclaimed the inde-
pendence of Bulgaria on October 5, 1908, and assumed the title of
Czar (King). Then followed the negotiations concerning an indem-
nity which finally resulted in an agreement, April 19, 1909, where in
all differences were settled and Turkey acknowledged Bulgarian
independence. Though at first thwarted at every turn by Russia,
Ferdinand set himself very successfully to the task of building up
and consolidating his kingdom, and the results were seen on the
outbreak of the Balkan War of 1912.
FOOTNOTE: The Cyrillic alphabet - over a hundred million Eastern

Europeans, the Slavic nations of Russia, Serbians and Bulgarians
trace their alphabet to the linguistic work of two missionaries, the
Brothers Cyrill and Methodius of Salonika. Cyrill who was born in
827 AD was sent as an apostle to Monavia in 862 to convert the
Slavic Mohammedans to Christianity. The Brothers failed to win
Monavia and Bohemia away from the Roman Catholic church and
German influence, but their great work consisted of devising a
new alphabet for writing the various Slavic tongues. This Cyrillic
alphabet was based on Greek, but differs from both the ancient
Greek and Latin alphabet that today Westerners have serious dif- 1916 - 50 STOTINKI - REVERSE
ficulty when first trying to learn the Slavic language. The Cyrillic ======================================================================
letters were first used in translating the Bible for use in Bulgaria. BULGARIA, KINGDOM OF
Later the alphabet was adopted by the Russians for all writing, KREMNITZ MINT
both religious and secular. ======================================================================
====================================================================== ======================================================================
1912 5,000,088
1913 2,282,061
1916 4,526,051 rare
OV: HEAD OF FERDINAND I, FACING LEFT Cyrillic

inscription K+C)3=!=)W y (Ferdinand I) left, Cyrillic inscription
O!CW =! [WA'!C3G[ (Czar of Bulgaria) right / R.MARSCHALL
under bust.
RV: 50 EGOG3=73 (stotinki) / DATE, within wreath

of roses, laurel and wheat tied with ribbon below, within outer
ring of pearls.
EDGE: Reeded
DESIGNER: R.MARSCHALL = Rudolf Marschall
REFERENCE: Y-27
POPULATION: Bulgaria - 1912 - 4,958,400 with capital

Sofia with 102,769 inhabitants.
FOOTNOTE: Most of the issue of 1916 were melted during the

Great War, when the price of silver increased, which accounts for
its rarity status.
CZAR FERDINAND I OF BULGARIA

1916 - 50 STOTINKI - OBVERSE

FOOTNOTE: The Kingdom of Bulgaria was proclaimed October
1908. On September 30, 1912 Bulgaria, allied with Serbia, Greece
and Montenegro commenced the Balkan War on Turkey, which
ended by the Treaty of London, May 30, 1913 when Turkey ceded
to the Allies all its European territory west of a line drawn from
Midia on the Black Sea to Enos on the Aegean and also Crete. The
second Balkan War commences on June 29, 1913 with Rumania
intervening on July 10, 1913. Peace finally came on August 10,
1913 by the Treaty of Bucharest, between Bulgaria on the one
hand, and Rumania, Serbia, Greece and Montenegro on the other.
As result, Ferdinand I abdicated and was succeeded by his son
Boris III on October 3, 1918.
Bulgarian peddler - 1902
FOOTNOTE: Agriculture is the chief occupation of the people of

Bulgaria. Land is held in absolute freehold by the owners and
there is a land tax. The communes hold pasture-land and wood- Czar Ferdinand I of Bulgaria
land in perpetuity and pay no rent, and over such lands the mem-
bers of the communes have grazing and wood-cutting rights.
About five sevenths of the population are engaged in agriculture,
most of them being small proprietors hold from one to six acres. In
1910 there were in Bulgaria 8,669,260 sheep, 1,464,719 goats,
1,606363 head of cattle, 527,311 pigs, 478,222 horses, 118,488
asses, and 12,238 mules. Education is free and nominally obli-
gated for a period of four years (8-12). The richer parents are,
however, required to pay 20 leva a year for each of their children
attending the higher schools. The Statemen's Year-book, Lon-
don, 1916.
Map of Bulgaria - 1902

CAMBODIA
====================================================================== ======================================================================

====================================================================== ======================================================================
CAMBODIA, FRENCH PROTECTORATE of
BRUSSELS FOOTNOTE: This issue was dated 1860, the year King Norodom I
====================================================================== became King of Cambodia. It was struck in 1875 at the Brussels
50 CENTIMES I8.4 MM .835 FINE 2.5 GRAMS mint and later restruck in 1899 at the time of the death of the Queen
====================================================================== Mother with their weight reduced and with a rough appearance
from the old dies.
1860 (1875) u/m
OV: Head of Norodom I, facing left, NORODOM I RIO

DU CAMBODGE (Norodom I King of Cambodia) around / C.WURDEN
under head / 1860 below.
RV: Shield of Arms within an ermine mantle,

surmounted by a conical crown, denomination in Siamese (muey
hung = one huong) above / 50 centimes below.
EDGE: Reeded
MINT: (no mintmark) = BRUSSELS, struck in 1875.
DESIGNER: C. WURDEN = Henri Charles Wurden
FOOTNOTE: Cambodia, an extensive country of the Indo-Chinese

peninsula, now a Protectorate of France, bounded on the S.W. by
the Gulf of Siam, on the S.E. by French Cochin-China, and on the N.
by Siam. Area, about 33,000 sq. miles; population about 900,000.
The surface is mostly flat, and the soil fertile. There are extensive
forests, which shelter elephants and deer; there are also wild-
cattle and ponies, and the rhinoceros abound. Among the chief
products are rice, bertel, areca-nuts, gamboge, spices, sandal-
wood, and ivory. Iron occurs. Library of Universal Knowledge,
N.Y. 1879.
Map of Indo-China and Cambodia
ENCYCLOPEDIA OF SMALL SILVER COINS - CAMBODIA - PAGE 59

FOOTNOTE: Cambodia (called by the inhabitants Sroc Khmer and FOOTNOTE: (Continued) World cataloguers followed the earlier
by the French Cambodia). The French persuaded King Norodom I French references, including; Wayte Raymond in his Coins of the
(1859-1904) to accept for Cambodia the status of French protec- World - Nineteenth Century Issues, New York, 1953. The 50 cen-
torate. A treaty establishing the protectorate was signed by times was priced at $1.00, thus in no way reflecting the rarity of
Norodom I on Aug. 11, 1863, and was latter ratified by the French this coin. When Richard S.Yeoman first published his famous
government.. In 1866 the capital of Cambodia was moved to Phnom brown book Modern World Coins, he listed the series under the
Penh. In 1904 King Norodom was succeeded by his brother section of French Indo-china as Cambodia Y 4-9 and the 50
Sisowath. Encyclopaedia Britannia, 11th Edition ,1910. centimes is still $1.00., The 13th Edition, 1984 Modern World Coins,
now edited by Arthur and Ira Friedberg still lists the series, re-
FOOTNOTE: This issue which was part of a set, as indicated in the alphabetized under Cambodia, with the prices from VF to UNC
previous note; was specially engraved by Henri Charles Wurden now $25.00 to $125.00 for the 50 centimes. Another series of
and struck in Brussels to commemorate the accession to the world type catalogues; Catalogue of the World's Most Popular
throne of King Norodom I of Cambodia in 1860. Actually the date Coins, Fred Reinfeld, revised by Burton Hobson, Garden City,
should have been 1859. It is believed that the set of coins were N.Y. , 1969-56 also listed the series under Cambodia as #1-6 for
actually struck in 1875. Cambodia was then under the protection the silver coins with the price of the 50 centimes only $2.50. Then
of France and this set was prepared for the 1878 Paris came the beginning of the catalog popularly knows as the tele-
Internationale Expedition. The set included silver coins with de- phone book, Standard Catalog of World Coins, 1st Edition, by
nominations of; 4 francs, 2 francs, 1 franc, 50 centimes and 25 Chester L Krause and Clifford Mishler, Iola, WI, 1972. This vol-
centimes along with bronze coins of 10 centimes and 5 centimes. ume pictured the series Y 4-8 (using the Yeoman numbering
Most early French catalogues included a reference to this set of system) and valuing the 50 centimes from Good, VF, and UNC as
coins. E. Zay in his Histoire Monetaire des Colonies Franaise, $1.75, $5.00 and $20.00 respectively. By the time the Deluxe A.N.A.
Paris, 1892., first described the coins as follows: Pices de 4,2,1 Centennial Two Volume Edition of the Standard Catalog of World
francs, 50 et 25 centimes, argent; 10 et 5 centimes, bronze. Coins, was published in 1991 the series was repositioned under
Frappes a Pnon-Penh, au millsime de 1860, annee de the current name for Cambodia, Kampuchea and renumbered with
l'avenement du rio Norodom. He describes the crown thus; Km#'s. The 50 centimes coin as KM-45.1 and KM-45.2 for the re-
stike of 1899 produced from the original dies, then rusty and on a
thinner planchet. The original issue was priced from FINE to UNC
as $20.00 to $250. The proof strike is listed at $600. (The author
added this, a proof to his collection for $55.00 years ago and has
never seen the circulation strike). There is now a debate as to
whether these coins were regular issue, NCLT, or not even coins
to begin with. Colin R. Bruce II, lists the series in his Unusual
World coins, 3rd Edition, Krause Publications, Iola, WI. He also
states" Originally produced in Brussels, Belgium by Menning Broth-
ers, specifically for collectors ca. 1875". No matter who is right,
this particular coin - referring to the 50 centimes dated 1860 is
considered by the author as one of the most striking and interest-
ing pieces listed in this volume. The portrait of King Norodom I is
finely engraved by the designer Wurden. The coat of arms of the
1. - Pice de 4 fr. Lg. cir. g. NORODOM I ROI DU Cambodia royalty on the reverse is beautiful with much detail.
CAMBODGE. Tte g.; au-dessous C.WURDEN. EX. 1860. ======================================================================
Rf Lg. circ. siam. g. CRNG CAMPUCHA. BUN SLENG
(Royaume de Cambodge. Quate slng) Ecu ovale d'azur
charg d'une vasque, d'une coupe, d'un glaive pos en
fasce et d'une bisse, poss l'un sur l'autre, le tout d'or.
L'cu embrass de deux branches de laurier et accol
du cordon de l'Ordre du Cambodge, est pos sur un
manteau d'hermines relev par deux lances pass de la
couronne royale de Cambodge rayonnante d'or. Ex.
QUATRE FRANCS - Tr. cannele; d. 34 2, p. 2 :
m/m; 20 gr.
The 50 centimes is described by Zay as;
4. - Pice de 50 c. Semblable, mais avec MUEY HUNG

(un hung) 50 CENTIMES - d. 18, p. 1 m/m; 2 gr. 50.
FOOTNOTE: Zay in his Supplement published in 1904 by Raymond

Serrure mentions the restrike issue of 1899 distributed as souve-
nirs. Victor Guilloteau shows the set as 3563-71 in his 272
Annes de Numismatique Franaise, Versailles, 1942. Jean
Mazard lists the set as 499-504 in his two volume tome History
Monetaire Numismatique, Paris 1953. The Societe Numismatique
de Paris lists the series as Monnaies souvenirs 55-60 in their
little book Les Monnaies Coloniales Franaises depuis 1815,
Paris, 1974. In 1976 J.LThimonier was still listing the series in his
Encyclopedie des Monnaies Coloniales. The cataloguers, Victor
Gadoury with Georges Cousini in their Monnaies Colonniaies
Franaise 1670-1980, Monte-Carlo, 1979, details the background Nordom I King of Cambodia
for this series indicating they were struck in 1875. (continued). ======================================================================
ENCYCLOPEDIA OF SMALL SILVER COINS - CAMBODIA - PAGE 60

Modern Dime Size Silver Coins of the World FOOTNOTE: A uniform decimal system of coinage was established
CANADA through the Dominion of Canada in 1871. The unit of account is the
dollar of 100 cents, the value of which is declared to be on the
basis of 486 cents and two-thirds of a cent to the pound of British
Including sterling money. In 1867, March 28th, the British North America Act
NEW BRUNSWICK, NEWFOUNDLAND for Confederation of the colonies passed the Imperial Parliament. It
united Upper Canada or Ontario, Lower Canada or Quebec, New
====================================================================== Brunswick and Nova Scotia, into one territory, to be named the
Dominion of Canada. Newfoundland declared against joining the
Confederation, but with that exception all the British territory north
of the United States was granted with, The Dominion - The Hudson
Bay Company territory by purchase in 1868, British Columbia in
1871, Prince Edward Island in 1873. Cabinet Cyclopaedia,1895.
======================================================================
CANADA, DOMINION of
BIRMINGHAM MINT
======================================================================
10 CENTS 18MM .925 FINE 2.333 GRAMS
======================================================================
1902 1,100,000
Early Canadian Arms 1903 1,320,000
====================================================================== OV: Head of Edward VII, facing right, EDWARVS VII

CANADA, DOMINION of D.G.REX IMPERATOR (Edwarvs VII Dei Gratia Rex Imperator =
BIRMINGHAM MINT Edward VII by the grace of God King and Emperor) around /
====================================================================== DES. under bust.
====================================================================== RV: 10 / CENTS / CANADA / - / DATE, Imperial State
Crown, above, within wreath of maple leaves tied with ribbon
1871 1,870,000 below / H (mintmark) below.
1872 1,000,000
1874 1,600,000 EDGE: Reeded
1875 i/a
1880 1,500,000 MINT: H = The Mint, BIRMINGHAM,Ltd.
1881 950,000
1882 1,000,000 DESIGNER: DES. = George William DeSaulles
1883 300,000
1890 450,000 TYPE: I - Coin die direction.
OV: Laureate head of Victoria, facing left, VICTORIA REFERENCE: Y-12, CA 18, KM-10
DEI GRATIA REGINA (Victoria by the grace of God Queen)
above, CANADA below. FOOTNOTE: Currency of Canada - 100 cents = 1 dollar
RV: 10 / CENTS / DATE, St.Edwards Crown above, FOOTNOTE: Canada was originally discovered by Cabot in 1497,
within wreath of maple leaves tied with ribbon below / H but its history dates only from 1534, when the French took pos-
(mintmark) below. session of the country. The first settlement (Quebec) was founded
in 1608. In 1759 Quebec succumbed to the British force under
EDGE: Reeded General Wolfe, and in 1763 the whole territory of Canada became
a possession of Great Britain by the Treaty of Paris of that year.
MINT: H = R. Heaton & Son, BIRMINGHAM Nova Scotia was ceded in 1713 by the Treaty of Utrecht, the
Provinces of New Brunswick and Prince Edward Island being
DESIGNER: Leonard C. Wyon subsequently formed out of it.
======================================================================
REFERENCE: Y-3, CA-12, KM-3
POPULATION: Canada - 1890 - 4,324,810 with capital

Ottawa with 44,000 inhabitants.
FOOTNOTE: The 10 cents coinage of Canada is arranged by mints;

Birmingham, London and Ottawa, followed by the Province of
New Brunswick which ordered coins from the Royal Mint, London.
Newfoundland which had its own unique coinage from 1862 used
the same mints as Canada; Birmingham, London and Ottawa, but
with much smaller mintages all struck in sterling.
FOOTNOTE: Production records show the mintage for 1874 as

600,000 and 1875 as 1,000,000, however they do not indicate the
dates of each issue. The issue of 1875 being more scarce. City of Quebec -1850
======================================================================
ENCYCLOPEDIA OF SMALL SILVER COINS - CANADA - PAGE 61

FOOTNOTE: George William DeSaulles - The letters DES. appear- FOOTNOTE: When the English government was established in
ing under the portrait of Edward VII on the coinage of Great Britain Canada after the capture of Quebec and Montreal in 1790, only
and Commonwealth countries denotes engraver George William about two hundred of the sixty-five thousand inhabitants were of
DeSaulles. Born in Birmingham in 1862, the son of a glass mer- English origin, the rest were French. In 1774 the British Parliament
chant of French ancestry, he received his first art training while passed the Quebec Act recognizing French traditions, customs,
attending the Birmingham School of Art. From there DeSaulles pro- laws and the Catholic Church. During the American Revolution
gressed to an apprenticeship with a Birmingham diesinker. In 1884 Loyalists in great numbers settled in the Maritime Provinces and in
he moved to London, having finished his apprenticeship and worked Upper Canada (Ontario). By 1806 eighty thousand Loyalists immi-
for John H. Pinches until 1884, when he returned to Birmingham for grants had crossed the frontier from the United States. In 1837
four years. During this time in Birmingham he worked for the med- rebellion of the Liberals against the Loyalists in control of the
allist Joseph Moore. In 1892 DeSaulles heard that the position of government broke out in Upper Canada and in Lower Canada (
engraver at the Royal Mint was to be filled due to the death of Quebec) also due to irritation of the French at British rule. Both
Leonard Charles Wyon. He applied for the post and his appoint- rebellions were easily crushed, but the British sent over an inves-
ment was confirmed in 1893. During the next ten years he was tigator whose report in 1840 advocated self-government for the
actively engaged in the production of dies for British and Colonial colonies. This was followed by the Act of Union, bringing the two
coins, and official medals. A skillful craftsman and very fast worked, Provinces under one government. By the British North American
he frequently did all the designing, modeling and engraving for his Act of 1867 Ontario, Quebec, New Brunswick and Nova Scotia
own dies himself. His earlier work at the Royal Mint included the were united in to the Dominion of Canada. In 1869 the extensive
engraving of dies for the Old Head coinage of Victoria. From rights of the Hudson Bay Company were purchased. The Province
designs by various other artists, and he also modified some of the of Manitoba was laid out in 1870, in 1871 British Columbia was
designs then in use on Victorias coins. At the accession of Ed- admitted to the Federation and two years later Prince Edward
ward VII in 1901 deSaulles designed and engraved the portrait for Island. In 1905 Alberta and Saskatchewan came into the Union.
the new coinage, both the uncrowned head which appears on the
coinage of Great Britain and the Empire of India and the crowned ======================================================================
effigy of Canada, East Africa & Uganda Protectorate, Hong Kong, CANADA, DOMINION of
Straits Settlements and Australia, Newfoundland and Ceylon. In- LONDON MINT
cluded among his designs are the 1894 reverse Y-3 British Hondu- ======================================================================
ras and the British trade dollar (1895) and the Straits Settlements 10 CENTS 18MM .925 FINE 2.333 GRAMS
Dollar (1903). DeSaulles was a dedicated artist and at the Royal ======================================================================
Mint he worked very long hours. This eventually took its toll. On
July 21, 1903 not long after he had completed his design for the 1870 1,600,000
Edward VII series, he died at Chiswick, England. 1871 800,000
1884 150,000
===================================================================== 1885 400,000
CANADA, British Province of 1886 800,000
LONDON MINT 1887 350,000
====================================================================== 1888 500,000
10 CENTS 18MM .925 FINE 2.324 GRAMS 1889 600,000
====================================================================== 1891 800,000
1892 520,000
1858 1,216,402 1893 500,000
1894 500,000
OV: Laureate head of Victoria, facing left, VICTORIA 1896 650,000
DEI GRATIA REGINA (Victoria by the grace of God Queen) 1898 720,000
above, CANADA below. 1899 1,200,000
1900 1,100,000
RV: 10 / CENTS / 1858, St.Edwards Crown above, 1901 1,200,000
within wreath of maple leaves tied with ribbon below.
OV: Laureate head of Victoria, facing left, VICTORIA
EDGE: Reeded DEI GRATIA REGINA (Victoria by the grace of God Queen)
above, CANADA below.
RV: 10 / CENTS / DATE, St.Edwards Crown above,
DESIGNER: Leonard C. Wyon within wreath of maple leaves tied with ribbon below.
REFERENCE: Y-3, KM-3 EDGE: Reeded
Type: I - Lower weight. MINT: (no mintmark) = Royal Mint, LONDON
POPULATION: Canada - 1861 - 3,090,561 DESIGNER: Leonard C. Wyon
FOOTNOTE: Canada in 1896 - The unorganized and unnamed por- REFERENCE: Y-3, KM-3
tion of the Dominions of Canada this year was set apart into provi-
sional districts. The territory east of Hudsons Bay, having the Type: II - Increased weight.
province of Quebec on the south and the Atlantic on the east, was
to be hereafter known as Ungava, The territory embraced in the POPULATION: Canada - 1901 5,371,315 with the
islands of the Artic Sea was to be known as Franklin, the Mackenzie capital Ottawa with 59,928 inhabitants.
River region as Mackenzie and the Pacific coast territory lying
north of British Columbia and west of Mackenzie as Yukon. The FOOTNOTE: The word Canada is Indian meaning a collection of
Annual Register, 1895, p.391. huts, a village or a town. Compendium of Universal Knowl-
edge, Phila., 1891.

======================================================================
Horse-shoe fall at Niagara

======================================================================
CANADA, DOMINION of
LONDON MINT
======================================================================
======================================================================
1902 720,000
KING EDWARD VII
1903 500,000 1910 -10 CENTS - OBVERSE
1904 1,000,000
======================================================================
1905 1,000,000
CANADA, DOMINION of
1906 1,700,000
OTTAWA MINT
1907 2,620,000
======================================================================
10 CENTS 17.91MM .925 FINE 2.333 GRAMS
OV: Head of Edward VII, facing right, EDWARVS VII
======================================================================
D.G.REX IMPERATOR (Edwarvs VII Dei Gratia Rex Imperator =
Edward VII by the grace of God King and Emperor) around /
1908 776,666
DES. under bust.
1909 1,697,200
1910 4,468,331
RV: 10 / CENTS / CANADA / - / DATE, Imperial State
OV: Head of Edward VII, facing right, EDWARVS VII
below.
D.G.REX IMPERATOR (Edwarvs VII Dei Gratia Rex Imperator =
Edward VII by the grace of God King and Emperor) around /
EDGE: Reeded
DES. under bust.
RV: 10 / CENTS / CANADA / - / DATE, Imperial State
DESIGNER: DES. = George William DeSaulles
below.
TYPE: I - Coin die direction.
EDGE: Reeded
MINT: (no mintmark) = Royal Mint Branch, OTTAWA
FOOTNOTE: Ottawa, the capital of the Dominion is situated on the
DESIGNER: (obv) DES. = George William DeSaulles
south bank of the Ottawa River. It communicates by steamer on the
(rev) W.H.J.Blakemore
Ottawa with Montreal, and by the Rideau Canal with Lake Ontario.
At the west end of the city the Ottawa rushes over the cataract
TYPE: II - Medal die direction.
known as the Chaudiere Falls. The Rideau Canal divides the city
into the Upper Town and the Lower Town, the former being distin-
guished by its predominantly English population and the latter by
the French Canadians. Ottawas streets are wide and laid out at
right angles. In addition to the government buildings, the Mint, the
National Victoria Museum, Ottawa manufactures; wood products,
paper, matches, cement, carbide, marine gas buoys, iron and
foundry products, mica, and clothing. The city was selected by
Queen Victoria as the capital of Canada in 1858. The Royal Mint
opened its Ottawa branch in 1908. The mintmark C was not used
on the Canadian 10 cents coinage, except for the issues struck for
Newfoundland.
Early Canadian Home

1910 -10 CENTS - REVERSE 1911 -10 CENTS - OBVERSE
======================================================================
KING GEORGE V - Godless Type
======================================================================
CANADA, DOMINION of
OTTAWA MINT
======================================================================
======================================================================
1911 2,737,584
OV: Head of George V, facing right, GEORGIVS V

REX IND:IMP: (Georgivs V Rex Indae Imperator = George V King
and Emperor of India) around / B.M. on trunction.
RV: 10 / CENTS / CANADA / - / 1911 Crown above,

EDGE: Reeded
MINT: (no mintmark) = Royal Mint Branch, OTTAWA
The Citadel, Quebec DESIGNER:(obv) B.M. = Sir Edgar Bertram MacKennal

====================================================================== (rev) W.H.J.Blakemore
TYPE: I - Without D.GRA, known as the Godless type.
REFERENCE: Y-18A, KM-17
POPULATION: Canada - 1911 - 7,206,643 with capital

Ottawa with 87,062 inhabitants.
FOOTNOTE: The 1911 series was known as the Godless variety

due to the absence of D.GRA. (Dei Gratia = By the grace of God)
from the Kings titles.
St.Edward's Crown
Parliament building, Ottawa
KING GEORGE V - Dei Gratia ======================================================================
======================================================================
CANADA, DOMINION of
OTTAWA MINT
======================================================================
======================================================================
1912 3,235,557
1913 3,613,937
1914 2,549,811
1915 688,057
1916 4,218,114
1917 5,011,988
1918 5,133,602
1919 7,877,722
OV: Head of George V, facing right, GEORGIVS V D

GRA:REX ET IND:IMP: (Georgivs V Dei Gratia Rex et Indae
Imperator = George V by the grace of God King and Emperor of
India) around / B.M. on trunction.
RV: 10 / CENTS / CANADA / - / DATE, Crown above,

EDGE: Reeded
MINT: (no mintmark) = Royal Canadian Mint, OTTAWA
DESIGNER:(obv) B.M. = Sir Edgar Bertram MacKennal

(rev) W.H.J.Blakemore 1921 -10 CENTS - OBVERSE
TYPE: II - With D.GRA added. KING GEORGE V
======================================================================
POPULATION: Canada - 1921 - 8,769,489
Canada's new flag - 1924

OTTAWA MINT KING GEROGE VI
====================================================================== ======================================================================
CANADA, DOMINION of CANADA, DOMINION of
OTTAWA MINT OTTAWA MINT
====================================================================== ======================================================================
====================================================================== ======================================================================
1920 6,305,345 1937 2,500,095

1921 2,469,562 1938 4,197,323
1928 2,458,602 1939 5,501,748
1929 3,253,888 1940 16,526,470
1930 1,831,043 1941 8,716,386
1931 2,067,421 1942 10,214,011
1932 1,154,317 1943 21,143,229
1933 672,368 1944 9,383,582
1934 409,067 1945 10,979,570
1935 384,056 1946 6,300,066
1936 2,460,871 1947 4,431,926
OV: Head of George V, facing right, GEORGIVS V OV: Head of George VI, facing left, GEORGIVS VI
DEI GRA:REX ET IND:IMP: (Georgivs V Dei Gratia Rex et Indae D:G:REX ET IND:IMP: (Georgivs VI Dei Gratia Rex et Indae
Imperator = George V by the grace of God King and Emperor of Imperator = George VI by the grace of God King and Emperor of
India) around / B.M. on trunction. India) around / H P under bust.
RV: 10 / CENTS / CANADA / - / DATE, Crown above, RV: Schooner Bluenose, running left, CANADA
within wreath of maple leaves tied with ribbon below. above DATE to right, H to lower left, / 10 CENTS below.
MINT: (no mintmark) = Royal Canadian Mint, OTTAWA MINT: (no mintmark) = Royal Canadian Mint, OTTAWA
DESIGNER:(obv) B.M. = Sir Edgar Bertram MacKennal DESIGNER: (obv) H P = Thomas Hugh Paget
(rev) W.H.J.Blakemore (rev) H = Emmanuel Otto Hahn
REFERENCE: Y-18b, KM-23a

TYPE: I - Regular dating.
POPULATION: Canada - 1930 - 9,658,000 of which
about 28% are French speaking, and over half are of REFERENCE: Y-30, KM-34
British decent. There are 105,000 Indians and 3,300
Eskimos. POPULATION: Canada - 1940 - 10,376,786

======================================================================
Schooner
======================================================================
FOOTNOTE: The 1936 dot variety with mintage of 192,194 with

only 4 known are specimen strikes and extremely rare. They were
struck in 1937 for King George VI with (dot) under ribbon tied
1937 -10 CENTS - REVERSE below on the reverse.
Schooner Bluenose FOOTNOTE: The 1937 issue has a small low date and subsequent
issues the date is larger and higher to right of the sail as the small
======================================================================
1937 date proved to wear easily in circulation, so the following
FOOTNOTE: The year 1933 found Canada still struggling unsuc-
year the dates were enlarged and placed higher in the field.
cessfully to check the four year decline in economic activity. In
======================================================================
March, however, there was an upswing in general economic ac-
tivity which gained momentum with the beginning of business re-
vival in the United States in April. The price of No.1 northern wheat
rose from the low point of $0.42 per bushel in December,1932, to
$0.83 in July,1933. Canada followed the United States on April 24,
1933 and officially went off the Gold Standard. As a result the
Canadian dollar recovered from .83 cents in April to .96 cents by
September. New Standard Year Book 1933.
FOOTNOTE: Royal Visit - William VI, Edward VII, George V, Edward

1947 with Maple leaf
VIII and George VI all visited the Dominions of Canada before they ======================================================================
succeeded to the throne of Great Britain, but the first Royal visit CANADA, DOMINION of
came during May and June 1939 when King George VI and Queen OTTAWA MINT
Elizabeth crossed the Atlantic to visit the senior Dominion of the ======================================================================
British Commonwealth and the Canadian people. Because of the 10 CENTS 18MM .800 FINE 2.333 GRAMS
tense European political situation, England wanted all of her Navy ======================================================================
at her disposal, so the Royal party of 23 sailed in the Canadian
Pacific liner Empress of Australia. The steamer was escorted by 1947 (1948) 9,638,793
the cruisers Southampton and Glasgow. The King and Queen ar-
rived in Quebec on May 17th and docked at Wolfes Cove and OV: Head of George VI, facing left, GEORGIVS VI
were welcomed with a 21 gun salute. They traveled across D:G:REX ET IND:IMP: (Georgivs VI Dei Gratia Rex et Indae
Canada in a beautiful 12 car blue and silver train which followed a Imperator = George VI by the grace of God King and Emperor of
pilot train of press correspondents. Two coaches in the second India) around / H P under bust.
train were reserved for the King and Queen containing sleeping
quarters, bathrooms and observation section and a lounge and RV: Schooner Bluenose, running left, CANADA
dining room car. They visited Montreal and Toronto and then headed above 1947 (maple leaf) to right, H to lower left, / 10 CENTS
for the Canadian wheatlands west. Stopping at Fort Garry for an below.
interesting ceremony as prescribed in the original charter of the
Hudsons Bay Company, granted in 1670. It stipulated that when- EDGE: Reeded
ever the King visited the Companys domain, he or his heirs should
receive in rent two elks and two rare black beavers. The Gover- MINT: (no mintmark) = Royal Canadian Mint, OTTAWA
nor of the Company traveled all the way from London to present
King George VI with the token payments. The trip continued on to DESIGNER: (obv) H P = Thomas Hugh Paget
Regina, Calgary where the Indians bestowed on His Majesty the (rev) H = Emmanuel Otto Hahn
title Great Chief Albino. They crossed the continental divide to
Vancouver. The return trip brought the Royal party east to Niagara TYPE: II - Maple leaf after date denoting 1948.
Falls and a visit to the United States before sailing from Nova Scotia
at Halifax on the Empress of Britain on June 17,1939 for home. REFERENCE: Y-30, KM-34

1952 -10 CENTS - OBVERSE 1954 -10 CENTS - OBVERSE
KING GEORGE VI QUEEN ELIZABETH II
====================================================================== ======================================================================
====================================================================== ======================================================================
====================================================================== ======================================================================
1948 422,741 1953 17,706,395

1949 11,336,172 1954 4,493,150
1950 17,823,075 1955 12,237,294
1951 15,079,265 1956 16,732,844
1952 10,474,455 1957 16,110,229
1958 10,621,236
OV: Head of George VI, facing left, GEORGIVS VI 1959 19,691,433
DEI GRATIA REX (George VI by the grace of God King) around / 1960 45,446,835
H P under bust. 1961 26,850,859
1962 41,864,335
RV: Schooner Bluenose, running left, H to lower left, 1963 41,916,208
/ 10 CENTS below. 1964 49,518,549
EDGE: Reeded OV: Head of Elizabeth II, facing right, ELIZABETH II

DEI GRATIA REGINA (Elizabeth II by the grace of God Queen)
MINT: (no mintmark) = Royal Canadian Mint, OTTAWA around, M.G. on truncation.
DESIGNER: (obv) H P = Thomas Hugh Paget RV: Schooner Bluenose, running left, CANADA
(rev) H = Emmanuel Otto Hahn above DATE to right, H to lower left, 10 CENTS below.
FOOTNOTE: Delays in preparing the dies for 1948 with the Kings MINT: (no mintmark) = Royal Canadian Mint, OTTAWA
titles changed to omit ET IND:IMP: as the impending independence
for India required this change and created a coinage shortage. DESIGNER: (obv) M.G. = Mrs. Mary Gillick
Royal titles were changed from D:G:REX ET IND:IMP: (DEI GRATIA (rev) H = Emmanuel Otto Hahn
REX ET INDAE IMPERATOR = By the grace of God King and Em-
peror of India) to DEI GRATIA REX (By the grace of God King). The REFERENCE: Y-46, KM-51
Ottawa mint continued to strike coins with 1947 date during 1948
with a small maple leaf to the right of the date. This also left the
number of strikes of the new issue of 1948 with a low mintage.

OTTAWA MINT QUEEN ELIZABETH II
====================================================================== ======================================================================
CANADA, DOMINION of
FOOTNOTE: The 1953 issue was struck originally with Queen in a OTTAWA MINT
design which has become to be known as the without shoulder ======================================================================
strap. Later during the year the design was changed to show a 10 CENTS 18MM .800 FINE 2.333 GRAMS
shoulder strap on the shoulder of Queen Elizabeth II. ======================================================================
FOOTNOTE: Emmanuel Otto Hahn was born in Reutlingen, Ger- 1965 56,965,392
many in 1881. He emigrated to Canada in 1888. Hahn designed the 1966 34,330,199
new reverse of the Canadian 10 cents coin first appearing in 1937
with the famous Canadian racing yacht the Lunenberg fishing OV: Head of Elizabeth II with tiara, facing right
schooner Bluenose as his model. His initial H appears to the left. He ELIZABETH II, left D.G.REGINA (Dei Gratia Regina = By the grace
died in 1957. of God Queen), right.
FOOTNOTE: Mrs. Mary Gillick - Born in Nottingham in 1881. Mrs. RV: Schooner Bluenose, running left, CANADA
Mary Gillick at the age of 71 had her first coin design accepted, the above DATE to right, H to lower left, 10 CENTS below.
profile design of Queen Elizabeth II for the new coins of 1953. The
Queen was depicted as a teenage girl with more of the neck and EDGE: Reeded
shoulder showing than was the customary design, so a shoulder
strap was added. Mrs. Gillick died in 1965. MINT: (no mintmark) = Royal Canadian Mint, OTTAWA
FOOTNOTE: Proof-like sets containing a 10 cents Canadian coin DESIGNER: (obv) = Arnold Machin
were issued by the Ottawa mint beginning in 1953 as follows: (rev) H = Emmanuel Otto Hahn
1953 2,400 REFERENCE: Y-55, KM-61

1954 included with the 1953 sets
1955 6,300 FOOTNOTE: Proof-like sets containing a 10 cents Canadian coin
1956 6,500 minted for 1965 - 2,904,352 and 1966 - 672,514.
1957 11,862
1958 18,259 FOOTNOTE: Arnold Machin was born in Stoke-On-Trent in 1911
1959 31,577 and first studied sculpture at the local art college. While at Derby
1960 64,097 College he gained a Royal Exhibition to the Royal College of Arts. In
1961 98,373 1947 he was elected an Associate of the Royal Academy and in
1962 200,950 1956 became a Royal Academician. He has held several posts in
1963 673,006 connection with art teaching including Master of Sculpture at the
1964 1,653,162 Royal Academy Schools. He became well known in numismatic
circles for the Machin portrait of Queen Elizabeth.

1967 - 10 CENTS - REVERSE 1967 -10 CENTS - OBVERSE
CENTENNTIAL COMMEMORATIVE QUEEN ELIZABETH II
====================================================================== ======================================================================
====================================================================== ======================================================================
====================================================================== ======================================================================
1967 32,309,135 1967 30,689,080
OV: Head of Elizabeth II with tiara, facing right OV: Head of Elizabeth II with tiara, facing right
ELIZABETH II, left D.G.REGINA (Dei Gratia Regina = By the grace ELIZABETH II, left D.G.REGINA (Dei Gratia Regina = By the grace
of God Queen), right. of God Queen), right.
RV: Mackerel, 10 CENTS ABOVE / CANADA 1867 - RV: Mackerel, 10 CENTS ABOVE / CANADA 1867 -
1967 below. 1967 below.
MINT: (no mintmark) = Royal Canadian Mint, OTTAWA MINT: (no mintmark) = Royal Canadian Mint, OTTAWA
DESIGNER: (obv) = Arnold Machin DESIGNER: (obv) = Arnold Machin
(rev) = Alex Colville (rev) = Alex Colville
REFERENCE: Y-61, KM-67 TYPE: II - .500 Fine silver
TYPE: I - .800 Fine silver REFERENCE: Y-61a, KM-67a
FOOTNOTE: This coin was part of a set of Commemorative coin- FOOTNOTE: This coin was part of a set of Commemorative coin-
age issued by the Royal Canadian mint to commemorate the Cana- age issued by the Royal Canadian mint to commemorate the Cana-
dian Confederation Centennial 1867 - 1967 with this issue minted dian Confederation Centennial 1867 - 1967 with this issue minted
in .800 fine silver. The same design was later in the year 1967 in .500 fine silver, as during 1967, The rising price of silver forced
struck in .500 fine silver. the Ottawa mint to reduce the silver content from .800 fine to .500
fine.
FOOTNOTE: The Centennial proof-like sets are listed with a mint-
age of 963,714 and the 10 cents issue was included with the
70,583 silver medallion presentation sets and the 337,512 gold
presentation sets.

LAST OF THE CANADIAN SILVER 10 CENTS QUEEN VICTORIA
====================================================================== ======================================================================
CANADA, DOMINION of NEW BRUNSWICK, Province of the Dominion of Canada
OTTAWA MINT LONDON MINT
===================================================================== ======================================================================
====================================================================== ======================================================================
1968 70,460,000 1862 150,000

1864 100,000
OV: Head of Elizabeth II with tiara, facing right
ELIZABETH II, left D.G.REGINA (Dei Gratia Regina = By the grace OV: Laureate head of Victoria, facing left VICTORIA
of God Queen), right. D:G:REG: (Victoria Dei Gratia Regina = Victoria by the grace of
God Queen) above NEW BRUNSWICK below.
RV: Schooner Bluenose, running left, CANADA
above 1968 to right, H to lower left, 10 CENTS below. RV: 10 / CENTS / DATE, St.Edwards Crown above,
EDGE: Reeded
EDGE: Reeded
MINT: (no mintmark) = Royal Canadian Mint, OTTAWA
DESIGNER: (obv) = Arnold Machin
(rev) H = Emmanuel Otto Hahn DESIGNER: Leonard C. Wyon
REFERENCE: Y-55A, KM-72 REFERENCE: Y-8, KM-8
FOOTNOTE: The last proof-like sets containing a silver 10 cents POPULATION: New Brunswick - 1892 - 349,395 with
Canadian coin were dated 1968 with a mintage of 521,641. capital Fredericton with 7,300 inhabitants.
====================================================================== FOOTNOTE: The reverse is the identical to Canada Y-3 of 1858, 10
NEW BRUNSWICK cents designed and engraved by L.C.Wyon.
====================================================================== FOOTNOTE: At the time these coins were shipped from the Royal
Mint of London, New Brunswick was a separated British Colony.
FOOTNOTE: As a result of the American Revolution thousands of New Brunswick is now a Province of the Dominion of Canada with
American Loyalists sought new homes in Canada; and a large many rivers and small farms. The rivers flow from the rich forest
number settled on the St. John River, and had that district erected region of the north. These produce large quantities of lumber. The
into the separate Colony of New Brunswick. Cabinet Cyclopaedia, coast has many harbors which support a large fishing industry.
1895. About a quarter of the people are of French descent, the remaining
all of English ancestry.

======================================================================
NEWFOUNDLAND
======================================================================
The docks, St.John's, Newfoundland

======================================================================
FOOTNOTE: The Colony of Newfoundland is a wilderness of bog,

burnt land, rocky, barren and stunted forest - a great, fog-wrapped
1864 -10 CENTS - REVERSE rock, thinly dusted with sterile earth - desolate, inhospitable, unin-
habited from coast to coast, but the sea is generously stocked
NEW BRUNSWICK with fish. Out of a sea that is cold, rock-bound and swept by great
====================================================================== winds are taken every year, by hook and trap, more than
150,000,000 pounds of cod, of which they consume one-fourth
FOOTNOTE: New Brunswick, part of British America, extends from and sell the rest to other countries of the world. There are two
Maine to the Gulf of St. Lawrence and is noted for its extensive classes of fisherman - the hook-and-line men and the far more
forests and valuable fisheries. The climate, like that of Canada, is prosperous trap men. The former fish off shore from their punts,
subject to great extremes of heat and cold, but is generally healthy. but most of the trap men go far north to the Labrador Coast, live
It is mostly a level province, and has generally a fertile soil. The aboard or in turf huts ashore through the season, and return when
principal articles of export are fish and timber. Frederickton, the the fall winds are blowing and the seas run high and the nights are
capital of New Brundswick is situated on the River St. Johns, 80 bitter and black.
miles from its mouth, at the head of sloop navigation. St. Johns,
situated on the River St. Johns, 3 miles from its mouth, is the largest ======================================================================
and most flourishing town in the Province. It has a good harbor and NEWFOUNDLAND, DOMINION of
an extensive commerce. Olneys Geography, 1849. BIRMINGHAM MINT
======================================================================
======================================================================
1872 40,000
1876 10,000
OV: Laureate head of Victoria, facing left VICTORIA

D:G:REG: (Victoria Dei Gratia Regina = Victoria by the grace of
God Queen) above, NEWFOUNDLAND below, H (mintmark)
under bust.
RV: 10 / CENTS / DATE within inner circle of pearls,

arabesque border.
EDGE: Reeded
MINT: H = R. Heaton & Sons, BIRMINGHAM, Ltd.
DESIGNER: Leonard C. Wyon

NEW BRUNSWICK, MARITIME PROVINCES
TYPE I: H under bust
FOOTNOTE: New Brunswick was a British possession in eastern REFERENCE: Y-3, CA23, KM-3
Canada. At one time part of Nova Scotia, but became a separate
Province in 1874. By the British North American Act of 1867 New POPULATION: Newfoundland - 1892 - 197,335 with
Brunswick joined the Canadian Confederation. capital St.Johns with 31,142 inhabitants.

======================================================================
NEWFOUNDLAND, DOMINION of
BIRMINGHAM MINT
======================================================================
======================================================================
1882 20,000
OV: Laureate head of Victoria, facing left VICTORIA

God Queen) above, NEWFOUNDLAND below.
RV: 10 / CENTS / DATE/ H (mintmark) within inner

circle of pearls, arabesque border.
EDGE: Reeded
MINT: H = R. Heaton & Sons, BIRMINGHAM, Ltd.
TYPE II : H under date
REFERENCE: Y-3, CA23, KM-3
FOOTNOTE: Newfoundland, named by its discoverer, John Cabot,

in 1497, first applied to all the territory discovered by him, but
afterward restricted to the island to which it is now applied. The 1882 H -10 CENTS - REVERSE
first English colony was platted in 1621. A struggle for supremacy ======================================================================
took place between the English and the French; but in 1713 New-
foundland and its dependencies were declared, by the Treaty of FOOTNOTE: In 1855 Newfoundland became one of the self-gov-
Utrecht, to belong wholly to Great Britain, the French reserving a erning Dominions of the British Empire, consisting of a large island
right to fish and cure on certain parts of the coast. Responsible in the North Atlantic and the Island of Labrador to the north. In 1949
government was granted in 1833. For many years the colony Newfoundland became the tenth Province of Canada.
declined to join the Canadian Confederation. Cabinet
Cyclopaedia,1896. ======================================================================
====================================================================== BIRMINGHAM MINT
======================================================================
======================================================================
1904 100,000
OV: Head of Edward VII, facing right EDWARDVS VII

D.G.REX IMPERATOR (Edward VII Dei Gratia Rex Imperator =
Edward VII by the grace of God King Emperor) around, DES.
under bust.
RV: 10 / CENTS / 1904 / . (large dot) / H (mintmark)

within circle with design below, NEWFOUNDLAND above.
EDGE: Reeded
MINT: H = The Mint, BIRMINGHAM, Ltd.
DESIGNER: (obv) DES. = George William DeSaulles

REFERENCE: Y-9, CA28, KM-8
POPULATION: Newfoundland - 1904 - 226,652
FOOTNOTE: The currency of Newfoundland is dollars reckoned at

4 shillings in 1891.Cabinet Cyclopaedia,1896.
FOOTNOTE: Currency of Newfoundland - 100 cents = 1 dollar
1882 H -10 CENTS - OBVERSE

QUEEN VICTORIA

QUEEN VICTORIA ROYAL MINT, LONDON
====================================================================== ======================================================================
NEWFOUNDLAND, DOMINION of NEWFOUNDLAND, DOMINION of
====================================================================== ======================================================================
====================================================================== ======================================================================
1865 80,000 1903 100,000

1870 30,000
1873 23,614 OV: Head of Edward VII, facing right EDWARDVS VII
1880 10,000 D.G.REX IMPERATOR (Edward VII Dei Gratia Rex Imperator =
1885 8,000 Edward VII by the grace of God King Emperor) around, DES.
1888 30,000 under bust.
1890 100,000
1894 100,000 RV: 10 / CENTS / 1903 / (large dot) within circle
1896 230,000 with design below, NEWFOUNDLAND above.
OV: Laureate head of Victoria, facing left VICTORIA EDGE: Reeded

God Queen) above, NEWFOUNDLAND below. MINT: (no mintmark) = Royal Mint, LONDON
RV: 10 / CENTS / DATE within inner circle of pearls, DESIGNER: (obv) DES. = George William DeSaulles
arabesque border. (rev) = W.H.J.Blakemore
EDGE: Reeded REFERENCE: Y-9, KM-8
POPULATION: Newfoundland - 1891 - 197,934 with

capital St.Johns with 25,000 inhabitants.
FOOTNOTE: Harbor Grace, on the south east coast, has of late

been used as a take-off base for trans-Atlantic air flights. Labra-
dor, with a population of 4,264, is the Dependency of Newfound-
land. Population (1931) 281,549.

FOOTNOTE: Newfoundland - By 1903 the value of the Newfound-
land catch of cod fish for export was $4,450,000 while the seal
fishery came to approximately $400,000 for a haul of about 275,000
seals. Other items exported included lumber valued at $15,000 and
copper and iron ore with a value of $600,000 per year. The articles
of import included everything else and are brought to the New-
foundland fisherman by the outpost trader. Things that are dam-
aged, or left over, or out of date, are offered in the cabin of the
outpost trading schooners. Little more than the bare necessities of
life are exchanged for the catch, and for the most part the traders
are an unscrupulous lot of fellows, dealing sharply with their simple
customers and among themselves. They make the fisherman pay
high for all that he gets; he must pay the profit of the manufacturer
in England, the profit of the English wholesaler, the profit of the
St.Johns importer and the enormous profit (usually about 100 per-
cent) which the trader feels compelled to charge to protect himself
against bad debts and bad seasons. Moreover he must pay the
duty (direct taxation of any degree or kind whatsoever, by the
way, would turn the Government out of office) which by this time,
so corrupt, incompetent and extravagant have former administra-
tions been, must be nearer forty than thirty percent., with nothing
in the way of public improvements to show in the outposts. Be-
sides all this is an antiquated credit system of dealing, fruitful in
hardship and dishonesty. Cash is not in circulation in the outposts;
if by some happy chance an outposter lays hands on a ten cent
piece he stows it away in a secret place. It is a curious fact that
the out-harbor fishermen are governed wholly from the Capital,
St.Johns, a city of 30,000 people. All authority is seated in the
general government there; there is no municipal government in the
1940 -10 CENTS - OBVERSE
outposts, and very little of it at the Capital. Thus, since practically KING GEORGE VI
the only source of revenue is the customs duties, the outposts are ======================================================================
compelled to bear the burden of the support of the Health Depart- NEWFOUNDLAND, DOMINION of
ment, Fire Department, Police Department, Public Library and even LONDON MINT
the street-lighting plant of St.Johns. The Newfoundland outposts ======================================================================
are hardy, courageous, boldly adventurous, simple-lived, God- 10 CENTS 18MM .925 FINE 2.335 GRAMS
fearing, warm-hearted a physically splendid race of men. The ======================================================================
fishermen mortgages his next summers catch for an outfit of salt
beef, flour, salt for curing, etc., and having once done so, he is 1938 100,000
likely to live in debt for the rest of his days. 1940 100,000
====================================================================== OV: Head of George VI, facing left GEORGIVS V DEI
NEWFOUNDLAND, DOMINION of GRA. REX ET IND.IMP. (Georgivs VI Dei Gratia Rex et Indae
LONDON MINT Imperator = George VI by the grace of God King and Emperor of
====================================================================== India) around, P M under bust.
====================================================================== RV: 10 / CENTS / DATE / (large dot) / within circle
with design below, NEWFOUNDLAND above.
1912 100,000
EDGE: Reeded
OV: Head of George V, facing left GEORGIVS V DEI
GRA: REX ET IND:IMP: (Georgivs V Dei Gratia Rex et Indae MINT: (no mintmark) = Royal Mint, LONDON
Imperator = George V by the grace of God King and Emperor of
India) around, B.M. on truncation. DESIGNER: (obv) P M = Percy Metcalfe
RV: 10 / CENTS / 1912 / (large dot) within circle
with design below, NEWFOUNDLAND above. REFERENCE: Y-20, KM-20
EDGE: Reeded

Newfoundland emblem
Fishing schooners

1940 -10 CENTS - REVERSE 1943 -10 CENTS - REVERSE
====================================================================== ======================================================================
NEWFOUNDLAND, DOMINION of NEWFOUNDLAND, DOMINION of
====================================================================== ======================================================================
====================================================================== ======================================================================
1917 250,805 1941 483,630

1919 54,342 1942 293,736
1943 104,706
OV: Head of George V, facing left GEORGIVS V DEI
GRA: REX ET IND:IMP: (Georgivs V Dei Gratia Rex et Indae OV: Head of George VI, facing left GEORGIVS V DEI
Imperator = George V by the grace of God King and Emperor of GRA. REX ET IND.IMP. (Georgivs VI Dei Gratia Rex et Indae
India) around, B.M. on truncation Imperator = George VI by the grace of God King and Emperor of
India) around, P M under bust.
RV: 10 / CENTS / DATE / (large dot) / C (mintmark)
within circle with design below, NEWFOUNDLAND above. RV: 10 / CENTS / DATE / (large dot) / C (mintmark)
EDGE: Reeded
EDGE: Reeded
MINT: C = Royal Canadian Mint, OTTAWA
(rev) = W.H.J.Blakemore DESIGNER: (obv) P M = Percy Metcalfe
Drying fish - Newfoundland - 1902 Placentia, the old French Capital of

Newfoundland

====================================================================== ======================================================================
OTTAWA MINT
======================================================================
======================================================================
1944 151,471
1945 175,833
1946 38,400
1947 61,988
OV: Head of George VI, facing left GEORGIVS V DEI

GRA. REX ET IND.IMP. (Georgivs VI Dei Gratia Rex et Indae
Imperator = George VI by the grace of God King and Emperor of
India) around, P M under bust.
RV: 10 / CENTS / DATE / (large dot) / C (mintmark)

EDGE: Reeded
DESIGNER: (obv) P M = Percy Metcalfe

(rev) = W.H.J.Blakemore ======================================================================
Arms granted to Newfoundland in 1637

CEYLON
====================================================================== ======================================================================
FOOTNOTE: Talipot Palm (Corypha umbraculifera) The great

fanpalm, native of Ceylon. The cylindrical trunk reaches a height of
60, 70, or 100 feet, and is covered with a tuft of fan-like leaves,
usually about 18 feet in length and 14 in breath. The leaves are
used for covering houses, for making umbrellas and fans, and as
a substitute for paper. When the tree has attained its full growth,
the flower spike bursts from its envelope.
FOOTNOTE: The colonial dime size coinage of Ceylon (known as

Sri Lanka now) with a denomination of 25 cents of a rupee was
1920 - 25 CENTS - REVERSE minted by the Branch mints of the Royal Mint at Bombay and Calcutta
====================================================================== and at the Royal Mint, London. The first issue, dated 1892 was
CEYLON, BRITISH CROWN COLONY of shipped from London with Victoria wearing a diadem portrait of
BOMBAY MINT L.C.Wyon. Starting with the 1902 date the series of Edward VII
====================================================================== designed by George W. DeSaulles was still minted by London. A
25 CENTS 18MM .550 FINE 2.91 GRAMS new design bearing the head of George V by Sir Edgar MacKennal
====================================================================== was minted by the Royal Branch mint at Calcutta starting with
1913. The silver content was reduced from .800 fine to .550 with
1919 1,400,007 P-142 the George V coins produced by the Bombay Branch mint dated
1920 1,600,011 P-143 1919-21, with the Calcutta mint taking over the 1922 and 1925
1921 600,008 P-144 coinage at .550 fine. The last year 1926 still .550 fine was again
shipped out of London to complete the silver series of 18 millimeter
OV: Head of George V, facing left GEORGE V KING coins of the British Crown Colony of Ceylon. Listings are arranged
AND EMPEROR OF INDIA, around / (dot) below bust, B.M. on in mint order.
truncation.
======================================================================
RV: CEYLON / talipot palm tree dividing denomination
25 / CENTS / DATE denomination in tamil (25 SATHAM = 25
cents.) left, denomination in sinhalese (SA THER VISIPAHA =
cents twenty five) right.
EDGE: Reeded
MINT: B (incised below the cross pattee of the crown)

= BOMBAY

(rev) = Leonard Charles Wyon
POPULATION: Caylon - 1921 - 4,100,000
Elephants used for carrying passengers
ENCYCLOPEDIA OF SMALL SILVER COINS - CEYLON - PAGE 78

1917 - 25 CENTS - REVERSE 1925 - 25 CENTS - OBVERSE
====================================================================== ======================================================================
CEYLON, BRITISH CROWN COLONY of CEYLON, BRITISH CROWN COLONY of
CALCUTTA MINT CALCUTTA MINT
====================================================================== ======================================================================
====================================================================== ======================================================================
1913 400,008 P-139 1922 1,211,000 P-145

1914 400,008 P-140 1925 1,004,000 P-146
1917 300,008 P-141
OV: Head of George V, facing left GEORGE V KING
OV: Head of George V, facing left GEORGE V KING AND EMPEROR OF INDIA, around / (dot) below bust, B.M. on
AND EMPEROR OF INDIA, around / (dot) below bust, B.M. on truncation.
truncation.
RV: CEYLON / talipot palm tree dividing denomination 25 / CENTS / DATE denomination in tamil (25 SATHAM = 25
25 / CENTS / DATE denomination in tamil (25 SATHAM = 25 cents.) left, denomination in sinhalese (SA THER VISIPAHA =
cents.) left, denomination in sinhalese (SA THER VISIPAHA = cents twenty five) right.
EDGE: Reeded
EDGE: Reeded
MINT: (no mintmark) = CALCUTTA
MINT: (no mintmark) = CALCUTTA
DESIGNER:(obv) B.M. = Sir Edgar Bertram MacKennal (rev) = Leonard Charles Wyon
FOOTNOTE: Coins dated 1913 were struck in both London and FOOTNOTE: Ceylon is rightly called the "Garden of the World". Its
Calcutta with no distinguishing identification. yellow sands are fringed by groves of palm trees, its hills rise
above fertile valleys and culminate in splendid mountains whose
peaks are hidden among the clouds, a riot of color blazes forth in its
FOOTNOTE: Ceylon is one of the most progressive and prosperous flowers and brilliantly plumed birds, its fields are rich in luxuriant
of the British Far Eastern possessions. Separated from the main- vegetation. The Singhalese wear brightly colored petticoats and
land of India by a narrow strait, it is as different from the larger tortoise-shell combs; a few of the men wear European coats, but
country as if it belonged to another hemisphere. India is solemn, the large majority are content with the native garment, fashioned
reflective, lost in its own mysteries, apparently accepting poverty from a yard or two of cloth, and the small children wear nothing at
with little concern. Ceylon is lighthearted, wide awake. its fields are all. World Cruise of 1928, Thos.Cook & Son, 1927.
fertile, its cattle sleek and well-fed and its people gay and animated.
World Cruise of 1928, Thos.Cook & Son, 1927.

======================================================================
CEYLON, BRITISH CROWN COLONY of
LONDON MINT
======================================================================
======================================================================
1892 500,000 P-127

1893 1,500,000 P-128
1895 1,200,000 P-129
1899 600,000 P-130
1900 400,000 P-131
OV: Head of VICTORIA wearing a diadem, facing left

VICTORIA, above QUEEN, below, within fret border, left and
right.
RV: CEYLON on banner above / talipot palm tree

dividing denomination 25 / CENTS / DATE denomination in tamil
(25 SATHAM = 25 cents.) left, denomination in sinhalese (SA
THER VISIPAHA = cents twenty five) right.
EDGE: Reeded
DESIGNER: Leonard Charles Wyon

1925 - 25 CENTS - REVERSE REFERENCE: Y-9, KM-95
======================================================================
FOOTNOTE: The Tamil language is spoken not only in South India FOOTNOTE: Ceylon is a land of thousands upon thousands of
and Ceylon, but by a majority of the Indian settlers in places farther cocoanut-palms. They provide the people with many valuable prod-
East, including Pegu and Penang. ucts. The natives manufacture rope and matting; from the leaves
are made baskets, hats and palm-leaf fans; while the fiber of the
FOOTNOTE: As a result of the Napoleonic conflict Great Britain nut furnishes rough clothing, sails, and fish-nets. The sap yields
gained the colonial possession of Ceylon, off the southern coast sugar, the green fruit milk, the ripe fruit solid food; while from the
of the Indian peninsula, recognized by the Congress of Vienna. kernel they obtain rich coconut-oil for their lamps and hair.
====================================================================== ======================================================================
1892 - 25 CENTS - OBVERSE 1892 - 25 CENTS - REVERSE

====================================================================== ======================================================================
CEYLON, BRITISH CROWN COLONY of
LONDON MINT
======================================================================
======================================================================
1902 400,000 P-132

1903 400,000 P-133
1907 120,000 P-134
1908 400,000 P-135
1909 400,000 P-136
1910 800,000 P-137
OV: Head of Edward VII, facing right EDWARD VII,

left KING & EMPEROR, right, DES. under bust.

25 / CENTS / DATE denomination in tamil (25 SATHAM = 25
cents.) left, denomination in sinhalese (SA THER VISIPAHA =
EDGE: Reeded
Sri Lanka (Ceylon) Today
DESIGNER: (obv) B.M.= Sir Edgar Bertram MacKennal

FOOTNOTE: The currency of Ceylon is based on the rupee equal

to 100 cents which was equal to 33.44 Cents U.S. (1910).
FOOTNOTE: In 1507 the Portuguese landed in Ceylon and formed

settlements along the coast; but about 150 years later they were
dispossessed by the Dutch. In 1796 the British took possession of
the Dutch settlements on the island, and annexed them to the
Presidency of Madras (India); but five years after, in 1801, Ceylon
was erected into a separate Crown Colony. In 1815 the King of
Kandy was deposed and banished; and his dominions, which had
up to that time maintained their independence of European rule,
were annexed to the British Crown. Whitakers Almanack, 1914.

1911 - 25 CENTS - REVERSE 1926 - 25 CENTS - REVERSE
====================================================================== ======================================================================
CEYLON, BRITISH CROWN COLONY of CEYLON, BRITISH CROWN COLONY of
====================================================================== ======================================================================
====================================================================== ======================================================================
1911 400,008 P-138 1926 1,000,008

1913 400,008 P-139
OV: Head of George V, facing left GEORGE V KING AND EMPEROR OF INDIA, around / (dot) below bust, B.M. on
AND EMPEROR OF INDIA, around / below bust, B.M. on truncation.
truncation.
RV: CEYLON / talipot palm tree dividing denomination 25 / CENTS / DATE denomination in tamil (25 SATHAM = 25
25 / CENTS / DATE denomination in tamil (25 SATHAM = 25 cents.) left, denomination in sinhalese (SA THER VISIPAHA =
cents.) left, denomination in sinhalese (SA THER VISIPAHA = cents twenty five) right.
EDGE: Reeded
EDGE: Reeded
DESIGNER: (obv) B.M.= Sir Edgar Bertram MacKennal (rev) = Leonard Charles Wyon
REFERENCE: Y-22a, P-147, KM-105a
The Coins of the British Commonwealth of Nations -
Part 2, Asian Territories by Major F. Pridmore,
FOOTNOTE: The 25 cent Ceylon coins dated 1911 can be identified London.1965.
as London, however the 1913 date issue came from both London
and Calcutta with no distinguishing identification. POPULATION: Ceylon - 1930 - 5,422,000 with more
than half Sinhalese. Europeans number about 7,300
FOOTNOTE: The most industrious inhabitants of Ceylon seem to be
the "elephant people"; no task is either too difficult or delicate for
their highly efficient trunks. After watching them engage in bridge-
building, landscape-gardening, lumber-piling and a hundred other
useful pursuits, one is inclined to believe they could carry on the
industry of this prosperous country unassisted by their human
compatriots. World Cruise of 1928, Thos.Cook & Son, 1927. .

CHILE
====================================================================== ======================================================================
1834 - 2 REAL - OBVERSE 1834 - 2 REAL - REVERSE

====================================================================== ======================================================================
CHILE, REPUBLIC of
SANTIAGO MINT FOOTNOTE: The coinage of Chile was all minted at the National
====================================================================== Mint, Santiago. Listings are in chronological order, with the fine-
2 REAL 17.5MM .900 FINE 1.7 GRAMS ness progressively reduced as the country went through periods
====================================================================== of debasing their subsidiary coinage to keep it in circulation.
1833 u/m
1834 u/m
OV: Fiery Volcano, CHILE INDEPENDIENIO

(Independent Chile) above / SANTIAGO (mintmark) below.
RV: Ribbon with LIBERTAD incised / i (star) /

(column) / DATE, UNION Y FUERZA (Union and Strength) I
around.
EDGE: >>>>>
MINT: SANTIAGO = SANTIAGO
ASSAYER: I = unknown
REFERENCE: Y-2, C-83, KM-90
FOOTNOTE: Santiago was founded in 1541 by Pedro de Valdivia, Arms of Chile

and placed under the protection of the Patron Saint Spain. Lago is
a form of Jacobus, and Santiago (Sant-iago) of Spain was St. FOOTNOTE: In 1831 General Pueto is elected President and a
James the Great, the elder brother of St. John. Convention is called to revise the Constitution. Cyclopedia of Clas-
sified Dates, Funk & Wagnall, N.Y.,1900.
FOOTNOTE: May 22, 1833 - The Constitution is established and

continues with good government and general prosperity....ibid.
FOOTNOTE: February 20, 1835 - An earthquake does immense

damage; not a house left standing in the city of Conception. ibid.
ENCYCLOPEDIA OF SMALL SILVER COINS - CHILE - PAGE 83

======================================================================
CHILE, REPUBLIC of
SANTIAGO MINT
======================================================================
2 REAL 17MM .900 FINE 2.0 GRAMS
======================================================================
1838 u/m
1840 u/m
1842 u/m
OV: Condor with chain, POR LA RAZON O LA

FUERZA (For the Reason or Strength) around facing in / 10Ds
20Gs below.
RV: Arms dividing 2 and R within wreath tied with

ribbon below, REPUBLICA DE CHILE (Republic of Chile) around /
DATE I J S (mintmark). below.
EDGE: Reeded
MINT: S = SANTIAGO
ASSAYER: I J = unknown
REFERENCE: Y-19, C-96, KM-98.1
====================================================================== 1856 - UN DECIMO - REVERSE

======================================================================
CHILE, REPUBLIC of
SANTIAGO MINT
======================================================================
UN DECIMO 18MM .900 FINE 2.5 GRAMS
======================================================================
1852 210,790
SANTIAGO MINTMARK 1853 i/a
1855 584,630
====================================================================== 1856 579,900
1857 1,480,870
1858 540,450
1859 20,001
OV: Condor in flight POR LA RAZON O LA FUERZA

(For the Reason or Strength) around / DATE below.
RV: UN / DECIMO within wreath of laurel tied with

ribbon below, REPUBLICA DE CHILE (Republic of Chile) S
(mintmark) / i (five point star) below.
EDGE: Reeded
MINT: S = SANTIAGO
FOOTNOTE: In 1848 the decimal system was introduced with the

silver peso divided into 100 centavos, .900 fine being equal to the
French 5 franc piece of the Latin Union. The denomination UN
DECIMO means one tenth.
FOOTNOTE: June 30, 1852 - A treaty with France is concluded.

This was followed in 1856 with a Treaty with the Argentine Re-
public and Great Britain, and one with Ecuador and another with
Peru. The same year Treaties are made with the United States and
with Sardinia (Italy). Cyclopedia of Classified Dates, Funk &
Wagnall, N.Y.,1900.
1856 - UN DECIMO - OBVERSE FOOTNOTE: September 29,1864 - War is declared by Chile against
====================================================================== Spain. Cyclopedia of Classified Dates, Funk & Wagnall, N.Y.,1900.

======================================================================
CHILE, REPUBLIC of
SANTIAGO MINT
======================================================================
======================================================================
1860 381,990
1861 235,724
1862 95,371
OV: Condor in flight POR LA RAZON O LA FUERZA

(For the Reason or Strength) around / . DATE below.

ribbon below REPUBLICA DE CHILE (Republic of Chile) S
(mintmark) / i (five point star) below.
EDGE: Reeded
MINT: S = SANTIAGO
FOOTNOTE: Chile a territory of the southern division of the west-

ern hemisphere, bound on the west by the Pacific Ocean, and on
the east by the Andes, which divides it from the United Provinces
of Buenes Ayres, being about 1,350 miles in length, from north to
south. ..On the 12th of February, 1819, the Chilians formally re-
1864 - UN DECIMO - REVERSE
nounced all obligation to Spanish authority, and declared them- ======================================================================
selves independent. The population, according to a census taken CHILE, REPUBLIC of
in 1812, amounted to about 1,230,000, exclusive of some scat- SANTIAGO MINT
tered tribes of Indians. Santiago, or St. Jago de Chile, is the chief ======================================================================
city, to which Valparaiso, distant 90 miles west, is it seaport. The UN DECIMO 18MM .900 FINE 2.3 GRAMS
Chilians are gay and hospitable, and are highly fond of bull fights, ======================================================================
music, and dancing.. They sleep from noon till sunset, after which
the shops and streets are lighted up, and all the public places are 1864 96,073
thronged till midnight. New Universal Gazetteer, Phila., 1839. 1865 222,380
====================================================================== 1866 95,617
OV: Condor over shield of Arms POR LA RAZON O

LA FUERZA (For the Reason or Strength) around / i DATE i
(five point stars) below.
RV: UN / DECIMO within laurel REPUBLICA DE CHILE

(Republic of Chile) S (mintmark) below.
EDGE: Reeded
MINT: S = SANTIAGO
FOOTNOTE: Santiago de Chile, capital of the Republic of Chile

stands at the western base of the Andes, 1800 feet above sea-
level, and 90 miles east south east of Valparaiso. It was founded in
1541 by Pedro de Valdivia, but it has only recently acquired impor-
tance. Its climate is delightful; the plain on which it stands is exten-
sive, and fertile in vines, figs, melons, and other fruits, and the
scenery, looking towards the range of the Andes, is of the grand-
est description. The valley or plain...is sprinkled with tasteful villas
and well cultivated farms. The city is arranged in squares...The
mint, a portion of which serves as one of the Presidents Palaces,
and as offices for the ministers is the handsomest of public build-
ings. Gold, silver and lead are exported, and the imports are chiefly
manufactured goods, wines, and spirits. The chief trade is with
Valparaiso by the Valparaiso and Santiago Railway, opened in
1863. Population in 1875 was 148,264. Library of Universal Knowl-
1864 - UN DECIMO - OBVERSE edge, N.Y. 1880.

1871 - UN DECIMO - OBVERSE 1871 - UN DECIMO - REVERSE
====================================================================== ======================================================================
CHILE, REPUBLIC of
SANTIAGO MINT FOOTNOTE: CHILI originally belonged to the Incas of Peru, from
====================================================================== whom it was wrested by the Spaniards under Pizarro and Almagro
UN DECIMO 18MM .900 FINE 2.3 GRAMS in 1535. From this period Chili continued as a colony of Spain till
====================================================================== 1810, when a revolution commenced, which terminated in 1817 in
the independence of Chili. Several internal commotions have since
1867 19,604 occurred; but the country had been free from these compared
1868 206,827 with other South American states. A war begun with Spain in 1865
1869 245,284 led to the blockade of the coast by the Spanish fleet, and the
1870 191,657 bombardment of Valparaiso in 1866. In 1879 a war broke out with
1871 90,580 Bolivia and Peru, in reference to the rights of Chili in the mineral
1872 287,601 district of Atacama. This war was virtually finished in 1881, and
1873 304,572 the victorious Chileans gained a large accession of territory from
1874 270,698 both Bolivia and Peru. In 1891 an insurrection, headed by influential
1875 50,340 members of Congress, caused by dissatisfaction with President
1876 100,310 Balmacedas administration, was successful, and resulted in his
1877 95,513 overthrow. Cabinet Cyclopaedia,1895.
1878 512,416
1880 242,723
OV: Condor over shield of Arms POR LA RAZON O

(five point stars) below.

ribbon below REPUBLICA DE CHILE (Republic of Chile) / S
(mintmark) below to right.
FOOTNOTE: The merchants and other principal inhabitants reside
EDGE: Reeded in the houses built along the base of the cliffs in Valpariso, and
along the streets of the Almendral. But the poorer people live chiefly
MINT: S = SANTIAGO in the Quebradas, or ravines. This class of society has been the
least affected by the changes in the political state of the country...
DESIGNER: (obv) = James Barton Longacre and They were chiefly brickmakers, day-laborers, and washerwomen...
Anthony C. Paquet The ranchos, as well as the houses in the town, are built of large
flat bricks dried in the sun; and thatched with broad palm leaves,
TYPE: .900 fine the ends of which, by overhanging the walls, afford shade from
the scorching sun, as well as shelter from the rain. Each cottage is
REFERENCE: Y-15a, KM-136.2 divided into two rooms; one for the beds, and the other as a dining
room; a portion of the mud floor in this apartment is always raised
seven or eight inches above the level of the other parts, and being
covered with mats, serves as a couch for the siesta sleepers
after dinner... New Universal Gazetteer, Phila., 1839.

====================================================================== ======================================================================
CHILE, REPUBLIC of
SANTIAGO MINT FOOTNOTE: In Chile, a nominal bimetallism, which before 1873
====================================================================== over valued gold. As a result this led to a suspension of specie
UN DECIMO 18MM .500 FINE 2.5 GRAMS payments in 1878. In the 1890s it attempted to adopt the gold
====================================================================== standard. The subsidiary coinage was reduced in 1879 from the
15.5 to 1 ratio to 0.500 fineness to make the coinage safe from the
1879 1,267,664 melting pot. The year 1880 un decimo was struck in both stan-
1880 704,848 dards; a mintage of 242,723 in .900 fine and a larger mintage of
1881 2,185,830 704,848 marked 0.5 for .500 fineness. Silver Money, D.Leavens,
1882 232,709 Bloomington,Ind. 1939.
1883 177,636
1884 319,074 ======================================================================
1885 115,875 CHILE, REPUBLIC of
1887 1,514,231 SANTIAGO MINT
1892 994,389 ======================================================================
1893 515,535 UN DECIMO 18MM .500 FINE 2.0 GRAMS
1894 825,608 ======================================================================
OV: Condor over shield of Arms POR LA RAZON O 1891 263,676

(five point stars) below. OV: Condor over shield of Arms POR LA RAZON O
LA FUERZA (For the Reason or Strength) around / i 1891 i
RV: UN / DECIMO within wreath of laurel tied with (five point stars) below.
ribbon below REPUBLICA DE CHILE (Republic of Chile) .0.5. S
(mintmark) around. RV: UN / DECIMO within wreath of laurel tied with
ribbon below REPUBLICA DE CHILE (Republic of Chile) / .0.5. S
EDGE: Reeded (mintmark) around.
MINT: S = SANTIAGO EDGE: Reeded
DESIGNER: (obv) = James Barton Longacre and MINT: S = SANTIAGO

Anthony C. Paquet
DESIGNER: (obv) = James Barton Longacre and
REFERENCE: Y-15b, KM-136.3 Anthony C. Paquet
TYPE: .500 fine TYPE: weight 2.0 grams
POPULATION: Chile - 1894 - 3,165,300 REFERENCE: Y-15c, KM-136.3a
FOOTNOTE: Chili (Peruvian), land of snow. Compendium of Uni-

versal Knowledge, Phila., 1891.

1896 - 10 CENTAVOS - OBVERSE 1896 - 10 CENTAVOS - REVERSE
====================================================================== ======================================================================
CHILE, REPUBLIC of
SANTIAGO MINT
======================================================================
======================================================================
1896 2,560,964
OV: Condor perched upon a crag, REPUBLICA DE

CHILE (Republic of Chile) around.
RV: S (mintmark) / DIEZ (Ten) / CENTAVOS / 1896

within wreath of laurel with hammer and sickle, below.
EDGE: Reeded
MINT: S = SANTIAGO
DESIGNER: M.Louis Oscar Roty
TYPE: .835 fine
POPULATION: Chile - 1895 - 2,712,145 with capital

Santiago with 213,000 inhabitants.
Condor
FOOTNOTE: February the government orders the towns in terri-
tory claimed by Bolivia to be garrisoned, and the coast blockaded.
March 1, 1879 Bolivia declares war against Chile; it has Peru as an
ally. April 5, 1879 - Chile declares war. The cause of the war;
disputes respecting a strip of coast territory, very rich in guano
and nitrate of soda. It was originally supposed to be barren and
worthless. January 25, 1882 - A treaty of peace is made with
Bolivia, who surrenders her coast territory, and breaks her alli-
ance with Peru. Cyclopedia of Classified Dates, Funk & Wagnall,
N.Y.,1900.

====================================================================== ======================================================================
CHILE, REPUBLIC of
SANTIAGO MINT
======================================================================
======================================================================
1899 2,013,143
1900 103,966
1901 i/a
1904 778,718
1906 138,936
1907 3,151,279
OV: Condor perched upon a crag, 0.5. left of rock,

REPUBLIC DE CHILE (Republic of Chile) around.
RV: S (mintmark) / DIEZ (ten) / CENTAVOS / DATE

within laurel wreath with hammer and sickle below.
EDGE: Reeded Santiago, Chile at turn of century

MINT: S = SANTIAGO
TYPE: .500 fine
REFERENCE: Y-31a, KM-156.2
POPULATION: Chile - 1900 - 3,128,095 with Santiago

the capital with 291,725 inhabitants.
FOOTNOTE: The issue of 1907 has no stop after the fineness 0.5
FOOTNOTE: Chile is one of the most enterprising countries of

South America, and has a large proportion of European inhabit-
ants. The principle export is cubic niter along with copper ore,
silver, guano and wheat. Cubic niter, or nitrate of soda, is a valu-
able mineral largely used in the arts and as a fertilizer. It is obtained
from Atacama desert. The value of the annual export is at least
$40,000,000.
Market day in Chile

SANTIAGO MINT LAST SILVER ISSUE
====================================================================== ======================================================================
CHILE, REPUBLIC of
SANTIAGO MINT
======================================================================
======================================================================
1908 4,149,380
1909 2,963,770
1913 1,269,367
1919 882,770
1920 2,109,077
OV: Condor perched upon a crag, REPUBLIC DE

CHILE (Republic of Chile) around.

EDGE: Reeded
MINT: S = SANTIAGO
TYPE: No fineness shown
REFERENCE: Y-31b, KM-156.2a
POPULATION: Chile - 1908 - 3,302,204 with capital

Santiago with 332,724 inhabitants.
FOOTNOTE: The gold Peso equal to 100 centavos, is worth U.S.

36.5 cents, and the paper peso averaged about 20 cents in 1908
and 23.1 cents in 1909. New International Year Book, 1910.
FOOTNOTE: According to the act of 1895, the coinage of Chile is

as follows; Gold coins are 20, 10, 5 peso pieces, called respec-
tively Condor, Doblon, and Escudo. Silver coins are the peso, 7.20
fine, and the fifth, tenth, and twentieth of a peso. A forced paper
currency is in general use, the paper peso varying considerably in
relative value. In 1914 1,377,571 silver coins were struck.
Statesman's Year-book, London 1916.

SANTIAGO MINT REDUCED SILVER .450
====================================================================== ======================================================================
CHILE, REPUBLIC of
SANTIAGO MINT
======================================================================
======================================================================
1915 1,619,995
1916 2,854,898
1917 735,726
1918 included above
OV: Condor perched upon a crag, REPUBLIC DE

CHILE (Republic of Chile) around, 0.45 to left.

EDGE: Reeded
MINT: S = SANTIAGO Harbour Valparaiso, Chile 1902

======================================================================
TYPE: .450 fineness
Chile Today
CHINA
====================================================================== ======================================================================
CHINA,Empire and Republic
======================================================================
Provinces of China
China Mints striking Modern Silver Dime Size Coins
======================================================================
MINT (1) PROVINCE (2) REFERENCE (3)
ANKING ANHWEI Y-42
CANTON KWANGTUNG Y-195, Y-200, Y-422, Y-425
CHANGSHA HUNAN Y-115
CHANGTU SZECHUAN Y-235, Y-240, Y-453
FOOCHOW FUKIEN Y-103, Y-326, Y-339, Y-380,

Y-382, Y-388, Y-390
HANGCHOW CHEHKIANG Y-52, Y-371
KIRIN KIRIN (4) Y-180, Y-180A, Y-180C
MUKDEN FENGTIEN (4) Y-84, Y-209
NANKING KIANGNAN (5) Y-142, Y-142A, Y-146
NANNING KWANGSI Y-414 (6)
TAIPEH TAIWAN Y-247
TIENTSIN (7) CHIHLI (HOPEI) Y-12, Y-28, Y-62, Y-70,

Y-334
WUCHANG HUPEH Y-124, Y-129
YUNNANFU YUNNAN Y-255 ======================================================================

(1) Mints which struck the 10 cents size only. FOOTNOTE: Since the middle of the thirteenth century China was
(2) Other provinces: Shantung, Kweichow, Shansi, twice conquered by the foreigner; the Mongols in 1260 and the
Shensi and Kansu. Manchus in 1644. The Manchus gave a stability and permanence
(3) Modern World Coins, 11 Edition, R.S.Yeoman to the government. The head of the state was the Emperor, the
(4) Manchuria, know as the Three Eastern Provinces: Sovereign by Divine right, the Son of Heaven. He was the Father
Fengtien, Kirin and Heilungkiang (Since 1928 Jehol of the Nation. Succession passed in the male line to the Emperors
was made a fourth Province). ablest rather than oldest son, not excluding the offspring of con-
(5) A Region consisting of Kiangsu, Anhwei, Kiangsi. cubines. If there was no direct heir, succession passed to a lateral
(6) Also Kweilin, Wuchow branch of the family in the younger generation. The new Emperor
(7) Peiyang Arsenal could thus by adoption perform the ancestral rites to the departed
sovereign. The territory of the Manchu Emperor included the eigh-
FOOTNOTE: The Empire and Republic series of 10 cents dime teen provinces of China proper and the four great dependencies;
size silver coins of China are arranged first in mint city and then Mongolia, Manchuria (with privileged status as the homeland of the
in chronological order. Dynasty), Tibet from 1700 and Sinkiang after 1789. Beyond the
dependencies were the vassal states informally recognizing the
overlordship of the Middle Kingdom. This was based upon the
payment of tribute which during China's history came from Arabia,
Malabar, Ceylon, Eastern India, Indo-China, Loochoo, Sulu and
Korea.
Arms of Chinese Empire
ENCYCLOPEDIA OF SMALL SILVER COINS - CHINA - PAGE 92

====================================================================== ======================================================================
CHINA, EMPIRE of, AN-HWEI PROVINCE
ANKING MINT
======================================================================
======================================================================
(1897) nd 250,000
OV: 4 Chinese and 4 Manchu characters within

inner circle of pearls (Kuang Hsu valuable coin), 4 Chinese
characters (Made in Anhwei Province) above / left and
right / 6 Chinese characters for weight (7 fen 2 li) below.
RV: Dragon, AN-HWEI PROVINCE above / left and

right / 7.2 CANDAREENS below.
EDGE: Reeded
MINT: AN-HWEI = ANKING
TYPE: I = No date
REFERENCE: Y-42, K-51
FOOTNOTE: In 1861 Emperor Hsien-Feng died in Jehol. His wife

later to be known as the Eastern Empress had no son; but his
concubine Yehonala who became known as the Western Em-
press or Empress Dowager Tzu-Hsi, had one son named Tsai-
Chun. This child at age five became Heir Apparent in accordance
to his fathers last will. A Regency was set up composed of his
father's trusted clansmen headed by Su-Shun and seven others.
The eight Regents were to obtain the consent of the Eastern and
Western Expresses. This will was later condemned as a forgery.
When Emperor Tung-Chih grew older, he came to realize the wrong-
doings of his own mother and began to side with the Eastern
Empress. When he approached a marriageable age, the Eastern
Empress recommended a girl near his own age, she was eigh-
teen, while his mother the Western Empress selected a girl then
only thirteen as the bride, so she could continue her control through
the young Queen. Both felt very strong in their recommendations Emperor Kuang Hsu
and finally the young Emperor was allowed to make his choice. He ======================================================================
selected the eighteen-year-old girl who became Queen in 1872, CHINA, EMPIRE of, AN-HWEI PROVINCE
while the other young girl was made his concubine of the First ANKING MINT
Rank. The following year Emperor Tung-Chih was allowed to rule ======================================================================
without the Regency. When Emperor Tung-Chih had just reached 10 CENTS 19MM .820 FINE 2.4 GRAMS
the legal age to govern by himself, he died in 1874 and left no heir, ======================================================================
and had no brother. Empress Dowager Tzu-Hsi selected the son
of Prince I-Huan, then only three years old to succeed to the (1898) 24th Year 500,000
throne. He was the son of the youngest sister of Empress Dowa-
ger Tzu-Hsi and became known as Emperor Kuang-Hsu. By con- OV: 4 Chinese and 4 Manchu characters within
trolling this decision, the two Dowager Expresses managed to inner circle of pearls (Kuang Hsu valuable coin) 8 Chinese
retain power over China's affairs. In 1881 the Eastern Empress characters (24th year of Kuang Hsu) above / 6 Chinese
died, poisoned by Tzu-Hsi, allowing her to dominate the affairs of characters for weight (7 fen 2 li) below.
the Ching Dynasty. During this whole period the Manchu Emperors
were no more than figurheads. The real power of the Chinese RV: Dragon, AN-HWEI PROVINCE above / 7.2
Government was actually held by the Empress and a few eu- CANDAREENS below.
nuchs. This predicted the downfall of the Ching Dynasty. Emperor
Kuang-Hsu was married in 1889. In 1898 acting on the advice of EDGE: Reeded
a number of young scholars whom he had summoned to his side,
the Emperor proclaimed a large number of reforms, but so numer- MINT: AN-HWEI = ANKING
ous and so sweeping were they that the Empress Dowager be-
came alarmed, deposed the Emperor, revoked his edicts, and con- TYPE: II = Dated 24th Year, no initials, no rosettes.
demned the young reformers to death. Six of them were beheaded,
but many escaped. New Interrnational Encyclopedia, 1910. REFERENCE: Y-42.1, K-60
FOOTNOTE; Quick reference for Chinese numbers. FOOTNOTE: Ngan-hwei (pronuncation - on whay) = An-hwei mean-
ing Peace glory, capital of the Province of the same name is
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 situated on the Yang-tse river, about 175 miles east of Hankow. It
was opened to foreign trade in 1897. Its population is estimated at
40,000.

1898 - 24th Year - ANHWEI - REV 1898 - 24th Year - ANHWEI - OBV
====================================================================== ======================================================================
CHINA, EMPIRE of, AN-HWEI PROVINCE CHINA, EMPIRE of, AN-HWEI PROVINCE
ANKING MINT ANKING MINT
====================================================================== ======================================================================
====================================================================== ======================================================================
(1898) 24th Year included with Y-42.1 (1898) 24th Year included with Y-42.1
OV: 4 Chinese and 4 Manchu characters within OV: 4 Chinese and 4 Manchu characters within
inner circle of pearls (Kuang Hsu valuable coin) 8 Chinese inner circle of pearls (Kuang Hsu valuable coin) A. S. T. C. (4
characters (24th year of Kuang Hsu) above / left and right initials) in center round mongol script, 8 Chinese characters
/ 6 Chinese characters for weight (7 fen 2 li) below. (24th year of Kuang Hsu) above / 6 Chinese characters for
weight (7 fen 2 li) below.
RV: Dragon, AN-HWEI PROVINCE above/ left and
right / 7.2 CANDAREENS below. RV: Dragon, AN-HWEI PROVINCE above/ left and
(6 point rosettes) / 7.2 CANDAREENS below.
EDGE: Reeded
EDGE: Reeded
TYPE: II = Dated 24th Year, no initials
TYPE: III = Dated 24th Year with A S T C
REFERENCE: Y-42.2, K-56
REFERENCE: Y-42.3, K-60B
FOOTNOTE: In central China it is estimated that something less FOOTNOTE: Some references indicate A.S.T.C. = Anhwei Sheng
than a quarter of a cent (gold) will procure enough coarse food to Tsao Chien for Anhwei Province Made coin.
provide a full meal for a grown man; this, at three meals per day,
would amount to 11 shillings per year. No doubt this is a low
estimate; but even when more than doubled, we obtain an idea of
the remarkable manner in which the coolie class have solved the
subsistence problem. With such a basis one can understand how
it is possible to obtain such labor at wages varying from five cents
as a minimum to twenty cents (gold) as a maximum per day. The
absence of roads fit for wagon traffic is a very striking feature in
the central and southern provinces of China. In the north there are
some highways suitable for vehicular traffic, but they are so rough
that nothing but a Peking cart can hold together when driven over
them any considerable distance. The American Monthly Review of
Reviews, Jan.1897, N.Y.

======================================================================
CHINA, EMPIRE of, KWANG-TUNG PROVINCE
CANTON MINT
======================================================================
10 CENTS 18.5 MM .820 FINE 2.727 GRAMS
======================================================================
(1888) nd 100,000 rare

inner circle of pearls (Kuang Hsu valuable coin) KWANG-TUNG
PROVINCE above / left and right / 7. 3/10 CANDAREENS
below.
RV: Dragon, 4 Chinese characters (Made in

Kwangtung Province) above 6 Chinese characters for weight (7
fen 3 li) below.
EDGE: Reeded
MINT: KWANGTUNG = CANTON
ENGRAVER: Allen Wyon, R. Heaton & Son,

Birmingham (1888).
REFERENCE: Y-195.1, K-19, CN 27s
1898 - 24th Year - ANHWEI - REV FOOTNOTE: Currency of China - 16 candarins = 1 tael
====================================================================== FOOTNOTE: Most of this issue was withdrawn and melted. Dies
CHINA, EMPIRE of, AN-HWEI PROVINCE were ordered from the Birmingham mint in England, with the weight
ANKING MINT 7.3 candareens which proved to be too heavy compared to the
====================================================================== value of the denomination. Subsequent issues reduced the weight
10 CENTS 19MM .800 FINE 2.8 GRAMS to 7.2 candareens.
======================================================================
FOOTNOTE: KWANG-TUNG (pronuncation - Gwong Doong) Mean-
(1898) Dated in Chinese u/m ing Broad East. The most southerly province of China, bordering
on the Gulf of Tonquin and the China Sea. The northern part is
OV: 4 Chinese and 4 Manchu characters within mountainous, but the southern region is about the most fertile in
inner circle of pearls (Kuang Hsu Valuable Coin) 6 Chinese China. New Cabinet Cyyclopaedia, 1895.
characters (Made in An-hwei, Dated in Chinese = 1896) above /
left and right / 6 Chinese characters for weight (7 fen 2 li)
below.
RV: Dragon, AN-HWEI PROVINCE above / left and

right / 7.2 CANDAREENS below.
EDGE: Reeded
TYPE: IV - Dated in Chinese (Wu and Shu)
FOOTNOTE: The mint at Anking which struck the early subsidiary

issues closed in 1899. A new mint was established in 1902, first
striking 5 and 10 cash copper coins. Commerce of China, Kann, p
440.
Canton, China
FOOTNOTE: Canton is the Headquarters of the Provincial Govern-
ment of Kwangtung and Kwang-si, generally termed the two
Kwang, at the head of which is a Governor-General or Viceroy, an
office which next to that of Nanking is the most important in the
Empire. It possesses a Mint built in 1889 by the then Viceroy Chang
Chih-tung, and equipped with a very complete plant supplied from
England. It turns out silver subsidiary coinage and copper cash.
Encyclopedia Britannica, Eleventh Edition, 1910.

1901 - nd - KWANG-TUNG - OBV 1901 - nd - KWANG-TUNG - REV
====================================================================== ======================================================================
CHINA, EMPIRE of, KWANG-TUNG PROVINCE
CANTON MINT FOOTNOTE: Just before mint machinery was imported to strike the
====================================================================== coinage here listed, it was notes. There are no National gold and
10 CENTS 19MM .820 FINE 2.7 GRAMS silver coins. The usual unit or denomination of money is the tael,
====================================================================== the value of which varies according to the rate of exchange; in
1875 it was $1.50, in 1891 $1.18 silver bullion, called sycee, and
(1890) nd 16,098,579 gold bullion, usually stamped with the name of the banker and the
(1891) nd included above year and district in which it is cast, are used in large transactions.
(1892) nd 18,704,080 Private bankers are found in all large towns. They issue paper-
(1893) nd 14,689,470 money, which passes current in the particular distract where they
(1894) nd 11,373,160 are known. The Mexican silver dollar, of the value of $1, is current
(1895) nd 14,682,030 in Canton and south of China. Cabinet Cyclopaedia, 1895.
(1896) nd 21,582,670
(1897) nd 8,651,610
(1898) nd 7,721,670
(1899) nd 3,240,770
(1900) nd 337,580
(1901) nd 29,000,000

inner circle of pearls (Kuang Hsu valuable coin) 4 chinese
characters (Made in Kwangtung Province) above / f left and
f (4 point rosettes) right, 6 chinese characters for weight (7 FOOTNOTE: China utilizes interior waterways more than other
fen 2 li) below. nations, for they are almost her only interior trade routes, except
very poor cart roads. Slow transportation sometimes results in
RV: Dragon, KWANG-TUNG PROVINCE, above / f calamity where Chinese people may be starving in one province
left and f (4 point rosettes) right, 7.2 CANDAREENS, below. before rice can reach them from another.
EDGE: Reeded FOOTNOTE: Canton, the capital of Kwangtung Province on the

Canton river at the north edge of its delta was the main commercial
MINT: KWANGTUNG = CANTON city of south China. Called Kwangchow in Chinese, Canton is the
name used by early European traders who developed it by cor-
POPULATION: China - 1890 - 434,600,000 with rupting Kwangtung. Canton was occupied by the British and French
Canton with 2,500,000 inhabitants. following the Opium Wars between 1856-61, when the island in
the Canton river known as Shameen (Shamen) was granted as a
REFERENCE: Y-200, K-29 concession to the foreigners for residential and business trading
use. Handicraft industries produced China copper, and
lacquerware, and jade and ivory carvings. Canton was the revo-
FOOTNOTE: This is the most common China issue of this series as lutionary center in 1911 when Dr. Sun Yat-Sen was the leader of
it was struck without date from 1890 to 1901 with a mintages of the Kuomintang. The old city walls were torn down in 1921 and the
over 146,000,000. Numismatic Chronicle, R.N.S.Wright, 1976. city rebuilt as a modern city. The university is named after Sun Yat-
Sen.

1913 - 2nd year - KWANG-TUNG - OBV 1913 - 2nd year - KWANG-TUNG - REV
====================================================================== ======================================================================
CHINA, REPUBLIC of, KWANG-TUNG PROVINCE FOOTNOTE: Canton (Chinese - Quang-chow-foo) a large and im-
CANTON MINT portant city in southern China, 80 miles from the sea, on the Pearl
====================================================================== river...in the Province of Quang-tung (of which name Canton is a
10 CENTS 18MM .800 FINE 2.7 GRAMS corruption). The city proper is in closed by walls 25 feet high and
====================================================================== 20 feet thick, forming a circuit of six miles, with 12 gates, and it is
divided into two parts by a wall running East and West; the larger
(1913) 2nd year 1,439,000 K-723 portion North of this wall being called the old, that on the South of
(1914) 3rd year 6,527,000 K-725 it the new city. The streets are long, straight, and in general paved,
(1922) 11th year u/m K-732 but very narrow, and wavy with painted signs. The houses of the
poorer classes are mere mud hovels; those of the shop-keepers
OV: 4 Chinese characters around a center (dot) class are commonly of two stories, the lower serving as the shop.
(10 cents silver coin) within inner circle of pearls, 6 Chinese The foreign mercantile houses, and the British, French, and Ameri-
characters (... year of the Republic of China) above / f left and can consulates, have as their special quarters an area in the
f (four point rosettes) right, 4 Chinese characters ( Made in suburbs in the South-west of the city, with water on two sides of
Kwangtung Province) below. it. In the European quarter are churches, schools, and other build-
ings in the European style. The river opposite the city for a space
RV: Large 10 within inner circle of pearls, KWANG- of four or five miles is crowded with boats, a large number of
TUNG PROVINCE, above / f left and f (four point rosettes) which - as many it is said as 40,000 - are fixed residences, con-
righ / TEN CENTS below. taining a population of 200,000. The industries of Canton are var-
ied and important, embracing silk, cotton, porcelain, glass, paper,
EDGE: Reeded sugar, lacquered ware, ivory carving, metal goods, etc. Since the
establishment of the Colony of Hong-Kong a flotilla of river steam-
MINT: KWANGTUNG = CANTON ers ply daily between Canton, Hong-Kong, and Macao. Population
estimated at over 1,600,000. Cabinet Cyclopaedia, 1895.
REFERENCE: Y-422
FOOTNOTE: Pedigree - the list of former owners of a particular

specimen of a coin. The Y-422 specimen illustrated was a recent
coin added to the author's collection, from the collection of Jacinto
Diaz, who purchased part of the Chinese collection of the late
Marvin Rose.
FOOTNOTE: The first attack upon the monarchial system was led
by Dr. Sun Yat-Sen in 1895 at Canton. The Manchu Emperor, in
1908, promised that a parliamentary form of government would be
established within nine years. That was too long to wait, and on
October 10, 1911, a revolt broke out with fighting in central and
south China. The liberal faction, called the Kuo Min Tang (National
Party) held a Provisional Assembly in Nanking and on December
29, 1911, elected Dr. Sun Yat-Sen as its President. After six weeks
Dr. Sun gave way to General Yuan Shih-Kai, the Commander-in-
Chief of the old Imperial Army, and He ruled until his death in 1916.

1929 - 18th year - KWANG-TUNG -OBV Dr. Sun Yat-Sen, President of China
====================================================================== ======================================================================
CHINA, REPUBLIC of, KWANG-TUNG PROVINCE
CANTON MINT
======================================================================
======================================================================
(1929) 18th year 48,960,000
OV: Two Chinese characters abound a center (

dot) (10 cents) within inner circle of pearls, 7 Chinese charac-
ters (18th year of the Republic of China) above / Kuomintang
emblem with 12 rays, z left and z right, / 4 Chinese characters
(Made in Kwangtung Province) below.
RV: Head of Dr. Sun Yat-Sen, facing left. Canton counting board
EDGE: Reeded FOOTNOTE: Canton, (1923) - Roving Through Southern China -
Among the persistent sights and sounds of Canton streets one is
MINT: KWANGTUNG = CANTON not likely soon to forget the handling of money. In large transac-
tions, among the Chinese as well as the foreigners, Hong-Kong
REFERENCE: Y-425, K-738 bank-notes are the medium of exchange. Silver dollars are rarely
seen in the Southern Capital and except for the coppers to be
FOOTNOTE: Best known to the Chinese by his affectionate school- found almost everywhere in the land, Canton does its ordinary
boy nickname of Sun Wen - the Wen character being that of Wen- business in twenty-cent pieces and so often debased their quality,
li, meaning literature - Sun Yat-Sen was then commonly called the that it takes almost or fully six of them to equal a Mex dollar, and
Generalissimo, in order to avoid calling him President when he one may live for years in Canton without ever seeing a larger coin.
had little or nothing to preside over. Born little more than a coolie in Retail merchants have evolved a form of cash-register to save
a small village of the Canton delta, in one of those Four Districts counting these twenty-cent pieces by hand. It consists of a board
from which have come virtually all Chinese immigrants in the west- about two feet square with many depressions of slight depth and
ern world, he was set on his way at thirteen by going to Honolulu twenty-cent size, and in larger establishments a coolie, perhaps
with an elder brother, who had made so good a start there already several of them, is kept busy all day long throwing handfuls of
that he took a ship-load of his fellow - provincials back with him, coins upon this, shaking it until every depression is occupied,
and claimed the bounty of $100 each offered for Chinese immi- sliding off the residue, and tossing the boardful into into a recep-
grants by the King of Hawaii. Roving Through Southern China, tacle not unlike a bushel basket. The constant clash of coins is one
Harry A. Franck, New York, 1925. of the typical sounds of the earliest treaty-port, and so expert
does the Chinese ear become that if there is one false coin - and
FOOTNOTE: The Council of State elected Yuan Shih Kai emperor they abound, even though the good ones are hardly worth nine
December 11, 1915. Yuan Shih Kai announced that he would ac- cents in our money (U.S.) - it is detected amid the rattle of the lot
cept the throne, but postponed the coronation. This was followed and found by a process of elimination. - Harry A. Franck, Roving
by uprisings against the monarchy, especially in Yunnan, Szechwan Through Southern China, p 244. New York 1925. (Picture p 225).
and other provinces,

======================================================================
CHINA, EMPIRE of, HUNAN PROVINCE
CHANGSHA MINT
======================================================================
======================================================================
(1898) 23rd year 250,000 K-160

(1899) 24th year included above K-161

inner circle of pearls (Kuang Hsu Valuable Coin) 6 Chinese
characters (Made in Hunan Province,... year of Kuang Hsu)
above / left and right, 6 Chinese characters for weight (7
fen 2 li) and DATE, below.
RV: Dragon, HU-NAN PROVINCE, above / left

and right, 7.2 CANDAREENS, below.
EDGE: Reeded
MINT: HU-NAN PROVINCE = CHANGSHA
TYPE: I = Dated in Chinese in the Year of Kuang Hsu.
REFERENCE: Y-115.1
=====================================================================
1902 - nd - HUNAN - OBV
=====================================================================
CHANGSHA MINT
======================================================================
FOOTNOTE: Edward Kann in his brilliant book, Illustrated Catalog
of Chinese Coins, states that he thinks these first issues were
======================================================================
minted at the Arsenal, as the Changsha mint did not open until
1901, at first striking copper cash only. (p.74)
(1898) nd included with Type I
FOOTNOTE: After these early issues of silver subsidiary coins the
mint of Hunan Province at Changsha devoted its activities to coin-
inner circle of pearls (Kuang Hsu valuable coin) 4 Chinese
age of copper. Kann, Currency of China , p 439.
characters (Made in Hunan Province) above / left and
right, 6 Chinese characters for weight (7 fen 2 li) below.
FOOTNOTE: Hunan meaning Lake South
RV: Dragon, HU-NAN PROVINCE, above left and
FOOTNOTE: Chang-Sha, the capital of Hunan Province is located
right, 7.2 CANDAREENS, below.
on the Siang (Sian-Kiang) river about 350 miles north of Canton.
Long an important walled city of the north-south trade route of the
EDGE: Reeded
Siang river, Changsha was known for its rice and tea trade. It
became an open port in 1904 and developed an important silk
industry. The population of Chang-Sha is estimated at 300,000
New International Encyclopedia, 1910.
TYPE: II = No date, two rossettes left & right
FOOTNOTE: Hot water is preferred both for drinking and washing
REFERENCE: Y-115, K-163A
in China. After meals the face is wiped with a damp hot cloth. It is
thought dangerous in itself to put cold water in the stomach, as it
certainly is where drainage is so little attended to. Water to be
drunk is first boiled. New International Encyclopedia, 1910.
Chinese water seller Great Wall of China

======================================================================
CHINA, EMPIRE of, SZECHUAN PROVINCE
CHANGTU MINT
======================================================================
======================================================================
(1902) nd 392,397
(1903) nd 70,644
(1905) nd 474,674
(1906) nd 66,500
(1907) nd 81,700
(1908) nd 191,880

characters (Made in Szechuan Province) above / left and
RV: Dragon, SZECHUAN PROVINCE, above / left

and right, 7.2 CANDAREENS, below.
EDGE: Reeded
MINT: SZECHUAN PROVINCE = CHANGTU

1902 - nd - HUNAN - OBV POPULATION: Chengtu, the capital of Szechuen
======================================================================
Province - 700,000 inhabitants.
CHANGSHA MINT
FOOTNOTE: This issue was struck without date from 1901 to 1908
======================================================================
with a total mintage of 1,277,795 at the Chengtu mint, on a Ferracute
coining press installed at the Chengtu arsenal by Henry Janvier in
======================================================================
1896 with dies believed made at the Philadelphia mint. The mint
started production of silver coinage in 1898, but the 10 cent de-
(1902) nd 500,000
nomination was not issued until 1901.
characters (Made in Hunan Province) above / left and
RV: Dragon, HU-NAN PROVINCE, above left and

right, / 7.2 CANDAREENS, below.
EDGE: Reeded
TYPE: III = no date, one rossettes left & right

FOOTNOTE: Sze-Chuan (Four Streams), a vast province of West-
ern China, and the largest of the eighteen. It has an area four times
greater than that of England, but the population is scanty. The
Kincha-Kiang, or Golden Sanded River, which rises in the south-
ern slopes of the great Tibetan range, flows through Sze-Chuan,
and after receiving several tributaries, it becomes, before leaving
the province, the famous Yang-Tze-Kiang. In its course, it passes
at right angles, and by narrow gorges, through a succession of
ranges of hills, which have a direction from north to south. The
people of Sze-Chuen cannot always force a subsistence from
their stubborn soil. Famines are not uncommon, when whole fami-
lies are starved to death, and thousands subsist on a mixture of
rice, roots, and common earth. Coal is abundant, but of inferior
quality; seams of from three to five feet in thickness are laid bare
in the gorges cut by the Yang-Tse, and gold is found in small
quantity, grains of the precious metal being brought by the Kincha
River from the mountains of Tibet. Library of Universal Knowl-
Chinese Villa edge, New York,1880.

====================================================================== ======================================================================
CHINA, EMPIRE of, SZECHUAN PROVINCE CHINA, REPUBLIC of, SZECHUAN PROVINCE
CHANGTU MINT CHANGTU MINT
====================================================================== ======================================================================
10 CENTS 18.5 MM .820 FINE 2.6 GRAMS 10 CENTS 19MM .650 FINE 2.6 GRAMS
====================================================================== ======================================================================
(1909) nd 134,267 (1912) 1st year 370,561

(1910) nd 112,820
(1911) nd 32,050 OV: Floral crest, 4 Chinese characters (Szechuan
silver coin) within inner circle, 4 Chinese characters (Made by
OV: 4 Chinese and 4 Manchu characters within Military Government) above.
inner circle of pearls (Hsuen Tung valuable coin) 4 Chinese
characters (Made in Szechuan Province) above / left and RV: Han in seal script, surrounded by 18 circlets, 6
right, 6 Chinese characters for weight (7 fen 2 li) below. Chinese characters (First year of the Chinese Republic) above /
left and right.
RV: Dragon, SZECHUAN PROVINCE, above / left
and right, 7.2 CANDAREENS, below. EDGE: Reeded
EDGE: Reeded MINT: SZECHUAN = CHANGTU
MINT: SZECHUAN PROVINCE = CHANGTU REFERENCE: Y-453, K-789
REFERENCE: Y-240, K-153 POPULATION: Chengtu - 1912 - 100,000
FOOTNOTE: This issue was struck without date from 1909 to 1911 FOOTNOTE: The eighteen circlets represent the 18 Provinces south
with a total mintage of 279,137. of the Great Wall of China proper.
FOOTNOTE: Emperor Kuang Hsu (Kwang Su) died in November FOOTNOTE: The Chinese refer to themselves as The Five People:
1908 and was succeeded by his infant nephew Pu-Yi (born on the Namely, (1) HAN, the sons of the Han Dynasty; (2) MAN, the
8th of February 1906) a son of Prince Chun, who was appointed former ruling Manchu class; (3) MUNG, the Mongolians; (4) HWEI,
Regent. Pu-Yi was given as reigning title Hsuan Tung (Promulgat- the Moslems who are distinct by race as well as by religion; (5) TI,
ing Universally). Encyclopedia Britannica, 11th Edition. the Tibetans. Besides these five groups there are about ten million
aboriginal tribes people. They comprise half the population of Yunnan
FOOTNOTE: For years the two provinces of Kweichow-Szechwan and Kweichow, and there are large numbers of them in other
were under a military form of government, the magistrates and all sections of Southern China.A Missionary Atlas, HarrisburgPa.,
other officials being appointed by the military powers in the differ- 1950.
ent provinces. Law and order are hard to enforce in this rugged
mountain country, but many of the bandits have surrendered to the
Government and there has been much less bloodshed than for-
merly. After several magistrates had been killed by the people of
the former Heoping country, the Provincial Government finally had
to break up the country and divide its territory between the coun-
ties of Yenho, Wuchwan and Yuyang. The peasants of this un-
governable area carry small hatchets which they use disastrously
in settling arguments. No one likes to travel in this sparsely-popu-
lated country. People do not dare to travel except in large groups,
and it is not wise to wear good clothing lest it be robbed from the
wearers back. A Missionary Atlas, Harrisburg,Pa.,1950.
A Mandarin's House
FOOTNOTE: The Chinese Republican Government - with a presi-
dent and parliament - established at the time of the Revolution in
1912, never succeeded in attaining complete authority over the
country. On the contrary, in various parts of the country, there
rose numerous War Lords with great armies, and the Provinces of
China, like feudal Europe during the middle ages, became almost
independent of the Central Administration. These cities became the
Chinese farming chief centers of military leaders; Peking, the old capital, Mukden in
the north and Canton on the south. From these cities armies went
FOOTNOTE: Changtu, the capital of Szechuan Province is located out from time to time to conquer the rest of China, while the Gov-
on a branch of the Min river. Food, tobacco and medicinal plants ernment at Peking which was suppose to speak for the Nation,
are heavily grown on the Changtu plain which is irrigated by ca- consisted merely of a President and a Cabinet set up by the War
nals from the Min river. Tea, rice, wheat and sweet potatoes are Lord temporarily in authority at the Capital. It has little power within
the chief crops. It is one of the richest cities in the Empire, with the walls of the city and less power outside, although it is officially
clean streets and canals, carrying on a flourishing trade with the recognized by Foreign Nations. Customs duties are collected by a
cities of the Yang Tse river valley. Foreign Agency.

1899 - nd - FOO-KIEN - OBV 1899 - nd - FOOKIEN - REV
====================================================================== ======================================================================
CHINA, EMPIRE of, FOO-KIEN PROVINCE
FOOCHOW MINT FOOTNOTE: This issue was struck at the Foochow mint without
====================================================================== date from 1897 to 1899 with a total mintage of 5,500,000.
====================================================================== FOOTNOTE: Fu-Kien meaning Happiness Established.
(1897-9) nd 5,500,000 FOOTNOTE: Dangerous anti-foreign sentiment was the cause of

the Boxer uprising in 1900, as the Chinese people overcame a
OV: 4 Chinese and 4 Manchu characters within feeling of inferiority. To illustrate, there are two foreign settlements
inner circle of pearls (Kuang Hsu valuable coin) 4 Chinese in Shanghai, the English and the French. In these settlements the
characters (Made in Foo-Kien Province) above / f left and f Chinese are denied the franchise though they contribute large
(four point rosettes) right, 6 Chinese characters for weight (7 amounts towards the municipal expenses. In the International or
fen 2 li) below. English settlement, Chinese are excluded from the Public Park.
Formerly a notice at the entrance to the park read Chinese and
RV: Dragon, FOO-KIEN PROVINCE, above f left and dogs not allowed. These distinctions are deeply resented by intel-
f (four point rosettes) right, 7.2 CANDAREENS, below. ligent men of the country. Other objections include Extraterritorial-
ity. The International Mixed Courts have been much cause of re-
EDGE: Reeded sentment. These courts are so called because they try cases in
which a Chinese is the defendant and the plaintiff is a foreigner.
MINT: FOO-KIEN = FOOCHOW The Magistrate is always Chinese, but his decision is subject to
review and approval by a foreign Assessor, who is usually of the
TYPE: I - 4 Chinese characters (Made in Foo-Kien same nationality as the plaintiff. The Customs Revenues are under
Province). control of foreigners also. And loss of territory to foreign nations is
a cause which for a long time has been lying dormant. Old treaties
REFERENCE: Y-103.2, K-129 and concessions granted to foreign powers are now oppressive
to the Chinese people. This loss of territory started when the
POPULATION: 1899 - 650,000 for mint city of British obtained Hong Kong and continued way into the twentieth
Foochow. century. In 1842 England, after war with China, took Hong-Kong,
forced the opening of five Chinese ports and obtained right to
====================================================================== trade generally and to establish consulates.
Emperor T'ung Chin 1862 -1874

1906 - nd - FOOKIEN - OBV 1906 - nd - FOOKIEN - REV
====================================================================== ======================================================================
CHINA, EMPIRE of, FOO-KIEN PROVINCE
FOOCHOW MINT FOOTNOTE: This issue was struck without date from 1901 to 1906
====================================================================== with a total mintage of 5,000,000. Type III, Y-103.1 with (dot) left
10 CENTS 19MM .820 FINE 2.7 GRAMS and (dot) right.
======================================================================
FOOTNOTE: The city of Foo-chow-foo is the capital of Foo-kien,
(1901-6) nd 5,000,000 and stands on the banks of the river Min, about thirty-eight miles
from the sea, seven miles to the westward is Pagoda Island, on
OV: 4 Chinese and 4 Manchu characters within which stands a lofty building, or pagoda, from which the island
inner circle of pearls (Kuang Hsu valuable coin) 5 Chinese derives its name, where the river Min again unites with a branch
characters (Made in the official mint of Foo-Kien) above / f from which it had been separated a few miles above Foo-chow-
(four point rosettes) left and f right, 6 Chinese characters for foo. The city lies in a plain, through which a natural and most
weight (7 fen 2 li) below. magnificent amphitheater of vast dimensions, whose fertility quite
equals it in beauty. Suburbs extend from the walls three miles to
RV: Dragon, FOO-KIEN PROVINCE, above / f left the rivers banks, stretch along on both sides of the stream; they
and f (four point rosettes) right, 7.2 CANDAREENS, below. are connected with each other by a stone bridge, five hundred
and twenty paces long, which reposes on solid stone piers. The
EDGE: Reeded walls of the city enclose a space exceeding eight miles and a half;
they are turreted, and the gates have watchtowers. Foo-chow-
MINT: FOO-KIEN = FOOCHOW foo ranks among the finest cities in China, having wide thorough-
fares, large shops, spacious public buildings. The population, in-
TYPE: II - 5 Chinese characters (Made in the Official cluding the suburbs, is most dense, and is rated at varying from
Mint of Foo-Kien). half a million to seven hundred thousand. Foo-kien is the principal
black-tea district of China. The Mim at its widest part, is more than
REFERENCE: Y-103, K-126 a mile across, but is considerable narrower as the stream ap-
proaches Foo-chow-foo, more especially where the mountains
are close to the water's edge. The scenery on the banks of the Min
is romantically beautiful: villages, islands, temples, mountains, and
small hills laid out in terraces, where sweet-potatoes, paddy, and
earth-nuts are planted - all meet the eye in quick succession. Huge
rocks of granite, majestic in their barrenness, have cascades of
crystal water gushing down their sides, which, intercepted at the
base of the mountains, glide smoothly along some wooded valley
or glen, until the waters flow into the river. History of China, Rob-
ert Sears, N.Y. 1850.
Passenger wheelbarrow

====================================================================== ======================================================================
CHINA, REPUBLIC of, FOO-KIEN PROVINCE
FOOCHOW MINT FOOTNOTE: The Chinese Republic was declared on February
====================================================================== 12, 1912 with Yuan as President. It was thirty years later on
10 CENTS 19MM .820 FINE 2.6 GRAMS October 12, 1942 that Great Britain and the United States relin-
====================================================================== quished their exterritorial rights with China. These rights are based
on the theory that a person is subject to the law of his native
(1912) nd u/m country, no matter where he may be. As developed in China,
extraterritoriality had come to mean that the Chinese Government
OV: 4 Chinese characters (Chinese Currency) had no jurisdiction over foreign nationals; that its police could not
around center 12 rayed Sun, within inner circle of pearls, 6 arrest foreign criminals or search the premises of foreigners,
Chinese characters (Made in Fukien silver mint) above / left and that China could not tax business firms owned by outsiders.
and right, 6 Chinese characters for weight (7 fen 2 li) below. Seventeen nations, at one time or another, secured extraterrito-
rial rights in China by treaty. With the establishment of the Chi-
RV: Three Chinese flags with tassels (National, nese Republic in 1912, the system was resented by the Chinese
Army, and Navy), MADE IN FOO-KIEN MINT above / left and people. Germany and Russia were first to lose their rights after
right, 7.2 CANDAREENS, below. the First World War and Mexico gave up hers in 1929, but Chi-
nese efforts to persuade other nations to do likewise were un-
EDGE: Reeded successful.
MINT: FOO-KIEN = FOOCHOW
TYPE: I - No date (TYPE II - 1924, dated in Chinese)
POPULATION: 1912 - Republic of China - 439,214,000

with capital Peking with 1,077,209 inhabitants and mint
city Fuchau (Foochow) - 624,000.
Chinese Tea House

====================================================================== ======================================================================
FOOCHOW MINT FOOTNOTE: The latest estimates (1913) of the foreign residents at
====================================================================== the open ports of China are as follows: Japanese, 65,434; Rus-
10 CENTS 19MM .820 FINE 2.6 GRAMS sians, 49,395; British, 10,140; Portuguese, 3,377; American, 3,176;
====================================================================== Germans, 4,106; French, 1,925; Spanish, 400; Italian, 274; Danes,
260; other Nationalities, 3,381, the total being 141,868. Whitakers
(1913) nd u/m Almanack, London, 1914.
OV: 4 Chinese characters (10 cents silver coin) ======================================================================

within inner circle of pearls, 5 Chinese characters (Made in the
official Fukien Province) above / left and right, 6 Chinese
characters for weight (7 fen 2 li) below.
RV: Large 10, within inner circle of pearls, FOO-

KIEN PROVINCE above / left and right, 7.2 CANDAREENS,
below.
EDGE: Reeded
======================================================================
Fu Kuet Ch'ang Ch'un.

"Riches, Honour and 1924 - dc - FOOKIEN - OBV
Enduring Spring!" ======================================================================

1924 - dc - FOOKIEN - REV 1927 -16th Year - FOOKIEN - OBV
====================================================================== ======================================================================
CHINA, REPUBLIC of, FOO-KIEN PROVINCE CHINA, REPUBLIC of, FOO-KIEN PROVINCE
FOOCHOW MINT FOOCHOW MINT
====================================================================== ======================================================================
10 CENTS 19MM .600 FINE 2.6 GRAMS 10 CENTS 18.5 MM .800 FINE 2.5 GRAMS
====================================================================== ======================================================================
(1924) Dated in Chinese u/m (1927) 16th Year u/m
OV: 4 Chinese characters (China with date in OV: Head of Dr.Sun Yat-Sen, facing front, 13
Chinese for 1924) around center 12 rayed Sun, within inner Chinese characters, separated with p (stars)p between
circle of pearls, 6 Chinese characters (Made in Fukien silver characters 4 and 5, 9 and 10 (Republic of China, dedicated to
mint) above / n left and n right, 6 Chinese characters for the memory of our late President, made in the 16th year) above.
RV: Two crossed Flags with tassels (Kuomin Party
RV: Three Chinese Flags with tassels (National, Flag,left and National Government Flag, right) 2 Chinese
Army, and Navy), MADE IN FOO-KIEN MINT above, / 7.2 characters (10 cents) and Chinese characters (10 pieces equal
CANDAREENS, below. to 1 dollar) below. 10 dots, around, 2 dots below flags.
MINT: FOO-KIEN = FOOCHOW MINT: (no mintmark) = FOOCHOW, Fukien Province.
TYPE: II - Dated in Chinese. REFERENCE: Y-339, K-607
REFERENCE: Y-380A, K-708 ======================================================================
FOOTNOTE: The twelve-rayed Kuomintang Sun was the symbol

for the twelve 2 hour periods of the day.
FOOTNOTE: The two branch mints at Foochow reopened in 1924

and struck this issue in debased silver. Kann, Commerce of China,
p 434.
Ta Cht
"Great Good-luck."

1927 -16th Year - FOO-KIEN - REV 1928 -17th Year - FOO-KIEN - OBV
====================================================================== ======================================================================
FOOTNOTE: Dr. Sun Yat-Sen was the father of the Chinese Re- FOOCHOW MINT
public. In 1895 he was involved in a revolutionary plot. He es- ======================================================================
caped and for many years thereafter worked outside China for the 10 CENTS 18.75 MM .800 FINE 2.6 GRAMS
overthrow of the Chinese Monarchy. His ideas on Nationalism, ======================================================================
Democracy and Socialism were furthered by Chinese revolution-
aries both in and outside of China until success met their persistent (1928) 17th Year u/m K-714
efforts in 1912, when the Emperor abdicated and Dr. Sun Yat-Sen (1931) 20th Year u/m K-716
was made Provisional President. Between 1912 and 1925 he held
various high posts, including the Presidency of the various Repub- OV: In center 10, surrounded by 12 rays of
lican regimes that came and went in turbulent China. Kuomintang Star, within circle, 11 Chinese characters (...th year
of the Republic of China. Made in Foo-Kien Province) above /
====================================================================== left and right, 6 Chinese characters (Every 10 coins equal to
1 dollar) below.
RV: Monument over grave of the 72 Martyrs who as

revolutionary heroes under the guidance of Huang Hsing had
plotted to blow up the Governors Yamen at Canton on March 29,
1911), 6 Chinese characters (Huang Hwa massacre memorial
martys grave shown) above.
EDGE: Reeded
TYPE: Commemorative
REFERENCE: Y-388
FOOTNOTE: Illiteracy in China is a huge problem, with only about

15,000,000 of the 400,000,000 Chinese estimated as able to read.
President Sun Yat-Sen

======================================================================
FOOCHOW MINT
======================================================================
======================================================================
(1932) 21st Year u/m
OV: 2 Crossed flags, Chinese characters (21st year

of the Republic of China. Made in Foo-Kien Province) above,
denomination in Chinese (10 cents) below.
RV: Monument on grave of the 72 Martyrs, Chinese

characters (Huang Hwa massacre memorial martyrs grave
shown) above.
EDGE: Reeded
FOOTNOTE: The Japanese foreign settlement of Kungchenkiad

established in 1896 is outside the Wulin Gate, northwest of the
wall of Hangchow.
Monument over martyrs grave ======================================================================

CHINA, EMPIRE of, CHEH-KIANG PROVINCE
1928 -17th Year - FOO-KIEN - REV HANGCHOW MINT
====================================================================== ======================================================================
FOOTNOTE: The spelling of Chinese names listed are as shown on 10 CENTS 18.5 MM .900 FINE 2.677 GRAMS
the coinage in English which was generally used by the foreign ======================================================================
post offices first set up in China when the Europeans were al-
lowed at the Treaty Ports. By 1942 Wade-Giles was generally (1896) 22nd Year 250,000 Y-52.1, K-116
established as the standardized spelling of Chinese proper names, (1898) 23rd Year included above Y-52.4, K-118
while more recently, the Peoples Republic of China established the
current Romanized spelling known as Pin-Yin. The conversion OV: 4 Chinese and 4 Manchu characters (Kuang
table is shown as follows: Hsu valuable coin) within inner circle of pearls, 8 Chinese
characters (Made in Chehkiang Province ...nd Year of Kuang
The coinage Wade-Giles Pin-Yin Hsu) above / left and right, 6 Chinese characters for
AN-HWEI ANHWEI ANHUI
CHEH-KIANG CHEKIANG ZHEJIANG RV: Dragon, CHEH-KIANG PROVINCE above / left
FOO-KIEN FUKIEN FUJIAN and right / 7.2 CANDAREENS below.
HU-NAN HUNAN HUNAN
HU-PEH HUPEH HUBEI EDGE: Reeded
KIRIN KIRIN CHILIN
KWANG-SI KWANGSI GUANGXI MINT: CHEH-KIANG = HANGCHOW
KWANG-TUNG KWANGTUNG GUANGDONG
SZECHUAN SZECHWAN SICHUAN TYPE: I = Dated
TAIWAN TAIWAN TAIWAN
YUNNAN YUNNAN YUNNAN REFERENCE: Y-52
Canton today is known in Pin-Yin as Huangzhou POPULATION: 1899 - 850,000 for mint city Hangchow.
FOOTNOTE: Hangchow, the capital of Chehkiang Province, near FOOTNOTE: Che-Kiang meaning Che River.
the southern end of the Grand Canal, southwest of Shanghai off
from the East China Sea has a population of 506,930 and the site of
one of the Government Mints. Its walls cover 12 miles around with
10 large gates and are 30 to 40 feet high, 20 to 30 feet thick. The
west wall circles the West Lake which is dotted with islands on
which are Monasteries, Memorial Halls and Shrines. The city of
Hangchow was opened to foreign residence and trade in Decem-
ber 1896, with a foreign settlement of 300 acres being laid out on
the east bank of the Grand Canal a few miles from the Wun-Li
Gate. The important industries of the city is the production of silk
and the making of paper fans. All foreign trade finds its way from
Shanghai, with exports of silk, paper fans, lotus nuts and tea and
imports of copper and spelter from Japan for use in the Hangchow
mint.

1899 - nd - CHEHKIANG - OBV 1899 - nd - CHEHKIANG - REV
====================================================================== ======================================================================
CHINA, EMPIRE of, CHEH-KIANG PROVINCE
HANGCHOW MINT FOOTNOTE: Y-52.5A - Reverse = CHE-KIANG (Not listed in Kann).
====================================================================== nd .820 fine minted at Birmingham in 1902 - KM-6, CN 3p
10 CENTS 19MM .900 FINE 2.7 GRAMS A Numismatic History of the Birmingham Mint, James O.Sweeny,
====================================================================== Birmingham, Eng.,1981.
(1899) nd u/m FOOTNOTE: Cheh-Kiang in Chinese means crooked river.
OV: 4 Chinese and 4 Manchu characters (Kuang FOOTNOTE: The Hangchow mint operation ceased a few years
Hsu valuable coin) within inner circle of pearls, 4 Chinese later. Kann, Commerce of China, p 435
characters (Made in Chehkiang Province) above / f left and f ======================================================================
(small 4 point rosettes) right, 6 Chinese characters for weight (7
fen 2 li) below.
RV: Dragon, CHEH-KIANG PROVINCE above,

left and (6 point rosettes) right / 7.2 CANDAREENS below.
EDGE: Reeded
MINT: CHEH-KIANG = HANGCHOW
TYPE: II - No date
======================================================================
Emporor Kuang Hsu

1924 - 13th Year - CHEH-KIANG - OBV

======================================================================
CHINA, REPUBLIC of, CHEH-KIANG PROVINCE
HANGCHOW MINT
======================================================================
======================================================================
(1924) 13th Year 4,465,159
OV: Two crossed flags of 5 bars within inner circle,

7 Chinese characters (13th year of the Republic of China)
above.
RV: 4 Chinese characters around a center (dot)

(10 Cents silver coin) within inner circle, CHE-KIANG
PROVINCE above / TEN CENTS below.
EDGE: Reeded
MINT: CHE-KIANG = HANGCHOW
FOOTNOTE: The mint at Hangchow is one of the show-places of

the ancient Sung capital...40,000 Mex dollars a day are stamped
as if they were washers or can-tops out of strips of metal which
gossip has it are gradually losing their honest ratio of 89 per cent
(.890 fine) silver in an alloy of copper, the fat bust of Yuan Shih-Kai 1924 - 13th Year - CHEH-KIANG - REV
still gleaming from one side of them. These cumbersome coins,
======================================================================
known to the Chinese as One piece money (Y-329), kick about
underfoot everywhere at the mint, either as blanks or with the
FOOTNOTE: This two year issue was struck at the Hangchow
imprint of the minting-machines upon them; the perforated sheets
mint in 1924 with mintage 3,136,659 and in 1926 with mintage
out of which they are cut lie like scrap-iron about the greasy
1,328,000.
floors, and coolies are constantly carrying all this and bullion from
abroad to and fro; but it is not these simple fellows who make
FOOTNOTE: Kann reports this issue struck in the summer of 1924
away with the product of the Hangchow mint. Roving Through
by the Hangchow mint, in order to replace the debased Canton
Southern China, Harry A. Franck, New York,1925.
subsidiary coins which were flooding the country. On account
of warfare carried on in and around Chehkiang Province, in the
FOOTNOTE: Imperial Flag of China - The Yellow Dragon Flag -
autumn of 1924, minting operations had to be suspended... Kann,
yellow field with Dragon in the center, The Dragon with his mouth
Commerce of China p 435.
open, trying to reach a huge Pearl. This symbolism meaning simply
that the Dragon, the symbol of the Imperial Ruler, was always
FOOTNOTE: The Chinese flag since 1912 was five equal stripes
striving to reach the Pearl, signifying perfection. Imperial Incense,
each with the following color; red, yellow, blue, black and white,
Princess Der Ling, N.Y. 1933 p 16.
representing; China proper, Manchuria, Mongolia, Chinese
Turkestan and Tibet.
======================================================================
Ch'ang Ming Fu Kuei

"Long Life Chinese painting
Riches, and FOOTNOTE: The official name of the once Middle Kingdom is
Chung Hwa Ming Kuo, roughly - The Middle Flowery Land
Honour!" Peoples Country, and decrees posted on city gates...are dated
Fourteenth Year of the Chinese Republic Roving Through
Southern China, Harry A. Franck, New York,

1
9
2
5
.
1898 - nd - KIRIN - OBV 1898 - nd - KIRIN - REV

====================================================================== ======================================================================
CHINA, EMPIRE of, KIRIN PROVINCE
KIRIN MINT FOOTNOTE: In 1898 a series of reforms reorganized the Army.
====================================================================== New schools and colleges were planed. Chinese students were
10 CENTS 18.5 MM .820 FINE 2.5 GRAMS sent to Europe to study foreign methods of government. These
====================================================================== abrupt reforms were resented by conservative chinese, under
the sympathetic Dowager Empress. A secret Society of Chinese,
(1896) nd included below K-340 hostile to the foreigners calling themselves the Boxers, meaning
(1897) nd included below K-349 Order of the Righteous Harmonious Fists, in 1900, cooperated
(1898) nd 4,000,000 K-350x with the Dowager Empress in her designs against foreign influ-
ence. They summoned every patriotic Chinaman to rise in defense
OV: Around a center vase containing leaves and of his country. The main object of the Boxers was to drive out the
berries of the aspidistra lily, 4 Chinese characters (Kuang Hsu foreign devil, and relieve China of Western influence. Missionar-
valuable coin) within inner circle of pearls, 4 Chinese characters ies and traders were murdered in the provinces, although the
(Made in Kirin Province) above / f left and f (four point government at Peking continued to declare it was doing all it could
rosettes) right, 6 Chinese characters for weight (7 fen 2 li) to suppress disorder. On June 20, 1900 the Boxers supported by
below. Chinese troops assassinated the German Ambassador Baron Von
Ketteler, at Peking and attacked the Legations. Some 200 foreign-
RV: Dragon, KIRIN PROVINCE above Mongul script ers sought refuge in the British Legation and were there besieged
left and right (Kirin) / CANDAREENS .72 below. for nearly two months. For some reason which is not clear, the
Chinese did not murder them all, as they might easily have done. A
EDGE: Reeded relief Expedition consisting of about 18,000 Japanese, Russian,
British, American, French, and German troops was immediately
MINT: KIRIN = KIRIN, Manchuria organized, the Taku Forts were destroyed, and an unsuccessful
advance made on Peking by the British Admiral Seymour. Another
REFERENCE: Y-180 advance by Allied troops succeeded in relieving the besieged,
after heavy fighting on August 14, 1900. The Chinese Court left
FOOTNOTE: Kirin is the capital of Kirin Province of Manchuria, Peking and the Royal Palace was desecrated and pillaged. The
located on the Sungari River at the head of navigation. Kirin was Allies retained possession of the city until Peace was signed on
founded in 1673 as a Chinese fortress. Trade developed in to- September 7, 1901. Negotiations followed with an agreement for
bacco, furs and timber and later became a center for junk-building. the Chinese to pay 450 million taels (U.S.$333,000,000 dollars) in
The town, also called Kirinoola or Girin, has a population of 120,000. reparations, fortifiction and guarding of the foreign legations dis-
New Cabinet Cyclopaedia, Phila.,1896.. trict in Peking and severe penalties against further anti-foreign
disturbances. Chinese students returning from western coun-
FOOTNOTE: In March 1898 China leased for twenty five years, tries, determined to overthrow the Manchu Dynasty which had
Port Arthur to the Russian Government. A railway was constructed ruled China for two hundred and sixty-seven years. After a heroic
to Harbin connecting Port Arthur with Vladivostok on the Trans- and bloody struggle they forced the Court on February 12, 1912 to
Siberian Railway. This gave Russia the Pacific port ice free the declare the abdication of the Boy-Emperor. The Boxer indemnity
year round. The European Powers established trading posts, built payments were suspended by the Allied Governments following
railroads and developed shipping on internal waterways. Ger- the Declaration of War against Germany by the newly formed
many had leased Kiaochow in 1897, The British held Hong-Kong Chinese Republic on August 14, 1917.
and the French were in Indo-China.

1899 - dc - KIRIN - OBV 1899 - dc - KIRIN - REV
====================================================================== ======================================================================
KIRIN MINT FOOTNOTE: Issues dated in Chinese 1906 and 1907 have 7 dot
====================================================================== rosettes in place of Z, left and right of weight.
====================================================================== FOOTNOTE: Emperor Kuang Hsu died on November 14, 1908 and
Dowager Empress a day later.
(1899) dated in Chinese 1,000,000 K-393
(1900) dated in Chinese 1,000,000 K-412 ======================================================================
(1906) dated in Chinese 1,000,000 K-547 CHINA, EMPIRE of, KIRIN PROVINCE
(1907) dated in Chinese 100,000 K-560 KIRIN MINT
======================================================================
OV: Around a center vase containing leaves and 10 CENTS 18.5 MM .820 FINE 2.5 GRAMS
berries of the aspidistra lily, 4 Chinese characters (Kuang Hsu ======================================================================
valuable coin) within inner circle of pearls, 4 Chinese characters
(Made in Kirin Province) above, Chinese characters for date, left (1901) dated in Chinese 1,000,000 K-440A
and right, 6 Chinese characters for weight (7 fen 2 li) below. (1902) dated in Chinese 500,000 K-464
(1903) dated in Chinese 500,000 K-481
RV: Dragon, KIRIN-PROVINCE above / Z (1904) dated in Chinese 500,000 K-507
CANDAREENS .72 Z below. (1905) dated in Chinese 1,000,000 K-530
EDGE: Reeded OV: 4 Chinese characters with center Yin Yang

symbol (Kuang Hsu valuable coin) within inner circle of pearls, 4
MINT: KIRIN = KIRIN, Manchuria Chinese characters (Made in Kirin Province) above, Chinese
characters for date, left and right, 6 Chinese characters for
REFERENCE: Y-180 weight (7 fen 2 li) below.
FOOTNOTE: Manchuria, a Chinese territory occupying the north- RV: Dragon, KIRIN-PROVINCE above, Mongul script
eastern corner of the Empire. It is divided into three Provinces, left and right / (Kirin), Z CANDAREENS .72 Z below.
Shing-King, Fen-Tien, or Leaotong in the south, of which Mukden
is the capital; Kirin in the center, with a capital of the same name; EDGE: Reeded
and He-Lung-Kiang in the north, with capital Tsitsihar. The adminis-
tration is military, the Governors of the two northern provinces MINT: KIRIN = KIRIN, Manchuria
being subordinate to the Governor of Mukden. The Manchus are a
hardy race, and their country has long been the great recruiting REFERENCE: Y-180A
ground for the Chinese Army; but of late years vast numbers of
Chinese proper have flocked into it, so that now they by far out-
number the native race. In the 17th century the Manchus invaded
China and placed their leaders son upon the throne. Since that
time the Manchus Dynasty has continued to reign in China, and the
Manchu language has become the Court and official language.
New Cabnet Cyclopaedia, Phila., 1895.

======================================================================
KIRIN MINT
======================================================================
======================================================================
(1908) dated in Chinese 100,000
OV: 4 Chinese characters around center figure 1

(Hsuen Tung valuable coin) 3 Chinese characters (Made in Kirin)
above, Chinese characters for date, left and right, 6 Chinese
characters for weight (7 fen 2 li) below.
RV: Dragon, KIRIN-PROVINCE above, Mongul script

left and right (Kirin) / CANDAREENS.72. below.
EDGE: Reeded
MINT: KIRIN = KIRIN, Manchuria
REFERENCE: Y-180C
POPULATION: Kirin mint city - 250,000.
FOOTNOTE: In December of 1908 Pu I (Hsuen Tung) became Em-

peror at the age of two. In 1911 the Emperors three advisory
councils were abolished, and a Cabinet and Privy Council estab-
lished instead. In December of 1911 the Regent abdicated, and in
1907 - 33rd Year - FENGTIEN - OBV
February of 1912, an Edict was published announcing the abdica- ======================================================================
tion of the Emperor, and thus on February 12, 1912 China became CHINA, EMPIRE of, FENGTIEN PROVINCE
a Republic. MUKDEN MINT
======================================================================
FOOTNOTE: Emperor Kuang-Hsu died August 14, 1908. He was 10 CENTS 19.25 MM .820 FINE 2.6 GRAMS
succeeded on November 14, 1908 by his brothers son Pu-Yi, who ======================================================================
was born February 11, 1906. The Emperors father, Prince Chun, is
Regent. New International Yearbook, 1910. (1907) 33rd Year 1,000,000
====================================================================== OV: 4 Chinese and 4 Manchu characters within

CHINA, EMPIRE of, FENGTIEN PROVINCE inner circle of pearls (Kuang Hsu valuable coin), 4 Chinese
MUKDEN MINT characters (Made in the Three Eastern Provinces) (dot) left
====================================================================== and (dot) right, 6 Chinese characters for weight (7 fen 2 li)
10 CENTS 19MM .820 FINE 2.6 GRAMS below.
======================================================================
RV: Dragon, 33RD YEAR OF KUANG HSU, above /
(1898) 24th Year 750,000 (dot) left and (dot) right, MANCHURIAN PROVINCE below.
OV: 2 Chinese characters (10 cents) within center EDGE: Reeded

circle of pearls, 8 Manchu characters (24th year of Kuang Hsu).
MINT: MANCHURIAN PROVINCE = MUKDEN
RV: Dragon, 10 Chinese characters (Made in
Fengtien Province; 24th year of Kuang Hsu) around. REFERENCE: Y-209, K-258
EDGE: Reeded POPULATION: Mukden - 158,132
MINT: FENGTIEN = Fengton Arsenal, MUKDEN, FOOTNOTE: Mukden, capital of Manchuria and of the Province of
Manchuria Fengtien (Shengking), 425 miles north of Peking. The city suffered
greatly during the Boxer uprising of 1900. The culminating battle of
REFERENCE: Y-84, K-247 the Russo-Japanese War was fought about Mukden in February-
March 1905.
POPULATION: 1895 - Mint city Mukden - 150,000.
FOOTNOTE: Fengtien Province, China is situated in Southern Man-
FOOTNOTE: Mukden, the capital of Manchuria, was named by the churia and occupies about 56,000 sq. m. with a population of
Manchus who had their capital there until 1644, prior to the trans- about 5,000,000. The capital of Fengtien is Mukden; the Province
fer to Peking. Later it was given the Chinese name Fengtien and includes the Liao-Tung Peninsula, stretching between the Gulfs of
the title Shengking for abundant capital. Mukden became the capi- Korea and Kiao-Tung; in the southern part of the peninsula lies Port
tal of Fengtien Province. Its modern development began around Arthur. A large part of the Province forms a level plain which is
1900 when the Russians started building the Manchurian Railroad. extremely fertile, the rest consists of mountains and forests. The
The old city is bounded by a 10 mile long earthwall and within the Province is well served by the Mukden-Peking Railway. The chief
brick-wall inner city - the old Manchu Residence with its former products of the Province are barley, wheat, millet, maize, cotton
Imperial Palace. and indigo.

1907 - 33rd Year - FENGTIEN - REV 1898 - dc - KIANGNAN - OBV
====================================================================== ======================================================================
CHINA, EMPIRE of, KIANGNAN PROVINCE
FOOTNOTE: The Birmingham hoard is often referred to when NANKING MINT
encountering proof or uncirculated specimens of otherwise rare ======================================================================
coins known to be struck at the Ralph Heaton & Sons mint located 10 CENTS 18.5 MM .900 FINE 2.677 GRAMS
at Birmingham, England. In the late 1960's there came upon the ======================================================================
market large assortments of these coins which had been part of
the trial and specimen strikes retained by the mint or its former (1898) dated in Chinese 10,750,000
employees.
OV: 4 Chinese and 4 Manchu characters around a
====================================================================== center (dot), within inner circle of pearls (Kuang Hsu valuable
CHINA, EMPIRE of, KIANGNAN PROVINCE coin), 4 Chinese characters (Made in Kiangnan Province) above,
NANKING MINT 2 Chinese characters for date, left and right, 6 Chinese
====================================================================== characters for weight (7 fen 2 li) below.
====================================================================== RV: Dragon, within inner circle of pearls, KIANGNAN
PROVINCE above / w left and w right, 7.2 CANDAREENS
(1897) nd 250,000 below.
OV: 4 Chinese and 4 Manchu characters within EDGE: Reeded
characters (Made in Kiangnan Province) above / y left and y MINT: KIANG NAN = NANKING
(7 point rosettes) right, 6 Chinese characters for weight (7 fen 2
li) below. TYPE: II = (obv) Dated in Chinese, dot in center.
RV: Dragon, within inner circle of pearls, KIANGNAN REFERENCE: Y-142.1, K-73
PROVINCE above / y left and y (7 point rosettes) right, 7.2
CANDAREENS below.
EDGE: Reeded
MINT: KIANGNAN = NANKING
TYPE: I - No date
FOOTNOTE: Proof strikes of the no date 10 cents Y-142 may exist

from the Birmingham hoard struck from dies at Ralph Heaton &
Son, Birmingham before shipping the dies to China in 1896.

1898 dc -10 CENTS-KIANGNAN-REV 1900 dc -10 CENTS-KIANGNAN-OBV
====================================================================== ======================================================================
FOOTNOTE: The Life of the People - Probably 90 percent of the FOOTNOTE: (continued) There are no outside windows and but
people of North China region live in small villages or in the country one gateway. Standards of living are low. During the winter months,
and are directly dependent upon agriculture. These village groups, when there is little work in the fields, the diet is frequently just
often no larger than a dozen houses, are so numerous that one is enough to keep life going, only two scant meals a day. During
scarcely ever out of sight of two or three of them. Some families harvest time, when there is much to be done, three relatively good
live in the open country, but even here the houses are usually meals are eaten. The meals are much the same day after day and
grouped together. The average family includes four children and consist of boiled millet or kaoliang with a few vegetables, steamed
probably grandparents and relatives as well. Families of a dozen bread or noodles made of wheat, and bean curd. Meat is a rare
children are not at all uncommon. The houses are built either of soft treat, in most cases being restricted to festival days or wedding
gray bricks poorly burnt with straw or, more frequently, of pounded feasts, except among the more wealthy families. Rice is also a
earth or sun-dried cakes of mud. The roofs are often of mud laid luxury. Most of the food is raised on the farm, and purchases are
upon Kaoliang stalks, which in turn rest upon the wooden rafters usually limited to tea, salt and cooking oil. Despite these limited
that lie on the main beams. Because of the considerable weight resources, the people lead a life which appears relatively happy.
which these beams support, they must be eight inches or a foot in Their resources are few, but so are their wants. If the harvest has
diameter. Upright wooden supports are used to hold up the roof, been good, they may visit a near-by market town and spend a few
so that it is independent of the earthen walls which might soften days visiting relatives or seeing the Temple fair. Since it is seldom
and collapse after a rain. The construction of Chinese houses thus possible to cultivate the fields during the winter months, the farm-
resemble that of modern steel skyscrapers in that the visible walls ers have much leisure time. At such seasons gossip becomes the
bear none of the weight. House construction calls for a few heavy chief occupation, and many hours are passed in telling and retell-
beams and numerous small branches for the rafters. Timber of ing some strange or curious event, or in discussing that most
these two dimensions is obtained by pollarding willow trees, that popular of subject, the price of food. Chinas Geographic Foun-
is, cutting back to the trunk to encourage the growth of small dations, G. B. Cressey, N.Y., 1934.
uniform branches. The wooden roof beams are the most expen-
sive part of a house, and when a house is abandoned the wood is ======================================================================
taken along. They likewise represent an investment which may be
sold under the pressure of famine. The only other articles of wood
are the removable double doors and the paper-covered lattice
window frames. There is usually but little furniture; and a low brick
bed, or Kang is hollow and connects with the mud cook stove so
that the smoke circulated through them provides a warm platform
during the winter. The mud roofs crack during the hot, dry summer
and the first rain trickles through in numberless rivulets. The trav-
eler need not be disturbed, for after the roof has become thor-
oughly soaked, he will hear some one pounding around on the roof
tamping or rolling down the mud, which thereafter remains water-
tight. Houses commonly face south, in order to take advantage of
the warmth of the sun and to avoid the bitterly cold blasts of the
winter which come from the northwest. Each house is surrounded
by a courtyard with mud walls, at the sides of which are shelters
for the farm animals and implements.

======================================================================
CHINA, EMPIRE of, KIANGNAN PROVINCE
NANKING MINT
======================================================================
======================================================================
(1898) dated in Chinese included with K-73, K-73A

(1899) dated in Chinese 10,000,000 K-79B

characters (Made in Kiangnan Province) above, 2 Chinese
characters for date, left and right, 6 Chinese characters for
RV: Dragon, KIANGNAN PROVINCE above, y left

and y (7 point rosettes) right, 7.2 CANDAREENS below.
EDGE: Reeded
TYPE: I = No initials
REFERENCE: Y-142A 1900 dc -10 CENTS-KIANGNAN-REV

FOOTNOTE: The cost of living - The vital factor in the industrial ======================================================================
development of China is labor. It is marvelously cheap, as the CHINA, EMPIRE of, KIANGNAN PROVINCE
following details indicate: In central China it is estimated that some- NANKING MINT
thing less than a quarter of a cent (gold) will procure enough ======================================================================
coarse food to provide a full meal for a grown man; this at three 10 CENTS 19MM .820 FINE 2.6 GRAMS
meals per day, would amount to 11 shillings per year. No doubt this ======================================================================
is a low estimate; but even when more than doubled, - making, say
24 shillings ($6) per year, - we obtain an idea of the remarkable (1901) dated in Chinese included with K-88,K-92
manner in which the coolie class have solved the subsistence (1902) dated in Chinese 10,000,000 K-95
problem. With such a basis one can understand how it is possible
to obtain such labor at wages varying from five cents as a mini- OV: 4 Chinese and 4 Manchu characters within
mum to twenty cents (gold) as a maximum per day. The absence of inner circle of pearls (Kuang Hsu valuable coin), 4 Chinese
roads fit for wagon traffic is a very striking feature in the central characters (Made in Kiangnan Province) above, HAH in upper
and southern provinces. In the north there are some highways left, 2 Chinese characters for date, left and right, 6 Chinese
suitable for vehicular traffic, but they are so rough that nothing but characters for weight (7 fen 2 li) below.
a Peking cart can hold together when driven over them any con-
siderable distance. American Monthly Review of Reviews, 1902. RV: Dragon, KIANGNAN PROVINCE above, y left
EDGE: Reeded
TYPE: II - HAH = H.A.Holmes, Mint Superintendent.
REFERENCE: Y-142A
HAH for H.A.Holmes

Mint Superintendent
Chinese Junk

1903 dc - 10 CENTS-KIANGNAN-OBV 1903 dc - 10 CENTS-KIANGNAN-REV
====================================================================== ======================================================================
CHINA, EMPIRE of, KIANGNAN PROVINCE CHINA, EMPIRE of, KIANGNAN PROVINCE
NANKING MINT NANKING MINT
====================================================================== ======================================================================
====================================================================== ======================================================================
(1903) dated in Chinese 2,750,000 (1904) dated in Chinese 897,808
OV: 4 Chinese and 4 Manchu characters within OV: 4 Chinese and 4 Manchu characters within
inner circle of pearls (Kuang Hsu valuable coin), 4 Chinese inner circle of pearls (Kuang Hsu valuable coin), 4 Chinese
characters (Made in Kiangnan Province) above, HAH in upper characters (Made in Kiangnan Province) above, HAH in upper
left, (5 point rosette) in upper right, 2 Chinese characters for left, TH in upper right, 2 Chinese characters for date, left and
date, left and right, 6 Chinese characters for weight (7 fen 2 li) right, 6 Chinese characters for weight (7 fen 2 li) below.
below.
RV: Dragon, KIANGNAN PROVINCE above, y left and y (7 point rosettes) right, 7.2 CANDAREENS below.
EDGE: Reeded
EDGE: Reeded
TYPE: IV - HAH = H.A.Holmes and TH = unknown.
TYPE: III - HAH = H.A.Holmes, and 5 point rosette.
REFERENCE: Y-142A.13, K-105
REFERENCE: Y-142A.11, K-98
FOOTNOTE: With the invasion of the Japanese the Chinese Na-
tional Currency began to lose its value. In 1947 it began to really
"skyrocket" and by the autumn of 1948 became almost valueless.
To pay even a small bill required a whole suitcase full of money
which took hours to count. The government issued the Gold Yuan,
one of which was equal to three million of the National currency.
The Gold Yuan was officially pegged at one-quarter of an Ameri-
can dollar. Although severe punishment was threatened and sev-
eral prominent business men were shot in an attempt to prevent
FOOTNOTE: The old silver currency which was formerly used in inflation, the Gold Yuan inflation was more rapid than that of the
Kwangsi was comparatively steady in its market value, and yet National Currency and in almost six months it was of so little value
the value of each of the three forms used was constantly varying as to be almost useless. Rice, the price of which had long been the
in relationship to the value of the other two. Silver coins of the basis of business transactions, now became the medium of ex-
same denomination had a greater or lesser value according to their change, and practically all purchases, large and small, were paid
year of issue, and even copper cash varied in value from month to for in rice. Some of the old silver currency which had been hidden
month. In 1935 China issued a decree withdrawing all old silver away was brought out. A Missionary Atlas, Harrisburg, Pa.,1950.
currency and substituting a paper currency. A Missionary Atlas,
Harrisburg, Pa.,1950.
1905 dc - 10 CENTS-KIANGNAN-OBV 1905 dc - 10 CENTS-KIANGNAN-REV
====================================================================== ======================================================================
CHINA, EMPIRE of, KIANGNAN PROVINCE CHINA, EMPIRE of, KIANGNAN PROVINCE
NANKING MINT NANKING MINT
====================================================================== ======================================================================
====================================================================== ======================================================================
(1905) dated in Chinese 750,000 (1911) nd 590,000

(1916) nd included above
inner circle of pearls (Kuang Hsu valuable coin), 4 Chinese OV: 4 Chinese and 4 Manchu characters within
characters (Made in Kiangnan Province) above, SY facing out in inner circle of pearls (Kuang Hsu valuable coin), 4 Chinese
upper right, 2 Chinese characters for date, left and right, 6 characters (Made in Kiangnan Province) above / y left and y
Chinese characters for weight (7 fen 2 li) below. (8 pointed oblong stars) right, 6 Chinese characters for weight
(7 fen 2 li) below.
and y (7 point rosettes) right, 7.2 CANDAREENS below. RV: Dragon, KIANGNAN PROVINCE above, left
and (rosettes) right, 7.2 CANDAREENS below.
EDGE: Reeded
EDGE: Reeded
TYPE: V - SY = unknown.
REFERENCE: Y-142A, K-108
POPULATION: Nanking mint city - 276,000
FOOTNOTE: This issue was struck at the Nanking mint in 1911 with
mintage of 230,000 and restruck in 1916 in debased silver with
mintage of 360,000.
SY - initals - obverse
FOOTNOTE: Nanning, the capital of Kwangsi Province between
1913 and 1936 is located on the Yu River on the routes to Yunnan FOOTNOTE: Kwangsi meaning the broad of extensive west, was
Province. Nanning was opened to foreign trade in 1907. The city one of the last provinces to be conquered by the Chinese. Be-
was called Yungning from 1913 to 1945. cause of its distance from the Northern Capital, and the ragged-
ness of its terrain as well as the stubborn resistance of its aborigi-
FOOTNOTE: Nanning, meaning Peaceful South is a city with a nal inhabitants. It required centuries to bring this province under
population of about 100,000, situated on the West River 360 miles the central government. In fact at the beginning of the Chinese
west of Wuchow. It is an important center from which river and Republic in 1911, there were still some tribesman in Kwangsis
motor highways spread in all directions, several of them extending mountain vastnesses who were not entirely subjugated. A Mis-
into other provinces. A Missionary Atlas, Harrisburg,Pa.1950. sionary Atlas, Harrisburg,Pa.1950.

======================================================================
CHINA, REPUBLIC of, KWANGSI PROVINCE
NANNING MINT
======================================================================
======================================================================
(1920) 9th Year u/m
OV: 4 Chinese characters around a center ( dot)

(10 cents silver coin) within inner circle of pearls, 6 Chinese
characters (9th year of Chinese Republic) above, left and
(rosettes) right, 4 Chinese characters (Made in Kwang-si
Province) below.
RV: Large 10 within inner circle of pearls, KWANG-

SI above / left and (rosettes) right, TEN CENTS below.
EDGE: Reeded
MINT: KWANGSI = NANNING
FOOTNOTE: The mint at Nanning, After having stood idle for some
years., recommenced operations in 1919. But owing to lack of
raw material and subsequent hostilities with the neighboring Prov-
ince of KWANG-TUNG operations were suspended after a few
months working. Kann, Commerce of China. p 444.
10 CENTS - TAIWAN PROVINCE - OBV
======================================================================
CHINA, EMPIRE of, TAIWAN PROVINCE
FOO-CHOW MINT
FOOTNOTE: The most conspicuous buildings in China are the Pa-
======================================================================
godas, Catholic Churches and pawn shops. For that matter, with
the exception of the mission buildings and a few Chinese dwell-
======================================================================
ings to be found throughout Shansi and Shensi, and the Lama
Temples of the Mongolian plains, no structure is over one story in
(1893) nd 250,000 K-137
height. When traveling through a wild and sparsely settled prov-
(1895) nd 250,000 K-134
ince, such as Kwang-Si, where one may go for days without
seeing a house, it is rather surprising to come upon a village of a
OV: 4 Chinese characters around a center (dot)
hundred one-storied houses, and behold in their midst a skyscraper.
(Kuang Hsu valuable coin), 4 Chinese characters (Made in
I have seen pawn shops which tower up to ten and twelve sto-
Taiwan Province) / f left and f (4 point rosettes) right, 6
ries, studded with narrow slit windows and barred as a prison. A
Chinese characters for weight (7 fen 2 li) below.
high wall surrounds this treasure house. To all intents and pur-
poses, pawn shops are operated on the same principle as those
RV: Dragon, TAI-WAN PROVINCE above / f left and
at home; they are, however, frequented by the most respected
f (4 point rosettes) right, 7.2 CANDAREENS below.
people and no one feels the slightest hesitancy about patronizing
them. Many persons, in fact, who do not need the money, are glad
EDGE: Reeded
to use the pawn shops as safe depositaries for their valuables,
especially furs, of which the Chinese gentry are very fond. When
MINT: TAI-WAN = FOO-CHOW ARSENAL
one considers that a young Chinese, who traveled with us for a
short voyage, possessed one hundred and six suits of clothes,
REFERENCE: Y-247
most of them gorgeous brocades, one may understand how he
would not care to risk not only fire, but marauding expeditions of
the countless mountain bandits. A military official of Kwei-Lin told
me that in the Provinces of Kwang-Tung and Kwangsi he esti-
mated a pawn shop for each ten thousand inhabitants. Whos
Who of the Chinese in New York, W.Van Norden, New York, 1918.
FOOTNOTE: Kwang-si meaning Broad West.
FOOTNOTE: Completion in 1933 of the Kwangsi - Kweichow Inter-

provincial Highway, a distance of 650 miles, reduced the travel
time between the two points from four weeks to four days.
FOOTNOTE: In 1904, 27,227 Europeans, Japanese, and Ameri-

cans were living at the open ports in which there were 1,602
Commercial Houses. Of the foreigners 5,981 were British, 9,139
Japanese, 3,220 Americans, 3,387 Portuguese, 1,374 French and
1,871 Germans. New International Encyclopedia, 1910.

10 CENTS - TAIWAN PROVINCE - REV 1898 24th Year - CHIHLI - OBV
====================================================================== ======================================================================
CHINA, EMPIRE of, CHIHLI PROVINCE
FOOTNOTE: Taiwan was part of the Chinese Empire until June TIENTSIN MINT
2,1895 when it came into the possession of the Japanese. The ======================================================================
island lying off the eastern coast of China, in the Pacific Ocean, is 10 CENTS 19MM .900 FINE 2.7 GRAMS
225 miles long and from 60 to 80 miles broad, with a range of ======================================================================
densely wooded mountains. It is separated from the Province of
Fu-Kien by a strait about 85 miles wide. The surface is mountain- (1896) 22nd Year 100,000 K-184 rare
ous, especially in the interior. Mount Morrison is the culminating (1897) 23rd Year 500,000 K-189
peak, having a height of 14,360 feet. A part of the surface is made (1898) 24th Year 500,000 K-194
up of barren clay hills, but the plains and valleys are fertile. The
chief industry is agriculture carried on by the Chinese settlers with OV: Chinese characters separated by three stars in
camphor, tea and sugar as staple products. The population num- outer circle (Made in Peiyang machinery mint in the ...th Year of
bers 3,392,063 consisting of the aborigines, Chinese settlers and Kuang Hsu Ta Ching Dynasty) within inner circle of pearls,
about 42,000 Japanese. In 1874 the Japanese directed an expedi- Manchu characters for same legend, 2 Chinese characters for
tion against Taiwan where some Japanese sailors had been killed denomination (10 cents) within inner circle of pearls.
by savages. China protested and eventually the matter was settled
by China paying an indemnity of 700,000 dollars to Japan to defray RV: Dragon, TATSING TWENTY FOUR TH YEAR OF
the cost of the expedition, which had established order in the KWANG HSU - , above / PEI-YANG .ARSENAL. below.
hitherto uncivilized island. In 1886 Taiwan (Formosa) was de-
tached from Fu-Kien Province and made a separate Province. EDGE: Reeded
MINT: PEI-YANG (north ocean) = EAST ARSENAL of

FOOTNOTE: The Ta-Ching Dynasty is of Manchu origin and begins TIENTSIN
in 1644. The name Ching (Tsing) means Pure or Purity and is said
to be synonymous with the word Manchu. Ta means Great. REFERENCE: Y-62
FOOTNOTE: Hangchow to Tientsin by the Grand Canal - The Grand

FOOTNOTE: Tientsin located in Chihli Province is a yellow Sea port, Canal, one of the most important means of communication in China,
70 miles southeast of Peking, the northern capital of China. Tientsin as the roads are so defective: It is also called Yun Ho (transport),
was occupied in 1858 and 1860 by the British and French and and extends from Hangchow to Tientsin, covering a distance of
was opened to foreign trade in 1861. Located along the Pai River nearly 1000 miles. This canal has existed for centuries, the first
were the Concessions granted to Britain, Belgium, France, Italy, section from the Yang-Tse-Kiang to the Hwei River being opened
Japan, Russia, Germany and Austria-Hungary. During the Boxer nearly 500 years B.C. The section of the canal lying between
Rebellion in 1900 Tientsin was the scene of severe fighting and Hangchow and Yang-Tse-Kiang was constructed early in the 7th
was occupied jointly by the Foreign Powers. Century. In the 18th Century it was found necessary to protect the
canal from sudden inundations, and for this purpose a double
series of lakes was formed on the western side of the canal to
enable the surplus waters to discharge themselves and flood the
land beyond. The main body of the stream empties its waters into
the Yang-Tse-Kiang. Everyman Encyclopedia, London,1910.

======================================================================
TIENTSIN MINT
======================================================================
======================================================================
(1907) dated in Chinese 2,350,000 rare
OV: 4 Chinese characters (Ta Ching Yin Pi = Great

Ching silver coin) within inner circle, 4 Manchu characters for
same legend, above / n left and n (stars) right, 2 Chinese
characters for date, left and (rosettes) right of two
characters for denomination (10 cents).
RV: Dragon, Chinese characters (Made during the

reign of Kuang Hsu) above, TAI CHING TI KUO SILVER COIN
below.
EDGE: Reeded
MINT: (no mintmark) = TIENTSIN CENTRAL MINT
TYPE: I = Dated in chinese
1898 24th Year - CHIHLI - REV FOOTNOTE: Sun Yat-Sen was born in 1866 in a farming village in
Kwangtung Province near Canton. By the time he was 13 years of
======================================================================
age, an older brother who was living in Hawaii had sent for him.
There Sun was converted to Christianity and received his educa-
TIENTSIN MINT
tion at an Anglican school. After returning to China briefly, he moved
======================================================================
to Hong Kong in 1883, to complete his medical training by 1892. Dr.
Sun practiced in Macao for awhile, before becoming a revolution-
======================================================================
ary in 1894, leading the attack upon the Manchu Dynasty. A revolt
broke out in 1911 with fighting in central and south China. The
(1899) 25th Year 250,000
liberal faction, called the Kuo-Min-Tang (National Party) held a pro-
visional assembly in Nanking and on December 29, 1911 Dr. Sun
Yat-Sen was elected the first President of the Republic of China.
inner circle (Kuang Hsu valuable coin), 3 Chinese characters
After six weeks he resigned in favor of Yuan Shih-Kai, the Com-
(Made in Peiyang) above, (dot) left and (dot) right, 6
mander-in Chief of the old Imperial Army. In 1916, following the
Chinese characters for weight (7 fen 2 li) below.
death of Yuan Shih-Kai, Dr. Sun was able to set up a provisional
government at Canton. Until his death in 1925 he continued to hold
RV: Dragon, 25 TH YEAR of KWANG HSU, above /
government posts. In 1923 he revived support from the Soviets
PEIYANG below.
for reorganization of the Kuo-Min-Tang, with a new army headed
by Chiang Kai-Shek. Dr. Sun Yat-Sen died on March 12, 1925,
EDGE: Reeded
honored and acclaimed the Father of His Country. Both of the 10
cent coins which bear Dr. Sun Yat-Sens portrait were issued
MINT: PEIYANG = East Arsenal of TIENTSIN
after his death, dated equivalent to 1927 and 1929.
======================================================================
POPULATION: Mint city Tientsin - 1899 - 1,000,000
FOOTNOTE: The Arsenal was destroyed by the Allied Armies in

June 1900 when the issue dated 26th year was in preparation. (K-
203).
FOOTNOTE: Tien-Tsin, a large and important city and river-port of

China, in the Province of Chihli, on the right bank of the Pei-Ho, 34
miles from the mouth of that river by land, and 68 miles by the
winding of the stream. It is the port of the City of Pekin, from which
it is distant 80 miles south-east. The streets are unpaved, and the
houses, principally built of mud or dried bricks, have a mean ap-
pearance, through the central parts of the town are filled with
well-built houses. The maximum of heat in the summer is 106', the
maximum of cold 6' below zero. The river is generally frozen over
from about the 15th December to the 15th March, and the business
at other times carried on by means of boats and junks, is taken up
by sledges, which swarm on the river. Library of Universal Knowl-
edge, N.Y., 1880. Emperor's Birthday Celebration

1908 - 10 CENTS - CHIHLI - OBV 1908 - 10 CENTS - CHIHLI - REV
====================================================================== ======================================================================
TIENTSIN MINT FOOTNOTE: A report from Tientsin containing interesting informa-
====================================================================== tion upon the monetary conditions in China relates, If anyone
10 CENTS 19.5 MM .600 FINE 2.7 GRAMS changes a dollar, he receives 10 dimes, silver pieces valued at
====================================================================== about 10 cents and 7 copper cents and sometimes up to 11 dimes.
If anyone buys merchandise for a dollar and pays in small money,
(1908) nd 775,000 he has to give 10 dimes and 7 copper cents and it is necessary to
pay 13 sapeques to buy a stamp worth a cent. To buy a stamp
OV: 4 Chinese characters and 4 Manchu characters worth 10 cents, one must pay a 10 cent piece, a copper cent and
(Great Ching silver coin) in inner circle, 4 Chinese characters 4 sapeques. The cent is to supply the lack of silver in the dime and
(Made in the central mint) above / (dot) left and (dot) right, the sapeques to cover the lack of copper in the cent.
6 Chinese characters for weight (7 fen 2 li), below.
FOOTNOTE: The outbreak of the revolution in October of 1911 and
RV: Dragon, Chinese characters (Made during the the subsequent looting and burning by the mob of the Tientsin
reign of Kuang Hsu) above, TAI CHING TI KUO SILVER COIN Central Mint in March, 1912, accounts for the original striking of
below. this issue to be discontinued. The Tientsin Central Mint was re-
suscitated in 1914 and supplied with new and modern machinery
EDGE: Reeded and again from old dies the Year 3 Ta Ching silver coin was struck
for a short time. Kann, Commerce of China p 437-8.
MINT: (Central Mint) = TIENTSIN
======================================================================
TYPE: II = no date
======================================================================
Chinese Shield
Ships visiting China

1911- 3rd Year - CHIHLI - OBVERSE 1911- 3rd Year - CHIHLI - REVERSE
====================================================================== ======================================================================
TIENTSIN MINT FOOTNOTE: This issue first struck at the Tientsin central mint in 3rd
====================================================================== Year (1911) with mintage of 1,654,300 and was restruck in 1914
10 CENTS 19.75 MM .650 FINE 2.7 GRAMS from old dies in debased silver.
======================================================================
======================================================================
(1911) 3rd Year 1,654,300
(1914) 3rd Year u/m debased silver
OV: 4 Chinese characters (Ta Ching Yin Pi = Great

Ching Silver Coin) in center, 4 Chinese characters for date (3rd
year of Hsuen Tung) above, 5 Chinese characters (10 coins
exchangable for 1 dollar) below.
RV: Dragon chasing a Pearl, in center 2 Chinese

characters (10 cents).
EDGE: Reeded
MINT: (no mintmark) = TIENTSIN CENTRAL MINT
POPULATION: Tientsin mint city - 900,000
FOOTNOTE: The principal imports at the treaty port of Tientsin are

cotton, sugar, opium, paper, and tea; exports, dates, cotton, camels
wool, and coal. New Cabinet Cyclopaedia, Phila., 1896.
Chinese Soldier
FOOTNOTE: Yuan Shih Kai - President - The outbreak at Wuchang, FOOTNOTE: (Continued - Yuan Shih Kai) As Li Yuan Hung re-
October 9, 1911, is generally regarded as the formal inauguration mained stubborn as to the form of government, but had no per-
of the revolution. October 14, 1911, Yuan Shih Kai was recalled by sonal ambition for the presidency and desired that the office should
Imperial Decree. He did not, however, immediately accept office go to Yuan Shih Kai, a compromise was effected by the accep-
under the Manchu Dynasty. October 21, 1911, Ichang, in the Hupeh tance on the part of the North of a republic as the form of govern-
Province, and Changsha, the capital of the Hunan Province, passed ment and upon the part of the South, of Yuan Shih Kai as President.
over to the revolution. October 24, 1911, Kiukiang, the Yangtze The Dowager Empress formally announced on February 12, 1912
River port of the Kiangsi Province, joined the revolutionists. The the acceptance of the Republic by the Chinese Throne and pledged
same day the new Tartar General of Canton, Feng Shan, was the Manchu support to the same. Dr. Sun Yet Sen resigned as
blown to pieces by a bomb as he attempted to make a landing. Provisional President, February 14, 1912 and on February 15,
October 25, 1911 Sianfu, the capital of the Shensi Province, and an 1912 Yuan Shih Kai was unanimously elected permanent Presi-
old capital of China, revolted and set up an independent govern- dent of the United Chinese Republic. Yuan Shih Kai agreed to go
ment for the Province. October 25 to 29 Hankow was recaptured south and be inaugurated as President at Nanking. A riot on the part
by the Imperialists under General Yin Chang. The city was largely of the Peking soldiers March 1, the night before Yuan Shih Kai was
destroyed by shells and incendiary fires of the Imperialists. Octo- to start for Nanking, led to a general acquiescence in the inaugura-
ber 26, Prince Chun yielded to the demands of the National Assem- tion of Yuan Shih Kai at Peking instead of Nanking; and March 2,
bly, which had reconvened, and dismissed from office Sheng 1912 he was formally inaugurated President. China an interpreta-
Kung-Pao. October 30 the Prince Regent issued his famous De- tion by James W. Bashford, New York, 1916.
cree of Penitence, in which, in the name of the little Emperor, he
confessed the sins of the Dynasty. November 1, 1911, Nanchang,
the capital of the Kangsi Province, renounced Manchu rule. The
same day Yuan Shih Kai, who had thus far refused to leave his
home and go to Peking in response to the appeals of the Throne,
issued a declaration in favor of peace and entered into a negotia-
tion for peace with General Li Yuan Hung. November 2, 1911, in
response to a demand by the Imperial troops at Lanchow in the
Chihli Province, the Prince Regent promised to accept a constitu-
tion. So far from the Decree of Penitence and the pledge to accept
a constitution stopping the revolution, these acts apparently en-
couraged the Revolutionists the more, and November 3 to 9m 1911,
Shanghai, Soochow, Kashing, Ningpo, Shaohsingfu, Chinkiang,
Changchow, Ku, Sungkiangfu, and Anking, the capital of the Anhwei
Province, passed over to the Revolutionists. November 9 Canton
joined the Revolutionists and proclaimed an independent Republic
for Kwantung. November 9 to 11 Foochow, under General Sung,
a former Manchu, after two days skirmishing overthrew the
Manchus, thus carrying the Fukien Province over to the side of the
revolution, the Viceroy of the Province committed suicide. Novem-
ber 13, Yuan Shih Kai reached Peking, but gave the Manchus no
explanation of his independent efforts to establish peace with
General Li Yuan Hung...Indeed, he entered Peking quite as much
the representative of the Chinese people as of the Manchu Gov-
ernment. November 9 to 13 the two Provinces of Hunan and
Kweichow joined the Revolutionists. November 14, Mukden, the
leading city in Manchuria, appointed a Committee of Safety. This
action carried the Provinces of Kirin, Shengking, and Heilungkiang,
embracing the old home of the Manchus, against the Dynasty. The
same day Shantung Province proclaimed itself a Republic with its
Governor, Sun Pao-Chi, as President. November 26, 1911, the
throne swore allegiance to the Eighteen Articles of the Constitution
which had been framed by the National Assembly at Peking. Early
in November Viceroy Chang Ju Chun at Nanking, the old capital of
China, announced that the city might go over to the Revolutionists,
but Chang Hsun, the Manchu General in command of the troops,
thrust the Viceroy into prison and declared that he and his men
would die fighting before they would surrender Nanking to the
republicans. The Republican Army marched on Nanking and easily
captured Purple Mountain, overlooking the city, and brought their
guns directly to bear upon the city on December 1, 1911. Accom-
panied by a body of soldiers who remained loyal, General Chang
retreated north, crossing the Yangtze River, the rest of the Army
and the People of Nanking welcomed the Revolutionists. Decem- General Yuan Shih-Kai
ber 2, Lung Yu, the widow of Emperor Kwang-su, now the Dowa- =====================================================================
ger Empress, published a Decree announcing the Abdication of the FOOTNOTE: Yuan Shih-Kai was elected President of the Chinese
throne by Pu Yi and of the Regency of Prince Chun. This brings to Republic on February 15, 1912. As President he posed as a revo-
a conclusion one stage of the Revolution, namely, the downfall of lutionist, but really longed to be the successor of the old Manchu
the Manchus...Li Yuan Hung was determined that China should Dynasty. He planed to announce that he would assume the title of
adopt a republican form of government, otherwise his army would Emperor of China, but protests of Japan led him to postpone this
continue to fight, but Yuan Shih Kai favored a monarchical form of move. Internal conflict developed between Southern China and the
government. (Continued) more backward North which continued in spite of the death of
President Yuan Shih-Kai in June of 1916.

3rd YEAR - CHIHLI - OBVERSE 3rd YEAR - CHIHLI - REVERSE
====================================================================== ======================================================================
CHINA, REPUBLIC of, CHIHLI PROVINCE
TIENTSIN MINT FOOTNOTE: The issue dated 3rd year but was actually struck
====================================================================== starting in September 1916 continuing through 1923 with a total
10 CENTS / 1 CHIO 18.5 MM .700 FINE 2.65 GRAMS mintage of 7,893,249. The restrike dated the 5th year is very rare.
====================================================================== There is some consideration that the issue dated 5th year was
minted at the Naval Arsenal, Makiang, Fukien Province. Mintages
(1916) 3rd Year 1,271,193 K-659 listed are from - The Silver Coinage of China 1912-1928 by
(1917) 3rd Year 558,304 R.N.J.Wright, NC Vol XVIII, 1978. A rare 5th Year specimen was
(1918) 3rd Year 193,000 for many years in the late Marvin Rose collection, until it passed
(1919) 3rd Year 1,138,542 to a Chinese collector in 1996.
(1920) 3rd Year 2,104,503
(1921) 3rd Year 930,979 FOOTNOTE: Yuan Shih-Kai - The late Rev.Arthur B.Coole relates
(1922) 3rd Year 696,728 how the Yuan Shih-Kai portrait coin was designed. Silver coins
(1923) 3rd Year 1,000,000 with the image of President Yuan were issued starting in 1913. An
(1916) 5th Year u/m K-662 rare Italian artist by the name of Luigi Giorgi had carved the image for
the die. At first Giorgi, living in Tientsin near the mint, had made the
OV: Bust of Yuan Shih-Kai, facing left, 6 Chinese initial essay for a dollar with Yuans bust and it had been sent to
characters (3rd year of the Republic of China) above. Peking for His Excellency to check. He was so delighted to see this
essay piece that he invited Giorgi to come up and have dinner with
RV: 2 Chinese characters (ten cents) within wreath him one evening. When the artist saw Yuan face to face for the
of barley tied with ribbon below, 6 Chinese characters (Each 10 first time he received a shock. From his photographs he had thought
pieces equal to 1 dollar) above. Yuan Shih-Kai was a weakling physically, but when he saw him
face to face he saw power, strength and keenness and said that
EDGE: Reeded the original engraving would not do. Yuan than sat for the artist
and when a coin actually came out it was the 1914 dollar and
MINT: (no mintmark) = TIENTSIN CENTRAL MINT subsidiary coins with Yuans bust looking left, which was the
common coins issued for a number years. Some collectors not
ENGRAVER: Luigi Giorgi, Engraver at the Tientsin flatteringly refer to this bust as the fat boy.
mint.
REFERENCE: Y-326
POPULATION: Tientsin - 1921 - 838,529

inhabitants, China total population - 325,722,241
FOOTNOTE: General Yuan Shih-Kai, commanding the Army of the

Pechili (Chihli) Province, has his Headquarters at Poating-Fu, the
center of the New Army of China, and has under his command
about 65,000 men, trained in the modern manner and armed with
modern weapons in all branches. New International Encyclope-
dia, 1910.

15th Year - HOPEI - OBVERSE 15th Year - HOPEI - REVERSE
====================================================================== ======================================================================
CHINA, REPUBLIC of, HOPEI PROVINCE FOOTNOTE: Following the Victory of the Nationalist Armies in the
TIENTSIN MINT North, the Province of Chihli was renamed Hopei meaning North of
====================================================================== the River. An older name for the province was Pechili meaning
10 CENTS 18.75 MM .700 FINE 2.7 GRAMS direct rule, so called because the capital was located there.
======================================================================
FOOTNOTE: Yuan Shih-Kai was the fourth son of Yuan Pao-
(1926) 15th Year 4,124,138 Chung but adopted at an early age by his fathers brother, Yuan
Pao-Ching, who had no living son at the time. This uncle and father
OV: Phoenix and Dragon over insignia of Longevity. by adoption was a Chu-jen which corresponded to an a degree
under the old regime) and in government service. Shih-Kai was
RV: 2 Chinese characters (Ten cents) within wreath burn September 16, 1859, and beside his given name had a Tze
of barley tied with ribbon below, within inner circle of pearls, 7 secondary name) of Wei-Heng, and Hao (tertiary name) Jung-an.
Chinese characters (15th year of the Republic of China) above / In 1880 he purchased the title of Expectant Secretary in the Grand
(dot) left and (dot) right, 6 Chinese characters (Every 10 Secretariat and was assigned to the staff of General Wu Chang-
pieces equal to 1 dollar) below. Ching in Tengchow, Shantung. Two years later his commanding
officer was assigned to suppress a rebellion in Korea and he
EDGE: Reeded went with him and arose to Expectant Sub-Prefect. By December,
1884, he was chief of staff of the Armed Forces of China in Korea.
MINT: (no mintmark) = TIENTSIN The matter was settled in April, 1885, and Yuan had a few months
off from work but in August he was sent back to Korea and was
REFERENCE: Y- 334, K-682 soon given the rank of Prefect. Then for eight years he repre-
sented China in Korea with an exalted position. But the Sino-Japa-
TYPE: Commemorative of the Marriage of Manchu nese War broke out in 1894, and during the summer he found
Emperor Pu Yi. himself in Manchuria in charge of handling supplies for the Army
fighting the Japanese. From a job of being in command of a new
unit and military academy with German tutors (including the old
goose-step) he became a Provincial Judge in Chihli Province and
thence to Shantung in command of a large military force trying to
stop further German encroachment. He suppressed the Boxer
movement in that province and so the Boxers went to Chihli. Even
during the Boxer Rebellion, then as Governor of Shantung, he
would have nothing to do with the Boxers. After they were sup-
pressed by the Allied Forces in Chihli, Yuan was made Governor
General of that province and given charge of foreign and military
affairs for all of North China. The foreigners were glad to see him
in this position because of his unalterable refusal to allow the
Boxers to gain ascendancy in the area he had controlled. But in
1907 Yuan Shih-Kai was relieved of military duty and promoted
to Minister of Foreign Affairs. He had been instrumental in the
overthrow of the 100 Days Reform Movement in 1898 in which
the Empress Dowager assumed the reigning title and the Emperor
Yuan Shih-Kai cut his queue Kuang Hsu was imprisoned in the Summer Palace. (Continued)

FOOTNOTE: (Continued - Yuan Shih Kai) Yuan remained a staunch
supporter of the Empress Dowager, Tzu Hsi. But Yuan realized
what would happen to him if Kuang Hsu outlived her. By a strange
coincidence, never fully explained, Tzu Hsi mounted the Dragon
Throne on November 13, 1908. She was seriously ill at the time but
against the will of her top advisers she insisted that Pu Yi be made
the Heir Apparent. The next day Emperor Kuang Hsu died and she
died on the 15th. And little Henry Pu Yi, under the reigning title of
Hsuan Tung, became the Emperor. The next few years Yuan was
asked to take sick leave by the Regent, but when the Revolution
broke out in October, 1911, the Regent ran scared and asked him
to come out of retirement. Yuan, still pouting, replied that the leg
ailment still remained. Higher and higher offers were made and he
finally came out as Commander-in Chief of the whole Imperial Army
in North China. The Revolution continued and finally the Regent
retired and Empress Hsiaoting, acting in behalf of her adopted son,
Hsuan Tung, agreed to his abdication. Yuan was appointed the
mouthpiece and middle-man in talking with the revolutionists and
finally made piece with them by adroitly leading them to guarantee
that he, Yuan Shih-Kai, would be elected to succeed Sun Yat-Sen
as President of the Provisional Republic of China. This demand
was agreed to and on March 10, 1912, he became, at the age of 54
(or 53 foreign count,) the new President of China. The five-bar flag
(red,yellow,blue,white and black) was adopted as the national
symbol. Yuan and his cohorts were not interested in real democ-
racy and his Peiyang Militarist collided head-on with the Kuomin
party of revolutionists. With foreign loans he enlarged his Army, all
of the Officers being his former military academy students and
loyal to him. He forced Parliament to elect him the President of a
1908 nd -10 CENTS - HUPEH - OBV
permanent government, instead of a provisional one, in October ======================================================================
1913. His next step was to order the Kuomintang closed and its CHINA, EMPIRE of, HU-PEH PROVINCE
members arrested. Without Kuomintang members in Parliament there WUCHANG MINT
was not a quorum and so on January 10, 1914, he had it dissolved. ======================================================================
By May he had a new constitution drawn which made him Presi- 10 CENTS 19MM .820 FINE 2.6 GRAMS
dent for Life, and gave him the right to name his successor. Thus ======================================================================
by 1915 he was making plans to become the First Emperor of a
new dynasty and requested the Provincial Governments to peti- (1896-1908) nd 48,000,000
tion him to become the Emperor. The petitions came, and were
supposed to reflect the unanimous will of the people. He an- OV: 4 Chinese and 4 Manchu characters within
nounced that he would start his reign on January 1, 1916, under inner circle (Kuang Hsu valuable coin), 4 Chinese characters
the reigning title of Hung Hsien The Vast Constitutional Law. He (Made in Hu-Peh Province) above, y left and y (7 point
ordered the Mints to produce coins for his coronation and all seemed rosettes) right, 6 Chinese characters for weight (7 fen 2 li)
to be set for the great day for him. But another revolution broke out below.
in Yunnan and many parts of China joined in, which caused him to
revoke his monarchial plans and announce his resumption of the RV: Dragon, HU-PEH PROVINCE, above y left and y
Presidency. The revolutionists demanded his ouster but the whole (7 point rosettes) right / 7.2 CANDAREENS below.
matter was cleaned up with his death on June 6,1916. He is re-
membered by is portrait on the coins of China, quite often referred EDGE: Reeded
to as the Fat Boy. World Coins, Vol 3 No. 26, Feb 1966 p 114-
121. MINT: HU-PEH = WUCHANG
REFERENCE: Y- 124.1, K-43

FOOTNOTE: Yuan-Shih-Kai, Chinese military leader, succeeded Li
Hung Chang as Viceroy of the Province of Chihli in 1901, and thus
assumed one of the most important posts in China with reference FOOTNOTE: Yuan Shih-Kai, (wan she-ki), a Chinese statesman, a
to the foreign influence. He is about forty-two years old and was native of Hunan. He was born in 1859. From 1884 to 1893 he was
educated in the Chinese schools, passing through the required Minister Resident at Seoul, the capital of Korea, where he gained
examinations to the Governorship of the turbulent Province of much distinction during the disturbances there. Returning to China,
ShanTung. For several years he was an officer in the Imperial he was placed at the Head of the foreign-drilled troops at Tientsin,
Army,and while at the Head of the Army of ShanTung he organized and in 1894 became Chief of the Military Secretariat in Manchuria.
the best military force in China. As Provincial Governor he distin- In 1895 he was again made Commandant of the foreign-drilled
guished himself by his intelligence, energy, and patriotism; and, troops. During the Boxer troubles he was Governor of the Prov-
while he has shown a willingness to adopt the methods of the ince of ShanTung, whence he was later promoted to be Gover-
foreigners in administration, he has consistently upheld the right of nor-General of the Metropolitan Province of Chili, holding also an
China to govern herself and has opposed the extension of foreign important position in the General Government and being at the
influence over her affairs. International Year Book,New York, Head of the Army . New International Encyclopedia, 1910..
1901.

======================================================================
CHINA, EMPIRE of, HU-PEH PROVINCE
WUCHANG MINT
======================================================================
======================================================================
(1909) nd 500,000

inner circle (Hsuen Tung valuable coin), 4 Chinese characters
(Made in Hu-Peh Province) above / left and (rosettes) right,
6 Chinese characters for weight (7 fen 2 li) below.
RV: Dragon, HU-PEH PROVINCE, above left and

(rosettes) right / 7.2 CANDAREENS below.
EDGE: Reeded
MINT: HU-PEH = WUCHANG
REFERENCE: Y-129
FOOTNOTE: In no country is the demand for food greater than in

China and yet we find under their intensive cultivation of China the
following comparison in prices (c.1918) for the leading food stuffs:
1908 nd -10 CENTS - HUPEH - REV HANKOW, HU-PEH PROVINCE

Beefsteak $.04 per lb.
NEW YORK, U.S.A.
.30 to .42 per lb.
======================================================================
Veal .07 per lb. .20 to .45 per lb.
Mutton .08 per lb. .28 per lb.
FOOTNOTE: The Wuchang mint struck this issue without date from
Spring chicken .08 per lb. .45 per lb.
1896 to 1908. The Wuchang mint was closed in 1909.
Liver .04 per lb. .35 per lb.
Fowl .07 per lb. .30 per lb.
FOOTNOTE: Wuchang, the capital of Hupeh Province is located on
Fish - alive .10 per lb. .20 to .40 per lb.
the Yangtze River opposite Hanyang and Hankow at the mouth of
Onions .03 per lb. .20 per lb.
the Han River. Wuchang was captured by the Taipings during the
Eggs from .02 to .05 per dz. Strictly fresh.52 per dz.
Boxer rebellion. During the Chinese Revolution in 1911 Wuchang
Potatoes .05 per bushel $3.00 per bushel
was the sight of one of the first outbreaks of the revolution.
Cauliflower .12 per head .20 to .30 per head
FOOTNOTE: Chinese currency - During the early years of mission-
Whos Who of the Chinese in New York, W.Van Norden, New
aries in China the only coinage was a round copper cash with a
York, 1918.
square hole, one thousand of which was called a string. Larger
financial transactions used lumps of silver called shoes. The unit
of value was an ounce of silver called a tael. Silver dollars from
Spain and Mexico were first introduced by foreign traders. Late in
the last century the Manchus imitated these with Dragon dollars
and all the resultant currency was called Mexican. About the
same time the foreign banks in Hong Kong and Shanghai began to
print large denomination Mex banknotes, which soon found wide
favor. After about fifteen years of the Republic, the Chinese Gov-
ernment Banks issued paper money, which replaced silver except
in the remote interior, where the people still demanded hard money.
Chinese Government Banknotes held up well until the Sino-Japa-
nese War, which produced fabulous inflation. By July 1948, an
ordinary foreign meal in Shanghai cost one million National Cur-
rency, the cheapist bus fare was $60,000, and soft coal cost
$140,000,000 per ton. By August 1948, one U.S. dollar bought
Dr Sun Yat-Sen
from eight to twelve million Chinese National Currency. As a result FOOTNOTE: Iron and steel in China - A decade or two ago they
of this frenzied finance, silver dollars came out of hiding every- were picking up old horseshoes in the streets of London and
where and soon were worth more than U.S. banknotes. The Gov- shipping them out to make third-rate plows for the farmers on the
ernment then issued a new currency called Gold Yuan which hills of Central China. Today, digging under those hills in the four
presumably had some gold or silver backing and was fixed at four central provinces they find the greatest coal fields in the world;
to the U.S. dollar. Despite stringent regulations for exchange con- enough in the Shansi Province alone to supply the world for over
trol, this new currency soon became as deflated as the old, and thousand years, according to the estimates of the German geolo-
eventually depreciated even more rapidly. A Missionary Atlas, gist, Baron Von Richthofen. In central China they have found iron
Harrisburg,Pa.,1950. ore better for casting than that of Pittsburgh. In the Great Hang
Yang Iron and Steel Works at Wuchang, across from
FOOTNOTE: Hupeh meaning Lake North. Hankow,...among its four thousand workmen were skilled Chinese
labor working at U.S. $1.25 a week and turning out the finest steel
rails for the new railways of China.The New Era in Asia, Sherwood
Eddy,Smith & LaMar, Nashville, Tenn.,1913.

1908 nd - YUNNAN - OBVERSE 1908 nd - YUNNAN - REVERSE
====================================================================== ======================================================================
CHINA, EMPIRE of, YUNNAN PROVINCE
YUNNAN FU MINT FOOTNOTE: Yunnan meaning Cloudy South or South of the Clouds,
====================================================================== allusion to the great banks of fog which overhang the province of
10 CENTS 18.75 MM .820 FINE 2.6 GRAMS Sze-Chuan on the north.
======================================================================
FOOTNOTE: Yun-Nan-Fu, capital of the Province of Yun-Nan,
(1908) nd 250,000 stands 6,420 feet above sea level, near the shore of Lake Tien-
Chih. Its walls, which have a circuit of three miles are pierced with
OV: 4 Chinese and 4 Manchu characters within six gates, included in the northern section many swamps and
inner circle (Hsuen Tung valuable coin), 4 Chinese characters vegetable gardens.The population and the business are in the
(Made in Yunnan Province) above, 7 small circlets left and right, southern half; the streets are wide and clean, all garbage being
6 Chinese characters for weight (7 fen 2 li) below. collected daily by bullock carts, a most unusual thing in China. The
climate is healthful. There are heavy snows in winter. Population,
RV: Dragon, within inner circle of pearls, 7 small about 100,000. New International Encyclopedia, 1910..
circlets left and right.
EDGE: Reeded FOOTNOTE: The mint of Yunnan which was founded in 1905...is
situated at Kunming. Originally established for the purpose of pro-
MINT: YUNNAN PROVINCE = YUNNAN FU (later ducing copper coins, it began operation in 1908, turning out Dragon
renamed Kunming). Dollars, subsidiary silver coins and copper cents. Kann,
Commmerce of China. p 441.
FOOTNOTE: The coin illustrated came from a small hoard (possi- FOOTNOTE: Harry Frank in Roving Through Southern China in
bly a roll or two) which came upon the market, all brilliant uncircu- 1924, tells of the slave trade practiced at Yunnanfu...Good-look-
lated, about ten years ago. ing slaves were quoted at forty or fifty dollars, others at twenty-
five to thirtythe Yunnanese dollar then fluctuating around one
third our own [U.S.$]. Good horses were more expensive; mules,
several times so. The purchased are not slaves in exactly the way
Africans used to be in our Southern States, and on the whole they
were no worse treated than the rank and file of freeman...Newly
purchased slaves are provided immediately with clothing, of ne-
cessity, since that in which they stand remains the property of the
former owner - much like bringing your own halter to lead home a
new horse. The missionaries who made up the majority of foreign-
ers were too soft-hearted to build up an efficient servant body.
However our Yunnanese childrens ama did excellent sewing,
and her wages were ten American cents a day without food. A
slave must be fed, and no doubt would be as troublesome to
dispose of when one must move on as other untransportable
chattels. Frank, Roving Through Southern China, p 420, New
Chinamen York, 1925.

====================================================================== FOOTNOTE: (Continued - China) Usually entering office with liter-
ary or scholastic qualifications only, he is assisted by a permanent
staff of trained specialists. Each group of two or more Hien is
under a Fu or city of the first class. Chinese law is the growth of
many centuries. The criminal code is remarkable for the concise-
ness and simplicity of its language, yet the actual punishment
inflicted depends very much upon the judge. Torture is used to
extract testimony. The punishment inflicted are flogging with the
bamboo, banishment, and death by strangling or decapitation.
Oaths are taken on a cocks head chopped from its body. In theory
the accused is already guilty, and a Chinese judge, like the French,
acts as prosecutor as well as arbiter. In spite of the prevalence of
bribery, judges are apt to give common-sense decisions. New
International Encyclopedia, 1910..
Cultivation and preparation of tea

======================================================================
FOOTNOTE: Most of the illistrations originated in Sears' New and

complete History of China, Rober Sears, New York, 1850.
FOOTNOTE: China cannot be regarded an empire in the occidental

sense, nor is there a central government, as there is a Germany, a
Russian, and a British government; the general constitution of
China proper is that of a confederation of provinces. Neverthe-
less, the power of the Manchu Dynasty is very largely autocratic,
and its decrees and edicts have imperative force throughout the
Empire, but the autocracy, centered nominally in the Emperor at
Peking, is hedged around by a number of advisory bodies of which
the first in importance is the Government Council. In matters that
are out of the usual routine, a Provincial Governor can petition the
FOOTNOTE: Now 200,000,000 (Chinese) males shave the front
Emperor directly. Between the Emperor and the Provincial Gover-
part of their heads and braid their hair in a long queue. This fashion
nors is the Viceroy, and there are thus ten or twelve Viceroys or
gives employment to multitudes of barbers, for it is rarely that even
Governors-General, who may work together with or indepen-
a poor man attends to his own hair-dressing. For months after the
dently of the Provisional Governors. Usually the Governor and the
death of an Emperor, an event which allows no one to shave for a
Viceroy are the same mediums of communication between the
hundred days, the barbers have difficulty in earning a living. New
Capital and Province. Each Province has its Army and Navy, and in
Interrnational Encyclopedia, 1910.
past years may have been uninterested and may have taken no
part in wars going on in distant sections of the Empire.The highest
Viceroyalty is that of the two Kiangs (Kiang-Nan and Cheh-Kiang)
with its seat at Nan-King; the second is that of Pe-Chi-Li (Chin-Li)
with its seat at Peking and Mint at Tientsin, the third Viceroyalty is
that of the two Kwangs, (Kwang-Tung and Kwang-Si), with is
headquarters at Canton. The other important capitals being at Fu-
Chow, Hang-Chow, Wu-Chang, Chang-Sha, Yun-Nan, and Ku-
Yang. The provinces of Shan-Tung, Shan-Si and Ho-Nan, the
oldest parts of China, have no Viceroy, while Sze-Chuan has no
Governor, but only a Viceroy. Thus each of the eighteen prov- Chinese -10 cent note - 1940
inces, with its own Army, Navy, and tax system, and its own social
customs, has been a complete state in itself. Since the modern mint
FOOTNOTE: The Chinese series would not be as informative
machinery was introduced into China, each Province has pro-
without the mintages figures estimated by R.N.J.Wright taken
duced its own coinage, following the Dragon series with the name
from his most detailed paper The Silver Coinage of Chine 1912 -
of the Province shown in Chinese characters and usually the
1928 - The Numismatic Chronicle, Vol XVIII, Royal Numismatic
Province name in English on the Reverse. Each province is thus a
Society, London 1978.
state in itself and bases its administration system upon the real
official unit of Chinese corporate life, the Hien or city district. Of
FOOTNOTE: The author considers the Chinese series of Modern
these there are 1300 in the Empire. Each province has 70 to 100 or
Dime Size Silver Coins of The World to be the most difficult to
more Hien, a term which Europeans translate district,
complete by type (along with Persia), and also having attempted to
department,canton or prefecture. Thus the half-barbarian Kwei-
collect by date these coins for over thirty years beginning in 1966.
Chow has but 34 Hien, with numerous districts in which dwell
At the time collecting only by type from the Yeoman catalog using
half-civilized natives, while Pe-Chi-Li (Chihli) has 140 Hien, the
Y numbers for types, allowed most of the illustrated coins to be
total including Peking, in pure Chinese tracts, of a walled city and
purchased, with expenditures of from two dollars to thirty-five
an area of 500 or 1000 square miles around the town. The Hien
dollars. Still on the "want list' are 26 different dates including sev-
magistrate is the heart and soul of all official life. The people call
eral types, with only one added in the past ten years, and some
him Father and Mother Official, for he has, or may have, relatives
duplicate coins.
direct with the Emperor and is always close to the masses.

COLOMBIA
====================================================================== ======================================================================

====================================================================== ======================================================================
COLOMBIA, REPUBLIC of
BIRMINGHAM MINT FOOTNOTE: The issue dated 1913 was struck in 1912 and 1913
====================================================================== with a total mintage of 8,305,000.
====================================================================== FOOTNOTE: Colombia, originally the Spanish Vice-Royalty of New
Granada, in 1819 became independent from Spain and with the
(1911) 1911 5,064,946 CO#527 Captaincy of Venezuela and the Presidency of Quito (Ecuador)
(1912) 1913 2,425,000 CO#528 formed the State of Greater Colombia which continued for ten
(1913) 1913 5,880,000 CO#528 years. In 1832 this state was split into three independent countries
(1914) 1914 3,840,000 CO#529 of Venezuela, Ecuador and the Republic of New Granada. Listings
begin with the date 1851 for Republic of New Granada. The
OV: Head of Bolivar, facing right REPUBLICA DE Granadine Confederation is listed with issues of 1859 and 1860.
COLOMBIA (Republic of Colombia) around / .DATE. below. The United States of New Granada is shown an issue dated 1861.
In 1863 the Republic took the name of the United States of Colom-
RV: Condor over Arms with motto: LIBERTAD Y bia. The Republic of Colombia starts again with 1911.
ORDEN (Liberty and Order) DIEZ (ten) CENTAVOS above / G.
2.500. LEY (fineness) 0.900 below.
EDGE: Reeded
MINT: (no mintmark) = The Mint, BIRMINGHAM, Ltd.
REFERENCE: Y-47, Co 10, KM-196
POPULATION: Colombia - 1912 - 5,031,850 with

capital Bogota with 150,000 inhabitants.
FOOTNOTE: The dime size coinage of Colombia was minted origi-

nally at the National mints of Bogota, Medellin and Popayan. Two
foreign mints also supplied these coins; Brussels for 1897 and
Birmingham the period 1911-14. The National mint at Bogota contin-
ued to mint this size in silver through 1952. Listings are by mints
and chronological.
Native home, Colombia -1902
FOOTNOTE: The 1913 10 Centavos was a frozen date 1912-13
ENCYCLOPEDIA OF SMALL SILVER COINS - COLOMBIA - PAGE 131

====================================================================== ======================================================================
NUEVA GRANADA, REPUBLIC of (COLOMBIA) GRANADINE CONFEDERATION, (COLOMBIA)
BOGOTA MINT BOGOTA MINT
====================================================================== ======================================================================
UN REAL 18.MM .900 FINE 2.5 GRAMS UN DECIMO 18.MM .900 FINE 2.5 GRAMS
====================================================================== ======================================================================
1851 u/m 1859 u/m

1852 u/m 1860 u/m
1853 u/m
OV: Pomegranate between cornucopia
OV: Pomegranate between cornucopia NUEVA CONFEDERACION GRANADINA (Granadine Confederation)
GRANADA (New Granada) around above rosette left and right / around / DATE below.
DATE below.
RV: UN / DECIMO / within wreath of oak with ribbon
RV: UN / REAL / within wreath of oak with ribbon around, BOGOTA above, Mercuryshaft,left and right / LEI
around, BOGOTA above, Mercuryshaft,left and right / LEI (fineness) 0,900 below.
(fineness) 0,900 below.
EDGE: Reeded
EDGE: Reeded
MINT: BOGOTA = BOGOTA
REFERENCE: C-183, KM-125
REFERENCE: C-155a, KM-112
FOOTNOTE: The Coat of Arms of Colombia dates from 1832. The
====================================================================== Pomegranate between cornucopia symbolizes the countrys old
NUEVA GRANADA, REPUBLIC of, (COLOMBIA) name: New Granada. The lower field depicts the Isthmus of Panama
BOGOTA MINT (part of Columbia until 1903) with a ship in each ocean. The Liberty
====================================================================== cap, symbol of Liberty is the center field. A condor with a laurel
UN DECIMO 18.MM .900 FINE 2.5 GRAMS wreath in its beak, above. Motto on scroll: Libertad Y Orden (Lib-
====================================================================== erty and Order) and two draped flags of Colombia on each side
were added later.
1853 u/m
1854 u/m
1855 u/m
1856 u/m
1857 u/m
1858 u/m
OV: Pomegranate between cornucopia REPUBLICA

DE LA NUEVA GRANADA (Republic of New Granada) around /
DATE below.
RV: UN / DECIMO / within wreath of oak with ribbon

around, BOGOTA above, Mercuryshaft,left and right / LEI
EDGE: Reeded Early Arms of Colombia

======================================================================
MINT: BOGOTA = BOGOTA NUEVA GRANADA, UNITED STATES of, (COLOMBIA)
BOGOTA MINT
REFERENCE: C-162, KM-115 ======================================================================
UN DECIMO 18.MM .900 FINE 2.5 GRAMS
FOOTNOTE: The decimal system was first introduced in Colombia ======================================================================
in 1847 with the ten real peso. In 1853 the peso of .900 fine, 25
grams was equal to 100 centavos. Un Decimo translates one 1861 u/m
tenth of peso.
OV: Pomegranate between cornucopia ESTADOS
FOOTNOTE: Bolivar, the great hero known as the Liberator, follow- UNIDOS DE NUEVA GRANADA (United States of New Granada)
ing one of his battles was spending some time resting when he around / 1861 below.
went on a trip to the village of Giron, Colombia. A fighting man
needed only to be a good horseman and leaders were often with- RV: UN / DECIMO / within wreath of oak with ribbon
out uniforms. This day, two of Bolivars Aides-De-Camps, one Brit- around, BOGOTA above, iiii left and iiiii right / LEI
ish and one French accompanied him, partway there, they stopped (fineness) 0,900 below.
at a hut. There were only two chairs and the little woman offered
these to the two uniformed officers. She gave the Liberator, Bolivar, EDGE: Reeded
who was dressed in cotton trousers with a linen shirt, a hide to sit
on. He sat down on the floor not wishing to embarrass her. As they MINT: BOGOTA = BOGOTA
went to leave he discussed her small children and how poor she
was. Leaving he pressed in her hand a gold Spanish doubloon, to REFERENCE: C-195, KM-137
her realization that he was the Liberator.

====================================================================== ======================================================================
COLOMBIA, UNITED STATES of,
BOGOTA MINT FOOTNOTE: Simon Bolivar, The Liberator - The founder and first
====================================================================== President of the Republic of Colombia, known as The Liberator of
UN DECIMO 18.5 MM .900 FINE 2.55 GRAMS South America was born in Venezuela in 1783 and educated in
====================================================================== Madrid. He traveled in Europe and the United States. When the
revolt against the Spanish broke out in Venezuela, he joined it, but
1863 96,000 CO#494 had to flee. In 1813 he returned and gathering a force together,
1864 38,842 CO#495 defeated General Monteverde at Caracus. The tide then turned
1866 111,868 CO#496 requiring him to flee to Jamaica. Shortly he returned and in 1819
won the Battle of Bojaca, resulting in the inauguration of the Re-
OV: Pomegranate between cornucopia ESTADOS public of Venezuela to which was afterwards united New Granada.
UNIDOS DE COLOMBIA (United States of Colombia) around / 9 In 1822 Bolivar went to help the Peruvians in their struggle for
stars, liberty from Spain and was given the Chief Command. After a long
below. campaign he won the great Battle of Ayacucho. Upper Peru was
constituted a separate republic with the title of Bolivia. As Presi-
RV: UN / DECIMO / DATE within wreath of oak with dent of Columbia he had to endure much factious hostility; but
ribbon around, BOGOTA above, Mercuryshaft,left and right / LEI though he tendered his resignation more than once it was never
(fineness) 0,900 below. accepted, the supreme power being confirmed in him in 1828.
Bolivar died in 1830.
EDGE: Reeded
FOOTNOTE: Bogota, formerly Santa Fe de Bogota, a city of South
MINT: BOGOTA = BOGOTA America, Capital of Colombia and of the State or Department of
Cundindamarca, and seat of an Archbishopric, situated on an el-
REFERENCE: Y-3.1, KM-145.1 evated plane 8863 feet above the sea, at the foot of two lofty
mountains, with a healthy though moist climate, and a temperature
FOOTNOTE: Bogota is situated in the midst of a fertile plain, 8000 rarely exceeding 59' fahr. Bogota being subject to earthquakes,
feet above the level of the sea. It is handsomely built, and contains the houses are low, and strongly built of sun-dried brick. The
many elegant edifices; among which; are a cathedral, university, principal street, Calle Real, is very handsome, terminating at one
Government Palace, and numerous churches and convents. The end in a square, formed by the Palace of the President, the cathe-
most noted curiosity in New Granada, is the Cataract of Te-Quen- dral, the Custom-house, etc. There is a university, four colleges, a
Da-ma, in the River Bogota, 15 miles from Bogota. Above the falls, public library, observatory, botanic garden, theatre, mint, etc. The
the river is more than 400 feet wide, but is suddenly compressed inhabitants are mostly creoles. Bogota is an emporium of internal
to 35 or 40 feet in width, and at two bounds plunges down a trade, and has manufactures of soap, cloth, leather, etc. not of
descent of more than 600 feet, into an abyss below. The natural great importance. It was founded in 1538, population about 100,000
bridge of Iconanzo, on the route from Bogota to Popayan, extends - The plateau of Bogota seems to be the basin of a dried-up lake. It
across a chasm more than 360 feet in depth, at the bottom of is drained by the river Bogota or Funza, which forms the falls of
which flows a rapid torrent. Olneys Geography, 1849. Tequendama, 650 feet high. Cabinet Cyclopaedia, 1895.

======================================================================
COLOMBIA, UNITED STATES of
BOGOTA MINT
======================================================================
======================================================================
1866 605,096 CO#499

UNIDOS DE COLOMBIA (United States of Colombia) abound / 9
stars, below.
RV: UN / DECIMO / 1866 within wreath of oak with

ribbon around, BOGOTA above, Mercuryshaft,left and right / LEI
EDGE: Reeded
REFERENCE: Y-3.1a, KM-145.1a
FOOTNOTE: The nine stars represent the Nine States of the Union.
======================================================================
BOGOTA MINT
======================================================================
1874 - 10 CENTAVOS - OBVERSE
======================================================================
======================================================================
BOGOTA MINT
======================================================================
1868 145,579 CO#502
1869 82,046 CO#503
======================================================================
1871 144,394 CO#504
1872 132,897 CO#505
1872 included in Y-7.1 CO#508
1873 42,780 CO#509
OV: Head of Liberty, facing left with fillet inscribed
1874 179,235 CO#510
LIBERTAD (LIBERTY) / DATE, 9 stars, below.
OV: Head of Liberty, facing left ESTADOS UNIDOS
RV: Arms of the Republic, UN DECIMO above,
DE COLOMBIA (United States of Colombia) above / DATE under
G.2.500 left, LEI (fineness) 0.835 right, BOGOTA, below.
bust, iiiiiiiii (9 stars), below.
EDGE: Reeded
RV: Arms of the Republic, G.2.500. 10 CENTAVOS,
left and above, BOGOTA LEI (fineness) 0.835 below and right.
EDGE: Reeded
REFERENCE: Y-7.1, KM-151.1
FOOTNOTE: Bogota, more fully Santa Fe de Bogota, The Federal
Capital of the United States of Colombia, formerly New Granada, is
TYPE: Arms reverse.
situated within the limits of Cundindamarca, on a table-land, which
at an elevation of 8694 feet above the sea, separates the basin of
REFERENCE: Y-B12, KM-171
the Magdalena from that of the Orinoco. Bogota was founded in
1538 consisting then of 12 houses in honor of the 12 Apostles. In
1800, it contained 21,464 inhabitants; and in 1821, 30,000; and
now it is stated at 50,000 (c.1879). Prospectively, also the sur-
rounding mountains promise, one day to give to industry many
valuable minerals, such as iron, coal, and salt. The last two, in fact,
have already been obtained to some extent. Mines of emeralds,
gold, silver, and copper are also said to exist within the same
district. Bogota is regularly and handsomely built. It has 4 public
squares and 5 elegant bridges over 2 small rivlets - the San Fran-
cisco and the San Augustin. Like every place in Spanish America,
it teems with churches and convents - two of the latter overhang-
ing the city on twin hill-tops at a height of 2,500 feet above the
general level. Bogota likewise possesses, in addition to official
buildings, a mint, a theatre, a university, and spacious barracks.
Library of Universal Knowledge,N.Y. 1879.

======================================================================
BOGOTA MINT
======================================================================
10 CENTAVOS 18.5 MM .835 FINE 2.5 GRAMS
======================================================================
1874 included with Y-B14 CO#511

1875 264,984 CO#512
1878 419,411 CO#513
1879 included above CO#514
1880 134,088 CO#516
1881 20,232 CO#517
1882 u/m CO#518
1883 201,591 CO#519
1884 u/m CO#521
1885 u/m CO#522
OV: Liberty Head, facing left LIBERTAD (Liberty) on

headband, ESTADOS UNIDOS DE COLOMBIA (United States of
Colombia) above / DATE under bust, iiiiiiiii (9 stars),
below.
RV: 10 / CENT between two cornucopia crossed,

GRAM. 2,500. left facing in, LEI (fineness) O, 835 right facing out
/ BOGOTA (mintmark) below.
1874 - 10 CENTAVOS - REVERSE EDGE: Reeded

======================================================================
TYPE: Cornucopia reverse.

FOOTNOTE: In 1871 the United States of Colombia adopted the
Monetary System of the Latin Union with a gold peso as the unit,
divided into 100 centavos.
====================================================================== ======================================================================

====================================================================== ======================================================================

====================================================================== ======================================================================
BOGOTA MINT FOOTNOTE: A 1918 VIEW OF BOGOTA COLOMBIA - Bogota
====================================================================== appears very different, the streets are narrower, and some of the
10 CENTAVOS 18MM .900 FINE 2.5 GRAMS sidewalks are hardly wide enough for two people to walk side by
====================================================================== side. The low buildings seem to be all joined together, and their
solid walls line the streets. We see no green lawns or lovely
1918 2,148,565 CO#530 gardens in front of them. No chimneys rise from the red roofs, and
1920 included above CO#531 no skyscrapers tower above the lower blocks. There are many
1934 u/m CO#532 rare people on the streets, some on foot and some on horseback. We
1937 u/m CO#534 notice the poles and wires for electric lights and telephones and
1940 u/m CO#536 we see electric cars running through some of the streets. The
1941 u/m CO#537 houses sit close to the narrow sidewalks, and a heavy door in the
1942 u/m CO#538 wall admits people to the courtyard and into the gardens behind
the houses instead of in front of them. The houses are built around
OV: Head of Bolivar, facing right REPUBLICA DE a square, called a patio. The gardens and flowers and fountains
COLOMBIA (Republic of Colombia) around / DATE below. are in the patio, where the family can enjoy them in private, undis-
turbed by the passers-by. The buildings are only one story or in
RV: Condor over Arms with motto: LIBERTAD Y some cases, two stories high. Near the center of the city the lower
ORDEN (Liberty and Order) DIEZ (ten) CENTAVOS above / G floor is usually occupied by stores. In the outskirts, this part of the
2.500 LEY (fineness) 0.900 below. house, which is considered less desirable, is let to the poorer
families, while the better class of people live on the second floor.
EDGE: Reeded The rich and the poor thus mingle together in the same part of the
city. The rooms on the lower floor have only one outer door, which
MINT: (no mintmark) = BOGOTA opens on the street. A solid wall separates these rooms from the
patio, which is used only by the family on the second floor. The
TYPE: I - No mintmark and dot after weight. best rooms of the house, the parlor and reception rooms, are on
the street side of the patio; the kitchen is on the opposite side, in
REFERENCE: Y-47, KM-196 the rear; the bedrooms are on the sides between. Some of the
buildings in Bogota are very old. Among these are many convents
POPULATION: Colombia - 1921 - 5,472,604 and monasteries, which are now put to other uses. Some of them
are used for schools, hotels, hospitals, barracks for the soldiers,
the Post Office, and other Departments of Government. South
America by Nellie B. Allen, Boston 1918.
FOOTNOTE: Currency of Colombia - 100 Centavos = 1 Peso

1934B - 10 CENTAVOS - OBVERSE 1934B - 10 CENTAVOS - REVERSE
====================================================================== ======================================================================
BOGOTA MINT FOOTNOTE: In 1921 a treaty was ratified between Colombia and
====================================================================== the United States in which the United States agreed to pay Colom-
10 CENTAVOS 18MM .900 FINE 2.5 GRAMS bia $25,000,000 in five annual installments as indemnity for the
====================================================================== loss of Panama and the construction of the Panama Canal. The
first installment was used in the establishment of sound national
1934 B 140,000 CO#533 currency and the setting up of a National Bank. Later payments
were designated for transportation including eleven railroads, two
OV: Head of Bolivar, facing right REPUBLICA DE canal projects and a cable company.
COLOMBIA (Republic of Colombia) around / B 1934 below.
======================================================================
RV: Condor over Arms with motto: LIBERTAD Y
ORDEN (Liberty and Order) DIEZ (ten) CENTAVOS above / G
2.500 LEY (fineness) 0.900 below.
EDGE: Reeded
MINT: B = BOGOTA
TYPE: II - B mintmark on obverse.
POPULATION: Colombia - 1930 - 7,967,788
Bolivar, The Liberator 1938 - 10 CENTAVOS - OBVERSE

======================================================================

1938 - 10 CENTAVOS - REVERSE 1942B - 10 CENTAVOS - OBVERSE
====================================================================== ======================================================================
COLOMBIA, REPUBLIC of COLOMBIA, REPUBLIC of
BOGOTA MINT BOGOTA MINT
====================================================================== ======================================================================
10 CENTAVOS 18MM .900 FINE 2.5 GRAMS 10 CENTAVOS 18MM .900 FINE 2.5 GRAMS
====================================================================== ======================================================================
1938 2,055,000 CO#535 1942 B u/m CO#539
OV: Head of Bolivar, facing right REPUBLICA DE OV: Head of Bolivar, facing right REPUBLICA DE
COLOMBIA (Republic of Colombia) around / 1938 below. COLOMBIA (Republic of Colombia) around / 1942 below.
RV: Condor over Arms with motto: LIBERTAD Y RV: Condor over Arms with motto: LIBERTAD Y
ORDEN (Liberty and Order) DIEZ (ten) CENTAVOS above / G ORDEN (Liberty and Order) DIEZ (ten) CENTAVOS above / B
2.500 LEY (fineness) 0.900 below. (mintmark) below arms / G 2.500 LEY (fineness) 0.900
below.
EDGE: Reeded
EDGE: Reeded
MINT: (no mintmark) = BOGOTA
MINT: B = BOGOTA
TYPE: III - Same as type I except no dot after weight
on reverse. TYPE: IV - B mintmark on reverse.
REFERENCE: Y-47, KM-196 REFERENCE: Y-47, KM-196
====================================================================== Population: Colombia - 1942 - 8,893,000
FOOTNOTE: The monetary unit of Colombia is the peso, worth

approximately U.S.$.56 in 1938. There are silver coins of 10, 20
and 50 centavos and nickel coins of 1, 2, and 5 centavos.
FOOTNOTE: Approximately two-thirds of the employed population

of Colombia engage in agricultural pursuits and the maximum daily
wage paid at the close of 1937 was 1.30 pesos (about U.S.$.73)
per day. As a result of the low income received by a great majority
of the population, purchases are limited almost entirely to bare
necessities. The population is estimated for 1938 at 8,693,293
with the Capital Bogota with 350,000 inhabitants.
======================================================================

1942 B - 10 CENTAVOS - REVERSE 1947 - 10 CENTAVOS - REVERSE
B mintmark below arms B mintmark at bottom
====================================================================== ======================================================================
BOGOTA MINT
======================================================================
======================================================================
1945 u/m CO#540

1946 u/m CO#541A
====================================================================== 1947 7,366,426 CO#542A
OV: Head of SANTANDER DE DAVID, facing right

REPUBLICA DE COLOMBIA (Republic of Colombia) around /
.DATE. below.
RV: 10 / CENTAVOS within wreath, / B (mintmark) at

bottom.
EDGE: Reeded
MINT: B = BOGOTA
TYPE: I - Mintmark B at bottom of reverse.

1947 - 10 CENTAVOS - OBVERSE

======================================================================

1947 - 10 CENTAVOS - REVERSE 1897 - 10 CENTAVOS - OBVERSE
B mintmark at top BRUSSELS MINT
====================================================================== ======================================================================
COLOMBIA, REPUBLIC of COLOMBIA, REPUBLIC of
BOGOTA MINT BRUSSELS MINT
====================================================================== ======================================================================
10 CENTAVOS 18MM .500 FINE 2.5 GRAMS 10 CENTAVOS 18.5 MM .666 FINE 2.5 GRAMS
====================================================================== ======================================================================
1947 included with type I CO#542B 1897 2,642,400 CO#526

1948 3,629,120 CO#543
1949 5,922,500 CO#544 OV: Liberty Head, facing right LIBERTAD (Liberty)
1950 6,782,500 CO#545 incised on headband, REPUBLICA DE COLOMBIA (Republic of
1951 5,185,000 CO#546 Colombia) around / 1897 below.
1952 1,060,000 CO#547
RV: Condor over Arms with motto: LIBERTAD Y
OV: Head of SANTANDER DE DAVID, facing right ORDEN (Liberty and Order) DIEZ (ten) CENTAVOS above, G
REPUBLICA DE COLOMBIA (Republic of Colombia) around / 2.500 BOGOTA LEY (fineness) 0.666, below.
DATE below.
EDGE: Reeded
RV: 10 / CENTAVOS within wreath, / B (mintmark) at
top. MINT: (no mintmark) = BRUSSELS
EDGE: Reeded REFERENCE: Y-30, KM-188
MINT: B = BOGOTA POPULATION: Colombia - 1894 - 3,321,052
TYPE: II - Mintmark B at top of reverse.
Monedas De Colombia by Dario Uribe Trujillo,

Medellin 1970,
CO# - Coins of Colombia by Alcedo Almanzar and

Dale Seppa, San Antonio 1973.
FOOTNOTE: Pattern 10 centavos dated 1900 was struck at Bir-

mingham, .666 fine, (reference Co 5p) to Commemorate the 400 th
Anniversary of Discovery. Sweeny, p.124

======================================================================
MEDELLIN MINT
======================================================================
======================================================================
1885 u/m CO#523
OV: Liberty Head, facing left LIBERTAD (Liberty) on

headband, ESTADOS UNIDOS DE COLOMBIA (United States of
Colombia) above / 1885 under bust, iiiiiiiii (9 stars),
below.

GRAM. 2,500. left facing in, LEI (fineness) O, 835 right facing out
/ MEDELLIN (mintmark) below.
EDGE: Reeded
MINT: MEDELLIN = MEDELLIN
======================================================================
MEDELLIN MINT
======================================================================
1897 - 10 CENTAVOS - REVERSE 10 CENTAVOS 18MM .500 FINE 2.5 GRAMS
BRUSSELS MINT ======================================================================
====================================================================== 1885 u/m CO#524A
COLOMBIA, REPUBLIC of 1886 u/m CO#525
MEDELLIN MINT
====================================================================== OV: Liberty Head, facing left LIBERTAD (Liberty) on
UN DECIMO 19MM .835 FINE 2.5 GRAMS headband, ESTADOS UNIDOS DE COLOMBIA (United States of
====================================================================== Colombia) above / DATE under bust, iiiiiiiii (9 stars),
below.
1874 u/m CO#507
OV: Head of Liberty, facing left with fillet inscribed GRAM. 2,500. left facing in, LEI (fineness) O, 500 right facing out
LIBERTAD (LIBERTY) / 1874, iiiiiiiii (9 stars), below. / MEDELLIN (mintmark) below.
RV: Arms of the Republic, UN DECIMO above, EDGE: Reeded
G.2.500 left, LEI (fineness) 0.835 right, MEDELLIN, below.
EDGE: Reeded
REFERENCE: Y-14a, KM-175.2a
FOOTNOTE: President Rafael Nunez authorized subsidiary coins
REFERENCE: Y-7.2, KM-151.2 reduced to .500 fine and gold coinage to .666 fine.
FOOTNOTE: Colombia, named after Christopher Columbus.
FOOTNOTE: Medellin is the second largest town in Colombia. There

are rich gold and silver mines in the vicinity. The inhabitants are
chiefly engaged in the manufacture of jewelry, porcelain, and pot-
tery. Coffee is grown and exported. Population of the town (1910)
is about 60,000. New Standard Encyclopedia,1910.

====================================================================== ======================================================================
COLOMBIA, UNITED STATES of COLOMBIA, UNITED STATES of
POPAYAN MINT POPAYAN MINT
====================================================================== ======================================================================
UN DECIMO 18.5 MM .900 FINE 2.55 GRAMS UN DECIMO 19MM .835 FINE 2.5 GRAMS
====================================================================== ======================================================================
1863 u/m CO#497 1866 33,955 CO#500

1864 27,621 CO#498
OV: Pomegranate between cornucopia ESTADOS UNIDOS DE COLOMBIA (United States of Colombia) abound /
UNIDOS DE COLOMBIA (United States of Colombia) abound / iiiiiiiii (9 stars), below.
iiiiiiiii (9 stars), below.
RV: UN / DECIMO / 1866 within wreath of oak with
RV: UN / DECIMO / DATE within wreath of oak with ribbon around, POPAYAN above, flowers,left and right / LEI
ribbon around, POPAYAN above, Mercuryshaft,left and right / LEI (fineness) 0,835 below.
EDGE: Reeded
EDGE: Reeded
TYPE: fLOWERS / .835 fine
MINT: POPAYAN = POPAYAN
MINT: POPAYAN = POPAYAN
TYPE: Mercuryshaf / .900 fine
REFERENCE: Y-3.2a, KM-145.2a
======================================================================
Colombia, South America

FOOTNOTE: Colombia, Republic of, formerly called New Granada,
Republic of South America, consisting of the nine Departments or
States of Antiquia, Bolivar, Boyaca, Cauca, Cundindamarca,
Magdalena, Panama (or Istmo), Santander, and Tolima. The popula-
tion in 1881 was 3,878,000. The chief towns are Bogota, the
Capital; Medellin, and Panama. The territory of the republic includes
the whole of the isthmus of Panama, to the border of Costa Rica,
the pacific coast south to Ecuador, and that of the Caribbean Sea
east to Venezuela; but there is much disputed boundary territory in
the inland regions towards the south and east...The mineral wealth
is various and abundant, though still imperfectly explored. It com-
prises coal, gold, silver (both now largely worked by foreign com-
panies), emeralds, and salt. The exports are chiefly precious metal,
hides, coffee, tobacco, etc.; The imports, manufactured goods.
1866 - UN DECIMO - OBVERSE The money standard is the Peso or Dollar, normal value 4 Shillings.
New Granada declared its independence of Spain in 1811, and
====================================================================== after eleven years of warfare succeeded with the help of Ven-
ezuela in effecting its liberation. Both states then united with Ecua-
dor, also freed from the Spanish domination, to form the first Re-
FOOTNOTE: Popayan situated near the banks of the River Cauca, public of Colombia; but internal dissensions arising, the three states
225 miles southwest of Bogota, lies on a wide plain 6000 feet again separated in 1831, forming three independent republics,
above the sea, and dominated by the volcano Purace. Popayan which have had a very troubled existence. In 1861 the states
was founded in 1536 by Belalcazar. In the 18th century it was an formed New Granada by agreement adopted a new constitution,
important commercial and gold-mining center, but the civil wars the republic henceforth to be called the United States of Colombia.
and the earthquake of 1827 reduced its size considerable. This title was retained till, by the new constitution adopted in 1886,
the state ceased to be a Federal Republic and became a Unitary
Republic with the name of Republic of Colombia. Cabinet
Cyclopaedia,1895.

COSTA RICA
1892 - 10 CENTAVOS - BIRMINGHAM MINT

ENCYCLOPEDIA OF SMALL SILVER COINS - COSTA RICA - PAGE 143
1892 -10 CENTAVOS - REVERSE 1914 -10 CENTAVOS - OBVERSE
====================================================================== ======================================================================
COSTA RICA, REPUBLIC of COSTA RICA, REPUBLIC of
BIRMINGHAM MINT PHILADELPHIA MINT
====================================================================== ======================================================================
10 CENTAVOS 18MM .900 FINE 2.5 GRAMS 10 CENTIMOS 18MM .900 FINE 2.0 GRAMS
====================================================================== ======================================================================
1889 260,000 1905 400,000

1890 215,125 1910 400,000
1892 139,936 1912 267,783
1914 150,000
OV: Arms, within short wreath of laural and palm,
REPUBLICA DE COSTA RICA (Republic of Costa Rica) above, / OV: Arms on cartouche, REPUBLICA DE COSTA RICA
DATE below. (Republic of Costa Rica) around / i DATE i below.
RV: 10 / CENTAVOS / - within wreath of laurel and RV: 10 / CENTIMOS / - within wreath of laurel tied
palm tied with ribbon below, AMERICA CENTRAL above, 9 Ds / with ribbon below, AMERICA CENTRAL above, i 900 M i G.C.R.
HEATON BIRMm (mintmark) i around below i (Gobierno de Costa Rica = Government of Costa Rica) below,
incised in stars (obv) and (rev) C and R, left and right.
EDGE: Reeded
EDGE: Reeded
MINT: HEATON BIRMm = R. Heaton & Sons,
BIRMINGHAM MINT: (no mintmark) = PHILADELPHIA
POPULATION: Costa Rica - 1890 - 180,000 POPULATION: Costa Rica - 1910 - 368,780 with
capital San Jose with 29,660 inhabitants.
FOOTNOTE: The Modern Dime Size Silver Coins of Costa Rica
were mostly struck at the National mint of San Jose, for the period FOOTNOTE: In 1896 a new monetary system based on the gold
from 1850 through 1917. Twice the country ordered this size coin- colon of 778 milligrams, .900 fine was established with the unit
age from other mints; R. Heaton & Sons, Birmingham 1889-92 and colon (Colombus) divided into 100 centimos. - The colon was worth
Philadelphia 1905-14. This series has one of the smallest mintages U.S. 46.5 cents - 1910.
for a long series.
FOOTNOTE: The unit of currency of Costa Rica is the colon. Con-
version of notes into gold was suspended on September 18, 1914.
FOOTNOTE: Costa Rica is one of the most advanced of the Central
American republics. Costa Rica took steps in 1896 to establish a
gold standard, and by 1900 had succeeded. Unlike its neighbors it
was able to get rid entirely of the miscellaneous foreign coins
which made up a large part of the circulation. Silver Money by D.
Leavens, Bloomington,Ind., 1939.

1914 -10 CENTAVOS - REVERSE 1853 - 1/8 PESO - OBVERSE
====================================================================== ======================================================================
COSTA RICA, REPUBLIC of
SAN JOSE MINT
======================================================================
1/8 PESO 19MM .9027 FINE 3.0 GRAMS
======================================================================
1850 u/m
1853 u/m
1855 u/m
OV: Arms, REPUBLICA DE COSTA RICA (Republic of

Costa Rica) above, within laurel and palm wreath / DATE below.
RV: Mahogany tree dividing denomination, 1 and Po

(peso), AMERICA CENTRAL above, 10 Ds 20 Go J.B. (10 dineros
20 granos) below.
EDGE: Reeded
MINT: (no mintmark) = SAN JOSE
ASSAYER: J.B. = unknown
Arms of Costa Rica
FOOTNOTE: The Coat of Arms of Costa Rica - Three mountains by

the sea, behind the first of which rises the sun, in front and behind,
a three masted ship, above 5 stars. The five stars in the Coat of
Arms symbolize the original five states of the former Union of
Central America; Honduras, Guatemala, Nicaragua, Salvador and
Costa Rica.
Sacking coffee, Costa Rica - 1902

1853 - 1/8 PESO - REVERSE 1865 - 10 CENTAVOS - OBVERSE
====================================================================== ======================================================================
SAN JOSE MINT
======================================================================
======================================================================
1865 185,311
1868 9,943
1870 48,210
1872 17,874

Costa Rica) above, within short laurel and palm wreath / DATE
below.
RV: Mahogany tree dividing denomination, 10 and Cs

AMERICA CENTRAL above, 9 D. W G below.
EDGE: Reeded
ASSAYER: W G = Guillermo Witting
TYPE: 19MM
FOOTNOTE: The development of the banana trade dates from

1881, when 3,500 bunches of fruit were exported to New Or-
leans. This total increased very rapidly. In 1904 the number of
bunches sent abroad exceeded 6,000,000.
Coffee trees
======================================================================
======================================================================
FOOTNOTE: In 1864 Costa Rica adopted the decimal system with
SAN JOSE MINT
the peso divided in to 100 centavos.
======================================================================
======================================================================
======================================================================
1886 120,465

Costa Rica) above, within short laurel and palm wreath / 1886
below.
1875 - 10 CENTAVOS - 18 mm RV: 10 / CENTAVOS / - within wreath of laurel and

====================================================================== palm tied with ribbon below, AMERICA CENTRAL above, 9 D.
COSTA RICA, REPUBLIC of G.W. below.
SAN JOSE MINT
====================================================================== EDGE: Reeded
====================================================================== MINT: (no mintmark) = SAN JOSE
1875 286,486 ASSAYER: G.W. = Guillermo Witting
OV: Arms, REPUBLICA DE COSTA RICA (Republic of REFERENCE: Y-14, KM-126

Costa Rica) above, within short laurel and palm wreath / 1875
below.
TYPE: I - (obv) no designers initials, (rev) 9 D.
RV: Mahogany tree dividing denomination, 10 and Cs
AMERICA CENTRAL above, 9 D. G.W. below.
EDGE: Reeded
ASSAYER: G.W. = unknown
TYPE: Same design as Y-10, size reduced from 19MM

to 18MM.
REFERENCE: Y-10a, KM-121
FOOTNOTE: Costa Rica, literally, Spanish for Rich Coast

1886 - 10 CENTAVOS - REVERSE 1887 - 10 CENTAVOS - REVERSE
====================================================================== ======================================================================
SAN JOSE MINT
FOOTNOTE: In 1885 Costa Rica adopted as a standard unit the ======================================================================
silver Peso of 25 grams, 900 thousandths fine equivalent to the 5 10 CENTAVOS 18MM .900 FINE 2.5 GRAMS
franc piece of the Latin Monetary Union. The decimal coinage was ======================================================================
consistent with this with 100 centavos equal to the peso.
1887 245,371
====================================================================== OV: Arms within short laurel and palm wreath ,

REPUBLICA DE COSTA RICA (Republic of Costa Rica) above, / C
B / 1887 below.
RV: 10 / CENTAVOS / - within wreath of laurel and

palm tied with ribbon below, AMERICA CENTRAL above, 9 Ds. G.
W. below.
EDGE: Reeded
DESIGNER: C B = Charles Barber
ASSAYER: G.W. = Guillermo Witting
TYPE: II - (obv) designers initials CB, (rev) 9 Ds.
FOOTNOTE: Costa Rica is the most southern state of the republics

of Central America. Costa Rica is said to contain some rich gold-
mines; at present, however, they are not worked to any great
extent. Silver and copper are also found. The country is extremely
fertile. Coffee, rice, maize are raised on the table-land in the inte-
rior; and cacao, vanilla, sugar, cotton, tobacco are cultivated in the
low coast-regions. Coffee forms the most important product. The
forests are valuable. The Capital is San Jose, and the two estab-
lished ports are Punta Arenas, on the Pacific side, and Porto Limon,
on the Caribbean Sea. It has been an independent state since
1821, from 1824 to 1839 forming a part of the Central American
1887 - 10 CENTAVOS - OBVERSE Confederation, but subsequently separate. In 1892 there were
Designer - Charles Barber 161 miles of railway and 630 miles of telegraph lines. Population
213,785, mostly of Spanish decent. Cabinet Cyclopaedia, 1895.

====================================================================== ======================================================================
SAN JOSE MINT
======================================================================
10 CENTIMOS 18MM .500 FINE 2.0 GRAMS
======================================================================
1917 99,640
OV: Arms on cartouche, REPUBLICA DE COSTA RICA

(Republic of Costa Rica) around / 1917 below.
RV: 10 / CENTIMOS / - within wreath of laurel and

palm tied with ribbon below, AMERICA CENTRAL above, 500 M
G.C.R i (Gobierno de Costa Rica = Government of Costa Rica)
below.
EDGE: Reeded
FOOTNOTE: In 1910 there were over 400 miles of railway and

1,200 miles of telegraph lines in Costa Rica. The finances are in
some disorder, and education is at a low ebb. Population
331,340, mostly of Spanish descent. Winstons Encyclopedia,
1918.
Loading bananas
======================================================================
FOOTNOTE: Nearly a third of the population live on the dry side of
the mountains, where the largest coffee plantations are scattered
for 50 miles around San Jose, the Capital. When the coffee berry
is ripe in December all the men, women and children available pick
the crop. The berries are washed, then dried in the sun and taken
to factories, where the crop is prepared by modern machinery for
market. Most of the coffee is bought by agents of foreign firms
several months before harvest. All of Cost Ricas export trade in
1908 was valued at $7,758,000 with a population of 360,000. By
1912 the population had increased to 388,266 with the Capital city
San Jose with 51,105 inhabitants.
Costa Rica today
CRETE
PRINCE GEORGE
1901 - 50 LEPTA - OBVERSE
ENCYCLOPEDIA OF SMALL SILVER COINS - CRETE - PAGE 150
CRETE
====================================================================== ======================================================================
Prince George
======================================================================
1901 - 50 Lepta - Reverse FOOTNOTE: Alfred Borrel, son of Valentin Maurice Borrel was
born at Paris in 1836. He studied under his father and became a
====================================================================== pupil of the Ecole des Beaux Arts in 1856. With many medals to his
CRETE, GREEK ADMINISTRATION honour, his work included the nickel coinage of Martinique of 1897
PARIS MINT and the new coinage of Crete dated 1901 on which his name is
====================================================================== signed in Greek as A.BOPPE on the crown size 5 drachma and
50 LEPTA 18MM .835 FINE 2.5 GRAMS A.B. on the 50 lepta.
======================================================================
FOOTNOTE: Prince George of Greece, the second son of George
1901 600,000 I, King of the Hellenes, assumed the office of High Commissioner
on December 21, 1898, when Crete was declared an autonomous
OV: Head of Prince George, facing right / A.B. under government. In October 1908 the Cretian Assembly voted for
bust, Greek inscription AC3'5/Q '+SC '3?G I/G +77!)G union with Greece which was formally approved in 1913 at the
KA!I?G !C9?G I/G +; 5C/I/ (Prince George of Greece Treaty of Bucharest.
High Commissioner of Crete) around / - 1901 - below.
FOOTNOTE: Agriculture is the principal occupation of the people of
RV: Crowned Arms, Greek inscription 5C/I35/ Crete, and olive oil used in the manufacture of soap the chief
A?73I+3! (Crete Government) above / (cornucopia) Greek product, from 18 soap factories. The unit of value is the drachma,
denomination 50 7+AI! (50 lepta) (torch) below. equal to 100 lepta or 19.3 U.S. cents. Crete is administrated by a
High Commissioner of the Four Powers (Great Britain, Russia,
EDGE: Reeded France, and Italy) proposed by the King of the Hellenes, and is
subject to the Porte, though paying no tribute. New International
DESIGNER: A.B. = Alfred Borrel, French Medallist Yearbook, 1910.
MINT: (cornucopia) = PARIS
ENGRAVER: (torch) = Henri-Auguste Patey
POPULATION: Crete - 1900 - 310,185 with capital

Canea with 24,537 inhabitants.
FOOTNOTE: Crete, an island in the Mediterranean, autonomous

government under the suzerainty of the Porte of Turkey [Sultan of
the Ottoman Empire], following an extensive period of civil wars
and intervention of France, Great Britain, Italy and Russia.
Crete and Greece today
ENCYCLOPEDIA OF SMALL SILVER COINS - CRETE - PAGE 151
CUBA
====================================================================== ======================================================================
1916 - DIEZ CENTAVOS 1916 - DIEZ CENTAVOS - REVERSE

====================================================================== ======================================================================
CUBA, REPUBLIC of
PHILADELPHIA MINT FOOTNOTE: The money in circulation since independence follow-
====================================================================== ing the Spanish-American War, consists largely of United States
DIEZ CENTAVOS 17.9 MM .900 FINE 2.5 GRAMS paper currency and coinage minted at Philadelphia sporadically for
====================================================================== Cuba starting in 1915..
1915 5,690,150 FOOTNOTE: The National Coinage Law of October 29,1914 de-
1916 560,150 fined the denomination as one-tenth of a peso with 900/1000 of
1920 3,090,000 fineness and two gramme and five hundred one thousandths of a
1948 5,120,000 grammes. The peso is the monetary unit of Cuba, silver certificates
1949 9,880,000 backed by a reserve of silver pesos and American currency which
is legal tender in Cuba. The coins circulated are the silver peso
OV: Arms of the Republic within wreath of oak and (100 centavos); silver coins of 40, 20, and 10 centavos; and nickel
laurel, REPUBLICA DE CUBA (Republic of Cuba) around DIEZ coins of 1, 2, and 5 centavos. Cuban paper money first issued in
CENTAVOS (ten centavos) below. 1934, redeemable in silver, is in denominations of 1, 5, 10, 20, and
50 pesos. Cuban silver and paper is nominally at par with United
RV: Large five-pointed star, radiated, PATRIA Y States currency. U.S.Dept. of Commerce - 1941.
LIBERTAD (Fatherland and Liberty) around 2.5G DATE 900 M
below.
EDGE: Reeded
MINT: (no mintmark) = PHILADELPHIA
ENGRAVER: Charles E. Barber, Chief Engraver, U.S.

Mint 1880-1917
POPULATION: Cuba - 1915 - 2,511,098 with capital

Havana with 659,818 inhabitants. By 1947 the Cuban note under Spain - 1897
population had increased to 5,130,000.
FOOTNOTE: The star is the national symbol of Cuba intended to
light up the way to independence and was first used by the Lib-
eration Movement on the flag in 1850.
ENCYCLOPEDIA OF SMALL SILVER COINS - CUBA - PAGE 152

1952 - DIEZ CENTAVOS - OBVERSE 1952 - DIEZ CENTAVOS - REVERSE
====================================================================== ======================================================================
CUBA, REPUBLIC of
PHILADELPHIA MINT
======================================================================
======================================================================
1952 10,000,000
OV: Flag, Lighthouse, Havana skyline with 1952

above 1902 below, * REPUBLICA DE CUBA * (Republic of Cuba)
above / DIEZ CENTAVOS (ten centavos) below.
RV: Star / Tree / Wheel of Industry / 2.5 G. 900 M.

CINCUENTA ANOS DE LIBERTAD Y PROGRESO (50 Anniversary
of Liberty and Progress) around / 1952 below.
EDGE: Reeded
MINT: (no mintmark) = PHILADELPHIA Cuban National Flag

DESIGNER: Esteban Valderrama
TYPE: COMMERATIVE - 50th Year of the Republic
FOOTNOTE: A revolution led by Carlos Manuel de Cespedes erupted

at his sugar mill La Demajaagua, on October 10, 1868. Hostilities
continued until 1878 when peace was restored by the Pact of
Zanjon. The ruins of the sugar mill was depicted on the reverse of
the 1952 10 centavos of Cuba commemorating the 50th Year of
Independence.
FOOTNOTE: National Coat of Arms of Cuba was designed by poet

Miguel Teurbe Tolon before the country became independent in
1901 from Spain. The Key in the water is to symbolize the Island of
Cuba as the key to the Gulf of Mexico. The stripes are from the
flag.
FOOTNOTE: There are very few Commemorative coins in this dime

size series limited to; Cambodia., Canada, China, Cuba, Egypt,
Dominican Republic and Swaziland. Sugar mill in Cuba
ENCYCLOPEDIA OF SMALL SILVER COINS - CUBA - PAGE 153

CURACAO and SURINAM

====================================================================== ======================================================================
1944D - 3 GUILDER - OBVERSE 1941P - 25 CENTS - REVERSE

====================================================================== ======================================================================
CURACAO, NETHERLANDS COLONY of CURACAO, NETHERLANDS COLONY of
DENVER MINT PHILADELPHIA MINT
====================================================================== ======================================================================
3 GUILDER 19MM .640 FINE 3.58 GRAMS 25 CENTS 19MM .640 FINE 3.58 GRAMS
====================================================================== ======================================================================
1944 1,500,000 1941 1,100,000

1943 2,500,000
OV: Older head of Wilhelmina, facing left
WILHELMINA KONINGIN DER NETHERLANDEN (Wilhelmina Queen OV: Older head of Wilhelmina, facing left
of Netherlands) around. WILHELMINA KONINGIN DER NETHERLANDEN (Wilhelmina Queen
of Netherlands) around.
RV: Large 3 G(uilder) in center, MUNT <> VAN <>
CURACAO (money from Curacao) around / (palmtree) RV: 25 / CENTS / DATE / (palmtree) and P
1944 D (mintmark). (mintmark) within wreath of oak leaves tied with ribbon below.
MINT: D = DENVER MINT: P = PHILADELPHIA
MARK: (palmtree) = Minted in USA for overseas MARK: (palmtree) = Minted in USA for overseas
Netherlands. Netherlands.
REFERENCE: Y-6, KM-44 TYPE: Same type minted in Philadelphia for Surinam
dated 1941.
POPULATION: Curacao - 1944 - 78,587 with Colonial
Capital Willemsted with 36,000 inhabitants. REFERENCE: Y-44a, KM-38
POPULATION: Curacao - 1940 - Curacao Island

62,000, Aruba 24,000, Bonaire 6,000, St. Martin (Dutch
part) 3,000; St. Eustatius 1,000; and Saba 1,500.
1944 D REVERSE
ENCYCLOPEDIA OF SMALL SILVER COINS - CURACAO and SURINAM - PAGE 154

1821 - 1 REAAL - OBVERSE 1821 - 1 REAAL - REVERSE
====================================================================== ======================================================================
CURACAO, NETHERLANDS COLONY of
WILLEMSTAD MINT FOOTNOTE: This issue which had long been attributed to the Utrecht
====================================================================== mint, has however been listed as struck by a small temporary mint
1 REAAL 18MM .900 FINE 1.7 GRAMS at Willemstad, the capital of the Netherlands Colony of Curacao by
====================================================================== Dutch Numismatist, Jacques Schulman. WCN Vol.15,No.45 p.21.
1821 u/m FOOTNOTE: This issue has a unique place in this work on Modern
Dime Size Silver Coins of the World as it is the oldest coin listed,
OV: Caduceus and stalk of cane in saltire due to a peculiar selection of the author of the Brown Book or
CURACAO above / 1821 below. Modern Coins of the World by R.S.Yeoman, 1st Edition, who also
included this as the oldest listed coin in his original volume. Later
RV: 1 / - / REAAL / n (star) within wreath of oak editions dropped this Y-B1 reference as the series of coinage
and laurel. listed started more with the 1850s. There is also a most interesting
coincidence, as the last circulating small silver coinage dated 1970
EDGE: Reeded was produced for the same colony, know known as Netherlands
Antilles.
MINT: (no mintmark) = WILLEMSTAD
FOOTNOTE: All of the 3 guilder coinage for the Netherlands Colony
REFERENCE: Y-B1, C-9, KM-26 of Curacao was shipped from the Utrecht mint, except during the
World War II period 1941-44 when the Denver and Philadelphia
POPULATION: Curacao - 1892 - 41,870 with capital mints produced coinage for both the Netherlands and its colonies
Willemsted. of Curacao and Surinam. Listings are by mint and date.
FOOTNOTE: Curacao is an overseas territory of the Netherlands FOOTNOTE: Curacao, an island, Dutch West Indies, Caribbean
consisting of the islands of Curacao, Aruba and Bonaire near the Sea, 46 miles N. the coast of Venezuela; 36 miles long and 8 miles
coast of Venezuela and 500 miles to the northeast the smaller broad; Capital Willemstad, principal harbor Santa Anna. In 1800
islands of St. Eustatius, Saba and the Dutch part of St. Martin in the some French having settled on part of the island, and becoming at
Northern Leeward Islands near the Virgin Islands of the United variance with the Dutch, the latter surrendered the island to a
States. Petroleum refining completely dominates the economic ac- single British frigate. It was restored to the Dutch, by the peace of
tivities of Curacao and Aruba. 1802, and taken from them by a British squadron in 1807, and
again restored by the peace of 1814. It is hilly, wild, and barren,
with a hot dry climate. Yellow fever visits it every sixth or seven
FOOTNOTE: Curacao - They say it began in the 18th century when year. Fresh water is scarce, and serious drought occur. The tama-
the governor of Curacao complained of terrible headaches. Ad- rind, cocoa-palm, banana, and other useful trees are reared -
vised by his doctors that it was due to the dazzle - dazzle from the among them three varieties of orange, from one of which Curacao
white facades of the houses of the islands capital Willemstad. He Liqueur is made. Sugar, tobacco, cochineal, and maize are also
promptly prohibited any of the houses to be whitewashed. To this produced. But the staple exports are salt, and a valuable phos-
day this little Dutch colony of the West Indies, some forty miles off phate of lime used as a manure in its natural state, or made to yield
the Venezuelan coast, presents the most colorful, gay facades in valuable superphosphates...population 25,421; including the
the world. dependentencies (Bonaire, Aruba, and Little Curacao) 44,734.
Cabinet Cyclopaedia, 1895. 2. Universal Gazetteer,Phila. 1839.

1900 - 3 GUILDER - OBVERSE 1900 - 3 GUILDER - REVERSE
====================================================================== ======================================================================
UTRECHT MINT
======================================================================
3 GUILDER 19MM .640 FINE 3.58 GRAMS
======================================================================
1900 480,000
OV: Head of Young Wilhelmina, facing left

WILHELMINA KONINGIN (Wilhelmina Queen) left, DER
NETHERLANDEN (of Netherlands) right.
RV: Crowned Arms dividing denomination 3 and
G(uilder), KOLONIE CURACAO (Colony Curacao) above /
(helletbaard) 1900 (mercuryshaft) (mintmark) below.
EDGE: Reeded
DIRECTOR: (helletbaard) = H.L.A.Van Den Wail
Bake 1888-1909.
POPULATION: Curacao - 1900 - 51,693
FOOTNOTE: The denomination gulden (guilder in English) origi-

nated in the 13th century as the Germanic name for gold coins,
particularly those of Florence. The gulden became the basis of the
modern Dutch coinage when the United Netherlands in 1680, struck
a silver gulden with value of 20 stivers. When the Netherlands
went decimal the guilder became equal to 100 cents.
Young Queen Wilhelmina
======================================================================

1947 - 3 GULDEN - REVERSE 1956 - 3 GULDEN - OBVERSE
====================================================================== ======================================================================
UTRECHT MINT
======================================================================
3 GUILDER 19MM .640 FINE 3.58 GRAMS
======================================================================
1947 1,000,000
OV: Older head of Wilhelmina, facing left

WILHELMINA KONINGIN DER NETHERLANDEN (Wilhelmina Queen
RV: 3 G(uilder) in center, MUNT <> VAN <>

CURACAO (money from Curacao) around / (fish)
1947 (mercuryshaft) (mintmark).
EDGE: Reeded
DIRECTOR: (fish) = DR. J.W.A. Van Hengel

1945-1969.
FOOTNOTE: Curacao was a Netherlands Colony from 1624 to

Queen Juliana
1954, when it became part of the Netherlands Antilles.The economy
is based on oil refining and tourism today. ======================================================================
====================================================================== FOOTNOTE: Queen Juliana Louise Emma Maria Wilhelmina, only
daughter of Queen Wilhelmina was born on April 30, 1909 and
married Prince Bernhard Leopold Federic Eberhard Jules Curt
Charles Godefroi Peter Von Lippe-Biesterfeld on January 7, 1937.
She was educated under her mothers supervision and at the
University of Leyden (1927-29). She was crowned Queen of the
Netherlands on September 4, 1948 when her mother abdicated in
favor of Juliana, after a reign of over 50 years. During World War
II she and her four children resided in Canada.
======================================================================

1956 - 3 GULDEN - REVERSE 1967 - 3 GULDEN - REVERSE
====================================================================== =====================================================================
NETHERLANDS ANTILLES NETHERLANDS ANTILLES
UTRECHT MINT UTRECHT MINT
====================================================================== ======================================================================
3 GULDEN 19MM .640 FINE 3.58 GRAMS 3 GULDEN 19MM .640 FINE 3.58 GRAMS
====================================================================== ======================================================================
1954 200,000 1967 300,000

1956 200,000
1957 200,000 OV: Head of Juliana, facing right, JULIANA
1960 240,000 KONINGIN DER NEDERLANDEN. (Juliana Queen of Netherlands)
1962 250,000 around.
1963 300,000
1965 500,000 RV: 3 G in center, NEDERLANDSE ANTILLEN
1967 310,000
(Netherlands Antilles) around, n (star) (fish) 1967
OV: Head of Juliana, facing right, JULIANA (mercuryshaft) (mintmark) below.
KONINGIN DER NEDERLANDEN (Juliana Queen of Netherlands)
around. EDGE: Reeded
RV: 3 G in center, NEDERLANDSE ANTILLEN

(Netherlands Antilles) around, (fish) DATE
(mercuryshaft) (mintmark) below. DIRECTOR: (fish) = Dr. J.W.A. Van Hengel,
1954-1969
EDGE: Reeded
MARK: n = Transition period between Mintmasters
DIRECTOR: (fish) = Dr. J.W.A. Van Hengel, FOOTNOTE: The official currency of Curacao is that of the Nether-
1954-1969 lands, the basic unit being the florin or guilder, worth approximately
55 cents in United States currency. United States currency is also
REFERENCE: Y-5, KM-4 freely accepted and prices are often quoted in dollars and cents.
U.S.Dept. of Commerce 1941.
FOOTNOTE: Dr.J.W.A.Van Hengel, for the third time in May 1945 FOOTNOTE: The Netherlands Antilles is a self-governing integral
became Risks Muntmeester. Twice he held the office during World part of the Realm of the Netherlands, has an area of 385 square
War II, each time being replaced by a collaborator. His mark - a fish miles and a population - 1970 - 220,091. The capital is Willemstad
(Visje), was selected as a pun for his name in Dutch (Curacao) with 43,547 inhabitants. Chief products include; corn,
means - fishing rod. pulse, salt and phosphate. The principle industry is the refining of
crude oil from Venezuela.

1970 - 3 GULDEN - OBVERSE 1970 - 3 GULDEN - REVERSE
====================================================================== ======================================================================
NETHERLANDS ANTILLES
UTRECHT MINT FOOTNOTE: On January 31, 1980 the birthday of Princess Beatrix,
====================================================================== Queen Juliana announced that she would abdicate as Queen of
3 GULDEN 19MM .640 FINE 3.58 GRAMS the Netherlands in favour of her daughter.
====================================================================== ======================================================================
1970 150,000
OV: Head of Juliana, facing right, JULIANA

KONINGIN DER NEDERLANDEN. (Juliana Queen of Netherlands)
around.
RV: 3 G in center, NEDERLANDSE ANTILLEN

(Netherlands Antilles) around, (roaster) 1970 (mercuryshaft)
(mintmark) below.
EDGE: Reeded
DIRECTOR: (roaster) = Dr. Ir.M.Van Den Brandhof
FOOTNOTE: Taking office June 1, 1969 new Mintmaster Dr. Ir.M.Van

Den Brandhof is identified by his mark of a roaster which replaced
the fish mark of his predecessor.
FOOTNOTE: This 1970 3 Gulden of Netherlands Antilles, a Dutch

Colony was the last subsidiary coinage of the Modern Dime Size
Coinage of the World minted for circulation. This was not the first
time in history when the debased coinage (copper-nickel or clad)
forced out silver coinage. As outlined in this study, outside of
America and the British Commonwealth there were few issues in
silver between 1919 and 1926, with some countries including
France after 1920 never again issuing subsidiary silver coinage.
The Netherlands itself last issued a silver subsidiary coinage in
1945, much of which was melted. U.S.A., Canada and Switzer-
Arms of Netherlands
land were the next to the last to issue these small coins.
======================================================================

====================================================================== ======================================================================
SURINAM (NETHERLANDS GUIANA)
PHILADELPHIA MINT FOOTNOTE: The Dutch by the Treaty of Bread in 1667 gave New
====================================================================== Netherlands (New York) to England in exchange for Surinam. Both
25 CENTS 19MM .640 FINE 3.58 GRAMS British and Dutch Guiana are alike in physical features, climate and
====================================================================== products. The low, marshy coastal plain, fertile, hot and unhealth-
ful, is devoted to planting. Cultivation is confined most wholly to a
1941 300,000 narrow strip and most of the inhabitants live there. Behind the
plantations is a sandy zone, once the margin of the ocean when
OV: Older head of Wilhelmina, facing left, the present coastal plain was under the sea, then beyond the
WILHELMINA KONINGIN DER NEDERLANDEN (Wilhelmina Queen sandy zone is a rough hilly country covered with forests and the
of Netherlands) around. area of extensive gold mining. In 1907 gold production yielded gold
equal to $570,000.
RV: 25 / CENTS / 1941 / (palmtree) and P (mintmark)
within wreath of oak tied with ribbon below. ======================================================================
EDGE: Reeded
MINT: P = PHILADELPHIA
TYPE: (palmtree) = U.S.A for overseas Netherlands
POPULATION: Surinam - 1941 - 183,000
REFERENCE: Y-44b, KM-1
FOOTNOTE: The coins dated 1941 were struck for Surinam during
1942 by the Philadelphia mint. This same type was struck for
Curacao in 1941 and 1943. The monetary unit is the Surinam guil-
der (florin).
FOOTNOTE: In 1667 the Treaty of Breda ceded New Netherlands

(New York) to the English in exchange for Surinam.
FOOTNOTE: Surinam, also known as Dutch Guiana, is situated on

the north coast of South America, between French Guiana on the
east and British Guiana on the West. Forests and savannas on the
south stretch to the Tumuc Humac Mountains. The chief produc-
tion is aluminum ore bauxite which is exported to the United States.
Other exports include; citrus, rice, coffee, sugar, bananas and
lumber.
Surinam or Dutch Guiana
======================================================================

CYPRUS
====================================================================== ======================================================================
1901 - 3 PIASTRES - REVERSE 1901 - 3 PIASTRES - OBVERSE

====================================================================== ======================================================================
CYPRUS, BRITISH ADMINISTRATION
LONDON MINT FOOTNOTE: Cyprus, an island lying on the south of Asia Minor, and
====================================================================== the most eastern in the Mediterranean. Its greatest length is 145
3 PIASTRES 18MM .925 FINE 1.88 GRAMS miles, maximum breath about 60 miles; area, 3678 square miles.
====================================================================== The chief features of its surface are two mountain ranges, be-
tween them is the bare and mostly uncultivated plain called Massaria.
1901 300,000 There is a deficiency of water. The climate is in general healthy.
The mountains are covered with forests of excellent timber (now
OV: Crowned and veiled bust of Victoria, facing left under government supervision), and the island is esteemed one of
/ DES. under bust VICTORIA DEI GRA BRITT REG FID the richest and most fertile in the Levant. Agriculture, however, is
DEF IND IMP (VICTORIA DEI GRATIA BRITANNIAR REGINA in a very backward state. Cyprus was conquered by the Turks in
FIDEI DEFENSOR INDIAE IMPERATRIX = Victoria by the grace of 1571 and annexed to the Ottoman Empire. In 1878 it was ceded to
God of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland Queen, Britain (In 1191 Richard of England had conquered it when en-
defender of the faith, Empress of India) around. gaged in the Third Crusade) By the Convention of Constantinople
concluded between England and Turkey. The island has become
RV: Crown / 1901 divided by large 3 within circle of much more prosperous under British administration, and roads,
pearls, CYPRUS above e left and e right, PIASTRES below. harbour-works, etc., have been constructed, trees planted, and
schools opened...population 1891 - 209,286 of whom three-fourths
EDGE: Reeded belong to the Greek Church. Cabinet Cyclopaedia, 1895.
MINT: (no mintmark) = Royal Mint, LONDON FOOTNOTE: By a secret treaty between the British Government
and the Ottoman Empire, June 4, 1878, the former promised to
DESIGNER: DES. = George William DeSaulles defend Asiatic Turkey against further aggression by Russia, in
return for the permission to occupy Cyprus. Since 1878 Cyprus
REFERENCE: Y-4, KM-4 was administered by Great Britain on behalf of the Ottoman Em-
pire. The local government consisted of a High Commissioner, who
POPULATION: Cyprus - 1901 = 237,022 including was also Commander-in-chief, with a council of 18 members. Six
51,309 Mohammedans, with capital Nicosia with members are non-elective and three are chosen by the Moham-
14,752 inhabitants. medan residents. Cyprus pays an annual subsidy to Turkey of ,
92,746 ($455,472). Great Britain maintains a garrison of 502 offic-
FOOTNOTE: All the Cyprus coinage in this series were minted at ers and troops (1905). When Turkey entered World War I with
the Royal Mint, London. Note the small mintages which have a Germany, Cyprus was annex and on November 5. 1914 became a
relationship to the small population of this British Colony. The mon- British Crown Colony.
etary unit of Cyprus; 1 piastre = 40 para.
ENCYCLOPEDIA OF SMALL SILVER COINS - CYPRUS - PAGE 161

1921 - 42
2 PIASTRES - REVERSE 1938 - 42
2 PIASTRES - REVERSE
==================================================================== ======================================================================
CYPRUS, BRITISH ADMINISTRATION CYPRUS, BRITISH ADMINISTRATION
====================================================================== ======================================================================
4 1/2 PIASTRES 19.5 MM .925 FINE 2.82 GRAMS 42 PIASTRES 19MM .925 FINE 2.82 GRAMS
====================================================================== ======================================================================
1921 600,000 1938 192,000
OV: Crowned head of George V, facing left OV: Crowned head of George VI, facing left
GEORGE V DEI GRATA REX ET IND:IMP: (GEORGE V DEI GRATIA GEORGE VI DEI GRA REX ET IND IMP = (GEORGE VI DEI
REX ET INDIAE IMPERATOR = George V by the grace of God, GRATIA REX ET INDIAE IMPERATOR = George VI by the grace of
King and Emperor of India) around / B.M. on truncation. God, King and Emperor of India) around.
RV: A crowned shield with lion rampant, scroll RV: Two lions passant guardant / K.G below,
below crown with inscription: CYPRUS, shield divided date 19 CYPRUS above, FOUR AND A HALF PIASTRES 1938 facing
and 21, within part circle of pearls / FOUR & A HALF PIASTRES out around below.
around below.
EDGE: Reeded
EDGE: Reeded
DESIGNER: (obv) Percy Metcalfe
DESIGNER: (obv) Edward Bertram MacKennal (rev) K.G = Kruger Gray
(rev) George William DeSaulles
FOOTNOTE: Cyprus is an island, third largest in the Mediterranean
====================================================================== Sea, 40 miles south of Asia Minor and 60 miles west of Syria, and
240 miles north of Egypt. It has been administered by England
since 1878, under an agreement with Turkey; on November 5,
1914, it was annexed. Fourth-fifths of the inhabitants are Greek
Christians, and nearly all the remainder are Turkish Mohammed-
ans. More than half are illiterate. Population of Cyprus - census of
1931- 347,959.
The island of Cyprus
ENCYCLOPEDIA OF SMALL SILVER COINS - CYPRUS - PAGE 162

DANISH WEST INDIES

====================================================================== ======================================================================

====================================================================== ======================================================================
DANISH WEST INDIES, COLONY of
COPENHAGEN MINT FOOTNOTE: The standards of the Latin Monetary Union were
====================================================================== adopted for this Danish West Indies issue (except for fineness)
5 CENTS 16.5 MM .625 FINE 1.74 GRAMS with two denominations; 10 cents and 50 bits. The daler was
====================================================================== equal to the French 5 francs divided into 100 cents, 1 franc equal
to 20 cents and 1 cent equal to 5 bits.
1878 500,000
1879 included above ======================================================================
OV: Head of Christian IX, facing right CHRISTIAN IX

left KONGE AF DENMARK (King of Denmark) right DATE below.
RV: (sailing ship) DANSK VESTINDISK MONT

(Danish West Indies money) around H.C. below /
(mintmark) 5 CENTS n below.
St. Thomas, St. John & St. Croix
EDGE: Reeded
======================================================================
MINT: = COPENHAGEN
ENGRAVER: H.C. = H. Conradsen 1841-1901
REFERENCE: Y-2, H-3, KM-69
POPULATION: Danish West Indies - 1892 - 33,763

with capital Christianstadt.
FOOTNOTE: Danish West Indies, a Danish colony in the West Indies

consisting of the Island of St.Thomas, St.John and St.Croix lying
east of Porto Rico.
FOOTNOTE: The mintmark for Danish coins is represented by the

Sailing ship
heart symbol for the Royal Mint at Copenhagen.
======================================================================
ENCYCLOPEDIA OF SMALL SILVER COINS - DANISH WEST INDIES - PAGE 163

1905 - 50 BIT -10 CENTS - OBV 1905 - 50 BIT -10 CENTS - REV
====================================================================== ======================================================================
DANISH WEST INDIES, COLONY of
COPENHAGEN MINT FOOTNOTE: The Danish West Indian possessions of the Virgin
====================================================================== Islands comprising chiefly of St.Thomas, St.Croix, and St.John with
10 CENTS/50 BIT 18MM .800 FINE 2.5 GRAMS an area of 132 sq.m. The islands were sold in 1917 to the United
====================================================================== States for $25,000,000, largely because of the expense of mobili-
zation considered necessary against possible German invasion
1905 175,030 during World War I. The chief industry is the cultivation of sugar.
The trade is chiefly with the United States and Denmark, the ex-
OV: Head of Christian IX, facing left CHRISTIAN IX ports consisting almost entirely of sugar and rum. The inhabitants
1905 p, left around and DANSK VESTINDIEN (Danish West are mostly free negroes engaged in the raising of sugar cane, the
Indies) right around. Danish element being represented almost exclusively by the offi-
cials and their families. The chief language is a Spanish dialect, but
RV: (Branch of bay leaves with berries) 50 / BIT English is generally spoken in the ports. Negotiations for the sale of
right above 10 / CENTS left below / G.I. at rim to right. the Islands to the United States were for a number of years in
progress, but were terminated in 1902 by the rejection of a treaty
EDGE: Reeded of sale by the Danish Parliament. New International Encyclopedia,
1910.
MINT: = COPENHAGEN
ENGRAVER: G.I. = Gunnar Jensen 1901-33 ======================================================================
MINTMASTER: p = V.B.Poulsen 1893-1918
REFERENCE: Y-9, H-9, KM-78
Nordiske Monter by John Chr Holm, Copenhagen

1969.
POPULATION: Danish West Indies - 1904 - 30,527
FOOTNOTE: This issue is one of only a few in this work which

has two denominations; both 10 cents and the 50 bit.
Virgin Islands today

East of Puerto Rico
======================================================================
ENCYCLOPEDIA OF SMALL SILVER COINS - DANISH WEST INDIES - PAGE 164

DANZIG
====================================================================== ======================================================================
1927 - 1/2 GULDEN - OBVERSE 1927 - 1/2 GULDEN - REVERSE

====================================================================== ======================================================================
DANZIG, FREE STATE of
BERLIN MINT
====================================================================== ======================================================================
2 GULDEN 19.5 MM .750 FINE 2.5 GRAMS
======================================================================
1927 400,000
OV: (caravel ship at sea)
RV: FREIE / STADT DANZIG (Free State Danzig) / 1/

2/ GULDEN / 19 and 27 divided by arms (crown/cross/cross
within shield).
EDGE: Reeded
MINT: (no mintmark) = BERLIN
DESIGNER: Professor Dr. Fischer of Danzig
ENGRAVER: Kullrich
REFERENCE: Y-7
FOOTNOTE: The issue dated 1927 of 400,000 2 gulden coinage

and 160,000 5 gulden pieces were struck in Berlin from silver
produced by melting 1,000,000 1 gulden coins dated 1923.
1923 - 1/2 GULDEN - OBVERSE

======================================================================
ENCYCLOPEDIA OF SMALL SILVER COINS - DANZIG - PAGE 165

======================================================================
FOOTNOTE: The 1923 coinage of Danzig was issued with the
monetary unit of gulden = 100 pfennigs. The currency was based
on an exchange rate of 25 gulden equal to 1 Sterling.
======================================================================
Map Showing Free State of Danzig

======================================================================
FOOTNOTE: Danzig, a maritime fortress and seaport on the left

bank of the western arm of the Vistula, on the Baltic, 253 miles
from Berlin. Population 1905 159,088. The city is traversed by two
1923 - 1/2 GULDEN - REVERSE branches of the Mottlau, a small tributary of the Vistula, dredged to
====================================================================== a depth of 15 feet, thus enabling large vessels to reach the wharves
DANZIG, FREE STATE of of the inner town. Danzig almost alone of larger German cities still
UTRECHT MINT preserves its picturesque medieval aspect. The grand old patri-
====================================================================== cian houses of the days of its Hanseatic glory, with their lofty and
2 GULDEN 19.5 MM .750 FINE 2.5 GRAMS often elaborately ornamented gables and their balconied windows,
====================================================================== are the delight of the visitor to the town. The manufacture of arms
and artillery is carried onto a great extent, and the imperial and
1923 1,000,500 private docks and shipbuilding establishments, turn out ships of
the larger size. Encyclopaedia Britanica, Eleventh Edition, 1910.
OV: (caravel ship at sea)
======================================================================
RV: FREIE / STADT DANZIG (Free State Danzig) / 1/
2/ GULDEN / 19 and 23 divided by arms (crown/cross/cross
within shield).
EDGE: Reeded
MINT: (no mintmark) = UTRECHT
DESIGNER: Professor Dr. Fischer of Danzig
ENGRAVER: Kullrich, Berlin
REFERENCE: Y-7
POPULATION: Free State of Danzig - 1923 - 365,000

inhabitants including 194,953 in Danzig proper.
FOOTNOTE: Danzig in the Middle Ages was an important town of

the Hanseatic League and after 1308 AD it gained prestige under
the rule of the Teutonic Knights. It became a part of the old Kingdom
of Poland in 1455. After the third partition of Poland, Danzig was
ceded to Prussia. Seeking a port on the Baltic Sea, Poland de-
manded this territory, but as the population was over whelmingly
German the establishment of the Free State of Danzig, was a
compromise. Danzig an area of 754 square miles was set up by
the Treaty of Versailles under the protection of the League of
Nation. Poland received access to Danzig and formed a single
customs territory in 1922. Hitler proclaimed the return of the Free
City of Danzig to the German Reich on September 1, 1939 which
marks the beginning of World War II. Today Danzig (German) is Caravel ship at sea
called Gdansk (Polish). It is a major city of Poland.
====================================================================== ======================================================================
ENCYCLOPEDIA OF SMALL SILVER COINS - DANZIG - PAGE 166

DENMARK
====================================================================== ======================================================================
DENMARK, KINGDOM of
COPENHAGEN MINT
======================================================================
4 SKILLING 16.5 MM .625 FINE 1.74 GRAMS
======================================================================
1867 u/m

left, D:G:DANIAE V: G: REX (By the grace of God, King of
Denmark, Vendalia and Gothland) right, (mintmark) 1867 RH
below.
RV: 4 / SKILLING / R:M: (rigsmnt) within wreath of

oak tied with ribbon below.
EDGE: Plain
MINT: = COPENHAGEN
MINTMASTER: RH = Rasmus Hinnerup 1861-69
REFERENCE: Y-4
FOOTNOTE: All of the coinage listed for Denmark was struck at the
National Mint at Copenhagen. Dates are shown in chronological
order.
FOOTNOTE: The monetary standard of Denmark was the rigsbank

daler equal to 8 marks, 1 mark equal to 12 skilling. 1871 - 4 SKILLING - OBVERSE
======================================================================
FOOTNOTE: King Christian IX was born April 8,1818, the fourth
DENMARK, KINGDOM of
son of William Duke of Schleswig-Holstein-Sonderburg-Glucksburg
COPENHAGEN MINT
and Louise of Hesse-Kassel, granddaughter of Frederick VII of
======================================================================
Denmark. Since Frederick VII and his uncle Prince Ferdinand had
4 SKILLING 16.5 MM .625 FINE 1.74 GRAMS
no heirs, succession passed to Christian IX who became King on
======================================================================
November 15, 1863. He had connections to most of the ruling
Houses of Europe as his daughter Alexandra married King Edward
1869 u/m
VII of Great Britain. His second son became King George I of
1870 u/m
Greece in 1863 and his grandson became King Haakon VII of
1871 u/m
Norway in 1905. King George I of Greece was married to Olga,
1872 u/m
granddaughter of Nicholas I, Tsar of Russia and Charlotte, sister of
1873 u/m
William I, German Emperor.
1874 u/m
FOOTNOTE: Denmark is small, level and fertile Kingdom, with a
mild, moist but healthy climate. It is noted for its favorable situation
left, D:G:DANIAE V: G: REX (By the grace of God, King of
for commercial pursuits, and its exports of grain and cattle. The
Denmark, Vendalia and Gothland) right, (mintmark) 1867 CS
Danes are honest, well educated, and industrious people. The
below.
higher classes are fond of magnificence and show, and the lower
are distinguished for neatness in dress, cheerfulness and hospi-
RV: 4 / SKILLING / R:M: (rigsmnt) within wreath of
tality. Olneys Geography, 1849.
FOOTNOTE: Copenhagen, meaning merchants harbor, is the
EDGE: Plain
capital of Denmark. It is the only harbor that can be entered by
large vessels, standing at the entrance to the Baltic, it is a distribu-
MINT: = COPENHAGEN
tion point for Baltic trade with a great deal of freight forwarded on
smaller vessels to Sweden, Russia and other Baltic ports. In 1894
MINTMASTER: CS = Christain Svendsen 1868-93
to facilitate this growing trade a free port was established.
REFERENCE: Y-4
FOOTNOTE: Copenhagen, situated on the Eastern shore of the

island of Zealand, is one of the best built cities in Europe. It has a
good harbor, and extensive commerce, and is noted for its vast
Milk cart, Copenhagen docks and fortifications. Olneys Geography, 1849.
ENCYCLOPEDIA OF SMALL SILVER COINS - DENMARK - PAGE 167

======================================================================
1874 - 25 RE - CS
======================================================================
DENMARK, KINGDOM of
COPENHAGEN MINT
======================================================================
25 RE 17MM .600 FINE 2.42 GRAMS
======================================================================
1874 8,138,500
1891 1,214,360

left, KONGE AF DANMARK (King of Denmark) right, CS DATE
(heart) (mintmark).
RV: 25 / RE i (star) at top, (porpoise) left, (wheat)

right.
1871 - 4 SKILLING - REVERSE EDGE: Plain

======================================================================
MINT: = COPENHAGEN
FOOTNOTE: The Scandinavian Monetary Union was formed in
1872 between Denmark, Norway and Sweden. Sweden and Den- MINTMASTER: CS = Christian Svendsen 1868-93
mark ratified the Myntkovention (money convention) in 1873 with
the issue of 1874 25 re of Denmark and 25 re of Sweden struck TYPE I: Mintmaster - Svendsen
to the new standard of 17MM, .600 Fine and weight 2.42 grams.
Norway ratified in 1875 striking a similar standard 25 re dated REFERENCE: Y-12, H-15
1876. Unlike the Latin Monetary Union with bimetallism by which
both gold and silver 5 franc coins contained their full face value of POPULATION: 1892 - 2,172,205 with capital
precious metal and subsidiary coinage of silver were reduced to Copenhagen with 375,250 inhabitants.
one fineness of .835, the Scandinavian Monetary Union decreed
reduced silver content; gold was .900 fine, silver 1 and 2 krona ======================================================================
.800 Fine, silver 50 re and 25 re .600 Fine and silver 10 re .400
Fine. The Convention continued until 1924. The krone (crown)
equal to 100 re was valued at 26.8 U.S. cents in 1918. The last
silver Danish 25 re issued was dated 1919. 100 re = 1 krona.
FOOTNOTE: Christian IX, King of Denmark, Born April 8, 1818, was

Duke of Schleswig-Holstein-Sonderburg-Glucksburg, and suc-
ceeded to the throne of Denmark by virtue of Treaty and Law of
the Danish Succession on the death of his kinsman, Frederick VII,
in 1863. He married the Princess Louise of Hesse-Cassel, and has
had the following offspring:
1.Prince Royal Frederick, Born 1843; Married to the Princess Louise

of Sweden in 1869, and has two daughters and five sons, the
eldest of the latter being Prince Christian, Born 1870.
2.The Princess of Wales (Alexandra) Born 1844; Married the Prince
of Wales, 1863 (the future King Edward VII of Great Britain).
3.The King of the Greeks (George I), Born 1845; Married to the
Grand Duchess Olga of Russia, and has two daughters and five
sons, the eldest of the latter being Prince Constantine.
4.The Empress of Russia (Dagmar), Born 1847; Married the present
Czar (Alexander III) in 1866.
5.The Duchess of Cumberland (Thyra), Born 1853; Married the
present Duke of Cumberland (English Title), son of the Ex-King of
Hannover, in 1878, and has three sons and three daughters. She
became insane in 1887.
6.Prince Waldemar, Born 1858; Married, 1885, the Princess Marie
of Orleans, daughter of the Duke of Chartres, and has three sons.
He was elected reigning Prince of Bulgaria in 1886, but declined.
The Complete Compendium of Universal Knowledge, Phila.,1891. 1905 - 25 RE - OBVERSE

1905 - 25 RE - REVERSE 1911 - 25 RE - OBVERSE
====================================================================== ======================================================================
DENMARK, KINGDOM of DENMARK, KINGDOM of
COPENHAGEN MINT COPENHAGEN MINT
====================================================================== ======================================================================
25 RE 17MM .600 FINE 2.42 GRAMS 25 RE 17MM .600 FINE 2.42 GRAMS
====================================================================== ======================================================================
1894 1,202,236 1907 2,008,569

1900 1,205,784 1911 2,015,363
1904 1,209,571
1905 2,434,042 OV: Head of Frederick VIII, facing left (rosette)
FREDERICKVIII (facing outward) left, DENMARKSKONGE
OV: Head of Christian IX, facing right CHRISTIAN IX (rosette) (Denmark King) (facing outwards) right / GJ under
left, KONGE AF DANMARK (King of Denmark) right, VBP DATE bust
(heart) (mintmark).
RV: 25 / RE, DATE left (heart) (mintmark) VBP
RV: 25 / RE (star) at top, (porpoise) left, (wheat) right, within inner circle, outer circle with 12 circled fleur dlis
right. separated by 12 fleur dlis.
EDGE: Plain EDGE: Plain
MINT: = COPENHAGEN MINT: = COPENHAGEN
MINTMASTER: VBP = V.B.Poulsen 1893-1918 MINTMASTER: VBP = V.B.Poulsen 1893-1918
TYPE II: Mintmaster - Poulsen ENGRAVER: GJ = Gunnar Jensen 1901-33
REFERENCE: Y-12, H-15 REFERENCE: Y-24, H-4
POPULATION: Denmark - 1900 - 2,464,770 with POPULATION: Denmark - 1908 - 2,630,000

Copenhagen the capital with 378,235 inhabitants.
FOOTNOTE: Frederick VIII, King of Denmark, eldest son of Chris-

tian IX, was born June 3, 1843. He succeeded his father at the age
of 21, on January 29, 1906. He married Princess Louise of Swe-
den and Norway in 1869, and his eldest son, Prince Christian, was
born in 1870. His second son, Charles became King of Norway in
1905, under the title of Haakon VII. His consort was Queen Maud,
daughter of Edward VII of England and Queen Alexandra. He was
brother to the Dowager Queen Alexandra of Great Britain, the
Dowager Empress Dagmar of Russia and George I of Greece. He
died in 1912. KING FREDERICK VIII

VII
1911 - 25 RE - VBP - REVERSE 1919 - 25 RE - HCN - GJ

====================================================================== ======================================================================
DENMARK, KINGDOM of
OPENHAGEN MINT
======================================================================
======================================================================
1919 9,295,049
OV: (crown / large C with X within / HCN

1915 - 25 RE - VBP - GJ (heart) (mintmark) left 1919 GJ right.
RV: large 25 / RE within design / O below.

======================================================================
DENMARK, KINGDOM of EDGE: Plain
COPENHAGEN MINT
====================================================================== MINT: = COPENHAGEN
====================================================================== MINTMASTER: HCN = H.C.Nielsen 1919-27
1913 2,015,624 ENGRAVER: GJ = Gunner Jensen 1901-33

1914 346,741
1915 2,862,084 REFERENCE: Y-37, H-10
1916 938,194
1917 1,353,947 Nordiske Monter by Johan Chr Holm, Copenhagen
1918 2,090,174 1969, Montkatlog by Frovin Sieg, Ulbjerg 1973.
OV: (crown / large C with X within / VBP

(heart) (mintmark) left DATE GJ right. ======================================================================
RV: large 25 / RE within design / O below.
EDGE: Plain
MINT: = COPENHAGEN
MINTMASTER: VBP = V.B.Poulsen 1893-1918
ENGRAVER: GJ = Gunner Jensen 1901-33
REFERENCE: Y-37, H-10 1919 - 25 RE - REVERSE

====================================================================== ======================================================================

DOMINICAN REPUBLIC
====================================================================== ======================================================================

====================================================================== ======================================================================
DOMINICAN REPUBLIC FOOTNOTE: Dominica, Spanish for Sunday Island indicative of its
BERNE MINT discovery by Columbus, namely Sunday, November 2, 1493.
====================================================================== ======================================================================
======================================================================
1961 2,000,000
OV: Head of Liberty, with feather headdress, facing

left, LIBERTAD incised on headband, HP under bust, n 10
CENTAVOS n left, n 2 2 GRAMOS n right / 1961 below.
RV: DIOS PATRIA LIBERTAD (God Liberty Fatherland)

incised on ribbon / Arms / REPUBLICA DOMINICANA incised on
ribbon below, within wreath of laurel and palm.
EDGE: Reeded
MINT: (no mintmark) = BERNE
DESIGNER: HP = Thomas Hugh Paget
FOOTNOTE: The Modern Dime Size Silver coinage of the Domini-

can Republic was all minted by foreign mints, with most the major
mints of the world at one time producing the coinage, including;
Berne, London, Mexico, Ottawa, Paris and Philadelphia. Listings
are thus arranged.
FOOTNOTE:Victor D. Brenner, welll known as the designer of the

Lincoln cent and the 10 centavos of Dominican Republic. He was
born Victoras Barnauskaus on June 12, 1871, in Shavli, Lithuania. 1963 - 10 CENTAVOS - OBVERSE
======================================================================
ENCYCLOPEDIA OF SMALL SILVER COINS - DOMINICAN REPUBLIC - PAGE 171

====================================================================== ======================================================================
DOMINICAN REPUBLIC DOMINICAN REPUBLIC
LONDON MINT MEXICO MINT
====================================================================== ======================================================================
====================================================================== ======================================================================
1963 4,000,000 1944 1,000,000

1952 500,000
OV: Head of Liberty, with feather headdress, facing 1956 1,000,000
CENTAVOS n left, n 2 2 GRAMOS n right / 1963 below. OV: Head of Liberty, with feather headdress, facing
RV: DIOS PATRIA LIBERTAD (God Liberty Fatherland) CENTAVOS n left, n 2 2 GRAMOS n right / DATE below.
incised on ribbon, Arms between wreaths of laurel and palm,
1863-1963 below, IER CENTENARIO DE LA RESTAURACION DE RV: DIOS PATRIA LIBERTAD (God Liberty Fatherland)
LA REPUBLIC. (100th Anniversary of Restoration of Republic) incised on ribbon / Arms / REPUBLICA DOMINICANA incised on
around. ribbon below, within wreath of laurel and palm.
MINT: (no mintmark) = LONDON MINT: (no mintmark) = MEXICO
DESIGNER: (obv) HP = Thomas Hugh Paget DESIGNER: HP = Thomas Hugh Paget

(rev) Derek C Gorringe
POPULATION: Dominican Republic - 1945 - 2,029,054
TYPE: Commerative of 100th Anniversary of the with capital Ciudad Trujillo (formerly Santo Domingo)
Republic. with 131,271 inhabitants.
FOOTNOTE: Few countries had commemorative coinage that in- FOOTNOTE: Dominican Republic, a republic occupying the eastern
cluded a silver dime size piece struck, but the Dominican Republic portion of the Island of Hayti; area 20,596 sq.miles. It is fertile and
along with Canada and Cuba and Swaziland each issuing a set of exports mahogany, sugar, tobacco, cocoa, etc., but its resources
all denominations to commemorate a national anniversary. are as yet but little developed. It formerly belonged to Spain and is
the oldest colonial settlement in America. Its inhabitants are chiefly
negroes and mulattos. The capital San Domingo is the oldest Euro-
pean city in the New World, having been founded in 1494 by
Bartholomew Columbus. Population of Dominican Republic is esti-
mated at 504,000 with San Domingo, the capital, 16,000 inhabit-
ants. New Cabinet Cyclopedia, Phila, 1986..

====================================================================== ======================================================================
DOMINICAN REPUBLIC
OTTAWA MINT
====================================================================== FOOTNOTE: For the majority of the population of the Dominican
10 CENTAVOS 18MM .900 FINE 2.5 GRAMS Republic, the chief industry is sugar production and the raising of
====================================================================== other agricultural staples, including cocoa, coffee and tobacco.
The basic daily wage in 1937 for labor is generally about 30
1937 1,000,000 centavos. U.S.Dept. Commerce 1941.
OV: Head of Liberty, with feather headdress, facing FOOTNOTE: Currency Domician Republic - 100 centavos = 1 peso.
left, LIBERTAD incised on headband, HP under bust, n 10 ======================================================================
CENTAVOS n left, n 2 1/2 GRAMOS n right / 1937 below.

EDGE: Reeded
MINT: (no mintmark) = OTTAWA
POPULATION: 1937 - 1,587,437
FOOTNOTE: This new type was struck with ten different dates
between 1937 and 1961 by four foreign mints; first Ottawa, then
Philadelphia and Mexico every other or so year and lastly Berne.
The Philadelphia issue of 1939 is the key with only a mintage of
150,000.
FOOTNOTE: The finances of the country have been, since 1893, in

the hands of the Santo Domingo Improvement Company, an Ameri-
can Corporation, which had an agreement with the Government
for a long term of years, whereby they were to collect the rev-
enue, pay the interest on the Government Bonds, and supply money
for an annual budget. The United States gold dollar is the unit of
value; but only a debased silver coinage and depreciated paper
currency are in circulation. International Yearbook, 1901, New
York. 1891 - 50 CENTESIMOS - OBVERSE
======================================================================

1891 - 50 CENTESIMOS - REVERSE 1897 - 10 CENTAVOS - OBVERSE
====================================================================== ======================================================================
DOMINICAN REPUBLIC DOMINICAN REPUBLIC
PARIS MINT PHILADELPHIA MINT
====================================================================== ======================================================================
50 CENTESIMOS 18MM .835 FINE 2.5 GRAMS 10 CENTAVOS 18MM .350 FINE 2.5 GRAMS
====================================================================== ======================================================================
1891 150,000 1897 764,387
OV: Head of Liberty, with feather headdress, facing OV: Head of Liberty, with feather headdress, facing
left, LIBERTAD incised on headband, 50 CENTESIMOS DE left, LIBERTAD incised on headband, 10 CENTAVOS left
FRANCO 1891 around / TASSET under bust. 1897 right.
RV:nREPUBLICA.DOMINICANAnabove around, RV: nREPUBLICA.DOMINICANAn above around,

Arms with motto: DIOS LIBERTAD PATRIA (God Liberty Father- Arms with motto: DIOS LIBERTAD PATRIA (God Liberty Father-
land) incised on ribbon / (cornucopia) A (mintmark) (fasces) / land) incised on ribbon / (cornucopia) A (mark from dies)
GRAM 2 2 n LEI 835 below. (fasces) 2 2 GRAMOS below.
MINT: A = PARIS MINT: (no mintmark) = PHILADELPHIA
ENGRAVER: (fasces) = Jean Legrange 1880-96 DESIGNER: Victor David Brenner
DIRECTOR: (cornucopia) = Jean-Louis Ruau 1879-91 REFERENCE: Y-11, KM-13
DESIGNER: TASSET = Earnest Paulin Tasset

FOOTNOTE: In 1889 David Brenner was commissioned to rework
REFERENCE: Y-8, KM-10 the Dominican Republic coinage. In copying the 1891 die from the
Paris mint, he omitted the engraver's name (Tasset) but failed to
POPULATION: Domician Republic - 1891 - 350,000 remove the 'A' mint mark of Paris and the cornucopia and fasces.
with capital San Domingo with 16,000 inhabitants. The coins were struck at Philadelphia between 1898 and 1899.
FOOTNOTE: The Law of July 16, 1890 established a monetary unit

of a silver dominicano equal to 100 centesimos or 1 franco, based FOOTNOTE: The issue of 1897 being of low base silver quickly
on the French monetary system of the Latin Monetary Union. The drove out of circulation, following Greshams Law, the old strong
new monetary unit was established under the direction of the silver coins of 1891. In 1900 this situation was partially remedied
French stockholders who founded the National Bank of Santo by an Act establishing as the only monetary system one based on
Domingo in 1889, which had the sole right to issue coins and the U.S. gold dollar. U.S. coins of silver, nickel and copper were
banknotes for the Republic. The new coins dated 1891 were or- accepted in circulation until 1937 when a new issue was struck in
dered from the Paris mint. A new Law of April 28, 1894 established Canada for the Dominican Government.
the monetary unit of peso equal to 100 centavos.

====================================================================== =====================================================================
DOMINICAN REPUBLIC
PHILADELPHIA MINT
======================================================================
======================================================================
1939 150,000
1942 2,000,000
1951 500,000
1953 750,000
1959 2,000,000
OV: Head of Liberty, with feather headdress, facing

CENTAVOS n left, n 2 2 GRAMOS n right / DATE below.

EDGE: Reeded Haiti & Dominican Republic

MINT: (no mintmark) = PHILADELPHIA on the Isle of Hispanola
POPULATION: 1940 - 1,275,000
The Coinage of the Dominican Republic by Jerome

H.Remick and Alcado Almanzor, San Antonio, 1972.
FOOTNOTE: During the early part of President Grants Administra-

tion, General O.E.Babcock was sent by the President to inquire
into the conditions of the Island and its resources. While there he
negotiated a Treaty of Annexation (November 29, 1869), by which
on payment by this Government of $1,130,000, the Dominican
Republic was to become part of the United States. The Treaty was
ratified by the Dominican people, but met with bitter opposition in
the United States Senate, and was finally rejected by a tie vote.
New International Encyclopedia, 1910. Sailing ships

EAST AFRICA & UGANDA

====================================================================== ======================================================================
EAST AFRICA & UGANDA, BRITISH PROTECTORATE of
BIRMINGHAM MINT
======================================================================
======================================================================
(1911) 1910 200,000
OV: Head of Edward VII, facing right EDWARD VII,

KING & left EMPEROR right / DES under bust.
RV: Lion passant guardant and Mt.Kilimanjaro

(African landscape) 25 / CENTS / 1910 / H (mintmark), EAST
AFRICA & UGANDA PROTECTORATES around.
EDGE: Reeded
MINT: H = THE MINT, BIRMINGHAM LTD.
DESIGNER: DES = George William DeSalles
POPULATION: Esat Africa - 1910 - 4,000,000

including 25,000 asiatics.
FOOTNOTE: This issue was struck by the Birmingham mint in 1911

with the date of 1910 on the coinage.
FOOTNOTE: The colonial coinage listed here for the British Protec-
torate of East Africa was produced by both the Royal Mint, London 1914 - 25 CENTS - OBVERSE
starting in 1906, with the next issue dated 1910 contracted from ======================================================================
The Mint, Birmingham, Ltd. minted in 1911. The next two years the EAST AFRICA & UGANDA, BRITISH PROTECTORATE of
25 cents denomination was minted again by London, while the BIRMINGHAM MINT
final dates of 1914, 1918 and 1920 were again ordered from ======================================================================
Birmingham. The listings are arranged in mint order. 25 CENTS 18MM .800 FINE 2.916 GRAMS
======================================================================
FOOTNOTE: The inland Uganda Protectorate lying west of Kenya
Colony, is the former Kingdom of Uganda. It was declared a British 1914 80,000
Protectorate in 1894. 1918 40,000 rare
OV: Head of George V, facing left GEORGIVS V REX

ET IND: IMP: (George V King and Emperor of India) around / B.M.
on truncation.

(African landscape) 25 / CENTS / DATE, EAST AFRICA &
UGANDA PROTECTORATES around.
EDGE: Reeded
MINT: (no mintmark) = THE MINT, BIRMINGHAM LTD.
DESIGNER: B.M. = Sir Edgar Bertram MacKennal
REFERENCE: Y-12, EA-5, KM-10
FOOTNOTE: British possessions of Uganda, Kenya and Tanganyika

Territory which was acquired as a result of the Great War
(Tanganyika was the former colony of German East Africa) com-
prise East Africa. Being near the equator the climate is unbearably
hot and damp. On the uplands of the interior are wide expanses of
excellent grazing and agricultural lands. Around the shores of the
large lakes; Nyasa, Tanganyika, Victoria and Rudolph are the fin-
est agricultural districts. Ontario Public School Geography, 1922.
King & Emperor George V Photo Geroge V from contempory postcard
ENCYCLOPEDIA OF SMALL SILVER COINS - EAST AFRICA - PAGE 176

====================================================================== ======================================================================
FOOTNOTE: On July 1, 1895 British East Africa was formally trans- EAST AFRICA, BRITISH PROTECTORATE of
ferred to the British Crown and the Foreign Office assumed re- BIRMINGHAM MINT
sponsibility for its administration. On April 1, 1905, the Colony, ======================================================================
known as the East Africa Protectorate, was transferred from the 25 CENTS 18MM .500 FINE 2.916 GRAMS
authority of the British Foreign Office to that of the Colonial Office ======================================================================
which took over the administration of East Africa, Uganda and
Somaliland Protectorates. In 1898 the silver rupee of British India (1920) 1920 424,000 frozen date
was established as the standard coinage of the East Africa Pro- (1921) 1920 324,000
tectorate divided into 100 cents.
FOOTNOTE: The central African British Protectorate of Uganda is ET IND: IMP (George V King and Emperor of India) around / B.M.
bounded to the north by the Anglo-Egyptian Sudan, on the west by on truncation.
the Belgian Congo, the south Tanganyika Territory and to the east
Kenya Colony, an area of 94,204 sq.miles. The ancient Kingdom of RV: Lion passant guardant and Mt.Kilimanjaro
Buganda is still ruled under government supervision by the (African landscape) 25 / CENTS / 1920 <> EAST AFRICA <>
Kabaka, the hereditary representative of a dynasty 500 years above, <> left and <> right.
old. Mengo is the capital of Buganda, Entebbe is the seat of the
British Administration of the Protectorate and Kampala is the com- EDGE: Reeded
mercial center. Cotton is the principle product. The Kenya-Uganda
Railroad runs from Mombasa on the East Coast to Kampala. The MINT: (no mintmark) = THE MINT, BIRMINGHAM LTD.
railroad maintains steamer service on Lake Victoria, Kioga and
Albert and government-owned motor service and private facilities DESIGNER: B.M. = Sir Edgar Bertram MacKennal
connect Rejaf on the Nile with the Sudan Government steamer to
Khartum and Cairo. The country still abounds in big game which is REFERENCE: Y-17, EA-10, KM-15
symbolized on the East Africa & Uganda Protectorate coinage with
the African landscape with lion and Mt.Kilimanjaro in the back- POPULATION: 1921 - Kenya 12,000,000, Uganda
ground. 3,071,608 including 1,269 Europeans.
FOOTNOTE: The issue dated 1920 with a combined mintage of

748,000 was struck in 1920 - 424,000, 1921 - 324,000. The unit of
currency was changed from the rupee to the florin equal to 2
shillings or 100 cents issued under the authority of the East Africa
Currency Board.
FOOTNOTE: The British seat of Administration for Uganda Protec-

torate is Entebbe, the native capital is Mengo. The unit of currency
is the rupee equal to 100 cents.
Transportation by rail & steamship

====================================================================== ======================================================================
FOOTNOTE: Nairobi, the capital of British East Africa is 327 miles EAST AFRICA & UGANDA, BRITISH PROTECTORATE of
northwest of Mombasa and has a population of 15,457. It lies on LONDON MINT
the Athie plains, 5500 feet above sea level at the foot of the Kikuyu ======================================================================
Hills, and is the Headquarters of the Government of the protector- 25 CENTS 18MM .800 FINE 2.916 GRAMS
ate and of the Uganda Railway. The commercial life of a large East ======================================================================
Indian population centers in the picturesque bazaar, which runs at
right angles from the main street of the town. The official Resi- 1906 400,000
dences live on a hill overlooking the Government Buildings, and
beyond its brow is the containment of the Kings African Rifles. In OV: Head of Edward VII, facing right EDWARD VII,
the vicinity are hundreds of European farmers, and the town is KING & left EMPEROR right / DES under bust.
visited annually by large numbers of sportsmen from all parts of
the world, attracted by the big-game shooting for which the Pro- RV: Lion passant guardant and Mt.Kilimanjaro
tectorate of British East Africa is famous. In 1920 the status of the (African landscape) 25 / CENTS / 1906, EAST AFRICA &
East Africa Protectorate was abolished and the Territory annexed UGANDA PROTECTORATES around.
to the British Crown under the name Kenya Colony. The name of
the Zanzibar Protectorate was changed at the same time to Kenya EDGE: Reeded
Protectorate.
DESIGNER: DES = George William DeSalles
FOOTNOTE: In 1906 the monetary unit for East Africa, Kenya and
Uganda Protectorate was based on the Indian rupee, divided into
100 cents. This was replaced in 1920 by a new monetary stan-
dard based on the British florin [1/10 of a pound], with one florin
equal 100 cents. Again in 1922 the standard was replaced, this
time based on the British shilling [2 shillings equal one florin] as a
unit, thus the value of the decimal coinage was cut in half, as the
new unit was also divided into 100 cents.
FOOTNOTE: East Africa administrated originally by the British East

Africa Company, later the Territory was incorporated in the East
Africa & Uganda Protectorate which together with Kenya became
officially designated as Kenya Colony lying north of Tanganyika
and bordering on the Indian Ocean. Kenya a Crown Colony since
1906 includes a strip of land, ten miles wide extending along the
coast to the northern branch of the Tana River, belonging to and
leased from the Sultan of Zanzibar.
King & Emperor Edward II Photo Edward II from Royal Photograph, reversed

====================================================================== ======================================================================
EAST AFRICA & UGANDA, BRITISH PROTECTORATE of
LONDON MINT
======================================================================
======================================================================
1912 180,000
1913 300,000

ET IND: IMP: (George V King and Emperor of India) around. / B.M.
on truncation.

(African landscape) 25 / CENTS / DATE, EAST AFRICA &
UGANDA PROTECTORATES around.
EDGE: Reeded

Woman planting, East Africa DESIGNER: B.M. = Sir Edgar Bertram MacKennal
======================================================================
Native distillery, East Africa Village, East Africa - 1902

Transport, East Africa -1902
====================================================================== ======================================================================
FOOTNOTE: The British Protectorate over the Territory of Uganda

was proclaimed in the London Gazette on June 19, 1894, and
included only the country subject to King Mwanga, known as
Buganda. The population in census of 1911 was 2,843,325. In
1913 there were 823 Europeans, 3,110 Asiatics and 2,889,561
natives - total 2,893,494. The principle town of Buganda is Kampala,
but the center of the Protectorate Administration is at Entebbe, 25
miles distant on the shores of Lake Victoria. The principle exports
are ivory, skins, chillies (pepper), cotton, rubber, coffee, and sim
sim. Whitakers Almanack, London 1914.
======================================================================
Africa showing British East Africa just

below the equator
======================================================================
Native basket weaving
FOOTNOTE: The highest mountain peak in Africa is Kibo, Kilimanjaro, ======================================================================
in British East Africa, elevation 19,587 feet, which is portrayed on
the coins. Photos and map from Geography, H.Justin Roddy, 1902.

ECUADOR
1884 - UN DECIMO - REVERSE

ENCYCLOPEDIA OF SMALL SILVER COINS - ECUADOR - PAGE 181
======================================================================
1915 H - UN DECIMO
======================================================================
ECUADOR, REPUBLIC of
BIRMINGHAM MINT
======================================================================
======================================================================
1915 1,000,000
OV: Head of General Sucre, facing left REPUBLICA

DEL ECUADOR (Republic of Ecuador) around / 1915 below.
RV: Arms of the Republic, G. 2.5 UN DECIMO DE

SUCRE 0.9 H. (mintmark) around / BIRMm below.
EDGE: Reeded
1884 - UN DECIMO - OBVERSE MINT: H. / BIRMm = THE MINT, BIRMINGHAM
====================================================================== REFERENCE: Y-28, EC#156, EC-18, KM-50

BIRMINGHAM MINT
======================================================================
======================================================================
1884 50,000 EC#141

1889 100,000 EC#142
1890 150,000 EC#144

DEL ECUADOR (Republic of Ecuador) around / DATE below.

SUCRE around / HEATON (mintmark) / BIRMINGHAM LEI (Law =
fineness) 0.9 below.
EDGE: Reeded
MINT: HEATON = R. HEATON & SONS,

Antonio Jose de Sucre
BIRMINGHAM
FOOTNOTE: Antonio Jose de Sucre was born at Cumana, Venezu-
REFERENCE: Y-28, KM-50 ela. He served in the various wars of independence in South
America, from 1811 to 1824, gained the victory of Pichincha (1822),
POPULATION: Ecudor - 1890 - 946,033 with capital which freed Ecuador, and Ayacucho (1824), which drove the
Quito with 50,000 inhabitants. Spaniards from Peru. At the first election of the Republic of Bolivia,
Sucre was chosen life president (1826). He failed in his efforts to
establish an orderly government, and resigned in 1828 at the de-
FOOTNOTE: The Modern Dime Size Silver Coins of Ecuador were mand of Peru. He returned to Columbia, entered the army and won
minted first at the old Spanish mint at Quito. Later Ecuador ordered from the Peruvians the decisive battle of Giron (1829). On his
coins from Birmingham with an interesting H BIRMm mintmark, and return to Quito from a session of the constitutional Congress of
from Philadelphia with another interesting mintmark - Phila. U.S.A. Colombia, he was assassinated in June 1830.
Two South American mints also produced these coins for Ecua-
dor; Lima with the word Lima and Santiago with the words FOOTNOTE: The decimal system was established in 1884 with
Santiago - Chile. Listings are in mint order and then chronologi- gold coins of double condor, condor, doubloon, the 1/5 condor and
cal. the 1/10 condor. The last equivalent to the 5 franc piece of the Latin
Monetary Union. The silver sucre was named after General Anto-
nio Jose de Sucre (1795-1830), Bolivar's ablest young officer
FOOTNOTE: The money unit of Ecuador is the sucre, equivalent to who was promoted to the rank of Colonel at 16 and Brigadier
the 5 franc piece, but the coins of the United States, France and General when he was 24. He led the battle in 1822 which expelled
Great Britain circulate. the Spanish from control of Ecuador. UN DECIMO means one tenth.

====================================================================== ======================================================================
LIMA MINT
======================================================================
======================================================================
1892 350,000 EC#145

1893 848,174 EC#146
1894 206,276 EC#147


SUCRE 0.9 T.F. around / LIMA (mintmark) below, J R incised
under arms.
EDGE: Reeded
MINT: LIMA = LIMA
ASSAYER: T.F. = unknown
DESIGNER: J R = unknown
FOOTNOTE: The Coat of Arms of Ecuador - The band with the
signs of the Zodiac and the sun represent the period in 1845 when
Ecuador last fought for her independence from Spain. The ship, a
steamer commemorates the first ocean going steamer on the west
POPULATION: Ecuador - 1894 - 1,204,400
coast of South America which was built in Ecuador. The fasces is
a symbol of republican institutions. Laurel and palm wreaths show
FOOTNOTE: In 1895-96 a civil war broke out between the clerical
from behind four flags of the Great Colombian Federated Republic
and liberal parties, resulting in a liberal triumph. General Alfaro
composed of Colombia, Ecuador and Venezuela.
became President.
FOOTNOTE: Ecuador adopted the gold standard in 1900. The silver
coinage has been almost entirely superseded by gold, of which
there are over 5,000,000 sucres (sucres = 48.7 cents U.S.); about
four-fifths of this are held by the banks. New International Ency-
clopedia, 1910.
FOOTNOTE: Ecuador from the Spanish word equator, so called

because the country is crossed by the equator.
Ecuador today

====================================================================== ======================================================================
1905 - UN DECIMO 1902 - UN DECIMO

====================================================================== ======================================================================
ECUADOR, REPUBLIC of ECUADOR, REPUBLIC of
LIMA MINT LIMA MINT
====================================================================== ======================================================================
UN DECIMO 18MM .900 FINE 2.5 GRAMS UN DECIMO 18MM .900 FINE 2.5 GRAMS
====================================================================== ======================================================================
1899 220,000 EC#149 1900 included with type I

1900 480,000 EC#150 1902 included with type I
1902 518,658 EC#152
1905 250,000 EC#154 OV: Head of General Sucre, facing left REPUBLICA
DEL ECUADOR (Republic of Ecuador) around / DATE below. RV: Arms of the Republic, G. 2.5 UN DECIMO DE
SUCRE 0.9 J.F. around / LIMA (mintmark) below.
SUCRE 0.9 J.F. around / LIMA (mintmark) below, J R incised EDGE: Reeded
under arms.
MINT: LIMA = LIMA
EDGE: Reeded
ASSAYER: J.F. = Jose A. Figueroa, of Lima
MINT: LIMA = LIMA
TYPE: II - No designer (J R) initials
ASSAYER: J.F. = Jose A. Figueroa, of Lima
DESIGNER: J R = unknown
TYPE: I - With designer initials J R under arms. FOOTNOTE: Quito, the capital of Equator is a town of several
thousand inhabitants. No one quite knows whether there are forty
REFERENCE: Y-28, KM-50 or eighty thousand. Quitonians say that there are eighty thousand;
strangers doubt it there are so many as half that number. There are
POPULATION: Ecudor - 1900 - 1,205,600 with Quito no chimneys to houses, and consequently no smoke rises. Char-
the capital of 40,000 inhabitants. coal only is burned there, and thus the town is relieved from that
oppressive and noxious cloud that makes some cities occasionally
FOOTNOTE: Means of communication are still for the most part in intolerable. The streets are well paved with cobblestones in the
very primitive condition, many of the roads, even between impor- roadway, but you may pass days in the town and never see a
tant centers of population, are mere mule-tracks, altogether im- wheeled vehicle at all. There are some carriages at Quito, but they
passable in bad weather it may be for weeks or months at a time; are rarely used. The bulk of the population is Indian, dress in
while the violent torrents which have so frequently to be crossed ponchos and short linen trousers, while the white men walk about
often present nothing better than more or less elaborate bridges of town in frock coasts and tall hats. These are enlightened and
rope. The simplest of these is the taravita, consisting of a single cultivated white men natives of Spanish origin, who fancy that
tight rope, with or without a traveling rope by which the passenger they form the nation of Ecuadorians - the Indians, do not count.
or his luggage may be hauled across. The best are hazardous to Every white man who can possibly manage it, wears, in Quito, a
all except a practiced foot, and they go out of repair in a few frock coat and a tall hat, to emphasize his importance and highly
years. In 1873, Ecuador had 30 miles of railway, nearly 200 miles civilized condition. This dress justifies him in calling himself Doc-
of cart-roads fit for the ordinary mule-traffic of the country. Wheeled tor, and others in so styling him. The means of access to Quito are
conveyances are almost unknown, especially in the inland dis- remarkable. In the midst of a wide upland moor, some hundred
tricts, the transport of goods of every description being effected miles away to the south, a paved road suddenly starts, and ex-
by porters or mules. The first carriage was introduced into Quito in tends to Quito. Along a portion of this road, twice a week, a bro-
1859, and the owner had to pay a tax for his innovation. Encyclo- ken-down old omnibus, drawn by six mules, with their backs and
pedia Britannica, 9th Ed.,1887. necks in various degrees of hideous rawness, urged on by the
shrieks and shrill whistling of three drivers, rolls slowly into Quito.
====================================================================== This is the only public conveyance in the interior. One or two
bullock carts may be met upon the road. All other communication
with the outside world is on horse or mule back. It rains for three
hundred days in a year, and ordinarily in the afternoon. It is warmer
out of doors than inside the house. A visitor is always requested to
keep on his hat when he calls, as the rooms are so cold, and many
people sit in their overcoats. The town is 9,300 feet above the
Designer initials JR - No designer initials sea.The Worlds Progress, Trumbull White, 1902.
======================================================================

======================================================================
1912 - UN DECIMO
======================================================================
LIMA MINT
======================================================================
======================================================================
1912 30,000

DEL ECUADOR (Republic of Ecuador) around / 1912 below.

SUCRE .0.9 F.G. around / LIMA (mintmark) below, J R incised
under arms.
EDGE: Reeded
MINT: LIMA = LIMA 1916 - UN DECIMO - OBVERSE

======================================================================
ASSAYER: F.G. = Francisco Gamarra ECUADOR, REPUBLIC of
PHILADELPHIA MINT
DESIGNER: J R = unknown ======================================================================
REFERENCE: Y-28, EC#155, KM-50 ======================================================================
1916 2,000,000
FOOTNOTE: The unit of value of Ecuador is the sucre worth one-
tenth of a sovereign of Great Britian or U.S. 48.665 cents in 1910. OV: Head of General Sucre, facing left REPUBLICA
New International Yearbook, 1910. DEL ECUADOR (Republic of Ecuador) around / 1916 below.
FOOTNOTE: The chief exports of Ecuador are; coffee, cocoa, RV: Arms of the Republic, G. 2.5 UN DECIMO DE
rice, sugar, rubber, cabinet woods, chemicals and minerals. Im- SUCRE 0.9 H. around / PHILA. (mintmark) below.
ports include; cotton, provisions, manufactures of iron and steel,
clothing and mineral oil. Almanac and Year Book of the Chicago EDGE: Reeded
Daily News, 1916.
MINT: PHILA. = PHILADELPHIA
======================================================================
REFERENCE: Y-28, EC#157, KM-50
FOOTNOTE: The monetary Law of 4 March 1927 established a

new smaller silver sucres equal to 100 centavos. The sucre was
known as an Ayora for President Isisor Ayora and the 50 centavos
was known as Lauritas after his wife Laura.
Plaza, Quito, Eduador - 1902

Lowlands house raised above ground because of
======================================================================
the dampness

1916 - UN DECIMO - REVERSE 1838 - MEDIO REAL - OBVERSE
====================================================================== ======================================================================
FOOTNOTE: The mintmark H. on the 1916 un decimo issue was QUITO MINT
copied in error from the issue of 1915 struck at The Mint, Birming- ======================================================================
ham. MEDIO REAL 17MM .800 FINE 1.85 GRAMS
======================================================================
======================================================================
1838 u/m
OV: Consular fasces over bow and arrows,

between two cornucopia, REPUBLICA DEL ECUADOR i
(Republic of Ecuador) around / QUITO (mintmark) below.
RV: The sun rising above two mountains on which

1930 - 50 CENTAVOS are perched Condors and Vultures, M(edio) left, R(eal) right (half
real for denomination) EL PODER EN LA CONSTITUCION (The
====================================================================== power in the Constitution) around / 1838 S.T. below.
PHILADELPHIA MINT EDGE: Reeded
======================================================================
50 CENTAVOS 18MM .720 FINE 2.5 GRAMS MINT: QUITO = QUITO
======================================================================
ASSAYER: S.T. = unknown
1928 1,000,000 EC#201
1930 155,060 EC#202 scarce REFERENCE: Y-2, EC#19, KM-22
OV: Head of General Sucre, facing left REPUBLICA The Coins of Ecuador 1833-1969 by Dale Allan Seppa,
DEL ECUADOR (Republic of Ecuador) around / DATE below. Quito 1969.
RV: Arms of the Republic, CINCUENTA CENTAVOS The Coins of Ecuador by Dale Seppa and Michael
(fifty centavos) above, G. 2.50 left facing in, LEY (law) 0.720 Anderson, Second Edition, San Antonio 1973.
right facing in, / PHILA.U.S.A (mintmark) below.
FOOTNOTE: The Republic of Ecuador was founded on 11 May
EDGE: Reeded 1830 after the Civil War separated the original members of the
Republic of Colombia which in 1819 became independent from
MINT: PHILA.U.S.A = PHILADELPHIA Spain and formed a republic from the former Viceroyalty of New
Granada (Colombia), The Captaincy of Venezuela and The Presi-
REFERENCE: Y-48, KM-71 dency of Quito (Ecuador).
POPULATION: Ecuador - 1930 - 2,000,000 mainly FOOTNOTE: The Law of 9 November 1831 established the mint at
Indians, people of mixed races number 400,000 with Quito with the first coins of Ecuador struck in 1833. The last coins
Quito the capital with 104,000 inhabitants. were minted in 1862 as the result of the high cost of production.

1838 - MEDIO REAL - REVERSE 1848 - MEDIO REAL - OBVERSE
====================================================================== ======================================================================
ECUADOR, REPUBLIC of ECUADOR, REPUBLIC of
QUITO MINT QUITO MINT
====================================================================== ======================================================================
MEDIO REAL 17MM .800 FINE 1.85 GRAMS MEDIO REAL 17MM .800 FINE 1.85 GRAMS
====================================================================== ======================================================================
1840 u/m 1848 u/m EC#22

1849 u/m EC#23
OV: Consular fasces over bow and arrows,
between two cornucopia, REPUBLICA DEL ECUADOR i OV: Head of Liberty, facing left LIBERTAD (Liberty)
(Republic of Ecuador) around / QUITO (mintmark) below. on headband, EL PODER EN LA CONSTITUCION (The power in
the Constitution) around / DATE .8. Ds. below.
RV: The sun rising above two mountains on which
are perched Condors and Vultures, M(edio) left, R(eal) right (half RV: Arms of the Republic, REPUBLICA DEL ECUA-
real for denomination) EL PODER EN LA CONSTITUCION (The DOR (Republic of Ecuador) above ~ (rosette) QUITO (mintmark)
power in the Constitution) around / 1838 M.V. below. G.J. M. (M with o above = medio real = 1/2 real).
EDGE: Reeded EDGE: ooooo
MINT: QUITO = QUITO MINT: QUITO = QUITO
ASSAYER: M.V. = Moral Yndustria ASSAYER: G.J. = Guillermo Jameson
REFERENCE: Y-2, EC#20, KM-22 REFERENCE: Y-9, KM-35
FOOTNOTE: The mountains shown on the reverse are the two FOOTNOTE: Quito in the Province of Pichinca lies on the east
principal peaks of Pichinca, the left one is Guagua Pichinca. side of the great plateau of Quito, at the foot of the Volcano of
Pichinca, at an elevation of 9351 feet above sea level. Quito
was founded in 1534 and has suffered frequently from
earthquakes.
FOOTNOTE: Quito, from the hills in the vicinity, a beautiful pan-

oramic view, embracing eight icy peaks of the Andes, may be
obtained; and to the south of the city extends the lovely valley of
Chillo, laid out in gardens. The chief edifices are built of stone, the
others of abodes, or sun-dried bricks, covered with tiles. By the
earthquake of March 1859, most of the then existing churches,
convents, and government buildings, as well as many private resi-
dences, were thrown down, property to the value of 3,000,000
dollars was destroyed, and many lives lost. From this calamity, the
city as in great part recovered. Population 76,000 (1880). Library
Eucadoran indians of Universal Knowledge,N.Y., 1880.

1848 - MEDIO REAL - REVERSE 1889 - UN DECIMO - REVERSE
====================================================================== ======================================================================
SANTIAGO MINT
======================================================================
======================================================================
1889 1,000,000

====================================================================== DEL ECUADOR (Republic of Ecuador) around / 1889 below.

SUCRE around / SANTIAGO - CHILE (mintmark) / LEI (Law =
fineness) 0.9 below, D.T. under arms.
EDGE: Reeded
MINT: SANTIAGO - CHILE = SANTIAGO
ASSAYER: D.T. = unknown
REFERENCE: Y-28, EC#143, KM-50
FOOTNOTE: Quito, the capital of Ecuador, in a ravine on the east

side of the volcano of Pichinca, 9348 feet above the sea, a little to
the south of the equator. Its streets, with exception of four which
meet in the large central square, are narrow, uneven, badly paved,
and extremely dirty. The more important public buildings are the
Cathedral, several other churches and convents, the Town-house,
Court-house, Presidents Palace, the University, the Episcopal Pal-
ace, orphan asylum, and hospital. The manufactures consist chiefly
of woolen and cotton goods, from the want of good roads and
railways trade is much hampered. Population about 80,000, largely
consisting of half-breads and indians. New Cabinet Cyclopaedia,
Phila., 1896.
1889 - UN DECIMO - OBVERSE

======================================================================

EGYPT
====================================================================== ======================================================================
1887 YEAR 11 - 2 GURUSH - OBV 1887 YEAR 11 - 2 GURUSH - REV

====================================================================== ======================================================================
EGYPT, OTTOMAN EMPIRE PROVINCE of FOOTNOTE: The Modern Dime Size Silver Coins of Egypt were
BERLIN MINT minted at several foreign mints in addition to the Cairo mint which
====================================================================== used the Misr as mintmark. Berlin, Bombay, Birmingham and Brus-
2 GURUSH (KURUS) 19MM .833 FINE 2.75 GRAMS sels all struck this size coinage. Listings are by mint.The inscrip-
====================================================================== tions on Egyptian coins are in Arabic. Numbers can be read as
below:
(1886) AH 1293 YEAR 10 4,011,000 1234567890
(1887) 11 989,000
(1893) 17 540,000 [QRSTUVWXY
(1896) 20 1,113,000 The Accession Year Number 1293 is shown on the coins as;
(1900) 24 500,000
(1905) 29 450,000
[QXR
(1906) 30 250,000 rare
FOOTNOTE: In the year 1882 political and financial reasons com-
OV: Toughra with flower to right (Lord Abdul Hamid, bined led the English Government, now conducted by Gladstone,
Son of Abdul Mejid, The Ever Victorious) iiiiiii (seven to interfere in the affairs of Egypt. A mutinous uprising against the
5 point stars) , above / denomination Q (2) sh (end letters of authority of the Khedive having taken place in the Egyptian Army,
gurush) two fasces and wreath of roses tied with ribbon below an expedition was sent out under the command of Lord Wolseley
/ W below. for the purpose of suppressing the revolt, and by the restoration
of the authority of the Khedive to render secure the Suez Canal,
RV: iii (3 stars) / Regnal Year Number / Zarbe / and protect the interests of English bondholders in Egyptian secu-
Fe / Misr / [QXR (Arabic number/ Struck / in / Egypt / 1293 AH rities. Three years late, in 1885, a second expedition had to be sent
accession year) within wreath. out to the same country. The Sudanese, subjects of the Khedive,
encouraged by the disorganized condition of the Egyptian Govern-
EDGE: Reeded ment, had revolted, and were threatening the Egyptian garrisons in
the Sudan with destruction. Lord Wolseley was sent out a second
MINT: (no mintmark) = Imperial Mint, BERLIN time, to lead an expedition up the Nile to the relief of Khartum,
where General Gorden, a representative of the English Govern-
MINTMASTER: W = Emil Weigand, 1887-1904 ment, was commanding the Egyptian troops, and trying - to use his
own phrase - to Smash the Mahdi, the military prophet and
REFERENCE: Y-19, NP-992, KM-293 leader of the Sudanese Arabs. The expedition arrived too late,
Khartum having fallen just before the advance relief party reached
POPULATION: Egypt - 1900 - 9,734,405 with Cairo the town. The English troops were now recalled, and the greater
capital with 570,062 inhabitants part of the Sudan abandoned to the rebel Arabs. Outlines of His-
. tory, P.V.N.Myers, Boston 1895.
ENCYCLOPEDIA OF SMALL SILVER COINS - EGYPT - PAGE 189

======================================================================
FOOTNOTE: The cultivation of tobacco in Egypt was prohibited in
1890, because some manufactures of the famous Egyptian ciga-
rettes were mixing inferior home tobacco with imported Turkish
leaf, thereby imperiling the export trade which was a large source
of Government Revenue through the export tax. Most genuine
Egyptian cigarettes were made in Cairo by Grecian workmen,
using Turkish tobacco and paper manufactured in Germany, Aus-
tria and Italy.
FOOTNOTE: Turkish Sultan Abdul Aziz was the first Sultan to travel
abroad visiting Paris, Vienna and London. Beginning with the
nintheenth century the political movement of liberal Turkish think-
ers and writers resulting from the study of French became wide
spread. The processes of modernization would have continued
had it not been for the setback under the reign of Sultan Abdul
Hamid II (1876-1909 AD) one of the longest and most reactionary
of the Turkish reigns. He was deposed in April 1909 AD to be
succeeded by his brother Muhammad V Rashad (1909-1918 AD).
A national uprising in AD 1882 in Egypt left the British in sole con-
trol. Under the unpretentious title of Resident and Consul General
Lord Cromer became the virtual ruler of the country with his main
support the Army of Occupation. In the Anglo-French Entente
Cordiale of 1904 AD the French agreed to end the obstruction of
British policy in Egypt in return for support for the French policy in
Morocco.
FOOTNOTE: At the foot of the Sphinx a crowd of lazy Bedouin 1909 - YEAR 33 - 2 GURUSH - REV
contractors were whipping fifty boys and girls to and fro, as they ======================================================================
carried little baskets of sand away from the Sphinxs paws. They EGYPT, OTTOMAN EMPIRE PROVINCE of
dug them out years ago, but the sphinx invoked the western BIRMINGHAM MINT
winds to cover them again with drifting sand. Every time these ======================================================================
little boys and girls came struggling from the pit, up through the 2 GURUSH (KURUS) 19MM .833 FINE 2.81 GRAMS
running sands in which the foot slipped backward half the dis- ======================================================================
tance, one of these ruffians smote them with a leather thong to
make them hurry on. And farther on another burly villain stood with (1904) AH1293 YEAR 29 1,250,000
leathern switch in hand to make them scamper back. In this way (1905) 30 250,000
contract work is done in Egypt. All the embankments made to hold (1909) 33 450,000
the Nile in check, all railroad fillings, are done with human hands;
children and coolies packing the dirt in little baskets on their heads. OV: Toughra with flower to right (Khan Abdul Hamid,
Horse and carts might be used, but then what would the people do iiiiiii (seven 5
Son of Abdul Mejid, The Ever Victorious)iiiiiii
to get their 2 or 3 gurush (ten or fifteen cents) a day which goes to point stars), above / denomination Q (2) sh (end letters of
buy their daily bread and cotton drilling shirt? To clothe these people gurush) two fasces and wreath of roses tied with ribbon below
costs 20 or 40 gurush (a dollar or two) a year (c. 1887). To feed / H (mintmark) below.
them, 1 gurush (five cents) a day, but that seems rather high.
Some greens, a very little coarsest bread, some sugar-cane to RV:iii (3 stars) / Regnal Year Number/ Zarbe /
chew, make up the measure of the daily food. They have nothing Fe / Misr / [QXR (Arabic number/ Struck / in / Egypt / 1293 AH
but huts to live in, and the cheapest, coarsest sort of food, yet they accession year within wreath.
are the most content. A Girdle Round the Earth, D.N.Richardson,
Chicago 1888. EDGE: Reeded
FOOTNOTE: In Hebrew Egypt is called Mizraim, this is preserved in MINT: H = THE MINT, BIRMINGHAM
the Arabic Misr, pronounced MASR in the vulgar dialect of Egypt.
It occurs in the Koran as the name of Egypt, but has been applied REFERENCE: Y-19a, NP-992, EG8, KM-293a
to the country and to its chief capitals since the Arab conquest, EL-
Fustat, now called Masr-el-Ateekah, or Old Masr, and El-Kahireh, POPULATION: 1907 - 11,287,359
the Cairo of the Europeans. Encyclopedia Britannica, 9th Edition,
1887.
FOOTNOTE: The standard unit of currency is the kirsh or piastre,
FOOTNOTE: Abbas II, Hilmi, Khedive of Egypt was the eldest son of which is coined in gold pieces of 5, 10, 20, 25, 50 ,100 piastres;
Tewfik Pasha. He was educated at Vienna, and succeeded his silver of 1, 22, 5, 10, 20 piastres copper coins of 5, 10, 20 para (or
father in 1892 at the age of eighteen. Though his attitude toward faddahs, 40 to the piastre) and 1 piastre are also coined. The kees
England in Egypt was unfriendly, he carried on his government or purse, of 500 piastres, is equal to about ,5,2s.6d. The khazneh,
under British supervision after the abortive attempt to form an anti- or treasury, consists of 1000 purses. 97 2 piastres are given for
British cabinet in 1893. New International Encyclopedia, 1910. the English pound sterling. Beside the regular Egyptian currency,
European coins of all kinds are commonly employed in Egypt, es-
FOOTNOTE: The British occupied Egypt in 1882, after a revolt of pecially the English sovereign, the French napoleon, the Venetian
natives demanding Egypt for the Egyptians. This was to be a sequin, the Spanish doubloon and dollar, the 5 franc piece, and the
temporary occupation to supervise the army and finances of Egypt, Constantinople coins. Encyclopedia Britannica, Ninth Edition 1887.
but it continued until 1914.

1911 - YEAR 3 - 2 Gurush - OBV 1911 - YEAR 3 - 2 GURUSH - REV
====================================================================== ======================================================================
EGYPT, OTTOMAN EMPIRE PROVINCE of
BIRMINGHAM MINT FOOTNOTE: The unit of value is the Egyptian pound worth U.S.
====================================================================== $4.943. 100 gurush or piaster = 1 Egyptian pound.
2 GURUSH (KURUS) 19MM .833 FINE 2.8 GRAMS
====================================================================== ======================================================================
EGYPT, BRITISH PROTECTORATE of
(1910) AH 1327 YEAR 2 250,000 BIRMINGHAM MINT
(1911) 3 300,000 rare ======================================================================
2 PIASTRES 18.5 MM .833 FINE 2.8 GRAMS
OV: Toughra with flower to right (Khan Mohammed, ======================================================================
son of Abdul Hamid, The Ever Victorious) iiiiiii (seven
5 point stars), above / denomination Q (2) sh (end letters of 1917 AH 1335 2,180,000
gurush) two fasces and wreath of roses tied with ribbon below
/ H (mintmark) below. OV: Arabic inscription (Sultan Hussein Kimal) /
Arabic [RRR (AH 1333) within wreath tied with ribbon below,
RV: iii (3 stars) / Regnal Year / Zarbe / Fe / Misr within circle of pearls near rim.
/ [RQV (Arabic number/ Struck / in / Egypt / 1327 AH accession
year) within wreath. RV: Arabic inscription (Sultanate of Egypt) / 2 and -
divided by vine design / PIASTRES (Arabic denomination gurush)
EDGE: Reeded within wreath tied with ribbon below / 1917 left, [RRT ( AH
1335 in arabic) right, H (mintmark) below, within circle of pearls
MINT: H = THE MINT, BIRMINGHAM LTD. near rim.
EDGE: Reeded
REFERENCE: Y-30, NP-1057, EG19, KM-307
MINT: H = THE MINT, BIRMINGHAM LTD.
POPULATION: Egypt - 1912 - 11,287,350 with Cairo
the capital with 654,476 inhabitants. REFERENCE: Y-39, EG27, KM-317
FOOTNOTE: Egypt is nominally independent, but in any Govern- FOOTNOTE: The issue struck at Birmingham dated 1917 was minted
ment crisis the British High Commissioner can overrule the Egyp- in 1919.
tian King.The Commander-In-Chief of the Egyptian Army is a British
Officer and is also Governor-General of the Sudan. He is respon- FOOTNOTE: Fuad I, Sultan of Egypt, born 1868, the eight ruler of
sible to both the Egyptian and British Governments. In both capaci- the Dynasty of Mohammed Ali, on the death of Hussein Kimal, his
ties he takes orders from British High Commissioner Viscount brother, on October 9, 1917, was proclaimed Sultan of Egypt as
Allenby, of Palestine fame. Both countries have extensive eco- Ahmed Fuad Pasha. On March 16, 1922 he was declared King of
nomic interests in the Sudan. The region was in a wretched con- Egypt and the British terminated the Protectorate, and recognized
dition when it was taken over by Lord Kitchener in the late 90s. An the independence of Egypt.
agreement signed in 1899 made the Sudan the joint property of
Egypt and Britian. The Sudan is divider into fifteen Provinces, each
under the direct rule of a British Governor.

1920 AH 1338 - 2 PIASTRES - OBV 1920 AH 1338 - 2 PIASTRES - REV
====================================================================== ======================================================================
EGYPT, BRITISH PROTECTORATE of
BIRMINGHAM MINT FOOTNOTE: The issue with frozen dates 1920 and AH 1338 was
====================================================================== struck at the Birmingham mint in 1920 - 2,545,000 and 1921 -
2 PIASTRES 18.5 MM .833 FINE 2.8 GRAMS 275,000 for a total mintage of 2,820,000.
====================================================================== ======================================================================
EGYPT, KINGDOM of
(1920) 1920 AH 1338 2,545,000 rare BIRMINGHAM MINT
(1921) 1920 1338 275,000 i/a ======================================================================
2 PIASTRES 19MM .833 FINE 2.8 GRAMS
OV: Arabic inscription (Sultan Fuad I) / DATE in ======================================================================
arabic [RRT (AH 1335) (The accession date AH 1338 of Sultan
Fuad I). (1924) 1923 AH 1342 2,500,000
RV: Arabic inscription (Sultanate of Egypt) / left: 2 / OV: Head of King Fuad I, facing right / s back of
PIASTRES / 1920, right: arabic Q / (denomination in arabic neck, Arabic inscription (Fuad the First, King of Egypt) abound.
(gurush) / [RRW (AH 1338) / H (mintmark) below at rim.
RV: Arabic inscription (Kingdom of Egypt) within
EDGE: Reeded circle, arabic denomination Q (2 piastres) above, Arabic AD
[XQR [RSQ = 1342) right,
[XQR= 1923) left and arabic AH DATE ([RSQ
DATE ([XQR
MINT: H = THE MINT, BIRMINGHAM below / H (mintmark) below at rim.
REFERENCE: Y-44, EG-31, KM-325 EDGE: Reeded
FOOTNOTE: Egypt, long under British dominion, broke off all rela- DESIGNER: s = Hamid Effendi Sirry, of the Government
tions with Turkey during the First World War and then sent del- Assay Office, Egypt.
egates to the Paris Peace Conference to demand independence
from the Protectorate imposed on Egypt by the British Government. MINT: H = THE MINT, BIRMINGHAM
Meanwhile Nationalist agitation broke out in various sections of the
country. Early in 1922 England announced that independence would REFERENCE: Y-52, EG34, KM-335
be granted and within a year Egypt was declared to be a Sover-
eign State with a hereditary monarchy and a parliament - subject to FOOTNOTE: This issue dated in Arabic with both AD 1923 and AH
certain reservations protecting British interests. On November 21, 1342 was struck at Birmingham in 1924.
1924 Major-General Sir Lee Stack, Sirdar of Egypt and Governor-
General of the Sudan was assassinated. Lord Allenby, British High FOOTNOTE: By the terms of the draft Constitution promulgated in
Commissioner in Egypt, called upon Premier Zaghlul Pasha de- 1923, Egypt became governed by a Hereditary King, his Ministers
manding full satisfaction for the Sirdars assassination, demanding and a Parliament of two houses.
full apology from the Egyptian Government; punishment of the
criminals, compensation of ,500,000 ($2,300,000 U.S.) and or-
dered the withdrawal from Sudan of all Egyptian units of the Egyp-
tian Army. The Premier resigned and complied with the demands
although British troops were sent to Cairo and Sudan before the
crisis passed.

1916 AH 1334 - 2 PIASTRES - OBV 1903 - YEAR 27 - 2 GURUSH - OBV
====================================================================== ======================================================================
EGYPT, BRITISH PROTECTORATE of EGYPT, OTTOMAN EMPIRE PROVINCE of
BOMBAY MINT BRUSSELS MINT
====================================================================== ======================================================================
2 PIASTRES 18.5 MM .833 FINE 2.8 GRAMS 2 GURUSH (KURUS) 19MM .830 FINE 2.75 GRAMS
====================================================================== ======================================================================
1916 AH 1334 2,504,614 (1903) AH1293 YEAR 27 1,000,000

1917 1335 4,461,226
OV: Toughra with flower to right (Lord, Abdul Hamid,
OV: Arabic inscription (Sultan Hussein Kamel) / Son of Abdul Mejid, The Ever Victorious) iiiiiii (seven
PRRR (The accession date( in arabic) AH 1333 of Hussein 5 point stars), above / denomination Q (2) sh (end letters of
Kamel) within wreath tied with ribbon below, HR in center of gurush) two fasces and wreath of roses tied with ribbon below
bow, within circle of pearls near rim. / W below.
REV: Arabic inscription (Sultanate of Egypt) / 2 and RV: iii (3 stars) / Regnal Year Arabic number
Qdivided by vine design / PIASTRES (Arabic denomination QV / Zarbe / Fe / Misr/ [QXR / (arabic number 27/ Struck / in /
Gurush) within wreath tied with ribbon below / AD DATE left, AH Egypt / 1293 AH accession year) within wreath.
DATE (in arabic) right, within circle of pearls near rim.
EDGE: Reeded
EDGE: Reeded
MINT: (no mintmark) = Royal Branch Mint, BOMBAY
MINTMASTER: W = Emil Weigand, 1887-1904
ENGRAVER: HR = John Harvey Rowntree,M.B.E. of
the Egyptian Survey Department, at Giza. REFERENCE: Y-19, NP-992, KM-293
REFERENCE: Y-39, KM-317 FOOTNOTE: The Suez Canal connecting the Mediterranean and
Red Seas is a vital link in the trade route between Occident and
FOOTNOTE: On December 14, 1914 (AH 1333) Egypt was de- Orient, obviating the necessity of the long voyage around the
clared independent of Turkey under a permanent Protectorate of Cape of Good Hope. It is a neutral waterway, open on equal terms
England. The Khedive remained loyal to the Turks, he was re- to vessels of all nations at all times and is exempt from blockade.
moved from the throne and the title was abolished. A new ruler Built in 1859-69 at a cost of $127,000,000 U.S. by Egypt, it was
was acclaimed, Sultan Hussein Kamel. On February 28, 1922 the finances chiefly in France by Count Ferdinand deLesseps; but the
Protectorate was terminated with the death of the Sultan, the new British acquired control of the stock in 1875 by purchase. The
King declaring a new monarchy on March 16, 1922. length of the Canal, 103 miles.

1903 - YEAR 27 - 2 GURUSH - REV 1929 AH1348 - 2 PIASTRES - REV
======================================================================= ======================================================================
BUDAPEST MINT
======================================================================
======================================================================
1929 AH 1348 2,500,000
OV: Head of King Faud I, waring fez, facing right,

arabic inscription (The King Of Egypt) left, arabic inscription
( Faud I) right, PM under bust.
RV: Arabic inscription (The Kingdom of Egypt) in

center circle, arabic inscription for denomination ( 2 piastres)
above, [XQX (arabic 1929) left, [RSW (arabic AH 1348) right,
BP. (mintmark) below.
EDGE: Reeded
MINT: BP. = BUDAPEST
DESIGNER: PM = Percy Metcalfe
FOOTNOTE: Crossing the Lybian Desert (continued) The purpose

of the expedition was the collection of material for the Museum of
Natural History and the extraction of samples of venom from cer-
tain species of snakes, in addition to looking for a travel route from
1929 AH 1348 -2 PIASTRES - OBV Lake Chad to Egypt for the French. The entire journey was at-
====================================================================== tended with great danger since the Lybian desert is considered
the most difficult to cross of any desert in the world. If the party
FOOTNOTE: Crossing the Lybian Desert - During the autumn of misses the trail and fails to find the wells, death from thirst is
1923 a French explorer named DeLaborie completed a most re- almost certain. The journey was made with camels. At the Oasis
markable journey across the Arabian desert from the Cameroons of Siwa an outpost of the British Army was found and members of
to the Oasis of Siwa, thence to Alexandria, Egypt. A distance of the Post escorted the party to Alexandria.
over 3,000 miles, he was the first European to cross this merciless
waste and not only overcome the desert but bypass the exceed- FOOTNOTE: In the early nintheenth century an uprising in Egypt
ingly fanatical Mohammedans known as the Senyussis who are established Muhammad Ali as a semi-independent dynasty. Turk-
especially hostile to Christians. ish Sultans continued to be named on the Ottoman coinage of
Egypt until AH 1334 (1916 AD) with the issue of Sultan Hussein
Kimal.

======================================================================
CAIRO MINT
======================================================================
======================================================================
(1861) AH 1277 YEAR 1 u/m

(1862) 2 u/m
(1863) 3 u/m
(1864) 4 u/m
(1865) 5 u/m
(1866) 6 u/m
(1867) 7 u/m
(1868) 8 u/m
(1869) 9 u/m
OV: Toughra (Lord, Abdul Aziz, Son of Murad, The

Ever Victorious) with flower to right, denomination [ ( 1) sh
(end letters of gurush).
RV: Regnal Year Arabic number / Zarbe / Fe / Misr /

[QVV (Struck / in / Egypt / 1277 AH accession year).
EDGE: /////
MINT: Misr = EGYPT (CAIRO) 1872 - YEAR 12 -1 GURUSH - OBV

======================================================================
REFERENCE: Y-7, NP-939, KM-250 EGYPT, OTTOMAN EMPIRE PROVINCE of
CAIRO MINT
====================================================================== ======================================================================
======================================================================
(1870) AH 1277 YEAR 10 u/m

(1871) 11 u/m
(1872) 12 u/m
(1873) 13 u/m
(1874) 14 u/m
(1875) 15 u/m
(1876) 16 u/m
OV: Toughra (Lord, Abdul Aziz, Son of Murad, The

Ever Victorious) with flower to right, denomination [ ( 1) sh
(end letters of gurush).
RV: Regnal Year Arabic number / Zarbe / Fe / Misr /

[QVV (Struck / in / Egypt / 1277 AH accession year).
Opening of the Suez Canel
====================================================================== EDGE: /////
FOOTNOTE: Cairo (The Victorious), the capital of Modern Egypt, is MINT: Misr = EGYPT (CAIRO)
situated on the right bank of the Nile, 12 miles above the apex of its
delta, and 150 miles by rail from Alexandria. The character of the REFERENCE: Y-7a, NP-939, KM-250
town is still mainly Arabic, though in modern times the European
style in architecture has become more prevalent. The city is partly FOOTNOTE: The Egyptian ruler Ismail I, who came to the throne in
surrounded by a fortified wall, and is intersected by seven or eight 1863 involved his country in a heavy debt due to his reckless
great streets, from which run a labyrinth of narrow crooked streets extravaganzas. This forced him to sell a block of his Suez Canal
and lanes. There are several large squares or places, the principal shares to the British Government at a low price. Still heavily in
being the Ezbeklyeh. To the south-east of the town is the Citadel, debt, Ismail was forced by his English and French creditors to let
on the last spur of the Mokattam Hills, overlooking the city. It con- them oversee his financial administration. On June 26, 1879 the
tains the fine Mosque of Mohammed Ali, a well 270 feet deep called Khedive, Ismail Pasha, abdicated in favor of his son Tewfiq. He left
Josephs Well, cut in the rock, the Palace of the Viceroy. The trade Alexandria on his yacht Mahroussa for Naples, taking with him
of Cairo is large, and the bazaars and markets are numerous. Of his harem and treasures.
these the Khan el Khalili, in the north-east of the town,consists of
a series of covered streets and courts in which all kinds of east- FOOTNOTE: The Suez Canal was completed in 1869 after about
ern merchandise are displayed in open stalls. Cairo was occupied ten years of work. The canal extends from Port Said, on the Medi-
by the British in September 1882. Population - Cairo (c. 1895) terranean, 103 miles to Suez at the head of the Red Sea. Of this
374,838. Cabinet Cyclopaedia, 1895. distance true canals cover 76 miles, and lakes 27 miles. It is 35 feet
deep and accommodates all but very large ocean vessels.

1872 - YEAR 12 - 1GURUSH - REV
======================================================================
FOOTNOTE: Cairo (Arabic, Misr el Kahirah), The Victorious Capi-

tal, the capital of modern Egypt is situated in a sandy plain be-
tween the right bank of the Nile and the ridge of Mokattum, and
Africa showing Egypt in 1875
near the point of the delta of the Nile. The city of Cairo occupies ======================================================================
about three square miles, and is surrounded by a low wall. Of late EGYPT, OTTOMAN EMPIRE PROVINCE of
years it has been greatly improved. It is lighted with gas, and many CAIRO MINT
fine broad streets have been opened through the crowded dis- ======================================================================
tricts. The bazaars are well and richly supplied. The houses, 1 GURUSH (KURUS) 18MM .900 FINE 1.25 GRAMS
which are generally two or three stories high, are all built of varie- ======================================================================
gated brick, with interlinings of wood, and have flat roofs. The city
is divided into different quarters, one quarter being appropriated to (1876) AH1293 YR 1 u/m rare
the Turks, one to the Christians, one to the Jews, etc.; so that
every religious sect had its own quarter, which is separated from OV: Toughra (Lord, Mehmed Murad, Son of Abdul
the adjoining one by strong gates at the end of the streets; these Mejid, The Ever Victorious) with flower to right, denomination [
are closed at night, and guarded by a porter, who opens the gate (1) sh (end letters of gurush).
when any one wants to pass. The remarkable buildings in the city
of Cairo are its Minarets and Mosques. The Minarets are the most RV: Regnal Year Arabic [ / Zarbe / Fe / Misr / [QXR
beautiful of any in the Levant, of a prodigious height, and built of (arabic year 1/ Struck / in / Egypt / 1293 AH accession year) .
alternate layers of red and white stone. The population of Cairo
consists of the ruling class, who are all Turks; Arabs, the former EDGE: Plain
conquerors of the land, who form the bulk of the population, all the
petty tradesmen and cultivators of the soil being of Arab origin; MINT: Misr = EGYPT (CAIRO)
Copts, who are descended from the original Lords of the land, the
ancient Egyptians; Jews, Armenians, Syrians, Africans, and Euro- REFERENCE: Y-G11, KM-270
peans. Population - Cairo (c.1872) 350,000. Since 1863 the part of
Cairo occupied by Europeans has been handsomely rebuilt. In FOOTNOTE: Sultan Murad V of Turkey ruled for less than a year,
1876, Cairo was connected by rail with Heluan, one of the numer- May 30 - August 31, 1876.
ous bathing-places lying to the south. Of objects worthy of note in
the environs of Cairo, the public gardens, which consist of groves
of orange, citron, palms, and vines, are very beautiful. The trade of
Cairo is rapidly increasing. The exports consist mainly of native
products, such as ivory, gum, wood, hides, ostrich feathers, cot-
ton and sugar; while imports are cotton and woolen goods, prints,
hardware, cloth, furniture, shawls, indigo, sheep, tobacco, etc. In
1873 about 120,000 lbs. of ivory were exported. The language
spoken at Cairo is Arabic, which, though not the purest, is superior
in pronunciation to that spoken in Syria. Cairo is the official resi-
dence of the Viceroy of Egypt, and the residence of a Consul-
General from Great Britian, France, etc. Cairo has railway connec-
tion with Alexandria and Suez, and there is also a line to Upper
Egypt. Library of Universal Knowledge, N.Y. 1879.

====================================================================== ======================================================================
EGYPT, OTTOMAN EMPIRE PROVINCE of FOOTNOTE: The city of Cairo is built partly upon the plain and partly
CAIRO MINT on the lower slopes of the adjacent mountains. From the ramparts
====================================================================== of the citadel the view of the ancient city is a sight of magnificence
1 GURUSH (KURUS) 18MM .833 FINE 1.25 GRAMS and beauty. Standing on the walls of the fortress two hundred feet
====================================================================== above the city are seen below the strongly built walls and towers,
the gardens and squares, the palaces and mosques, the domes
(1876) AH1293 YEAR 1 u/m and minarets with their delicate carvings and fantastic tracery.
(1877) 2 u/m The broad river studded with islands and the valley of the nile
(1878) 3 u/m dotted with groves form an artistic background, while in the north
(1879) 4 u/m the pyramids raise their heads in silent majesty and on the east
(1881) 5 u/m there are barren cliffs backed by an ocean of sand. Formerly,
Cairo was little better than a labyrinth of winding lanes, low, illbuilt
OV: Toughra (Lord, Abdul Hamid, Son of Abdul Mejid, houses and narrow unpaved streets swept by constant clouds of
The Ever Victorious) with flowers to right, denomination [ ( 1) dust blown from the huge mounds of rubbish outside the walls, but
sh (end letters of gurush). modern ideas have made themselves felt, and new streets have
been cut through, along which are shops and houses. In the
RV: Regnal Year Arabic number / Zarbe / Fe / Misr / center, what was once a wild waste has been transformed into
[QXR (Struck / in / Egypt / 1293 AH accession year). the principle square of the city with threes and walks and a lovely
lake in the center. The houses of the city form a striking contrast.
EDGE: Plain The poor classes live in miserable mire hovels with filthy courts,
dilapidated windows and tattered awnings, while those of the
MINT: Misr = EGYPT (CAIRO) wealthy are built tastefully with windows shaded by projecting
cornices and ornamented with stained glass. A passage to am
REFERENCE: Y-18a, NP-994, KM-277 open court with a fountain in its midst shaded by palm trees. Above
the center is the fountain hangs a decorated lantern which sheds
FOOTNOTE: The Cairo mint was closed in 1883, with the Egyptian a soft light on the surroundings. The sides are inlaid with rare
coinage struck by foreign mints for many years. cabinets and richly stained windows, while in the recess near by
is a low cushioned seat running around the sides on which to
FOOTNOTE: Pasha Mohammed Tewfik, Khedive of Egypt from 1879 sit.Round the World with Note Book and Camera, Lida Brooks
to 1892, was the eldest son of Ismail Pasha, who secured from the Miller, Chicago 1897.
Sultan a firman decreeing the Khedival succession to Tewfik in-
stead of his brother Halim, who would have become Khedive
under the order of succession then in force. Tewfik was fond of FOOTNOTE: In 1884 the British Administration appointed a commis-
country life, and spent most of his time before his accession on his sion to inquire into the defects of the currency and remodel it. The
estates. Tewfik was interested in educational matters and founded commission decided to adopt the Egyptian pound as the unit for the
several schools. On June 26, 1879, the Sultan deposed Ismail and new monetary system and discard the old Piaster unit. The com-
Tewfik became Khedive, at a time when Egypt was deeply embar- mission divided the Egyptian pound into 100 piastres and the pias-
rassed financially and the power of the Khedive was much cur- tre into 10 paras. Silver coins were to be in denominations
tailed. His general policy was modern and European, and the year 20,10,5,2,1, half and quarter piastres; the nickel pieces of 5,2 and
180 witnessed the establishment of the dual control of Egypt by 1 ochr el guerche; and bronze pieces of half and quarter ochr el
England and France. Tewfik soon had to face the rebellion of the guerche. A new design was approved and the minting arranged
Nationalists under Arabi Pasha, and Egypt was rescued from an- with Berlin mint. The gold pieces of 20,10, and 5 piastres struck
archy by the intervention of England, which thereby established a were not for circulation. Although the monetary reform of 1885
controlling influence in the country. The conquest of the Sudan by prohibited the circulation of foreign silver coins, the Egyptian Gov-
the Mahdi occurred during Tewfiks reign and its recovery was not ernment reserved itself the right to introduce foreign silver in order
begun till after his death, which took place near Cairo, January 7, to provide for the trade requirements of the Sudan and Red Sea
1892. New.International Encyclopedia, 1910. regions. In these districts a metallic currency has to circulate among
the most diverse classes of society, and must be suited to the
wants and even to the prejudices of the population using it. The
traders of the Sudan dealing with Abyssinia have to provide large
quantities of Maria Theresa dollars in order to pay for the goods
purchased. The Abyssinians for many years have used these
coins, and the prejudice against any other is so great that if the
introduction of these coins was forbidden the trade between
Abyssinia and the Sudan would for a long time be conducted with
the greatest difficulty. It has been said The Austrian dollar of Maria
Theresa is the only large coin current in Abyssinia; the effigy of the
Empress with a very low dress and a profusion of bust, the charm
that suits the Arab taste So particular are these people that they
reject the coin, after careful examination, unless they can dis-
tinctly count seven dots that form the star upon the coronet, no
clean money will pass current in this country; all coins must be
dirty and gummy, otherwise they are rejected. During the period
1858 to 1891, over 41,000,000 Maria Theresa dollars were minted
and since they have no current value in Egypt except in the re-
gions mentioned, it is presumed that large quantities must have
found their way to the most remote trading centers of Central
Africa. Previous to the introduction of this dollar, salt was the unit
of exchange. W.H.Cook, The Bankers Magazine, London 1909.
Street Scene in Cairo - 1880
1939 - AH 1358 - 2 GIRSH - OBV 1939 - AH 1358 - 2 PIASTRES - REV
====================================================================== ====================================================================
EGYPT, KINGDOM of
LONDON MINT
======================================================================
2 GIRSH 19MM .833 FINE 2.8 GRAMS
======================================================================
1937 AH 1356 500,000

1939 1358 500,000 rare
1942 1361 10,000,000
OV: Head of King Farouk I, waring fez, facing left,

arabic inscription (The King of Egypt) left, (Farouk The First)
right, PM below.
RV: Arabic denomination Q (2 girsh )above, in

center, arabic inscription (Kingdom of Egypt), AD and AH DATES
within arabesque design around.
EDGE: Reeded
REFERENCE: Y-83, KM-365 Egyptian with wife on donkey - 1902

====================================================================
POPULATION: Egypt - 1940 - 15,230,000
King Farouk I of Egypt Ships on the Nile, Egypt

====================================================================== ======================================================================
EGYPT, KINGDON of
LONDON MINT
======================================================================
2 PIASTRES 19.5 MM .500 FINE 2.8 GRAMS
======================================================================
1944 AH 1363 32,000,000
OV: Head of King Farouk I, waring fez, facing left,

arabic inscription (The King of Egypt) left and (Farouk The First),
right.
RV: Arabic denomination R (2 girsh) above, in
center, arabic inscription (Kingdom of Egypt) / [XSS (arabic
1944) - PRWR (arabic AH 1363).
EDGE: Plain - Sexagon planchet
====================================================================
Mosque Kaid Bey, Cairo

======================================================================
Pyramid and Sphinx, Egypt -1902 Streets of Cairo, Egypt

==================================================================== ======================================================================

====================================================================== ======================================================================
UNITED ARAB REPUBLIC, (Egypt and Syria)
CAIRO MINT
======================================================================
======================================================================
1964 AH 1384 500,000
OV: Aswan Dam with hydroelectric transmission

lines, rising sun on horizon, arabic date (15 May 1964), above /
arabic legend (Anniversary of the charging of the course of the
River Nile) below.
RV: Arabic inscription (AL GUMHURIYA ALARABIA Temple of Philae, on the Nile
ALMUTTAHIDA = United Arab Republic) above around, in center ======================================================================
T (Arabic 5) / arabic denomination below, dividing arabic dates
FOOTNOTE: Under British direction a dam about 6400 feet long
[XUS [RWS (1964 and AH 1384) / ornamental design at bottom. was built at Assuan, [Aswan] setting back the water and forming
a lake or reservoir 200 miles long. The water is distributed over the
EDGE: Reeded field, and increases the amount of land that can be cultivated.
Egyptian cotton is of excellent quality, exported to the United States
MINT: no mintmark = CAIRO and England. Essentials of Geography, Brighan & McFarland,
New York, 1922.
TYPE: Commemorative - Division of the Nile
FOOTNOTE: This commemorative issue was also struck in proof

with mintage of 2,000 sets.
Aswan below the 1st Catarct Aswan dam on the Nile - 1922

EL SALVADOR
====================================================================== ======================================================================

====================================================================== ======================================================================
EL SALVADOR, REPUBLIC of
SALVADOR MINT FOOTNOTE: The Central American Mint, Ltd. a private mint located
====================================================================== at San Salvador, the capital operated between 1892 and 1896. The
10 CENTAVOS 18MM .835 FINE 2.5 GRAMS first issue listed above was struck with a small mintage of 12,000
====================================================================== by this mint.This relates to the small population of the capital city at
the same relative time. Currency of El Salvador 100 centavos = 1
1892 12,000 peso.
OV: Arms of the Republic, REPUBLICA DEL SALVA-

DOR (Republic of Salvador) around, 835 C.A.M. (mintmark) 1892 FOOTNOTE: The name El Salvador is Spanish for the Saviour. The
below. Arms of El Salvador: On a shield azure a volcano, behind which
rises a sun or, and above nine stars or; with crest of two cornuco-
RV: DIEZ (Ten) / CENTAVOS within palm wreath tied pia of flowers and a pole or surmounted by a Phrygian cap in a
with ribbon below. glory, with flags to left and right, crossed canon, bow and arrow
below within palm wreath.
EDGE: Reeded
MINT: C.A.M. = CENTRAL AMERICAN MINT, LTD. FOOTNOTE: The population of San Salvador is composed of Indi-
EL SALVADOR ans and mixed races, there being about 300,000 of the former, and
about 190,000 of the letter. There are about 9,000 whites of Span-
REFERENCE: Y-9, KM-110 ish origin, and 1,000 negroes. The Indians are of the Aztec race,
speak the Spanish language, and of the Roman Catholic religion,
POPULATION: El Salvador - 1892 - 651,130 with the one established by statute, but retain many of their old heathen
capital San Salvador with 16,934 inhabitants. rites, and live, a certain degree, apart from the rest of the popula-
tion. San Salvador was originally called Cuscatlan,The Land of
Riches. In 1821, it threw off the Spanish yoke, and joined the
Mexican Confederation, from which, however, it seceded in 1823.
FOOTNOTE: The first issue in this series was minted at the Central The several trials since made of a union among the Central Ameri-
American Mint, Ltd. at El Salvador. The next issue was ordered can States have ended in the dissolution of all political connec-
from The Mint, Birmingham Ltd. The final two issues were pro- tions; and San Salvador is now an independent republic. In 1863,
duced by the United States mints of Philadelphia and San Fran- war broke out between San Salvador and Guatemala, in which
cisco. The listings are in mint order. Honduras joined the former, and Nicaragua the latter. The result
was the defeat of San Salvador, and the expulsion of the Presi-
dent from the country. Library of Universal Knowledge, N.Y. 1880.
ENCYCLOPEDIA OF SMALL SILVER COINS - EL SALVADOR - PAGE 201

1911 - 10 CENTAVOS - OBVERSE 1914 -10 CENTAVOS - OBVERSE
====================================================================== ======================================================================
EL SALVADOR, REPUBLIC of EL SALVADOR, REPUBLIC of
====================================================================== ======================================================================
====================================================================== ======================================================================
1911 1,000,000 1914 1,500,020
OV: Arms of the Republic, 15 SET DE 1821 around OV: New National Arms with motto incised: DIOS
crest, REPUBLICA DEL SALVADOR (Republic of Salvador) UNION LIBERTAD (God - Union - Liberty) with wreath of laurel
around / 835 1911 below. tied with ribbon below, REPUBLICA DE EL SALVADOR EN LA
AMERICA CENTRAL (Republic of El Salvador in Central America)
RV: DIEZ (ten) / CENTAVOS within palm wreath tied around / 835 i 1914 below.
with ribbon below.
RV: DIEZ (ten) / CENTAVOS within palm wreath tied
EDGE: Reeded with ribbon below.
MINT:(no mintmark) = THE MINT,BIRMINGHAM, LTD. EDGE: Reeded
REFERENCE: Y-23, SD4, KM-122 MINT:(no mintmark) = PHILADELPHIA
POPULATION: El Salvador - 1904 - 1,006,848 REFERENCE: Y-26, KM-125
FOOTNOTE: The silver peso of El Salvador in 1909 is worth FOOTNOTE: 20 pieces of this issue were struck in proof.
U.S.37.5 cents, with 100 centavos equal 1 peso. In 1911, the
Government of El Salvador contracted with banks; Banco
Salvadoreno, Banco Occidental and Banco Agricola Commercial,
for coinage from abroad [from the Mint, Birmingham, Ltd.,U.K.]
and introduction of silver pieces of 5, 10, and 25 centavos, aggre-
gating 300,000 pesos. The Statesman Year-Book, London 1916.
FOOTNOTE: In 1839 the Central American Federation, which had

comprised, the States of Guatemala, Salvador, Honduras, Nicara-
gua, and Costa Rica, was dissolved, and El Salvador became an
independent Republic. The population in1914 - 1,225,835. The
number of foreigners in the republic is estimated at 250,000. Ab-
original and mixed races constitute the bulk of the population.
Ladinos or Mestizos numbering 772,000, and Indians 234,648.
The capital is San Salvador with 66,800 inhabitants. The popula-
tion of El Salvador is largely engaged in agriculture. The chief
produce is coffee. Trade is chiefly with the United States, Ger-
many and France. The Statesman Year-Book, London 1916. El Salvador, Central America
====================================================================== ======================================================================
EL SALVADOR, REPUBLIC of
SAN FRANCISCO MINT FOOTNOTE: The currency unit of El Salvador is the colon, it is
====================================================================== equal to U.S. 50 cents currency, at par; but the country has been
25 CENTAVOS 18MM .900 FINE 2.5 GRAMS on an inconvertible paper-money basis since 1931, and the value
====================================================================== of the colon in American dollars has averaged $.40 since Novem-
ber 1934. Silver pieces are issued in denominations of 50 and 25
1953 14,000,000 centavos, and nickel pieces represent 1,3,and 5 centavos. Bills of
exchange are issued in denominations of 1,2,5,10,25 and 100
OV: Bust of Delgado, facing left REPUBLICA DE LA colones. American currency circulates fairly freely, and exchange
SALVADOR (Republic of El Salvador) around / 1953 below. restrictions are not in force. The Banco Central de Reserva de El
Salvador was established in 1934. U.S. Dept. of Commerce, 1941.
vRV: 25 / CENTAVOS within palm wreath tied with
ribbon below. ======================================================================
EDGE: Reeded
MINT: (no mintmark) = SAN FRANCISCO
DESIGNER: (ov) Gilroy Roberts, Chief U.S. Engraver
POPULATION: El Salvador - 1950 - 2,100,000
FOOTNOTE: Jos Matias Delgado, the father of his country, El

Salvador, was named Bishop of El Salvador when the Congress
established an Episcopal See in El Salvador. The Archbishop of
Guatemala declared the new diocese null and void. The Pope, Leo
XII was forced to intervene, writing Command you...to withdraw
yourself from the illegitimately usurped ministry.
FOOTNOTE: The monetary unit of El Salvador is the colon valued at

U.S. 40 cents. 100 centavos = 1 colon. The origin of the name -
from Christopher Columbus (Spanish, colon). This exchange rate
dates from 1934 in relation to the devalued dollar with 1 U.S.dollar
equel to 2.50 colones. United States coins and banknotes were
also legal tender.
Gathering the coffee-berries

ERITREA
====================================================================== ======================================================================
1890 - 50 CENTEMISMI - OBVERSE 1890 - 50 CENTEMISMI - REVERSE

====================================================================== ======================================================================
ERITREA, ITALIAN COLONY of
MILAN MINT FOOTNOTE: Eritrea, a-re-tra-ah, a small Italian Colonial outpost in
====================================================================== Africa, first occupied by white men in 1885 when an Italian Com-
50 CENTEMISMI/TEN RIYALS 18MM .835 FINE 2.5 GRAMS pany bought from a local chieftain a spot of land on the coast at
====================================================================== Assab for a coaling station. Five years later a greatly extended
area some 670 miles along the African coast of the Red Sea from
(1890) 1890 686,802 frozen date Cape Kaser to Cape Dumerer, with the Soudan on the west, on
(1891) 1890 1,113,082 the south Ethiopia and French Somaliland, had developed into the
Colony Eritrea, named in remembrance of Mare Erythraeum of
OV: Crowned Head of UMBERTO.I, facing right, ancient Rome.
UMBERTO I RE DITALIA 1890 (Umberto I King of Italy 1890)
around. FOOTNOTE: The Italian Kingdom issued new coinage for their
colony of Eritrea in 1890 with a silver tallero d'Italia equal to 100
vRV: Star-burst / C. 50 / native inscription = Colonia centemismi and based on the Latin Monetary Union standards.The
Eritrea = Eritrea Colony)/ arabic denomination = one/tenth riyal, issue of a crown sized 5 tallero d'Italia was an attempt to replace
above small wreath below/ M (mintmark) below. the Maria Theresia thaler which circulated extensively from Arabia
to Ethiopia. The natives refused to accept the new coinage, even
EDGE: Reeded when the Maria Theresia thaler was prohibited.
MINT: M = MILAN
ENGRAVER: Filippo Spanenza, Chief Engraver Rome

Mint.
FOOTNOTE: This one year date struck between 1890 and 1891 by
the Milan mint had a total mintage of 1,799,164 all dated 1890.
FOOTNOTE: Eritrea - No complete census had been taken by 1921

when the population was estimated at 350,000; including 115,000
Abyssinians. Europeans, apart from soldiers, number about 4,000,
mostly Italians; next in importance came the Greek community.
Encyclopaedia Britannica, 12th Edition 1922. MARIA THERESIA THALER
ENCYCLOPEDIA OF SMALL SILVER COINS - ERITREA - PAGE 204

====================================================================== ======================================================================
FOOTNOTE: The blistering sands of the coastline are almost unen- FOOTNOTE: Eritrea, an Italian colony on the African coast of the
durable for Europeans, where summer finds temperatures almost Red Sea. The colony is bounded inland by; Anglo-Egyptian Sudan,
always 100 and often reaching 120 and the winters are only a Abyssinia and French somaliland. The inhabitants of the plains and
little cooler. On this desert strip is Eritreas only port at which ocean foothills are for the most part semi-nomadic shepherds, living on
vessels may dock, the Port of Massaua, one of the worlds hottest durra and milk. In the north these people largely of Arab or Hamitic
cities, nearly 200 miles up the coast from the original settlement. stock, include various negro tribes. The inhabitants of the plateau
Massaua has a population of 15,000 natives and a few hundred are Abyssinians. The nomads are Mussulmans [Mohamadian] ,
Europeans, mostly Italians. The city is a thriving port and famed for and as a rule, docile and pacific, though the Danakils are given to
its vast salt industry; while dunes that look like sand are solid salt, occasional raiding. The Abyssinians are more warlike, but they
much of which when refined is exported to Japan. Back from the have settled down under Italian rule. Among the native industries
sea a few miles the country becomes mountainous and inland 40 are mat-weaving, cotton-weaving, silver-working and rudimen-
miles is the capital, Asmara with a population of 19,000 natives and tary iron and leather working. Encyclopaedia Britannica, 11th Edi-
3,000 Europeans, at an elevation of 8,000 feet, which gives it a tion 1911.
delightful climate. New International Encyclopedua, 1910.
ENCYCLOPEDIA OF SMALL SILVER COINS - ERITREA - PAGE 205

ETHIOPIA
====================================================================== ======================================================================
AD 1903 EE1889 -1 GERSH - OBV AD 1903 EE1889 -1 GERSH - REV

====================================================================== ======================================================================
ETHIOPIA, KINGDOM of
ADDIS ABABA MINT FOOTNOTE: The Ethiopia issue of 1 gersh was struck between
====================================================================== 1903 and 1928 with the frozen date of the Ethiopian Era 1889 at
1 GERSH (1/16 TALARI) 16.5 MM .916FINE 2.49 GRAMS the Addis Ababa mint with a combined mintage of 46,141,625. The
====================================================================== mintage is reported as follows:
(1903-28) EE 1889 46,141,625 frozen date (1903) EE 1889 1,352,857

(1905) 300,000
OV: Crowned bust of Menelik II, facing right, (1910) 2,000,000
inscription (Menelik II, King of Kings of Ethiopia) around / EE 1889 (1911) 8,000,000
(frozen date of Ethiopian Era 1889) below / (cornucopia) A (1912) 500,000
(touch) below. (1913) 500,000
(1922) 988,764
RV: Lion holding staff of the banner of Christ in its (1925) 2,500,000
right paw, inscription (He is the Conqueror, the Lion of the Tribe (1926) 10,568,352
of Judah) around / inscription for denomination. (1927) 4,415,888
(1928) 15,015,760
EDGE: Reeded
DESIGNER: Jean LaGrange and Jules Clement FOOTNOTE: Abyssinia, the ancient Ethiopia, is a mountainous coun-
Chaplain try, and has a fine, healthy climate, and a rich, fertile soil. The
principal productions are wheat, and a small grain called teff,
ENGRAVER: Frank Pawlik, First Medallist of the balsam, myrrh, etc. Among the other vegetable productions is the
Vienna mint. papyrus, so celebrated among the ancients, as the original mate-
rial of paper. The inhabitants are in the lowest state of civilization;
MINT: (no mintmark) = ADDIS ABABA and in many of their customs, they are extremely barbarous and
Dies engraved at Paris mint with marks (cornucopia) brutal. They scarcely regard human life, and are fond of eating
A and (touch) raw flesh, cut from the living animal, in its warm, palpitating state.
Olneys Geography, 1849.
FOOTNOTE: Ethiopia is the land known as ancient Abyssina and in FOOTNOTE: In 1928 Rus Tafari was crowned Emperor, sharing
the north east of Africa, for many centuries the only independent supreme power with his Aunt, the Empress Zauditu. She died in
country in the continent. This was confirmed by the convention of 1930 and Tafari became Haile Sellasi, King of Kings of Ethiopia.
Addis Ababa of October 26, 1898, between Italy and King Menelik.
ENCYCLOPEDIA OF SMALL SILVER COINS - ETHIOPIA - PAGE 206

======================================================================
FOOTNOTE: The Bank of Abyssinia has its head office at Addis
Ababa. By it's constitution the Governor of the national Bank of
Egypt is it President, and it's governing body sits at Cairo. The
current coin of Abyssinia is the Maria Theresa dollar, but a new
coinage (coined at Paris) has been put in circulation, with the
Menelik dollar for the standard coin. This new coin, the talari, or
dollar worth 2s., weighs 28.075 grammes, .835 fine. It has nomi-
nally the same value as the Maria Theresa dollar, but in the capital
is disliked, and in some places is not taken at all. The Bank of
Abyssinia has introduced a large stock of Menelik piastres (16 to
the dollar). Other silver coins are half, quarter, and sixteenth
(guerche or piastre) of a talari. Copper coins are the besa (= one-
hundredth of a dollar) and the half and quarter guerche found only
at Harrar. Various articles, however, are used as mediums of
exchange; bars of salt are regularly accepted as money all over
the country, in two sizes, and at a fluctuating rate according to
supply and cost of transport. Cartridges are also currency, al-
though there is a dead-letter edict against them; and in most places
barter prevails. The Abyssinian ounce weights about 430 grains
(the weight of the Maria Theresa dollar. Statesman's Year-Book,
London, 1916.
A Royal Council FOOTNOTE: Menelik II, Emperor of Abyssinia the son of Haell
====================================================================== Melicoth, King of Shoa was born in 1842. At the age of 14 he was
obliged to wed Bafana, the daughter of Theodosius, the reigning
FOOTNOTE: The first series of coinage under King Menelik II is- Emperor and ten years later he became King of Shoa. The Abys-
sued after he ascended to the throne of Ethiopia in 1889 were sinian Empire comprised the states of Abyssinia proper, Shoa,
struck in Paris in 1894 with the Ethiopian Era date of EE 1887, This Kaffa, and Gallaland, and Central Somaliland. The natives call the
series of talari, 1/2 talari and 1/8 talari (20MM) with the crowned country Ethiopia. The name Abyssinia means Mixed, derived from
bust of Menelik II on the obverse carried on the reverse the emblem Habesh, on account of the varied nature of the people. Following
of Ethiopia, the Lion of the Tribe of Judah. The first dies were the death of Theodosius, Ethiopia was ruled by Negus John who
engraved with a lion strolling about with a somewhat resigned and was assassinated after four years. In 1889 Menelik II declared
sleepy expression on his face and his tail was drooping and in himself Emperor. In a treaty Italy assumed control of Abyssinian
addition he was carrying his staff in his left paw, an unpardonable affairs and the Empire became an Italian Protectorate. In 1895 a
sin even for a sick lion. The natives took a careful look at this coin uprising under Menelik II resulted in independence for Ethiopia. He
series and refused to accept them preferring the famous Maria was succeeded in 1911 by his grandson, Emperor Lij Yasu, and
Theresa taler, long the standard of eastern ports of Africa and the died two years later. There is an interesting story about Theodore.
Indian rupee with its fractions for subsidiary coinage. This first When Theodore installed himself as Negus in 1853 AD, Abyssinia
Ethiopian series was never accepted, the coins being melted down stretched to the Red Sea and included Eritrea. The Turks had
in 1903 in Addis Ababa and a second series issued with a new established a trading post at Massawa and wanted to take more
portrait of the conquering Lion of Judah. This time a Happy Lion territory. Theodore sent a note to Queen Victoria asking for aid.
with staff in his right paw, a regal sneer on his face and his proud The story goes that no one in the British Foreign Office could read
tail wagging above him. King Menelik II took the additional precau- Amharic (the language in which the note was written) and
tion to issue the subsidiary coinage with less weight than the talari Theodores message was pigeonholed without reply. Where upon
which the natives soon discovered when they melted two 2 talari the irate Negus Theodore threw the British Consul, Captain Cameron,
and found that they had less silver than the crown size coin. All of into prison. This led to Sir Robert Napier being sent with a force to
the issue from Addis Ababa bore the EE 1889 date. In place of the Ethiopia. They landed at Zula, on the Red Sea, and marched to
1/8 talari, the 1/20 talari (gersh) was struck (16.5MM) from dies Magdala in the interior, where Theodore was encamped. Magdala
cut in Paris, equal to the British India 2 annas. This denomination was stormed and taken, April 10, 1868, and the prisoners were
was soon revalued at 1/16 talari and issued for many years through released. Theodore committed suicide. The British retired. Later
1928. the Italians occupied Massawa, and by the Treaty of Uccialli in
1889 AD, the Italian Colony of Eritrea was recognized.
======================================================================
FOOTNOTE: Addis Ababa, the capital of Ethiopia, is located in the
province of Shoa. It has a picturesque location at an altitude of
8,000 feet,but it's streets are irregular and the buildings are poorly
constructed. On an eminence is the royal palace of King or negus
Menelik II, which consists of several buildings and is surrounded
by walls. The city has a large floating population and is the mecca
of many caravans. Population 50,000. Practical American Ency-
clopedia, 1910.
Lion of the Tribe of Judah

ENCYCLOPEDIA OF SMALL SILVER COINS - ETHIOPIA - PAGE 207
FIJI
====================================================================== ======================================================================
1936 - SIXPENCE - OBVERSE 1936 - SIXPENCE - REVERSE

====================================================================== ======================================================================
FIJI, BRITISH CROWN COLONY of FOOTNOTE: Fiji consists of a group of about 254 Islands, 80 of
LONDON MINT which are inhabited, in the South Pacific Ocean to the east of the
====================================================================== New Hebrides Group. A Crown Colony of Great Britain since 1874
6 PENCE 19MM .500 FINE 2.83 GRAMS when the Islands were ceded by native Chiefs. The larger Islands
====================================================================== are mountainous, with elevations up to 4,000 feet, containing dense
forests. The coasts are surrounded by coral reef and form many
1934 160,000 CL-61 good harbors. The Islands are fertile and well provided with rivers
1935 120,000 CL-62 of which three on the Island of Viti Levu are navigable in their
1936 40,000 CL-63 lower courses through the coastal plain. In spite of their tropical
situation the Fiji Islands have a comparatively cool climate, seldom
OV: Crowned head of George V, facing left above 90 or below 60 F. In 1934 Fiji products were; bananas,
GEORGE V KING left EMPEROR right. coconuts, maize, sugar-cane, tobacco, rice, pineapples, cotton
and timber. A private narrow-gage railway runs from Tavua to
^RV: Turtle dividing DATE left and right / FIJI above, SIX Sigatoka, 120 miles. The British Crown appoints a Governor with
PENCE below. executive power. The Governor of Fiji is also High Commissioner
for the western Pacific. The natives continue to live under a sys-
EDGE: Reeded tem of self-government.
POPULATION: 1930 - 176,793 including 5,058

Europeans and 76,722 Indians. The capital Viti Levu
had 1,741 inhabitants.
FOOTNOTE: Percy Metcalfe, born in Wakefield in 1895 sculptor

and medallist. He was the designer for the Wembley Lion for the
British Empire Exhibition 1924-25, of the King George VI portrait of
Fiji 6 Pence and the bust of King Farouk I as shown on Egyptian Y-
83. He died in 1969.
Fijian Temple
======================================================================
ENCYCLOPEDIA OF SMALL SILVER COINS - FIJI - PAGE 208

======================================================================
FIJI, BRITISH CROWN COLONY of
LONDON MINT
======================================================================
======================================================================
1937 40,000
OV: Crowned head of George VI, facing left

GEORGE VI KING left EMPEROR right / PM under bust.
RV: Turtle dividing date of 19 left and 37 right / FIJI

above, SIX PENCE below.
EDGE: Reeded
REFERENCE: Y-11, CL-64, KM-8
======================================================================
1940 - SIXPENCE - REVERSE

======================================================================
LONDON MINT
======================================================================
======================================================================
1938 40,000 CL-65

1940 40,000 CL-66
1941 40,000 CL-67
OV: Crowned head of George VI, facing left

GEORGE VI left KING EMPEROR right / PM under bust.
RV: Turtle divided by DATE left and right / FIJI above,

SIX PENCE below.
EDGE: Reeded
POPULATION: 1940 - 189,398
1940 - SIXPENCE - OBVERSE REFERENCE: Y-11A, KM-11

======================================================================
FOOTNOTE: Some of the Fiji Islands were discovered by Abel
Tasman in 1643. Turtle Island, in the southern area of the group,
was discovered by Cook in 1773. In 1804, a gang of escaped
convicts from Australia and some mutinous sailors effected a lodg-
ment on Viti Levu and gained an influence over the natives. Great
Britain obtained the Fiji Islands in 1874 by cession from the native
chieftains. The Fijis have long been notorious for cannibalism.
Human flesh was known as long pig and not even the friends,
relatives or wives of a chief were immune to his revolting gluttony.
Human sacrifices were commonly made, and the wives and slaves
of the dead chief were buried with him, alive. For a cornerstone
to his house, a slave was buried alive under each of the main
posts. In spite of his cruelty and degradation the Fijians are attrac-
tive in appearance and modest in conduct. Atlas of the World by
G.W.James and A.H.Burgoyne, 1927

.
- FIJI - PAGE 209
====================================================================== ======================================================================
SAN FRANCISCO MINT
======================================================================
======================================================================
1942 400,000 CL-68

1943 400,000 CL-69
San Francisco - S MINTMARK
OV: Crowned head of George VI, facing left ======================================================================
GEORGE VI left KING EMPEROR right / PM under bust.
RV: Turtle divided by DATE left and right / FIJI above,

SIX PENCE below, S (mintmark) under right digit of date.
EDGE: Reeded
REFERENCE: Y-11A, KM-11a
The Coins of British Oceania by Robert L. Clarke, 4th

Edition, South Pasadena, 1967.
POPULATION: Fiji - 1942 - 255,000
FOOTNOTE: During World War II, England could not supply small
silver coinage to this Pacific colony along with the Commonwealth
of Australia, so the American mints provided these issues with the
familiar mintmark of S for San Francisco. At the same time the
American mints produced small coinage from both the San Fran-
cisco and Denver mints for the Pacific colonies of the Netherlands
as it was occupied by Nazi troops during the war.
King George VI of Great Britian

======================================================================
ENCYCLOPEDIA OF SMALL SILVER COINS - FIJI - PAGE 210

FINLAND
====================================================================== ======================================================================
1864 - 50 PENNI
======================================================================
FINLAND, GRAND DUCHY of
HELSINGFORS MINT
======================================================================
50 PENNI 18.6 MM .750 FINE 2.55 GRAMS
======================================================================
1864 104,000
OV: Crowned Double Headed Imperial Russian Eagle

with Finish Arms, rampant lion holding sword and walking on a
sword, on breast, S below to right.
RV: 50 / PENNI / 1864 within oak wreath tied with

ribbon below.
EDGE: Reeded
MINT: (no mintmark) = HELSINGFORS
MINTMASTER: S = August Friedrich Soldann, 1864-88

1869 - 50 PENNI - REVERSE
TYPE: I - Large letter denomination / Small eagle ======================================================================
REFERENCE: Y-5, Suomessa Kaytetyt Rahat by Erkki HELSINGFORS MINT
Borg, Klaukkala, Finland 1976. ======================================================================
FOOTNOTE: All of the Finnish coins of this series were minted at ======================================================================
the Helsingfors mint. The city was renamed Helsinki after indepen-
dence in 1917. Listings are in chronological order. 1865 1,184,000
1866 363,000
FOOTNOTE: August Friedrich Soldann was appointed Director of 1868 140,000
the Hotel des Monnaies (mint) at Helsingfors July 4, 1861. 1869 144,000
1871 320,000
FOOTNOTE: The beautiful city of Helsingfors, capital of Russian
Finland, (c.1888) contains a university, and its environment of hills, OV: Crowned Double Headed Imperial Russian Eagle
clothed with evergreen woods, are exceedingly picturesque. The with Finish Arms, rampant lion holding sword and walking on a
harbor is capacious and excellent. The old fortress, bombarded by sword, on breast, S below to right.
the English fleet, during the Crimean War, has been supplemented
by earthworks, rendering the place impregnable. In a Winding RV: 50 / PENNI / DATE within oak wreath tied with
Journey Around the World, O.W.Wight, Detroit, 1888. ribbon below.
EDGE: Reeded
TYPE: II - Large letter denomination / Large Eagle
REFERENCE: Y-5
FOOTNOTE: Finland, a grand-duchy governed subject to its own

constitution by the emperor of Russia as grand-duke of Finland.
The bulk of the population are Finns; 2,352,990 in 1904 and Swedes
349,733. Of the Russians there were only 5939. Helsingfords,
capital of the grand-duchy and principal seaport has 111,654
Arms of Finland inhabitants. Encyclopaedia Britannia, 11th Ed., London, 1911.
ENCYCLOPEDIA OF SMALL SILVER COINS - FINLAND - PAGE 211

======================================================================
HELSINGFORS MINT
======================================================================
======================================================================
1872 200,000
1874 402,000
1876 600 rare
OV: Crowned Double Headed Imperial Russian Eagle

with Finish Arms, rampant lion holding sword and walking on a
sword, on breast, S below to right.
RV: 50 / PENNI / DATE within oak wreath tied with

ribbon below.
EDGE: Reeded
TYPE: III - Small letter denomination / S for Soldann
REFERENCE: Y-5
FOOTNOTE: Finland for 500 years remained under the Swedish

1891 - 50 PENNI - OBVERSE
crown. King John III made the country a Grand Duchy. Under ======================================================================
Swedish rule people enjoyed an autonomous constitutional gov- FINLAND, GRAND DUCHY of
ernment. While Finnish remained the language of the peasantry, HELSINGFORS MINT
Swedish became that of the towns and of the cultivated and ======================================================================
official class. During the long wars between Russia and Sweden, 50 PENNI 18.6 MM .750 FINE 2.55 GRAMS
Finland was frequently a battle ground, and as the Finnish frontier ======================================================================
was only 33 miles from St.Petersburg, it was naturally desired by
Russia to round out its territory and complete its defenses. After a 1889 312,000
Russian invasion and the Peace of Fredrikshamn in 1809 Sweden 1890 691,776
ceded the Grand Duchy and the Aland Islands to Russia. Alexander 1891 282,136
I guaranteed to Finland the preservation of its Laws, Constitution 1892 344,984
and Religion, and this pledge was solemnly renewed to the Finnish 1893 400,825
Diet by every Czar including Nicholas II. 1907 257,911
1908 353,436
FOOTNOTE: Finland, land of woods and hundreds of beautiful 1911 616,000
lakes is ruled by the Czar of Russia, with the title of the Grand Duke
of Finland. The Senate at Helsingfors, the capital, make their own OV: Crowned Double Headed Imperial Russian Eagle
laws as to some extent they have a government of their own. The with Finish Arms, rampant lion holding sword and walking on a
Finlanders are chiefly farmers, dairymen, and lumbermen. They sword, on breast, L below to right.
are far more thrifty and better educated than the Russians.
Carpenters Geographical Reader, c. 1890. RV: 50 / PENNI / DATE within oak wreath tied with
ribbon below.
EDGE: Reeded
MINTMASTER: L = Conrad Lihr 1889-1912
TYPE: IV - Small letter denomination / L for Lihr
REFERENCE: Y-5
POPULATION: Finland - 1892 - 2,400,000 with capital

Helsingfors with 67,000 inhabitants.
FOOTNOTE: Finland has for internal communications a remarkable

system of lakes connected with each other and with the Gulf of
Finland by canals. The Statesman's Year-Book, London, 1916.
FOOTNOTE: The chief trade of Finland is with Russia.

1891 - 50 PENNI - REVERSE 1916 - 50 PENNI - OBVERSE
====================================================================== ======================================================================
FOOTNOTE: The unit of value of Finland is the markka, equal to the HELSINGFORS MINT
French franc and the same standards as the Latin Monetary Union ======================================================================
and worth 19.3 U.S. cents in 1910. 100 penni = 1markka. 50 PENNI 18.6 MM .750 FINE 2.55 GRAMS
======================================================================
FOOTNOTE: In 1899 the Russification of Finland was carried on
under the auspices of the notorious Plehve, who was made Sec- 1914 600,000
retary for Finland. Between 1900 and 1902 the incorporation of 1915 1,000,000
the Finnish Army was decreed, Russian was made the language 1916 4,752,000
of Higher Administration. By 1903 Governor-General Bobrikov 1917 3,972,000
was invested with dictatorial powers and proceeded to suppress
freedom of assembly and the press and to exile the most promi- OV: Crowned Double Headed Imperial Russian Eagle
nent leaders of the opposition. On June 16, 1904 Bobrikov was with Finish Arms, rampant lion holding sword and walking on a
assassinated. He was succeeded by Prince Obolenski. In 1905 sword, on breast, S below to right.
the Constitutionalists and the Social Democrats formed a coalition,
and taking advantage of trouble in St.Petersburg, succeeded in RV: 50 / PENNI / within oak wreath tied with ribbon
wining certain concessions from Russia, including freedom of the below.
press, the deposition of Russian officials, and the reorganization
of the Diet with universal suffrage. Trouble was renewed in 1908 EDGE: Reeded
when the Russian Government again attempted to curtail the pow-
ers of the Finnish Diet and in 1910 the Imperial Legislation Law MINT: (no mintmark) = HELSINGFORS
was passed depriving the Diet of its right to legislate on such
questions as the imposition of taxes, police direction, schools, and MINTMASTER: S = I.G.Sundell 1912-1947
the control of the press. In 1910 the population was 3,030,400 for
Finland including 136,497 inhabitants of Helsingfors, the capital. TYPE: V - Small letter denomination / S for Sundell.
New International Yearbook, 1910.
REFERENCE: Y-5
====================================================================== ======================================================================
1882 - 50 PENNI 1917 With Crown

====================================================================== ======================================================================

1917 - 50 PENNI - OBVERSE 1917 - 50 PENNI - REVERSE
====================================================================== ======================================================================
FINLAND, REPUBLIC of
HELSINKI MINT FOOTNOTE: This issue was struck at Helsinki from old dies with
====================================================================== the crown removed to indicate the independence of Finland from
50 PENNI 18.6 MM .750 FINE 2.55 GRAMS Russia. The coins date 1917 were issued both with the crown and
====================================================================== without the crown.
1917 573,387 FOOTNOTE: Finland proclaimed her independence December 9,

1917. Her independence was recognized by practically all the
OV: Double Headed Eagle (without crown) with European powers immediately and by the Russian Soviet Govern-
Finish Arms, rampant lion holding sword and walking on a ment on January 9, 1918. Civil War immediately broke out between
sword, on breast, S below to right. the Red Guards (Bolshevik) and the White Guards (Pro-German
under General Mannerheim). General Mannerheim enlisted Ger-
RV: 50 / PENNI / 1917 within oak wreath tied with man aid for the Constitutionalists after Great Britain and Sweden
ribbon below. declined assistance. 40,000 German troops were landed at Hango,
April 1918 and destroyed Russian warships in Finnish harbors
EDGE: Reeded and occupied Helsingfors (which was renamed Helsinki) and
Viborg. Prince Freberich Karl of Hesse was elected King of Fin-
MINT: (no mintmark) = HELSINKI land in October but, with the surrender of Germany to the Allies in
November and the consequent withdrawal of German troops from
MINTMASTER: S = I.G.Sundell 1912-1947 Finland, General Mannerheim was elected Regent December 11,
1918. Finland became a Republic under the Constitutional Law of
TYPE: VI - Without crown July 17, 1919 and K.J.Stahlberg was elected President.
REFERENCE: Y-31, Suomen Rahat: Katalog Over

Finska Mynt Och Sedlar, Helsinki 1974.
FOOTNOTE: Helsingfors is the capital and chief city of the Grand

Duchy of Finland. It is the center not only of the political life but of
the educational, literary, and artistic life of Finland. The Russians
have taken pains to make Helsingfors strong, strategic position,
impregnable from the military point of view. The entrance to the
inner harbor is so narrow that only one ship at a time can pass
between the frowning rocks, and the murderous guns of the forts
are so mounted that they can be turned against the foe, whether
he approach by land or sea...Finland has four important commer-
cial ports - Abo, Hango, Helsingfors, and Viborg. The two former
are available in winter, for though not ice free, the ice breakers can
usually plow their way through and reach their berths in the course
of time. Helsingfors and Viborg, however, are usually impossible in
the winter time. The Charm of Scandinavia, F.E.&S.A. Clark, Bos-
ton, 1914.
Finland today
======================================================================

FRANCE
====================================================================== ======================================================================
FRANCE, KINGDOM of
FOOTNOTE: The 2 franc or 50 centimes silver coins listed were BORDEAUX MINT
minted at five provisional mints; The National Mint was assigned A ======================================================================
for Paris, B for Rouen, BB for Strasburg, D for Lyons, K for Bor- 2 FRANC 18MM .900 FINE 2.5 GRAMS
deaux and W for Lille. The listings are arranged by mints in alpha- ======================================================================
betical order and then in chronological listings.
1843 33,749 VG-2940
====================================================================== 1844 23,156 VG-2957
FRANCE, KINGDOM of
BORDEAUX MINT OV: Head of Louis Philippe, facing right LOUIS
====================================================================== PHILIPPE I left RIO DES FRANCAIS (King of France) right /
2 FRANC 18MM .900 FINE 2.5 GRAMS DOMARD.F. below.
======================================================================
RV: 2 / FRANC / DATE within wreath of laurel tied
1831 34,945 VG-2822 with ribbon below / (vine leaf) n (star) K (mintmark) below.
1832 40,146 VG-2831
1833 29,312 VG-2841 EDGE: Reeded
1834 69,082 VG-2848
1835 50,144 VG-2855 MINT: K = BORDEAUX
1836 14,640 VG-2863
1837 25,519 VG-2871 ENGRAVER: DOMARD.F. = Joseph-Francois Domard,
1838 16,624 VG-2881 Fecit = He made it.
1839 18,624 VG-2894
1840 42,831 VG-2912 ENGRAVER GENERAL: n = Nicolas-Pierre Tiolier
1841 26,000 VG-2925 1816-42
1842 35,260 VG-2933
DIRECTOR: (vine leaf) = Alexandre Vignes 1827-59
OV: Head of Louis Philippe, facing right LOUIS
PHILIPPE I left RIO DES FRANCAIS (King of France) right / REFERENCE: C-198
DOMARD.F. below.
FOOTNOTE: The Privy marks on French coins denote the engraver-
RV: 2 / FRANC / DATE within wreath of laurel tied general who had overall responsibility for the engraving and the
with ribbon below / (vine leaf) n (star) K (mintmark) below. tools at both the Paris mint and the Provisional mints, the engravers
mark indicated the provisional engraver, whilst the directors of
EDGE: Reeded each mint were responsible for the actual striking of the coinage.
Each mark was personal, and when new engravers or directors
MINT: K = BORDEAUX were appointed the marks were changed.
ENGRAVER: DOMARD.F. = Joseph-Francois Domard,

Fecit = He made it.
ENGRAVER GENERAL: n = Nicolas-Pierre Tiolier

1816-42
DIRECTOR: (vine leaf) = Alexandre Vignes 1827-59
REFERENCE: C-198
======================================================================
FOOTNOTE: With the exception of French Indo-China, the French

colonies are not included in this volume. The reason for this, is that
the official currency of the colonies was the French currency,
although some issued their own colonial notes and small denomi-
nation coinage of copper and aluminum. Cowrie shells, probably
brought in by East Indies traders long ago were formerly much in
use for barter in the country markets of the Sudan. The eight
colonies of French West Africa include; Senegal, Mauritania, French
Guinea, Ivory Coast, Upper Volta, French Sudan, Niger, Dahomey,
and Mandate Territory of Togo. Since 1895 the tricolor of France
has flown over forts of Timbuktu and a troop of camel cavalry
patrols the desert regions to keep the nomadic tribes under con-
trol. French acquisition in Equatorial Africa began in 1841, through
exploration and settlement. In 1910 French Congo was renamed
French Equatorial Africa. Its four colonies are; Gabon, Middle Congo,
Quay of Louis XVIII - Bordeaux Ubangi-Shari and Chad. As in all French colonies in Africa, the
====================================================================== official currency is French, the franc being the unit.
ENCYCLOPEDIA OF SMALL SILVER COINS - FRANCE - PAGE 215

======================================================================
FRANCE, KINGDOM of
BORDEAUX MINT
======================================================================
======================================================================
1845 21,702 VG-2968

1846 22,067 VG-2978
1847 8,915 VG-2992

PHILIPPE I left RIO DES FRANCAIS (King of France) right /
DOMARD.F. below.
RV: 50 / CENT. / DATE within wreath of laurel tied

with ribbon below / (vine leaf) (grayhounds head) K (mintmark).
EDGE: Reeded
MINT: K = BORDEAUX

Fecit = He made it.
DIRECTOR: (vine leaf) = Alexander Vignes 1827-1859
ENGRAVER GENERAL: (grayhounds head) =

Jacques-Jean Barre 1843-55
1865 K - 50 CENTIMES - REVERSE
======================================================================
FRANCE, EMPIRE of
REFERENCE: C-199
BORDEAUX MINT
======================================================================
======================================================================
======================================================================
1864 1,827,936 VG-3668

1865 4,900,892 VG-2679
1866 3,500,433 VG-3700
1867 4,691,729 VG-3713
======================================================================
FRANCE, REPUBLIC of OV: Head of Napoleon III, facing left (hammer and
BORDEAUX MINT pick) NAPOLEON III, left EMPEROR (anchor) right / BARRE under
====================================================================== bust.
====================================================================== RV: Crown / 50 CENT. / DATE / K (mintmark) EMPIRE
FRANCAIS (French Empire) around.
1850 30,946
EDGE: Reeded
OV: n (star) at top, Liberty head, facing left
REPUBLIQUE (Republic) left FRANCAISE (France) right / MINT: K = BORDEAUX
E.A.OUDINE,F. under bust.
DESIGNER: Barre = Jacques-Jean Barre 1843-55
RV: 50 / CENT. / 1850 within wreath of laurel and
oak tied with ribbon below, LIBERTE EGALITE FRATERNITE DIRECTOR: (hammer and pick) = Ernest Dumas 1860-
(Liberty-Equality-Fraternity) around / (three acorns) (vine leaf) K 67
(mintmark) (grayhounds head) below.
ENGRAVER-GENERAL: (anchor) = Albert-Desire
EDGE: Reeded Barre 1855-78
MINT: K = BORDEAUX REFERENCE: Y-29, MP-166
ENGRAVER: E.A.OUDINE,F. = Eugene Andre Oudine, FOOTNOTE: Bordeaux, a city of France lies on the left bank of the
Fecit = He made it. Garonne, in a semicircular or oval form, corresponding with the
curve of the river which constitutes its port. The most striking
DIRECTOR: (vine leaf) = Alexander Vignes 1827-59 objects upon approaching Bordeaux are the port and the stupen-
dous bridge, projected and partly executed by Bonapart, over the
ENGRAVER-GENERAL: (grayhounds head) = Garonne, an arm of the sea rather than a river. Bordeaux, like so
Jacques-Jean Barre 1843-55 many other cities, is divided into the old and new town, on the right
and left. The population of Bordeaux fluctuates with its commerce
REFERENCE: Y-3, MP-133, VG-3261 between 60,000 and 100,000.

FRANCE
Emperor Napoleon III

Bordeaux 1865 - 50 Centimes
====================================================================== ======================================================================
FRANCE, REPUBLIC of FRANCE, KINGDOM of
BORDEAUX MINT LILLE MINT
====================================================================== ======================================================================
====================================================================== ======================================================================
1871 722,980 VG-3803 1845 524,711 VG-2968

1872 1,643,470 VG-3830 1846 69,935 VG-2978
1873 166,009 VG-3842
OV: n (star) at top, Liberty head, facing left PHILIPPE I left RIO DES FRANCAIS (King of France) right /
REPUBLIQUE (Republic) left FRANCAISE. (France) right / DOMARD.F. below.
RV: 50 / CENT. / DATE within wreath of laurel and with ribbon below / (standing cornucopia) (grayhound head) W
oak tied with ribbon below, (three acorns) LIBERTE EGALITE (mintmark) below.
FRATERITE (Liberty-Equality-Fraternity) around / (cross) K
(mintmark) (anchor) below. EDGE: Reeded
EDGE: Reeded MINT: W = LILLE
MINT: K = BORDEAUX ENGRAVER: DOMARD.F. = Joseph-Francois Domard,

Fecit = He made it.
DIRECTOR: (cross) = Henri-Archange Delbecque
1871-78 DIRECTOR: (standing cornucopia) = Charles Dierickx
1840-46
ENGRAVER-GENERAL: (anchor) = Albert-Desire
Barre 1855-78 ENGRAVER GENERAL: (grayhound head) = Jacques-
Jean Barre 1843-55
ENGRAVER: E.A.OUDINE,F. = Eugene Andre Oudine,
Fecit = He made it. REFERENCE: C-199
MARK: (three acorns) = unknown FOOTNOTE: Lyons, the second city in France capital of the De-
partment of the Rhone, 240 miles southeast of Paris, and 170 miles
REFERENCE: Y-48, MP-192 north of the Mediterranean. The town is built partly on a peninsula
between the Saone and the Rhone, and partly on the opposite
FOOTNOTE: Bordeaux - one of the most important cities and ports banks of the rivers on either side. The rivers are crossed by about
of France, capital of the Department of Gironde, on the Garonne, a score of bridges, and the city is surrounded by eighteen de-
about 70 miles from the sea. It is built in a crescent form round a tached forts, which form a circuit of sixteen miles. Parts of the city
bend of the river, which is here lined with fine quays and crossed are old, squalid, and unhealthy, but as a whole it had a stately and
by a magnificent stone bridge, and consists of an old and a new imposing appearance. Lyons carries on various industries, but its
town. The former is mostly composed of irregular squares and chief glory is that of being the greatest center of the silk manufac-
narrow crooked streets; while the latter is laid out with great ture in the world, giving employment in the town or surrounding
regularity, and on a scale of magnificence hardly surpassed by neighborhood to 240,000 people. A great many of the weavers
any provincial town in Europe. Large vessels sail up to the town, work in their own dwellings, not in factories. There is also a large
and there is ready communication by railway or river with the trade by railway, river, and canal. Population 1891 - 416,029. New
Mediterranean, Spain, and manufacturing centers of France. The Cabinet Cyclopaedia, Phila.,1896.
chief exports are wine and brandy; sugar and other colonial pro-
duce and wood are the chief imports. Ship-building is the chief
industry, and there are sugar-refineries, woolen and cotton mills,
potteries, soap-works, distilleries, etc. Population 1891 - 252,415.
Cabinet Cyclopaedia, 1895.
French washerwomen Wheat harvest in France

====================================================================== ======================================================================
FRANCE, KINGDOM of FRANCE, EMPIRE of
LYON MINT LYON MINT
====================================================================== ======================================================================
2 FRANC 18MM .900 FINE 2.5 GRAMS 50 CENTIMES 18MM .900 FINE 2.5 GRAMS
====================================================================== ======================================================================
1831 15,928 VG-2822 1856 1,245,407

1832 206,386 VG-2831
1833 32,414 VG-2841 OV: Head of Napoleon III, facing left (lion passant)
1834 63,610 VG-2848 NAPOLEON III, left EMPEROR (anchor) right / BARRE under bust.
1835 14,513 VG-2855
1836 8,706 VG-2863 RV: Crown / 50 CENT. / 1856 / within wreath of
1837 7,556 VG-2871 laurel EMPIRE FRANCAIS (French Empire) around / D (mintmark)
1838 2,432 VG-2881 below.
1840 18,565 VG-2894
EDGE: Reeded
PHILIPPE I left RIO DES FRANCAIS (King of France) right / MINT: D = LYON
DOMARD.F. below.
DESIGNER: BARRE = Jacques-Jean Barre 1843-55
with ribbon below / (boat) (star) D (mintmark) below. ENGRAVER GENERAL: (anchor) = Albert-Desire
Barre
EDGE: Reeded 1855-78
MINT: D = LYON DIRECTOR: (lion passant) = Jean Moine 1848-58
ENGRAVER: DOMARD.F. = Joseph-Francois Domard, REFERENCE: Y-23, VG-3477

Fecit = He made it.
======================================================================
DIRECTOR: (boat) = Nicolas Richard 1823-39
ENGRAVER GENERAL: (star) = Nicolas-Pierre Tiolier

1816-42
REFERENCE: C-198
======================================================================
View of Lyons
======================================================================
Emporor Napoleon III

FOTNOTE: Charles Louis Napoleon Bonaparte was born in 1808
the third son of Louis Bonapart, who was created by his brother
King of Holland. His mother was Hortense Beauharnais, the step-
daughter of the Emperor Napoleon I. He was brought up principally
at the castle of Arenenburg, his mothers residence in Switzerland
and was given a very fine education. He was something of a
scientist and an engineer and he also studied history(continued).

====================================================================== ======================================================================
FOOTNOTE: Charles Louis Napoleon Bonaparte (Continued) In
1831 he took part in one of the liberation campaigns in Italy, to-
gether with his elder brother Louis, who however died of fever
during the campaign. In 1832 by the death of the only son of
Napoleon I, the Duke of Reighstadt and King of Rome, he became
the head of the family, both his elder brothers being dead. During
the next few years he published a good deal of literature, dealing
principally with his political ideas. During the reign of Louis Philippe
and taking advantage of the disturbing state of France he made 1834 A - 2 FRANC
two attempts to establish himself in that country. The first, in 1836 ======================================================================
was easily repressed, and he was deported to America; the sec- FRANCE, KINGDOM of
ond, in 1840, when he landed at Boulogne, ended in his being PARIS MINT
condemned to lifelong imprisonment in a French fortress. There he ======================================================================
continued his writings. After just over five years imprisonment he 2 FRANC 18MM .900 FINE 2.5 GRAMS
managed to make his escape, and returned to London. Taking ======================================================================
advantage of the Revolution of 1848, he hurried back to France,
where he had been elected as a Deputy to the Constituent Assem- 1831 109,850 VG-2822
bly. Having taken his seat he almost immediately resigned, but was 1832 345,056 VG-2831
again elected for five different Constituencies. Encouraged by 1833 272,340 VG-2841
this, he determined to stand as a candidate for the Presidency, and 1834 418,774 VG-2848
was elected by a majority of some five to one over his opponent, 1835 831,316 VG-2855
General Cavaignac. At first there seemed to be some possibility of 1836 431,550 VG-2863
concord in France, but the President, although he had taken the 1837 136,556 VG-2871
Oath of Allegiance to the Republic, soon showed his hand. He 1838 385,384 VG-2881
rapidly assumed the control of the Army, practically every post of 1839 635,962 VG-2894
importance was held by his own nominee, and finally in December 1840 1,106,978 VG-2912
of 1851 he dissolved the Assembly by force and brought about his 1841 1,119,247 VG-2925
famous but violently bloody Coup detat. France for the time seemed 1842 338,173 VG-2933
to acquiesce, he was in the same month proposed as candidate
for ten years as President, and elected to the position by a majority OV: Head of Louis Philippe, facing right LOUIS
of 7,000,000. He now made no pretence at disguising his reaction- PHILIPPE I left RIO DES FRANCAIS (King of France) right /
ary measures. Posing as the candidate and representative of the DOMARD.F. below.
people, he rapidly developed into a despot, who gagged the press
and did his best to repress liberty. In 1853 he was married to RV: 2 / FRANC / DATE within wreath of laurel tied
Countess Eugenie deMontigo. He still continued to pretend himself with ribbon below / (c anchor) n (star) A (mintmark) below.
the friend of democracy, but his interference in Italian affairs led to
the annexation of Nice and Savoy to France, whilst his attempt to EDGE: Reeded
impose a monarch on the Mexicans led to one of the most pathetic
tragedies that the world has witnessed. His foreign policy at times MINT: A = PARIS
appeared brilliant, and he was almost always in close alliance with
Great Britain. He joined England in the Crimean War and in 1859 ENGRAVER: DOMARD.F. = Joseph-Francois Domard,
helped Sardinia against the Austrians and also took part in the Fecit = He made it.
operations against China (1858-60) and Mehemet Ali (1860-61).
But his failure in Mexico in 1861 caused his government to become ENGRAVER GENERAL: n = Nicolas-Pierre Tiolier
increasingly unpopular in France. By 1865 it became apparent that 1816-42
his influence was on the wane. The book which he had written for
the purpose of extolling his own methods of government did not DIRECTOR: (c anchor) = Jean-Perre Collot 1821-42
meet with absolute, unalloyed success, and he realised that a
more liberal policy was necessary. This he tried to adopt, but too REFERENCE: C-198
late. In 1870 realising that his main support, the Army, was begin-
ning to fall away in its allegiance, he made a last attempt to rally
them. He interfered in the question of the Spanish Succession, for
which a Prince of the House of Holenzollern was a candidate, and
although the Prussians withdrew their prince, events led on to
Declaration of War between France and Prussia. Napoleon III was
unaware of the awful state of his Army. When he declared war he
was firmly convinced that the French would easily gain Berlin, but
his nearly 300,000 men were opposed by 500,000 Prussians and
Napoleon III never reached the right bank of the Rhine. He was
crushed at Saarbruck, at Weissenburg, and at Metz, and finally
came the crowning defeat at Sudan. On September 2, 1870, the
day after the battle, Napoleon III, Emperor of France surrendered to
the Prussian King, William I who led his soldiers to this victory. A
few months later on January 18, 1871 William I was proclaimed
Emperor of Germany in the Palace of Versailles. Naploeon III was
kept a prisoner until the end of the war. In the meantime his Em-
press had retired to England and here in 1871 she was joined by
Napoleon, who died three years later. Napoleon III is best remem-
bered by numismatists for his efforts to establish the Latin Mon-
etary Union.
Eiffel Tower at Paris Exposition
======================================================================
FOOTNOTE: Franc derived from the device, Francorum Rex, King
of the Franks, struck by King John II, on the coin in 1360. The unit
of monetary system of France and of the States of the Latin Mon-
etary Union - Belgium, Switzerland, Italy, and Greece. The franc is
the twentieth part of the twenty-franc gold piece, or 0.2902 grams
of pure gold. When the monetary notation adopted in France in
1795, which supplanted the former Livre Tournois, the franc was
a silver coin, nine-tenths fine, weighing five grams. Such coins
ceased after 1865, when the franc coin was made a token, .835
fine, without change of weight and equivalent in United States
money to 19.3 cents. As a silver unit it still remained in its multiple
the five-franc piece, nine-tenths fine, weighting 25 grams. In 1876
the coinage of the five-franc piece was discontinued. Silver coins
of 5, 2, and 1 franc and 2 franc, continued in general use; but they
are all, strictly speaking, tokens, gold having become the standard,
and being represented in the coinage by pieces of 10 francs and
20 francs. The franc is theoretically divided into 100 centimes; but
as the smallest coin in France is the five-centime piece, the old
appellation of 20 sous to a franc (or livre) is still in frequent use. In
Italy the franc is called lira, and in Greece, drachma. In other coun-
tries not in treaty relations with France, the same unit prevails; in
Finland, the mark; in Spain, the peseta; in Rumania, the lei; in Ven-
City of Paris ezuela, the bolivar. New International Encyclopedia, 1910.
======================================================================
FRANCE, KINGDOM of
PARIS MINT
======================================================================
======================================================================
1843 152,279 VG-2940

1844 196,164 VG-2957
1845 with C-199 VG-2967

DOMARD.F. below.

with ribbon below / (pointing hand) (grayhounds head) A
(mintmark) below.
Paris sets the fashions
FOOTNOTE: Paris sets the fashions of all Europe, and an immense
EDGE: Reeded trade in articles of dress and new patterns is carried on by tailors,
mantua-makers, and milliners. Each week has its new female fash-
MINT: A = PARIS ions, and every month its new male fashions; all say they, for the
good of trade. Universal Gazetteer, Phila., 1839.
Fecit = He made it.

DIRECTOR: (pointing hand) = Charles Louis Dierickx

1845-60
REFERENCE: C-198
View of Paris -1880

======================================================================

1846 A - 50 CENTIMES - OBVERSE 1846 A - 50 CENTIMES - REVERSE
====================================================================== ======================================================================
FRANCE, KINGDOM of
PARIS MINT
======================================================================
======================================================================
1845 493,587 VG-2968

1846 3,165,355 VG-2978
1847 3,436,889 VG-2992
1848 218,448 VG-3011

DOMARD.F. below.

with ribbon below / (pointing hand) (grayhounds head) A
(mintmark).
EDGE: Reeded
MINT: A = PARIS

Fecit = He made it.

1845-60

REFERENCE: C-199 Riot in Paris in 1848

FOOTNOTE: Paris the capital of France, and of civilized Europe,
lies on both banks and occupies two islets of the Seine. Among the ======================================================================
chief public edifices are; the Hotel des Monnaies, or the mint, in
which also all national medals are struck, with its colonnade, arches, FOOTNOTE: Rioters filled the streets of Paris. In two days Louis
and statues, forming a noble facade towards the Seine, on its left Philippe prudently quit the country. The foundations of the Second
bank... Universal Gazetteer, Phila., 1839. Republic were laid. University of Knowledge.

====================================================================== ======================================================================
FRANCE, REPUBLIC of
PARIS MINT
======================================================================
======================================================================
1849 2,655 VG-3247

1850 2,165,210 VG-3261
1851 849,931 VG-3272
OV: n (star) at top, Liberty head, facing left

REPUBLIQUE (Republic) left FRANCAISE, (France) right /
RV: 50 / CENT. / DATE within wreath of laurel and

oak tied with ribbon below, LIBERTE EGALITE FRATERITE
(Liberty-Equality-Fraternity) around / (three acorns) (pointing
hand) A (mintmark) (grayhounds head) below.
EDGE: Reeded
MINT: A = PARIS
ENGRAVER: E.A.OUDINE,F. = E.A.Oudine, Fecit = He

made it.

1845-60

MARK = (three acorns) = unknown
REFERENCE: Y-3, MP-133
FOOTNOTE: Paris - named from the Keltic tribe Parisii, it was

called by the Romans - Lutetia Parisiorum, the Bright city of the
parisii from the white stone used in buildings.
Proclamation of the Republic 1848

====================================================================== ======================================================================
FRANCE, REPUBLIC of FRANCE, EMPIRE of
PARIS MINT PARIS MINT
====================================================================== ======================================================================
====================================================================== ======================================================================
1852 1,010,267 1853 153,830 VG-3345

1854 1,080,234 VG-3382
OV: Head of President Napoleon, facing left LOUIS- 1855 400,259 VG-3430
NAPOLEON left BONAPARTE right / BARRE under bust /
(grayhounds head) (pointing hand) below. OV: Head of Napoleon III, facing left (grayhound
head) NAPOLEON III, left EMPEROR (pointing hand) right / BARRE
RV:50 / CENT. / 1852 within wreath of oak and laurel under bust.
tied with ribbon below, REPUBLIQUE FRANCAISE (Republic
France) around / A (mintmark) below. RV: Crown / 50 CENT. / DATE within wreath of laurel
A (mintmark) EMPIRE FRANCAIS (French Empire) around.
EDGE: Reeded
EDGE: Reeded
MINT: A = PARIS
MINT: A = PARIS
ENGRAVER: BARRE = Jacques-Jean Barre 1843-55
ENGRAVER-GENERAL: BARRE (grayhound head) =
DIRECTOR: (pointing hand) = Charles Louis Dierickx Jacques-Jean Barre 1843-55
1845-60
DIRECTOR: (pointing hand) = Charles louis Dierickx
ENGRAVER-GENERAL: (grayhounds head) = 1845-60
REFERENCE: Y-11, MP-139, VG-3317
New Alexander bridge, Paris Peasants' cottages, France - 1902

====================================================================== ======================================================================
FRANCE, EMPIRE of
PARIS MINT FOOTNOTE: Latin Union - By the monetary convention of Decem-
====================================================================== ber 23, 1865, France, Belgium, Switzerland, and Italy entered into
50 CENTIMES 18MM .900 FINE 2.5 GRAMS a treaty for the uniform regulation of coinage in these States. This
====================================================================== association of States in a common monetary policy was known as
the Latin Union. The French monetary law of 1803 had established
1856 1,436,299 VG-3458 both gold and silver as full legal-tender coinage. Under its provi-
1857 1,631,861 VG-3490 sions the two and five franc pieces were exact multiples in weight
1858 5,558,511 VG-3531 of the one-franc coin. During the early bimetallic experience the
1859 3,880,473 VG-3544 pressure for the exportation of coin fell chiefly upon gold, and did
1860 2,656,824 VG-3552 not therefore greatly disturb the money circulation of every day.
1862 1,549,468 VG-3639 But with the discovery of gold in California and Australia, gold fell
relatively to silver, and large quantities of silver were exported, as
OV: Head of Napoleon III, facing left (anchor) gold was substituted for it in the monetary circulation. The coins
NAPOLEON III, left EMPEROR (pointing hand) right / BARRE under first selected for export were naturally the larger five-franc pieces,
bust. but as time progressed the smaller coins were drawn upon and
the people suffered great inconvenience from the diminution in the
RV: Crown / 50 CENT. / DATE / A (mintmark) within volume of small coins. In 1861 a French commission appointed to
wreath of laurel, EMPIRE FRANCAIS (French Empire) around. inquire into the state of the coinage reported in favor of making the
small coins tokens, as had been in a similar situation in the United
EDGE: Reeded States in 1853. This proposal was carried out by a law of
1864,which without reducing the weight of the small coins, changed
MINT: A = PARIS the alloy from .900 to .835 fine. It provided that these coins should
not be issued by the several countries in excess of six francs per
DESIGNER = BARRE = Jacques-Jean Barre 1843-55 head of the population. Greece joined the convention in 1868 and
several other countries set all or part of their coinage at the same
ENGRAVER GENERAL: (anchor) = Albert-Desire standards of size, weight, and fineness, thus making them inter-
Barre 1855-78 nationally universal. New International Encyclopedia, 1910.

1845-60
POPULATION: Paris in 1856 before the annexation of

parts of Paris beyond the old Mur dOctrol -1,174,346.

====================================================================== ======================================================================
1864 A - 50 CENTIMES 1873 A - 50 CENTIMES

====================================================================== ======================================================================
FRANCE, EMPIRE of FRANCE, REPUBLIC of
====================================================================== ======================================================================
====================================================================== ======================================================================
1864 7,597,756 VG-3668 1871 235,805 VG-3811

1865 7,397,612 VG-3679 1872 4,243,047 VG-3823
1866 5,921,157 VG-3700 1873 925,715 VG-3837
1867 14,528,438 VG-3713 1874 1,227,957 VG-3850
1868 2,788,512 VG-3737 1878 30 VG-3911 essai
OV: Head of Napoleon III, facing left (bee) NAPO- OV: i (star) at top, Liberty head, facing left
LEON III, left EMPEROR (anchor) right / BARRE under bust. REPUBLIQUE (Republic) left FRANCAISE. (France) right /
RV: Crown / 50 CENT. / DATE / A (mintmark) EMPIRE
FRANCAIS (French Empire) around. RV: 50 / CENT. / DATE within wreath of laurel and
oak tied with ribbon below, (three acorns) LIBERTE EGALITE
EDGE: Reeded FRATERITE (Liberty-Equality-Fraternity) around / (bee) A
(mintmark) (anchor) below.
MINT: A = PARIS
EDGE: Reeded
DESIGNER: BARRE = Albert-Desire Barre 1855-78
MINT: A = PARIS
DIRECTOR: (bee) = Renouard deBussiere 1860-79
ENGRAVER GENERAL: (anchor) = Albert-Desire
Barre 1855-78 ENGRAVER GENERAL: (anchor) = Albert-Desire
Barre 1855-78
DESIGNER: E.A.OUDINE,F. = Eugene Andre Oudine,
====================================================================== Fecit = He made it.
MARK: (three acorns) = unknown
FOOTNOTE: Napoleon III telegraphed from Sedan to Paris on Sep-

tember 3, 1870 - The Army is defeated and captured and I am a
prisoner. The Empire collapsed, mobs invaded the Chamber of
Deputies, shouting for the Republic. The Third French Republic
was proclaimed September 4, 1870. The defeat at Sedan did not
bring the War to a close. The Germans pressed on to Paris and the
King of Prussia took up his quarters at Versailles. A terrible siege
reduced Paris to the point of starvation and in January 28, 1871 it
capitulated and an armistice was arranged. The terms of peace
negotiated required France to give up Alsace and part of Lorraine
with an indemnity of five billion francs and submit to the presence
of German troops until this was paid. The loans were arranged. In
the autumn of 1873 the amount was paid in full and the last German
soldier left the soil of France. After the conclusion of peace the
Germans set Napoleon III free and he retired to England until his
death in 1873. In 1871 a new series of French 50 centimes were
struck in Paris and Bordeaux with the liberty head design of Oudine,
first minted in 1850 for the Second Republic.
The Arch of Triumph, Paris
======================================================================

====================================================================== ======================================================================
FRANCE, REPUBLIC of
PARIS MINT
======================================================================
======================================================================
1881 5,390,890 VG-3959

1882 2,319,719 VG-3986
1886 308,758 VG-4030 rare
1887 1,865,694 VG-4043
1888 4,517,106 VG-4070
1889 100 VG-4100 rare
1894 3,600,000 VG-4213
1895 7,200,000 VG-4239
OV: i (star) at top, Liberty head, facing left Arms - French Republic
REPUBLIQUE (Republic) left FRANCAISE. (France) right /
E.A.OUDINE,F. under bust. FOOTNOTE: The Paris Mint (Hotel des Monnaies) fronts the Quai
Conti, on the south side of the Seine, and contains an immense
RV: 50 / CENT. / DATE within wreath of laurel and collection of coins and medals.
oak tied with ribbon below, LIBERTE EGALITE FRATERITE
(Liberty-Equality-Fraternity) around / (three acorns) (cornuco-
pia) A (mintmark) (fasces) below.
EDGE: Reeded
MINT: (cornucopia) A = PARIS
ENGRAVER: (fasces) = Jean LaGrange 1880-96
DESIGNER: E.A.OUDINE,F. = Eugene Andre Oudine,

Fecit = He made it.
MARK: (three acorns) = unknown
POPULATION: France - 1890 - 46,922,048
On the boulevards, Paris

======================================================================

====================================================================== ======================================================================
FRANCE, REPUBLIC of
PARIS MINT FOOTNOTE: Louis Oscar Roty was born in Paris in 1846. He was
====================================================================== awarded the Prix de Paris in 1875. Roty died in 1911. The famous
50 CENTIMES 18MM .835 FINE 2.5 GRAMS design of the Semeuse was first struck during December 1897
====================================================================== with only a mintage of 88,000. The Latin Monetary Union had limited
the amount of subsidiary coinage in proportion to the population,
1897 88,000 VG-4289 rare however on October 29, 1897 the allotment of each country was
1898 30,000,000 VG-4328 increased, with France striking 30,000,000 - 50 centime coins the
1899 18,000,000 VG-4371 following year. The coins were minted from re-coined 5 franc
1900 9,194,767 VG-4397 rare pieces at the Paris mint.
OV: La Semeuse (The Sower), facing left, rising FOOTNOTE: The French coal miner - when questioned as to his
sun, right REPUBLIQUE, left FRANCAISE, right / O.ROTY incised daily earnings, a miner answered, About seven francs and,
below. while complaining that because of his large family he could not
take a holiday, he did not seem discontented with the pay in itself;
RV: 50 / CENTIMES / laurel leaves / DATE, LIBERTE his good-natured grumblings were directed against life rather than
EGALITE FRATERNITE (Liberty-Equality-Fraternity) around against his trade. Why the miner generally saves nothing, on the
directed out. contrary getting into debt, whether it is the pay which is too small
for the living which is too dear, or whether it is he who is incapable
EDGE: Reeded of adjusting his living to his pay, - is the social and moral question
combined for the miner.The American Monthly Review of Reviews,
MINT: (no mintmark) = PARIS N.Y., November 1902.
ENGRAVER: O.ROTY = Louis Oscar Roty
TYPE: I - no mint identification
Monnairies Francaise by VictorGuilloteau,Versailles,

1942 Reprint
Historire Monetaire et Numismatique Contemporaine

by Jean Mazard 2 Vol., Paris 1965.
Repertoire de la Numismatique Francaise

Contemporaine by Jean DeMey and Bernard
Poindessault, Paris 1972.
POPULATION: France - 1896 - 38,518,000
======================================================================

======================================================================
FRANCE, REPUBLIC of
PARIS MINT
======================================================================
======================================================================
1901 4,960,000 VG-4421

1902 3,778,172 VG-4447
1903 2,221,828 VG-4476
1904 4,000,000 VG-4513
1905 2,380,861 VG-4542
1906 2,679,144 VG-4567
1907 7,331,819 VG-4585
1908 14,304,058 VG-4603
1909 9,900,044 VG-4630
1910 15,922,600 VG-4670
1911 1,329,503 VG-4695 rare
1912 16,000,000 VG-4719
1913 14,000,000 VG-4744
1914 9,656,841 VG-4793
1915 40,892,772 VG-4834
1916 52,962,657 VG-4846
1917 48,628,732 VG-4865
1918 36,491,942 VG-4886
1919 24,298,732 VG-4901
1920 8,508,560 VG-4922
1920 - 50 CENTIMES - OBVERSE OV: La Semeuse (The Sower), facing left, rising
sun, right REPUBLIQUE, left FRANCAISE, right / O.ROTY incised
====================================================================== below.
FOOTNOTE: Broadcasting, a method of sowing which distributes RV: 50 / CENTIMES / laurel leaves / DATE, (torch)
the seed with some uniformity. When done by hand, the seed is LIBERTE.EGALITE.FRATERNITE (cornucopia)(mintmark) (Liberty
carried in a bag at the left side, and is scattered with the right hand - Equality - Fraternity) around directed out.
as the sower walks. Broadcasting is largely limited to sowing
spring grains and grasses. New International Encyclopedia, 1910. EDGE: Reeded
====================================================================== MINT: (cornucopia) = PARIS
ENGRAVER: (torch) = Henri-Auguste Patey 1896-1930
DESIGNER: O.ROTY = Louis Oscar Roty
TYPE: II - cornucopia for Paris mint
REFERENCE: Y-62, MP-202,
POPULATION: France - 1901 - 38,961,945 withcapital

Paris with 2,536,834 inhabitants and the Army of
523,000 men, 140,000 horses and a Navy of 507
vessels including 63 ironclads, 140 torpedo vessels
and boats manned by 70,000 men.
1920 - 50 CENTIMES - REVERSE

====================================================================== The Place de la Concorde, Paris
FOOTNOTE: The end of World War I and the financial burden on
Europe came about on January 18, 1919, the anniversary of the
day in 1871 when the German Empire had been proclaimed and in
the very hall at Versailles where assembled a conference of the
Allied and Associated Powers to announce the defeat of the Ger-
man Empire. The Treaty was finally signed on June 23, 1919. Other
agreements were signed with Austria, Hungary, Bulgaria and Tur-
key. When the soldiers came back from the front and the civilians
turned once more to their regular work, they found awaiting them
mountains of debts and high taxes. The National Debt of Italy was
raised from three billion dollars to eleven billion dollars, that of
Germany from one billion to forty billion (excluding the thirty-three
billion due for reparations) and that of Great Britain from three and
one-half billion to thirty billion. Afraid to tax the people heavily all the
governments in Europe began to issue paper money in vast quan-
tities - inflating the currency and raising the cost of living with each
new flood of paper notes. Gold and silver practically went out of
circulation. In the case of the French 50 centimes, 1920 with one-
third the mintage of the previous year was the last year of issue ======================================================================
for this denomination in silver. Belgium had last issued the 50 cen- FRANCE, KINGDOM of
times in silver in 1914 with a very small mintage of 240,000, as she ROUEN MINT
entered the Great War on August 4, 1914. Serbia had the Paris mint ======================================================================
strike one last large issue dated 1915 (records indicate it was 2 FRANC 18MM .900 FINE 2.5 GRAMS
struck in several years through 1917) of the 50 para totaling ======================================================================
14,000,000. Rumania issued their 50 bani silver coins minted in
both Brussels and Hamburg dated 1914, for Rumania did not enter 1831 136,172 VG-2822
the War until August 27, 1916. The last Imperial Russian 10 kopeks 1832 256,460 VG-2831
were dated 1917 and are noted as rare since they were nearly all 1833 93,367 VG-2841
melted and it was not until 1921 when the new Soviet Government 1834 85,862 VG-2848
again struck this denomination in silver, minted in Leningrad. Other 1835 53,717 VG-2855
governments around the world continued with their monetary sys- 1836 42,844 VG-2863
tems, except Japan which struck their last silver 10 sen coins 1837 158,367 VG-2871
dated Year 6 of the Taisho Era (1917), the Kwangtung Province of 1838 84,412 VG-2881
China 10 cents silver coins were interrupted between 1914 and 1839 115,862 VG-2894
1922 while Great Britain debased their sterling coins to .500 fine 1840 117,223 VG-2912
from 1920 onward. Australia and Canada maintained their sterling 1841 831,012 VG-2925
fineness and the United States continued to mint coins in .900 fine. 1842 249,683 VG-2933
In Europe, day after day carloads of printed money were issued
and spread among the people until the state of affairs became OV: Head of Louis Philippe, facing right LOUIS
simply absurd. The French franc usually worth about twenty cents PHILIPPE I left RIO DES FRANCAIS (King of France) right /
U.S., gradually fell until it reached about two cents in specie value. DOMARD.F. below.
The German mark worth about twenty-four cents U.S. when the
War broke out, stood at seven cents in 1918 and then fell rapidly. RV: 2 / FRANC / DATE within wreath of laurel tied
By November 30, 1923 Germany had four hundred quintillion marks with ribbon below / (mark) n (star) B (mintmark) below.
in circulation. The Russian monetary system became about as
ludicrous. This state of affairs naturally made it very difficult for EDGE: Reeded
business and the people who depended on wages and salaries
for a living were driven almost to desperation. Eventually a new MINT: B = ROUEN
monetary system was established, while the neutral countries
continued their monetary stability led by Switzerland who contin- ENGRAVER: DOMARD.F. = Joseph-Francois Domard,
ued to issue their 2 franc denomination in 1914 and 1916 and Fecit = He made it.
again in 1920 and 1921 there after halted mintage of this denomi-
nations while continuing to strike crown size coins until 1928 when ENGRAVER GENERAL: (star) = Nicolas-Pierre Tiolier
the 2 franc again was struck. Netherlands issued their 25 cents 1816-42
coins in 1919 and again in 1925, while Sweden did not commence
her 25 re size coins again until 1927. Norways last small silver 25 DIRECTOR: (mark) = unknown
re was dated 1919 along with Denmark's 25 re. All of these
were minted in much lower fineness than Switzerland. Spain which REFERENCE: C-198
had not been involved with the War did not issue their silver 50
centimos between 1910 and 1926 when a one year issue was
produced as their last small silver coinage. In the summer of 1923
an American traveler paid a billion and a half for dinner in a German
restaurant and gave the waiter a tip of four hundred million marks,
in all about three dollars in U.S. currency.
FOOTNOTE: Emergency money French Notgeld was issued by

Chamber of Commerce and many local cities during the inflation
period. Most of these small denominations paper money issues
were of small size and many printer on pasteboard. Shown here is
one from the Chamber of Commerce de Nancy, France, dated
December 1, 1918.
Arms of French Empire
1845 B - 2 FRANC - OBVERSE 1845 B - 50 CENTIMES - REV - II
====================================================================== ======================================================================
FRANCE, KINGDOM of FRANCE, KINGDOM of
ROUEN MINT ROUEN MINT
====================================================================== ======================================================================
2 FRANC 18MM .900 FINE 2.5 GRAMS 50 CENTIMES 18MM .900 FINE 2.5 GRAMS
====================================================================== ======================================================================
1843 213,137 VG-2940 1845 2,500,644 VG-2968

1844 45,914 VG-2957 1846 1,000,000 VG-2978
1845 with C-199 VG-2967
OV: Head of Louis Philippe, facing right LOUIS PHILIPPE I left RIO DES FRANCAIS (King of France) right /
PHILIPPE I left RIO DES FRANCAIS (King of France) right / DOMARD.F. below.
DOMARD.F. below.
RV: 2 / FRANC / DATE within wreath of laurel tied with ribbon below / (pointing hand) B (mintmark) (grayhounds
with ribbon below / (mark) (grayhounds head) B (mintmark) head).
below.
EDGE: Reeded
EDGE: Reeded
MINT: B = ROUEN
MINT: B = ROUEN
ENGRAVER: DOMARD.F. = Joseph-Francois Domard, Fecit = He made it.
Fecit = He made it.
ENGRAVER GENERAL: (grayhounds head) = 1845-60
DIRECTOR: (mark) = unknown Jacques-Jean Barre 1843-55
TYPE: I - grayhound's head TYPE: II - pointing hand
REFERENCE: C-198 REFERENCE: C-199
FOOTNOTE: The scrupulous honesty of the lower and middling

classes of French, in restoring any lost property to its owner, is
worthy of particular remark. The coachmen, servants, &c. may
generally be trusted with confidence. The tradesmen also, though
France they ask more than they mean to take for their goods, would
cheerfully and unasked, restore to you your purse, umbrella, cane
or anything you have left in their shop by accident, and this, if not
reclaimed for a considerable time.Universal Gazetteer, Phila., 1939.

====================================================================== ======================================================================
FRANCE, KINGDOM of FRANCE, KINGDOM of
STRASBURG MINT STRASBURG MINT
====================================================================== ======================================================================
2 FRANC 18MM .900 FINE 2.5 GRAMS 2 FRANC 18MM .900 FINE 2.5 GRAMS
====================================================================== ======================================================================
1831 2,767 VG-2822 1844 25,185 VG-2940

1832 10,167 VG-2831 1845 with C-199 VG-2967
1833 28,641 VG-2841
1834 19,648 VG-2848 OV: Head of Louis Philippe, facing right LOUIS
1835 5,346 VG-2855 PHILIPPE I left RIO DES FRANCAIS (King of France) right /
1836 22,445 VG-2863 DOMARD.F. below.
1837 5,952 VG-2871
1838 5,820 VG-2881 RV: 2 / FRANC / DATE within wreath of laurel tied
1839 6,896 VG-2894 with ribbon below / (bee) (grayhounds head) BB (mintmark)
1840 770 VG-2912 below.
1841 10,371 VG-2925
1842 307,706 VG-2933 EDGE: Reeded
OV: Head of Louis Philippe, facing right LOUIS MINT: BB = STRASBURG

DOMARD.F. below. ENGRAVER: DOMARD.F. = Joseph-Francois Domard,
Fecit = He made it.
with ribbon below / (bee) (star) BB (mintmark) below. ENGRAVER GENERAL: (grayhounds head) =
EDGE: Reeded
DIRECTOR: (bee) = Alfred Renouard deBussiere
MINT: BB = STRASBURG 1834-60
ENGRAVER: DOMARD.F. = Joseph-Francois Domard, REFERENCE: C-198

Fecit = He made it. =====================================================================
ENGRAVER GENERAL: (star) = Nicolas-Pierre Tiolier

1816-42
DIRECTOR: (bee) = Alfred Renouard deBussiere ======================================================================

1834-60 FRANCE, KINGDOM of
STRASBURG MINT
REFERENCE: C-198 ======================================================================
======================================================================
1845 43,789 VG-2968

1846 17,132 VG-2978
1847 43,954 VG-2992
1848 18,206 VG-3011

DOMARD.F. below.

with ribbon below / (pointing hand) BB (mintmark) (grayhounds
head).
EDGE: Reeded
MINT: BB = STRASBURG

Fecit = He made it.

1845-60

Storks of Strasburg Jacques-Jean Barre 1843-55
REFERENCE: C-199
======================================================================

====================================================================== ======================================================================
FRANCE, REPUBLIC of
STRASBURG MINT
======================================================================
======================================================================
1850 40,206 rare
OV: n (star) at top, Liberty head, facing left 1856BB - 50 CENTIMES

REPUBLIQUE (Republic) left FRANCAISE, (France) right / ======================================================================
E.A.OUDINE,F. under bust. FRANCE, EMPIRE of
STRASBURG MINT
RV: 50 / CENT. / DATE within wreath of laurel and ======================================================================
oak tied with ribbon below, LIBERTE EGALITE FRATERITE 50 CENTIMES 18MM .835 FINE 2.5 GRAMS
(Liberty-Equality-Fraternity) around / (three acorns) (bee) BB ======================================================================
(mintmark) (grayhounds head) below.
1864 4,625,849 VG-3668
EDGE: Reeded 1865 5,174,945 VG-3679
1866 5,255,966 VG-3700
MINT: BB = STRASBURG 1867 9,991,704 VG-3713
1868 included above VG-3737
ENGRAVER: E.A.OUDINE,F. = E.A.Oudine, Fecit = He 1869 1,800,000 VG-3749
made it.
OV: Head of Napoleon III, facing left (cross fleures)
DIRECTOR: (bee) = Alfred Renouard deBussiere NAPOLEON III, left EMPEROR (anchor) right / BARRE under bust.
1834-60
RV: Crown / 50 CENT. / DATE / BB (mintmark)
ENGRAVER GENERAL: (grayhounds head) = EMPIRE FRANCAIS (French Empire) around.
EDGE: Reeded
MARK = (three acorns) = unknown
MINT: BB = STRASBURG
REFERENCE: Y-3, MP-133, VG-3261
======================================================================
FRANCE, EMPIRE of DIRECTOR:(cross fleures) = Henri Delbecque 1861-70
STRASBURG MINT
====================================================================== ENGRAVER: BARRE (anchor) = Albert-Desire Barre
50 CENTIMES 18MM .900 FINE 2.5 GRAMS 1855-78
======================================================================
1856 1,195,698 VG-3458
1859 1,112,271 VG-3544 ======================================================================
1860 1,555,418 VG-3552
1861 354,565 VG-3583
1862 1,007,489 VG-3639
1863 137,011 VG-3652 rare
OV: Head of Napoleon III, facing left (bee) NAPO-

LEON III, left EMPEROR (anchor) right / BARRE under bust.
RV: Crown / 50 CENT. / DATE / BB (mintmark) within

1866 BB - 50 CENTIMES
wreath of laurel, EMPIRE FRANCAIS (French Empire) around. ======================================================================
EDGE: Reeded FOOTNOTE: Charles Louis Napoleon Bonaparte, the third son of
Emperor Napoleon Is brother Louis Bonaparte, King of Holland,
MINT: BB = STRASBURG tried restoring the Empire in 1836. In full Napoleonic uniform he
appeared before the garrison of Strasbourgh and was acclaimed
DESIGNER = BARRE = Jacques-Jean Barre 1843-55 Vive LEmperour. The revolt lasted two hours and Louis Napo-
leon was arrested and quietly deported to the United States by
DIRECTOR: (bee) = Alfred Renouard deBussiere King Louis Philippe.
1834-60
ENGRAVER: (anchor) = Albert-Desire Barre 1855-78

FRENCH INDO-CHINA
====================================================================== ======================================================================

====================================================================== ======================================================================
FRENCH COCHIN-CHINA, COLONY of FOOTNOTE: The first 10 centimes coinage of French Cochin-China
PARIS MINT was minted in Paris dated 1879 with a design by Auguste Barre
====================================================================== which continued unchanged in design through 1937, except the
10 CENT. 19MM .900 FINE 2.721 GRAMS name changed from CochinChine Francaise to IndoChine
====================================================================== Francaise and the weight changed from 2.721 to 2 GR 7 in 1895
and the reduction in silver from .900 fine to .835 beginning in 1898
1879 400,000 through 1919 followed by later changes as the price of silver
increased.
OV: Seated Liberty holding fasces, REPUBLIQUE
FRANCAIS (French Republic) around / BARRE 1879 below. FOOTNOTE: The Barre design of the French Cochin-China coinage
features on the obverse a seated female figure, symbolic of the
RV: 10 / CENT. / (bee) A (mintmark) (anchor), within Republic, to the left of the design is a crop of rice; just behind the
wreath of laurel, oak and wheat tied with a ribbon below, seated figure can be seen the tip of an anchor and her left arm
.COCHINCHINE FRANCAISE. (French Cochin-China) around / rests on a rudder.
TITRE (fineness) 0,900. POIDS (weight) 2,721. below.
EDGE: Reeded
MINT: A = PARIS
DESIGNER: BARRE (anchor) = Auguste Barre 1878-

79
DIRECTOR: (bee) = Alfred Renouard deBussiere

1834-60
REFERENCE: Y-3, VG-3943, Z-60
POPULATION: French Cochin-China - 1873 -

1,527,000
FOOTNOTE: French Cochin-China was a direct colony of France

with a Governor in place of a Resident Superior. Later the colony
formed part of French Indo-China.
Native cart
ENCYCLOPEDIA OF SMALL SILVER COINS - FRENCH INDO-CHINA - PAGE 234

======================================================================
1884 - 10 CENTIMES
======================================================================
FRENCH COCHIN-CHINA, COLONY of
PARIS MINT
======================================================================
10 CENT. 19MM .900 FINE 2.721 GRAMS
======================================================================
1884 510,000
1885 100 proof

FRANCAIS (French Republic) around / BARRE below with DATE.
RV: 10 / CENT. / (cornucopia) A (mintmark) (fasces),

within wreath of laurel, oak and wheat tied with a ribbon below,
.COCHINCHINE FRANCAISE. (French Cochin-China) around /
TITRE (fineness) 0,900. POIDS (weight) 2,721. below.
EDGE: Reeded
1892 - 10 CENTIMES - OBVERSE
======================================================================
MINT: (cornucopia) A = PARIS FRENCH INDO-CHINA, PROTECTORATE of
PARIS MINT
DESIGNER: BARRE = Auguste Barre 1878-79 ======================================================================
ENGRAVER: (fasces) = Jean LaGrange 1880-96 ======================================================================
REFERENCE: Y-3, VG-4016, Z-67 1885 2,040,000 VG-4026

1888 1,000,000 VG-4089
FOOTNOTE: During the latter half of the eighteenth century French 1889 100 VG-4117 proof
missionaries began to take an active part in the national politics of 1892 200,000 VG-4181
Annam. During the Taiping Rebellion, France used military power to 1893 600,000 VG-4202
seize the three western provinces of Cochin China and to occupy 1894 500,000 VG-4221
Saigon. Seeking a route to southwestern China, France explored 1895 600,000 VG-4247
the Mekong River which proved to be unnavigable. They then
discovered that the Red River could be navigated directly to Yunnan. OV: Seated Liberty holding fasces, REPUBLIQUE
Hanoi was occupied and most of the Red River delta. In 1874 the FRANCAIS (French Republic) around / BARRE below with DATE.
Annamite Emperor signed a treaty at Saigon with France making it
a protectorate of France. In 1880 France quartered troops at Hanoi RV: 10 / CENT. / (cornucopia) A (mintmark)
and Haipung, but bandits made life insecure in the delta area. (fasces), within wreath of laurel, oak and wheat tied with a
Military activity continued for several years. In 1882 France at- ribbon below, .INDOCHINEFRANCAISE. (French Indo-China)
tacked Liu Yung-Fus Black Flag troops. By 1883 the Black Flag above / TITRE (fineness) 0,900. POIDS (weight) 2,721. below.
soldiers were recognized as part of the Chinese Army with formal
appointment from the Ching Court. In the spring of 1884 French EDGE: Reeded
troops moved northward defeating the Chinese. The Ching Court
ordered Li Hung-Chang to negotiate a peace treaty which was MINT: (cornucopia) A = PARIS
signed in May 1884. When Chinas troops in Langson failed to
receive the orders to withdraw, a skirmish with the French caused DESIGNER: BARRE = Auguste Barre 1878-79
small casualties, but the news reaching Paris prompted France to
demand an indemnity of 250 million francs. The French demands ENGRAVER: (fasces) = Jean LaGrange 1880-96
were not complied with and on August 5, 1884 French warships
bombarded Keelung on Formosa. The attack was repulsed by the REFERENCE: Y-6, Z-74, KM-2
Chinese garrison. The French fleet then sailed into the Min River
destroying Chinese ships and the Foochow Shipyard on August POPULATION: 1891 - 2,034,453
23, 1884. As China did not wish to continue war with France,
secret negotiations were conducted with a new peace treaty FOOTNOTE: The proof issues of Y-3, dated 1885 were struck for
signed June 9, 1885. The name of the protectorate was changed the Antwerp Exposition.
on new coinage dated 1885 minted in Paris for French Indo-China,
which now had the border of China on the north and Siam on the
west, and included all of the Province of Tongkin, Annam, Laos,
Cambodia and Cochin-China.

======================================================================
FOOTNOTE: France long had had an interest in the vast western
shores of the China Sea. Some French missionaries were killed in
Annam, and Napoleon III used this as an excuse for attacking its
king and demanding possessions in the area. Having obtained this
foothold the French Government gradually extended its colonial
control in all directions. Protectorates were established first for
Cambodia and Cochin-China. China surrendered Tonkin and in 1893
France extended her authority over Laos. Each protectorate is
governed by a Resident Superior, except Cochin-China which is
direct colony and has a Governor.
FOOTNOTE: Saigon, together with part of the territory of which it is

the capital, was taken by the French in 1860. Treaties of peace
and commerce, concluded with the Annamite Government, in 1864,
provided that the Protectorate of the six Provinces of Lower Cochin-
China should remain in the hands of France; that three important
ports on the coast of Annam should be opened; and that a space
of nine kilometers on the shore of each port should be conceded to
the French for the establishment of factories; that French mer-
chants and missionaries should be allowed to travel the Kingdom
of Annam without hindrance, and that an indemnity of 100 million
Francs should be paid. In 1867, in consequence of fresh aggres-
sions, encouraged by the Government of Annam, the French took
the Town of Vinh-Long, and by a new Treaty, added three other
Provinces to their dominions... Library of Universal Knowledge,N.Y.
1880.
1892 - 10 CENTIMES - REVERSE ======================================================================
CORNUCOPIA - A - FASCES FRENCH INDO-CHINA, PROTECTORATE of
====================================================================== PARIS MINT
FRENCH INDO-CHINA, PROTECTORATE of ======================================================================
PARIS MINT 10 CENTIMES 19MM .900 FINE 2.7 GRAMS
====================================================================== ======================================================================
====================================================================== 1896 included with Fasces VG-4273
1897 900,000 VG-4301
1895 300,000 VG-4247
1896 650,000 VG-4273 OV: Seated Liberty holding fasces, REPUBLIQUE
FRANCAIS (French Republic) around / BARRE below with DATE. RV: 10 / CENT. / (cornucopia) A (mintmark) (torch),
RV: 10 / CENT. / (cornucopia) A (mintmark) .INDO.CHINE.FRANCAISE. (French Indo-China) above / TITRE
(fasces), within wreath of laurel, oak and wheat tied with a (fineness) 0,900. POIDS (weight) 2 GR.7 below.
ribbon below, .INDO.CHINE.FRANCAISE. (French Indo-China)
above / TITRE (fineness) 0,900. POIDS (weight) 2 GR.7 below. EDGE: Reeded
EDGE: Reeded MINT: (cornucopia) A = PARIS
MINT: (cornucopia) A = PARIS DESIGNER: BARRE = Auguste Barre 1878-79
DESIGNER: BARRE = Auguste Barre 1878-79 ENGRAVER: (torch) = Henri-Auguste Patey 1896-1930
ENGRAVER: (fasces) = Jean LaGrange 1880-96 TYPE: II - Torch mark
TYPE: I - Fasces mark REFERENCE: Y-6A. KM-2a
REFERENCE: Y-6A, KM-2a FOOTNOTE: Prior to 1895 the weight of the 10 Centimes was
2.721 and the Piastre 27.215 grams, from 1895 on the weight was
FOOTNOTE: The natives live in villages adjacent to the rivers, reduced to 2.7 grams for the 10 Centimes and 27 grams for the
which form almost the only means of communication. The only Piastre. The price of silver continued to rise but is was not practi-
roads at present (1891) existing are those connecting Saigon, the cable to reduce the weight of the coinage further, so in 1898 the
capital with the principal towns; a railway of 42 miles connects silver content was reduced from .900 fine to .835 fine. In 1920
Saigon and Mytho. The principal export is rice, mainly to China; their coins were further debased. The weight and fineness show
cotton and silk are also exported. The export and import trade is on the reverse of all issues except the San Francisco mintage of
mostly carried on by British vessels, while the local trade is chiefly 1920 which was struck as .400 fine and 3 grams.
in the hands of the Chinese. The French number only several
hundred. The majority of the inhabitants are Anamese. Cabinet FOOTNOTE: Indo-China includes; Toquin,Cambodia, and Lower
Cyclopaedia, 1895. Cochin-China (dependencies of France), and several petty native
states. Geography, William Swinton, 1880.

====================================================================== ======================================================================
1914 - 10 CENTIMES 1920 - 10 CENTIMES

PARIS MINT SAN FRANCISCO MINT
====================================================================== ======================================================================
FRENCH INDO-CHINA, PROTECTORATE of FRENCH INDO-CHINA, PROTECTORATE of
PARIS MINT SAN FRANCISCO MINT
====================================================================== ======================================================================
10 CENT. 19MM .835 FINE 2.7 GRAMS 10 CENT. 19MM .400 FINE 3.0 GRAMS
======================================================================
======================================================================
1898 500,000 VG-4351
1899 4,100,000 VG-4378 1920 10,000,000
1900 3,600,100 VG-4404
1901 2,950,000 VG-4429 OV: Seated Liberty holding fasces, REPUBLIQUE
1902 7,050,000 VG-4460 FRANCAIS (French Republic) around / BARRE 1920 below.
1903 1,300,000 VG-4490
1908 1,000,000 VG-4616 rare RV: 10 / CENT. / within wreath of laurel, oak, and
1909 1,000,000 VG-4646 rare wheat tied with ribbon below, INDOCHINE (Indo-China) above,
1910 2,689,161 VG-4683 FRANCAISE (France) below.
1911 2,310,839 VG-4703 rare
1912 2,500,000 VG-4727 rare EDGE: Reeded
1913 4,846,605 VG-4771
1914 3,667,393 VG-4823 rare MINT: (no mintmark) = SAN FRANCISCO
1916 2,000,000 VG-4853
1917 1,500,000 VG-4873 DESIGNER: BARRE = Auguste Barre 1878-79
1919 1,500,000 VG-4907
TYPE: Fineness reduced to .400
FRANCAIS (French Republic) around / BARRE below with DATE. REFERENCE: Y-14A, KM-14
RV: 10 / CENT. / (cornucopia) A (mintmark) (torch), ======================================================================

.INDO.CHINE.FRANCAISE. (French Indo-China) above / TITRE
(fineness) 0,835. POIDS (weight) 2 GR.7 below.
EDGE: Reeded
DESIGNER: BARRE = Auguste Barre 1878-79
TYPE: Fineness reduced to .835
POPULATION: French Indo-China - 1910 - 16,315,063

with capital Hanoi with 103,238 inhabitants.
FOOTNOTE: The issue date 1900 included 100 proof strikes.
FOOTNOTE: The monetary unit is the piastre divided into 100 cen-
times. The chief native coin is the sapek of zinc or tin, six hundred
of which strung together form a ligature, a tenth of which is called
a tien. The piastre is worth 2700 sapeks. Encyclopedia Britannica,
Eleventh Edition, N.Y. 1910.

======================================================================

======================================================================

======================================================================
FRENCH INDO-CHINA, PROTECTORATE of
PARIS MINT
======================================================================
======================================================================
1937 19,538,220

FRANCAIS (French Republic) around / BARRE below with 1937.
RV: 10 / CENT. / (cornucopia) (mintmark) (wing),

.INDOCHINEFRANCAISE. (French Indo-China) above / TITRE
1928 - 10 CENTIMES - REVERSE EDGE: Reeded
====================================================================== MINT: (cornucopia) = PARIS (Permanent mark for

FRENCH INDO-CHINA, PROTECTORATE of Paris since 1880)
PARIS MINT
====================================================================== DESIGNER: BARRE = Auguste Barre 1878-79
====================================================================== ENGRAVER: (wing) = Lucien Bazor 1931-1959
1921 12,515,504 VG-4966 TYPE: Engraver: Bazor

1922 22,380,600 VG:5003
1923 21,755,368 VG-5035 REFERENCE: Y-16.1, KM-16.1
1924 2,815,659 VG-5070
1925 4,909,029 VG-5113
1927 6,470,800 VG-5174
1928 1,592,863 VG-5193
1929 5,830,820 VG-5245
1930 6,607,520 VG-5270
1931 100 proof

RV: 10 / CENT. / (cornucopia) A (mintmark) (torch),

.INDO.CHINE.FRANCAISE. (French Indo-China) above / TITRE
EDGE: Reeded
DESIGNER: BARRE = Auguste Barre 1878-79
TYPE: Fineness increased to .680 and Engraver Patey
POPULATION: French Indo-China - 1921 - 20,268,728
FOOTNOTE: Saigon is the chief seat of French power in French

Indo-China.
======================================================================
Ships about 1896

GERMAN EAST AFRICA

====================================================================== ======================================================================
1891- 3 RUPIE - OBVERSE 1891- 3 RUPIE - REVERSE

====================================================================== ======================================================================
GERMAN EAST AFRICA COMPANY
BERLIN MINT FOOTNOTE: The first issue minted for the German East Africa
====================================================================== Company was struck at the Imperial Mint, Berlin starting in 1891.
3 RUPIE 19.2 MM .916 FINE 2.92 GRAMS The new coinage of 1904 carried the reverse inscription - German
====================================================================== East Africa, with the A mintmark for Berlin. In 1906 the 3 Rupie
was minted in both Berlin (A) and Hamburg (J) with striking every
1891 76,688 year or so through 1914 in either one or both mints. Listings are in
1898 100,000 date order.
1901 350,000
FOOTNOTE: The German rupie has been struck with a view to
OV: Head of William II, in Prussian helmet, sur- introducing uniformity of coinage in German East Africa. It contains
mounted by crowned Hohenzollern eagle, in military uniform, 100 hellers (or 1 1/3 marks) and has about the same value as the
facing left, GUILELMUS II IMPERATOR (William II Kaiser) around. Indian rupee which is also .916 2/3 fine and largely circulates in
German East Africa. German East Africa Company was the first
RV: Coat of arms of the company with DATE below European interest to issue coinage for its Imperial Territory.
within inner circle, DEUTCSH-OSTRAFRIKANISCHE
GESELLSCHAFT (German East Africa Company) around / n 3 FOOTNOTE: In 1888 the German East Africa Company acquired
RUPIE n below. from the Sultan of Zanzibar a lease of a ten mile wide strip of the
coast for 50 years, with rights to all duties and tolls. This territory,
EDGE: Reeded with other concessions in Masai-land, constitutes a protectorate.
Cyclopedia of Classified Dates,Funk & Wagnall, N.Y.,1899.
MINT: (no mintmark) = Imperial Mint, BERLIN
FOOTNOTE: German East Africa is a dependency of the German
REFERENCE: Y-2, J-711, KM-3 Empire, lying near the equatorial region, between the Indian Ocean
and the great lakes; its government is administered by an Imperial
FOOTNOTE: Kaiser, the teutonic equivalent for Caesar, a term used Officer. Population - (c.1900) 1,760,000.
by German and Austrian Emperors.
FOOTNOTE: Exercising the German sphere of influence over the
hinterland region, later known as Tanganyika in 1888, The German
East Africa Company failed to maintain order in the region. A rebel-
lion was put down with intervention of the Imperial German gov-
ernment and the assistance of the British Navy. The Company
bought out the Sultans rights to the coastal strip for a sum of
4,000,000 marks. The German Government than declared a Pro-
tectorate over the area.
ENCYCLOPEDIA OF SMALL SILVER COINS - GERMAN EAST AFRICA - PAGE 239

======================================================================
FOOTNOTE: Berlin, is the third largest city of Europe and by far the
largest city in Germany. For the beauty and size of its buildings,
the regularity of its streets, the importance of its institution of
science and art, and its activity in industry and trade, it is one of the
most imposing of European cities. It is doubtless the greatest manu-
facturing town on the continent, and is especially prominent in its
manufactures of porcelain, clothing and machinery. The city cov-
ers an area of about 40 square miles. In the heart of the city is the
old Royal Palace, with nearly 700 apartments. Near this are the
Emperors Palace, the Imperial Residence, the Royal Library, the
old and new museums, the National Gallery, the Arsenal, the Royal
Theatre, the opera-house, the guard-house, and the university.
The old museum contains antiquarian specimens, a collection of
90,000 coins, a gallery of ancient sculpture, and a picture gallery.
A great congress of principal European powers took place here in
1878, after the Russo-Turkish War of 1877-8, and resulted in the
conclusion of the Treaty of Berlin.
1913 - 3 RUPIE - OBVERSE

======================================================================
GERMAN EAST AFRICA COLONY
BERLIN MINT
======================================================================
3 RUPIE 19.2 MM .916 FINE 2.92 GRAMS
======================================================================
1904 300,000
1906 300,000
1909 300,000
1913 200,000
OV: Head of William II, in Prussian helmet, sur-

mounted by crowned Hohenzollern eagle, in military uniform,
facing left, GUILELMUS II IMPERATOR (William II Kaiser) around.
RV: 3 / RUPIE / DATE / A (mintmark) within palm

German Emperor Wiliam II wreath, DEUTSCH OSTAFRIKA (German East Africa) above.
FOOTNOTE: William II - following the tradition of his house, he EDGE: Reeded

received a through military training, which began in his early youth.
He was made a Second Lieutenant in 1869 and entered the Gym- MINT: A = Imperial Mint, BERLIN
nasium at Cassel in 1874. In 1877 he was commissioned as a First
Lieutenant and entered the University of Bonn, where he studied REFERENCE: Y-13, J-720, KM-8
especially law and political science until 1879, when he entered
the military service. He was raised to the rank of Major-General by POPULATION: 1905 - 6,700,000 including 1,873
his grandfather. On the death of his father he succeeded to the Europeans of which 1,324 were Germans.
throne of Prussia and to that of the German Empire, June 15, 1888.
He showed himself at once to be a man of aggressive tempera- FOOTNOTE: The issue dated 1904 included 150 proof sets, each
ment and disposed to take an exalted view of the duties and with the 3 rupee, 2 rupee and a rupee denomination coin.
responsibilities of his office. His insistence in his earlier utterances
upon his grandfathers favorite idea of Divine right gave rise to a
feeling that a reactionary course might be looked for from him. He FOOTNOTE: The Colony of German East Africa has an area of
speedily came into collision with Prince Bismark. The great minister 385,000 square miles and a population of about 5,000,000 of which
was forced to resign and went into a discontented retirement on 8,000 are Europeans and 24,000 Asians. Slavery was finally abol-
March 20, 1890. The Emperor followed the policy of Bismark in ished in 1922. There has been an increase in native farms produc-
maintaining the Triple Alliance and in some other respects. He tion; tabocco, ground nuts, coffee and above all cotton. Drought
deviated widely from it by taking an interest in the Affairs of the and the tsetse fly force two-thirds of the population to live in one
Orient, cultivating relations with the Ottoman Government, and tenth of the total area.
pushing German activity in Asia Minor. He has been in hearty sym-
pathy with the policy of colonial expansion in Africa. New
Interbational Encyclopedia, 1910.

========================================================================
FOOTNOTE: William II - William Victor Albrecht, ninth King of Prussia
and third Emperor of Germany was born at Berlin, January 27,
1859. and became Emperor, June 15, 1888. He abdicated on No-
vember 9, 1918 and moved to the Netherlands. He died at his exile
estate of Doorin, Netherlands, June 4, 1941. As Emperor of Ger-
many, Kaiser Wilhelm showed himself a ruler of exuberant energy
and made himself felt as a vigorous power alike in his home gov-
ernment and in international affairs. His independence of action led
to the retirement of his able Chancellor, Bismark, in March 1890.
The intense energy with which he pushed forward the organizatin
of the Army and Navy early indicated that he aspired to be a War
Lord. The opportunity came in 1914, when the assassination of
Archduke of Austria gave the signal for the opening of the Great
War in Europe. The war that began in 1914 ended disastrously for
Germany in 1918. William was forced to flee to the Netherlands
and there he remained for the rest of his life. He was the eldest
son of Crown Prince Frederick and of Victoria, Princess Royal of
Great Britian. In 1881 he married Augustia Victoria of Schleswig-
Holstein-Sonberberg-Augustenburg, who accompanied him to the
Netherlands in 1918. She died April 11, 1921. On November 5,
1922 the ex-Kaiser married Princess Hermine of Reuss.
FOOTNOTE: With the outbreak of World War I, a blockade by the

British Navy provented exports from reaching Germany. By 1916
the British, Belgian and Portugese military forces occupied the
country and under the Treaty of Versailles (1919) Great Britian
1913 A - 3 RUPIE - REVERSE received a mandate to administer the Territory. The British ceded
the Belgians the Provinces of Uranda and Urundi which became
========================================================================
part of the Belgian Congo Colony. The Kinoga triangle was awarded
to Portigual and is now part of Mozambique Colony, with the re-
FOOTNOTE: The coins dated 1906 and 1913 were struck at both
maining area becoming the British Mandated Territory of Tanganyika.
Berlin and Hamburg mints with A for Berlin and J for Hamburg.
======================================================================
GERMAN EAST AFRICA COLONY
HAMBURG MINT
======================================================================
3 RUPIE 19.2 MM .916 FINE 2.92 GRAMS
======================================================================
1906 100,000
1907 200,000
1910 600,000
1912 400,000
1913 400,000
1914 200,000
OV: Head of William II,in Prussian helmet, sur-

mounted by crowned Hohenzollern eagle, in military uniform,
facing left, GUILELMUS II IMPERATOR (William II Kaiser) around.
RV: 3 RUPIE / DATE / J (mintmark) within palm

wreath, DEUTSCH OSTAFRIKA (German East Africa) above.
EDGE: Reeded
MINT: J = HAMBURG
POPULATION: 1910 - 10,000,000 including 3,760 Africa in 1902

Europeans, Capital - Dar-es-Salaam with 24,000 FOOTNOTE: German East Africa, the country traversed by Colonel
inhabitants. (Teddy) Roosevelt, when he was on his famous hunting trip in
1908, is still known for Safari trips. Natives are employed to
REFERENCE: Y-13, J-720, KM-8 carry tents, food, and other supplies. Each man, in accordance
with government requirements, must receive a blanket, or sweater
Die Deutschen Munzen Seit 1871 by Kurt Jaeger, and a water bottle. He is supposed to carry on his head a load
Basle 1970. weighting not to exceed sixty pounds, and to average from four-
teen to eighteen miles per day while he is on the march. His pay is
Standard Munzkatalog Deutschland by an average of one dollars per week. In addition to his pay, each
E.Beckenbauer, Munich 1968. man receives two pounds of ground corn or mealies, which he
eats only after the days march is over. The Mentor, Nov. 1922,
======================================================================== Springfield, Ohio.

GERMAN STATES
====================================================================== ======================================================================
BADEN, GRAND DUCHY of, (GERMANY)
KARLSRUHE MINT FOOTNOTE: The Peace of Vienna , following an armistice be-
====================================================================== tween Austria and Italy, was proclaimed on October 3, 1866 which
3 KREUZER 18MM .350 FINE 1.232 GRAMS surrendered Venetia to Italy. A confederation of North German
====================================================================== States, with Prussia at it's head, was established; and Bavaria,
Wurtemberg, Baden,and Hesse-Darmstadt became independent
1866 240,000 sovereign states. Universal History, Israel Smith Clarke, Phila.,
1867 390,000 1881.
1868 315,000
1869 285,000 ======================================================================
1870 259,000 PRUSSIA, KINGDOM of, (GERMANY)
1871 u/m BERLIN MINT
======================================================================
OV: Arms of Baden, / SCHEIDE MUNZE (token 1 SILBER GROSCHEN 18MM .220 FINE 2.196 GRAMS
money) below. ======================================================================
RV: 3 / KREUZER / DATE within wreath of oak tied 1841 u/m

with ribbon below. 1842 u/m
1943 u/m
EDGE: Plain 1844 u/m
1845 u/m
MINT: (no mintmark) = KARLSRUHE 1846 u/m
1847 u/m
REFERENCE: C-150 1848 u/m
1849 u/m
POPULATION: Baden Grand Duchy - 1892 - 1,500,000 1850 u/m
with capital Karlsruhe with 62,000 inhabitants. 1851 u/m
1852 u/m
FOOTNOTE: Currency of Baden Grand Duchy - 60 Kreuzers = 1
Gulden OV: Head of Frederich William IV, facing right
FRIEDR.WILH.IV KOENIG V. PREUSSEN (Frederich William IV King
====================================================================== of Prussia) around.
RV: 1 / SILBER / GROSCHEN / DATE / A (mintmark),

30 EINEN THALER, above, SCHEIDE MUNZE (token money)
below.
EDGE: Plain
MINT: A = BERLIN
REFERENCE: C-146, SC-343
Die Neuesten Deutschen Munzen, C.Schwalbach,

Frankfort/Main, 1879
======================================================================
Baden Grand Duchy Arms

======================================================================
FOOTNOTE: Prior to the establishment of the German Empire and

during the period covered by this work, several of the German
States; Hannover, Prussia and Saxony issued billion (very de-
based silver) coins of 18 MM which are listed by mints; Baden,
Berlin, Dresden, Frankfurt, and Hannover. The German States se-
ries date back many years and is quite extensive. The few coins
included are represented in the authors collection and is far from a
complete listing of earlier types. The German Empire after 1871 did
not issue small silver coinage that fell within the diameters of this
series, i.e. 17MM to 19MM. For further study of the German States
refer to the Standard Catalog of World Coins, by Chester L.
Krause & Clifford Mishler, Colin R. Bruce II, Editor and the many
specialized German numismatic books. Milk peddler in Germany
======================================================================
ENCYCLOPEDIA OF SMALL SILVER COINS - GERMAN STATES - PAGE 242

====================================================================== ======================================================================
PRUSSIA, KINGDOM of, (GERMANY)
DUSSELDORF MINT
======================================================================
1 SILBER GROSCHEN 18MM .220 FINE 2.196 GRAMS
======================================================================
1841 u/m
1842 u/m
1943 u/m
1844 u/m
1845 u/m
1846 u/m
1847 u/m
King Frederick William VI 1848 u/m
======================================================================
PRUSSIA, KINGDOM of, (GERMANY) OV: Head of Frederich William IV, facing right
BERLIN MINT FRIEDR.WILH.IV KOENIG V. PREUSSEN (Frederich William IV King
====================================================================== of Prussia) around.
1 SILBER GROSCHEN 18MM .220 FINE 2.196 GRAMS
====================================================================== RV: 1 / SILBER / GROSCHEN / DATE / D (mintmark),
1853 u/m below.
1854 u/m
1955 u/m EDGE: Plain
1856 u/m
1857 u/m MINT: D = DUSSELDORF
1858 u/m
1859 u/m REFERENCE: C-146a, SC-343
1860 u/m
Die Neuesten Deutschen Munzen, C.Schwalbach,
OV: Older Head of Frederich William IV, facing right Frankfort/Main,1879
FRIEDR.WILH.IV KOENIG V. PREUSSEN (Frederich William IV King
of Prussia) around. ======================================================================

below.
EDGE: Plain
MINT: A = BERLIN
REFERENCE: C-146b
FOOTNOTE: Currency of Prussia - 30 Silbergroschen = 1 Thaler
======================================================================
1863 A - 1 SILBER GROSCHEN

======================================================================
FOOTNOTE: Scheide Money = German term meaning token money

in contrast with standard money - utilizing silver at a lower de-
gree of fineness, restricted in amount by the state authority, but
with full legal tender power.
Dog truck in Berlin ======================================================================

====================================================================== =====================================================================
PRUSSIA, KINGDOM of, (GERMANY) SAXONY, KINGDOM of, (GERMANY)
BERLIN MINT DRESDEN MINT
====================================================================== =====================================================================
1 SILBER GROSCHEN 18MM .220 FINE 2.196 GRAMS 1 NEU GROSCHEN 18MM .220 FINE 2.196 GRAMS
====================================================================== ======================================================================
1861 u/m 1867 897,278

1862 u/m 1868 u/m
1863 u/m 1870 u/m
1864 u/m 1871 u/m
1865 u/m 1873 u/m
1866 u/m
1867 u/m OV: Head of Johann, facing left IOHANN V. G. G.
1868 u/m KOENIG V. SACHSEN (Iohann von Gottes Gnaden Koenig von
1869 u/m Sachsen = John by the Grace of God, King of Saxony) around /
1870 u/m B below.
1871 u/m
1872 u/m RV: 1 / NEU = / n GROSCHEN n / DATE, SCHEIDE
1873 u/m MUNZE (token money) above / 10 PFENNIGE below.
OV: Head of William, facing right WILHELM KOENIG EDGE: Incised [I [I [I [I

VON PREUSSEN (William King of Prussia) around.
MINT: B = DRESDEN
30 EINEN THALER, above, SCHEIDE MUNZE (token money) MINTMASTER: B = Gustav Julius Buschick
below.
REFERENCE: C-256
EDGE: Plain
POPULATION: Saxony - 1875 - 2,760,586, with
MINT: A = Imperial Mint, BERLIN capital Dresden
REFERENCE: C-166A, J-89 FOOTNOTE: Currency of Saxony - 30 Neu Groschen = 1 Thaler
POPULATION: Prussia - 1892 - 28,318,470 with FOOTNOTE: Johann was born December 12, 1801, the son of
capital Berlin with 1,315,287 inhabitants. Prince Maximilian and Karoline of Parma. He succeeded his brother,
Friedrich August II on August 9, 1854 as King of Saxony. In 1867
Saxony joined in the North German Confederation. The German
===================================================================== Empire was proclaimed January 18, 1871. King John died October
29, 1873, succeeded by his elder son Albert.
FOOTNOTE: Saxony is the smallest Kingdom in Europe, and one of

the best educated. Agriculture and mining form the chief occupa-
tion of the people. Sheep are raised in great number, noted for the
fineness of their wool. The climate is mild, the level districts fertile,
and mountains rich in minerals. Its commerce and manufactures
are extensive. Dresden, on the Elbe, is one of the finest cities in
Germany. It is noted for its public buildings, libraries and galleries of
paintings. Olneys Geography, 1849.
FOOTNOTE: Dresden, the capital of the Kingdom of Saxony, is

situated in a beautiful valley on both sides of the River Elbe, which
is here spanned by three stone bridges. Population 1890, 289,844.
New Cabiner Cyclopaedia, Phila. 1896.
FOOTNOTE: In the War of 1866 Hannover threw in her lot with

Austria, and in June the Kingdom was occupied by Prussian troops,
and on the 28th of that month the Hannoverian Army was forced to
1863 A - BERLIN MINT - REVERSE capitulate. By the Peace of Prague to incorporation of Hannover
with Prussia was recognized.
=====================================================================

1868 C -1 SILBER GROSCHEN - OBV 1868 C -1 SILBER GROSCHEN - REV
====================================================================== ======================================================================
PRUSSIA, KINGDOM of, (GERMANY) FOOTNOTE: Frankfort-on-the-Main, a town of Prussia, in the Prov-
FRANKFURT MINT ince of Hessen-Nassau, 20 miles N.E. of Mainz. It was formerly a
====================================================================== free town of the Empire, and down to 1866 one of the free towns
1 SILBER GROSCHEN 18MM .220 FINE 2.196 GRAMS of the German Confederation. The older parts of the town contains
====================================================================== a number of ancient houses, and largely consists of narrow and
unattractive streets, but the principal street, the Zeil, and those of
1867 u/m the newer parts of the town, are spacious and have many hand-
1868 u/m some modern buildings. The Romerberg and Ross-Market (horse-
1869 u/m market) are the chief squares in the town. The manufactures
1870 u/m comprise chemicals, ornamental articles of metal, sewing machines,
1871 u/m straw hats, soap, perfumery, beer,etc. A great business is done in
1872 u/m money and banking. The town is provided with tramways, is a
1873 u/m great railway center, and is now reached by the largest vessels
navigating the Rhine. In 1866 it was taken by the Prussians. Popu-
OV: Head of William, facing right WILHELM KOENIG lation of Frankfort by the census of 1890, 179,850. New Cabiner
VON PRESSEN (William King of Prussia) around. Cyclopaedia, Phila. 1896.
RV: 1 / SILBER / GROSCHEN / DATE / C (mintmark),

below.
EDGE: Plain
MINT: C = FRANKFURT
REFERENCE: C-166A
======================================================================
Frankfurt am Main
King William I of Prussia
====================================================================== ======================================================================

1854 B - 1/24 THALER - OBVERSE 1854 B - 1/24 THALER - REVERSE
====================================================================== ======================================================================
HANNOVER, KINGDOM of (Germany) FOOTNOTE: Currency of Hannover - 30 Silbergroschen = 1 Thaler
HANNOVER MINT
====================================================================== FOOTNOTE: George V, grandson of George III of Great Britain,
1/24 THALER 18MM .220 FINE 2.196 GRAMS was born May 27, 1819. Blind since he was 14, succeeded his
====================================================================== father King Ernst August, as King of Hannover on November 18,
1851. Hannover was taken over by Prussia in 1866 along with the
1854 u/m Electorate of Hesse-Cassel, the Duchy of Nassau and the Free
1856 u/m City of Frankfurt/Main. King George went into exile in Austria and
later lived in France until his death in 1878.
OV: Prancing horse, to left NEC ASPERA TERRENT
(Nor do difficulties terrify) above / B below. FOOTNOTE: This section is not in anyway complete, as the few
coins shown are from the Authors collection only.
RV: 24 / EINEN / THALER / DATE, n KONIGL. ======================================================================
HANNOVERSCHE SCHEIDEMUNZE (Hannover Kingdom token PRUSSIA, KINGDOM of, (GERMANY)
money) around. HANNOVER MINT
======================================================================
EDGE: Plain 1 SILBER GROSCHEN 18MM .220 FINE 2.196 GRAMS
======================================================================
MINT: (no mintmark) = HANNOVER
1866 u/m
MINTMASTER: B = Wilhelm Bruel 1867 u/m
1868 u/m
REFERENCE: Schw 136 1869 u/m
1870 u/m
POPULATION: Hannover - 1892 - 2,172,702 with 1871 u/m
capital Hanover with 87,641 inhabitants. 1872 u/m
1873 u/m
^OV: Head of William, facing right WILHELM KOENIG

VON PRESSEN (William King of Prussia) around.
^RV: 1 / SILBER / GROSCHEN / DATE / B (mintmark), 30

EINEN THALER, above, SCHEIDE MUNZE (token money) below.
EDGE: Plain
MINT: B = HANNOVER
REFERENCE: C-166A
Kingdom of Hanover Arms
====================================================================== ======================================================================

GHURFAH
====================================================================== ======================================================================
AH 1344 - 15 CHOMSIHS - OBV AH 1344 -15 CHOMSIHS - REV

====================================================================== ======================================================================
EL GHURFAH, ARABIC TOWN of
BIRMINGHAM MINT FOOTNOTE: The issue dated AH1344 was struck at the Mint,
====================================================================== Birmingham,Ltd. in 1926 and 1927 with a mintage of 5,000 each
15 CHOMSIHS 18MM .900 FINE 1.94 GRAMS year. Note that the Arabic character for the 5 in "15" can be read
====================================================================== in Arabic as an H (mintmark).
(1926) AH1344 10,000 frozen date FOOTNOTE: Hadramaut, a district of Arabia which, in the older and
(1927) AH1344 included above wider use of the term, extended from Yemen on the west to Oman
on the east, and from the Indian Ocean on the south to the great
OV: Arabic inscription = El Gurfah / Abdot PRXY desert of El Ahfaf on the north. The name is, however, generally
(Abdot Umar bin Abdot, .921 fine) / PRSS (Year AH 1344) confined by the natives to a much smaller tract in the south-west.
within inner circle, within wreath of wheat. There are some fertile valleys and glens, one of the most important
being that of Wadi-Doan. where the slopes of the mountains are
RV: Arabic value 15 within inner circle, within covered with towns and villages, and grain crops, dates, indigo,
wreath of wheat. bananas, etc. are extensively cultivated. New Cabinet Cyclopaedia,
Phila. 1896.
EDGE: Reeded
MINT: (no mintmark) = The Mint, BIRMINGHAM, Ltd.
REFERENCE: Y-8, GU3
FOOTNOTE: The Mint, Birmingham,Ltd produced for Tarim in 1898,

and this coin struck for El Ghuraf, both with the unusual denomina-
tion named after the famed linguist Noam Chomsih. The 15 chomsihs
was equal to c ryal, with 120 chomsihs (cents) = 1 ryal (Maria
Theresa thaler).
FOOTNOTE: The Kathiri tribe was formerly the most powerful in

the Hadramut; They occupy the towns of Saiyum, Tarim and El-
Ghuraf in the richest part of the main Hadramaut valley. The Chiefs
of the Kathiri are in political relations with the British Government,
through the Resident at Aden. In the towns in the interior the
principal industries are weaving and dyeing. Encyclopedia
Britannica, 11th Edition. Caravan
ENCYCLOPEDIA OF SMALL SILVER COINS - GHURFAH - PAGE 247

GREAT BRITAIN
====================================================================== ======================================================================
Young head portrait of Queen Victoria by GREAT BRITAIN, KINGDOM of
LONDON MINT
William Wyon ======================================================================
4 PENCE MAUNDY 17.63 MM .925 FINE 1.89 GRAMS
======================================================================
1838 4,158
1839 4,125
1840 4,125
1841 2,574
1842 4,125
1843 4,158
1844 4,158
1845 4,158
1846 4,158
1847 4,488
1848 4,488
1849 4,158
1850 4,158
1851 4,158
1852 4,488
1853 4,158
1854 4,158
1855 4,158
1856 4,158
1857 4,158
1858 4,158
1859 4,158
1860 4,158
1861 4,158
1862 4,158
1863 4,158
1864 4,158
4 PENCE MAUNDY -1866 - OBVERSE 1865 4,158
1866 4,158
======================================================================
1867 4,158
1868 4,158
1869 4,488
1870 4,569
1871 4,627
1872 4,119
1873 4,162
1874 5,578
1875 4,154
1876 4,862
1877 4,850
1878 5,735
1879 5,202
1880 5,199
1881 6,001
1882 4,146
1883 5,096
1884 3,353
1885 5,791
1886 6,785
1887 1,888
======================================================================
FOOTNOTE: Fourpence, twopence, and onepence, are now only

struck in very small quantities as Maundy money, which, after
being distributed by the Queen annually in alms, appears to find its
way into numismatic cabinets or to be melted down. Money and
Mechanism of Exchange by W.Stanley Jevons, Manchester, 1876.
1866 - 4 PENCE MAUNDY - REVERSE
======================================================================
ENCYCLOPEDIA OF SMALL SILVER COINS - GREAT BRITAIN - PAGE 248

======================================================================
OV: Young head of Victoria, facing left VICTORIA
D:G:BRITANNIAR:REGINA F:D: (Victoria Dei Gratia Britanniar
Regina Fidei Defensor = Victoria by the grace of God Queen of
Britain Defender of the Faith) around.
RV: Crown / Large 4 dividing DATE left and right,

within wreath of oak tied with ribbon below.
EDGE: Plain
ENGRAVER: William Wyon
REFERENCE: Y-12, S-3155, KM-731.1
FOOTNOTE: The small circulating silver coinage of Great Britain

has two denominations; the six pence usually 20 MM and the three
pence about 16 MM, neither fall with in the dimensions selected for
this series. However their Maundy coinage of four pence corre-
sponds to the basic size distinction used for this study, being 18
MM and being widely collected, has been selected for these list-
ings shown in chronological order. The four pence Maundy coin-
age continued to be minted each year in sterling silver by the Royal
Mint, London. Maundy Money started several centuries earlier. Our
listings start with Queen Victoria in 1838.
FOOTNOTE: William Wyon 1795 - 1851 Medallist and Chief En- Queen Victoria
graver of the Royal Mint, London. Wyon as Chief Engraver pro-
======================================================================
duced the Young head portrait of Queen Victoria shortly after she
FOOTNOTE: Victoria, by the grace of God, Queen of Britain, De-
ascended the throne in 1837. He prepared the portrait from wax
fender of the Faith, Empress of India, 1819-1901. Victoria was
models which he took from life. The portrait is unequaled in the
much beloved by the British, and her name was connected with
British series for its charming simplicity of style. During the Gothic
the proudest age of the British Empire. English literature and art of
revival of the mid-19th century, Wyon engraved the Godless por-
the last half of the nineteenth century are often spoken of as
trait of Victoria, so named for the elimination of D:G: (By the grace
belonging to the Victorian Age, and it was in her reign that the
of God) Dei Gratia in Latin.
colonies became real, self-governing Dominions. The celebration
of the Diamond Jubilee of the Queens reign in 1887 was the most
FOOTNOTE: Victoria, Queen of the United Kingdom of Great Britain
magnificent spectacle of the times. It was attended by practically
and Ireland, Empress of India, was the daughter and only child of
all the other sovereigns of Europe, including Victorias grandson
Edward, Duke of Kent, fourth son of George III. Her Mother, Victoria
the German Emperor William II and it brought together, for the first
Mary Louisa, fourth daughter of Francis, Duke of Saxe-Coberg-
time, the statesmen of the widely scattered Dominions beyond the
Saalfeld, and sister of Leopold, King of the Belgians, was married
seas. One should remember the splendor and power of the Em-
to the Duke of Kent in 1818, four years after the death of her
press-Queen who as a young girl was roused from her sleep on
former husband, the Prince of Leiningen. Victoria (baptized as
June 20 ,1837 by the Archbishop of Canterbury and another offi-
Alexandrina Victoria) was born on May 24, 1819, at Kensington
cial, to be told of the death of her uncle, William IV and her acces-
Palace, whence her parents had temporarily removed from their
sion to the throne of England. Victoria received them with quiet
home in Germany, in order that the child, a possible claimant for the
dignity, although clad in a wrapper and shawl, with her hair falling
British throne, might be born on English soil. The Princess, left
over her shoulders and her feet hurriedly thrust into slippers.
fatherless when eight months of age, was taught by her mother
and the Duchess of Northumberland.
FOOTNOTE: Victoria - Lonely days of widowhood - Here lies the
======================================================================
most illustrious and exalted Albert, Prince Consort, Duke of Saxony,
Prince of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha, Knight of the Most Noble Order
of the Garter, The Most Beloved Husband of the Most August and
potent Queen Victoria. He died on the Fourteenth Day of Decem-
ber, 1861, in the Forty-third Year of His Age. - Queen Victoria took
it very hard and for days, then months, stretching into years be-
reaved the loss of her consort. The story became prevalent that
her seclusion was owing to her fondness for liquor and that she
was in the habit of drinking half a pint of raw liquor per day. The
effects of these liberal portions are making visible havoc in her
once comely face...thrice...her inflamed face and swollen eyes
gave her all the appearance of an inebriate. Perhaps the trouble
caused by her scapegrace of a son, the Prince of Wales (Future
King and Emperor Edward VII) who, without doubt, is as reckless
a scamp as ever existed, has had much to do with his mothers
present condition, and has driven her to drinking. On the 6th of
February, 1866, she opened Parliament in person, sitting in silence
Tower of London while the Lord Chancellor read her speech. * Latin inscription from
the coffin of Prince Albert. Phases of London Life, D.J.Kirwan,
====================================================================== Hartford 1870.

======================================================================
FOOTNOTE: England was governed in a far more liberal way than
much of eighteen century Europe, with a Parliament, free from the
Kings control, to make their laws and a good system of courts,
equally free from Royal interference, to see that the laws were
properly carried out. King George III died in 1820. He had been
insane for some years, with his son as Regent. King George IV
reigned from 1820 to 1830 when his brother succeeded as King
William IV. Their niece Victoria became Queen in 1837 reigning until
1901.
FOOTNOTE: The Transatlantic Cable was completed August 5,

1858 with the message sent to America - Europe and America are
united by Telegraph. Glory to God in the highest; on Earth, Peace,
Good-will toward men. Queen Victoria sent a message to Presi-
dent Buchanan expressing her satisfaction at the completion of
the work of laying the cable between England and the United
States. The message required an hour for transmission.
======================================================================
Jubilee Portrait of Queen Victoria by
Leonard Charles Wyon

======================================================================
GREAT BRITAIN, KINGDOM of
LONDON MINT
======================================================================
4 PENCE MAUNDY 17.63MM .925 FINE 1.89 GRAMS
======================================================================
1888 9,528
1889 6,088
1890 8,613
1891 10,000
1892 8,524
OV: Jubilee head of Victoria, facing left VICTORIA

D:G:BRITANNIAR:REGINA F:D: (Victoria Dei Gratia Britanniar
Regina Fidei Defensor = Victoria by the grace of God Queen of
Britain Defender of the Faith) around.

EDGE: Plain

1888 4 PENCE MAUNDY - OBVERSE ENGRAVER: Leonard Charles Wyon
======================================================================
DESIGNER: Sir Joseph Edgar Boehm
FOOTNOTE: Leonard Charles Wyon, son of William Wyon suc-
ceeded as Chief Engraver at the Royal Mint, London, although the REFERENCE: Y-27, S-3171, KM-773
office was formally abolished after William's death, the title Modeller
replacing it. L.C. Wyon had become Second Engraver at the age of POPULATION: Great Britain - 1890 - 35,246,502
17, assisting his father. He engraved the 1887 Jubilee portrait of
Victoria from a design by Sir Joseph Boehm. L.C. Wyon died in
1891 and was succeeded in 1892 by George William deSaulles. FOOTNOTE: Sir Joseph Edgar Boehm, Born in Vienna 1834, He
moved to London in 1848. He was best known as a Sculptor and
Designer of many public monuments including the Wellington Me-
morial, Hyde Park Corner, and the statue of Queen Victoria, Castle
Hill, Windson. He was elected to the Royal Academy in 1880 and
named Baronet in 1889. Sir Boehm designed the Jubilee portrait of
Queen Victoria for the series of 1887-1893. He died in 1890.

======================================================================
Queen Victoria, Empress of India LONDON MINT
======================================================================
====================================================================== ======================================================================
Veiled Portrait of Queen Victoria by Sir 1893 10,177

Thomas Brock 1894
1895
9,385
8,877
1896 8,476
1897 9,388
1898 9,147
1899 13,561
1900 9,571
1901 11,928
OV: Veiled head of Victoria, facing left

VICTORIADEIGRABRITTREGINAFIDDEFINDIMP (Victoria
Dei Gratia Britanniar Regina Fidei Defensor Indae Imperator =
Victoria by the grace of God Queen of Britain Defender of the
Faith Empress of India) around T.B. on trunction.

EDGE: Plain
DESIGNER: T.B. = Sir Thomas Brock
ENGRAVER: George William deSaulles
REFERENCE: Y-41, S-3182, KM-778
POPULATION: Great Britain - 1900 - 41,605,323 with

capital London with 4,536,063 inhabitants.
1893 - 4 PENCE MAUNDY - OBVERSE

======================================================================

====================================================================== ======================================================================
FOOTNOTE: The Mint on Tower Hill, in London was erected be- FOOTNOTE: Custom has decreed in most countries, that the heads
tween the years 1810 and 1815. In former times the coinage was of successive monarchs, on coin of the realm, shall face alter-
made by contract at a fixed price. In England there was formerly a nately left and right. The rule is not generally applied to Presidents
mint in almost every county; the Sovereign, Barons, Bishops, and and National heros; and there have been exceptions even in the
principal monasteries exercised the right of coining and it was not case of Kings and Queens. Note Queen Victoria facing left, King
till the reign of William III that all the provincial mints were abolished. Edward VII facing right and the head of George V, turns to the left.
The Tower Hill mint supplies the whole of the coinage of the British King George VI like his father faces left due to the absence of
Empire, except Australia and the East Indies, which are supplied coins with the effigy of Edward VIII. Several denominations bear-
from Branch mints at Sydney, Melbourne, Calcutta and Bombay. ing Edward VIII head facing left were struck at the Royal Mint in
New Cabinet Cyclopaedia, Phila.,1896. readiness for issue in 1937 but these were melted shortly after he
abdicated. Tradition had demanded that the direction of his head
FOOTNOTE: Groat - (From the Dutch Great or Thick), the name would be facing right. The King considered his left profile to be the
applied in the middle ages to all large thick coins.The English groat better than his right. He insisted and that was that. Queen Eliza-
was first issued in 1351, and discontinued in 1662. It was a silver beth II followed the custom with her portrait facing right.
coin equal in value to four pence. In 1836-7 a coin of similar value
was struck, called a fourpenny piece, with the obverse: Head of FOOTNOTE: London, the capital of the British Empire and the larg-
William IV facing left, GULIELMUS IIII D:G: BRITANNIAR: REX F:D: est city in the world, is situated in the South-East of England on
(William IV by the grace of God, King of Britain, Defender of the both sides of the River Thames. The river is crossed by numerous
Faith) around. The reverse: BRITANNIA FOUR PENCE around / bridges, and is deep enough to allow large vessels to come up to
DATE. The Maundy issue of William IV had the same obverse with London Bridge, the lowest of these except the movable bridge.
the usual reverse of crowned large four dividing date, within wreath The population in 1891 was 4,211,056. London, on the whole, may
of oak tied with ribbon below, and was issued each year from be called a well-built city, brick being the material generally em-
1831-1837. ployed, though many public and other edifices are built of stone.
The streets are generally well kept and well paved and lighted.
FOOTNOTE: Sir Thomas Brock was born in Worchester in 1847. What generally most strikes a stranger to London is its immense
He became a famous sculptor and designer of many portrait busts, size, which can only be grasped by actually traveling about, or by
statues and monuments, including the Queen Victoria Memorial in obtaining a view from some elevation, as Primrose Hill. As the
front of Buckingham Palace. He was elected to the Royal Academy capital of the British Empire London is from time to time the resi-
in 1891 and designed the Veiled Head Portrait of Queen Victoria dence of the Sovereign and Court. About 14,000 licensed car-
which first carried her new title of Empress of India, enacted by riages, including 7,000 hansom cabs, ply on the streets. There are
Parliament in 1876 and proclaimed to her Indian subjects in 1877. tramways towards the outskirts; but the narrowness of the streets
First the measure was very unpopular in England accounting for and the press of traffic excludes them from the busiest districts.
the delay in use of the title for over sixteen years to 1893, although Numerous small steamers ply on the Thames, touching at all impor-
on her Indian coinage her title was changed from Victoria Queen to tant points on both sides of the river. All the great railways have
Victoria Empress beginning in 1877. Sir Thomas Brock was terminals in London..the principal markets are Billingsgate for fish;
Knighted in 1911. Covent Gardens for vegetables, flowers,etc.; Leaden Hall for poul-
try, game,etc.; Smithfield for dead meat, poultry, and fish; the Bor-
FOOTNOTE: Edward VII, of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and ough Market, Southwark. Places of amusement are naturally ex-
Ireland, and of all the British Dominions beyond the seas, Emperor ceedingly numerous, the theatres alone numbering nearly forty.
of India. Son of Victoria and Albert, Edward VII was born at The principal are: Covent Garden and Her Majestys Theatre, the
Buckingham Palace November 9, 1841 and was christen Albert Houses of opera; Drury Lane and the Lyceum, identified with the
Edward. At his birth he was created Prince of Wales, and by virtue high drama; the Strand, Criterion, Gaiety, and Tooles, well known
of that dignity he became also Knight of the Garter. As heir appar- for farce and burlesque; the Haymarket, vaudeville, St.James, and
ent to the British throne he succeeded to the title of Duke of Cornwall. Court for comedy; the Adelphi, Princesss, and Olympic for melo-
As heir to the crown of Scotland he became Great Steward of drama; the Savoy, Avenue, and Comedy for opera-bouffe. The
Scotland, Duke of Rothesay, Earl of Carrick, Baron of Renfrew, chief musical entertainments are given in St.Jamess Hall and the
and Lord of the Isles. On September 10, 1849, he was created Earl Concert Hall at the Sydenham Crystal Palace. The Albert Hall,
of Dublin, a title conferred on him and his heirs in perpetuity. Addi- Kensington, capable of holding an audience of 8,000 persons, is
tional titles and commands borne by him are: Duke of Saxony, also used for concerts,etc. New Cabinet Cyclopaedia, Phila.,1896.
colonel of the Tenth Hussars, colonel-in-clief of the Rifle Brigade.
He studied at Edinburgh and afterwards attended the public lec-
tures at Oxford and Cambridge. In the summer of 1860 he visited
the United States and Canada. Two years later he traveled in the
east and visited Jerusalem. On March 10, 1863 he married Prin-
cess Alexandra Caroline Mary Charlotte Louisa Julia, eldest daugh-
ter of King Christian IX of Denmark. They had one son and three
daughters. Late in 1871 he suffered from a dangerous attack of
typhoid fever and his recovery was celebrated by a national thanks-
giving festival. Between November 1875 and March 1876 the
Prince went on a grand tour of India. In 1875 he was appointed a
Field Marshal in the British Army and in 1883 in the German Army.
He ascended to the Throne on January 22, 1901 as King - the title
on his coinage reads Edward VII by the grace of God King of the
Britains Defender of the Faith Emperor of India. Edward VII, died
May 6, 1910, and was succeeded by his second but only surviv-
ing son, George Fredrick Ernest Albert, as George V, By the grace
of God of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland and of the
British Dominions beyond the seas, King, Defender of the Faith,
Emperor of India.
====================================================================== Arms of Great Britain

1902 - 4 PENCE MAUNDY - OBVERSE 1902 - 4 PENCE MAUNDY - REVERSE
====================================================================== ======================================================================
LONDON MINT FOOTNOTE: Fidei Defensor, Latin for Defender of the Faith, a title
====================================================================== conferred upon King Henry VIII by Pope Leo X in 1521 in gratitude
4 PENCE MAUNDY 17.63 MM .925 FINE 1.89 GRAMS for a pamphlet in which that Sovereign had roundly abused the
====================================================================== heretic, Martin Luther. Confirmed by Parliament it is now accorded
to each English King or Queen.
1902 10,177
1903 9,729 ======================================================================
1904 11,568
1905 10,998
1906 11,065
1907 11,065
1908 9,929
1909 2,428
1910 2,755
OV: Head of Edward VII, facing right EDWARD VII D:

G:BRITT:OMN:REX F:D:IND:IMP: (Edward VII Dei Gratia Britanniar
Omnium Rex Fidei Defensor Indae Imperator = Edward VII by the
grace of God, King of All the Britains Defender of the Faith,
Emperor of India) around / Des. under bust.

EDGE: Plain
FOOTNOTE: The automobile problem in England - a means of iden-

tification of each car should be provided and English roads require
reconstruction; dangerous corners must be widened, and hedges
at corners must be cut down; some roads, as in France, should be
reserved either for horse-drawn carriages or for automobiles
exclusively. Roads should be constructed of some material free
from dust. The public will soon demand not only identification, but
heavy penalties and damages in case of accidents, the licenses
of drivers to be withdrawn in case of misconduct. The American
Monthly, New York, November 1902.
King Edward VII, Emperor of India

1911- 4 PENCE MAUNDY - OBVERSE 1911 - 4 PENCE MAUNDY - REVERSE
====================================================================== ======================================================================
GREAT BRITAIN, KINGDOM of FOOTNOTE: Before King George V became King of England he
LONDON MINT was known as George Frederick, Prince of Wales, Duke of Cornwall
====================================================================== and York. The second son of Edward VII. He was born at
4 PENCE MAUNDY 17.63 MM .925 FINE 1.89 GRAMS Marlborough House, London on June 3, 1865. He entered the Royal
====================================================================== Navy in 1877, and became Captain in 1893. After the death of his
elder brother, Albert, Duke of Clarence, in 1892, He was made
1911 4,447 Duke of York. On July 6, 1893 he married Princess Victoria Mary of
1912 1,616 Teck, who bore him five sons and a daughter. Upon the accession
1913 1,590 of his father Edward VII in 1901, he received the title of Duke of
1914 1,651 Cornwall, made a journey around the world, in the course of which
1915 1,441 he visited all the Great British Colonies, and on his return in Novem-
1916 1,599 ber was created Prince of Wales. In 1905-6 he made the tour of
1917 1,478 India. New International Encyclopadia,1910.
1918 1,479
1919 1,524 FOOTNOTE: George Frederick Ernest Albert Wettin of the House of
1920 1,460 Saxe-Coburg-Gotha, King of Great Britain and Ireland and of the
British Dominions beyond the Seas, Emperor of India, the second
OV: Head of George V, facing left GEORGIVS V son of King Edward VII, was born at Marlborough House June 3,
D:G: BRITT:OMN:REX F:D:IND:IMP: (Georgivs V Dei Gratia 1865. In 1877 he and his brother, the Duke of Clarence, became
Britanniar Omnium Rex Fidei Defensor Indae Imperator = George Naval Cadets. Two years later they cruised to the West Indies on
V by the grace of God, King of All the Britains Defender of the the H.M.S.Bacchante, and a year later they made a longer trip on
Faith, Emperor of India) around / B.M. on trunction. the same ship. Prince George intended to remain in the British Navy
and for that reason was appointed to H.M.S.Canada as a sub-
RV: Crown / Large 4 dividing DATE left and right, Lieutenant. In 1885 after a course at the Royal Naval College at
within wreath of oak tied with ribbon below. Greenwich, he became a Lieutenant, and in 1889 he commanded
a torpedo boat in the naval maneuvres. In 1890 he commanded the
EDGE: Plain gunship H.M.S.Thrush until 1892 when he relinquished his com-
mission in the navy on becoming Heir Apparent through the death
MINT: (no mintmark) = Royal Mint, LONDON of his brother, the Duke of Clarence. At the time he was created
Duke of York, and on July 6, 1893 he married Princess Victoria May
DESIGNER: B.M. = Sir Edgar Bertram MacKennal daughter of the Duke and Duchess of Teck. In 1901 the Duke and
Duchess of York visited the Commonwealth of Australia and on the
REFERENCE: Y-81, S-3247, KM-814 return journey, South Africa and Canada. In November of 1901,
after the death of Queen Victoria, the Duke was created Prince of
Standard Catalogue of British Coins by Peter Seaby, Wales. He succeeded his father in June 1910 as George V. He
London. was crowned along with Queen Mary in Westminster Abbey on
June 22, 1911 and at the end of that year he visited India where he
POPULATION: Great Britain -1911 - 34,045,290 was received with acclamation, being the first British Emperor
including London with 4,521,685 inhabitants, and who had visited the Crown Colony. King George V, changed the
Birmingham, the second largest city with 842,238. family name to Windsor in 1917. He died January 20, 1936 at his
favourite country home, Sandringham House, Norfolk.
======================================================================

King Geroge V in 1935
======================================================================
LONDON MINT 1946 - 4 PENCE MAUNDY - OBVERSE
====================================================================== ======================================================================
4 PENCE MAUNDY 17.63 MM .500 FINE 1.89 GRAMS GREAT BRITAIN, KINGDOM of
====================================================================== LONDON MINT
======================================================================
1921 1,542 4 PENCE MAUNDY 17.63 MM .500 FINE 1.89 GRAMS
1922 1,609 ======================================================================
1923 1,527
1924 1,602 1937 1,325 plus 26,402 proof sets w/ Maundy
1925 1,670 1938 1,275
1926 1,762 1939 1,234
1927 1,681 1940 1,277
1928 1,642 1941 1,253
1929 1,761 1942 1,231
1930 1,724 1943 1,239
1931 1,759 1944 1,259
1932 1,835 1945 1,355
1933 1,872 1946 1,365
1934 1,887
1935 1,928 OV: Head of George VI, facing left GEORGIVS VI D:
1936 1,323 G: BR: OMN: REX F: D: IND: IMP: (Georgivs VI Dei Gratia
Britanniar Omnium Rex Fidei Defensor Indae Imperator = George
OV: Head of George V, facing left GEORGIVS V VI by the grace of God, King of All the Britains Defender of the
D.G.BRITT:OMN:REX F.D.IND:IMP: (Georgivs V Dei Gratia Faith, Emperor of India) around / HP under bust.
V by the grace of God, King of All the Britains Defender of the RV: Crown / Large 4 dividing DATE left and right,
Faith, Emperor of India) around / B.M. on trunction. within wreath of oak tied with ribbon below.
RV: Crown / Large 4 dividing DATE left and right, EDGE: Plain
EDGE: Plain
DESIGNER: B.M. = Sir Edgar Bertram MacKennal
FOOTNOTE: The first change in the silver coinage standard since
TYPE: Fineness reduced to .500 fine. the reign of Queen Elizabeth I, was made in 1920, when the de-
gree of fineness was reduced to 500 parts in a thousand as
REFERENCE: Y-81, S-3247, KM-814a against 925. This standard continued until 1946 which marked the
end of silver coinage for Great Britain, except the Maundy coin-
POPULATION: Great Britain - 1921 - 35,678,530 age. Fineness of .925 has long been known as sterling silver.
including London with 4,484,523 inhabitants.

======================================================================
LONDON MINT
======================================================================
======================================================================
1947 1,375
1948 1,385
OV: Head of George VI, facing left GEORGIVS VI D:

G: BR: OMN: REX F: D: IND: IMP: (Georgivs VI Dei Gratia
VI by the grace of God, King of All the Britains Defender of the
Faith, Emperor of India) around / HP under bust.

EDGE: Plain
TYPE: Fineness restored to .925 fine, sterling.
1946 - 4 PENCE MAUNDY - REVERSE REFERENCE: Y-93A, S-3328, KM-851a

====================================================================== FOOTNOTE: Beginning with the 1947 four pence the silver content
was increased from .500 fine to sterling as the Maundy money no
FOOTNOTE: Geroge VI, second son of George V and brother of longer was consistent in fineness with the regular British coinage
Edward VIII, succeeded to the throne of Great Britain on Decem- which no longer contained silver.
ber 12, 1936. Born on December 14, 1895, son of the late King
George V, who died January 20, 1936 and Queen Mary, daughter =====================================================================
of the late H.S.H. Duke of Teck and H.R.H. Princess Mary of Cam- GREAT BRITAIN, KINGDOM of
bridge. He was christened Albert Frederick Arthur George, and LONDON MINT
was generally known as Prince Albert before having the title of ======================================================================
Duke of York conferred upon him by his father in 1920. Like his 4 PENCE MAUNDY 17.63 MM .925 FINE 1.89 GRAMS
father, Prince Albert trained with the Navy at Osborns and ======================================================================
Dartmouth. In 1913 he cruised with the fleet in American waters,
visiting the West Indies and Canada. Later he became an officer 1949 1,395
in the Royal Air Force but ceased active duty in 1920. In May 1927 1950 1,405
the Duke of York represented the Crown at the opening of the 1951 1,468
Parliament Buildings at Canberra, Australias new capital. George 1952 1.012
VI, By the grace of God of Great Britain and Ireland and of the
British Dominions Beyond the Seas, King, Defender of the Faith, OV: Head of George VI, facing left GEORGIVS VI D:
Emperor of India, succeeded to the throne of Great Britain on the G: BR: OMN: REX (Georgivs VI Dei Gratia Britanniar Omnium Rex
Abdication of his brother, Edward VIII, December 10, 1936. The = George VI by the grace of God, King of All the Britains)
King, as Prince Albert, Duke of York, married in Westminister Ab- around.
bey, April 7, 1923, Lady Elizabeth Bowes-Lyon, daughter of the
Earl of Strathmore and Kinghorne. They have two children; Prin- RV: Crown / Large 4 dividing DATE left and right,
cess Elizabeth Alexandra Mary, born April 21, 1926, became Heir within wreath of oak tied with ribbon below.
Presumptive to the throne.
EDGE: Plain
FOOTNOTE: Greshams Law - Greshams Law was first so called
by MacLeon in 1857, on the understanding that the Principle Bad MINT: (no mintmark) = Royal Mint, LONDON
Money Drives Out Good which was first expounded by Sir Tho-
mas Gresham to Elizabeth in 1558. Early economic writers, such TYPE: Emperor of India omitted from titles.
as Copernicus, had, however, already explained if the principle is
than the worst form of currency will be most used in circulation, REFERENCE: Y-113, S-3338, KM-874
and the more valuable tending to disappear. Thus, if there are two
metals in circulation, the one which costs least in production will FOOTNOTE: 1948 saw the withdrawal from India of Britain as India
predominate. The law also applies where there is debased coin- became the Dominion of India pending becoming a republic. With
age, and metallic currency with inconvertible paper money. The this change the King of England dropped the title - Emperor of India.
Everyman Encyclopedia, J.M. Dent, London 1910.
======================================================================

======================================================================
LONDON MINT
======================================================================
======================================================================
1953 1,025 rare
OV: Head of Elizabeth II, facing right +ELIZABETH II

DEIGRATIABRITT:OMN:REGINAF:D: (+Elizabeth II Dei Gratia
Britanniar Omnium Regina Fidei Defensor = +Elizabeth II by the
grace of God, Queen of All the Britains Defender of the Faith)
around / MG on trunction.
RV: Crown / Large 4 dividing 1953 left and right,

EDGE: Plain
DESIGNER: MG = Mrs. Mary Gillick
REFERENCE: A-126, S-3358, KM-888
FOOTNOTE: This is a one year type with the Latin descriptive title
BRITT:OMN:REGINA for Queen of all the Britains in the follow-
ing years this was dropped all but the word REGINA for Queen, as
1958 - 4 PENCE MAUNDY - OBVERSE
the Empire changed into the Commonwealth of Nations. ======================================================================
LONDON MINT
======================================================================
======================================================================
1954 1,076
1955 1,082
1956 1,088
1957 1,094
1958 1,100
1959 1,106
1960 1,180
1961 1,118
1962 1,197
1963 1,205
1964 1,213
1965 1,221
1966 1,206
1967 986
1968 964
1969 1,022
1970 1,068
OV: Head of Elizabeth II, facing right +ELIZABETH II

DEIGRATIAREGINAF:D: (+Elizabeth II Dei Gratia Regina Fidei
Defensor = +Elizabeth II by the grace of God, Queen, Defender
of the Faith) around / MG on trunction.

EDGE: Plain
DESIGNER: MG = Mrs. Mary Gillick
Queen Elizabeth II Maundy Coins of Great Britain by Richard J.

Thowbridge, Long Beach 1969

=====================================================================
Great Britain and Ireland today

=====================================================================

======================================================================
Westminster Abby and Big Ben

======================================================================
FOOTNOTE: London is the largest city and financial center in the

world. The fine harbour formed by the Thames estuary is con-
stantly thronged with ships from Asia. The city has narrow, irregu-
lar streets, but many famous buildings, the most noted of which
are Westminster Abbey, St.Paul's Cathedral, the Tower of London,
and the parliament buildings. The United Kingdom, with is posses-
sions, constitutes the British Empire, which includes one fifth of
London Bridge the land and one fourth of the population of the world. Complete
Geography, H. Justin Roddy, New york, 1902.
======================================================================
FOOTNOTE: Maundy coinage of; four pence, three pence, two
pence and one pence continues each year after the dates noted,
to the present, struck to the sterling standard of .925 fine and
bearing the portrait of Queen Elizabeth II..
FOOTNOTE: The term dime is unique to the United States of America

and the Kingdom of Hawaii (now the 52nd State of the U.S.A.) but
it's root goes back to the Latin decem or ten (decimus, a tenth). In
the thirteenth and fourteenth centuries dime was applied in En-
gland to the tithe or tenth part of one's income paid to the church.
According to the King James Version of the Bible, the last part of
Genesis 14:20 reads, "He gave him tithes of all." John Wycliffe
translated this passage, "He gave him dymes of alle thingis." In his
report to the Continental Congress on a new coinage system for
the United States, Governor Morris, who was familiar with the
French language, recommended a coin to be called a disme, which
was the old French spelling; but the mint act approved in 1792
changed the spelling to dime. A Book About a Thousand Things,
The Royal Exchange - London 1902 George Stimpson, New York, 1946.

====================================================================== ======================================================================
FOOTNOTE: The coinage of England was for many generations
struck in the Tower of London, but since 1811 it has been done in
the Royal Mint, which stands on the eastern side of Tower hill. The
premises were enlarged, and new and greatly improved machin-
ery introduced in 1881 and 1882. The processes are very interest-
ing, and the rate at which the coins now can be produced is very
rapid. The melting of the bullion, the casting into bars, the various
processes of rolling, annealing, punching out the blank coins, rim-
ming, and finally stamping then are all done at the Royal Mint. In the
rimming process, perfectly flat metal discs, that have just been
punched out from bars of metal rolled until they have reached a
standard thickness fixed by very accurate gauges, are pushed
forward until they reach a rapidly revolving wheel, which seizes
them, and, faster than the eye can follow it, raises a rim or protect-
ing edge evenly all round the disc. The stamping or coining is
accomplished by one act of the coin-press, in which two dies are
concerned. The lower one is fixed, the upper one moves up and
down under a pressure of several tons. The attendant puts the
blank discs in the tube with his left hand. The weight presses them
down. A metal finger pushes each in succession upon the fixed
lower die, this is encircled by a movable ring so cut as to give the
milling to the edge of the disc. As soon as the disc rests upon the
die, this ring rises, the upper die descends, forces the disc against
the lower, the one blow stamping both the obverse and reverse
pattern, and giving at the same time the milling, the metal driven out Rimming machine at Royal Mint
by the stamping being forced against the ring. As the die rises, the
metal finger which is bring forward the next disc pushes off its ======================================================================
completed predecessor into a shoot, through which it falls into the
tray below. These machines, of which there are fourteen, can
each stamp at the rate of a hundred and twenty coins a minute.
London, Rev. Richard Lovett, London, 1890.
Coining press at Royal Mint

Punching planchents at Royal Mint
====================================================================== ======================================================================

GREECE
====================================================================== ======================================================================
Arms of the Greek Kingdom

======================================================================
FOOTNOTE: King George I, was born Prince William of Denmark at

Copenhagen December 24, 1845, the second son of King Christian
IX of Denmark of the House of Holstein - Sonderburg - Glucksburg,
and brother of Queen Alexandra of Great Britain. He served for
some time in the Danish Navy. In 1829 Greece, gained indepen-
dence from Turkey, choosing for its King, Prince Otto of Bavaria.
The Revolution of 1862 drove King Otto of Greece from the throne.
By an overwhelming vote of the Greek people, Prince Alfred, Duke
of Edinburgh (Queen Victorias second son) was elected King, but
on political grounds he was forced to decline, and in 1863 on
March 30th at the age of 18, the Danish Prince William of Schleswig-
Holstein, who with the concurrence of his own family and the
1874 - 50 LEPTA - OBVERSE consent of the Great Powers, was elected King of the Hellenes,
with the title of George I. He was married at Saint Petersburg to
======================================================================
Olga, a niece of the Russian Czar, daughter of Grand Duke
GREECE, KINGDOM of
Constantine, October 27, 1867, and had five sons and one daugh-
PARIS MINT
ter. His conduct as a constitutional monarch has always been
======================================================================
correct and regular, and he has won the popular sympathies by
50 LEPTA 18MM .835 FINE 2.5 GRAMS
the efforts he has made on behalf of the expansion of Greek
======================================================================
Nationality. His children are all bred up in the Greek faith. The
Crown Prince is Constantine, Duke of Sparta, born 2nd August
1868 60 rare
1868. The Greeks accorded him an enthusiastic welcome, and he
1874 4,500,633
ruled in strict accordance with constitutional principles, adopting
as his motto My Strength is the Love of My People. In 1867 Greece
OV: Head of George I, facing left (bee) greek
became part of the Latin Monetary Union with the proviso that the
inscription '+SC'3?G !! %!G37+KG IS; +77/S; (anchor)
money should be struck at the Paris Mint. The pieces were en-
(George I King of the Greeks) around / BAPPE under bust.
graved by Albert Desire Barre, Chief Engraver of the Paris Mint
with his name spelled in Greek BAPPE under the bust of King. New
RV: Crown / greek denomination 50 7+AI! (50
Cabinet Cyclopaedia,Phila.,1896 & New .International Encyclo-
lepta) / DATE / A (mintmark), greek inscription #!E37+3?;
pedia, 1910.
I/E +77!)?G (Kingdom of Greece) around above.
FOOTNOTE: The inscription and denominations of the Greek coin-
EDGE: Reeded
age are shown in the Greek alphabet. The coinage of the Island of
Crete also use the Greek letters.
MINT: A = PARIS
ENGRAVER: BAPPE (anchor) = Albert-Desire Barre

1855-78
REFERENCE: Y-6, D-55, KM-6.2
Modern Greek Coins by Jean-Paul Divo, Zurich 1969.
POPULATION: Greece - 1892 - 2,187,208 with capital

Athens with 114,335 inhabitants. FOOTNOTE: By approval of the Latin Monetary Union Convention
in 1908 the fractional coins of Greece were ordered retired within
FOOTNOTE: Currency of Greece - 100 lepta = 1 drachme four months (2 and 1 franc, 50 and 20 centimes pieces). This left
the currency of the country; inconvertible paper.
ENCYCLOPEDIA OF SMALL SILVER COINS - GREECE - PAGE 260

======================================================================
George I - King of Greece

======================================================================
FOOTNOTE: In personal appearance King George, of Greece, is

tall and slight, with bright, piercing, blue eyes, active and energetic
in movement, kind and courteous in manner, a tireless worker, 1874 - 50 LEPTA - REVERSE
deeply interested in the welfare of his subjects; every morning at
======================================================================
seven oclock finds him at his desk reading documents, signing
GREECE, KINGDOM of
state papers and receiving the reports of his ministers. In the after-
PARIS MINT
noon he visits schools, hospitals, barracks and prisons, alert to
======================================================================
every opportunity to improve the condition of his subjects. The
50 LEPTA 18MM .835 FINE 2.5 GRAMS
King has an allowance of $200,000 per annum, one-half of which
======================================================================
comes from the National revenue, and one-half of which is voted
in sums of $20,000 each by the five Great Powers, England, France,
1883 600,000
Germany,Austria and Russia. Vast as this income seems it is small
in comparison with that of other monarchs and only by the utmost
OV: Head of George I, facing left (cornucopia) greek
care can it be made to meet the expenses of the Royal Household.
inscription '+SC'3?G !! %!G37+KG IS; +77/S; (fasces)
Court life at Athens is very pleasant, and no European Court is
(George I King of the Greeks) around / BAPPE under bust.
more popular or more frequented by Royal families than is the
Court at Athens. The King neither visits nor invites any but foreign-
RV: Crown / greek denomination 50 7+AI! (50
ers, as the selection of personal friends from among his own
lepta) / 1883 / A (mintmark), greek inscription #!E37+3?; I/E
subjects would only arouse the jealousy of those not chosen.
+77!)?G (Kingdom of Greece) around above.
Despite their many good qualities the Greeks are not willing that the
King should enjoy social intercourse with his own people. So
EDGE: Reeded
anxious is the King to meet the wishes of his people that he yields
to them in matters not involving principle. It is said that the Queen
MINT: A = PARIS
once gave a childrens ball at the palace, where upon the public
questioned the propriety of balls for infant princes and criticized
DIRECTOR: (cornucopia) = Jean-Louis Ruau 1879-91
royal extravaganzas. Childrens balls were discontinued as a re-
sult. Around the World, Lida Brooks Miller, Chicago, 1897.
FOOTNOTE: The modern city of Athens has been built since 1835.
DESIGNER: BAPPE = Albert-Desire Barre 1855-78
The Kings palace is a huge, square, plastered edifice, that would
not be tolerated in San Francisco or Melbourne as a public building.
REFERENCE: Y-6, D-55, KM-6.2
All modern Greece (c.1888) is in a state of dilapidation. There are
no roads, and the products of the country and imported goods are
POPULATION: Greece - 1896 - 2,433,806 with capital
carried on the backs of mules and men. A few miles of railroad
Athens with 111,486 inhabitants.
have been constructed to nearer points of interest, but the service
is not very good. About two million Greeks live a sickly life in the
FOOTNOTE: King George I, had all but completed the 50th year of
narrow mountain valleys and around the undrained malarial marshes
his reign and was about to celebrate his Jubilee by abdicating the
of the scanty lowlands. Two millions more are scattered about the
throne in favor of the Crown Prince Constantine, when he was
Levant, generally engaged in trade and commerce, for which they
shot down by a half-crazed Greek, named Schinas at Salonika on
exhibit great aptitude. They talk politics very bravely in the coffee-
March 18, 1913. As the brother-in-law of Edward VII of England,
houses, but are not very dangerous, except as highwaymen. The
and of Alexander III of Russia, the uncle of Czar Nicolas II, and
people are very superstitious and all over the land they will de-
friend of Francis Joseph, he had the ear of those upon which
stroy the precious remains of antiquity for material to build huge
decisions European politics depended. The violent death was thus
ugly churches, without a trace of architectural beauty, ten times
fraught with momentous consequences for Greece and for Eu-
larger than needed. In a Winding Journey Around the World,
rope. Greece lost a sagacious Sovereign. Encyclopedia Britannica,
O.W.Wight, Detroit 1888.
11th Edition - New Volumes, 1922.
ENCYCLOPEDIA OF SMALL SILVER COINS - GREECE - PAGE 261

HAITI
1881 - AN 78 - 10 CENTIMES - REVERSE
ENCYCLOPEDIA OF SMALL SILVER COINS - HAITI - PAGE 262

Arms of Hayti
1881 - AN 78 -10 CENTIMES - OBV FOOTNOTE: Hayti: (Indian), High Land or Mountainous country.
====================================================================== FOOTNOTE: The monetary unit, gourde, divided into 100 centimes,
HAITI, REPUBLIC of takes its name from an incident created by King Christophe who
PARIS MINT confiscated all the gourdes on Haiti, requiring the natives to sell
====================================================================== their coffee for gourdes, he then exported the coffee to Europe,
10 CENTIMOS 18MM .835 FINE 2.5 GRAMS being paid in hard currency, thus establishing Haiti with a strange
====================================================================== currency backed by bullion. The new silver coinage minted in Paris
starting in 1881 was based on the standards of the Latin Monetary
1881 AN 78 1,500,000 HA#57 Union as provided by the Monetary Law of 1880 with the gourde
1882 AN 79 1,800,000 HA#58 equivalent to the silver 5 franc of the Latin Union. By 1900 the
1886 AN 83 1,500,000 HA#59 population was 960,000 with the capital, Port-au-Prince with 40,000
1887 AN 84 1,050,000 HA#60 inhabitants. The new coinage did not last long as a note in the
1890 AN 87 1,000,000 HA#61 Annual Report of the U.S.Director of the Mint for fiscal year ended
1894 AN 91 3,729,056 HA#62 June 1909 states The actual currency of the country of Haiti is
inconvertible paper, nickel and copper coins.
OV: Liberty head, facing right, REPUBLIQUE D
HAITI, above AN (DATE) (computed from the Haitian revolution in FOOTNOTE: Haiti originally was one of the richest and most impor-
1803) 835 MILL DATE 2,5 GRAMS below. / R. and L. under tant French Colonies. It occupied the western portion of the Island
bust. of Hispanola in the Caribbean. An uprising of the natives, mostly
slaves imported from Africa, under the leadership of Toussaint
RV: Arms of the Republic, motto on ribbon below: LOverture The first of the blacks was successful in driving out
L'UION FAIT LA FORCE (Strength through Unity) (flower) the French. After a twenty year struggle the country declared the
LIBERTE EGALITE FRATERNITE (Liberty - Equality - Fraternity) first black independent Republic in 1803. Dates on the coinage of
around, (cornucopia) 10 CENTes (fasces) below. Haiti carry both the A.D. date and a dating system, first established
with the French revolution on French coinage of Napoleon I, the
EDGE: Reeded number counting from the year of Haitian Independence.
MINT: (cornucopia) = PARIS FOOTNOTE: Slave Trade - The history of slave trade was greatly
stimulated by the discovery that African slaves could be profitably
DESIGNER: R. = Louis Oscar Roty used to cultivate the vast plantations of the New World. The En-
L. = Laforestrie glish navigator Hawkins had carried a cargo of three hundred
negroes from Sierra Leone to Hispanola in 1562 and so introduced
ENGRAVER: (fasces) = Jean LaGrange 1880-96 English seamen to a business in which Portugal, Spain, and Hol-
land were already engaged. It is estimated that previous to 1776 at
MARK: (flower) = unknown least three million slaves were imported into French, Spanish, and
English Colonies. The Congress of Vienna in 1815 declared this
POPULATION: Haiti - 1892 - 850,000 with the capital - most atrocious practice contrary to the principles of human rights
Port-au-Prince with 35,000 inhabitants. and civilization. Finally in March of 1807 three weeks after the
United States Congress had forbidden the importation of slaves,
REFERENCE: Y-6, KM-35 Parliament prohibited Englishmen from engaging in the slave trade
followed by Sweden in 1813 and Holland a year later. England
Coins of Haiti by Carmen Arroyo, San Antonio,1970 abolished slavery in all her colonies in 1833.
200 Anos de Numismatica Haitiana,C.I. Rudman,1985

====================================================================== ======================================================================
FOOTNOTE; Hayti, now an independent negro republic, forms one FOOTNOTE: The author considers this series the rarest of all the
of the most peculiar and interesting portions of the New World. It is Modern Silver Dime Size Coins of the World with large mintages
a very fine island, situated between Jamaica and Porto Rico, about struck by major mints, in Gem-Uncirculated condition. Only a few
450 miles in length, and 110 in breadth. In the center rises the lofty coins, probably from specimen sets retained by the Paris mint, or
range of the mountains of Cibao, of which the peak of La Serrania for presentation to officials exist in this condition. The people of
rises to the height of 9000 feet. The principal productions of the Haiti have always been so poor that few coins were hoarded.
island are, coffee, the sugar-cane (which is chiefly employed in Quite a few of this issue found their way to other countries where
the making of taffia, the ordinary rum of the country), and cotton. they were saved, but in general they are of a fairly circulated
This was the first large island discovered by Columbus, who landed condition. The finest condition can be noted by the high relief of the
there on 5th of December 1492, and made it under the name of palm frond at the top center of the tree. Adding to the beauty of the
hispaniola, the seat of his first colony. That great man, however, coin is the wonderful intricate work of the designers and the
soon lost all control over the Spanish adventurers, who gave full execution of the Paris mint to the standards of the Latin Monetary
scope to their cruelty and rapacity. The gold, which was then Union. Proofs for 1881,1882 and 1887 are known. The obverse of
found in considerable abundance, formed the chief object of their the full series are shown below.
avidity; and the unhappy natives, forced to labour in the mines, and ======================================================================
otherwise inhumanly treated, were in the end completely extermi-
nated. The gold being in some degree exhausted, and its amount
completely eclipsed by that of Mexico and Peru, Hispaniola, called
now St.Domingo, was in a great degree neglected. About the middle
of the seventeenth century, a daring band of French buccaneers
established themselves in the western districts. They were sup-
ported by the French government, which ultimately became pos-
sessed of this part of the island. The French revolution caused an
extraordinary change in the state of Hayti. In 1791 the Assembly 1881 1882 1886
caused to be proclaimed throughout the island their favourite doc-
trine, that all men were free and equal. This proclamation gave
AN 78 AN 79 AN 83
rise, in the first instance, to a contest between the white and free ======================================================================
coloured population. But while these parties were contending for
the application of the principle, the slaves felt that it applied also to
them. They rose in a body, massacred or drove out the other two
classes, and became entire masters of French St.Domingo. This
revolution, with the excesses which accompanied it, soon ended,
like other revolutions, in a military despotism, which was estab-
lished in 1806 by Dessalines, who assumed the title of James I. He
was succeeded by Christophe, his second in command, who 1887 1890 1894
named himself Henry I., hereditary King of Hayti. Meantime, the
Republic of Hayti was established in another part of the island, AN 84 AN 87 AN 91
under the presidency, first of Petion, and then of Boyer. ======================================================================
FOOTNOTE: There was no coinage in this series dated 1888-1889

as a civil war raged in Haiti between two Generals; Legitime and
Hippolyte, who were rival candidates for the Presidency.
FOOTNOTE: Haiti is essentially a mountainous island. Steep es-

carpments, leading to rugged uplands of the interior, reach almost
everywhere down to the shores, leaving only here and there a
few strips of beach. Encyclopaedia Britannica, Eleventh Edition,
1911.
======================================================================
The Island of Hispaniola

1894 -10 CENTIMOS - AN 91 - REV
Republic of Haiti on west side
====================================================================== ======================================================================

HAWAII
====================================================================== ======================================================================
FOOTNOTE: Sandwich Islands, named after the Fourth Earl of

Sandwich by Captain Cook, forming the Kingdom of Hawaii, are a
rich, beautiful and interesting chain eight in number, in the middle of
the Pacific Ocean, within 16 days by sailing vessels of San Fran-
cisco, 27 days from Vancouvers Island, 26 days from Kanagawa
in Japan, and 67 days from Hong Kong. The Islands cannot be said
to have been discovered till Cook visited them in 1778. The great
navigator treated the simple and confiding natives with a cruelty
and a hypocrisy which consort ill with his fame, and which were
the direct causes of the brawl in which he met the death in
Kealakeakua Bay, Hawaii, 1779. In early times, each island had a
King; but under Kamehameha I, a man of shrewd sense, and of
great bravery and resource, the Islands were formed into one
Kingdom. This King, writing to George III, August 6, 1810, desired
formally to acknowledge the King of England as his Sovereign, and
to place the Islands under British protection - an offer which was
accepted. After inaugurating the era of advancement, this King
died in 1819, and was succeeded by Liholiho, who adopted, on his
accession, the name of Kamehameha II. and in whose reign idola-
try was abolished simultaneously throughout all the islands. The
first missionaries that visited the islands came from America in
1820. On their arrival, the missionaries witnessed the singular
phenomenon of a nation without a religion. The nation had volun-
tarily cast off the religion of their ancestors, and had not yet adopted
- were not even acquainted with - any other system. The Ameri-
can missionaries who arrived in 1820 were well received, and the
work of instruction was at once begun. Besides instructing them
in Christianity, in less than 40 years they taught the whole Hawai-
ian people to read and write, to cipher and to sow. Kamehameha II,
and his Queen visited England, and after a short residence in this
country, both died in London, July 1824. Prior to the year 1838, the
King Kalakaua I of Hawaii government was despotism; but in 1840, the King, Kamehameha III,
granted a Constitution, consisting of King, Assembly of Nobles,
====================================================================== and Representative Council, based on that of Great Britain. In
1843, the independence of the Hawaiian Kingdom was formally
FOOTNOTE: The Hawaiian dime is the only other country in addi- declared by the French and English Governments. Kamehameha
tion to the original United States of America to carry the denomina- IV, acceded to the throne in 1854, and after a brief but unusual
tion of one dime. There is however a second denomination; umi reign, died in November 1863, and was succeeded by his brother,
keneta, in the native Hawaiian language. Another island, Danish Kamehameha V. Lunalilo was elected in 1873,and on his death,
West Indies, later to be purchased by the U.S. and now known as Kalakaua in 1874. The population in 1872 was 56,897 of whom
the Virgin Islands used two; 10 cents and 50 bit denominations. 2,539 were Europeans.Library of Universal Knowledge, N.Y., 1880.
====================================================================== ======================================================================
ENCYCLOPEDIA OF SMALL SILVER COINS - HAWAII - PAGE 265

1883 - UNI KENETA - ONE DIME - OBV 1883 - UNI KENETA - ONE DIME - REV
====================================================================== ======================================================================
HAWAII, KINGDOM of
SAN FRANCISCO MINT FOOTNOTE: King Lunalilo died on February 3, 1874, childless, and
====================================================================== the Legislature proceeded for the second time to elect a King, and
ONE DIME/UMI KENETA 18MM .900 FINE 2.5 GRAMS on February 12, 1874, chose David Kalakaua, though their action
====================================================================== was violently opposed by Emma, the Queen Dowager. In the riot
which broke out between her partisans and the Legislators, sev-
1883 250,000 frozen date eral persons were injured. The war-ships on the harbor under the
1884 i/a British and American flags landed marines and sailors, order was
restored, and the King began his reign. King Kalakaua I visited the
OV: Head of Kalakaua I, facing right KALAKAUA I United States in 1874. The King made a tour of the world in 1881.
KING OF HAWAII above, 1883 below. On January 20, 1891 he died in San Francisco. His sister Liliuokalani
became Queen.New International Encyclopedia, 1910.
RV: Crown / ONE / DIME within wreath of laurel ties
with ribbon below, UA MAU KE EAO KA AINA I KA PONO (The ======================================================================
life of the Land is Perpetuated in Righteousness) above around,
UMI KENETA (ten cents) below.
EDGE: Reeded
DESIGNER: Charles E. Barber, Chief Engraver,

U.S. Mint, Philadelphia
Hawaiian Money Standard Catalog by Donald Metcalf

and Ronald Russell, Honolulu 1978.
POPULATION: Hawaii - 1890 - 89,991 including 4,436

Hawaiians and 6,186 part Hawaiians.
FOOTNOTE: The Hawaiian 10 cents coins with mintage of 250,000

were struck at San Francisco during 1883 and continued into
1884, but only the date of 1883 was used on the coin. The coinage
dies were produced at the Philadelphia mint under the direction of
Chief Engraver Charles E. Barber; the coins were struck at the
San Francisco mint from silver furnished by the Hawaiian Govern-
ment. There were 26 proof strikes from the Philadelphia mint. 79
of the original mintage were subsequently melted. Charles E. Barber, Chief
======================================================================

FOOTNOTE: Hawaii - Ever since 1854 there was talk of annex-
ation of Hawaii to the United States. Early in 1893 the new Queen
Liliuokalani, a bitter enemy of the whites in the Islands, was de-
posed for attempting to overthrow the Constitution. A Provisional
Government was protected by a detachment of troops landed
from the cruiser Boston. The Islands were declared a Protector-
ate of the United States, and the American Flag was raised over
the government buildings. On February 15, 1893 a Treaty of An-
nexation was sent to the Senate, with the United States to assume
the Hawaiian debt of $142,000,000 and pay the deposed Queen a
pension of $20,000 per year. Before the treaty was ratified Con-
gress expired and President Cleveland succeeded Harrison in the
White House. The treaty was withdrawn and the flag ordered
lowered from the state buildings with offer to put Queen Liliuokalani
back on her throne provided she would pardon all the Americans
involved in the revolution. She refused and the Provisional Gov-
ernment continued to maintain itself until the Hawaiian Islands were
annexed to the United States by joint resolution of Congress on
July 7th 1898 and later made a organized Territory in April 1900
with United States citizenship. By this time the population had
increased to 154,001. In the early days whaling ships frequently
used the Hawaiian harbor of Honolulu to refit and replenish their
supplies. In 1959 Hawaii became the 50th State in the Union.
Capt. Cook's ship
======================================================================
Captain Cook Honolulu, Hawaiian Islands

====================================================================== ======================================================================
Scene in Polynesia - 1880

HEJAZ
====================================================================== ======================================================================
FOOTNOTE: Hejaz - In June of 1916 Hussin-Ibn-Ali, Grand Sherif

of Mecca, proclaimed himself King, and revolted from Turkey. Turk-
ish troops were hurried south, forces destined for another inva-
sion of Egypt being diverted to this new theatre of War. The Meccan
forces constituted a friendly army on the right of the British Expe-
ditionary Force in Palestine, and Sir E.H.Allenby, Commander-in-
Chief, aided Hussein with armored cars and airplanes. When
Allenby, on his advance northward, crossed the Jordan and raided
Amnon on the Hejaz Railroad, Emir Faisal (Husseins son and an
army commander) seized the opportunity to advance on El Kerak,
which he captured April 7, 1918. The Australian Flying Corps was
aiding Faisal at this time, bombing the railroad and took trains dis-
patched by the Turks with reinforcements for their garrisons still
holding out at Maam and Medina. Finally, with the opening of Allenbys
battle of Samaria, September 19, 1918, Husseins forces seized
Deraa and took part in the advance on Damascus, which the
Arabian King entered on October 3, 1918. The independence of
the Kingdom of the Hejaz has been recognized by the Alies in
December, 1916 and it was confirmed in Paris at the Peace Con-
ference in 1919. King Hussein abdicated October 3, 1924, in favor
of his son, to be succeeded a year after by Ibn Saud of Nejd as
King of Hejaz. Hejaz was united with the Sultanate of Nejd, Janu-
ary 11, 1926, and Hussein was exiled to Cyprus, but five years
later he joined his son Emir Abdullah of Transjordan, at Mman. He
died June 4, 1931. He was buried in the Mosque of Omar at Jerusa-
lem amid demonstrations of esteem from Mohammedans, Jews
and Christians alike.
FOOTNOTE: Hejaz meaning "barrier" is now part of Saudi Arabic

Counterstamp of Al-Hejaz and since the oil boom, has very modern and prosperous cities.
====================================================================== Jeddah has a population of over 2,000,000 today.
HEJAZ, KINGDOM OF
MEDINA-MECCA Counterstamp ======================================================================
======================================================================
1/10 IMAD I/4 18MM .833 FINE 3.0 GRAMS
======================================================================
OV: Counterstamped = Al-Hejaz on

(1918) AH 1337 YEMEN Y-5
POPULATION: Hejaz Province - c.1914 - 300,000

including Mecca with 80,000 inhabitants.
FOOTNOTE: The coinage of the Al-Hejaz, as for all of Saudi Arabia

at the time, was the Austrian trade dollar - Maria Theresia thaler.
For small coinage various Turkish coins were counterstamped
incused with the arabic Al-Hejaz. The author during nearly thirty
years of reading coin lists and catalogs and viewing thousands of
small silver coins at coin shows has only seen the one illustrated
from his collection which has a Scott Semans, pedigree.
FOOTNOTE: Mecca, capital of the Turkish Province of Hejaz in

Arabia, birthplace of Mohammed and the central and most Holy city
of all Islam. An aqueduct built by Zubaidah (810), wife of Harum Al-
Rashid, brings good water from the mountains to the east. By its
position, Mecca commands the trade routes connecting lower Hejaz
with North, South, and Central Arabia, and it has at all times been a
commercial and religious center. The streets are somewhat regu-
lar, but unpaved; dusty in summer, and muddy during the rainy
season. The houses are often five stories high...The only manu-
facture of Mecca are rosaries and pottery,...The inhabitants make
their living chiefly by letting rooms at the time of the pilgrimage to
the pilgrims who come here often to the number of 100,000. The
largest number of these pilgrims are Malays and Indians; then
comes Negroes, Persians, Turks, Egyptians, Syrians, Tartars, and
Chinese. New International Encyclopedia, 1910. Al-Hejaz upper left on the Red Sea
ENCYCLOPEDIA OF SMALL SILVER COINS - HEJAZ - PAGE 268
HONDURAS
====================================================================== ======================================================================

====================================================================== ======================================================================
HONDURAS, REPUBLIC of
TEGUCIGALPA MINT FOOTNOTE: The countries of Honduras, Guatemala, Nicaragua,
====================================================================== Salvador and Costa Rica when they gained their independence
10 CENTAVOS 18.5MM .900 FINE 2.5 GRAMS from Spain in 1821, originally formed a union called the United
====================================================================== States of Central America. The triangle which was a common
symbol of these countries and can be seen on coins of Honduras,
(1879) 1871 16,839 Nicaragua and Salvador, symbolizes Equality and Justice.
OV: Arms of the Republic over a trophy of flags and

crowned, REPUBLICA DE HONDURAS (Republic of Honduras)
1871 around inner circle.
RV: Within circle a tree, the stem dividing the

denomination, 10 and C. in a laurel wreath, nnnnnnnnnnn
(eleven stars) above, DIOS UNION LIBERTAD. (God - Union -
Liberty) above / 15 DE SET. 1821 0.900 below.
EDGE: Reeded
MINT: (no mintmark) = TEGUCIGALPA
FOOTNOTE: The 10 centavos of Honduras listings start with the Hauling mahogany logs
issue of 1871 struck at the National mint of Tegucigalpa. The dies
FOOTNOTE: Tegucigalpa, capital of Honduras, is situated on the
for the coinage were made by the Philadelphia mint and used to
left bank of the upper course of the Choluteca, seventy-eight miles
strike the coins at Tegucigalpa in 1879. Listings continue in date
from its seaport, Amapala, on the Gulf of Fonseca. It has a health-
order for the Tegucigalpa mint until 1900. The last type was or-
ful location on a table-land 3250 feet above sea-level, in the most
dered from the Philadelphia mint dated; 1931-32, 1951-52, and
thickly populated portion of the republic. The region is known for its
1958.
agricultural resources and its mines of gold and silver and marble.
The most important structure in the republic is its Cathedral.
FOOTNOTE: In 1849-51 Honduras formed a union with Salvador
Tegucigalpa was an old Aztec city and a place of some importance
and Nicaragua, which ended in 1863 in war between the contract-
during the eighteenth century. It became the capital of Honduras in
ing parties. In 1871 war broke out between Honduras and Salva-
1880. Population of Tegucigalpa in 1901, 22,923 and by 1910 in-
dor and Guatemala which lasted intermittently until 1874.
creased to 40,049. New International Encyclopdria, 1910.
ENCYCLOPEDIA OF SMALL SILVER COINS - HONDURAS - PAGE 269

====================================================================== ======================================================================
HONDURAS, REPUBLIC of HONDURAS, REPUBLIC of
TEGUCIGALPA MINT TEGUCIGALPA MINT
====================================================================== ======================================================================
10 CENTAVOS 18.5 MM .900 FINE 2.5 GRAMS 10 CENTAVOS 18.5 MM .900 FINE 2.5 GRAMS
====================================================================== ======================================================================
1878 u/m rare 1883 u/m

1884 u/m
OV: Standing Liberty with flag in right hand, 15 DE 1885 u/m
SEP. 1821 between nnnnn (5 stars left) and nnnnn (5 1886 u/m
stars right), above / 1878 below. 1889 u/m
1891 u/m
RV: Eagle with Arms on breast, C.A. REPUBLICA DE 1893 u/m
HONDURAS (Central America Republic of Honduras) above 1895 u/m
around / 10 CENTAVOS below. 1900 u/m
EDGE: Reeded OV: Arms of the Republic, REPUBLICA DE HONDU-

RAS (Republic of Honduras) within inner circle, within wreath
MINT: (no mintmark) = TEGUCIGALPA tied with ribbon below.
DESIGNER: George Hampton Lovett, American RV: 10 / CENTs / (head) within wreath i PAZ i
medallist PROGRESO i I i LIBERTAD i (Peace - Progress in Liberty)
around DATE below.
POPULATION: 1892 - 431,917 with capital
Tegucigalpa with 12,585 inhabitants. EDGE: Reeded
REFERENCE: Y-11, KM-41 MINT: (no mintmark) = TEGUCIGALPA
FOOTNOTE: Honduras which lies between Guatemala and Nicara- ENGRAVER: Jean Baptise Frener of Guatemala mint
gua in Central America, though rich in resources has had little
development. Its sparse population makes it difficult to secure REFERENCE: Y-21, KM-49
sufficient labor. Bananas, coconuts and other fruits are profitably
exported to the United States. A single schooner was in this trade FOOTNOTE: Currency of Honduras - 100 centavos = 1 peso.
in 1883, developing to the point where 25 years later several
steamers were carrying a large amount of fruit to the United States FOOTNOTE: The Republic of Honduras has an area of 46,400
every year. It takes a mule train three weeks to travel between the Square miles. Its surface is hilly with numerous fertile valleys. Its
Pacific port of Amapala, a distance which might easily be covered mineral wealth is very considerable, and includes gold, silver, lead
in half a day when the railroad is built. and copper. New Cabinet Cyclopeadi, Phila.,1896.
====================================================================== ======================================================================

====================================================================== ======================================================================
HONDURAS, REPUBLIC of
PHILADELPHIA MINT
======================================================================
20 CENTAVOS 18 MM .900 FINE 2.5 GRAMS
======================================================================
1931 1,000,000
1932 750,000
1951 1,500,000
1952 2,500,000
1958 2,000,000
OV: Arms of the Republic with motto incised RER

CA DE HONDURAS LIBRE SOBERANA INDEPENDIENTE
(Republic of Honduras - Free - Sovereign - Independent) 15
SEPT bre 1821 below, REPUBLICA DE HONDURAS (Republic of
Honduras) above / DATE below.
RV: Bust of Chief Lempira, facing left, 20

CENTAVOS DE LEMPIRA above / 0.900 below.
EDGE: Reeded

Village - Honduras - 1902
======================================================================
POPULATION: 1930 - 700,811 most of them Indians
and half-casts.
FOOTNOTE: Since the beginning of 1932, a new currency, based

upon the gold-standard unit of 1 lempira equal to 50 cents, United
States currency, has been in circulation in Honduras. Silver, nickel
and copper coins are in circulation. Paper currency notes of
1,2,5,10 and 20 lempiras are used by the two banks of the country,
Banco Atlantisa and Banco de Honduras. U.S. Dept. of Commerce,
1941.
FOOTNOTE: Honduras is said to owe its name, meaning in Spanish

"depths," to the difficulty experienced by its original Spanish ex-
plorers in finding anchorage off its shores. The Encyclopaedia
Honduras, Central America
Britannica, Eleventh Edition., 1910. ======================================================================

HONG KONG
====================================================================== ======================================================================
HONG KONG, BRITISH CROWN COLONY of
BIRMINGHAM MINT
======================================================================
TEN CENTS 18MM .800 FINE 2.71 GRAMS
======================================================================
1872 88,000
1873 128,000
1874 200,000
1875 200,000
1876 480,000
1877 240,000
1880 300,000
1882 500,000
1883 250,000
1889 2,100,000
1890 5,400,000
1891 1,750,000
1892 1,100,000
1897 10,500,000 frozen date
1900 41,500,000
OV: Crowned head of Victoria, facing left VICTORIA

left, QUEEN right / H (mintmark) under bust.
RV: Around a center dot, Chinese characters

(Hsiang Chiang I Hao = Hong Kong one tenth) within a circle of
pearls, v (rosette of nine dots), HONG - KONG v (rosette of
nine dots) above, TEN CENTS DATE below.
EDGE: Reeded 1889 - TEN CENTS - OBVERSE

======================================================================
MINT: H = The Mint, BIRMINGHAM, Ltd. (Name
changed January 1, 1889 from R. Heaton & Sons).
DESIGNER: William Wyon
REFERENCE: Y-4, HK5, KM-6.3
POPULATION:: Hong Kong in 1901 - 297,212 including

6,454 Europeans and Americans, about 2,000 East
Indians and Japanese, and 283,975 Chinese. The
boat population numbers nearly 40,000.
FOOTNOTE: The Birmingham issue dated 1897 was struck in two

years; 7,000,000 in 1897 and 3,500,000 in 1898 but dated 1897.
FOOTNOTE: The Dime Size Silver Coins of Hong Kong were first
minted at the new Hong Kong mint, starting in 1863. These were
supplemented with shipments from the Royal Mint, London each
year from 1863-1866. With the closing of the Hong Kong Branch of
the Royal Mint in 1868 followed by the sale and shipping of the
minting equipment to Osaka, Japan. New ten cents coins were
ordered from Birmingham, England mint of R. Heaton & Sons, Ltd.
beginning with a date of 1872. One more shipment dated 1873
came from London of the same type. The ten cents series contin-
ued intermittently from Birmingham with the H mintmark to near the
end of the Victoria era with the last issue date 1900. Shipments
also continued from The Royal Mint, London starting again in 1879.
Silver Hong Kong ten cents coins continued for a few more year
with the effigy of King & Emperor Edward VII. His last issued was
melted with only a few coins reaching the collector market, thus it
is considered rare. 1889 - TEN CENTS - REVERSE
======================================================================
FOOTNOTE: The Hong Kong British dollar has the same legal value
(equal to U.S.$.498) as the Mexican dollar in the Straits Settlements FOOTNOTE: Hong Kong as a British Crown Colony came to an end
and Lebanon piastre. Director of U.S. Mint, April 1906. in 1997, when it was returned to China by Great Britain.
ENCYCLOPEDIA OF SMALL SILVER COINS - HONG KONG - PAGE 272

FOOTNOTE: When in 1839 the Chinese Government tried to put a
stop to the opium trade by English merchants and informed the
British Government that the traffic would have to be given up, the
Opium War broke out with the British victorious. The Chinese were
forced to agree in the Treaty of Nanking to pay a heavy indemnity
and cede to the British the Island of Hong Kong (which means the
fragrant or flowing streams) off the southeast coast of China in
1863 - TEN CENTS the Province of Kwang-Tung. Since 1841 Hong Kong has been a
British Crown Colony. It is situated at the mouth of the estuary that
====================================================================== leads to Canton, a distance of seventy-five miles in land. Hong-
HONG KONG, BRITISH CROWN COLONY of Kong is a free port.
HONG KONG MINT
====================================================================== FOOTNOTE: Hong Kong in 1887 - Forty years ago Hong Kong was
10 CENTS 18MM .800 FINE 2.71 GRAMS only a barren island in the midst of an archipelago at the entrance
====================================================================== of the Canton River, inhabited by a male population, who combined
the innocent pursuits of fishing and stone-quarrying with the more
1866 2,479,216 exciting pastime of piracy. Piracy still exists, every Chinese sea-
1867 i/a going junk carries a couple of cannon and a stand of small arms,
1868 i/a ostensibly for protection from pirates, but in reality to enable them
to do a little piracy on their own account. The island of Hong Kong
OV: Crowned head of Victoria, facing left VICTORIA presents a very picturesque appearance from the sea. It is a
left, QUEEN right (11 pearls in right arch of crown for mintmark). single rugged mountain ridge, broken into several striking peaks
with wooden ravines running down between them to the sea
RV: Around a center dot, Chinese characters shore. The harbor is one of the finest in the world. The harbor and
(Hsiang Chiang I Hao = Hong Kong one tenth) within a circle of its inlets swarm with fish of many finds, and the Hong Kong fish
pearls, v (rosette of nine dots), HONG - KONG v (rosette of market is one of the best in the East. The number of fishing boats
nine dots) above, TEN CENTS DATE below. frequenting the harbor and bays on Hong Kong is estimated at
3,000; the families all live on board their boats, and it is said, reach
EDGE: Reeded a total of 30,000 souls. Hong Kong is a British Crown Colony, with
a Governor and Council. Government House is about 150 feet
MINT: (11 pearls in right arch of crown) = Royal above the town, surrounded by private grounds, and a public
Branch mint, HONG KONG garden beautifully situated and charmingly laid out. Hong Kong is
virtually two towns. In one the European merchants and their
DESIGNER: William Wyon clerks, with the military and navel forces, live; in the other the
Chinese. There are 8,000 population in the one, 160,000 in the
TYPE: I - 11 pearls in right arch of crown other, and the smaller population covers the most ground. Two
leading thoroughfares, Queens Road, and the Praya or Quay, run
REFERENCE: Y-4, KM-6.3 through both quarters. The Queens Road contains the shops,
clubs, banks, and hotels, the Praya the merchants offices and
FOOTNOTE: Approval was given on April 10, 1863 to establish a warehouses, with wharves and jetties innumerable. China town
branch of the Royal Mint at Hong Kong. The mint opened on May 7, consists of three or four good wide thoroughfares, parallel with
1866 and was closed after a financial failure in April 1868, ( with the Praya, out of which wander narrow filthy lanes, swarming
the minting machinery sold, to be installed as the Osaka mint, Ja- with people of all ages and both sexes, and suggesting a very
pan). maggoty, moldy cheese more than anything else. The people are
rough, brutal, uncivil, villainous - looking, in marked contrast to the
charming and delightful population of Japan. The open shops and
pleasant tradesmen there give way to grimy, dark little dens, the
windows of which are covered with glass, it being unsafe to
leave goods exposed to view, in Hong Kong thieves being not only
abundant but universal, while escaping in the crowded streets is
certain and easy. The Hong Kong shops are famous emporiums
for Chinese curiosities, and here one may purchase silk and satin
embroideries, filigree work, pipes, gold bangles, and earrings, san-
dal wood boxes and fans, carved ivory, carved walking - sticks,
The Proclamation of carved horns, tortoise - shell work, and dead birds of wonderful
plumage; the workmen who are manipulating these various ar-
Hong kong to the British ticles sitting in the window to be stared at by the passers by. The
====================================================================== average rate of wages for labor in Hong Kong is very low. Domes-
tic servants, all male $1.10 a week without food; $.30 per week
with food. Chinese workmen at trades $.85 with food. Day labor-
ers $.15 per day; blacksmiths $.50; carpenders $.32; masons and
bricklayers $.30. The currency of Hong Kong is the Mexican Silver
Dollar and a colonial silver currency of 20, 10 and 5 Cent pieces.
There is about four millions of paper money issued by three banks.
The Chinese are terrible thieves, nearly 17,000 persons were
brought before the police magistrates in 1886 for various offenses,
larceny and unlawful possession being the majority; about 400 for
drunkenness, piracy, and kidnapping. Burglary, highway robbery,
and assaults make up most of the balance. It must, however, be
borne in mind that many of these criminals ought to be in Canton
Victoria, Hong Kong Prison instead of Hong Kong. Trip Around the World by W.S.Caine,
London, 1888.

1863 - TEN CENTS - OBVERSE 1863 - TEN CENTS - REVERSE
====================================================================== ======================================================================
LONDON MINT FOOTNOTE: Hong Kong has suffered from a terrible calamity. On
====================================================================== September 18, 19 and 20, 1906 two of those terrible tropical wind-
TEN CENTS 18MM .800 FINE 2.71 GRAMS storms of mysterious origin, known as typhoons, bore down upon
====================================================================== the island port of Hong Kong and caused great destruction of life
and property. The American Consul General Wilder, at that city
1863 100,000 announced that five thousand lives had been lost and twenty
1864 200,000 million dollars worth of property destroyed, including the absolute
1865 550,000 loss of thirty steamers. American Monthly Review of Reviews,
1866 300,000 1906.
1873 196,987 ======================================================================
OV: Crowned head of Victoria, facing left VICTORIA

left, QUEEN right (10 Pearls in right arch of crown for mint-
mark).
pearls, v (rosette of nine dots), HONG - KONG v(rosette of
EDGE: Reeded
MINT: (10 Pearls in right arch of crown) = The Royal

Mint, LONDON
TYPE: II - 10 pearls in right arch of crown
1863 10 pearl crown
FOOTNOTE: There is a Hong Kong proof ten cents dated 1863

with plain edge. Map of Hong Kong
======================================================================

======================================================================
LONDON MINT
======================================================================
======================================================================
1879 288,000
1881 300,000
1883 550,000
1884 960,000
1885 3,120,000
1886 2,100,000
1887 2,440,858
1888 7,027,454
1889 4,026,700
1890 1,500,000
1891 6,150,000
1892 5,500,000
1893 11,250,000
1894 16,750,000
1895 19,000,000
1896 16,500,000
1897 23,500,000
1898 29,500,000
1899 33,841,564
1900 7,758,436
1901 25,000,000 1888 - TEN CENTS - OBVERSE
OV: Crowned head of Victoria, facing left VICTORIA ======================================================================
left, QUEEN right (11 Pearls in right arch of crown for mintmark).

pearls, v (rosette of nine dots), HONG - KONG v (rosette of
EDGE: Reeded
MINT: (11 pearls in right arch of crown) = The Royal

Mint, LONDON
TYPE: I - 11 Pearls in right arch of Crown
POPULATION: Hong Kong - 1900 - 283,975
======================================================================
1888 11 pearl crown

1888 - TEN CENTS - REVERSE
====================================================================== ======================================================================
FOOTNOTE: Hong Kong itself is openly permitted by the British

authorities to be made a depot, and the harbor of Victoria a road-
stead for receiving-ships for opium. Opium enervates, demoral-
izes, and destroys, the subjects of a nation with whom the British
are united by commercial treaty. The conduct of the colonial gov-
ernment at Hong Kong is highly reprehensible, in permitting the
colony to be made a depot for this bane of China. Sears New and
Complete History of China, New York, 1850.
Chinaman with opium pipe
====================================================================== ======================================================================
LONDON MINT
======================================================================
======================================================================
1902 18,000,000
1903 25,000,000
1904 30,000,000
1905 33,487,270 rare
OV: Crowned bust of Edward VII, facing right

EDWARD VII left, KING & EMPEROR right / Des. under bust.

pearls, v (rosette of seven dots), HONG - KONG v (rosette of
seven dots) above, TEN CENTS DATE below.
EDGE: Reeded
MINT: (no mintmark) = The Royal Mint, LONDON
DESIGNER: Des. = George William DeSaulles
FOOTNOTE: The population of Hong Kong, excluding the Military Edward VII King & Emperor
and Naval establishments (4,463 and 2,513 respectively) and that ======================================================================
portion of the new territory outside New Kowloon, was according
to the 1911 census, as follows: Chinese 854,187, European and
American 8,074, other nationalities 3,884. The currency of the
Colony consists of notes of the Hong Kong and Shanghai Bank,
the Chartered Bank of India, Australia and China, and the Mercan-
tile Bank of India,Ltd. and British, Hong Kong, and Mexican dollars
and subsidiary coins. The British Dollar is 416 grains of silver, 90
fine as compared with 417.74 grains of 902.7 fineness of the
Mexican dollar. The circulation of foreign copper coin was prohib-
ited in 1912 and similar action is being taken regard to foreign silver
and nickel coins and bank notes. The Statesman's Year-Book, FOOTNOTE: Hong Kong was one of the British colonies which
London 1916. issued a 10 CENTS paper note in 1941.

====================================================================== ======================================================================
FOOTNOTE: Hong Kong, an island off the S.E. coast of China
belonging to the British, at the mouth of the estuary that leads to
Canton, from which it is distant 75 miles. It is about 10 miles in
extreme length, and 7 1/2 miles in extreme breath, separated from
the mainland by a narrow strait, and with Cowloon on the mainland
form a Crown Colony, area 32 sq. miles. The island consists almost
entirely of barren rocks, which rise to heights of 1000 to 2000 feet,
and is almost destitute of vegetation. Good water, however, is
abundant. On the north side of the island, on a splendid harbor, is
Victoria, the chief town of the island and center of its commerce.
It is well laid out with handsome streets, and has a Cathedral, a
Bishops Palace, a Government-House, Court-House, etc.; while
handsome residences of the merchants are scattered about the
town and its suburbs. Hong Kong is a great entrepot for the for-
eign commerce of China, and is a free port without customs dues.
It is also a station of the British Fleet. The revenue of the Govern-
ment is derived from the land rents, licenses to sell opium,
spirits,etc.,taxes, postage, fines, fees of office, etc. The prosper-
Hong Kong street scene 1926
ity of the Colony is chiefly owing to the presence of large numbers ======================================================================
of Chinese, engaged in trade or in working the building-stone,
which is one of the principal products of the island. Population - FOOTNOTE: "Is there opium smoking here?" I asked the Hindu
1891 - 221,441, more than nine-tenths being Chinese. New Cabi- policeman on the busy shopping-street, Queens Road. All of us
net Cyclopaedia, Phila., 1896. naturally think about this after having read so often about it. That
original Aryan stuck an attitude of injured innocence. I shriveled
FOOTNOTE: The subsidiary coinage of Hong Kong during the reign and expected to be arrested for insulting the British Empire. "Opium
of Edward VII reflects the changes in the price of silver Which is not allowed, and you cannot see it or buy it anywhere in Hong
had reached an all-time low of 46 5/8 U.S. cents per ounce in 1902, Kong." But as I still listened to his denunciations of the nefarious
and had begun to rise and continued fairly steadily upward to a thing, a little weazened-faced Chinese spoke up at my side, right
high point of 71 5/8 U.S. cents per ounce at the end of 1906. The into the face of the empire's defender. "You wont opium, want see
10 cents 1905 Hong Kong of Edward VII was minted in London opium-smoke? I take you." I was frozen with fear. Now we would
with mintage of 33,487,270, most of which were melted as the both be arrested. But the Chinese, who looked like an evaporated
bullion content exceeded the denomination. Because of the lack of peach, with a "smile that was childlike and bland," had no more
small money and the premium on bank notes which reached 3 1/ regard for the policeman than for a fly on his sleeve, though he
2 percent in 1908, the Colony turned to a chit system. In the chit was twice as big. "Come on with me to opium-place." And I fol-
system it takes three months to establish your identity. There after lowed him. He asked me a dollar "Mex" - you know the silver dollar
all your purchases are signed for by I.O.U.s, or chits, which are of China is the Mexican dollar worth around 50 cents. He took me
torn out of the merchants stub book. No one carries the money of right away from the un-opposing and non-inquisitive officer, up a
the British or Chinese realms, which happens to be Mexican silver, couple of narrow hill streets and then into a side alley. We went
- it is too heavy. Even at the hotel bars, you do not pay for your thru a hallway into a back-court, then up two rickety flights of
liquor when it is drawn for you, for obliging Sam Lin, whose legend stairs, where after much knocking and exchange of Chinese lan-
is that Heavens smile, like his own, is wide, hands you an ac- guage, a door was opened about wide enough for me to slip past
count-book in which you are asked to make your own entry. On the Chinese man who held it. I was welcomed into a room where
the irregularity of the writing, when the chit is presented, hangs there were some long counters ranged along the wall on one side,
many a tale. Once a month, the various merchants bring these these covered with straw matting, and Chinamen lying on them.
signed chits to your hong comprador or cashier, who deducts They had little oil-lamps and long pipes with the little metal bowls I
them from your wages or account, and the balance is brought to had so often seen in the pictures of what's the matter with China.
you, together with the canceled chits thus every firm's cashier The guide took me to one man who was "rolling the pill." He let me
acts as the private banker of the employee. No interest is allowed see him prepare for his ethereal jag. Out of a little wooden box he
or charged, but if it were the credit would be on the side of the took a pellet of the dark, soft opium and rolled it on a needle. This he
patient, kindly Chinese. The compradors are of course heavily held over the flame of the lamp, "cooking the pill." Then he packed
bonded to the firms or companies. The word hong literally is a this pellet into the bowl of the pipe, and as he lay there he held the
row, and was first applied in the old days to the dreary line of bowl downwards so the flame of the lamp entered it and again
windows in the foreign warehouses at Whompoa, near Canton. It heated the pill. He then inhaled the smoke from the pellet and flame
is now used to cover a firm, as well as its building. In 1934 China deeper and deeper into his lungs. A long time he inhaled and held
abandoned the Silver Standard, forcing Hong Kong to do the Same. the smoke in his lungs to get the precious kick out of all of it. One
The Chinese by J.S.Thompson, Indianapolis, 1909. inhalation and the pill was done for. He next went to work cooking
another pill and inhaling it the same way. They smoke as many pills
as they can afford, or as are necessary to boost them into the
particular heaven they wish to visit. Pretty soon he quit and lay
down on the matting to commune with his narcotic angels. The little
wooden box contains opium enough for about five pills, and the
government sells it for two dollars, they said. If this is true, it would
seem that the government is in the selling business and the police-
man is in the denying business. My guide assured me that smoking
opium is really a fine thing and good for the soul. "When you are
tired with hard day work, mighty fine to smoke opium and rest."
"Tonight I show you very fine opium place. Ladies and gents all go
FOOTNOTE: The entire waterfront is alive with little houseboats, there and have grand time. I show you opium place." Which I didn't
these sampans, where thousands of Hong Kong Chinese families see. A Globegadder's Diary, Ralph Parlette, Chicago, 1927.
live - born there, grow up there, die there. A Globegadder's Diary,
Ralph Parlette, Chicago, 1927.

HUNGARY
====================================================================== ======================================================================
HUNGARY, KINGDOM of
KARLSBURG MINT
======================================================================
10 KRAJCZAR 18MM .400 FINE 1.66 GRAMS
======================================================================
1868 1,011,508 LH-740

1869 2,747,272 LH-741
OV: Head of Franz Joseph, facing right FERENCZ

JOZSEF A. CSASZAR MAGYAR ORSZAG AP. KIRALYA
(Ferencz Jozsef Ausztriai Csaszar Magyar Orszag Apostoli
Kiralya = Francis Joseph Kaiser of Austria, Apostolic King of the
Land of Hungary) around / G Y.F. (mintmark) under bust.
RV: MAGYAR KIRALYI VALTO PENZ (Hungarian

Hungarian Arms Kingdom change money) / crown / 10 / KRAJCZAR / DATE /
small wreath of laurel.
FOOTNOTE: With the independence of Hungary under the Duo
Monarchy of Franz Joseph, their new national coinage was struck EDGE: Plain
by two national mints; Karlsburg and Kremnitz. Each mint is listed in
chronological order. Refer to Austria for the other Franz Joseph MINT: G Y.F. = (Gyulafehervar) KARLSBURG
coinage.
REFERENCE: Y-7, J-350A, KM-7.2
======================================================================
HUNGARY, KINGDOM of FOOTNOTE: The mintmark G Y.F. for Gyulafehervar was used
KARLSBURG MINT only between 1868-71 by the Hungarian mint at Karlsburg, prior
====================================================================== to this the mintmark for the Karlsburg was the letter E.
10 KRAJCZAR 18MM .500 FINE 2.0 GRAMS
====================================================================== ======================================================================
HUNGARY, KINGDOM of
1868 rare KARLSBURG MINT
======================================================================
OV: Head of Franz Joseph, facing right FERENCZ 10 KRAJCZAR 18MM .400 FINE 1.66 GRAMS
JOZSEF A. CSASZAR ORSZAG AP. KIRALYA (Ferencz Jozsef ======================================================================
Ausztriai Csaszar Orszag Apostoli Kiralya = Francis Joseph
Kaiser of Austria, Apostolic King of the Land of Hungary) around 1870 3,031,602 LH-752
/ G Y.F. (mintmark) under bust. 1871 3,382,790 LH-753
RV: VALTO PENZ (change money) / crown / 10 / OV: Head of Franz Joseph, facing right FERENCZ
KRAJCZAR / 1868 / small wreath of laurel. JOZSEF I. K. A. CS. ES M. H. S. D. O. AP. KIR. (Ferencz Jozsef
Isten Kegyelmebol Ausztriai Csaszar Es Magyarorszag
EDGE: Plain Horvatorszag Szlavon Dalmat Orszag Apostoli Kiralya = Francis
Joseph, by the Grace of God, Kaiser of Austria and Apostolic
MINT: G Y.F. = (Gyulafehervar) KARLSBURG King of the Land of Hungary, Croatia, Slovakia, Delmatia) around
/ G Y.F. (mintmark) under bust.
REFERENCE: Y-6,J-350, LH-737
RV: VALTO PENZ (change money) / crown / 10 /
KRAJCZAR / DATE / small wreath of laurel.
EDGE: Plain
MINT: G Y.F. = (Gyulafehervar) KARLSBURG
REFERENCE: Y-10, J-352, KM-10.2
FOOTNOTE: Francis Joseph Charles, Emperor of Austria, on June

8th, 1867 restored National Self-Government to Hungary and was
declared King of that country.
FOOTNOTE: The ruler of the Austro-Hungarian Monarchy has the

title of Emperor so far as concerns his Austrian dominions, but he
is only King of Hungary.
Buda-Pesth, Capital of Hungary
ENCYCLOPEDIA OF SMALL SILVER COINS - HUNGARY - PAGE 278

1868 - 10 KRAJCZAR - OBVERSE 1868 - 10 KRAJCZAR - REVERSE
====================================================================== ======================================================================
HUNGARY, KINGDOM of HUNGARY, KINGDOM of
KREMNITZ MINT KREMNITZ MINT
====================================================================== ======================================================================
10 KRAJCZAR 18MM .500 FINE 2.0 GRAMS 10 KRAJCZAR 18MM .400 FINE 1.66 GRAMS
====================================================================== ======================================================================
1868 rare 1868 3,249,975 LH-738

1869 12,746,767 LH-739
JOZSEF A. CSASZAR ORSZAG AP. KIRALYA (Ferencz Jozsef OV: Head of Franz Joseph, facing right FERENCZ
Ausztriai Csaszar Orszag Apostoli Kiralya = Francis Joseph JOZSEF A. CSASZAR MAGYAR ORSZAG AP. KIRALYA
Kaiser of Austria, Apostolic King of the Land of Hungary) around (Ferencz Jozsef Ausztriai Csaszar Orszag Apostoli Kiralya =
/ K.B. (mintmark) under bust. Francis Joseph Kaiser of Austria, Apostolic King of the Land of
Hungary) around / K.B. (mintmark) under bust.
KRAJCZAR / 1868 / small wreath of laurel. RV: MAGYAR KIRALYI VALTO PENZ (Hungarian
Kingdom change money) / crown / 10 / KRAJCZAR / DATE /
EDGE: Plain small wreath of laurel.
MINT: K.B. = (Kormocz Banya) KREMNITZ EDGE: Plain
TYPE: Reverse - VALTO PENZ MINT: K.B. = (Kormocz Banya) KREMNITZ
REFERENCE: Y-6, J-350, LH-736 TYPE: Reverse - MAGYAR KIRALYI VALTO PENZ
FOOTNOTE: The official name for Hungary - The Land of the Hun- REFERENCE: Y-7, J-350A, KM-7.1
garian Crown - The Hungarian name of the country - Magyarorszag,
meaning Land of the Magyars (Hungarians).
FOOTNOTE: Kremnitz is a town in north-western Hungary, 15

miles north of Schemnetz, with gold and silver mines, which are
worked to a considerable extent, in the vicinity. Banya is the Hun-
garian word for mine, thus Kormocz Banya stands for Kremnitz
mine. The inhabitants of the town number 8,550. New Cabinet
Cyclopaedia, Phila., 1896.
FOOTNOTE: In 1867 a separate Constitution and Administration for

Hungary was decreed, and on 8th June the Emperor Franz Joseph
and Empress Elizabeth were Crowned King and Queen of Hun-
gary with the utmost pomp, according to the ancient ceremonies of
a Hungarian Coronation. New Cabinet Cyclopaedia, Phila., 1896.
Unloading grain at Buda-Pesth

1870 - 10 KRAJCZAR - OBVERSE 1870 - 10 KRAJCZAR - REVERSE
====================================================================== ======================================================================
HUNGARY, KINGDOM of
KREMNITZ MINT FOOTNOTE: The 10 Krajczar restrike from the Vienna mint in proof
====================================================================== is identified with the (rosette) to the left of the Ferencz Jozsef
10 KRAJCZAR 18MM .400 FINE 1.66 GRAMS inscription with the dates 1868 and 1870. The latter is shown on
====================================================================== the next page. The reverse is displayed below.
1870 21,933,353 LH-742 ======================================================================

1872 1,153,922 LH-744
1873 1,066,053 LH-745
1874 1,323,713 LH-746
1875 518,486 LH-748
1877 460,077 LH-749
1887 25,369 LH-750
1888 357,628 LH-751

JOZSEF I. K. A. CS. ES M. H. S. D. O. AP. KIR. (Ferencz Jozsef
Isten Kegyelmebol Ausztriai Csaszar Es Magyarorszag
Horvatorszag Szlavon Dalmat Orszag Apostoli Kiralya = Francis
Joseph, by the Grace of God, Kaiser of Austria and Apostolic
King of the Land of Hungary, Croatia, Slovakia, Delmatia) around
/ K.B. (mintmark) under bust.

KRAJCZAR / DATE / small wreath of laurel.
EDGE: Plain
MINT: K.B. = (Kormocz Banya) KREMNITZ
REFERENCE: Y-10, J-352, KM-10.1
POPULATION: 1892 - 16,979,813 with capital Pesth

with 422,557 inhabitants. (Buda is on the other side of
the river).
FOOTNOTE: Franz Karl Joseph, Archduke and Crown Prince of

Austria-Hungary was the only son of Emperor Francis Joseph I, 1870 -10 KRAJCZAR
born 1858. He was a good linguist and wrote about his travels. In
1881 he married Stephanie, the daughter of the King of the Bel- restrick - reverse
gians. In 1889 he committed suicide at Meyerling, near Vienna.
======================================================================

HUNGARY
King Franz Joseph of HUNGARY

proof restrike
INDIA & NATIVE STATES

====================================================================== ======================================================================
1840 - 3 RUPEE - OBVERSE 1840 - 3 RUPEE - REVERSE

====================================================================== ======================================================================
INDIA, British East India Company FOOTNOTE: The 3 rupee coinage listings start with the 1835
BOMBAY MINT issue of the British East India Company from Calcutta and continue
====================================================================== until independence in 1947. Arranged by the Royal branch mints of
3 RUPEE 19.5 MM .916 FINE 2.92 GRAMS Bombay and Calcutta, and the Lahore mint built during World War II,
====================================================================== followed by a few native Indian states which issued silver size
coinage within the parameters of this work. This section is limited
1840 10,617,480 frozen date to British India, Baroda, Kutch, Mewar Udaipur, Navanager, and
Portuguese India from the authors collection..
OV: Crowned bust of Victoria, facing left, VICTORIA
QUEEN, above around. FOOTNOTE: Bombay - When the Portuguese, sailing up the Malabar
coast, entered the little archipelago near its northern extremity,
RV: 3 / RUPEE / (Persian inscription = CHAHAR they fitly named their anchorage Bom Bahia or Good Bay, for
AANA = FOUR ANNAS) within laurel wreath tied with ribbon few better harbors exist. Later when they deeded the island to the
below, (rosette) EAST INDIA COMPANY (rosette), around / English Monarch as part of the Dower of their Princess, little did
1840. they dream that its paltry area of twenty-two square miles would
eventually hold the finest city in the East, with a population of over
EDGE: Reeded eight hundred thousand souls. India - C.H.Forbes-Lindsay, Phila.,
1903.
MINT: (no mintmark) = Royal Mint branch mints of,
BOMBAY and CALCUTTA FOOTNOTE: The European Period of Indian history lasted from
1757 to 1947 A.D. The Venetians, the Genoese, the Portuguese
ENGRAVER: Major J.T.Smith, Mintmaster, Madras and the Dutch had, by turns, traded with India. In 1602 the English
mint appeared on the scene and for a long time the East India Company
had a powerful hold upon the politics and commerce of India.
DESIGNER: William Wyon, Chief Engraver, Royal Although founded for commerce, the Company was resolved to
Mint, London permanently establish English dominion in India. So well did the
plan succeed that, by 1818, the British had become masters of
TYPE: I - Continuous legend most of India except the Punjab and Sind. After the Sepoy mutiny in
1857-58, the British Viceroys consolidated the dominion during a
REFERENCE: Y-2, KM-453.1 period of peace and progress. A Missionary Atlas, Harrisburg,
Pa.,1950.
FOOTNOTE: This type was struck with frozen date of1840 be-
tween 1842-1851 at both the Royal Mint branch mints of Bombay FOOTNOTE: In 1852 with gold tending to depreciate, because of
and Calcutta. increased production, the government demonetized gold, leaving
silver the sole legal tender of India.
ENCYCLOPEDIA OF SMALL SILVER COINS - INDIA - PAGE 282

======================================================================
INDIA, British Administration of
BOMBAY MINT
======================================================================
======================================================================
1862 11,389,760 frozen date
OV: Crowned bust of Victoria, facing left,

VICTORIA, left QUEEN, right.
RV: 3 / RUPEE / INDIA / - / 1862 within flower

design.
EDGE: Reeded
MINT: (no mintmark) 19.8MM = Royal Mint branch mint

BOMBAY
TYPE: I - frozen date struck 1862-1873
FOOTNOTE: Starting with the 1874 issue, the three British India
mints struck the 3 Rupee on different size flans; 19.2 MM = Calcutta,
19.8 MM = Bombay and 20.0 MM = Madras The Madras issues are
1840 - 3 RUPEE - OBVERSE not included in this catalog.
====================================================================== FOOTNOTE: The official language of India during the period of
INDIA, British East India Company Mughal rule was Persian and it continued to enjoy the official
BOMBAY MINT status under the East India Company administration next to English.
====================================================================== The Persian inscription on the 3 rupee (English denomination)
3 RUPEE 19.5MM .916 FINE 2.92 GRAMS was chahar aana for four-annas, which the people called char
====================================================================== anna or chavanni. One rupee was equal to 16 annas, twelve pies
or four pice make one anna, with three pies equal to one pice.
1840 8,519,480 frozen date
1849 u/m proof only FOOTNOTE: The price of silver began to fall in 1873 and silver
reached its low point in 1876. To the mass of the people in India the
OV: Crowned bust of Victoria, facing left, fall in exchange did not make very much difference. Internal prices
VICTORIA, left QUEEN, right / W.W. on truncation. did not rise greatly, and imported goods, the price of which did rise,
were not used to any great extent by the peasants. This affected
RV: 3 / RUPEE / (Persian inscription = CHAHAR only the wealthier classes and the resident Englishman in govern-
AANA = FOUR ANNAS) within laurel wreath tied with ribbon ment service or in trade who received his salary in rupees and
below, (rosette) EAST INDIA COMPANY (rossette), around / desired to send part of it to England for his family. Silver Money,
DATE 1939.
EDGE: Reeded ======================================================================
MINT: (no mintmark) = Royal Mint branch mints of, BOMBAY MINT
BOMBAY and CALCUTTA ======================================================================
3 RUPEE 19.8MM .916 FINE 2.92 GRAMS
DESIGNER: W.W. = William Wyon, Chief Engraver, ======================================================================
Royal Mint
1874 1,612,000
TYPE: II - Divided legend
REFERENCE: Y-2A, KM-454.3 VICTORIA, left QUEEN, right.
FOOTNOTE: Divided legend issues were struck at both mints; RV: 3 / RUPEE / INDIA / - / 1874 / (dot mintmark)
Bombay - 8,519,480 and Calcutta - 32,012,400 with no mintmark, within flower design.
with frozen date between 1851-1862.
EDGE: Reeded
FOOTNOTE: The 1849 proof was struck with W.W. incise and
W.W. raised only for William Wyon the designer. The S incised on MINT: (dot) = Royal Mint branch mint BOMBAY
truncation was struck at the Madras mint, no initial for the Calcutta
and Bombay mints. TYPE: II - Dot mintmark
FOOTNOTE: Rupee is derived from the Sanskrit word rupa which REFERENCE: Y-10, KM-470
means cattle.

====================================================================== ======================================================================
BOMBAY MINT FOOTNOTE: INDIA, formerly the name Hindustan was frequently
====================================================================== used instead of India, as reference to the land of the Hindus,
3 RUPEE 19.8 MM .916 FINE 2.92 GRAMS located in the north central part of India. It is now known officially
====================================================================== as the Empire of India.
1875 5,238,840 FOOTNOTE: On January 1, 1877 Queen Victoria of Great Britain

1876 1,427,440 was proclaimed Empress of India by Act of Parliament. A Dunbar
held at Delhi, India proclaimed the Queen of England, Empress of
OV: Crowned bust of Victoria, facing left, India.
======================================================================
RV: 3 / RUPEE / INDIA / - / DATE within flower INDIA, BRITISH EMPIRE of
design. BOMBAY MINT
======================================================================
EDGE: Reeded 3 RUPEE 19.1-19.7 MM .916 FINE 2.92 GRAM
======================================================================
MINT: (no mintmark), 19.8MM = Royal Mint branch
mint BOMBAY 1877 883,760
1879 u/m proof only
TYPE: II - No mintmark 1881 1,444,360
1882 2,775,160
REFERENCE: Y-10, KM-470 1883 183,560

VICTORIA, left EMPRESS, right.
RV: 3 / RUPEE / INDIA / DATE / (dot mintmark)

within flower design.
EDGE: Reeded
MINT: (dot mintmark below open lotus) = Royal Mint

branch mint BOMBAY
TYPE: I - Dot mintmark

1887 B - 3 RUPEE - OBVERSE 1887 B - 3 RUPEE - REVERSE
====================================================================== ======================================================================
INDIA, BRITISH EMPIRE of
BOMBAY MINT
======================================================================
3 RUPEE 19.1-19.7 MM .916 FINE 2.92 GRAMS
======================================================================
1884 1,709,160
1885 1,117,880
1886 1,683,600
1887 4,421,760
1888 2,227,720
B relief mintmark for Bombay
RV: (B relief mintmark at top)/ 1/4 / RUPEE / INDIA /

DATE / within flower design.
EDGE: Reeded
MINT: B relief = Royal Mint branch mint BOMBAY
TYPE: II - B relief mintmark

FOOTNOTE: 3 RUPEE A DAY - The wheat question is a growing
one in British India, and the American farmers and business men
must not lose sight of the fact. The Indiaman doesnt eat much
wheat himself, but he is very glad to raise it, since it brings him
ready money. The soil is very fine for wheat, the climate excellent;
and as for labor, the wages of twenty-five farm laborers is not in
excess of that of one good farm hand in the States. More than this,
on his (3 rupee) four or five annas a day he not only works but
boards himself, - less than ten cents a day and finds his own bed
and board! Talk about Chinese cheap labor: a Chinaman can get
pretty low on the scale of cheap living, but the Indian coolies will so
far discount his wages that the pigtailed fellow cant get a foothold
there. India is not so far from the bread-markets of Europe as
California or Dakota. Twenty-eight days sea-voyage places Indian
wheat in Liverpool, eighteen in southern Europe. A Girdle Round
the Earth by D.N.Richardson, Chicago 1888.

1890 B - 3 RUPEE - OBVERSE 1890 B - 3 RUPEE - REVERSE
====================================================================== ======================================================================
BOMBAY MINT
======================================================================
======================================================================
1889 4,297,520
1890 458,960
1891 883,320
1892 4,058,680
1893 4,602,720
1894 1,534,240 B incise mintmark for Bombay
1897 2,384,920 ======================================================================
1898 4,948,792

RV: (B incised mintmark at top)/ 3 / RUPEE / INDIA /

DATE / within flower design.
EDGE: Reeded
MINT: B incised = Royal Mint branch mint BOMBAY
TYPE: III - incised mintmark
Tiger hunt in India in 1850
FOOTNOTE: The Population of Bombay - 1891 - 822,000 inhabit-

ants. The census reported March 1901 shows the city of Bombay
with 770,000 inhabitants, a decrease in the past ten years, mainly
due to the exodus of the last two months on account of the plague.
Partial returns from rural districts show terrible decreases in popu-
lation through famine. History for Ready Reference, J.N.Larner,
Springfield, Ma. 1901.
East India House, London

====================================================================== ======================================================================
BOMBAY MINT
======================================================================
======================================================================
1912 2,200,290
1913 2,276,389
1914 7,948,774
1915 2,096,453
1925 4,007,110
1928 4,023,198
1936 9,864,211 frozen date
OV: Crowned head of George V, facing left, Dot mintmark for Bombay
GEORGE V KING EMPEROR, around.
======================================================================
RV: 3 / RUPEE / INDIA / DATE / Persian denomination
(CHAHAR AANA = FOUR ANNAS) within inner circle, flower FOOTNOTE: The issue dated 1936 was struck during 1936-1938
design around / (dot mintmark) below. with frozen date..
EDGE: Reeded

branch mint BOMBAY
POPULATION: India - Census of March 10, 1911 -

316,019,846 with Delhi the capital with 232,837
inhabitants and Bombay with 979,445 inhabitants.
FOOTNOTE: Gold is hoarded in India by all classes of people, as a

reserve against famine. The wealthy princes have accumulated
enormous sums. In 1925 it was estimated the Indias hoarded gold
amounted to 2 2 billion dollars and its silver hoarding in various
forms to 2 : billion dollars. The net recorded imports of gold India
from to 1930 totaled 2.8 billion dollars. World Almanac, 1939 New
York. Street in Bombay 1850

====================================================================== ======================================================================
BOMBAY MINT
====================================================================== FOOTNOTE: Sanskrit was an old language when Latin was still
3 RUPEE 19.0 MM .916 FINE 2.92 GRAMS new. Hindu mythology says that it was the language of the Gods.
====================================================================== Most Indian languages have absorbed large numbers of Sanskrit
words. Under British rule, English was the court language of the
1939 6,770,000 country. There are not only 225 distinct languages and innumer-
able dialects spoken in India, but, to complicate matters, they are
OV: Small head of George VI, facing left, GEORGE written in no less than eight scripts, some reading from right to left,
VI KING EMPEROR, around / (dot) under bust. and others from left to right. The following languages are spoken
by five million or more people each; Eastern Hindi (Hindustani),
RV: 3 / .RUPEE. / .INDIA. / - 1939 - / Persian Lahnda, Malayalan, Gujarati, Oriya, Kanarese, Rajasthani, Punjabi,
denomination (CHAHAR AANA = FOUR ANNAS) within inner Tamil, Marathi, Bihari, Telegu, Bangali, and Western Hindi or Urdu.
circle, flower design around / (dot mintmark) below. A Missionary Atlas, Harrisburg,Pa.,1950
.
EDGE: Reeded
======================================================================
MINT: (dot mintmark) = Royal Mint branch mint INDIA, BRITISH EMPIRE of
BOMBAY BOMBAY MINT
======================================================================
TYPE: Small head, .916 fine 3 RUPEE 19.0 MM .500 FINE 2.92 GRAMS
======================================================================
1940 24,635,272
OV: Small head of George VI, facing left, GEORGE

VI KING EMPEROR, around / (dot) under bust.
RV: 3 / RUPEE / INDIA / - 1940 - / Persian

denomination (CHAHAR AANA = FOUR ANNAS) within inner
circle, flower design around / (dot mintmark) below.
EDGE: Reeded
MINT: (dot mintmark) = Royal Mint branch mint

BOMBAY
TYPE: Small head, .500 fine

The Palace at Murshidabad

1940 - 3 RUPEE - OBVERSE 1945 - 3 RUPEE - OBVERSE
====================================================================== ======================================================================
INDIA, BRITISH EMPIRE of INDIA, BRITISH EMPIRE of
BOMBAY MINT BOMBAY MINT
====================================================================== ======================================================================
3 RUPEE 19.0 MM .500 FINE 2.92 GRAMS 3 RUPEE 19.0 MM .500 FINE 2.92 GRAMS
====================================================================== ======================================================================
1940 28,946,956 1943 95,200,000

1944 170,504,400
OV: Large head of George VI, facing left, GEORGE 1945 181,648,000
VI KING EMPEROR, around / . (dot) under bust.
OV: Large head of George VI, facing left, GEORGE
RV: 3 / RUPEE / INDIA / - 1940 - / Persian VI KING EMPEROR, around / (dot) under bust.
circle, flower design around / (dot mintmark) below. RV: 1/4 / RUPEE / INDIA / - 1940 - / Persian
EDGE: Reeded circle, flower design around / (dot mintmark) below.
MINT: (dot mintmark below open lotus) = Royal Mint EDGE: Security /.\./.\./
branch mint BOMBAY
TYPE: Large head, reeded edge branch mint BOMBAY
REFERENCE: Y-55A, KM-545 REFERENCE: Y-55A. KM-547
FOOTNOTE: The Indian Empire extends over a territory larger than TYPE: Large head, security edge
the continent of Europe. British India means all territories within
the Governors Provinces and the Chief Commissioners Provinces;
while India means British India, together with all territories of any
Indian ruler under the suzerainty of His Majesty King George VI, all
territories under the suzerainty of such Indian ruler, the tribal ar-
eas, and any other territories which His Majesty in Council may
from time to time, declare to be part of India.
1929 - the first England-India air mail 1911 New Delhi capital of India

======================================================================
BOMBAY MINT
======================================================================
======================================================================
1944 included with Y-55A
OV: Large head of George VI, facing left, GEORGE

RV: 3 / .RUPEE. / .INDIA. / - 1940 - / Persian

circle, flower design around / (mintmark) below.
EDGE: Security /.\./.\./
MINT: (diamond) = Royal Mint branch mint BOMBAY
TYPE: Large head, security edge, diamond mintmark
REFERENCE: Y-55B, KM-547
======================================================================
1945 - 3 RUPEE - REVERSE

======================================================================
FOOTNOTE: The security edge which was rather complex in struc-

ture and hence difficult to forge was introduced as a deterrent 1944 Diamond mintmark for Bombay
against counterfeiting. It comprised of round embossed dots placed
in between short oblique strokes in a groove along the center of ======================================================================
the edge of the coin. The groove had closely grained edges on
either side. The security edge was used by the Bombay mint and FOOTNOTE: 1921-24 The Non-co-operation movement instituted
the Lahore mint between 1943-1945. by Mahatma Gandhi, causes grave unrest in India.
======================================================================
Nationalist followers of Gandhi

FOOTNOTE: The early years of the twentieth century were dis-
turbed by the rising tide of Indian Nationalism but, on the outbreak
of World War I, India gave allegiance to the Allies. In 1920 Gandhi
started his policy of non-cooperation. The Round Table Confer-
ence in London, in 1931, closed with a pledge of Indian autonomy.
Some progress was made toward this end, but members of Indias
Congress Party opposed entering the War (1939) and withdrew
from participation in the Government in the Government. In August,
1942, their leaders were interned; however, over two million Indi-
ans joined the Colors in World War II. In 1946 when the interned
political leaders of India were released negotiations were again
opened for Home Rule. The Moslem League insisted on founding
Pakistan, a separate country designed to embrace those Prov-
inces where Moslems are in the majority. Despite the factions in
the country, the British Government announced its plan to with-
draw from India. On August 15, 1947, after nearly 200 years of
British rule, and after more than forty years of Indias struggle for
Independence, the transfer of power took place, and the Union
1944 - 3 RUPEE - REVERSE Jack was replaced by the National Flags of India and Pakistan. A
====================================================================== Missionary Atlas, Harrisburg,Pa.1950.

====================================================================== ======================================================================
EAST INDIA COMPANY
CALCUTTA MINT FOOTNOTE: The rupee series starting in 1835 was struck 11/12
===================================================================== fine which in a decimal is shown as .916 fine parts of silver.
====================================================================== FOOTNOTE: Rupee is the name of a silver coin current in India, of
the value of 2 shillings, the word is a corruption of the Sanskrit
1835 u/m frozen date struck 1835-1840 rupya. In 1835 the coinage of the East India Company was entirely
remodeled, and a coin, thenceforth termed the companys rupee,
OV: Head of William IIII, facing right WILLIAM left IIII, with its proportionate subdivisions, was struck to replace all the
above KING. right / F on trunction. former currencies, being of the same weight and fineness through-
out, and bearing inscriptions in English, or on one face the head
RV: 3 / RUPEE / Persian inscription (Chahar aana = and name of the reigning sovereign of Great Britain and Ireland,
Four Annas) within laurel wreath tied with ribbon below, z (ten and on the reverse the designation of the coin in English and
point rosette) EAST INDIA COMPANY z (ten point rosette) Persian, with the words East India Company in English... Library
around / 1835 (dot). of Universal Knowledge, American Book Exchange, N.Y., 1880.
EDGE: Reeded FOOTNOTE: Sailor King, a title popularly conferred upon William IIII
of England, who entered the Navy in 1779, at fourteen years of
MINT: (no mintmark) = Royal Mint branch mint age, and continued in the service till 1827, having passed from the
CALCUTTA rank of Midshipman to that of Captain by regular promotion, and
thence by a merely formal ascent to that of Admiral of the Fleet in
MINTMASTER: F = Major General William Nairn 1801, and that of Lord High Admiral in 1827. Complete Compen-
Forbes, Mintmaster Calcutta mint 1836-1855. dium of Universal Knowledge, Phila, 1891.
REFERENCE: C-301, KM-448.3 ======================================================================
The Coins of the British Commonwealth of Nations -

Part 4 India Volume 2: Uniform Coinage - East India
Company 1835-58, Imperial period 1858-1947 by F.
Pridmore, London 1980.
FOOTNOTE: Types of this issue include; no designer initial, F raised

and F incised, no dot after date with no initial, F incised and R.S.
incised for Robert Saunders.
FOOTNOTE: Classic patterns have been followed in the public

buildings of Calcutta, sometimes very closely, as in the case of the
Calcutta mint, which is a reduced model of the Temple of Minerva at Calcutta in 1850
Athens. India by C.H.Forbes-Lindsay, Phila.,1903.
======================================================================

====================================================================== ======================================================================
INDIA, BRITISH EMPIRE of FOOTNOTE: During the first half of the nineteenth century, the East
CALCUTTA MINT India Company had pushed its conquests and annexed one after
====================================================================== another of the Native States, until the whole peninsula from the
3 RUPEE 19.5 MM .916 FINE 2.92 GRAMS Ganges to the Indus was brought under the British Crown. Rail-
====================================================================== ways were built connecting the ports with the interior, telegraph
lines were carried through the country, and its rich resources
1840 12,994,320 frozen date struck 1842-1849 were brought within reach of English trade. In 1840-41 East India
Company coinage with the bust of Victoria were struck in silver
OV: Crowned bust of Victoria, facing left, VICTORIA denominations of rupee, 2 rupee, 3 rupee and 2 anna. As the rule
QUEEN, above around. of the East India Company continued the prejudices of the natives
were contemptuously ignored. Hindus were forced to serve in the
RV: 3 / RUPEE / (Persian inscription = CHAHAR British Army, and were even sent overseas to fight in Burma and in
AANA = FOUR ANNAS) within laurel wreath tied with ribbon China for the English. The people grew restless and resentful.
below, (rosette) EAST INDIA COMPANY (rosette), around / They cherished a tradition that the rule of the East India Company
1840 (dot). would last one hundred years, and eagerly awaited the centennial
anniversary of the Battle of Plassey. The spark that set flame to the
EDGE: Reeded smoldering discontent was a rumor that the native troops were to
be forced to accept Christianity. On May 7, 1857 the Sepoys muti-
MINT: c (crescent mintmark top left of ribbon) = Royal nied, slew their English Officers, and declared the aged Mogul
Mint branch mint CALCUTTA Prince to be Emperor of India. Within a few days they got posses-
sion of Delhi, the ancient Capital, and other principal towns of the
ENGRAVER: Major J.T.Smith, Mintmaster, Madras interior. Many of the English residents were massacred. Not even
mint the women and children escaped the fury of the frenzied natives.
The government, taken by surprise, was utterly unable to check
DESIGNER: William Wyon, Chief Engraver, Royal Mint the revolt until reinforcements were sent from England. Then su-
perior discipline and generalship began to show. Delhi was taken
TYPE: I - Continuous legend after a three month siege (June 9 to September 20), the poor
Emperor of India was made prisoner, and his sons and principal
REFERENCE: Y-2, KM-453.1 adherents were shot. The exasperated English dealt out terrible
punishment to the rebels. With the revolt finally suppressed, steps
were taken to reform the government and the East India Company
was abolished, and India was brought under the direct administra-
tion of the Crown. Queen Victoria was proclaimed Empress of
India in 1876. The title was granted to her by Act of Parliament and
on May 1, 1876 Queen Victoria joined the other three European
Heads of States with Imperial titles; the Tsar of Russia, the Emperor
of Austria and the Emperor of Germany, the father-in-law of her
eldest daughter Vicky. British India coinage dated 1877 with the
Crowned head of Victoria were struck in Bombay and Calcutta
with the inscription - Victoria Empress. At home it was not until the
Black hole of Caluctta - 1756 imprisionment of design by Sir Thomas Block known as the Veiled Head engraved
Eupopeans in 1893 by Chief Engraver George William deSaulles that the title
====================================================================== IND.IMP was added to the Queens titles denoting Empress of India
INDIA, BRITISH EMPIRE of as shown on the Great Britain 4 Pence of Y-41 in the study. Under
CALCUTTA MINT a government entrusted to English officials great attention was
====================================================================== given to agricultural improvement. Swamps were drained, jungles
3 RUPEE 19.5 MM .916 FINE 2.92 GRAMS cleared and desert areas made fertile by irrigation. Internal trans-
====================================================================== portation was increased, so that grain could be carried to districts
where it was needed. Not all of these precautions were sufficient
1840 frozen date struck 1845-1861 to prevent disastrous famines. General failure of crops as in 1897
brought millions of people to the verge of starvation and forced the
OV: Crowned bust of Victoria, facing left, government to provide whole Provinces with food.
VICTORIA, left QUEEN, right / W.W. raised on trunction.
RV: 3 / RUPEE / (Persian inscription = CHAHAR

AANA = FOUR ANNAS) within laurel wreath tied with ribbon
below, (rosette) EAST INDIA COMPANY (rosette), around /
1840
EDGE: Reeded
MINT: (no mintmark) = Royal Mint branch mint

CALCUTTA
DESIGNER: W.W. = William Wyon, Royal Mint
TYPE: II - Divided legend
FOOTNOTE: No dot after date; W.W. raised, W.W.S. raised, and Calcutta 1850
W.W. incised = Calcutta mint. (dot after date = Bombay mint).

====================================================================== ======================================================================
CALCUTTA MINT
======================================================================
======================================================================
1862 19,412,200 frozen date struck 1862-1873

1874 5,444,480
1875 2,796,640
1876 6,457,480

RV: 3 / RUPEE / INDIA / - / DATE within flower

design.
EDGE: Reeded
MINT: (no mintmark, 19.2MM) = Roya Mintl branch

mint CALCUTTA
DESIGNER and ENGRAVER: L.C.Wyon, Royal Mint
Hundred Years of Indian Coinage by Dr.K.N.Sharif,

Bangalore,India 1979, Nineteenth and Twentieth
Century Coins of India by D.Chakravarty, Calcutta,
India,1979.
Victoria Empress of India
======================================================================
Mausoleum of Emperor Akbar Fort St.George, Madras

1877 - Proclamation at Delhi of Queen Victoria as
Empress of India
======================================================================
FOOTNOTE: Calcutta (Landing place of the Goddess Kali), Capital
of British India and Bengal; is situated about 80 miles from the sea,
on the left bank of the Hooghly, a branch of the Ganges, navigable
up to the city for large vessels. The river opposite the city varies in
breath from about two furlongs to three-quarters of a mile. The city
extends along the bank for about four miles and a half, and with a
breadth of about a mile and a half, the entire site of Calcutta proper
being about 8 sq.miles. Adjacent to the city itself, however are
extensive suburbs, which include the large town of Howrah on
the opposite side of the Hooghly, connected with Calcutta by a
1878 - 3 RUPEE - OBVERSE pontoon bridge. The houses of the south or British quarter of
Calcutta are of brick, elegantly built, and many of them like palaces,
======================================================================
in striking contrast with the northern quarter occupied by the na-
tives, the Pettah or black town, which has narrow, crooked, and
CALCUTTA MINT
ill-built streets. The city is encompassed by a spacious way called
======================================================================
the Circular Road. On the west side is an extensive quay about 2
1/4 RUPEE 19.2 MM .916 FINE 2.92 GRAMS
miles long, called the Strand. At the north side, called the Espla-
======================================================================
nade, stands the Government House. Other edifices worth notice
are the Town-Hall, Supreme Court, the Calcutta mint, and General
1877 3,440,120
Post Office. A tolerable good supply of filtered water from the
1878 44,240
Hooghly is furnished to the inhabitants; and a complete system of
1888 4,944,680
drainage has been constructed. Calcutta has an extensive system
of internal navigation through the numerous arms and tributaries of
the Ganges, and it almost monopolizes the external commerce of
Bengal. There is a railway from Calcutta to Delhi, with branches on
to Bombay. The principal exports are opium, cotton, rice, wheat,
RV: 3 / RUPEE / - / INDIA / DATE within flower
jute, gunny-bags, tea, indigo, seed, raw silk, etc. Of the imports the
design.
most important in respect of value are cotton goods. Salt is a
considerable import. The native shops are in Bazaars in the nar-
EDGE: Reeded
row streets of the native town, the principal being Burra, and the
old and new China Bazaars. At the end of the 17th century Calcutta
MINT: (no mintmark, 19.2MM) = Royal Mint branch
was only a cluster of three mud villages; in 1891 it contained, with
mint CALCUTTA
its suburbs, a population of 861,764. Cabinet Cyclopaedia, 1895.
TYPE: I - no mintmark
Water Front, Calcutta 1895 The Life of a British Officer

====================================================================== ======================================================================
CALCUTTA MINT
======================================================================
======================================================================
1879 2,463,030
1880 821,010
1881 3,244,120 ======================================================================
1882 612,280
1883 2,870,720
1884 3,596,040
1885 1,024,080
1886 7,086,800
1887 6,493,880
1889 6,056,010
1890 2,018,670
1891 7,286,760
1892 u/m proof only
1893 6,483,960
1894 6,434,560
1896 9,464,200
1897 5,884,440
1898 1,329,760
1900 1,605,820
1901 4,475,593

RV: 3 / RUPEE / - / INDIA / DATE / c (mintmark) within

flower design.
EDGE: Reeded
MINT: c = Royal branch mint, CALCUTTA
TYPE: II - c mintmark

Edward VII Emporor of India

====================================================================== ======================================================================
CALCUTTA MINT FOOTNOTE: The population of Calcutta - 1901 - 1,121,664 and
====================================================================== India - 294,863,556 including provinces; Burma, Assam, Agra, Ondh,
3 RUPEE 19.1-19.4 MM .916 FINE 2.92 GRAMS Bombay, the Punjab, the N.W.Frontier Provinces, Madras, and Brit-
====================================================================== ish Baluchistan with total population of 231,899,507 and the Native
States population of 62,964,049.
1903 7,060,180
1904 10,026,132 FOOTNOTE: A magnificent Dunbar was held with great pomp and
1905 6,299,742 circumstance at Delhi on New Years Day 1903, to proclaim King
1906 10,671,940 Edward VII, Emperor of India.
1907 11,464,000
1908 7,083,812 FOOTNOTE: The gold sovereign is the standard of India, but the
1909 u/m proof only rupee (U.S.$0.32445) in 1906 is the money of account, current at
1910 8,024,000 15 to the sovereign. Director of U.S. Mint, April 1906.
OV: Head of Edward VII, facing right, EDWARD VII FOOTNOTE: On October 19, 1905 (future King George V) Prince of
KING AND EMPEROR, around / DES. under bust. Wales, Duke of York, Duke of Cronwell and Earl of Chester, in
company with the Princess of Wales, Victoria Mary of Teck, left
RV: Crown at top / 3 / RUPEE / INDIA / Persian London for a visit to India and landed at Bombay on November 9th.
denomination (CHAHAR AANA = FOUR ANNAS) within lotus The tour was a great success and everywhere he was received
flowers left and right / DATE below. with the greatest enthusiasm. At Calcutta he laid the foundation
stone of the Victoria Memorial Hall and took part in many other
EDGE: Reeded important ceremonies in different parts of India.
MINT: (no mintmark) = Royal Mint branch mint FOOTNOTE: The pig rupee and subsidiary coins dated 1911 were
CALCUTTA the result of new dies with the portrait of the new King George V
following designs which had been prepared for a change in the
DESIGNER: DES. = George William DeSaulles coinage of Edward VII, showing the King in Royal robes with collar
of the Most Eminent Order of the Indian Empire. A native rumor
REFERENCE: Y-32, KM-506 identified the animal hanging below the Order, as a pig which local
religious sects found most distaseful and brought back memories
of the Sepoy Mutiny. New dies were cut altering to more clearly
FOOTNOTE: The official method of expressing large sums in tens depict an elephant, thus the 1911 issue is considered scarce as
of rupees, which is generally followed by modern works of most of them were removed from circulation.
reference...with the sign L...merely an abbreviation of rupees ten.
The face value of the rupee is two shillings, and the signs L and
(pound) would be interchangeable, but for the fact that the depre-
ciation in silver has reduced the exchange value of the rupee to
about one shilling in 1901.India by C.H.Forbes-Lindsay,
Phila.,1903.
The re-engraved elephant

====================================================================== ======================================================================
CALCUTTA MINT FOOTNOTE: A most magnificent Dunbar, December 12, 1911 was
====================================================================== held in honor of the accession George V as King of Great Britain
3 RUPEE 19.3-19.5 MM .916 FINE 2.92 GRAMS and of the Dominions beyond the seas and Emperor of India. The
====================================================================== King and Queen were present on this memorable occasion.
Winstans Encyclopedia, 1918.
1911 2,244,798
1912 9,587,044 FOOTNOTE: The latest census to be completed furnished much
1913 12,686,464 interesting information about the people of India. About 73 % of the
1914 1,423,259 people are engaged in agriculture out of a total population of
1915 850,618 319,000,000, a gain of one and two-tenths per cent in a decade.
1916 13,178,324 This low rate of increase was after the epidemic of influenza in
1917 21,071,637 1918 and 1919 which caused the loss of 12,000,000 people of
1918 50,575,096 India.
1919 26,135,346
1926 8,168,700 ======================================================================
1929 4,012,900 INDIA, BRITISH EMPIRE of
1930 3,222,128 CALCUTTA MINT
1934 3,945,539 ======================================================================
1936 25,743,555 frozen date 3 RUPEE 19.0 MM .916 FINE 2.92 GRAMS
======================================================================
OV: Crowned head of George V, facing left,
GEORGE V KING EMPEROR, around. 1938 u/m proof only
1939 3,071,555
RV: 3 / RUPEE / INDIA / DATE / Persian denomination
(CHAHAR AANA = FOUR ANNAS) within inner circle, flower OV: Small head of George VI, facing left, GEORGE
design around. VI KING EMPEROR, around / (dot) under bust.
EDGE: Reeded RV: 3 / RUPEE / INDIA / - DATE - / Persian

MINT: (no mintmark) = Royal Mint branch mint circle, flower design around.
CALCUTTA
EDGE: Reeded
MINT: (no mintmark) = Roya Mintl branch mint
POPULATION: Calcutta - Census of March 10, 1911 - CALCUTTA
1,222,313 inhabitants.
TYPE: Small head
FOOTNOTE: The issue dated 1936 was struck during 1936-1938
with a frozen date 1936. REFERENCE: Y-55, KM-544

====================================================================== ======================================================================
CALCUTTA MINT
======================================================================
======================================================================
1940 68,674,901
1942 88,096,043
1943 90,993,571
OV: Large head of George VI, facing left, GEORGE ======================================================================

FOOTNOTE: The money of India is reckoned in rupees, annas, pice
RV: 3 / RUPEE / INDIA / - 1940 - / Persian and pies. The pies resemble the U.S. one cent piece in size and
denomination (CHAHAR AANA = FOUR ANNAS) within inner appearance and are seldom seen in circulation, but are still men-
circle, flower design around. tioned in reckoning. Three pies make one pice; 12 pies or four pice
make one anna; four anna or 3 rupee is the denomination listed
EDGE: Reeded here (dime size) and 16 annas equal one rupee. The anna is worth
a little less than one and one half cents U.S. and the rupee about 21
MINT: (no mintmark) = Royal Mint branch mint cents in U.S. currency.
CALCUTTA
======================================================================
TYPE: Large head, reeded edge
POPULATION: India - 1941 - 388,998,000
======================================================================
Calcutta, India
1945L - 3 RUPEE - OBVERSE 1945L - 3 RUPEE - REVERSE
====================================================================== ======================================================================
LAHORE MINT FOOTNOTE: The word Pakistan was coined a number of years
====================================================================== ago by a Mohammedan student known as Chaudry Rahmatli. The
3 RUPEE 19.0 MM .500 FINE 2.92 GRAMS letters of the word stand for the areas claimed for this indepen-
====================================================================== dent Moslem state such as P for Punjab, A for Afghans, and K
for Kashmir. Pakistan became a magic word among the Moslems.
1943 23,700,000 The Standard Quartely Review, 1942.
1944 86,400,000
1945 29,750,953 FOOTNOTE: Lahore, capital of the Punjab, on the left bank of the
Ravi, 265 miles north-west of Delhi. It covers an area of 640 acres,
OV: Large head of George VI, facing left, GEORGE and is surrounded by a brick wall 16 feet high, flanked by bastions.
VI KING EMPEROR, around / (dot) under bust. The streets are extremely narrow, unpaved, and dirty; and the
houses have in general a mean appearance. The European quar-
RV: 3 / .RUPEE. / .INDIA. / - DATE - / Persian ter lies outside the wall on the south, and dates from 1849. New
denomination (CHAHAR AANA = FOUR ANNAS) within inner Cabinet Cyclopaedia, Phila., 1986.
circle, flower design around / L (mintmark) below.
======================================================================
EDGE: Security /.\./.\./
MINT: L mintmark below open lotus = LAHORE
TYPE: Large head, security edge
FOOTNOTE: In late 1940, hoarding caused severe shortages of

Indian coinage. A new mint was to be constructed near Calcutta,
but the treat of a Japanese invasion caused the site to be moved to
the north-west to Lahore. The Lahore mint commenced minting in
May 1942 and produced over 140 million quarter rupee coins,
denoted by a small L mintmark at 6 oclock near the rim on the
reverse. With the political independence in 1947 the Lahore mint
became the Pakistan mint.
Map of India 1945

SAMVAT1951 - 4 ANNAS - OBVERSE SAMVAT1951 - 4 ANNAS - REVERSE
====================================================================== ======================================================================
BARODA - INDIAN STATES KUTCH - INDIAN STATES
====================================================================== ======================================================================
INDIAN STATES - BARODA
BOMBAY MINT
======================================================================
4 ANNAS !7 MM .916 FINE 2.8 GRAMS
======================================================================
(1894) samvat 1951 u/m

(1895) 1952 u/m
OV: Head of Sayaji Rao III, facing right, inscription

around.
RV: Inscription / (sward) / DATE in samvat, within
wreath of laurel.
EDGE: Plain
MINT: (no mintmark) = Royal Mint branch mint

BOMBAY
REFERENCE: Y-34A
FOOTNOTE: Baroda, a fortified city of Gujarat, India, capital of a

District, and of the Native State of the same name. It is 248 miles
north of Bombay. It stands on the Vishvomitri, which is here crossed
by four stone bridges. The town has a splendid modern system of
water works since 1892, supplied from a distance of 18 miles by
the artificial lake covering 4.71 square miles. Baroda is the resi-
dence of the Gaikwar, a protected Mahratta Prince. In 1875 Sayaji
Rao III replaced Malhar Rao, the preceding ruler, who was ac-
cused of misrule and oppression, and suspected of an attempt to
poison the British Resident. The State has been tributary to Great
Britain since 1802. Population of town, in 1891, 116,400. The area SE 1940 - 1 KORI - OBVERSE
of State 8100 square miles. Population of Baroda State in 1891 -
2,414,400. New International Encyclopedia, 1910.
AD 1883 in arabic
======================================================================
FOOTNOTE: The rulers of Gwalior, Indore and Baroda are descen-
dants of successful generals who rose to power from the ruins of FOOTNOTE: The SE or Samvat Era or Vikrama Era commences
the Moghul Empire in the 18th century. from 57 B.C.

SE 1940 - 1 KORI - REVERSE SE 1955 - 1 KORI - OBVERSE
AD 1883 in arabic AD 1898 in arabic
====================================================================== ======================================================================.
INDIAN STATES - KUTCH INDIAN STATES - KUTCH
BHUJ MINT BHUJ MINT
====================================================================== ======================================================================
1 KORI 16.5MM .610 FINE 4.6 GRAMS 1 KORI 16.5MM .610 FINE 4.6 GRAMS
====================================================================== ======================================================================
1881 SE 1938 u/m 1894 SE 1950 u/m

1882 SE 1939 u/m 1896 SE 1952 u/m
1883 SE 1939 u/m 1897 SE 1953 u/m
1883 SE 1940 u/m 1897 SE 1954 u/m
1884 SE 1941 u/m 1898 SE 1954 u/m
1885 SE 1941 u/m 1898 SE 1955 u/m
1899 SE 1955 u/m
OV: Symbols (trident, closed crescent and dagger) 1899 SE 1956 u/m
/ Nagari inscription / SE DATE (= MAHA RAO SRI / KHENGARJI / 1900 SE 1956 u/m
SE DATE). 1900 SE 1957 u/m
1901 SE 1957 u/m
RV: Urdu inscription (VICTORIA KAISAR / HIND
ZARB/ BHUJ arabic AD DATE = VICTORIA, EMPRESS / OF INDIA, OV: Symbols (trident, open crescent and dagger) /
STRUCK / IN BHUJ, AD DATE). Nagari inscription / SE DATE (= MAHA RAO SRI / KHENGARJI /
SE DATE).
EDGE: Plain
RV: Urdu inscription (VICTORIA KAISAR / HIND
MINT: Bhuj = BHUJ ZARB/ BHUJ arabic AD DATE = VICTORIA, EMPRESS / OF INDIA,
STRUCK / IN BHUJ, AD DATE).
TYPE: I - closed crescent
EDGE: Plain
REFERENCE: Y-35
MINT: Bhuj = BHUJ
FOOTNOTE: Bhuj was named after its founder, Bhuj, the capital of
the Native State of Cutch (Kutch), India, situated at the foot of a TYPE: II - open crescent
fortified hill of the same name, about 35 miles from the sea. Its
mosques and pagodas, interspersed with plantations of dates, REFERENCE: Y-35
gives to the town an imposing appearance from a distance...Bhuj
is celebrated for its manufactures in gold and silver. POPULATION: Kutch - 1901 - 488,022 with Bhuj the
capital with 26,362 inhabitants.
FOOTNOTE: Kaisar-i-hind, Hindustani for Empress of India, the title
conferred on Queen Victoria in 1876 by Act of Parliament, and
proclamation at Delhi. New Cabinet Cyclopaedia, Phila, 1896.

====================================================================== ======================================================================
INDIAN STATES - KUTCH
FOOTNOTE: In 1876 Maharaja Rao Khengarji III succeeded as reign- BHUJ MINT
ing sovereign of Cutch. He was a keen advocate for education ======================================================================
and especially the education of women. He founded museums, 1 KORI 17MM .610 FINE 4.6 GRAMS
libraries and schools, and inaugurated scholarships ...When he ======================================================================
appears in public, he alternately worships God in a Hindu pagoda
and a Mahommedan mosque; and he fits out annually at Mandui a 1913 SE 1970 u/m
ship for the conveyance of pilgrims to Mecca, who are maintained 1923 SE 1979 u/m
during the voyage chiefly by the liberality of the Prince. Encyclope- 1923 SE 1980 u/m
dia Britannica, 11th. Edition ,1910. 1927 SE 1984 u/m
1927 SE 1985 u/m
FOOTNOTE: Cutch, a protected principality under the Presidency
of Bombay, British India, occupying the peninsula south of Sind, OV: Symbols (trident, open crescent and dagger) /
between the marshy tracts of the Rann of Cutch and the Gulf of SE DATE in Nagari, Nagari inscription. ( = MAHA RAO SRI
Cutch. It's soil is mostly sterile. The climate and meteorological KHENGARJI KACHCHH BHUJ = RAO KHENGARJI III, BHUJ,
conditions are extremely unfavorable for vegetation. The Rann is a KACHCHH)
morass nearly 7000 miles in area. It is flooded during the monsoon
by salt water, but by December 1st it is comparatively dry. Cutch RV: Nagari inscription (KORI / BHUJ), Urdu inscrip-
has a feudal system of government, the ruling power being con- tion (GEORGE V KAISAR / HIND ZARB / BHUJ arabic AD DATE =
fined to the Dynasty of Jharija Rajput, of which there are about 200 GEORGE V, EMPEROR OF INDIA, STRUCK IN BHUJ, AD DATE).
members. The chief town is Bhuj. New Imternational Encyclope-
dia, Phila., 1896. EDGE: Plain
MINT: Bhuj = BHUJ
REFERENCE: Y-51
FOOTNOTE: Cutch, a State in the west if India, lying to the south of

Sind, under British protection; area, 6500 sq. miles. During the
rainy season it is wholly inundated by water, the vast salt morass
of the Rann separating it on the north and east from Sind and the
Guicowars dominions. Its south side is formed by the Gulf of
Cutch, and on the west it has the Arabian Sea. The date is the only
fruit which thrives, and the principal exports are cotton and horses.
The Rann of Cutch covers about 9000 square miles, and is dry
during the greater part of the year. Population of the State of Cutch
(1895) - 512,084. Cabinet Cyclopaedia, 1896.
Bhuj, Kutch from 1895 map

SE 1979 - 1 KORI - REVERSE SE 1985 - 1 KORI - REVERSE
====================================================================== ======================================================================
BHUJ MINT
======================================================================
1 KORI 17MM .610 FINE 4.6 GRAMS
======================================================================
1928 SE 1985 u/m

1929 SE 1985 u/m
1931 SE 1987 u/m
1931 SE 1988 u/m
1932 SE 1988 u/m
1932 SE 1989 u/m
1933 SE 1989 u/m
1933 SE 1990 u/m
1934 SE 1990 u/m
1934 SE 1991 u/m
1935 SE 1991 u/m
1935 SE 1992 u/m
1936 SE 1992 u/m
OV: Within inner circle, symbols (trident, open

crescent and dagger) / SE DATE in Nagari, Nagari inscription. ( =
MAHA RAO SRI KHENGARJI KACHCHH BHUJ = RAO
KHENGARJI III, BHUJ, KACHCHH)
RV: Within inner circle, Nagari inscription (KORI / E-K

), Urdu inscription ( GEORGE V KAISAR HIND ZARB BHUJ
arabic AD DATE = GEORGE V EMPEROR OF INDIA, STRUCK IN
BHUJ, AD DATE) around.
SE 1985 - 1 KORI - OBVERSE EDGE: Plain

AD 1929 in arabic MINT: Bhuj = BHUJ
======================================================================
REFERENCE: Y-59
FOOTNOTE: The symbols shown on the Kutch coinage are sym- FOOTNOTE: About 1928, new automatic machines were imported
bols for: Trident of the Goddess of Asapura, Crescent or Moon, from England for the Kutch mint.
Katar or dagger.

SE 1992 - 1 KORI - OBVERSE SE 1992 - 1 KORI - REVERSE
====================================================================== ======================================================================
BHUJ MINT
======================================================================
======================================================================
1936 SE 1992 u/m

1936 SE 1993 u/m

crescent and dagger) / SE DATE in Nagari, Nagari inscription. ( =
MAHA RAO SRI KHENGARJI KACHCHH BHUJ = RAO
KHENGARJI III, BHUJ, KACHCHH)
RV: Within inner circle ,Nagari inscription (KORI / E-K

), Urdu inscription ( EDWARD VII KAISAR HIND ZARB BHUJ
arabic AD 1936 = EDWARD VII EMPEROR OF INDIA, STRUCK IN
BHUJ, 1936) around.
EDGE: Plain
MINT: Bhuj = BHUJ
REFERENCE: Y-65
FOOTNOTE: The silver coinage of Kutch, Indian Native State, was

the only Colony in 1936 to strike a coin of the series, with the name
of the King of Great Britain, Edward VIII who became the Emperor
of India on January 20, 1936, upon the death of his father George
V. His reign lasted less than eleven months, when he indicated he
intended to marry Mrs. Wallis Warfield Simpson, an American di- SE 1996 - 1 KORI - OBVERSE
vorcee. Faced with the alternative of giving up the woman or the
throne, he chose the woman he loved. He sent his message of
AD 1940 in arabic
abdication to Parliament on December 10, 1936 and two days later
left for Europe. Edward closed his farewell radio address - heard ======================================================================
by millions of people around the world - with the words, and now
we all have a new King. I wish him and you, his people, happiness FOOTNOTE: Bhuj, chief town of Cutch in India, Bombay Presi-
and prosperity with all my heart. God bless you all He was named dency, at the base of a fortified hill, with military cantonments, High
Duke of Windsor by King George VI. The 1 kori was struck with the School and School of Arts, Mausoleums of the Raos or Chiefs of
name of Edward VIII and the AD 1936 date and SE 1992 and 1993. Cutch. Population (1896) 22,308. Cabinet Cyclopaedia, 1865.

Ad 1940 in arabic AD 1944 in arabic
====================================================================== ======================================================================
INDIAN STATES - KUTCH INDIAN STATES - KUTCH
BHUJ MINT BHUJ MINT
====================================================================== ======================================================================
1 KORI 17MM .610 FINE 4.6 GRAMS 1 KORI 17MM .610 FINE 4.6 GRAMS
====================================================================== ======================================================================
1937 SE 1993 u/m 1942 SE 1999 u/m

1937 SE 1994 u/m 1943 SE 1999 u/m
1938 SE 1995 u/m 1943 SE 2000 u/m
1939 SE 1995 u/m 1944 SE 2000 u/m
1939 SE 1996 u/m 1944 SE 2001 u/m
1940 SE 1996 u/m
OV: Within inner circle, symbols (trident, open crescent and dagger) / SE DATE in Nagari, Nagari inscription. ( =
crescent and dagger) / SE DATE in Nagari, Nagari inscription. ( = MAHA RAO SRI VIJAYAARAJJIKACHCHH = RAO
MAHA RAO SRI KHENGARJI .KACHCHH BHUJ = RAO VIJAYAARAJJI - KACHCHH)
KHENGARJI III, BHUJ, KACHCHH) around.
RV: Within inner circle of pearls, Nagari inscription RV: Within inner circle of pearls, Nagari inscription
(KORI / E-K ), Urdu inscription (.GEORGE VI KAISAR HIND ZARB. (KORI / E-K ), Urdu inscription (GEORGE VI KAISAR HIND ZARB
BHUJ arabic AD DATE = GEORGE VI EMPEROR OF INDIA, BHUJ arabic AD DATE = GEORGE VI EMPEROR OF INDIA,
STRUCK IN BHUJ, AD DATE) around. STRUCK IN BHUJ, AD DATE).
MINT: Bhuj = BHUJ MINT: Bhuj = BHUJ
REFERENCE: Y-73 REFERENCE: Y-81
FOOTNOTE: Maharaja Rao Vijayaarajji succeeded Khengarji after

a reign of 66 years in 1942.

SE 2001 - 1 KORI - OBVERSE SE 2001 - 1 KORI - REVERSE
====================================================================== ======================================================================
BHUJ MINT
MEWAR UDAIPUR - INDIAN STATES
====================================================================== ======================================================================
======================================================================
(1947) SE 2004 u/m
OV: Within inner circle of pearls, symbols (trident,

open crescent and dagger) / SE 2004 in Nagari, Nagari inscrip-
tion. ( = MAHA RAO SRI VIJAYAARAJJI KACHCHH = RAO
VIJAYAARAJJI - KACHCHH) around.
RV: Nagari inscription above design ( = JAYA HIND /

KORI E-K / BHUJ = VICTORY OF INDIA / ONE KORI / BHUJ)
EDGE: Plain
MINT: Bhuj = BHUJ
TYPE: Commemorative
REFERENCE: Y-84
The Coinage of Kutch by Richard K. Bright,

Numismatics International, 1975.
FOOTNOTE: This issue was struck to commemorate the Indepen-

dence of India in 1947 from Great Brittan.
SAMVAT1985 - 3 RUPEE - OBVERSE

======================================================================
FOOTNOTE: Udaipur, a town in the north west of India, capital of

Rajput warriers the Native State of the same name in Rajputana, on a lake 2000 feet
above sea level, contains a notable Royal Palace. Population
38,214. New Cabinet Cyclopaedia, Phila., 1896.

SAMVAT1985 - 3 RUPEE - REVERSE ======================================================================
INDIAN STATES - NAVANAGER
======================================================================
NAVANAGER MINT
INDIAN STATES - MEWAR UDAIPUR
======================================================================
CALCUTTA MINT
2 2 KORI 19MM .937 FINE 6-7 GRAMS
======================================================================
======================================================================
3 RUPEE 19MM .839 FINE 3.0 GRAMS
======================================================================
(1892) VS 1949 u/m scarce
(1893) 1950 u/m scarce
(1928) Samvat 1985 839,396
OV: native inscription / design, within outer circle of
OV: Persian inscription / The Hills of Mewar within
dots with tails.
inner circle within open flower border around.
RE: Arabic inscription./ native inscription.
RV: Nagari inscription (DOSTI LONDHON = FRIEND
OF LONDON) within inner circle within closed flower border
EDGE: Reeded
around.
REFERENCE: Y-5
EDGE: Reeded
MINT: (no mintmark) = Royal Mintl branch mint

CALCUTTA
REFERENCE: Y-20
FOOTNOTE: This issue was struck at the Royal Mint branch mint
Calcutta in 1931 and dated in Samvat 1985, equal to AD 1928.
FOOTNOTE: Udaipur, (Mewar) - One of the Indian Rajputana States,

area - 12,756 square miles, population - 1911 - 1,293,776. Ruling
famoly - Sisodiya Rajput. Statesmen's Year-Book, London 1916.
======================================================================
NAVANAGER - INDIAN STATES
======================================================================
(AD 1892) - VS 1949 - 2 1/2 KORI

OBVERSE & REVERSE
======================================================================
FOOTNOTE: Navangar - One of the Indian Bombay States - area

3,791 square miles, population (c. 1911) 349,400. Ruling family -
Kahatriya Maharaja. Statesmen's Year-Book, London 1916.

======================================================================
PORTUGUESE INDIA
======================================================================
FOOTNOTE: D.Luiz Filippe succeeded his brother to the throne of

Portugal on November 11, 1861. He reigned until October 19, 1889
and was succeeded by his son, D.Carlos Fernando when he was
little more than twenty-six years old.
FOOTNOTE: The currency of Portuguese India was changed to a

new standard as a result of the Luso-Britannic Convention of
1880 with the silver rupee eleven twelfths pure silver .916 fine
and weighing 11.66 grams. Half-rupee (meia rupia), quarter-rupee
(quarto de rupia) and eighth-rupee (oitavo de rupia) as divisions
were minted at both the Calcutta and Bombay mints to the same
standards corresponding to the coinage of British India. The rupee
and half-rupee were struck dated 1881 and 1882, while the quar-
ter-rupee and eight-rupee were issued only in 1881. A copper
coinage was issued dated 1881,1884,1886 and 1888 with a much
higher mintage.
======================================================================
1881 - 3 RUPIA - REVERSE

======================================================================
INDIA PORTUGUEZA
BOMBAY MINT/CALCUTTA MINT
======================================================================
3 RUPIA 19MM .916 FINE 2.92 GRAMS
======================================================================
1881 470,748
OV: Head of Luis I, facing left, LUDOVICUS I

PORTUG : ET ALGARB : REX (LUIS I, KING OF PORTUGAL AND
ALGARVE) around / 1881 below.
RV: Crowned Arms of Portugal within wreath of

laurel and oak, INDIA PORTUGUEZA (PORTUGUESE INDIA)
above around, QUARTO DE RUPIA (3 RUPIA) below around.
EDGE: Reeded
MINT: (no mintmark) = Royal Mint branch mints of

BOMBAY and CALCUTTA
REFERENCE: Y-12, LU.20, KM-10
1881 - 3 RUPIA - OBVERSE Indo-Portuguese Money by J.Ferraro Vaz,Braga,1980

====================================================================== POPULATION: Goa - 1881 - 481,467 including 630
Europeans.
FOOTNOTE: Luis I, King of Portugal reigned from 1861 to 1889.
FOOTNOTE: Goa, a city of Hindustan, the capital of the Portuguese

settlements in India. It stands on the North side of an island, 22
miles long and 6 broad, formed by the River Mandova, which is
capable of receiving the largest ships. The inhabitants are con-
tented with greens,fruits, and roots, which, with a little bread, rice,
and fish, are their principal diet, though they have hogs and fowls
in plenty. Their religion is the Roman Catholic, and the clergy are
numerous and illiterate. Goa has few manufactures or produc-
tions, the best trade being in arrack, which is distilled from the sap
of the cocoa-nut tree. The harbour is defended by several forts
and batteries. The Universal Gazetteer, Phila.,1893. Portuguese carrack

====================================================================== ======================================================================
FOOTNOTE: Goa was made the capital of Portuguese India in FOOTNOTE: Farrukhabad, a city of Hindustan on the Ganges river,
1843. Located on the western coast of India with an area of 1400 ceded to the British in 1802. It is a market for grain, fruit and
sq. miles. It is divided into two districts: Velhas Conquistas (Old potatoes. Leather and metal goods are manufactured. Population
Conquests) and Novas Conquistas (New Conquests). It is a hilly 51,567.
region, some of the peaks of the western Ghats rising to 4000 ft.
The country is intersected by many short, but navigable, rivers,
the largest being the Mandair and the Juari. One of the chief indus-
tries is agriculture, mangoes, bananas, coconuts, areca nuts, palm,
and spices, being among its products. The town of Goa was
founded by Albuqerque in 1511 on the island of Goa. It is famous
for its beautiful examples of Portuguese architecture. Among its
buildings are a majestic cathedral, the Church of Bom Jesus, a
perfect example of Renaissance style, containing the tomb of
Murshidabad C - 151
St.Francis Xavier, and the Chapel of St.Catherine. New Goa, also
called Panjim was a suburb of the old city. Everyman Encyclope- FOOTNOTE: Murshidabad, (Machhlipatnam) a city of Hindustan on
dia, London 1912. the east coast with population of 39,507.
Surat C - 255
======================================================================
FOOTNOTE: Surat, a city of Hindustan, in Guzerat, with a strong

citadel. The squares are large, and the streets spacious, but not
paved, so that the dust is troublesome. Each street has gates of its
own, with which it is shut in times of turbulence. The larger houses
are flat roofed, with courts before them; and those of the common
people are high roofed. It is said to have 320,000 inhabitants... All
the people of distinction in Surat, and through the rest of India,
speak and write the Persian language; but in trade corrupt Portu-
guese is the language used. Before the East India Company ob-
====================================================================== tained possession of Bombay, Surat was the seat of their presi-
dency, and the center of their eastern trade. New Universal Gaz-
British East India Company etteer, Phila. 1839.
Coinage for Native Cities
======================================================================
FOOTNOTE: Although this work has narrowly limited coinage for
inclusion to about AD 1835, for British India there were a few
earlier machine struck pieces identified as the British East India
Company for individual cities. The 3 rupee coins in the authors
collection are briefly included with their Craig references.
Indian thrashing
Arcot C - 15
FOOTNOTE: Arcot, a city of Hindoostan, capital of Carnatic, which
became subject to the East India Company in 1801. The citadel is
large and esteemed a place of some strength; but the nabob often
resides at Madras. Ascot has a manufacture of coarse cotton
cloth. New Universal Gazetteer, Phila. 1839.
Farrukhabad C - 84
======================================================================

IRAQ
====================================================================== ======================================================================
1955 - 20 FILS - OBVERSE 1955 - 20 FILS - REVERSE

====================================================================== ======================================================================
IRAQ, KINGDOM OF FOOTNOTE: Iraq was a Kingdom in northern Arabia between Syria,
LONDON MINT Jordan and Persia, formerly known as Mesopotamia, a Province of
====================================================================== the Ottoman Empire. After the First World War Iraq was mandated
20 FILS 19MM .500 FINE 2.8 GRAMS to Great Britain and gained independence under a British Mandate,
====================================================================== in 1921 when Emir Faisal son of Hueein Ibn-Ali of Hejaz, Grand
Sheriff of Mecca was elected King Faisal I of Iraq in a decisive
1955 AH 1375 4,000,000 frozen date plebiscite. He was succeeded by his son Ghazi Ibn Faisal on
September 9, 1937. King Ghazi I became a motor enthusiast while
OV: Head of Faisal II, facing right, arabic inscription attending school at Harrow, England. He loved to speed and one
(MALIK AL-IRAQ = KING OF IRAQ) left, arabic inscription of his favorite pastimes was to drive recklessly through the streets
(FAYSAL ATH-THANI = FAISAL THE SECOND) right. of Baghdad at night. On the ride that caused his death, he lost
control of his car and crashed into an electric-light pole, fracturing
RV: Value in arabic QY (20) / arabic denomination his skull. Ghazi I was 27 years old when he died. He had married
(FILS) in circle, arabic inscription (AL-MANLAKAT AL IRAQTYA = his cousin Princess Aliyah of Hejaz a week after his Coronation in
THE KINGDOM OF IRAQI) above, DATES in arabic PXTT -PRVT 1933. His son King Faisal II was born on May 2, 1935 and suc-
(AD1955 - AH1375) ceeded to the throne of Iraq after his father was killed in an
automobile accident April 4, 1939. Until he becomes 18 the boy
EDGE: Reeded King will rule through a Regency headed by his uncle, Emir AbdulIah.
He was assassinated in a bloody liquidation of the King, the Crown
MINT: (no mintmark) = Royal Mint, LONDON Prince and almost the whole Royal Family during a military revolu-
tion. Iraq was under British protection under terms of a twenty
DESIGNER: Thomas Hugh Paget year treaty signed in 1948. With the murder of the King a Republic
was established July 14, 1958.
Currency of Iraq by John Humphris, Montreal, 1968.
FOOTNOTE: This issue was minted at the Royal Mint, London in

1956 with a mintage of 2,000,000 and in 1958 with a mintage of
2,000,000 all dated with the frozen dates of the AD 1955 and AH
1375 in Arabic. KING FAISAL II
FOOTNOTE: Currency of Iraq - 1,000 fils = 1 Iraqi dinar
======================================================================
ENCYCLOPEDIA OF SMALL SILVER COINS - IRAQ - PAGE 310

ITALY and ITALIAN STATES

====================================================================== ======================================================================
1910 3 RUPIA - OBVERSE 1910 3 RUPIA - REVERSE

====================================================================== ======================================================================
ITALIAN SOMALILAND, COLONY FOOTNOTE: Italian Somaliland has an area of 140,000 sq.miles. It
ROME MINT extends from British East Africa and comprises a coastal strip,
====================================================================== averaging about 180 miles wide. Hides, gums, ostrich feathers,
3 RUPIA 19MM .916 FINE 2.92 GRAMS ivory, cattle, spices, coffee, mother-of-pearl, and gold ingots are
====================================================================== the chief exports. Everyman Encyclopedia, 1910
1910 400,000 AP-971 CT-867 rare

1913 100,000 AP-972 CT-898 rare
OV: Head of Victor Emanuel III, facing right VITTORIO

EMANVELE III RE DITALIA (VICTOR EMANUEL III KING OF ITALY)
around / GIORGI under bust.
RV: Crown / QUARTO / RUPIA (quarter rupee)

between wreath of roses, SOMALIA ITALIANA / arabic
inscription / R. (mintmark) / n DATE n below.
EDGE: Reeded
MINT: R = ROME
ENGRAVER: GIORGI = Luigi Giorgi
Monete Italiane by Antonio Pagani, Malan 1965,

Prezzario Monete Coniate in Italia by G.Cermentini
and G.Toders, Firenze 1970.
FOOTNOTE: The Italian combined mintage of 50 centesimi coinage

from all Italian mints of Victor Emanuel II and Pope Pius IX for ten
years from 1860 to 1869 was 124,244,943. This denomination in
silver was then discontinued except for the small mintage of 1889
and 1892 of Umberto I which totaled only 783,564 pieces. King Victor Emanuel III
======================================================================
ENCYCLOPEDIA OF SMALL SILVER COINS - ITALY and ITALIAN STATES - PAGE 311
====================================================================== ======================================================================
FOOTNOTE: The Italy and Italian States listings start with about (Continued)This attitude won for Victor Emanuel the title Re
1850 from the Italian mints of Bologna, Florence, Milan, Naples, Galantuomo - the Honest King - and it rallied to his support all
Rome and Turin. Both the Italian States, including the Church States Italian patriots who longed to free their land from Austrian control
are listed along with the Kingdom of Italy and Colony of Italian and unite its numerous states into one. It was a difficult task which
Somaliland , first by state, then by mint and following in chronologi- Victor Emanuel took up when his father Charles Albert abdicated,
cal order. hoping that his son could secure better terms from the victorious
Austrians following the unsuccessful revolution of 1848. The
FOOTNOTE: Italian Somaliland, a Protectorate of Italy, on the east- army was disorganized, the treasury empty, the people despon-
ern coast of Africa, extending along the Indian Ocean 1000 miles dent. But the King was fortunate in securing the service of the
from the Juba River and the equator to the Gulf of Aden. It is statesman Cavour, and Cavour was fortunate in having as his
generally an arid region, flat along the coast and elevated in the King Victor Emanuel. Regardless of his personal inclinations, the
interior, the general slope being to the southeast. The vegetation is King consistently supported his minister. Though a devout Catho-
poor. The interior has not yet been fully explored (1910) owing in lic, he consented to the abolition of a large number of the monastic
part to the stubborn hostility of the natives. The population is esti- houses because he felt that it was for the good of the Kingdom. He
mated at 400,000. There are Arabs along the coast. The southern gave up Savoy, the cradle of his family, and the territory of Nice, to
part of the Protectorate was acquired by Italy in 1889, when the secure the indispensable aid of Napoleon III against Austria. And
Sultan of Obbia placed the territory under Italian Protection. In the he sacrificed his own personal feelings to the good of his country
same year the protectorate was extended farther north, and in when he consented to the marriage of his daughter to the disso-
1892 the cession of territory by the Sultan of Zanzibar increased lute cousin of Napoleon III as part of the price France demanded.
the Protectorate to its present proportions. New International En- Only once did Victor Emanuel fail to support Cavour. In 1859 when
cyclopedia,1910 Cavour learned that Napoleon was abandoning his Army and with-
drawing from the War before Venetia was freed from Austrian
======================================================================. rule, he rushed to the King and wildly demanded that Sardinia
EMILIA, SARDINIA (ITALIAN STATES) continue the struggle alone. But Victor Emanuel saw more clearly
BOLOGNA MINT than his minister this time, and accepted - though with bitter regret
====================================================================== - the Peace of Villafranca. Even so, the Kingdom of Sardinia-
50 CENTESIMI 17MM .900 FINE 2.5 GRAMS Piedmont was increased by the conquered Province of Lombardy,
====================================================================== then the States of Tuscany, Parma, Modena, and Romagna re-
fused to take back their old autocratic rulers from whom they had
1859 179,012 rare revolted, and voted to become parts of the Kingdom of Victor
Emanuel. On October 29, 1860, Garibaldi, the Knight-Errant of Ital-
OV: Head of Victor Emanuel II, facing right VICTORIO ian unity, handed over to the King Naples and Sicily, won by the
(Victor) left, EMANUELE II (Emanuel) right / F. under bust / 1859 valor of his Army of Red Shirts; and on February 26, 1861, the
below. National Italian Parliament proclaimed Victor Emanuel II as King of
Italy. Venice and Rome were still outside his Kingdom. But these
RV: Crowned Arms with Order of the Annunziata were finally added - Venice in 1866 and Rome in 1871. Finally on
within laurel wreath DIO PROTEGGE LITALIA (God Protect Italy) / July 2, 1871, Victor Emanuel made his solemn entry into Rome, the
(mark) 50 B (mintmark) Eternal City, which then became the capital of his Kingdom. The
union of Italy was complete. Although Mazzini, Garibaldi, and Cavour
EDGE: Reeded - especially the latter - contributed greatly to this result, it would
have been impossible without the courage, patriotism, and abso-
MINT: B = BOLOGNA lute loyalty to his word of Victor Emanuel, the Father of his Coun-
try. Comptoms Pictured Encyclopedia, Chicago, 1922.
DESIGNER: F. = Giuseppe Ferraris
MINTMASTER: (mark) = unknown
REFERENCE: C-1, CB-449
FOOTNOTE: Emilia, a former Papal Province was acquired by

Sardinia in 1859.
FOOTNOTE: Giuseppe Ferraris, Chief Engraver at the Turin mint

designed and engraved the new coinage for King Victor Emanuel
II. The son of a member of the Austrian Ambassadors staff at
Turin, he was born in 1794. Following his apprenticeship to Luigi
Manfredini and a period of study at the Scuola di Belle Arti of the
Brera Academy in Milan, he was appointed Engraver at the Turin
mint. Eventually to head the mint as Chief Engraver during the reign
of Charles Albert of Sardinia. This position he retained until his
death at age 75, in 1869.
FOOTNOTE: Victor Emanuel II, King of Italy was born March 14,
1820. What my father has sworn I will maintain, declared the
young King of Sardinia-Piedmont, Victor Emanuel II, when he as-
cended the throne after the disastrous defeat of Novara in 1848.
This meant that he refused the inducements which victorious Aus-
tria offered him, and that he would continue the newly adopted
constitution of his Kingdom and the tri colored flag, emblem of the
hoped-for Italian unity. (continued).
Victor Emanuel II
======================================================================. ======================================================================
TUSCANY,PROVISIONAL GOVERNMENT (ITALIAN STATES) SARDINIA, (ITALIAN STATES)
FLORENCE MINT MILAN MINT
====================================================================== ======================================================================
50 CENTESIMI 18MM .900 FINE 2.5 GRAMS 50 CENTESIMI 18MM .900 FINE 2.5 GRAMS
====================================================================== ======================================================================
1860 2,430,000 AP-443 CB-458 1860 891,895 rare

1861 u/m AP-444 CB-459 rare 1861 included above rare
OV: Head of Victor Emanuel II, facing right VICTORIO OV: Head of Victor Emanuel II, facing right
EMANUELE RE ELETTO (Victor Emanuel King Elect) around / G. VICTORIUS EMANUELE II D G REX SARD CYP ET HIER (Victor
below bust. Emanuel II by the grace of God, King of Sardinia, Cyprus, and
Jerusalem) around / F. under bust / DATE below.
RV: Crowned Arms, CINQUANTA CENTESIMI (50
Centesimi) above / FIRENZE (mintmark) DATE below. RV: Crowned Arms with Order of the Annunziata
within laurel wreath, DUX SAB GENUAE ET MONTISF PRINC PED
EDGE: Plain 8 (Duke of Savoy, Genoa, Montferrat, Prince of Piedmont) around
/ M (mintmark) C 50 below.
MINT: FIRENZE = FLORENCE
EDGE: Plain
ENGRAVER: G. = Luigi Giorgi
MINT: M = MILAN
MARK: (below bust G) = Giorgi
DESIGNER: FERRARIS = Giuseppe Ferraris
REFERENCE: C-84
REFERENCE: Y-11, C-121.3
FOOTNOTE: Luigi Giorgi, Engraver at the Florentine mint, was born
at Florence in 1838. See Footnote page 125, when Giorgi was the FOOTNOTE: Milan, a city of northern Italy, capital of the Province of
Engraver at the Tientsin mint, China. its own name, situated on the small River Olona, in the middle of the
Lombard plain. The town is built in the form of an irregular polygon,
====================================================================== and is partly surrounded by a wall or ramparts, outside of which
ITALY, KINGDOM of runs a fine road shaded by chesnut trees. The city is entered by
FLORENCE MINT eleven gates, several of which are magnificent, and the leading
====================================================================== streets proceeding from these gates are tolerable wide, well paved,
50 CENTESIMI 18MM .900 FINE 2.5 GRAMS and lighted. Among the public edifices the first place belongs to the
====================================================================== Duomo or Cathedral begun in 1386, and was only completed in
1805. Manufactures include silks, cottons, lace, carpets, hats,
1861 1,222,099 rare earthenware, jewelry, etc. Milan belonged with Lombardy to Aus-
tria until 1859, when by the Peace of Villafranca Lombardy was
OV: Head of Victor Emanuel II, facing right, ceded to Piedmont. Population of Milan, including suburbs - 1890 -
VICTORIO EMANUELE II (Victor Emanuel II) around / FERRARIS 414,551 New Cabinet Cyclopaedia, Phila.,1896.
under bust / 1861 below.
======================================================================
RV: Crowned Arms with Order of the Annunziata ITALY, KINGDOM of
within laurel wreath REGNO (King) left DITALY (of Italy) right / F MILAN MINT
(mintmark) C 50 below. ======================================================================
50 CENTESIMI 18MM .900 FINE 2.5 GRAMS
EDGE: Plain ======================================================================
MINT: F = FLORENCE 1861 u/m rare
DESIGNER: Ferraris = Giuseppe Ferraris OV: Head of Victor Emanuel II, facing right VICTORIO
EMANUELE II (Victor Emanuel II) around / FERRARIS under bust /
REFERENCE: Y-1, AP-520, CB-74, CT-611 1861 below.
FOOTNOTE: Florence, the former capital of the Duchy of Tuscany RV: Crowned Arms with Order of the Annunziata
is situated in the fertile valley of Arno on the banks of the River, 194 within laurel wreath, REGNO (King) left, DITALIA (of Italy) right /
miles north of Rome. Growth of the city took place during 1864 to M (mintmark) C 50 below.
1872 when Florence was for one year the seat of the Italian
Government, and for eight years the Capital of Italy. For many EDGE: Plain
centuries a mint city, Florence in the fourteen century minted
400,000 Gold Florins each year and established banks every- MINT: M = MILAN
where made possible by the prosperity of the trade goods. The
area around Florence produces wine, oil, the olive and flowers, DESIGNER: FERRARIS = Giuseppe Ferraris
and carries on silk weaving and sheep breeding. The Pitti Palace
was the residence of King Victor Emanuel and Queen Margherita TYPE: I M (without bank mark) - .900 fine
from 1865 to 1871 when Florence was the capital of Italy. New
International Encyclopedia,1910 REFERENCE: Y-11, AP-521, CB-73, C-121.3
FOOTNOTE: Currency of Italy - 1 lire = 100 centesimi
SARDINIA
1860 - 50 CENTESIMI - MILAN MINT
1863 - 50 CENTESIMI - OBVERSE 1863 - 50 CENTESIMI - REVERSE
====================================================================== ======================================================================
ITALY KINGDOM of
FOOTNOTE: Garibaldi, Giuseppe (1807-1882) a famous patriot, MILAN MINT
liberator and guerrilla-leader, born in Nice. A sailors son, he took to ======================================================================
the sea, commanding a brig by 1830. In 1833 he became ac- 50 CENTESIMI 18MM .900 FINE 2.5 GRAMS
quainted with Mazzini and the leaders of Young Italy, and was ======================================================================
fired with enthusiasm for the Italian National Movement. For his
share in the outbreak at Genoa in 1834, he was obliged to flee to 1863 4,706,125
France. He then sailed to South America, first serving the Republic
of Rio Grande de Sul, and then that of Uruguay between 1836 and OV: Head of Victor Emanuel II, facing right VICTORIO
1848, against the Argentine dictator Rosas. Garibaldi returned to EMANUELE II (Victor Emanuel II) around / FERRARIS under bust /
Europe to take part in the Sardinian Campaign, and join the Revolu- 1863 below.
tionary Government at Rome defending it against the French under
Oudinot in 1849. Obliged to retreat before the Austrian forces, RV: Crowned Arms with Order of the Annunziata
Garibaldi was forced to land before reaching Venice, and his wife within laurel wreath, REGNO (King) left, DITALIA (of Italy) right /
perished from exhaustion and exposure in his arms. In 1850 he M (mintmark) C 50 BN (BANCA NAZIONALE=National Bank)
went as an exile to the United States, living for a time on Staten below.
Island. In 1854 he returned and settled in Caprera Island near
Sardinia. He fought for Sardinia against Austria in 1859 and pro- EDGE: Plain
tested against the cession of Nice and Savoy to Napoleon III in
1860. After the Peace of Villafranca, secretly supported by MINT: M = MILAN
Sardinias request, Garibaldi organized an expedition against the
Two Sicilies, in the hope of bringing about the Union of Italy. He DESIGNER: FERRARIS = Giuseppe Ferraris
landed at Marsala with his Thousand Volunteers, defeating the
Neapolitan troops, which far outnumbered his own, at Calatimi, TYPE: II - M BN (mintmark and bank mark divided by
and thus opened the way to Palermo. Garibaldi became Dictator of denomination) - .900 fineness
Sicily, and crossing to Italy expelled Francis II from Naples and
entered the city in triumph. When Victor Emanuel II, King of Italy, REFERENCE: Y-11, AP-525, CB-79
appeared with his Sardinian troops in the Kingdom of Naples,
Garibaldi delivered up his army to his Sovereign and absolute FOOTNOTE: The issue dated 1863 was first struck in .900 fine
sway over the Neapolitan Provinces, retiring to Caprera in 1860. then reduced to the future Latin Monetary Union standards of .835
He still believed that Rome must be wrested from the Pope before fine with a combined mintage for 1863 of 4,706,125. The issue
the true unity of Italy could be gained, and marched upon it. In 1862 continued with a frozen date of 1863 with the mintage struck
he was severely wounded at Aspomonte, fighting against the during 1864 of 8,759,708 and 1865 of 24,899,808 for a total mint-
Royal troops, and was taken prisoner, but pardoned shortly after- age of 38,365,641.
wards. His second attempt in 1867 came to utter defeat by the
Papal and French troops at Mentana. He returned to Caprera. In FOOTNOTE: Milan - The French and English form of the Italian
1870 he attempted to help the French Republic against the Ger- Milano, called Mailand in German, is a corruption of the Celto-
mans, commanding the French Volunteers in Burgundy. In 1874 Roman name Mediolanum, the capital of the Insubrian Gauls, which
Garibaldi entered the Italian Parliament and finally consented to signified the town in the Middle of the plain in Latin.New Interna-
accept a pension. New Cabinet Cyclopaedia, Phila.,1896. tional Encyclopedia,1910.
====================================================================== ======================================================================
ITALY KINGDOM of ITALY, KINGDOM of
MILAN MINT MILAN MINT
====================================================================== ======================================================================
====================================================================== ======================================================================
(1864) 1863 8,759,708 frozen date 1863 frozen date AP-527 CB-80
(1865) 1863 24,899,808 1866 19,199,457 AP-530 CB-82 rare
1867 10,984,179 AP-531 CB-84
OV: Head of Victor Emanuel II, facing right VICTORIO
EMANUELE II (Victor Emanuel II) around / FERRARIS under bust / OV: Head of Victor Emanuel II, facing right VICTORIO
1863 below. EMANUELE II (Victor Emanuel II) around / FERRARIS under bust /
DATE below.
RV: Crowned Arms with Order of the Annunziata
within laurel wreath, REGNO (King) left, DITALIA (of Italy) right / RV: 50 / CENTESIMI within wreath of laurel tied with
M (mintmark) C 50 BN (bank mark - BANCA NAZIONALE ribbon below, REGNO DITALIA (King of Italy) above / MBN
=National Bank) below. (M mintmark and BN bank mark BANCA NAZIONALE=National
Bank) below.
EDGE: Plain
EDGE: Plain
MINT: M = MILAN
MINT: M = MILAN
TYPE: II - (mintmark and bank mark divided by
denomination) TYPE III - (mintmark and bank mark together)
REFERENCE: Y-11, AP-525, CB-79 REFERENCE: Y-16, KM-14.1
FOOTNOTE: The Order of the Annunziata, instituted in Italy in 1362

as the Order of the Collare was the highest Italian Honor and was
held by 15 Knights only. Its holders had the title Cousins of the
King and took precedence over all other State Officials. Renamed
in 1518 by Charles III, who decreed that henceforth it should be
known as the Annunziata. The mantle of the Order consisted of a
purple velvet cloak embroidered in gold, beneath which was worn
a costume of white satin. From the golden collar was suspended
an ornamental openwork badge representing the Annunciation, as
may be seen on the coinage of Victor Emanuel II. New International
Encyclopedia,1910.
=====================================================================
ITALY, KINGDOM of
NAPLES MINT
======================================================================
======================================================================
1862 630,433 rare

1862 below.

within laurel wreath, REGNO (King) left, DITALIA (of Italy) right /
N (mintmark) C 50 below.
EDGE: Plain
MINT: N = NAPOLI (Naples)
TYPE: I - (mintmark without bank mark)
REFERENCE: Y-11, AP-523, CB-76, KM-4.4
FOOTNOTE: To provide Neapolitans with fresh milk, flocks of goats

or cows wander through the streets of Naples. At frequent inter-
1863 - 50 CENTESIMI - OBVERSE
======================================================================
vals these little wandering dairies halt, whiles someone from an
ITALY, KINGDOM of
apartment house brings out a pail or bottle to be filled. At times a
NAPLES MINT
basket is lowered from an upper story, to be drawn up again once
======================================================================
the milk container has been filed. The cows or goats are milked
right upon the sidewalk.
======================================================================
FOOTNOTE: Half the population of Naples were huddled together
(1866) 1863 16,062,339 AP-528 CB-81
in the slums in ancient unsanitary buildings that crowded narrow,
(1867) 1867 7,838,384 AP-532 CB-85
crooked streets, until the cholera epidemic of 1884 aroused the
whole country. A new water supply was at once introduced from
the mountains near Avellino, 50 miles away, and plans were elabo-
rated for a new sewer system, for new streets, new squares,
DATE below.
and new buildings. Of 271 old streets 144 were to be abolished
and 127 widened; the habitations of 90,000 people were to be
RV: 50 / CENTESIMI within wreath of laurel tied with
destroyed, the resale of street frontage on the new business
ribbon below, REGNO DITALIA (King of Italy) above / N BN
streets has to some extent reimbursed the government. The popu-
(N mintmark and BN bank mark BANCA NAZIONALE=National
lation of Naples in 1901 was 563,540. New International Encyclo-
Bank) below.
pedia,1910
EDGE: Plain
MINT: N = NAPOLI
TYPE: II - (mintmark and bank mark together)
FOOTNOTE: The issue with frozen date 1863 was struck by the
Naples National Bank in 1866-7 at the Naples mint.
FOOTNOTE: Naples - French name for Italian - Napoli, which pre-

serves, with little change, the old Greek name Neapolis. The
new city which in Italy, having been founded by colonists from the
still older settlement at Cumae. New International Encyclope-
dia,1910.
FOOTNOTE: Victor Emanuel II died on January 9, 1878. He was

succeeded by Umberto I, his eldest son by Maria Adelaide, Arch-
duchess of Austria.
1863 - 50 CENTESIMI - REVERSE 1867 - XXII 50 CENTESIMI - OBV
====================================================================== ======================================================================
PAPAL STATES (ITALIAN STATES)
FOOTNOTE: Naples, a city in southern Italy, the largest in the King- ROME MINT
dom, situated on the northern shore of the beautiful Bay of Naples, ======================================================================
about 160 miles from Rome. The chief street is the Corso Vittorio 10 SOLDI/50 CENTESIMI 18.5 MM .835 FINE 2.5 GRAMS
Emanuele, 2 1/2 miles in length. The city measures about 3 miles in ======================================================================
length by 2 in breath; the streets are mostly well-paved with lava 1866 XXI 291,916 CT-297 rare
or volcanic basalt, and the houses are large, lofty, and solidly built, 1867 XXI 4,402,092 CT-316
and have flat roofs. There are few remains of ancient times, but 1867 XXII included above CT-317
there are five castles of medieval construction. Among the more 1868 XXII 8,203,846 CT-338
remarkable public edifices is the Cathedral, dating from 1272, and
the Palazzo Reale (Royal Palace). The manufactures, which are OV: Head of Pope Pius IX, facing left, PIVSIXP
numerous but individually unimportant, include macaroni, woolens (PIVS IX PONTIFEX = Pius the Ninth High Priest) left, MAXA
and cottons, silks, glass, china, musical instruments, flowers and reign year in roman numerals (MAXIMUS ANNUS = great - year
ornamentals, perfumery, soap, chemicals, machinery, etc. Ex- 21-22).
ports consist chiefly of bones, cream of tarter, hoops, linseed,
hemp, wheat, figs, gloves, liquorice, madder, coral, macaroni, oil, RV: 10 / SOLDI / DATE, within wreath of laurel and
wine, wool, tallow, rags, and silk, raw, dyed, and manufactured. oak intertwined, tied with ribbon below, n STATO n PONTIFICO
Naples is one of the most densely populated cities of Europe, and n (Papel State) above / 50 R (mintmark) CMI (Centesimi) below.
one of the most peculiar features of the city is its unique population
and the universal publicity in which life is passed. Population on EDGE: Reeded
Naples - 1890 - 530,875. New Cabinet Cyclopaedia, Phila.,1896.
MINT: R = ROME
ENGRAVER: Carlo Voigt
TYPE: I - MAXA
REFERENCE: C-187
Prezzario Monete by Cermentini and Toderi, Florence

1970.
FOOTNOTE: This issue is one of a few types in the Modern Dime

Size Silver Coins of the World series which has two denomina-
tions; 10 SOLDI/50 CENTESIMI, the first consistent with the Church
State previous coinage, and the second same as contemporary
Italian coinage.
An Italian Market Place
1867 - XXII - 10 SOLDI 1868 - XXIII - 10 SOLDI
50 CENTESIMI - REVERSE 50 CENTESIMI - OBVERSE
====================================================================== ======================================================================
\FOOTNOTE: Pius IX, Count Giovanni Maria Mastai Ferretti was PAPAL STATES (ITALIAN STATES)
born in 1792, the son of Count Jerome Mastai Ferretti, at Sinigaglia. ROME MINT
He was admitted to Deacons Order in 1818. In 1827 he was made ======================================================================
Archbishop of Spoleto. In 1840 he became a Cardinal and on the 10 SOLDI/50 CENTESIMI 18.5 MM .835 FINE 2.5 GRAMS
death of Gregory XVI in 1846 was elected Pope. At first because ======================================================================
of his liberal reform policy, the new Pope was the idol of the
populace. But the revolutionary fever of 1848 and his refusal to 1868 XXIII included above CT-339
make war upon the Austrians finally forfeited the affections of the 1869 XXIII 4,432,894 CT-353
Romans. On November 18, 1848 a treating mob assembled in the 1869 XXIV included above CT-354
Square of the Quirinal. By the 24th the Pope had escaped to Gaeta
and a Republic was proclaimed in Rome. From his exile the Pope OV: Head of Pope Pius IX, facing left, PIVSIXP
addressed a remonstrance to the various sovereigns. In April (PIVS IX PONTIFEX = Pius the Ninth High Priest) left, MA
1849, a French expedition was sent to Civita Vecchia and on July reign year in roman numerals (MAXIMUS ANNUS = great - year
2, General Oudinot took Rome, after a siege of thirty days. The 23-24).
Papal Government was reestablished, but Pius IX, himself did not
return till April 12, 1850. From this time his government was the RV: 10 / SOLDI / DATE, within wreath of laurel and
very reverse of what it had been, and to the end of his life he oak intertwined, tied with ribbon below, n STATO n PONTIFICO
continued an unhesitating and unyielding conservative. The most n (Papel State) above / 50 R (mintmark) CMI (Centesimi) below.
important event of his Pontification was the convocation of the
Vatican Council, the first Church Council since that of Trent had EDGE: Reeded
crystallized Roman Catholic dogma and practice to meet the Refor-
mation attack. It was adjourned in July 1870, after it had pro- MINT: R = ROME
claimed the Decree of Infallibility of the Pope when on a subject of
faith or morals he issued a Decree Ex Cathedra to the Universal ENGRAVER: Carlo Voigt
Church. Soon after the adjournment the Italian Army occupied Rome,
which was then made the capital of the Kingdom of Italy. Pius IX TYPE: II - MA due to spacing for reign year XXIII
renewed his oft-repeated protest and, refusing all proposals of
accommodation, from that date declared himself a captive in the REFERENCE: C-187A
Vatican, to which he strictly confined himself until his death in
1878. FOOTNOTE: The States of the Church occupy the central part of
Italy. They are badly cultivated, and thinly peopled; but such is their
natural fertility, that they produce almost spontaneously, dates,
figs, almonds, olives, and other fruits, on which the indolent inhab-
itants principally subsist. These States are ruled by the Pope, whose
power formerly was more extensive than that of any king or em-
peror. His dominions are now greatly reduced, and his authority is
principally in spiritual matters, and extends over the members of
the Roman Catholic Church in all countries. Olneys Geography
1849.
Papal Arms
State of the Church - Map 1860
1868 - XXIII - 10 SOLDI
50 CENTESIMI - REVERSE
====================================================================== ======================================================================
St. Peters at Rome about 1870
======================================================================
FOOTNOTE: The protection of the Papal Territory by France alone

stood in the way of Unification of Italy which required for its fullest
expression the establishment of the government in the Eternal City.
In 1867 Garibaldi headed a new expedition against the Papal Terri-
tory, but Napoleon III, from motives of policy, refused to permit the
extinction of the Temporal Power of the Pope. A French force
defeated the Garibaldians after a severe engagement at Mentana
on November 3rd, and this event destroyed the good feeling which
had prevailed between Italy and France since 1859. At last, in
1870, the urgent necessities of the Franco-German War com-
pelled the Emperor Napoleon to withdraw his forces, and once
more Italian forces entered the Lands of the Church on September
Pope Pius IX 11th, and on the 20th made their entry into Rome. On July 2, 1871,
Rome became the Capital of Italy. The population of Rome - 1870 -
226,022. New International Encyclopedia,1910
======================================================================
====================================================================== ======================================================================
ITALY, KINGDOM of ITALY KINGDOM of
ROME MINT TURIN MINT
====================================================================== ======================================================================
====================================================================== ======================================================================
1889 635,231 AP-608 CB-162 rare 1861 44,910 rare

1892 148,333 AP-609 CB-163 rare
OV: Head of Umberto I, facing right, UMBERTO I left, EMANUELE II (Victor Emanuel II) around / FERRARIS under bust /
RE DITALIA (King of Italy) right / DATE below. 1861 below.
RV: Star burst at top, Crowned Arms with Order of RV: Crowned Arms with Order of the Annunziata
Annunziata dividing denomination C (centesimi) left and 50 right, within laurel wreath, REGNO (King) left, DITALIA (of Italy) right /
within wreath of laurel and oak tied with a ribbon below / R B=BANCA (bank mark) / T (mintmark) C. 50 below.
(mintmark) below.
EDGE: Plain
EDGE: Plain
MINT: T= TURIN (Torino)
MINT: R = ROME
DESIGNER: Filippo Speranza, Chief Engraver, Rome
mint. TYPE: I - B (bank mark) above mintmark and denomi-
nation
REFERENCE: Y-27
POPULATION: Italy - 1890 - 28,459,451 with capital
Rome with 460,000 inhabitants. FOOTNOTE: Turin is situated on the Po River 76 miles west-south-
west of Milan. From 1861, when the Kingdom of Italy was consti-
tuted, until 1865, Turin was the capital, Florence was then se-
lected, and in 1871 Rome. New Cabinet Cyclopaedia, Phila.,1896.
FOOTNOTE: The issue from 1863 to 1866 with a frozen date of

1863 had a total mintage from the Turin mint of 9,053,769.
FOOTNOTE: The present monetary system of Italy is the same as

that of France, the lira being equal to the franc, and divided into 100
. centesimi, as the franc is into 100 centimes. New Cabinet
Cyclopaedia, Phila.,1896.
====================================================================== ======================================================================
ITALY, KINGDOM of FOOTNOTE: This issue was struck by the Turin mint between
TURIN MINT 1860 and 1869 with the frozen date of 1863. A second date of
====================================================================== 1867 was used on this type with a small mintage issued in 1867.
50 CENTESIMI 18MM .900 FINE 2.5 GRAMS In 1868 and 1869 the previous frozen date of 1863 was struck
====================================================================== again for the two years..
1862 184,615 rare

1862 below.

within laurel wreath, REGNO (King) left, DITALIA (of Italy) right /
T (mintmark) C. 50 BN (BANCA NAZIONALE=National Bank)
below.
EDGE: Plain
MINT: T = TORINO (Turin )
TYPE: II - mintmark and bank mark divided by Italy today

denomination
FOOTNOTE: The name bank is from the Italian banco, a bench,
from the practice of the Jews of Lombardy, who had benches in
======================================================================
the market places while in business of exchanging money.
ITALY, KINGDOM of
TURIN MINT
======================================================================
======================================================================
(1860) 1863 3,328,379 AP-529 CB-78

(1861) 1863 1,267,009 frozen date
(1862) 1863 815,048 frozen date
(1863) 1863 7,458,671 frozen date
(1864) 1863 10,366,403 frozen date
(1865) 1863 25,532,514 frozen date
(1866) 1863 39,615,534 frozen date
(1867) 1863 23,224,645 frozen date
(1868) 1863 8,203,846 frozen date
(1869) 1863 4,432,894 frozen date
(1867) 1867 396,231 AP-533 CB-83 rare

The Rialto - Venice
DATE below.
FOOTNOTE: Italy struck this series coinage only at the Bologna,
RV: 50 / CENTESIMI within wreath of laurel tied with Florence, Milan, Rome, Naples and Turin mints. Venice was under
ribbon below, REGNO DITALIA (King of Italy) above / T (mint- the control of the Austrian Empire until the establishment of the
mark) BN bank mark=BANCA NAZIONALE (National Bank) below. Kingdom. Coinage minted at Venice are listed under Austria in this
work
EDGE: Plain
MINT: T = TORINO
TYPE: II - T BN mintmark and bank mark together

======================================================================
The T BN mint mark - bank mark Arms of Italy

======================================================================
JAPAN
====================================================================== ======================================================================
1870 - Meiji 3 -10 SEN - OBVERSE 1870 - Meiji 3 -10 SEN - REVERSE
====================================================================== ======================================================================
JAPAN, EMPIRE of
OSAKA MINT FOOTNOTE: The 10 sen coins of Japan are listed in chronological
====================================================================== order. Currency of Japan - 10 mons - 1 sen, 100 sen = 1 yen
10 SEN 17.57MM .800 FINE 2.5 GRAMS
======================================================================
(1870) Meiji - 3 6,102,674 frozen date
OV: Dragon within circle of pearls, inscription ( DIA

NIPPON MEIJI 3RD YEAR 10 SEN = Greater Japan 3rd Year of
Meiji Era 10 sen) around.
RV: Radiant Sun within circle of pearls, chrysanthe-

mum between two paulownia at top, within wreath of paulownia
and chrysanthemum leaves tied with ribbon below.
EDGE: Reeded
MINT: (no mintmark) = OSAKA
REFERENCE: Y-2, JNDA-23
FOOTNOTE: By the Japanese, Niphon or Nippon is employed to

describe the whole Empire. The name Jipun, altered to Japan, is
the Chinese designation, and it first became familiar to Europeans.
New Cabinet Cyclopeadia,1896.
Emperor Meiji
======================================================================
ENCYCLOPEDIA OF SMALL SILVER COINS - JAPAN - PAGE 323

FOOTNOTE: Emperor Meiji (Mutsuhito) was born at Kyoto on No-
vember 3, 1852. On February 3, 1867 the Mikado, Mutsuhito then
fifteen years of age, succeeded his father Komei Tenno and as-
cended to the throne of Japan. He married Princess Haruko, daugh-
ter of Prince Ichijo on February 9, 1869. Shortly thereafter, the
Shogun (Commander-in-Chief of the Empire) was forced to resign
his office, leaving the Mikado (Emperor) the Ruler of Japan. He
emerged from his ancient seclusion in the Sacred City of Kyoto
and removed the capital to Yeddo which was given the new name
of Tokyo (Eastern Capital). The Feudal Princes agreed to peace-
fully surrender their titles and prerogatives and in July 1871 feu-
dalism was formally abolished throughout the Empire.
Four Classes of Japanese Society

FOOTNOTE: A Japanese gentlemans dress is a loose garment
made of silk, gathered in at the waist by a girdle, and extending
from neck to ankle; while over this is thrown a wide-sleeve jacket.
In the country a short cotton gown is worn, while the lower classes
generally ware but scant clothing. The hair is shaved off the front
part of the head, while on the back and sides it is gathered up into
a knot and fastened with long pins. As regards both clothing and
hair-dressing the women very much resemble the men. They also
paint and powder themselves to excess. A husband can have as
many concubines as he can afford. New Cabinet Cyclopeadia,
1896.
The Castle of Osaka in 1861

FOOTNOTE: The Osaka mint opened officially on April 4, 1871 with
special ceremonies. This was the first time Japanese coins were
struck with modern machinery. The mint equipment moved from the
now closed Hong Kong mint, was supervised by engineers and
technicians brought from Europe as advisers, including a delega-
tion of coinage experts from the Royal Mint, London. Small facto-
ries were built within the mint compound for the production of
sulfuric acid, soda and coal gas. The mint manufactured its own
ink for record keeping and was the first Japanese enterprise to
adopt double entry bookkeeping. The mint staff both men and women
were required to wear western style clothing, as the traditional
topnot and the swords worn by men similar to the Samurai Warrior
were abolished at the Osaka mint. The English technicians stayed
at the mint until 1889. The 10 sen dated Meiji 3 was struck with
frozen date from Meiji 3 to Meiji 5 (1870-72) . Another account of
the Osaka mint relates as follows; "The Osaka mint is a series of
fine and substantial buildings, in the Roman style of architecture,
equipped with twelve first-class English coining-presses, thirty-
seven melting-furnaces, and a sulfuric and nitric acid manufac-
tory. The mint makes its own tools, cuts its own dies, and performs
the usual bullion, assaying, refining, and analyzing business of a
mint in other countries. The establishment was organized by Major
T.W.Kinder, who was the efficient superintendent from 1870 to
Marquis Hirobumi Ito
1875. To his energy and ability are due the success and reputation FOOTNOTE: Marquis Hirobumi Ito, Japanese statesman was born
of the mint, which it devolves upon the Japanese to maintain. in the Province of Choshu in 1841. Modern coinage of Japan dates
Three hundred and eighty natives and several Englishmen are from 1870 with the opening of the Mint at Osaka. The machinery
employed it. The coins minted are gold, silver and copper, and of which was manufactured in Birmingham, England had been set up
the same weight, fineness, denomination, and decimal division as as the Hong Kong mint. But in 1868 the equipment was sold to the
the American coinage. They are round, with milled edges. They are Japanese to establish their new mint. Prince Ito in 1871 visited the
stamped with the devices of the rising sun, coiled dragons, legend United States to examine the coinage system, and on his return
of date and denomination, in Chinese and Roman numerals, chry- was successful in establishing modern gold and silver coinage
santhemum, and Paulownia imperialis leaves and flowers. Japa- minted at Osaka. He became a Minister in the Japanese Govern-
nese prejudices are against the idea of stamping the mikado's ment, again traveling to the United States and to Europe in 1897-98.
image on their coins... The average metal money now in circulation After the Russo-Japanese War, Ito was the first Resident-General
is nearly two dollars per head of the population..."The Mikado's in Korea. He was assassinated on October 26, 1909 on a trip to
Empire, W. E.Griffis, New York, 1877 Harbin, Manchuria.

1875 - Meiji 8 -10 SEN - OBV 1875 - Meiji 8 -10 SEN - REV
====================================================================== ======================================================================
JAPAN, EMPIRE of
OSAKA MINT
====================================================================== REFERENCE: Y-23, JNDA-23
====================================================================== Japanese Numismatic Dealers Association
Published annually in Tokyo.
(1873) Meiji - 6 5,109,951
(1874) - 7 10,221,571 rare POPULATION: 1890 - 36,358,994 increasing to
(1875) - 8 8,977,419 43,763,153 by 1900 with Tokyo the capital with
(1876) - 9 11,890,075 1,440,121 inhabitants.
(1877) - 10 20,352,213
(1880) - 13 77 rare
(1885) - 18 9,763,333 FOOTNOTE: The Dragon or Ryu derives from the Chinese and is a
(1887) - 20 10,421,616 symbol for the Emperor. The dragon holds an orb called a Tamashi,
(1888) - 21 8,177,229 which represents spirit or supernatural powers.
(1891) - 24 5,000,000
(1892) - 25 5,000,000 FOOTNOTE: Japan: A European modification, brought about through
(1893) - 26 12,000,000 the Portuguese Gepuen, or Japao, of the native Nippon, com-
(1894) - 27 11,000,000 pounded of Ni, Sun,Fire, and Pon, Land, literally Sun-Land, or
(1895) - 28 13,719,054 Land of the Rising Sun, and signifying The Fountain of Light.
(1896) - 29 15,080,506
(1897) - 30 20,357,439 FOOTNOTE: The new era in Japan - The day that Perry entered the
(1898) - 31 13,643,001 Bay of Yeddo with his little fleet was to aid the whalers and protect
(1899) - 32 26,216,579 their industries as the chief motive of the United States in sending
(1900) - 33 8,183,421 this expedition to Japan. In 1853, Commodore Perrys fleet arrived
(1901) - 34 797,561 rare from America laden not only with guns but with gifts from the
(1902) - 35 1,204,439 rare western world, indicating its commercial and scientific advance-
(1904) - 37 11,106,638 ment. Japan, awakened from her long seclusion, turned suddenly
(1905) - 38 34,182,194 from the traditions of her past to welcome the enlightenment of
(1906) - 39 4,710,168 modern civilization. In 1868 the young Emperor Mutsuhito (Meiji)
took the great charter oath, promising to rebuild the Empire accord-
OV: Dragon within circle of pearls, inscription ( DIA ing to the right way. During his remarkable reign Japan probably
NIPPON MEIJI ..TH YEAR = Greater Japan ..th Year of Meiji made more rapid progress than any other nation in the world. In
Era) around, / 10 SEN for denomination in English, below. 1872 the Army, Navy, and Civil Service were entirely reconstructed;
the Imperial mint and the new coinage were introduced; a new
RV: Chrysanthemum at top, Two Japanese educational department, with an Imperial University, was estab-
characters for denomination (10 sen) within wreath of pau- lished, new post offices and the first railways were opened. The
lownia and chrysanthemum leaves tied with ribbon below. next year the western calendar was adopted. In 1875 a delibera-
tive assembly was added, followed by provincial assemblies. In
EDGE: Reeded 1889 the Emperor granted a written Constitution, and the first
Parliament followed in 1890.The New Era in Asia, 1913.

1910 - Meiji 43 -10 SEN - OBV 1910 - Meiji 43 -10 SEN - REV
====================================================================== ======================================================================
JAPAN, EMPIRE of
OSAKA MINT FOOTNOTE: The monetary unit of Japan is the yen worth U.S. 49.8
====================================================================== cents in 1910 with 100 sen equal to one yen. New International
10 SEN 17.57MM .720 FINE 2.25 GRAMS Yearbook.
======================================================================
FOOTNOTE: The steady rise in the price of silver from 1903 to
(1907) Meiji - 40 12,000,000 1906 brought the while metal to a maximum of 71 5/8 U.S.cents per
(1908) - 41 12,273,239 ounce in November, 1906, or slightly above the bullion parity of the
(1909) - 42 20,279,846 10 sen subsidiary coinage of Japan. In anticipation of a continued
(1910) - 43 20,339,816 rise, a recoinage Law was passed in April, 1906, by which the
(1911) - 44 38,729,680 fine-silver content corresponding to a coinage ratio of 21.60 to 1,
(1912) - 45 10,755,009 or bullion parity of 95.6 U.S.cents per ounce, which made the
coins safe from any danger of the melting pot until the great rise of
OV: Radiant Sun within circle of 31 kiri blossoms, silver occurred during the Great War. Silver Money by D.Leavens,
inscription (. DIA NIPPON MEIJI ..TH YEAR = Greater Japan Bloomington,Ind. 1939.
..th Year of Meiji Era) around, / 10 SEN for denomination in
English, below. FOOTNOTE: Much of the old era still persists. At least one Temple
still exists which is endowed by the establishment of houses of ill
RV: Chrysanthemum at top, Two Japanese fame. Nearly all the national religious shrines are surrounded by
characters for denomination (10 sen) within wreath of kiri and such immoral resorts; for a pilgrimage often means a spree to the
chrysanthemum leaves tied with ribbon below. average worshiper. After his penance is performed at the shrine
he can begin again to have a good time. Japanese women im-
EDGE: Reeded ported to the cities include one woman in every seven, between
the ages of fifteen and thirty-five. According to the Japan Man
MINT: (no mintmark) = OSAKA these poor girls in Tokyo are selling body and soul for an average
wage of seven cents (10 sen) a day, even their food is insuffi-
REFERENCE: Y-23, JNDA-24 cient. The New Era in Japan, 1913.
POPULATION: Japan - 1908 - 67,142,798
FOOTNOTE: Osaka, the second city and free port of Japan, in the
Island of Hondo, on the estuary of the Yodo Gawa, 28 miles south
west of Kyoto. It is intersected by canals, which are spanned by
numerous wooden bridges. The bank of the main channel are lined
for 2 or 3 miles with residences of the nobles, and it has a strong
citadel. A railway connects it with Yeddo. Population - Osaka -
1891 - 473,541.Cabinet Cyclopaedia, 1896
FOOTNOTE: Mikado is the title used by Europeans for the Emperor

of Japan, meaning Exalted Gate. The Mikado claims divine origin
through the Sun Goddess.
Arms of Japan
1912 - Taisho 1 - 10 SEN - OBV 1917 - Taisho 6 - 10 SEN - REV
====================================================================== ======================================================================
JAPAN, EMPIRE of
OSAKA MINT FOOTNOTE: The 10 sen silver series spans 47 years from 1870 to
====================================================================== 1917 with a total mintage from the Osaka mint of 483,117,158.
====================================================================== FOOTNOTE: Yoshihito (1879-1926), Emperor or Mikado of Japan.
This name is little used in Japanese, the common people calling him
(1912) Taisho - 1 10,344,307 Tewshi Sama August Son of Heaven, and the educated Shujo,
(1913) - 2 13,321,466 Supreme Master. He was born August 31, 1879, the third son of
(1914) - 3 10,325,327 Emperor Meiji Tenno. His elder brother having died, he became
(1915) - 4 16,036,225 Crown Prince November 3, 1890. For eight years he attended the
(1916) - 5 10,324,179 Gaku-shu-in or Peers School and continued his study at his pal-
(1917) - 6 35,170,906 ace in Aoyama, Toyko. In July, 1897, when he became of age, he
took his seat in the House of Peers, and three years later May 10,
OV: Radiant Sun within circle of 31 kiri blossoms, 1900, married Princess Sada-ko May 10, the fourth daughter of the
inscription ( DIA NIPPON TAISHO .. TH YEAR = Greater late Prince Kujo. To them were born three children, Prince Hirohito,
Japan ..th Year of Taisho Era) around, / 10 SEN for denomina- the Crown Prince (born 1901), Prince Yasuhito (born 1902), and
tion in English, below. Prince Nobuhito (born 1905). Soon after his marriage he spent
nearly three years in travels of observation that covered the whole
RV: Chrysanthemum at top, Two Japanese realm. Every opportunity was given him to see for himself the real
characters for denomination (10 sen) within wreath of kiri and life of the people. On August 30, 1912, upon the death of his father,
chrysanthemum leaves tied with ribbon below. he ascended the throne. Beloved by his people, he came to be
known as the most democratic emperor who ever sat on the
EDGE: Reeded throne of Japan. He died December 25, 1926 and heir apparent
Prince Hirohito, Born April 29, 1901, became Emperor. New Stan-
MINT: (no mintmark) = OSAKA dard Encyclopedia, 1937.
REFERENCE: Y-36, JNDA-24,
Japanese Coinage by N.Jacobs and C.Vermeule,

New York, 1972.
POPULATION: Japan - 1918 - 57,070,936
FOOTNOTE: The Japanese character for the Year One ( 1 ) is

different than the normal character One ( - ) as noted in the follow-
ing enlargement from the 1912 Taisho 10 sen.
Jin-riki-sha

1872 Opening of first railway
FOOTNOTE: Emperor Meiji in traditional Japanese dress opened
the first railway in 1872 as Japan moved headlong into moderniza-
tion after a feudal past.
Japan today
Paulownia imperialis or kiri leaf
======================================================================
FOOTNOTE: Japanese numerals are read from right to left i.e.

dates like year 34 are written 4 - 10 - 3 starting on the right.
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Japanese coolie about 1877 Two Japanese travelers

KHIVA
====================================================================== ======================================================================
KHANATE OF KHIVA, RUSSIAN TURKESTAN
KHIVA MINT
======================================================================
1 TENGA 18MM .800 FINE 3.0 GRAMS
======================================================================
(1842) AH 1258 u/m
OV: Within large center circle, double diamond

design with arabic inscription.
RV: Within small double circle, arabic date PQTV

(AH 1257), arabic inscription around.
EDGE: Hand engraved Reeded
MINT: (no mintmark) = KHIVA
REFERENCE: Y-2
FOOTNOTE: Khiva, is the capital of the Semi-Independent Khanate

of Khiva, Russian Turkestan in Central Asia. It lies on an alluvial flat
at the junction of two canals, 50 miles west of the left bank of the
Amu. It forms an irregular circuit of about 4 miles, and is enclosed
by a dry ditch and an earthen wall about 20 feet in height and
thickness, and entered by twelve gates, the masonry of which is
of brick. Among the principal buildings are two palaces of the
Kahn, a number of mosques, and the castles of the principal state
officers. Population of Khiva, about 20,000. New Cabinet
Cyclopaedia, Phila., 1896.
AH 1311 - 1 TENGA - REVERSE
====================================================================== ======================================================================
KHANATE OF KHIVA, RUSSIAN TURKESTAN
KHIVA MINT
======================================================================
1 TENGA 18MM .800 FINE 3.0 GRAMS
======================================================================
(1867) AH 1284 u/m

(1893) 1311 u/m
(1894) 1312 u/m
OV: Native inscription / AH DATE in arabic.
RV: Native inscription / AH DATE in arabic.
EDGE: Plain
MINT: (no mintmark) = KHIVA
REFERENCE: Y-6
FOOTNOTE: In 1863 Russia claimed that the Turkestan tribesmen

pillaged caravans and harried her frontiers, sent forces which
captured the cities of Turkestan, Chemkent, and Taskkent and two
years later organized the region into the new Province of Russian
Turkestan.
FOOTNOTE: Khiva, a Russian vassal state in central Asia. Esti-

mated population, 800,000 including 400,000 nomad turkomans.
Capital, Khiva, with between four and five thousand inhabitants.
The people are mohammedans. Chief products, cotton and silk.
AH 1311 - 1 TENGA - OBVERSE The Kahn, Seyid Mohammed Rakhim Bahadour Kahn, born about
1845, succeeded in 1865. He died August 29, 1910. New Interna-
====================================================================== tional Encyclodedia, 1910.
ENCYCLOPEDIA OF SMALL SILVER COINS - KHIVA - PAGE 329

KHIVA, RUSSIAN EMPIRE
============================================================================================================================================
SAMARKAND, RUSSIAN TURKESTAN - 1895

FOOTNOTE: Russian Turkestan is mainly an arid grazing region, but agriculture is possible in the valleys of several large snow-fed rivers;
the Amu and Syr. Not only are sheep, cattle, horses and camels raised, but grain, cotton, tobacco, and fruits are cultivated with some skill.
The mulberry tree is grown, and many silkworms are raised. Tashkend is the largest city. Bokhara and Khiva, southwest of Russian
Turkestan are ruled by native Khans, but are really dependencies of Russia. Roddy's Complete Geography, 1902.
ENCYCLOPEDIA OF SMALL SILVER COINS - KHIVA - PAGE 330

KOREA
====================================================================== ======================================================================
1906 - YEAR 10 - 10 CHON - OBV 1906 - YEAR 10 - 10 CHON - REV

====================================================================== ======================================================================
KOREA, EMPIRE of
OSAKA MINT FOOTNOTE: Corea (as is was spelled earlier) for centuries was
====================================================================== under Chinese influence. In 1864 the King of Corea died without
10 CHON 18MM .800 FINE 2.7 GRAMS having named a successor. Emperor, Yi-Hyong, then a child of
====================================================================== twelve, was chosen, and his father appointed Tai Wen Kun as
Regent. For nine years he ruled with a rod of iron, persecuted the
(1906) Year - 10 2,000,000 Christians and rigorously enforced the policy of exclusiveness,
and the doctrine of Corea for the Coreans. In 1871 a United
OV: Dragon within inner circle of pearls, Japanese States Expedition, sent to inquire into the fate of a shipwrecked
inscription (CHOSEN KUANG MU 10TH YEAR = 10th Year of crew were unsuccessful and the Japanese were, first to make a
Kuang Mu Era) around / 10 CHON below for denomination in treaty of Friendship with Korea in 1876. Until January 7, 1895
English. Corea paid tribute to China. Independence was brought about by
the Chino-Japanese War of 1894-95 following the decisive victory
RV: Flower at top, Two Japanese characters for of Japan, The Korean King declared his independence and the
denomination (10 chon) within wreath of flowers tied with Treaty of Shimonoseki confirmed this. There remained after the
ribbon below. War a powerful party, headed by the Queen, inimical to Japanese
influence. In October 1895 a popular tumult, engineered by the
EDGE: Reeded Japanese authorities, broke out at Seoul, and a mob invaded the
Palace and murdered the Queen. The King sought refuge in the
MINT: (no mintmark) = Japanese Imperial mint OSAKA Russian Embassy. In 1897 the Sovereign adopted the title of Em-
peror and the condemning powers recognized the independence
REFERENCE: Y-16, JNDA-18, KM-1127 of Corea, gave it the name of Dai Han and inaugurated a new
reign-period called Kwang-Mu with 1897 as the first year. In 1904
FOOTNOTE:Corea [Korea] occupies a peninsula extending from Japanese troops landed, with the Emperor subscribing to a treaty
Manchuria between the Yellow Sea and the Sea of Japan. In 1900 of independence, under Japanese financial and diplomatic advi-
a law was passed for the establishment of a new coinage based sors. In 1910 a Treaty with Japan annexed Corea to Japan, thus
on a gold unit, but the exchange of the new coins for existing the last coinage of this series is dated this same year. By Imperial
debased nickel currency did not commence until July 1, 1905. The Rescript of 1909 Corea was to be treated as an integral part of
new coinage consisted of pieces similar in appearance to the Japan with Corean citizens to enjoy the same rights as Japanese.
Japanese coins of the same value, but with Korean emblems. New International Encyclpoedia, 1910.
During the period it was annexed to Japan, the coinage was minted
at Osaka, the Japanese Imperial mint.The name of the country was FOOTNOTE: Seoul, the former capital was renamed Keijo by
changed to Chosen, its ancient title as shown on the coinage listed Japanese in 1910. A wall eleven miles in length and pierced by
herein. The paper money in circulation is also furnished by the eight gates surrounds the city. New International Encyclpoedia,
Japanese. New International Encyclpoedia,1910. 1910.
ENCYCLOPEDIA OF SMALL SILVER COINS - KOREA - PAGE 331

1910 - YEAR 4 - 10 CHON - OBV 1910 - YEAR 4 - 10 CHON - REV
====================================================================== =====================================================================
KOREA, EMPIRE of KOREA, EMPIRE of
OSAKA MINT OSAKA MINT
====================================================================== ======================================================================
10 CHON 17.7MM .800 FINE 2.7 GRAMS 10 CHON 17.7MM .800 FINE 2.25 GRAMS
====================================================================== ======================================================================
(1907) Year - 11 2,400,000 (1908) Ryung Heui - 2 6,300,000

(1909) - 3 u/m rare
OV: Dragon within inner circle of pearls, Japanese (1910) - 4 9,500,000
inscription (CHOSEN KUANG MU 11TH YEAR = 11th Year of
Kuang Mu Era) around / 10 CHON below for denomination in OV: Dragon within inner circle of pearls, Japanese
English. inscription (CHOSEN RYUNG - HEUI 4TH YEAR = 4th Year of
Ryung Heui Era) around / 10 Chon below for denomination in
RV: Flower at top, Two Japanese characters for English.
denomination (10 chon) within wreath of flowers tied with
ribbon below. RV: Flower at top, Two Japanese characters for
denomination (10 chon) within wreath of flowers tied with
EDGE: Reeded ribbon below.
MINT: (no mintmark) = Japanese Imperial mint OSAKA EDGE: Reeded
TYPE: Thin planchet with weight reduced 20% from MINT: (no mintmark) = Japanese Imperial mint OSAKA
Kuang Mu Year 10, with 2.7 grams to 2.25 grams for
Year 11. REFERENCE: Y-25, JNDA-18, KM-1139
REFERENCE: Y-C22, JNDA-18, KM-1133 POPULATION: Korea - 1910 - 12,959,981
FOOTNOTE: The first Resident-General, under the Japanese Pro-

tectorate Administration was the eminent constructive statesman,
Marquis Ito Hirobumi, who took up his duties March 2, 1906. Ito
found himself hampered by the obstructionist tactics of the Korean
Emperor, Yi Hyong, and forced his abdication, July 20, 1907, in
favor of the Emperors son, Yi Chok. Ito resigned May, 1909. Prince
Ito was murdered October 26, 1909, by a native Korean, who was
subsequently executed. In1910, Treaty of Annexation was signed
stipulating the complete and permanent cession to the Emperor of
Japan of all rights of Sovereignty over the whole of Korea, the
conferring of appropriate titles on members of the Korean Imperial
house and that the name Korea hereafter be Cho-sen, the ancient
name of the Kingdom. New International Yearbook, 1910.
====================================================================== Korean street scene

ENCYCLOPEDIA OF SMALL SILVER COINS - KOREA - PAGE 332
LEBANON
===================================================================== ====================================================================
1929 - 10 PIASTRES - OBVERSE 1929 - 10 PIASTRES - REVERSE

===================================================================== ======================================================================
LEBANON, REPUBLIC of
PARIS MINT FOOTNOTE: This one year, one country, type is, in the opinion of
====================================================================== the author, included with the very few other specimens, which in
10 PIASTRES 17MM .680 FINE 2.5 GRAMS gem uncirculated condition are very rare. In nearly thirty years of
====================================================================== collecting this dime size series, only one has been encountered,
as pictured. The coin in the N.I. reprint on Modern Lebanese
1929 880,064 Coinage by Granvyl G. Hulse, Jr. , 1974, in all probability repre-
sents another, used for his illustration. Twenty five years ago
OV: Cedar of Lebanon / Arabic inscription in box at there were quite a few in slightly lower grades available in the $1
base of the tree (AL-JUMHURIYAT AL-LIBANANYYA = Republic to $2 range, but they are seldom seen today.
of Lebanon) 1929 left, [XQX (arabic 1929) right, REPUBLIQUE /
======================================================================
LIBANAISE (French for Republic of Lebanon) below.
RV: Value in arabic [Y ( 10) arabic inscription for

denomination (ghurush ashra = qurush ten) / Crossed cornuco-
pia / 10 / PIASTRES below.
EDGE: Reeded
MINT: (no mintmark) = PARIS
ENGRAVER: Louis Bazor
REFERENCE: Y-8, KM-6, GH-37
FOOTNOTE: Minted at the Paris mint in 1930 with the French and
Arabic date of 1929, similar to a 1929 Essai. Lebanon issued only
this one year type which falls within this series.
FOOTNOTE: Lebanon was formed on September 1, 1920 from

five former Turkish Empire Sanjaks (Districts) of North Lebanon,
Mount Lebanon, South Lebanon, Beirut and Bekaa as an indepen-
Lebanon today
dent State and administrated under French Mandate between 1920
and 1941.
======================================================================
ENCYCLOPEDIA OF SMALL SILVER COINS - LEBANON - PAGE 333

LIBERIA
1906 - 10 CENTS - BIRMINGHAM MINT - OBVERSE
ENCYCLOPEDIA OF SMALL SILVER COINS - LIBERIA - PAGE 334

LIBERIA
====================================================================== ======================================================================
Arms of Liberia
FOOTNOTE: Liberia lies between the River San Pedro and Manna,
has 500 miles of seaboard, and extends some 100 miles inland.
The soil is fertile, well watered, and highly adapted to the cultiva-
tion of all tropical products. The chief crop is coffee, other exports
being palm-oil, ground-nuts, caoutchouc, and ivory. The climate is
very unhealthy for Europeans. The English language predominates
1906 - 10 CENTS - REVERSE among the governing class and civilization is making rapid strides
====================================================================== among the natives. The population consists of some 20,000 immi-
LIBERIA, REPUBLIC of grants from the United States and their dependents, and about
BIRMINGHAM MINT 1,000,000 natives. Monrovia the capital has 6,000 inhabitants. New
====================================================================== Cabinet Cyclopaedia, Phila., 1895.
10 CENTS 18.4MM .925 FINE 2.5 GRAMS
====================================================================== FOOTNOTE: The Republic of Liberia was founded by the Ameri-
can Colonization Society in 1823 and settled by freed negro slaves
1896 20,000 from the United States. One hundred years later, there were
1906 35,000 12,000 descendants of the original settlers, of the 1,000,000 total
population. 30,000 Liberians speak English and live along the coast,
OV: Liberty Head, facing left, REPUBLIC OF LIBERIA the remainder are half-savage blacks who live in the interior and
around / n below with H (mintmark). have no relations with the civilized inhabitants. The Free and Inde-
pendent Republic of Liberia was formerly known as the Grain
RV: 10 / CENTS / DATE within wreath of laurel tied Coast, located between French Ivory Coast and Sierra Leone on
with ribbon below. the west coast of Africa. Monrovia, the capital, with a population
of 10,000, is situated at the mouth of the St. Paul River. During
EDGE: Reeded World War I, Monrovia was bombarded by a German submarine on
April 10, 1918.
MINT: H = THE MINT, BIRMINGHAM, LTD.
FOOTNOTE: Liberia stretches inland to a distance, in some places,
REFERENCE: Y-6, LB3, KM-7 of about 200 miles. A strip of land about 20 miles broad along parts
of the coast is administrated by the government. The Constitution
POPULATION: Liberia - 1894 - 1,068,000 of Liberia, provides that the President have real property to the
value of 600 dollars.The official language of the Government is
FOOTNOTE: When the Republic of Liberia was formed the U.S.dollar English. In 1910 the United States Government intimated its willing-
became their currency unit. The 1906 issue included 15 proof ness to assist Liberia by taking entire charge of the finances,
sets, each with a 1, 2, 10, 25 and 50 cent coin. This was the first military organization, agriculture, and boundary questions of the
of only two series; which included a dime size silver coin, each country. The American-Liberians have not full control or influence
minted with only two different dates; for the Republic of Liberia. over the natives of the interior, where there are several powerful
aboriginal chiefs. The indigenous natives belong in the main to five
FOOTNOTE: By an arrangement growing out of the Loan of 1906, principal stocks; the Mandingos, the Kisi; the Gola, the Kpwesi and
English gold and silver became the principal standard of Liberia, the Kru negroes. The number of American Liberians is estimated at
since customs duties must be paid in these. The 1906 10 cents about 12,000. About 50,000 of the costal negroes may be consid-
imported from Birmingham, England, was the last silver coinage of ered civilized. The Statesman's Year-Book, New York, 1916.
Liberia for 54 years until the 1960-61 issue was struck by the
Philadelphia mint.

1961 - 10 CENTS - OBVERSE 1961 - 10 CENTS - OBVERSE
====================================================================== ======================================================================
LIBERIA, REPUBLIC of
PHILADELPHIA MINT FOOTNOTE: The chief exports are rubber, palm oil, palm kernels,
====================================================================== piassava fiber, cocoa, coffee, ivory, ginger, camwood, and
10 CENTS 18MM .900 FINE 2.5 GRAMS anatto. The trade is chiefly with Great Britain, Germany, and
====================================================================== Holland. The Statesman's Year-Book, New York, 1916.
1960 1,000,000 \======================================================================

1961 1,200,000
OV: Native Liberty Head, facing left, REPUBLIC OF

LIBERIA around / GR under bust / n below.
RV: 10 / CENTS / DATE within wreath of laurel tied

with ribbon below.
EDGE: Reeded
ENGRAVER: GR = Gilroy Roberts, Chief U.S.Engraver
FOOTNOTE: The first issue dated 1960 was struck in 1959 at the
Philadelphia mint.
FOOTNOTE: Gilroy Roberts was appointed Chief Engraver of the

United States mint on July 22, 1948. The Liberian coinage he en-
graved was the first since 1906 for the country to have their own
silver coinage. On October 8, 1964, he resigned to enter private
engraving. His most famous work was the U.S. design he pre-
pared in 1963 for the obverse of the Kennedy half dollar.
FOOTNOTE: The chief imports of Liberia are; rice, Manchester

goods, gin, tobacco, building timber, galvanized roofing iron, ready
made clothing, dried and preserved fish. The Statesman's Year-
Book, New York, 1916.
FOOTNOTE: There are no railways or vehicular means of trans-

port in the country, except ox-carts and a motor road of about 20 Map of Africa - 1895
miles recently constructed. The Statesman's Year-Book, New York,
1916.
Liberia - enlarged insert

LIECHTENSTEIN
====================================================================== ======================================================================
1924 - 2 FRANK - OBVERSE 1924 - 2 FRANK - REVERSE

====================================================================== ======================================================================
LIECHTENSTEIN, PRINCIPALITY of
BERNE MINT
======================================================================
2 FRANK 18MM .835 FINE 2.5 GRAMS
======================================================================
1924 30,000 rare
OV: Head of Prince John II, facing left JOHANN II

FURST (John II, Prince) left VON LIECHTENSTEIN (of
Liechtenstein) right.
RV: Crowned Arms within wreath of laurel,

denomination divided by Liechtenstein Arms, 2 left, FR (frank)
right / 1924 below.
EDGE: Reeded
MINT: (no mintmark) = BERNE
POPULATION: Liechtenstein - 1912 - 10,716 with

capital Vaduz with 1,142 inhabitants.
REFERENCE: Y-7
FOOTNOTE: The original mintage of this issue was struck at the

Swiss mint at Berne with 30,000 coins, later 15,745 were melted.
FOOTNOTE: Liechtenstein is practically free from taxes, most of

the expenses being met from revenues of the Dynasty from out-
side properties, whose aggregate acreage is said to exceed the
area of the Principality itself - Estates in Czechoslovakia and Ger-
many, and a famous Viennese Palace with very valuable collection
of Art. Arms of Liechtenstein
======================================================================
ENCYCLOPEDIA OF SMALL SILVER COINS - LIECHTENSTEIN - PAGE 337

====================================================================== ======================================================================
FOOTNOTE: The Principality of Liechtenstein, lying between Aus- FOOTNOTE: The Royal coat of Arms of Liechtenstein represents;
trian crownland of Vorarlberg and the Swiss cantons of St. Gallen Schlesien (Eagle), Saxony (Arch), The Duchy of Trappau (Divi-
and Graubunden, is a sovereign State consisting of Schellenberg sion), Schellenberg (So-called Virgin Eagle), The Duchy of
and Vaduz (formerly immediate fiefs of the Roman Empire). The Jagerdorff (Horn) and in the middle the Arms of the House of
former in 1699 and the latter in 1712 came into the possession of Liechtenstein, above, the Crown of a Prince of the Holy Roman
the house of Liechtenstein and, by diploma of January 23, 1719, Empire. Around the Arms an Order.
granted by Emperor Karl VI., the two lordships were constituted
as the Principality of Liechtenstein. After the break-up of the Em- FOOTNOTE: In 1976 a recent amateurish restrike of the 2 frank of
pire in 1806 the Principality was incorporated in the Rhine Confed- Liechtenstein was reported, marked 900 B&B with plain edge.
eration; from 1815 to 1866 it formed part of the German confedera- Money, Liechtenstein, 1976
tion, since the break-up of which it has joined no similar union. The
Reigning is Prince John II., born October 5, 1840; when at the age
of 18 succeeded his father on November 12, 1858. The reigning
family originated in the twelfth century, and traces its decent through
free barons who in 1608 became princes of Liechtenstein. The
capital and seat of government is Vaduz (population c. 1912 -
1,376) The population is in great part agricultural, the chief prod-
ucts of the country being corn, wine, fruit, and timber. The rearing
of cattle for which the fine alpine pastures are well suited is highly
developed. The Statesman's Year-Book, London, 1916.
Liechtenstein between Switzerland and Austria
ENCYCLOPEDIA OF SMALL SILVER COINS - LIECHTENSTEIN - PAGE 338

LITHUANIA
====================================================================== ======================================================================
1925 - 1 LITAS - OBVERSE 1925 - 1 LITAS - REVERSE

====================================================================== ======================================================================
LITHUANIA, REPUBLIC of
LONDON MINT FOOTNOTE: The Republic of Lithuania on the Baltic Sea in northern
====================================================================== Europe was formally a Grand Duchy and under the reign of Vytaulas
1 LITAS 19MM .750 FINE 2.7 GRAMS (AD 1392-1430) her frontiers extended from the Baltic to the Black
====================================================================== Sea, all now part of Russia. Following the death of Vytaulas,
Lithuania gradually came under Polish influence and was united
1925 5,985,000 with Poland in 1569. At the end of the 18th century Poland fell
under Russian rule along with Greater Lithuania. Lithuania minor
OV: Rider on horseback with sward and shield, was annexed by Prussia and following the First World War it was
LIETUVBS (Lithuanian) left RESPVBLIKA (Republic) right / declared a Republic.
(mastgate mark) / v 1925 v below.
RV: Large 1, VIENAS (one) / LITAS to right, oak

leaves left and below.
EDGE: Reeded
MINT: (no mintmark) = Royal Mint, London and

Spindulys,Ldt.
REFERENCE: Y-6
POPULATION: Lithuania - 1925 - 2,340,000 with

capital Kaunas with 125,000 inhabitants.
FOOTNOTE: The independence of the Lithuanian Republic was

proclaimed at Vilna on February 16, 1918. The Republic consists
of the former Russian Government of Kovno and portions of the
Suvalki and Vilna Governments. The chief industries are agricul-
ture and forestry, the chief products of the Republic being rye,
wheat, barley, oats and potatoes; the exports are bacon, dairy
products, cellulose, timber, flax and livestock. The chief imports Estonia, Latvia and Lithuania
are herring, cement, coal, metal, textiles and machinery. World
Almanic, 1940.
The Baltic States between Finland and
Map - Essentials of Geography, 1931 Poland after 1918
ENCYCLOPEDIA OF SMALL SILVER COINS - LITHUNIA - PAGE 339

MACAU
====================================================================== ======================================================================
1952 - 1 PATACA - OBVERSE 1952 -1 PATACA - REVERSE

====================================================================== ======================================================================
MACAU, Overseas Province` of Portugal
LISBON MINT FOOTNOTE: Arms of Macau: Colonial Coat of Arms, left five shields
====================================================================== of the Quinas Cross which notes Victory over five Moorish Princes
1 PATACA 19MM .720 FINE 3.0 GRAMS during the Christian reconquest of the Iberian Peninsula from the
====================================================================== Arabs of North Africa. To the right the Emblem of Macau, the Chi-
nese dragon with Portuguese shield of five roundels, below the
1952 521,600 waves which emphasize the Overseas Colony. According to the
census of 1950 the population is 187,772. The other Overseas
OV: Portuguese Arms, REPUBLICA PORTUGESA provinces included; The Cape Verde Islands, The Islands of San
(Republic Portugal) around, h 1952 h below. Tome and Principe, Angola, Mozambique, Goa (Portuguese India),
and Portuguese Timor.
RV: Arms of Macau, i MACAU i (above )
Chinese inscription left and right, i 1 PATACA i below. FOOTNOTE: Macao is the favorite resort for the European resi-
dents of Hong Kong who are addicted to gambling. The gentlemen
EDGE: Reeded of our party went to observe the proceedings, but tonight there
were only a few natives playing at Fan-tan a game which, though
MINT: (no mintmark) = LISBON a great favorite with the natives, appears very stupid to a Euro-
pean. The croupier takes a handful of copper cash and throws it
REFERENCE: Y-4, KM-4 upon the table; he then with chop-sticks counts the coins by fours,
the betting being upon the possible number of the remainder. It
FOOTNOTE: Macau is the oldest European outpost in the East, with takes a long time to count a big handful, and you have only one,
a history of China trading and Jesuit Missionary activity dating from two, three or four to back - no colors or combinations, as at
the mid sixteenth century. The first treaty between China and the Rouge-Et-Noir, or Trent-Et-Quarante. A Voyage in the Sunbeam
United States was signed in its Kwan Yin Temple in 1844 when it by Mrs. Brassey, 1881.
was declared a free port. China recognized its independence in
1887. It was proclaimed an overseas Province of Portugal in 1951. FOOTNOTE: Macau, in China, situated on an island of the same
Macau occupied six square miles embracing the tip of a peninsula name at the mouth of the Canton river, forms with the two small
of mainland China and two islands. Hong Kong is 40 miles to the adjacent islands of Taipa and Coloane, a province, the city being
east across the Pearl River estuary and 90 miles southeast of the dived into two wards, one inhabited by Chines and the other by
City of Canton. Macau has 300,000 inhabitants of whom 98 per- non-Chinese, each having its own administrator. The population in
cent are Chinese. The Temple of Ma Kon Miu contains a special 1910 is 74,866. The whites 3,919. There are 3,780 Portuguese,
shrine to Ama, a Chinese Goddess from whence came Macaos 60,057 Chinese and 154 of various nationalities. The trade, mostly
name; it first was Amagao,the first A was later dropped, and transit, is in the hands of Chinese. The port of Macau was visited
the G replaced by a C; the Portuguese still call the place Macau, by 1,486 merchant steamers and 6,437 junks. The Statesmen's
the English version is Macao. Year-Book, London, 1916.
ENCYCLOPEDIA OF SMALL SILVER COINS - MACAU - PAGE 340

MALAYA
====================================================================== ======================================================================

====================================================================== ======================================================================
MALAYA, BRITISH COLONY of
LONDON MINT FOOTNOTE: British Malaya comprises the Colony of Straits Settle-
====================================================================== ments; the Federated Malay States of Perak, Selangor, Negri
10 CENTS 18MM .750 FINE 2.71 GRAMS Sembilan and Pahang; and the Unfederated Malay States of Johore,
====================================================================== Kedah, Kelantan, Trengganu, Perlis and Brunei. World Almanac,
1940.
1939 10,000,000
1941 17,000,000 FOOTNOTE: From 1933 to 1938, the question of Malayan currency
was under review by a Commissioner, Sir Basil Blackett, appointed
OV: Head of George VI, facing left, GEORGE VI by the Secretary of States for the colonies. The Commissioner
KING AND EMPEROR OF INDIA around / PM under bust. emphasized that the Malayan states and colonies were a single
economic unit and he recommended that a currency commission
RV: Large 10 / CENTS within circle of pearls, for Malaya be set up. By 1938 the Commissioners of Currency
COMMISSIONERS OF CURRENCY MALAYA around, Malaya had been appointed and the Royal Mint, London in 1939
G DATE G below. prepared new dies bearing the this name.
EDGE: Reeded FOOTNOTE: The trade of Singapore and Penang is principally in

the collection and distribution of commodities for the countries of
DESIGNER: PM = Percy Metcalfe the Malayan archipelago - principal imports include; rubber, rice,
motor spirits (benzene), tin ore, iron and steel manufactures, cot-
MINT: (no mintmark) = Royal Mint, LONDON ton piece goods, machinery, liquid fuel, cigarettes, petroleum (kero-
sene), milk, sugar, motor cars (passenger and commercial), fish,
REFERENCE: Y-4, MAC-6, KM-4 (dried and salted), copra, areca-nuts, rice bran and meal, wheat
flower, coal, cement and cotton sarongs. The principal exports
POPULATION: 1938 - 5,278,866. (including re-exports) include; rubber, tin metal, motor spirits (ben-
zene), rice, copra, petroleum (kerosene), areca-nuts, liquid fuel,
FOOTNOTE: This series of 10 cents coins for the Commissioners fish (dried and salted), iron ore, canned pineapples, palm oil and
of Currency Malaya is limited to only two types minted every other coconut oil. World Almanic, 1940.
year starting with 1939 through 1945. Earlier coinage are listed
under The Straits Settlements. There are four settlements; Singapore

(including the Cocos or Keeling Island) and Christmas Island; Penang
(including Province Wellesley); Malacca; and Labuan (off the coast
of Borneo). The monetary unit of Malaya is the Straits Settlements
dollar equal to 100 cents. The subsidiary coins; 50 cents, 20 cents,
10 cents and 5 cents. World Almanac, 1940.
ENCYCLOPEDIA OF SMALL SILVER COINS - MALAYA - PAGE 341

====================================================================== ======================================================================
MALAYA, BRITISH COLONY of
LONDON MINT FOOTNOTE: 1945 - I (mintmark for Bombay mint,India) Pridmore
====================================================================== states 8,048,100 minted and melted, Remick states one known.
======================================================================
1943 5,000,000
1945 3,151,900
OV: Head of George VI, facing left, GEORGE VI

KING AND EMPEROR OF INDIA around / PM under bust.
RV: Large 10 / CENTS within circle of pearls,

COMMISSIONERS OF CURRENCY MALAYA around,
G DATE G below.
EDGE: Reeded
TYPE: Fineness reduced to .500 1941 - 10 CENT NOTE - UNIFACE

REFERENCE: Y-4a, MAC-6, KM-4a
POPULATION: 1949 - 4,908,000
FOOTNOTE: During 1940 a shortage of coins forced the Commis-

sioners of Currency to authorize the issue of subsidiary paper
money, including a 10 cent currency note. The Japanese invasion
of the Malayan peninsula in December 1941 brought the immediate
issue of Banana Money. This resulted in inflation and by 1945 the
Japanese occupation dollar was equal to 950 Straits dollars. Plans
were set up in London in 1943 for the currency requirements
following the liberation of Malaya. The 10 cents coins dated 1943
were stock piled for this eventuality. Following the end of hostili-
ties, August 1945, these coins were released by the British Military
Administration and an additional issue dated 1945 were shipped
from London. The Japanese invasion had prevented the issuing of
the subsidiary paper money in 1941. This paper currency was
released in 1945 at the same time as the 1943 and 1945 dated Malaysia and Singapore today
coins.
ENCYCLOPEDIA OF SMALL SILVER COINS - MALAYA - PAGE 342
MAURITIUS
====================================================================== ======================================================================

====================================================================== ======================================================================
MAURITIUS, BRITISH COLONY of
BIRMINGHAM MINT FOOTNOTE: Population of Mauritius - c.1892 - 372,664.
======================================================================
20 CENTS 18MM .800 FINE 2.83 GRAMS FOOTNOTE: By order in Council and Proclamation of August 12,
====================================================================== 1876 the Indian rupee was established as the only legal tender
payment of Mauritius and its dependencies, replacing the Spanish
1877 375,000 dollar, British colonial dollar and the Imperial , s. d. of Great Britain.
1882 15,000 The decimal system of Mauritius was an inheritance from the days
1889 250,000 of French rule. One rupee equals 100 cents, with subsidiary silver
coins expressed in denominations of 20 and 10 cents, first dated
OV: Head of Queen Victoria wearing a diadem, in 1877. The British Colony of Ceylon also used the rupee as the
facing left, VICTORIA, left QUEEN, right / H (mintmark) below monetary unit, divided in to 100 cents, however, their subsidiary
bust. coinage is subdivided; 50 cents, 25 cents, and 10 cents, quite like
the British India rupee subdivisions of; 2 rupee, 3 rupee and 2
RV: Large 20 within circle of pearls, | (rosette) annas. To the East, the coinage of the Straits Settlements based on
MAURITIUS | (rosette) above, TWENTY CENTS DATE, below. the dollar monetary unit (originally the 'Mex' dollar or Spanish dollar)
is equal to 100 cents. Note the obverse of the Mauritius 20 cents
EDGE: Reeded with its large numerals is much like the Straits Settlements 10 cents
coinage, being of similar size, fineness. Several issues of China
DESIGNER: William Theed also use the large 10 cents numeral.
MINT: H = THE MINT, BIRMINGHAM,LTD. (Name FOOTNOTE: Mauritius is of an oval form, about 40 miles long from
changed January 1, 1889 from R.HEATON & SONS) north-east to south-west, and 25 miles in breath, and is surrounded
by coral reefs. It is composed chiefly of rugged and irregular
REFERENCE: Y-5, MU5, KM-11 mountains, the highest Montague de La Riviere Noire, 2700 feet,
and the isolated rock Peter Botte, 2600 feet. Between the moun-
FOOTNOTE: Mauritius is a British Island Colony in the Indian Ocean tains, however, and along the coast, there are large and fertile
550 miles east of Madagascar.The island was discovered by plains and valleys, having a rich soil of black vegetable mold or stiff
Mascarenhas (It and the neighboring islands are called the clay. The climate is pleasant during the cool season, but oppres-
Mascarenes) in 1507. Ninety years later the Portuguese aban- sively hot in summer, and the island is occasionally visited by
doned it, and the Dutch seized it in 1598 and named it for their severe epidemics. The island has two railways, crossing it, in all
Prince Maurice; but they in turn abandoned it in 1710. Subse- 87 miles...Population of Mauritius - 368,163 c.1895, two-thirds of
quently it was occupied by the French who named it Isle de France. whom were originally coolies imported to work the sugar estates.
The British occupied the island in 1810 and it was formally ceded New Cabinet Cyclopaedia, Phila.,1896.
to Great Britain in 1815 by the Congress of Vienna.
ENCYCLOPEDIA OF SMALL SILVER COINS - MAURITIUS - PAGE 343

====================================================================== ======================================================================
LONDON MINT
======================================================================
======================================================================
1877 u/m proof only

1878 50,000
1883 100,000
1886 750,000
1899 500,000
OV: Head of Queen Victoria wearing a diadem,

facing left, VICTORIA, left QUEEN, right.
RV: Large 20 within circle of pearls, | (rosette)

MAURITIUS | (rosette) above, TWENTY CENTS DATE, below.
EDGE: Reeded
1893 Fire at capital of Mauritius almost
DESIGNER: William Theed
totally destroys St. Louis
REFERENCE: Y-5, KM-11 ======================================================================
POPULATION: 1900 - 370,407 with capital Port Louis FOOTNOTE: The Island of Rodrigues, 350 miles north-east of
with 53,978 inhabitants. Mauritius is a dependency of Mauritius. Area 40 square miles,
population 1931 - 8,202. Cattle, beans, salt fish and goats are
FOOTNOTE: The commerce of Mauritius is chiefly with Great Brit- principal exports. The Island is under the administration of a Mag-
ain and the British colonies. Exports include sugar, rum, vanilla, istrate from Mauritius, who takes his orders from the Governor of
aloe fiber, molasses and coconuts. Chief imports are cotton goods, Mauritius. Other dependencies - Most of the scattered group of
provisions, coal, machinery and fertilizers. Port Louis is connected coral islands belonging to Great Britain in the Indian Ocean are
by steam-ship lines with Madagascar, Reunion, and British India. It administrated by the Mauritius Government, being visited periodi-
is to the great advantage of the colony that nearly all vessels cally by two Magistrates whose duty is to inquire into the condition
between Europe and India via the Cape of Good Hope touch at of the laborers, and settle any disputes which may be referred to
Port Louis. New International Encyclopedia, 1910. them. The chief product is coconut oil. The most important is Diego
Garcia with a population in 1931 of 445, one of the Chagos Archi-
FOOTNOTE: The Seychelles were a dependency of Mauritius until pelago, which lies on the direct route from the Red Sea to Austra-
August 31, 1903, and it was not until 1939 that the Seychelles lia, and possesses a good harbor. World.Almanac,1940.
ordered from the Royal Mint, London coins of their own.

====================================================================== ======================================================================
LONDON MINT
======================================================================
======================================================================
1934 400,000
1935 400,000
1936 400,000
RV: Head of King George V, facing left GEORGE V

KING, left EMPEROR, right.
OV: Design of four symbols; Crown above, Five

petal Rose left, 17 petal Lotus flower right, Fleurs de Lys below,
inscriptions i MAURITIUS i above KG below / QUARTER
RUPEE DATE below.
EDGE: Reeded
DESIGNER: (Rev) KG = (George) Kruger Gray
POPULATION: 1931 - 393,418 with capital Port Louis

FOOTNOTE: King George V is wearing the Imperial Crown and

ermine robe of State, the Collar of the Most Noble Order of the
Garter and the Badge of the Most Honorable Order of the Bath.
1938 - 3 RUPEE - OBVERSE
FOOTNOTE: Much of the island of Mauritius is still green with ======================================================================
bamboo thickets and forests of coconut palm and other tropical
trees, despite the areas that have been stripped to make way for FOOTNOTE: Two dependencies of Mauritius are; Rodrigues, an
the numerous sugar plantations worked by Hindu coolies. In addi- island 18 miles long and 7 miles broad and the Chagos Islands. The
tion there are Chinese, Malays, Negroes, and about 4000 whites - largest of the Chagos Islands, Diege Garcia is 12 miles long and 6
mostly of the latter descendants of early French colonists when miles wide, with about 500 inhabitants.
the island was called Isle de France. Comption Pictured Encyclo-
pedia, 1922.

1938 - 3 RUPEE - REVERSE 1946 - 3 RUPEE - REVERSE
====================================================================== ======================================================================
MAURITIUS, BRITISH COLONY of MAURITIUS, BRITISH COLONY of
====================================================================== ======================================================================
3 RUPEE 19MM .916 FINE 2.83 GRAMS 3 RUPEE 19MM .500 FINE 2.83 GRAMS
====================================================================== ======================================================================
1938 200,000 1946 2,000,000
RV: Head of King George VI, facing left GEORGE VI RV: Head of King George VI, facing left GEORGE VI
left KING, right EMPEROR, below / PM under bust. left KING, right EMPEROR, below / PM under bust.
OV: Design of four symbols; Crown above, Five OV: Design of four symbols; Crown above, Five
petal Rose left, 17 petal Lotus flower right, Fleurs de Lys below, petal Rose left, 17 petal Lotus flower right, Fleurs de Lys below,
inscriptions i MAURITIUS i above KG below / QUARTER inscriptions i MAURITIUS i above KG below / QUARTER
RUPEE 1938 below. RUPEE 1946 below.
MINT: (no mintmark) = Royal Mint, LONDON MINT: (no mintmark) = Royal Mint, LONDON
DESIGNER: (Obv) PM = Percy Metcalfe DESIGNER: (Obv) PM = Percy Metcalfe

(Rev) KG = (George) Kruger Gray (Rev) KG = (George) Kruger Gray
REFERENCE: Y-16, KM-18 REFERENCE: Y-16a, KM-18a
TYPE: Fineness stirling .916 silver TYPE: Fineness reduced to .500 silver.
FOOTNOTE: The monetary unit of Mauritius is the Mauritius rupee

at par with the Indian rupee.
FOOTNOTE: Creole, a French patois, is the lingua franca of the

island of Mauritius, although five Indian languages, two Chinese
dialects, French and English are also spoken.
FOOTNOTE: The symbols of the obverse design denote; Crown

designating a British Colony, Fleurs de Lys for the French period of
rule, Five petal Rose is for England and the 17 petal Lotus Flower
for the Hindu from India.
Mauritius east of Madagascar

Modern Dime Size Silver Coins of the World ======================================================================
MEXICO MEXICO, REPUBLIC of

ALAMOS MINT
====================================================================== ======================================================================
FOOTNOTE: The Modern Dime Size Silver Coins of Mexico are ======================================================================
arranged by Provincial mints, distinguishing each different assayer
whose initials follow the initials which denote the mint. This 1874 u/m
series is very extensive, yet most of the variations are limited to
the different mint initials and assayer initials. The author has many OV: Eagle on cactus, REPUBLICA MEXICANA
of the different mints and assayer combinations represented in his (Mexican Republic) around / 1874 below.
collection, however they were generally available in the lower
grades of preservation which will show up on the illustrations. RV: Large 10 / CENTAVOS, As (mintmark) DL.902,7
Remember these were the coins of the people and as a result saw above, within wreath of oak and laurel tied with ribbon below.
much usage and therefore wear. An 1882 MoM 10 centavos is
shown for Mexico City in UNC. which illustrates the original condi- EDGE: Reeded
tion of this series.
MINT: As = ALAMOS
FOOTNOTE: The early mintage records of the Provisional mints
were not always complete, therefore the totals for the years 1863 ASSAYER: DL = Domingo Larraguibel
- 1880 are surely understated in the tally of 10 centavos which
totaled 1,086,575 strikings in silver. The known early coinage from REFERENCE: Y-12, KM-403
the Mexican Provisional mints lists; Alamos 13,115, Chihuahua
48,170, Culiacan 8,722, Durango 2,500, Guadalajara 30,064, ======================================================================
Guanajuato 232,000, Hermosillo 3,140, Mexico 562,004, San Luis
Potosi 106,860 and Zacatecas 80,000. From 1881 the combined
output of the Mexican Provisional mints of silver 10 centavos until
they were closed in 1904 came to 35,810,782 coins, including a
small mintage dated 1905 struck at Zacatecas before closing.
Alamos 367,990
Chihuahua
Culiacan
1,572,430
1,834,980
1882 - 10 CENTAVOS - As L
Durango 1,165,588 =====================================================================
Guadalajara 2,527,394 MEXICO, REPUBLIC of
Guanajuato 4,777,000 ALAMOS MINT
Hermosillo 849,200 ======================================================================
Mexico mint 11,494,000 10 CENTAVOS 17MM .9027 FINE 2.707 GRAMS
Oaxaca 52,000 ======================================================================
San Luis Potosi 1,114,950
Zacatecas 10,135,250 1875 u/m
1876 u/m
The wide variation from the Provisional mints most of which were 1878 u/m
near famous mining districts must reflect available silver and the 1879 u/m
needs of the population, except the Mexico Federal Mint whose 1880 13,115
output also reflects wide fluctuations directed by the government. 1882 21,511
During the next 39 years, with the price of silver increased to new 1883 8,520
highs during World War I, followed by the world wide depression 1884 u/m
in the 30s, the combined issue of 18-19MM silver coinage, both 10 1885 15,420
centavos until 1914 and 20 centavos after 1919 from the Mexican 1886 44,739
Federal Mint from 1905 through the last issue dated 1943, amounted 1887 15,000
to 107,740,000 coins. The total recorded output for all Mexican 1888 38,300
mints since 1863 through 1943, a period of 120 years of 18-19MM 1889 19,500
silver coinage comes to 144,571,107 with perhaps another 1-2 1890 40,000
million pieces during the early years of unrecorded mintages, which 1891 38,000
confirms that the small silver coins were produced as coinage for 1892 57,000
the people of Mexico, leaving the export of silver to be coined in the 1893 70,000
8 real size, so well known in the Orient that it was generally
referred to as the Mex Dollar. OV: Eagle on cactus, REPUBLICA MEXICANA
(Mexican Republic) around / DATE below.
FOOTNOTE: Alamos a mining town is situated at an elevation of
1276 feet above the sea, on the Alamos Arroyo, a tributary of the RV: Large 10 / CENTAVOS, As (mintmark) L.902,7
Fuerte River. It gets its name from the immense cottonwoods above, within wreath of oak and laurel tied with ribbon below.
which surround the Plaza. Near by mines date from remote times
and are very productive. Alamos is in the State of Sonora. The EDGE: Reeded
mint opened in 1862 to issue coinage of both gold and silver. The
10 centavos coins were struck from 1874 to 1893. The Alamos MINT: As = ALAMOS
mint closed in 1895.
ASSAYER: L = Domingo Larraguibel
FOOTNOTE: Currency of Mexico - 8 reals or 1 peso = 100 centavos.
ENCYCLOPEDIA OF SMALL SILVER COINS - MEXICO - PAGE 347

====================================================================== ======================================================================
MEXICO, REPUBLIC of MEXICO, REPUBLIC of
CHIHUAHUA MINT CHIHUAHUA MINT
====================================================================== ======================================================================
====================================================================== ======================================================================
1868 u/m 1880 7,620

1869 15,000
1870 17,400 OV: Eagle on cactus, REPUBLICA MEXICANA
(Mexican Republic) around / 1880 below.
OV: Eagle on cactus, REPUBLICA MEXICANA
(Mexican Republic) above. RV: Large 10 / CENTAVOS, CH (mintmark) G.902,7
above, within wreath of oak and laurel tied with ribbon below.
RV: 10 / CENTAVOS, / DATE within wreath / Ca
(mintmark) below. EDGE: Reeded
EDGE: Obliquely reeded MINT: CH = CHIHUAHUA
MINT: Ca = CHIHUAHUA ASSAYER: G = Manuel Gameros
REFERENCE: Y-10, KM-401 REFERENCE: Y-12, KM-403.1
FOOTNOTE: Chihuahua mint opened in 1831. The first 10 centavos ======================================================================

type struck by the Chihuahua mint starting in 1868 was the same
type struck only in 1863 at the San Luis Potosi mint, known as the
wreath reverse. Chihuahua is the capital of the State of Chihua-
hua. It is located 999 miles from Mexico City.
FOOTNOTE: Chihuahua (pronounced Che-wah-wah) is situated

4,600 feet above the level of the sea., derives its name from the
two indian (tarahumare) words signifying place of the worship.
The region roundabout is celebrated for its enormous output of 1895 - 10 CENTAVOS - Ca M
ores. The Cathedral dates from 1717 and one of the old bells in the =====================================================================
tower has a hole that was shot through it by the Republican forces MEXICO, REPUBLIC of
who bombarded the town when it was in possession of the French CHIHUAHUA MINT
troops of Maximilian in 1866. ======================================================================
FOOTNOTE: Mexican coat of Arms dating back to 1823 has been ======================================================================
the Eagle sitting on a cactus with a snake in its beak. The repre-
sentation comes from Indian Mythology. 1887 96,070
1888 298,800
====================================================================== 1889 114,770
MEXICO, REPUBLIC of 1890 139,640
CHIHUAHUA MINT 1891 162,990
====================================================================== 1892 169,110
10 CENTAVOS 17MM .9027 FINE 2.707 GRAMS 1893 246,100
====================================================================== 1894 162,960
1895 127,400
1871 8,150
1873 u/m OV: Eagle on cactus, REPUBLICA MEXICANA
1874 u/m (Mexican Republic) around / DATE below.
1881 340 no assayer
1883 9,000 RV: Large 10 / CENTAVOS, Ca (mintmark) M.902,7
1884 u/m above, within wreath of oak and laurel tied with ribbon below.
1886 45,250
EDGE: Reeded
(Mexican Republic) around / DATE below. MINT: Ca = CHIHUAHUA
RV: Large 10 / CENTAVOS, CH. (mintmark) M.902,7 ASSAYER: M = Manuel Merino

EDGE: Reeded
MINT: CH. = CHIHUAHUA
ASSAYER: M = Manuel Merino

====================================================================== ======================================================================
CULIACAN MINT CULIACAN MINT
====================================================================== ======================================================================
====================================================================== ======================================================================
1871 u/m 1885 18,240

1873 8,732 1886 12,880
1887 10,820
OV: Eagle on cactus, REPUBLICA MEXICANA 1888 56,360
(Mexican Republic) around / 1873 below. 1889 42,090
1890 131,920
RV: Large 10 / CENTAVOS, Cn (mintmark) P.902,7 1891 84,140
above, within wreath of oak and laurel tied with ribbon below. 1892 36,540
1894 43,100
EDGE: Reeded 1895 22,880
1896 120,870
MINT: Cn = CULIACAN
ASSAYER: P = Manuel Onefre Parodi (Mexican Republic) around / DATE below.
REFERENCE: Y-12, KM-403.2 RV: Large 10 / CENTAVOS, Cn (mintmark) M.902,7

======================================================================
MEXICO, REPUBLIC of EDGE: Reeded
CULIACAN MINT
====================================================================== MINT: Cn = CULIACAN
====================================================================== ASSAYER: M = Antonio Moreno
1881 9,440 REFERENCE: Y-12, KM-403.2

1882 12,230
======================================================================
OV: Eagle on cactus, REPUBLICA MEXICANA MEXICO, REPUBLIC of
(Mexican Republic) around / DATE below. CULIACAN MINT
======================================================================
RV: Large 10 / CENTAVOS, Cn (mintmark) D.902,7 10 CENTAVOS 17MM .9027 FINE 2.707 GRAMS
above, within wreath of oak and laurel tied with ribbon below. ======================================================================
EDGE: Reeded 1898 9.870
MINT: Cn = CULIACAN OV: Eagle on cactus, REPUBLICA MEXICANA

ASSAYER: D = Juan Dominguez
RV: Large 10 / CENTAVOS, Cn (mintmark) M.902,7
REFERENCE: Y-12. KM-403.2 above, within wreath of oak and laurel tied with ribbon below.
FOOTNOTE: Culiacan Rosales (Aztec, Col-hua-can) for the place EDGE: Reeded
where the God Coltzin is revered. It is the capital of the Mexican
State of Sinaloa on the left bank of the Culiacan River. Known as MINT: Cn = CULIACAN
Culiacan Rosales, from a famous patriot son and military General
Victor Rosales. The Culiacan mint dates from 1846 producing many ASSAYER: M = Antonio Moreno
issues of gold and silver coinage until 1905. The railway was
completed in 1908 and the city has prospered since. REFERENCE: Y-17, KM-404
Mexican village - 1902

1903 - 10 CENTAVOS - Cn Q - OBV 1903 - 10 CENTAVOS - Cn Q - REV
====================================================================== ======================================================================
MEXICO, REPUBLIC of
CULIACAN MINT
======================================================================
======================================================================
1899 79,700
1900 159,900
1901 235,000 1903 - 10 CENTAVOS - Cn V
1902 186,000 ======================================================================
1903 256,000 MEXICO, REPUBLIC of
CULIACAN MINT
OV: Eagle on cactus, REPUBLICA MEXICANA ======================================================================
(Mexican Republic) around / DATE below. 10 CENTAVOS 17MM .9027 FINE 2.707 GRAMS
======================================================================
RV: Large 10 / CENTAVOS, Cn (mintmark) Q.902,7
above, within wreath of oak and laurel tied with ribbon below. 1903 included with Cn Q
EDGE: Reeded OV: Eagle on cactus, REPUBLICA MEXICANA

MINT: Cn = CULIACAN
RV: Large 10 / CENTAVOS, Cn (mintmark) V.902,7
ASSAYER: Q = Jesus S. Quiroz above, within wreath of oak and laurel tied with ribbon below.
MINT: Cn = CULIACAN
ASSAYER: V = Francisco Valdes
Early Mexican Arms

====================================================================== ======================================================================
CULIACAN MINT DURANGO MINT
====================================================================== ======================================================================
====================================================================== ======================================================================
1904 307,000 1879 u/m

1880/79 u/m rare
(Mexican Republic) around / 1904 below. OV: Eagle on cactus, REPUBLICA MEXICANA
RV: Large 10 / CENTAVOS, Cn (mintmark) H.902,7
above, within wreath of oak and laurel tied with ribbon below. RV: Large 10 / CENTAVOS, Do (mintmark) B.902,7
EDGE: Reeded
EDGE: Reeded
MINT: Cn = CULIACAN
MINT: Do = DURANGO
ASSAYER: H = Merced Hernandez
ASSAYER: B = Trinidad Barrera
======================================================================
MEXICO, REPUBLIC of FOOTNOTE: Durango, a city of Mexico, capital of the State of
DURANGO MINT Durango, located 671 miles N.W. of Mexico City, on an elevation
====================================================================== 6845 feet above the sea. The city is well built, has a cathedral, and
10 CENTAVOS 17MM .9027 FINE 2.707 GRAMS manufactures of cotton and woolen goods, leather, etc. The area
====================================================================== has valuable gold, silver and iron mines.
1878 2,500
======================================================================
RV: Large 10 / CENTAVOS, Do (mintmark) E.902,7

EDGE: Reeded
MINT: Do = DURANGO 1889 - 10 CENTAVOS - Do C

ASSAYER: E = Pedro Espejo ======================================================================
MEXICO, REPUBLIC of
REFERENCE: Y-12, KM-403.3 DURANGO MINT
======================================================================
FOOTNOTE: The Durango mint opened in 1811 under the Spanish. 10 CENTAVOS 17MM .9027 FINE 2.707 GRAMS
It closed in 1895. Durango derives its name from the old Spanish ======================================================================
city in the Basque Province of Durango.
1884 u/m
1886 12,726
1887 81,480
1888 31,375
1889 55,223
1890 50,021

FOOTNOTE: Durango, sometimes called Ciudad de Victoria, or
RV: Large 10 / CENTAVOS, Do (mintmark) C.902,7
Guadiana, a city of Mexico, the capital of the State of Durango, lies
near the foot of the south-eastern slope of the Sierra Madre, at a
height of 6847 feet above the sea. It possesses a cathedral, ten
EDGE: Reeded
parish churches, a hospital, government-buildings, a penitentiary,
a state prison, a bull-ring, and a large cock-pit. It is well supplied
MINT: Do = DURANGO
with water by thermal and other springs, which also fill consider-
able number of channels along the street. Trade is carried on with
ASSAYER: C = Manuel Canseco or Melchor Calderon
the northern and north-western states; and besides the Durango
mint, a gold refinery, and other offices connected with the mining
operations, there are a glass works, printing-presses, and facto-
ries for cotton and woolen goods, leather, and tobacco. In 1868
there were 12,449 inhabitants. Encyclopedia Britannica, 9th Ed.
1887
ENCYCLOPEDIA
. OF SMALL SILVER COINS - MEXICO - PAGE 351
====================================================================== ======================================================================
DURANGO MINT GUADALAJARA MINT
====================================================================== ======================================================================
====================================================================== ======================================================================
1891 138,861 1871 4,734

1892 212,257 1873 25,330
1874 u/m
(Mexican Republic) around / DATE below. OV: Eagle on cactus, REPUBLICA MEXICANA
RV: Large 10 / CENTAVOS, Do (mintmark) P.902,7
above, within wreath of oak and laurel tied with ribbon below. RV: Large 10 / CENTAVOS, Ga (mintmark) C.902,7
EDGE: Reeded
EDGE: Reeded
MINT: Do = DURANGO
MINT: Ga = GUADALAJARA
ASSAYER: P = J. Miguel Palma
ASSAYER: C = Ignacio Canizo y Soto
======================================================================
FOOTNOTE: Guadalajara, from the Arabic Wala-l-hajarah or
rocky river is named for the modern city of Guadalajara in Spain.
It is situated 5200 feet above sea level.
======================================================================
1892 - 10 CENTAVOS - Do D
======================================================================
MEXICO, REPUBLIC of
DURANGO MINT
====================================================================== 1873 - 10 CENTAVOS - Ga C
10 CENTAVOS 17MM .9027 FINE 2.707 GRAMS ======================================================================
====================================================================== MEXICO, REPUBLIC of
GUADALAJARA MINT
1892 included with Do P ======================================================================
1893 257,902 10 CENTAVOS 17MM .9027 FINE 2.707 GRAMS
1894 183,713 ======================================================================
1895 142,030
1877 u/m
OV: Eagle on cactus, REPUBLICA MEXICANA 1881 115,447
RV: Large 10 / CENTAVOS, Do (mintmark) D.902,7 (Mexican Republic) around / DATE below.
RV: Large 10 / CENTAVOS, Ga (mintmark) A.902,7
EDGE: Reeded above, within wreath of oak and laurel tied with ribbon below.
MINT: Do = DURANGO EDGE: Reeded
ASSAYER: D = Norberto Dominguez MINT: Ga = GUADALAJARA
REFERENCE: Y-12, KM-403.3 ASSAYER: A = Julio Aranciva
POPULATION: 1895 - State of Durango 292,549 REFERENCE: Y-12, KM-403.4

including city of Durango with 26,428 inhabitants.

====================================================================== ======================================================================
GUADALAJARA MINT GUADALAJARA MINT
====================================================================== ======================================================================
====================================================================== ======================================================================
1881 included with Ga A 1884 u/m

1885 93,412
(Mexican Republic) around / 1881 below. OV: Eagle on cactus, REPUBLICA MEXICANA
RV: Large 10 / CENTAVOS, Ga (mintmark) S.902,7
above, within wreath of oak and laurel tied with ribbon below. RV: Large 10 / CENTAVOS, Ga (mintmark) H.902,7
EDGE: Reeded
EDGE: Reeded
ASSAYER: S = Fernando Sayago
ASSAYER: H = Antonio Hernandez y Prado
FOOTNOTE: Guadalajara is the capital of the State of Jalisco. It is
the second largest city in Mexico, located 381 miles from Mexico ======================================================================
City., situated 3600 feet above sea-level. The surrounding district
is fertile and rich in silver-mines.
======================================================================
MEXICO, REPUBLIC of
GUADALAJARA MINT
======================================================================
====================================================================== 1892 - 10 CENTAVOS - Ga S
======================================================================
1883 90,000 MEXICO, REPUBLIC of
1884 u/m GUADALAJARA MINT
======================================================================
OV: Eagle on cactus, REPUBLICA MEXICANA 10 CENTAVOS 17MM .9027 FINE 2.707 GRAMS
(Mexican Republic) around / DATE below. ======================================================================
RV: Large 10 / CENTAVOS, Ga (mintmark) B.902,7 1886 151,405

above, within wreath of oak and laurel tied with ribbon below. 1887 162,418
1888 225,000
EDGE: Reeded 1889 310,092
1890 303,185
MINT: Ga = GUADALAJARA 1891 199,000
1892 329,435
ASSAYER: B = Trinidad Barrera 1893 225,000
1894 243,000
REFERENCE: Y-12, KM-403.4 1895 80,000
FOOTNOTE: Guadalajara, capital of the Mexican State of Jalisco, in OV: Eagle on cactus, REPUBLICA MEXICANA
the fruitful valley of Atemajac, on the Rio de Santiago; a large and (Mexican Republic) around / DATE below.
handsome city, with a fine cathedral, being an Archbishops See,
and other good buildings, a university, the Guadalajara mint, con- RV: Large 10 / CENTAVOS, Ga (mintmark) S.902,7
vents, etc. Various manufactures are carried on, as those of sil- above, within wreath of oak and laurel tied with ribbon below.
versmiths and goldsmiths wares, paper, leather, hats, pottery,
cloth; etc. Population - 1890 - 93,875. New Cabinet Cyclopaedia, EDGE: Reeded
Phila., 1896.
ASSAYER: S = Jose S. Schiafino
FOOTNOTE: Mining is the principle industry in Mexico. It is carried

on in 24 of the 31 States and Territories, nearly all the mines yield-
ing silver either alone or in combination with other ores. The
Statesmen's Year-Book, London 1916.

======================================================================
MEXICO, EMPIRE of
GUANAJUATO MINT
======================================================================
======================================================================
1864 45,000
1865 u/m
OV: Crowned Imperial Eagle on cactus, IMPERIO

MEXICANO (Mexican Empire) above, partial wreath, below.
of laurel.
RV: 10 / CENT. / DATE / G (mintmark), within wreath City of Guanajuato
EDGE: Reeded FOOTNOTE: Santa Fe de Guanajuato is the capital of the State of
Guanajuato, Mexico situated 6200 feet above sea-level and 165
MINT: G = GUANAJUATO miles northwest of Mexico City. In the vicinity are numerous silver
mines, among the richest in Mexico. One of the richest, oldest, and
REFERENCE: Y-S34, KM-386 most picturesque towns in the Republic, is poised high above the
great plateau, in a narrow mountain gorge traversed by the
Guanajuato River. The ground beneath the irregular city is honey-
FOOTNOTE: With the help of the beautiful and provocative Spanish combed with tunnels and shafts which tap immense rich deposits
wife of Napoleon III, Eugenia de Montijo, the monachists sent a of gold and silver ore.
commission to Paris which finally chose the Austrian Archduke
Maximilian and his Belgian-born wife Carlota as Emperor and Em- ======================================================================
press of Mexico. Pope Pius IX gave his blessing and the French
Army its support. After a three year struggle Maximilian was shot
on the hill of Las Camanias near Queretaro.
======================================================================
MEXICO, REPUBLIC of
GUANAJUATO MINT
====================================================================== 1884 - 10 CENTAVOS - Go B
======================================================================
======================================================================
MEXICO, REPUBLIC of
1869 7,000
GUANAJUATO MINT
1871 60,000
======================================================================
1872 60,000
1873 50,000
======================================================================
1874 u/m
1875 u/m
1883 u/m
1876 u/m
1884 u/m
1877 u/m
1878 10,000
1879 u/m
1880 u/m
1881 100,000
RV: Large 10 / CENTAVOS, Go (mintmark) B.902,7
1882 40,000
1884 u/m
EDGE: Reeded
MINT: Go = GUANAJUATO
RV: Large 10 / CENTAVOS, Go (mintmark) S.902,7
ASSAYER: B = unknown
EDGE: Reeded
FOOTNOTE: The name Guanajuato is derived from Guanaxhuato,
a Tarascan Indian word signifying hill of the frogs. Mexican histo-
ASSAYER: S = unknown
rians agree that this appellation was given to the place because of
the great number of frogs which once made the spot their habitat;
and also because of an enormous stone chiseled to represent a
frog (rana), which was found there by the ancient Chichimels and
long worshiped by them in lieu of a more suitable divinity.

====================================================================== ======================================================================
MEXICO, REPUBLIC of FOOTNOTE: The Guanajuato mint first opened by Hidalgo in 1810
GUANAJUATO MINT as a regal mint closed in 1900 when all coinage was centralized at
====================================================================== the Mexico Federal Mint at Mexico City.
====================================================================== FOOTNOTE: Guanajuato, capital of the Mexican State of the same
name, 160 miles north-west of Mexico City, is situated in a narrow
1885 100,000 defile, hemmed in by mountains, at the height of 6800 feet above
1886 95,000 the sea, with steep irregular streets, but well-built houses. Popu-
1887 330,000 lation - 1890 - 52,112. Guanajuatos mines once the richest in the
1888 270,000 world, still yield a large amount of gold and silver. New Cabinet
1889 205,000 Cyclopaedia, Phila. 1896.
1890 270,000
1891 523,000
1892 440,000
1893 389,000
1894 400,000
1895 355,000
1896 190,000
1897 205,000

RV: Large 10 / CENTAVOS, Go (mintmark) R.902,7

EDGE: Reeded
ASSAYER: R = Rosendo Sandoval
======================================================================
Map of Sonora State, Mexico
Hermosillo & Alamos mints
Map from Complete Geography, H.Justin Roddy, 1902
======================================================================
MEXICO, REPUBLIC of
HERMOSILLO MINT
1892 - 10 CENTAVOS - Go R ======================================================================
====================================================================== ======================================================================
MEXICO, REPUBLIC of
GUANAJUATO MINT 1874 u/m
======================================================================
10 CENTAVOS 17MM .9027 FINE 2.707 GRAMS OV: Eagle on cactus, REPUBLICA MEXICANA
====================================================================== (Mexican Republic) around / 1874 below.
1898 435,000 RV: Large 10 / CENTAVOS, Ho (mintmark) R.902,7

1899 270,000 above, within wreath of oak and laurel tied with ribbon below.
1900 130,000
EDGE: Reeded
(Mexican Republic) around / DATE below. MINT: Ho = HERMOSILLO
RV: Large 10 / CENTAVOS, Go (mintmark) R.902,7 ASSAYER: R = Pablo Rubio

EDGE: Reeded
FOOTNOTE: Hermosillo is the capital of the Mexican State of Sonora.
MINT: Go = GUANAJUATO It stands almost athwart the entrance to a wild gorge through
which flows the Sonora River. It is 1700 miles from Mexico City.
ASSAYER: R = Rosendo Sandoval Although the Hermosillo mint dates from 1832, not until 1861 was
gold and silver regularly coined.The Hermosillo mint closed in 1895.
REFERENCE: Y-17, KM-404.1 Sonora is south of the U.S./ Mexican border, below Arizona.
======================================================================

====================================================================== ======================================================================
MEXICO, REPUBLIC of
HERMOSILLO MINT
======================================================================
======================================================================
1876 3,140
OV: Eagle on cactus, REPUBLICA MEXICANA 1884 - 10 CENTAVOS - Ho M

(Mexican Republic) around / 1876 below. ======================================================================
MEXICO, REPUBLIC of
RV: Large 10 / CENTAVOS, Ho (mintmark) F.902,7 HERMOSILLO MINT
EDGE: Reeded ======================================================================
MINT: Ho = HERMOSILLO 1884 u/m

1885 20,500
ASSAYER: F = Alejandro Fourcadi 1886 10,000
REFERENCE: Y-12, KM-403.6 OV: Eagle on cactus, REPUBLICA MEXICANA

======================================================================
MEXICO, REPUBLIC of RV: Large 10 / CENTAVOS, Ho (mintmark) M.902,7
HERMOSILLO MINT above, within wreath of oak and laurel tied with ribbon below.
======================================================================
10 CENTAVOS 17MM .9027 FINE 2.707 GRAMS EDGE: Reeded
======================================================================
MINT: Ho = HERMOSILLO
1878 u/m
1879 u/m ASSAYER: M = Fernando Mendez
1880 u/m
1881 28,300 REFERENCE: Y-12, KM-403.6
1882 25,200
1883 7,000 no A
1884 u/m

RV: Large 10 / CENTAVOS, Ho (mintmark) A.902,7

MEXICO, REPUBLIC of
EDGE: Reeded HERMOSILLO MINT
======================================================================
MINT: Ho = HERMOSILLO 10 CENTAVOS 18MM .9027 FINE 2.707 GRAMS
======================================================================
ASSAYER: A = Jesus Acosta
1886 included with Ho M
REFERENCE: Y-12, KM-403.6 1887 u/m
1888 24,800
1889 42,400
1890 48,000
1891 136,000
1892 440,000
1893 67,000

RV: Large 10 / CENTAVOS, Ho (mintmark) G.902,7

EDGE: Reeded
MINT: Ho = HERMOSILLO
Two wheeled cart ASSAYER: G = Fausto Gaxiola

Sketch by Frederic Remington, Harpers New Magazine REFERENCE: Y-12a, KM-403.6

======================================================================
MEXICO, EMPIRE of
MEXICO MINT
======================================================================
======================================================================
1864 u/m
1866 u/m
Mexico City
OV: Crowned Imperial Eagle on cactus, IMPERIO Engraving from Encyclopaedia of Geograhpy, Phila., 1839
MEXICANO (Mexican Empire) above, partial wreath, below.
FOOTNOTE: Mexico City is the most ancient, and one of the most
RV: 10 / CENT. / DATE / M (mintmark), within populous cities in America. It is situated near Lake Texcuco, in a
wreath of laurel. delightful valley, which is 230 miles in circumference, and elevated
more than 7,000 feet above the level of the ocean. It is regularly
EDGE: Reeded built in the form of a square, of four miles on each side. It is
distinguished for the width and regularity of its streets, the splen-
MINT: M = MEXICO MINT dor of its public edifices, and for its mint, at which more money is
coined than at any other in the world. Olneys Geography, 1849.
REFERENCE: Y-S34, KM-386.1
======================================================================
FOOTNOTE: The Second Mexican Empire - Between 1864 and MEXICO, REPUBLIC of
1867 Mexico was occupied by French troops and the Archduke MEXICO MINT
Maximilian of Austria was crowned Emperor Ferdinand Maximilian ======================================================================
of Mexico at the age of 32. The reign was brief and lasted until his 10 CENTAVOS 17MM .9027 FINE 2.707 GRAMS
execution at Queretaro on June 19, 1867. ======================================================================
FOOTNOTE: Maximilian, Emperor of Mexico, known in his earlier 1869 30,001

life as Ferdinand Maximilian Joseph, Archduke of Austria, born at 1870 110,000
Vienna, 1832, was the younger brother of Francis Joseph I of 1871 84,003
Austria. In 1863 he was induced by the Emperor Napoleon III and
also by a deputation of Mexican notables, to accept the throne of OV: Eagle on cactus, REPUBLICA MEXICANA
Mexico. With this intention he entered Mexico in June 1864. (Mexican Republic) around / DATE below.
Maximilian was at first extremely popular; yet he failed to conciliate
either the Church Party or the Republicans, and the latter, under RV: Large 10 / CENTAVOS, Mo (mintmark) C.902,7
Juarez, rose in revolt. Having become involved in financial and above, within wreath of oak and laurel tied with ribbon below.
political difficulties, Maximilian, with the approval of Napoleon III,
resolved to abdicate in 1866, and he had proceeded to Orizaba EDGE: Reeded
when he was induced to return by the Conservative Party in the
state. The fighting which followed culminated in the capture and MINT: Mo = MEXICO MINT
execution of the Emperor and two of his chief generals, June 19,
1867. New Cabinet Cyclopaedia, Phila., 1896.. ASSAYER: C = unknown
======================================================================
MEXICO, REPUBLIC of REFERENCE: Y-12, KM-403.7
MEXICO MINT
====================================================================== ======================================================================
10 CENTAVOS 18MM .9027 FINE 2.707 GRAMS MEXICO, REPUBLIC of
====================================================================== MEXICO MINT
======================================================================
1867 u/m 10 CENTAVOS 17MM .9027 FINE 2.707 GRAMS
1868 u/m ======================================================================
OV: Eagle on cactus, REPUBLICA MEXICANA 1871 included with Mo C

(Mexican Republic) above. 1872 198,000
1873 40,000
RV: Phrygian Liberty Cap and Rays, 10 CENTAVOS 1874 u/m
DATE / Mo (mintmark) below.
EDGE: Ornamented (Mexican Republic) around / DATE below.
MINT: Mo = MEXICO MINT RV: Large 10 / CENTAVOS, Mo (mintmark) M.902,7

EDGE: Reeded
FOOTNOTE: In 1871 Juarez was elected President, succeeded by MINT: Mo = MEXICO MINT
Lerdo de Tejada, who in 1876 was overthrown by Porfirio Diaz,
who has shown himself to be an able President, re-elected in ASSAYER: M = unknown (M H)
1888. New Cabinet Cyclopaedia, Phila., 1896.

======================================================================
MEXICO, REPUBLIC of
MEXICO MINT
======================================================================
======================================================================
1877 u/m
1878 100,000
1879 u/m
1880 u/m
1881 510,000
1882 550,000
1883/2 250,000
1884 u/m
1885 470,000
1886 603,000
1887 580,000
1888 710,000
1889 622,000
1890 815,000
1891 859,000
1892 1,030,000
1893 310,000
1894 350,000
1895 320,000
1896 340,000 including Mo B
1882 -10 CENTAVOS - Mo M - OBV 1897 170,000
====================================================================== OV: Eagle on cactus, REPUBLICA MEXICANA

MEXICO, REPUBLIC of (Mexican Republic) around / DATE below.
MEXICO MINT
====================================================================== RV: Large 10 / CENTAVOS, Mo (mintmark) M.902,7
10 CENTAVOS 17MM .9027 FINE 2.707 GRAMS above, within wreath of oak and laurel tied with ribbon below.
======================================================================
EDGE: Reeded
1875 u/m
1876 u/m MINT: Mo = MEXICO MINT
OV: Eagle on cactus, REPUBLICA MEXICANA ASSAYER: M = Adolfo Medina

RV: Large 10 / CENTAVOS, Mo (mintmark) B.902,7
above, within wreath of oak and laurel tied with ribbon below. POPULATION: 1890 - Mexico - 9,787,629 with capital
Mexico City with 344,000 inhabitants.
EDGE: Reeded
FOOTNOTE: Mexico (Aztec), The place of Mexitli, the Aztec God of
MINT: Mo = MEXICO MINT War. Compendium of Universal Knowladge, Phila.,1891
ASSAYER: B = unknown (B H)
FOOTNOTE: Juarez, Benito Pablo, President of the Mexican Re-

public, was born of pure Indian parentage in 1806, and was elected
President in 1861. He declared the suspension of public payments
for two years to Europeans, a step which occasioned the interfer-
ence of Britain, Spain, and France. Troops were landed in Mexico
in 1862, but Britain and Spain soon retired, leaving Napoleon III to
carry out his views alone. Maximilian of Austria came on Napoleons
invitation to assume the throne of Mexico, but Juarez, in spite of
defeats and losses, continued to head a resistance, and when
Napoleon III under pressure from the American Government with-
drew his troops in 1866, the Republicans carried all before them.
Maximilian was captured and shot after a mock trial, and Juarez
was re-elected to the Presidency in 1867, which he held till he died
in 1872. New Cabinet Cyclopaedia, Phila., 1896..
FOOTNOTE: General Porfirio Diaz entered Mexico City November

24, 1876 at the head of a revolutionary army and proclaimed the
Provisional Presidency.
Mexico, South of the border
1904 -10 CENTAVOS - Mo M
======================================================================
MEXICO, REPUBLIC of
MEXICO MINT
======================================================================
======================================================================
1898 130,000
1899 190,000
1900 311,000
1901 80,000
1902 181,000
1903 581,000
1904 1,266,000
1905 266,000

1882 - 10 CENTAVOS - Mo M - REV RV: Large 10 / CENTAVOS, Mo (mintmark) M.902,7
======================================================================
EDGE: Reeded
MINT: Mo = MEXICO MINT
ASSAYER: M = Adolfo Medina
1896 - 10 CENTAVOS - Mo B REFERENCE: Y-17, KM-404.2

======================================================================
MEXICO, REPUBLIC of FOOTNOTE: Mexico City, Capital of the Republic of Mexico, is situ-
MEXICO MINT ated within the State of Mexico in the Federal District (461 sq.
====================================================================== miles), about 7400 feet above the level of the sea, near several
10 CENTAVOS 17MM .9027 FINE 2.707 GRAMS lakes. It is situated at about equal distance from Vera Cruz on the
====================================================================== Mexican Gulf, and Acapulco on the Pacific, and is laid out with
great regularity. It is on the site of the ancient City of Tenochtitlan,
1896 included with Mo M which was destroyed on the capture of Mexico by the Spaniards
in 1521. the principal public buildings are the cathedral, forming
OV: Eagle on cactus, REPUBLICA MEXICANA one of the sides of the central square, the Palace of Government;
(Mexican Republic) around / DATE below. the College of Mines, a noble building, but now somewhat dilapi-
dated; the Mexican Federal Mint, with a front of 360 feet by 250 in
RV: Large 10 / CENTAVOS, Mo (mintmark) B.902,7 depth, the town-house, the University, etc. There are numerous
above, within wreath of oak and laurel tied with ribbon below. convents, hospitals, churches, theatres, etc. The manufactures
are of comparative limited extent, and the trade is mostly in the
EDGE: Reeded hands of foreigners. Mexico enjoys a mild climate, and a pure and
healthy atmosphere. Population on Mexico City - 1891 - 329,535.
MINT: Mo = MEXICO MINT New Cabinet Cyclopaedia, Phila., 1896..
ASSAYER: B = unknown FOOTNOTE: President Diaz established a new monetary system

by decree on March 25, 1905, closing all Provincial mints. This
REFERENCE: Y-12, KM-403.7 discontinued free coinage of silver, and did not provide for free
coinage of gold, but additional silver money could be coined for
those presenting gold. Old subsidiary coins which were .902 65/
FOOTNOTE: The Federal Mint is located in the capital Mexico City, 72 fine, were to be replaced by new ones containing 25 grams of
and there are 13 Assay offices (Federal). Between 1914 and silver, 0.800 fine, to the peso. The coinage ratio for the old peso
1918, due to the internal fighting, the metallic currency has entirely worked out at 32.59 to 1, and the bullion parity was 63.4 U.S. cents
disappeared from circulation. Even the 20, 10, and 5 centavos per ounce. For the new subsidiary coins, the corresponding fig-
pieces have been replaced by strips of cardboard for these de- ures were a coinage ratio of 26.67 to 1, and a bullion parity of 77.4
nominations. An enormous quantity of paper money is in circula- U.S.cents per ounce. Silver Money by D.Leavens, Bloomington,Ind.
tion. The Statesmen's Year-Book, London, 1916. 1939.
====================================================================== ======================================================================

1906 - 10 CENTAVOS - M
======================================================================
MEXICO, UNITED STATES of
MEXICO MINT
======================================================================
======================================================================
1905 3,920,000
1906 8,410,000
1907 5,950,000
1909 2,620,000
1910 3,450,000
1911 2,550,000
1912 1,350,000
1913 1,990,000
1914 3,110,000
OV: Eagle on cactus, ESTADOS UNIDOS MEXICANO

(United States of Mexico) around / partial wreath of oak and
laurel, below.
1919 - 20 CENTAVOS - REVERSE
======================================================================
RV: Rayed Liberty Cap, LIBERDAD (Liberty) incised MEXICO, UNITED STATES of
on cap / 10 / M (mintmark) / CENTAVOS / DATE within wreath of MEXICO MINT
oak and laurel tied with ribbon below. ======================================================================
EDGE: Reeded ======================================================================
MINT: M = Federal Mint, MEXICO 1919 4,155,000
REFERENCE: Y-39, KM-428 OV: Eagle on cactus, ESTADOS UNIDOS MEXICANO

(United States of Mexico) around / partial wreath of oak and
POPULATION: Mexico - 1912 - 15,063,207 with capital laurel, below.
Mexico City with 470,659 inhabitants.
RV: Rayed Liberty Cap, LIBERDAD (Liberty) incised
FOOTNOTE: Mexico City is a Federal District and the capital of on cap / 20 / CENTAVOS / 1919 within wreath of oak and laurel
United States of Mexico. Mexico City is 800 miles south of the tied with ribbon below, M (mintmark) dividing 20 (denomination).
border from Texas.
EDGE: Reeded
FOOTNOTE: The monetary unit of Mexico is the silver dollar or
peso, worth U.S. 49.8 cents in 1910. The peso is equal to 100 MINT: M = Federal Mint, MEXICO
centavos.
FOOTNOTE: In 1910, Portifio Diaz, though in his 80th year is again
elected President of Mexico by an overwhelming majority. FOOTNOTE: A rise in the price of silver caused a reduction in the
size and weight of the 10 centavos to 15 MM - 1.8125 grams and
the 20 centavos as above, the design remained similar to the
previous issue.
FOOTNOTE: The 20 centavos is often called by the Mexicans a

peseta, the diminutive of peso, whereas the ten centavos is re-
ferred to as un decimo or a tenth or dime. Men carrying specie in
canvas sacks are familiar features in the Mexican streets. A
strong tobacco pouch with tie-string is a handy receptacle in which
to carry Mexican coins. Terrys Guide to Mexico, 1930.
FOOTNOTE: The National Coat of Arms of Mexico is described: In

an open wreath of oak and laurel branches, an Eagle with wings
displayed, the head turned to right, a serpent grasped in beak and
right claw, perched with the left foot upon a nopal cactus growing
upon a rock which emerges from water.

25 Centavos 1913 State of Sonora
FOOTNOTE: The event of chief importance in Mexico in 1920 was
the successful revolt against President Venustiano Carranza, who
for nearly six years, since August 14, 1914, had ruled the country,
though he had never succeeded in entirely restoring order. He
was not friendly to the Administration in Washington and the rela-
tions between his country and the United States remained unsatis-
factory. This was due chiefly to his failure to prevent the killing of
American citizens and the destruction of American property in
Mexico. The revolution against Carranza began in the State of
Sonora April 10, 1920, when proclamations appeared on the streets
of Agua Prieta calling the citizens to take up arms against the
Central Government on the grounds that after ten years of fighting
it had not accomplished anything for the best interests of Mexico.
The movement was led by Gov.Adolfo de La Huerta, who an- 1920 - 20 CENTAVOS - OBVERSE
nounced that the Congress or Legislature of the State had voted to ======================================================================
secede and would resist any attempt on the part of Carranza MEXICO, UNITED STATES of
Administration to send troops into Sonora. Gen.P Elias Calles was MEXICO MINT
made Commander of the military forces of the Republic of Sonora. ======================================================================
The rebellion spread rapidly to other states and Gen. Alvaro 20 CENTAVOS 19MM .720 FINE 3.333 GRAMS
Obregon, who had been technically under arrest in Mexico City on ======================================================================
the charge of aiding General Roberto Cejudo, another rebel leader,
took Command. He was a candidate for the Presidency to succeed 1920 3,710,000
Carranza and as such was looked upon with suspicion by the 1921 6,160,000
heads of the government. Troops from Sonora invaded the State 1925 1,450,000
of Sinaloa and under the leadership of Gen. Angel Flores made 1926 1,465,000
rapid progress southward. President Carranza was deserted by 1927 1,405,000
many of his officers and soldiers and the revolt spread so rapidly 1928 3,630,000
that in less than two weeks Mexico City was practically besieged. 1930 1,000,000
On April 22 the rebels in Sonora set up a new Provisional Govern- 1933 2,500,000
ment with General de La Huerta as Supreme Commander and 1934 2,500,000
called upon Carranza to relinquish the Presidency. On May 7 1935 2,460,000
Carranza with a few of his soldiers fled from Mexico City on the 1937 10,000,000
approach of General Obregon. He was pursued by General Ben- 1939 8,800,000
jamin Hill, General Trevino and other rebel commanders and after a 1940 3,000,000
number of minor engagements they surrounded him in the moun- 1941 5,740,000
tains of Puebla. There he and his few followers were attacked by 1942 12,460,000
General Rodolfe Herrero and early on the morning of May 20 he 1943 3,955,000
was shot and killed at Tlaxcalaltongo. The exact circumstances of
his death were not made known, though, according to statements OV: Eagle on cactus, ESTADOS UNIDOS MEXICANO
made by General Obregon, the killing was contrary to his wishes (United States of Mexico) around / partial wreath of oak and
and orders. The body of the dead Chief was brought to Mexico laurel, below.
City May 23. General Herrero, who was accused of assassinating
Carranza claimed that the latter committed suicide rather than sub- RV: Rayed Liberty Cap, LIBERDAD (Liberty) incised
mit to arrest. On May 24 Adolfo de La Huerta was elected Provi- on cap / 20 / CENTAVOS / DATE within wreath of oak and laurel
sional President of Mexico by the Federal Congress in the Capital. tied with ribbon below, M (mintmark) dividing 20 (denomination).
A general election was held September 5 1920 when General
Alvaro Obregon was chosen to the Presidency without much EDGE: Reeded
opposition. The Bandit Franciso Poncho Villa surrendered and made
his peace with the new government in July...He surrendered un- MINT: M = Federal Mint, MEXICO
conditionally. He was permitted to retain his freedom and to retire
to private life. Villa was the main object of a search by a private REFERENCE: Y-48, KM-438
expedition under General John J. Pershing, United States Army in
March 1916. There were some minor uprisings in Mexico after the A Guide Book of Mexican Coins by T.V.Buttrey,Racine
Huerta-Obregon regime began, but they were quickly suppressed 1969.
and the country was at last restored to a semblance of good order.
The new administration expressed friendship for the United States... Monedos Mexicanos by Jose Leon Robles de La
The Daily News Almanac and Year Book 1921, Chicago, 1920. Torre, Torreon, 1968.

Silver ( Continued) wartime rise in the price of silver. During the
world depression, however, she had not been able to maintain the
gold standard, and the exchange value of her silver currency had
depreciated below the gold par, although not down to the bullion
value of the silver coin. From early in 1934 the exchange value of
the peso had been maintained at 3.60 pesos to the new American
dollar. On January 31, 1934 President Roosevelt issued a procla-
mation reducing the weight of the gold dollar from 25.8 grains of
gold, 0.900 fine, containing 13 5/7 grains of fine gold. This estab-
lished a U.S.$35.00 price for gold with no change in the U.S.$1.2929
monetary value of silver, making the American coinage ratio 35.00/
1.2929 = 27.07 to 1 in place of the old 16 to 1. At that exchange
rate, the bullion parity of the Mexican peso worked out to 71.9
U.S.cents per ounce. As a result, when silver passed 72 cents
per ounce there was incentive to melt the silver coins and export
them. Mexico thus began to experience a currency situation simi-
lar to that which she had gone through in 1906 and again during
World War I. The Mexican Government acted quickly and on April
26, 1934, ordered the surrender of silver coins to the Government
in exchange for paper money. The export or melting of silver coins
was prohibited. A Bank Holiday was declared over the weekend
to facilitate adjustments. Mexican Banks reopened April 29, 1934
and except for a shortage of small change before new bronze
coins could be placed in circulation to replace silver, there was no
serious inconvenience. A large bronze 20 centavos dated 1935
was struck similar to the issue of 1920. There was no issue either
bronze or silver dated 1936. The price of silver dropped below 50
1920 - 20 CENTAVOS - REVERSE U.S.cents per fine ounce during 1936, so subsidiary coinage was
====================================================================== resumed in 1937 with a large issue of the 20 centavos in silver at
the same standards as earlier. The mintage was 10,000,000 for
FOOTNOTE: Mexico by its Constitution of 1917 became a Feder- 1937, no issue dated 1938, but yearly strikings commencing 1939
ated Republic governed by a President elected by direct popular through 1943 when Mexico again changed to bronze 20 centavos
vote for 4 years, with a Council and Congress of two houses. The of a new type dated 1943. Silver Money by D.Leavens,
Republic is composed of Federal District, 28 States and two Terri- Bloomington, Ind. 1939.
tories. The population by 1930 was 16,404,025 with 19% white, ======================================================================
38% native Indian and 43% of mixed races. MEXICO, REPUBLIC of
OAXACA MINT
FOOTNOTE: In 1937 wages in Mexico were very low. The daily ======================================================================
wage in pesos for unskilled labor was 1.40 pesos (equal to .32 10 CENTAVOS 17MM .9027 FINE 2.707 GRAMS
cents U.S.) at the top of the scale was a mechanic earning 3.79 ======================================================================
pesos daily (equal to .86 cents U.S.) and an english-spanish ste-
nographer would earn 225 pesos monthly ($50.79 U.S.). U.S.Dept. 1889 21,000
of Commerce, 1937. 1890 31,000
FOOTNOTE: The price of silver in the spring of 1935 - By the OV: Eagle on cactus, REPUBLICA MEXICANA
beginning of 1935 the market price of foreign silver had risen to (Mexican Republic) around / DATE below.
U.S. .55 cents per ounce, which was still well below the U.S.
Government price for domestic silver. About the middle of Febru- RV: Large 10 / CENTAVOS, Oa (mintmark) E.902,7
ary, however, the market price for foreign silver began to rise, and above, within wreath of oak and laurel tied with ribbon below.
went up rather steadily until, on April 10, 1935 it reached 64c
U.S.cents per ounce. Around noon of that day Secretary of the EDGE: Reeded
Treasury Morgenthau told reporters that the Government was
ready to meet the world price of silver, whatever it might be. That MINT: Oa = OAXACA
evening the President of the United States issued a proclamation
that increased the effective price for newly-mined domestic silver ASSAYER: E = Agustin Endner
to 71.11 U.S.cents per ounce. The chief result of this action was
to stimulate the world market price of silver, which rose to 682 REFERENCE: Y-12, KM-403.8
U.S.cents in two days and after a slight reaction reached 71e
U.S.cents per ounce on April 24, 1935... Again the President is-
sued another proclamation raising the effective price to 77.57
cents per fine ounce. The market price jumped to 77 cents the next
day, and to 81 cents on the day after. The two successive official
increases apparently gave the silver market the idea that any rise
in the price would be matched immediately by the U.S.Government
and opened the way to a vicious upward spiral in the price of
silver which would benefit no one but producers and speculators.
FOOTNOTE: Oaxaca pronounced Wah-hah-cah, a Spanish cor-
In the next few weeks the market price fluctuated between 71
ruption of the Indian Huaxyacac - a place covered with trees, is
cents and 77 Cents per ounce. But the government took no action.
the capital of the Mexican State of Oaxaca. It is located 228 miles
The rising price of the white metal made silver coins of Mexico
from Mexico City. Oaxaca is situated 5067 feet above sea level. In
worth melting. Mexico had established a bullion parity of U.S.$1.291
1872 the name was changed to Oaxaca de Juarez. The Oaxaca
per ounce for her silver coins in 1919 to meet the (continued).
mint opened in 1858 and closed in 1893.

====================================================================== ======================================================================
FOOTNOTE: Diaz, Portinio, President of Mexico, was born Septem- FOOTNOTE: Mexico has long been a country with a single political
ber 19, 1830 at Oaxaca, of Spanish parentage, and was studying party, that of the Diaz autocracy. Liberalism antagonism to the Diaz
law in his native town when the War with the United States broke plan of government, has been repressed with a strong hand. No
out. Young Diaz entered a Militia Regiment in 1847 and henceforth one will deny that under Diaz a notable progress was made in
devoted himself to a military career. In 1854 he commanded a Mexico. The country changed under his rule from a republic to a
battalion under Alvarez in the contest against Santa Anna. Two military autocracy, and the emperors of old Rome itself were little
years later he identified himself with Juarez and the Liberty Party, more absolute. In these days the newspaper is the voice of the
and in 1861 was elected Deputy to the National Congress. He soon people. When Diaz became President political criticism was as
resigned to take the field, and won a victory over the reactionist free as the wind. President Diaz did not counsel the Congress to
Marquez at Jalatlaca. During the French intervention he won a high make laws curbing the over-radical journalists. His method was a
reputation as one of the most skillful and courageous of the patriot personal one. He sent the police to arrest some of the most out-
leaders. In May,1863, when directing the defense of Puebla, he spoken editors and had them locked up in Belen Prison - a place of
was forced to surrender, but escaped shortly after and went to terror intended only for the lowest class of criminals, not for gentle-
Oaxaca, where he raised a new force and made considerable men of culture and standing in the community. Here they were kept
headway against the French. In February 1865, he was again for a week on a diet of bread and water. This week of discipline
captured, but escaped once more, and once more reappeared at ended, they were brought before the President. Now,gentlemen,
the head of an army he had brought together at Oaxaca. He gradu- he asked, what do you think of my government? Senor
ally forced the invading troops to adopt the defensive, and after President,they replied, we look upon it as the finest government
the evacuation of Mexico by the French, he advanced to Puebla upon the earth. Just continue to think so, gentlemen, and I think
and took the city, April 2, 1867. On June 21 he entered the City of we shall get along splendidly. After this lesson in practical politics
Mexico. In the same year he was a candidate for the Presidency there was no more trouble with newspapers in Mexico...Diaz did
against Juarez, but being defeated, withdrew to his estates. He not govern through the force of legislative sanction, but through
never ceased plotting against the government, however, and his the iron hand of military force.
intrigues occasionally broke out in the form of armed revolt against ======================================================================
Juarez and his successor, Lerdo de Tejada. He was twice forced MEXICO, REPUBLIC of
to flee the country - in 1872, and again in 1876. Returning quickly SAN LUIS POTOSI MINT
on both occasions, Diaz succeeded in the latter year in defeating ======================================================================
his enemies at Tecoac (November 16). He finally drove Lerdo out 10 CENTAVOS 18MM .9027 FINE 2.707 GRAMS
and in May, 1877, he became President. Order was restored in a ======================================================================
remarkably short time. President Diaz soon managed to win the
confidence of European investors, the country was opened up, 1863 u/m
industries were developed, and the modern period of prosperity
was firmly established. As the Mexican Constitution provided that OV: Eagle on cactus, REPUBLICA MEXICANA
no man should hold the Office of President for two consecutive (Mexican Republic) above.
terms, General Diaz was succeeded in 1880 by his close personal
friend, General Gonzalez. It soon became evident, however, that RV: 10 / CENTAVOS / 1863 within wreath of laurel /
only one man could win the trust and support of the Mexican S.L.P. (mintmark) below.
people and of the foreign capitalists upon whom the welfare of the
nation depended, and so, after Diaz had been again elected Presi- EDGE: Obliquely reeded
dent in 1884, the constitution was amended, in order to provide for
his continuance in that office. The forms of election by popular MINT: S.L.P = SAN LUIS POTOSI
vote have been duly complied with at each recurring period since,
but no serious opposition to Don Porfirio,as he is affectionately REFERENCE: Y-10, KM-401.2
called by the Mexican populace, has developed. He died on July
2,1915 at the age of 84. New Cabinet Cyclopaedia, Phila., 1896. FOOTNOTE: In October of 1863 the Juarez Government autho-
rized ten centavos for all mints of Mexico, part of which was
under the actual control of French troops.The Potosi mint became
====================================================================== the first mint to strike decimal silver for the Republic.The same type
MEXICO, REPUBLIC of later was also struck at the Chihuahua mint.
OAXACA MINT
======================================================================
======================================================================
1890 included with Oa E

RV: Large 10 / CENTAVOS, Oa (mintmark) N.902,7

above, within wreath of oak and laurel tied with ribbon below. FOOTNOTE: San Luis Potosi is the capital of the State of the same
name, and stands near the source of the River Tampico, 200 miles
EDGE: Reeded west of the port of that name on the Mexican Gulf and 327 miles
north of Mexico City. It stands on a plateau 6350 feet above sea
MINT: Oa = OAXACA level, is well built, containing many handsome edifices, chiefly
ecclesiastical, and is surrounded by gardens. Its markets are well
ASSAYER: N = Eovardo Navarro Luna supplied and it carries on a considerable trade with the neighbor-
ing states. Shoes, hats and hardware are the chief manufac-
REFERENCE: Y-12, KM-403.8 tures, and woven fabrics and liquors are imported from Tampico.
Library of Universal Knowledge, New York, 1880.

====================================================================== ======================================================================
MEXICO, EMPIRE of MEXICO, REPUBLIC of
SAN LUIS POTOSI SAN LUIS POTOSI MINT
====================================================================== ======================================================================
====================================================================== ======================================================================
1864 u/m 1869 4,000
OV: Crowned Imperial Eagle on cactus, IMPERIO OV: Eagle on cactus, REPUBLICA MEXICANA
MEXICANO (Mexican Empire) above, partial wreath, below. (Mexican Republic) around / 1869 below.
RV: 10 / CENT. / 1864 / P (mintmark), within wreath RV: Large 10 / CENTAVOS, Pi (mintmark) S.902,7
of laurel. above, within wreath of oak and laurel tied with ribbon below.
MINT: P = SAN LUIS POTOSI MINT: Pi = SAN LUIS POTOSI
REFERENCE: Y-S34, KM-306.2 ASSAYER: S = Pomposo Sanabria
FOOTNOTE: San Luis Potosi, capital of the Mexican State of San REFERENCE: Y-12, KM-403.9
Luis Potosi, 6200 feet above sea level. It derives its importance
from the famous silver mines in the neighboring Cerro de San ======================================================================
Pedro, discovered in 1583. The San Luis Potosi mint opened in MEXICO, REPUBLIC of
1827 and closed in 1893. SAN LUIS POTOSI MINT
======================================================================
====================================================================== 10 CENTAVOS 17MM .9027 FINE 2.707 GRAMS
MEXICO, REPUBLIC of ======================================================================
SAN LUIS POTOSI MINT
====================================================================== 1870 17,950
====================================================================== OV: Eagle on cactus, REPUBLICA MEXICANA
1868 38,210
1869 4,900 RV: Large 10 / CENTAVOS, Pi (mintmark) G.902,7
(Mexican Republic) above. EDGE: Reeded
RV: Phrygian Liberty Cap and Rays, 10 CENTAVOS . MINT: Pi = SAN LUIS POTOSI
DATE . / P (mintmark) below.
ASSAYER: G = Carlos Aguirre Gomez
EDGE: Ornamented
MINT: P = SAN LUIS POTOSI
======================================================================
REFERENCE: Y-8, KM-402.1 MEXICO, REPUBLIC of
SAN LUIS POTOSI MINT
FOOTNOTE: San Luis Potosi is located 327 miles from Mexico City. ======================================================================
Population - 1880 - 33,600. 10 CENTAVOS 17MM .9027 FINE 2.707 GRAMS
======================================================================
1870 included with Pi G

1871 20,900
1872 16,150
1873 4,750

RV: Large 10 / CENTAVOS, Pi (mintmark) O.902,7

EDGE: Reeded
MINT: Pi = SAN LUIS POTOSI
Mexican jacals ASSAYER: O = Juan R. Ochoa

Sketch by Frederic Remington, Harpers New Magazine

====================================================================== ======================================================================
SAN LUIS POTOSI MINT SAN LUIS POTOSI MINT
====================================================================== ======================================================================
====================================================================== ======================================================================
1874 u/m 1886 included with Pi C

1875 u/m 1887 118,450
1876 u/m 1888 135,650
1877 u/m 1889 131,000
1878 u/m 1890 204,100
1879 u/m 1891 163,000
1880 u/m 1892 200,250
1881 7,600 1893 47,500
1882 4,000
1883 u/m OV: Eagle on cactus, REPUBLICA MEXICANA
1884 u/m (Mexican Republic) around / DATE below.
1885 51,000
RV: Large 10 / CENTAVOS, Pi (mintmark) R.902,7
OV: Eagle on cactus, REPUBLICA MEXICANA above, within wreath of oak and laurel tied with ribbon below.
EDGE: Reeded
RV: Large 10 / CENTAVOS, Pi (mintmark) H.902,7
above, within wreath of oak and laurel tied with ribbon below. MINT: Pi = SAN LUIS POTOSI
EDGE: Reeded ASSAYER: R = Mariano Reyes
MINT: Pi = SAN LUIS POTOSI REFERENCE: Y-12, KM-403.9
ASSAYER: H = Manuel Herrera Lazo POPULATION: Mint city - San Luis Potosi - 1900 -
61,019
====================================================================== ======================================================================
MEXICO, REPUBLIC of MEXICO, EMPIRE of
SAN LUIS POTOSI MINT ZACATECAS MINT
====================================================================== ======================================================================
====================================================================== ======================================================================
1885 included with Pi H 1865 u/m

1886 52,400
OV: Crowned Imperial Eagle on cactus, IMPERIO
OV: Eagle on cactus, REPUBLICA MEXICANA MEXICANO (Mexican Empire) above, partial wreath, below.
RV: 10 / CENT. / 1865 / Z (mintmark), within wreath
RV: Large 10 / CENTAVOS, Pi (mintmark) C.902,7 of laurel.
EDGE: Reeded
EDGE: Reeded
MINT: Z = ZACATECAS
MINT: Pi = SAN LUIS POTOSI
REFERENCE: Y-S34, KM-386.3
ASSAYER: C = Luis Cuevas
FOOTNOTE: The City of Zacatecas, 439 miles by rail northwest of
REFERENCE: Y-12, KM-403.9 the City of Mexico is located in a lofty valley some 7500 feet above
the sea. Owing to the narrowness of the valley in which it is
situated, the city spreads in irregular blocks, with winding streets,
up the sides of the encircling hills. There is a municipal palace,
====================================================================== containing an attractive courtyard, the Zacatecas mint, and the
Calderon Theatre. Zacatecas owes its settlement and subse-
quent prosperity to its silver deposits. Population of the city in 1900
- 32,856 inhabitants. New International Encyclopedia,1910.
FOOTNOTE: The chief importance of the Mexican State of Zacatecas

lies in its extensive silver deposits, which have been worked
since the middle of the sixteenth century. The first silver mine was
1892 - 10 CENTAVOS - P i R opened in 1548; from 1610 to 1810 at least 670,000,000 pesos
were taken from the three famous mining centers of Zacatecas,
====================================================================== Fresnilio, and Sombrerete. New Cabinet Cyclopaedia, Phila., 1896.

======================================================================
1872 - 10 CENTAVOS - Zs H
======================================================================
MEXICO, REPUBLIC of
ZACATECAS MINT
======================================================================
======================================================================
1870 20,000
1871 10,000
1872 10,000
1873 10,000
1874 u/m

RV: Large 10 / CENTAVOS, Zs (mintmark) H.902,7

1885 - 10 CENTAVOS - Zs S - OBV
EDGE: Reeded ======================================================================
MEXICO, REPUBLIC of
MINT: Zs = ZACATECAS ZACATECAS MINT
======================================================================
ASSAYER: H = Ygnacio Hierro 10 CENTAVOS 17MM .9027 FINE 2.707 GRAMS
======================================================================
1876 u/m
====================================================================== 1877 u/m
MEXICO, REPUBLIC of 1878 30,000
ZACATECAS MINT 1879 u/m
====================================================================== 1880 u/m
10 CENTAVOS 17MM .9027 FINE 2.707 GRAMS 1881 120,000
====================================================================== 1882 64,000
1883 102,000
1874 u/m 1884 u/m
1875 u/m 1885 297,000
1876 u/m 1886 274.000
OV: Eagle on cactus, REPUBLICA MEXICANA OV: Eagle on cactus, REPUBLICA MEXICANA
(Mexican Republic) around / DATE below. (Mexican Republic) around / DATE below.
RV: Large 10 / CENTAVOS, Zs (mintmark) A.902,7 RV: Large 10 / CENTAVOS, Zs (mintmark) S.902,7
above, within wreath of oak and laurel tied with ribbon below. above, within wreath of oak and laurel tied with ribbon below.
MINT: Zs = ZACATECAS MINT: Zs = ZACATECAS
ASSAYER: A = Juan Acuna ASSAYER: S = J.S. de Santa Anna
REFERENCE: Y-12, KM-403.10 REFERENCE: Y-12, KM-403.10
FOOTNOTE: Zacatecas is situated in a mountainous country, 7500 FOOTNOTE: Old mines - with which the ground beneath the City of
feet above sea level, 439 miles north of Mexico City. It lies in a Zacatecas is honeycombed are still worked. Primitive methods
narrow ravine at the foot of the Grillo (Cricket) and Bufa Moun- are still employed and the ores are brought up by means of crude
tains. The name Zacatecas is derived from the Aztec Zacatl or windlasses or in raw-hide sacks slung on the backs of peones
Zacate, (hay) and Tlan (country or place) - Zacatlan signifying who, with a 100 or 200 lb. weight climb rickety ladders. Population
the place occupied by the tribe of indians known as Zacatecos. It - State of Zacatecas - 1895 - 447,265
is one of the most celebrated mining places in Mexico.The
Zacatecas mint opened in 1810 and was closed in 1905 as one of
the last provisional mints.

======================================================================
1900 - 10 CENTAVOS - Zs Z
======================================================================
MEXICO, REPUBLIC of
ZACATECAS MINT
======================================================================
======================================================================
1898 240,000
1899 105,000
1900 219,000
1901 70,000
1902 120,000
1903 227,500
1904 367,500

1885 - 10 CENTAVOS - Zs S - REV RV: Large 10 / CENTAVOS, Zs (mintmark) Z.902,7
====================================================================== above, within wreath of oak and laurel tied with ribbon below.
MEXICO, REPUBLIC of
ZACATECAS MINT EDGE: Reeded
======================================================================
10 CENTAVOS 17MM .9027 FINE 2.707 GRAMS MINT: Zs = ZACATECAS
======================================================================
ASSAYER: Z = Francisco de P. Zarate
1886 included with Zs S
1887 233,000 REFERENCE: Y-17, KM-404.3
1888 270,000
1889 240,000 POPULATION: The State of Zacatecas - 1900 -
1890 410,000 462,190
1891 1,105,000
1892 1,102,000 ======================================================================
1893 1,011,000 MEXICO, REPUBLIC of
1894 892,000 ZACATECAS MINT
1895 920,000 ======================================================================
1896 700,000 10 CENTAVOS 17MM .9027 FINE 2.707 GRAMS
1897 900,000 ======================================================================
OV: Eagle on cactus, REPUBLICA MEXICANA 1904 included with Zs Z
(Mexican Republic) around / DATE below. 1905 66,250
RV: Large 10 / CENTAVOS, Zs (mintmark) Z.902,7 OV: Eagle on cactus, REPUBLICA MEXICANA
above, within wreath of oak and laurel tied with ribbon below. (Mexican Republic) around / DATE below.
EDGE: Reeded RV: Large 10 / CENTAVOS, Zs (mintmark) M.902,7
MINT: Zs = ZACATECAS
EDGE: Reeded
ASSAYER: Z = Francisco de P. Zarate
MINT: Zs = ZACATECAS
ASSAYER: M = Francisco Mateos
1893 -10 CENTAVOS - Zs Z

======================================================================

MOROCCO
====================================================================== ======================================================================
1894 - AH 1311- 1 DIRHEM

======================================================================
MOROCCO, SULTANATE of
FEZ MINT
======================================================================
1 DIRHEM 17MM .835 FINE 2.90 GRAMS
======================================================================
(1894) AH 1311 SG-9
OV: Arabic inscription / date AH 1311
RV: Arabic inscription / arabic Fez (mintmark).
EDGE: Reeded
MINT: = FEZ
REFERENCE: Y-5A
POPULATION: Fez - 1895 - 140,000 including 10,000

Jews.
1892 - AH 1309 - 1 DIRHEM - OBV
FOOTNOTE: Morocco, a French Protectorate in northwestern Af-
======================================================================
rica is populated by several distinct tribes; Berbers, Tuaregs,
Sheeeah Berbers, Bedvin and Mued Arabs, besides negroes, Jews
PARIS MINT
and a small number of Europeans. Fez, the capital, a sacred city is
======================================================================
located 85 miles south of the Mediterranean Sea and 100 miles
1 DIRHEM (HASANI) 17.1MM .835 FINE 2.92 GRAMS
east of the Atlantic Ocean. It lies in a valley, surrounded by orange
======================================================================
groves, olive plantations, and fruit orchards. The River Wad-el-
Jubor flows through the city dividing it into the old city and the
(1882) AH 1299 6,868,957 SG-13 VG-3999
modern on the left bank. Viewed from a distance, Fez has a strik-
(1892) 1309 571,018 SG-18 VG-4151 rare
ing appearance, and is celebrated as a Holy City, of Islam.The
(1893) 1310 1,143,686 SG-22 VG-4186
interior shows city walls decaying and ruined buildings. The streets
(1894) 1311 1,889,586 SG-26 VG-4207
are narrow and scarcely ever penetrated by the sun. Fez is one of
(1895) 1312 828,329 SG-30 VG-4231
the busy commercial centers of northwest Africa, with regular
(1896) 1313 850,511 SG-34 VG-4231
caravan trade with the interior. Exports include; olives, fruits,
(1897) 1314 857,676 SG-38 rare
caraway seeds, citrons, honey, olive oil, hides and leather, tallow,
ostrich feathers, ivory, gold, silk scarves and sashes. Morocco
OV: Arabic inscription (It has been decided to struck
leather goods, pottery and gold and silver ware are native indus-
the coin in) / large arabic AH DATE / year / arabic Paris
tries. No laws except the Koran exist in Morocco, the Sultan being
(mintmark).
absolute.
RV: Arabic inscription (legitimate dirhem according to
the law).
EDGE: Reeded
MINT: = PARIS
ENGRAVER: Jean Legrange

Fez
REFERENCE: Y-5
FOOTNOTE: The national head-dress of the Turks, a crimson skull-
cap is called a fez. It was so called because originally its sole
POPULATION: Morroco - 1895 - 5,000,000
manufacture was Fez in Morocco. Later they were also produced
in France, Germany and Switzerland. Brimless and ornamented
FOOTNOTE: Morocco - the European name of the north African
with a blue tassel on the center of the crown, the dye used for
Sultanate called by the natives Maghrib El Aska meaning the
them was obtained from small berries which grow in profusion in
Farthest West.
the neighborhood of Fez.
ENCYCLOPEDIA OF SMALL SILVER COINS - MOROCCO - PAGE 368

1892 - AH 1309 -1 DIRHEM - REV 1896 - AH 1313 - DIRHEM - OBV
====================================================================== ======================================================================
FOOTNOTE: The Moroccan 1dirhem issues are listed by mint BERLIN MINT
chronologically. ======================================================================
FOOTNOTE: Morocco - Its stagnant, poverty-stricken condition is ======================================================================
due to misgovernment from the time of the Moors were expelled
from Spain. Morocco is still steeped in barbarism. It is governed by (1896) AH 1313 430,000 SG-86
an absolute Sultan, its people are fanatical Mohammedans and
white men are not safe in most parts of the land. There are no OV: Arabic inscription (Was decided to mint in
railroads, no roads except mule and camel paths. The city of Mo- Berlin (mintmark) in the year AH 1313) around crossed
rocco has caravan communications with Timbuktu on the Niger, triangles converted into the Moroccan emblem within circle.
bring from the Sudan ivory, gold dust, and ostrich feathers, be-
sides large quantities of dates from an oasis in the Tafilet District of RV: Arabic inscription around crossed triangles
the Sahara. Commercial Geography, Cyrus C. Adams, N.Y., 1912. within circle, three design points divide inscription.
FOOTNOTE: Morocco, an Empire or Sultanate occupying the north- EDGE: Reeded

west extremity of Africa. Its most remarkable natural feature is
MINT: = BERLIN
Mount Atlas. Reaching a height of 12,000 feet. Between the moun-
tains and the sea are table lands and plains, some of them of great
fertility. The rivers are unimportant, being mostly dry for part of the REFERENCE: Y-10
year, and generally diminishing in volume as they approach the
sea. The climate in many parts is pleasant and temperate, in many
others the summer heat is insufferable. Agriculture is in the lowest FOOTNOTE: Mulai Abd-El-Aziz, Sultan of Morocco was born at
possible conditions, and the annual production is calculated barely Marrakesh in 1878, and succeeded his father, Sultan Mulai Hassan,
to supply the wants of the country. Among the wild animals are the in 1894, he was friendly towards Europeans, taking great interest
lion, panther, jackal, hyena, wild boar, gazelle, and several species in all kinds of Western inventions. His foreign sympathies of-
of large antelope. The locust is a cause of much devastation. The fended his subjects, and in 1902 a formidable rebellion broke out
ostrich is found on the southern frontiers. There are large num- under the leadership of a prophet, Bu Hamara. The resulting disor-
bers of goats, which furnish a principal article of export - the well- ders gave France an opportunity to establish its predominance in
known Moroccan leather. In general, among the rural population, the country and led to the Algecras Conference in 1906. New
each family supplies all its own wants. In the towns, however, International Encyclopedia, 1910.
some manufactures have sprung up, besides the well-known
leather. Fez makes and exports the cloth caps which bear its
name. Carpets, embroidered stuffs, pottery, arms, are also made. FOOTNOTE: The inhabitants of Morocco consist chiefly of
The trade is carried on by caravan with the interior or by sea with Berbers,Arabs, and Jews. The Berber mountaineers are the hard-
European states, especially with Great Britain, next to which comes est, most numerous, and most industrious of the people.The mixed
France. The civilization of Morocco has sunk to a low condition. Berber-Arab population of the coast towns are known as Moors,
The education at the schools and at the University of Fez does not and are mostly descendants of the Moslems who were driven out
go beyond the Theology of the Koran. The Sovereign or Sultan, of Spain in 1492. The large Jewish population also traces its origin
styled by European Emperors, is absolute in the strictest sense. to the Spanish exiles of an earlier period. Comptoms Pictured
New Cabinet Cyclopaedia, Phila.,1896. Encyclopedia, Chicago, 1922.

1896 - AH 1313 - 1DIRHEM - REV 1901 - AH 1318 - 1 DIRHEM - OBV
====================================================================== ======================================================================
FOOTNOTE: The following Paris issues have the first one of the FOOTNOTE: Morocco is an independent state under the rule of the
AH date longer than the previous AH 1313 Berlin issue. Sultan Abdul Aziz I , who has absolute authority over all political
and religious matters, but this government is ineffective and the
====================================================================== country has become infested with bandits. Property is not secure
MOROCCO, SULTANATE of nor is life. On the 5th of January 1908 Abdul Aziz I was over-
PARIS MINT thrown by his brother Abdul-Hafid. Monedas de Marruecos, Jose
====================================================================== M. Sanchez-Giron Blasco, Ceuta, 1972.
====================================================================== ======================================================================
(1897) AH 1314 i/w Y-5 SG-56 VG-4286

(1898) 1315 1,141,680 SG-60 VG-4318
(1899) 1316 858,576 SG-64 VG-4361
(1900) 1317 857,429 SG-68 VG-4388
(1901) 1318 857,561 SG-72 VG-4414
(1902) 1319 286,038 not issued VG-4441 R
OV: Arabic inscription (Was decided to mint in Paris

(mintmark) in the year AH DATE) around crossed triangles
converted into the Moroccan emblem within circle.
RV: Arabic inscription around crossed triangles

within circle, three design points divide inscription.
EDGE: Reeded
MINT: = PARIS
REFERENCE: Y-10
FOOTNOTE: The Sultan is a most progressive Monarch. He is a

good billiard player and photographer, and is a perfect genius on a
bicycle. Polo or pig-sticking on a bicycle are favorite amusements.
He also has several motor-cars and a cinematograph. So far as
the tourist is allowed to penetrate, Morocco is quite safe. Beyond
the limits of safety a traveler must ware a disguise and court
discomfort. Even the Sultan himself requires in much of his domin-
ion a large army. The American Monthly, New York, November 1901 - AH 1318 - 1DIRHEM - REV
1902. ======================================================================

====================================================================== ======================================================================
FOOTNOTE: The harem, that favorite and almost sole seat of Ori- MOROCCO, SULTANATE of
ental luxury, is, of course inaccessible, and can only through some PARIS MINT
peculiar chance be seen by Europeans. Lempriere, however, in ======================================================================
his character of a physician, was admitted into that of the Emperor 1/10 RIAL 16.5 MM .835 FINE 2.3 GRAMS
of Morocco. It consisted of a wing of the Palace, entirely sepa- ======================================================================
rated from the rest, and communicating only by a private door, of
which the emperor had the key. The edifice was divided into a (1913) AH 1331 500,000 SG-123 VG-4816
number of courts, communicating by narrow passages, round
which were ranged the apartments of the wives and concubines, OV: Arabic inscription (It has been decided to struck
who were from sixty to a hundred in number, besides their domes- the coin in) / large arabic AH 1331 / year / arabic Paris
tics and slaves. There was a principal Sultana, who had a general (mintmark).
superintendence over the establishment, but enjoyed not the same
influence with the Emperor as some of the younger favorites. RV: Arabic inscription.
There were several European captives, who appeared to the
traveler the chief ornament of the Harem, both as to personal and EDGE: Reeded
mental accomplishments. The Moorish ladies were enormously
fat, and utterly stupid and ignorant. Their allowance from their MINT: = PARIS
Imperial Master amounted, in the case of the most favored, only to
half a crown a day; so that expense and luxury were to be main-
REFERENCE: Y-30
tained by presents or bribes received from the numerous suitors
for favors from the Emperor, who is understood to approve en-
Monedas De Marruecos by J.M.Sanchez-Giron,
tirely this delicate mode of supply. In their domestic character, the
Ceuta, 1972
ladies are said to display many amiable qualities; though jealousy
of superior favor with their lord and master often excites violent
Monnaies Francaises by Victor Guilloteau, Versailles
enmities, and even impels to the crime of administering poison to a
1942 (Reprint).
hated rival. The Encyclopedia of Geography by Hugh Murray,
Philadelphia, 1839.
FOOTNOTE: The Sultanate of Morocco, extending from the Straits
======================================================================
of Gibraltar on the north to the Sahara on the south, and from the
Atlantic on the west to the borders of Algeria on the East, em-
BIRMINGHAM MINT
braces an area of ca. 170,000 sq.m., with 8,000,000 inhabitants.
======================================================================
Since 1912 Morocco has been under French protection, with the
1/10 RIAL 17MM .835 FINE 2.5 GRAMS
exception of Tangier and the Spanish possessions. The Sultan
======================================================================
Mulai Yusuf resides at Fez or Marrakesh. The Treaty between the
Sultan and France provides for an international government for
(1902) AH 1320 2,940,000 SG-100
Tangier and the neighboring district. Its present harbor-fortifica-
(1904) 1321 760,000 SG-105 frozen date
tions, mounted with somewhat antiquated ordinance, were con-
(1905) 1321 10,000 SG-105
structed by British engineers; the town walls date in part from the
Portuguese era, 1471 to 1662 AD. In the later year it passed into
OV: Arabic inscription (It has been decided to struck
the hands of Great Britian, as part of the Dowry of the Infanta
the coin in) / large arabic AH DATE / arabic London (mintmark).
Catharine of Braganza, wife of Charles II. The weak and unenter-
prising British rulers of the period found it a troublesome and un-
RV: Arabic inscription
profitable possession, and after several unsuccessful encoun-
ters with the Moors, they resigned their possession of Tangier in
EDGE: Reeded
1684, having previously destroyed its fortifications. Since then
MINT: Arabic London = THE MINT the town has belonged uninterruptedly to Morocco. Tangier is the
capital of the Moroccan Province of El-Fakhs. Of the 46,000 inhab-
BIRMINGHAM,LTD. itants, about 25,000 are Mohammedans, 12,000 Moroccan Jews,
and 9,000 Europeans (mostly Spaniards). The white houses of
REFERENCE: Y-19, MR6 the town are surrounded by a wall with old gates and towers, and
above them rises the Kasba (citadel). The narrow and uneven
FOOTNOTE: The issue dated AH 1321 was struck at the Birming- streets in the old part of the town, overtopped here and there by a
ham mint; 1904 - 760,000 and 1905 - 10,000, with a total mintage of slender minaret, present a highly characteristic scene of Oriental
770,000. They both have the same AH date. The Arabic mintmark is life. The noisy crowds reveal a great variety of type, from the
the word LONDON. The Arabic word for Birmingham was used on light-yellow of the Moorish gentlemen, of the dark brown of south
copper coinage only. Moroccans and black of the Sudan negroes. The solemn Moors,
stalking along in white or colored burnous, yellow slippers, and
FOOTNOTE: A rebellion against Sultan Abdul led to his defeat in brilliant turban or fez, are elbowed by Jews in black caftan and
1908, his brother Muley Hafid succeeding to the throne. In 1911 a fez. Most of the streets are impassable for wheeled vehicles;
controversy arose between France and Germany concerning their asses serve as beasts of burden, the approach of which is inti-
respective rights in Morocco, which ended in France transferring mated by cries of Balek (Look out). Handbook for Travelers, Kark
to Germany a considerable district in French Congo, in return for Baeoeker,Leipsic, 1913.
which France was left open to establish a protectorate in Mo-
rocco. Winston Encyclopedia, 1918. FOOTNOTE: Spanish dollars and pesetas, as well as Moorish coins
minted for the Government in France, Germany and England, are
FOOTNOTE: Muley-Yussef Ben Al Hassan was proclaimed Sultan current. Spanish currency has practically disappeared from the
in Fez after the abdication by his brother Muley-Hafid on August French zone where French and Moorish coins are used alone.
13, 1912. His reign lasted until his death in Fez on November 17, The silver coinage comprises; dollars, 2 dollars,3 dollar, and 1
1927. By 1912 the trade in ostrich feathers and gums, sent across dirhem and 2 dirhem (1 dollar = 10 dirhem). But the value fluctuate,
the desert from Timbuktu to Morocco and Tripoli was being di- and the market values are sometimes only one-third of those
verted to Senegal because the French have made the southern adopted by the Government for custom-house purposes.Tthe
route safe while robbers infest the Sahara. Statesmens Year-Book, London, 1916.
NEPAL
====================================================================== ======================================================================
Himalayan Village 1895

======================================================================
NEPAL, KINGDOM of
KATMANDU MINT
======================================================================
3 MOHAR 18MM .800 FINE 1.38 GRAMS
======================================================================
(1882) Saka 1804 u/m

(1886) 1808 u/m
(1889) 1811 u/m Saka 1817 - 3 MOHAR - OBV
=====================================================================
OV: Trident in circle, native inscription around / DATE
in Saka, below.
FOOTNOTE: The Saka Era commenced in 78 AD.
=====================================================================
RV: Two moons, native inscription around / DATE
below.
EDGE: Plain
MINT: (no mintmark) = KATMANDU
TYPE: Two moons
Saka 1817 - 3 MOHAR - REV

Goorkhas Chief - about 1850 =====================================================================
ENCYCLOPEDIA OF SMALL SILVER COINS - NEPAL - PAGE 372

=====================================================================
NEPAL, KINGDOM of
KATMANDU MINT
======================================================================
======================================================================
(1894) Saka 1816 u/m

(1895) 1817 u/m

in Saka, below.
RV: Moon and spiral sun, native inscription around /

DATE below.
EDGE: Plain
TYPE: Moon and spiral sun
FOOTNOTE: Nepal, a small independent state situated on the north

east frontier of Hindustan (India) on the south-west slope of the
highest part of the Himalayan Range. The country is a table-land
from 3000 to 6000 feet above the level of the sea. From the moun-
tains southwards the land gradually descends, forming four dis-
Saka 1832 - 2 MOHAR - OBV
======================================================================
tinct terraces, differing in climate and vegetation. Magnificent for-
NEPAL, KINGDOM of
est of sol, sisoo, and toon trees stretch along the declivities of the
KATMANDU MINT
lower hills into the adjacent plains. The forest higher up exhibit a
======================================================================
greater variety, gradually assuming more and more of an alpine
character. Manufactures of Nepal are confined chiefly to coarse
======================================================================
cotton cloth. The trade is chiefly carried on with British India and
Tibet. The inhabitants are descended from successive tides of
(1910) Saka 1832 u/m
invaders, the Goorkhas and Newars predominating. The govern-
(1911) 1833 u/m
ment is despotic, the Maharaja being the nominal ruler only, as the
supreme power is in the hands of the Prime Minister. Population
estimated at about 2,000,000. New Cabinet Cyclopeadia,
Phila.,1896.
in Saka), below.
======================================================================
RV: Sword, native inscription around / DATE, below.
NEPAL, KINGDOM of
KATMANDU MINT
EDGE: Reeded
======================================================================
======================================================================
(1905) Saka 1827 u/m
POPULATION: 1913 - 5,000,000 with capital
OV: Trident in circle, native inscription around / 1827
Katmandu with 50,000 inhabitants.
in Saka, below.
FOOTNOTE: The Trisul, Symbol for Trident of Shiva, the God of
RV: Moon and dot for sun, native inscription around /
destruction of evil and paramount protector of Nepal. The Khadga
DATE below.
or sward of Devi Bhavani, guardian Goddess of royalty, emblem of
sovereignty is shown within inverted wreaths. Shri Bhavani is
EDGE: Plain
an invocation to the Goddess, the consort of Shiva. The inscrip-
tion, Shri Shri Shri Gorakha Natha is an invocation to the guardian
God Natha of the Goorkhas, the race of the magnificent Gurkha
soldiers. The eight character design shown on the reverse is
derived from a particular Yantra in which the outer compartments
now geometric and ornamental clearly represent the eight petals
TYPE: Moon and dot for sun
of the lotus blossom.
POPULATION: Nepal - 1901 - 530,000
FOOTNOTE: The 3 Mohar denomination is known by the natives
as 1 do-ani.
FOOTNOTE: Nepal is a independent Kingdom in the Himalayan Moun-
tains between British India and Tibet. While the country is a monar-
FOOTNOTE: In 1881 Surendra Bikram Shah died after a reign of 34
chy, all power is vested in the Prime Minister who, in addition to his
years and was succeeded to the throne of Nepal by his grandson,
native titles, is a General in the British Army.
a child of six years, Prithvi Bir Bikram Shah, as King.

Saka 1832 - 2 MOHAR - REV Samvat 1993 - 20 PAISA - OBV
====================================================================== ======================================================================
NEPAL, KINGDOM of
FOOTNOTE: This type was machine struck. Proof strikes dated KATMANDU MINT
Saka 1833 are recorded. ======================================================================
20 PAISA 18MM .333 FINE 2.25 GRAMS
FOOTNOTE: Nepal with area, about 54,000 sq.miles; and popula- ======================================================================
tion of about 5,000,000, lies between India and Tibet on the south-
ern slopes of the Himalayas, and includes Mt. Everest (29,141 ft.) (1932) Samvat 1989 u/m
Amid the sterile mountains lie many fertile valleys. The lower hills (1934) 1991 u/m
are covered with jungle, in which wild animals abound. Rice, wheat, (1935) 1992 u/m
etc. are grown. The chief trade route to the Bengal frontier is 76 (1936) 1993 u/m
miles. Whitakers Almanac, 1914. (1937) 1994 u/m
(1938) 1995 u/m
====================================================================== (1939) 1996 u/m
NEPAL, KINGDOM of (1940) 1997 u/m
KATMANDU MINT (1941) 1998 u/m
====================================================================== (1942) 1999 u/m
2 MOHAR 19MM .800 FINE 2.80 GRAMS (1943) 2000 u/m
====================================================================== (1944) 2001 u/m
(1946) 2003 u/m
(1911) Samvat 1968 u/m (1947) 2004 u/m
(1913) Samvat 1970 u/m
(1914) Samvat 1971 u/m OV: Trisul, (The trident of Shiva), native inscription
above / DATE in Samvat, below.
OV: Trident in circle, native inscription around.
RV: The Khadga (Sward of Devi Bhavani) within
RV: Native inscription / Sward within inverted inner circle, native inscription (Shri Bhavani) left and right of
wreath, native inscription left and right / (DATE in Samvat), inverted wreath / denomination (20 paisa), eight characters in
below. design SHRI SHRI SHRI GORAKHA NATHA around.
EDGE: Plain EDGE: Reeded
MINT: (no mintmark) = KATMANDU MINT: (no mintmark) = KATMANDU
FOOTNOTE: The Vikramaditya Era commenced in 57 BC, referred POPULATION: Nepal - 1940 - 5,600,000 with capital
to as Samvat dates. Katmandu with 108,800 inhabitants.
FOOTNOTE: H.H.Maharaja Dhiraja Tribhuhana Bir Bikram Shah

Bahadur Shamsher Jang 1911 - 1950.

Samvat 1993 - 20 PAISA - REV Samvat 2006 - 20 PAISA - REV
====================================================================== ======================================================================
NEPAL, KINGDOM of
FOOTNOTE: The Nepalese rupee is divided into 100 paisa. KATMANDU MINT
======================================================================
20 PAISA 18MM .310 FINE 2.25 GRAMS
====================================================================== ======================================================================
(1949) Samvat 2006 u/m

(1952) 2009 u/m
(1953) 2010 u/m
OV: Trident, native inscription above / DATE in

Samvat, below.
RV: The Khadga (Sward of Devi Bhavani) within

inner circle, native inscription (Shri Bhavani) left and right of
inverted wreath / Denomination (20 paisa), eight characters in
design (SHRI SHRI SHRI GORAKHA NATHA around.
EDGE: Reeded
FOOTNOTE: Nepal, an independent Kingdom, lying on the southern

face of the Himalaya, is bound on the north by Tibet, on the south
and west by Bengal,India and on the east by Sikkim, a protected
state. The northern parts of the state embrace the main range of
the Himalaya, with its offset spurs, on which stand the great
peaks of Everest and Diwalagiri. Rice, opium, linseed, tobacco,
and various cereals are important products. Copper, iron, and
sulfur exist, but are little worked. The valleys are inhabited by
numerous hill-tribes, partly aboriginal, partly of Mongolian or Chi-
nese decent, but the dominant race are the Goorkhas, whose
Samvat 2006 - 20 PAISA - OBV ancestors came to the Himalayan slopes from Rasputana in the
12th century. It was not until 1769 AD that they made themselves
======================================================================
masters of the country. Internal strife brought Nepal into conflict
with the British Indian Government, and under a treaty a British
FOOTNOTE: The highest point in Nepal is Mount Everest, 29,028
Resident resides at Katmandu, the capital. Population of Nepal is
feet, first climbed May 29,1953.
estimated at 5,600,000, (1930). New Standard Encyclopedia.

NETHERLANDS
====================================================================== ======================================================================
Arms of the Netherlands

======================================================================
FOOTNOTE: The United Netherlands from 1815 to 1830 created by

the Congress of Vienna, in a move to provide a strong barrier
against France, united the ancient Netherlands under a Dutch King
of the House of Orange. The experiment failed, not only because
of differences in race, language and religion, but also quite as
much because the southern provinces were treated unfairly in
such matters as office-holding and parliamentary representation.
Against such discrimination the southern provinces protested in
their revolt of 1830 and organized themselves as a separate state
under the name of Belgium. The Dutch King, William I, offered what
resistance he could, but had at last to give way. In 1848 the
Constitution of 1814 was replaced by a more liberal one. The King
has at his side a law-making body, called the States-General, com- 1906 - 25 CENTS - OBVERSE
posed of two houses. The upper house represents the Provinces ======================================================================
and is chosen by Provincial Legislatures, while the lower house is
elected by the people, practically (since 1896) on the basis of FOOTNOTE: Queen Wilhelmina Helena Paulina Maria of Orange-
manhood suffrage. The large colonial possessions in Asiatic wa- Nassau was born August 31, 1880 at the Hague. The two sons of
ters (Netherlands East Indies), a remnant of the more considerable William III, William Paul Alexander Frederik Lodewisk, her father, by
territories acquired in the heroic days of the Republic, present his first wife Sophia Frederika Mathilde of Wurttemberg, both died
many difficulties, at the turn of the century, but are still managed at before 1890. Sophia died in 1877 and Willem Married again on
a profit. New International Encyclopedia, 1910. January 7, 1879 to Adelheid Emma Wilhelmina Theresia, second
====================================================================== daughter of Prince George Victor of Waldeck-Pyrmont. An only
child Wilhelmina assumed the throne upon the death of her father
on November 23, 1890, under her mother as Regent. On Septem-
ber 6, 1898 her 18th Birthday, she was crowned Queen in
Amsterdam. On February 7, 1901 Queen Wilhelmina married Henry
Wladimir Albert Ernst, Duke of Mecklenburg-Schwerin. Her only
daughter Juliana was born on April 30, 1909 and succeeded to the
throne on September 4, 1948 when Wilhelmina abdicated in her
favor. She retired to the Palace at Het Loo, near Apeldoorn, Geldern.
She died on November 28, 1962.
======================================================================
Young Queen Wilhelmina Dutch windmills

====================================================================== ======================================================================
ENCYCLOPEDIA OF SMALL SILVER COINS - NETHERLANDS - PAGE 376

======================================================================
NETHERLANDS, KINGDOM of
UTRECHT MINT
======================================================================
======================================================================
1898 400,000
1901 1,600,000
1902 1,200,000
1903 1,200,000
1904 1,600,000
1905 1,200,000
1906 2,000,000
OV: Young head of Wilhelmina, wearing a diadem,

facing left, WILHELMINA KONINGIN DER NEDERLANDEN
(Wilhelmina Queen of Netherlands) around.
RV: 25 / CENTS / DATE / (hellebaard) and

(mercuryshaft) (mintmark) within wreath of oak tied with
ribbon below.
EDGE: Reeded
MINT: (Mercuryshaft) = UTRECHT
DIRECTOR: (hellebaard) = H.L.A.Van Den Wall Bake

1888 -1909
1914 - 25 CENTS - OBVERSE
======================================================================
TYPE: II - Kroningstype = Young Head or Coronation NETHERLANDS, KINGDOM of
type. UTRECHT MINT
======================================================================
REFERENCE: Y-24 25 CENTS 19MM .640 FINE 3.58 GRAMS
======================================================================
FOOTNOTE: Netherlands, which means Low Lands, is the En-
glish name of the Dutch Kingdom at the mouth of the Rhine which 1910 880,000
the French call Les Pays Bas. Koningrijk Der Nederlanden is the 1911 1,600,000
official Dutch name of the Kingdom. The population of the Nether- 1912 1,600,000
lands c.1900 was 5,179,100 with capital the Hague, with 212,211 1913 1,200,000
inhabitants. New Standard Encyclopedia, 1900. 1914 5,600,000
1915 2,000,000
FOOTNOTE: In 1814 the Provinces of both Holland and Belgium 1916 2,000,000
were united by the Treaty of Paris to form the Kingdom of the 1917 4,000,000
Netherlands. This arrangement lasted till 1830, when the southern 1918 6,000,000
provinces broke away and formed the Kingdom of Belgium. King 1919 4,000,000
Willem I attempted to reduce the revolted provinces by force; but 1925 2,000,000
the Great Powers intervened, and finally matters were adjusted
between the two countries in 1939. The King abdicated in 1840, OV: Adult head of Wilhelmina, wearing a diadem,
and was succeeded by his son Willem II (1840-49), he being again facing left, WILHELMINA KONINGIN DER NEDERLANDEN
succeeded by his son Willem III, who was succeeded in 1890 by (Wilhelmina Queen of Netherlands) around.
his daughter Wilhelmina. New Cabinet Cyclopaedia, Phila.,1896.
RV: 25 / CENTS / DATE / (seahorse) and
====================================================================== (mercuryshaft) (mintmark) within wreath of oak tied with
ribbon below.
EDGE: Reeded
DIRECTOR: (seahorse) = Dr. C. Hoitsema, 1909-1933
TYPE: III - Adult Head of Queen in an ermine cloak,

wearing a Diadem.
REFERENCE: Y-40
FOOTNOTE: The monetary unit of the Netherlands is the guilder or

gulden (florin) devised into 100 cents and equal to U.S. 40.2 cents
in 1910.
Canals of Amsterdam
======================================================================

====================================================================== ======================================================================
FOOTNOTE: Utrecht, an important town of Holland, 23 miles south- UTRECHT MINT
east of Amsterdam. It is pleasantly situated on the old Rhine, is ======================================================================
traversed by two canals crossed by numerous stone bridges, and 25 CENTS 19MM .640 FINE 3.58 GRAMS
is surrounded by strong forts. The town is well built, and has ======================================================================
several squares, promenades, a government house, a protestant
cathedral (a fine Gothic building), Mint, handsome town-hall, pal- 1926 2,000,000
ace of Justice, etc. Utrecht is the central point of the Dutch railway 1928 8,000,000
system, and carries on an extensive trade in grain and cattle, and
in the manufactures of the place, which includes Utrecht velvet, OV: Older head of Wilhelmina, facing left,
carpets, floor-cloth, cottons, linens, chemicals, etc. New Cabinet WILHELMINA KONINGIN DER NEDERLANDEN (Wilhelmina Queen
Cyclopaedia, Phila.,1896. of Netherlands) around.
====================================================================== RV: 25 / CENTS / DATE / (seahorse) and

(mercuryshaft) (mintmark) within wreath of oak tied with
ribbon below.
EDGE: Reeded
DIRECTOR: (seahorse) = Dr. C. Hoitsema, 1909-1933
TYPE: IV - Older Head
REFERENCE: Y-44
Dutch milkmaid
======================================================================

====================================================================== ======================================================================
FOOTNOTE: Netherlands, The, a kingdom of Europe which lies on UTRECHT MINT
the North Sea, north of Belgium and west of part of Northern ======================================================================
Germany. The country is divided into eleven Provinces; North 25 CENTS 19MM .640 FINE 3.58 GRAMS
Brabant, Gelderland, South Holland, North Holland, Zeeland, Utrecht, ======================================================================
Friesland, Overijssel, Groningen, Drenthe, and Limburg. The King
is also Sovereign (Grand-Duke) of the Grand-Duchy of Luxem- 1939 4,000,000
bourg. Wilhelmina renounced the title in favor of her Uncle. In 1940 9,000,000
addition to the European territories Holland possesses extensive 1941 40,000,000
colonies and dependencies in the Asiatic archipelago and America;
including Java, Sumatra, great part of Borneo, Celebes, part of OV: Older head of Wilhelmina, facing left,
New Guinea, Surinam or Dutch Guiana, the West Indies islands of WILHELMINA KONINGIN DER NEDERLANDEN (Wilhelmina Queen
Curacao, Saba, St.Eustatius, etc. Estimated colonial population - of Netherlands) around.
1891 - 30,789,000. New Cabinet Cyclopaedia, Phila.,1896.
RV: 25 / CENTS / DATE / (grapes) and
====================================================================== (mercuryshaft) (mintmark) within wreath of oak tied with
ribbon below.
EDGE: Reeded
DIRECTOR: (grapes) = Dr. W.J.Van Heteran
TYPE: IV - Older Head
REFERENCE: Y-44
======================================================================
Netherlands & Belgium today Dairy farming in the Netherlands

====================================================================== ======================================================================

======================================================================
PHILADELPHIA MINT
======================================================================
======================================================================
1943 u/m scarce

1944 40,000,000
1945 92,000,000 rare
OV: Older head of Wilhelmina, facing left,

WILHELMINA KONINGIN DER NEDERLANDEN (Wilhelmina Queen
RV: 25 / CENTS / DATE / (acorn) and P (mintmark)

EDGE: Reeded
MINT: P = PHILADELPHIA
MARK: (acorn) = For Netherlands
TYPE: Older Head
REFERENCE: Y-44
1941 - 25 CENTS - REVERSE Nederlandse Munten by Jacques Schulman,
======================================================================
Amsterdam, 1969
De Munten Van Het Koninkrijk Der Nederlanden by

FOOTNOTE: A colonial issue was also struck at the Philadelphia
Johan Mervios, Amsterdam, 1974
mint for Curacao and Surinam with dates 1941-43 of the same
type, with palmtree mark for Overseas Colony issue. The Curacao
POPULATION: Netherlands - 1940 - 8,290,389
and Surinam section is listed separately.
FOOTNOTE: Currency of Netherlands - 100 cents = 1 gulden
======================================================================
FOOTNOTE: Only 3,088,000 of the 1944 dated issue were re-
leased and none of the 1945 issue, however some escaped the
melting pot and thus are rare.
FOOTNOTE: Utrecht, This quaint old Dutch city, famous for its
historic memories and sight of the Netherlands Mint, has stood for
many centuries at the point where the Rhine River divides into two
branches, the one known as the Old Rhine, and the other as the
Vecht. Utrecht means old ford. In 1579 the seven northern prov-
inces of the Spanish Netherlands - the future Dutch Republic -
joined in the Union of Utrecht. Here in 1713 was signed the famous
Treaty of Utrecht, which terminated the War of the Spanish Suc-
cession and gave the Southern Netherlands (Belgium) to Austria,
and Nova Scotia, Newfoundland, and Gibraltar to Great Britain. In
the center of the town, from the tower, one gets a good view of
the broad green pastures dotted with herds of black and white
cattle, and of almost the whole of Holland, including Amsterdam, 22
miles to the northwest. Utrecht is traversed by two canals, spanned
by over 90 bridges. The roadways lie high above the surface of
the canals, which are reached by steps, and many of the poorer
people live in cellars beneath the roadways with their doors open-
ing on the canals. The old ramparts have been converted into
pleasant promenades, bounded by water courses. On the east
side of the city is the famous Malieban, a triple boulevard, shaded
by lime trees and flanked by handsome houses. Good water com-
munications and railways make Utrecht an important center of
trade, and there are manufactures of woolens, silk, velvet, car-
pets, carriages, organs, cigars, chemicals, machinery, etc. Popu-
lation - c.1922 - about 140,000.Comptoms Pictured Encyclopedia,
Chicago, 1922.
1943 P - 25 CENTS - REVERSE
======================================================================

NETHERLANDS EAST INDIES

====================================================================== ======================================================================
1941P - 3 GULDER - OBVERSE 1941P - 3 GULDER - REVERSE

====================================================================== ======================================================================
PHILADELPHIA MINT FOOTNOTE: The Philadelphia mint struck 31,688,000 in 1941 and
====================================================================== 3,259,000 in 1942, all dated 1941 for a total mintage with the P and
3 GULDER 19MM .720 FINE 3.18 GRAMS palmtree mark of 34,947,000.
======================================================================
FOOTNOTE: Netherlands East Indies have been Dutch posses-
(1941) 1941 31,688,000 frozen date sions in Oceanica since the islands of Sunda and Western New
(1942) 1941 3,259,000 Guinea were conquered by the Dutch East India Company which
was organized in 1602 as a trading company. The company suc-
OV: Within inner circle, Maleise inscription (Saper cessfully ruled for almost two centuries until 1798 when the com-
Ampat Roepijahs 3 gulden) Javaanse inscription between pany was dissolved and the possessions were administered by
points of 7 point star (Sa Prapat Roepijah = 3 gulden). the mother country, the Netherlands. The capital is Batavia.
RV: Crowned arms, NEDERL. INDIE. (Netherlands FOOTNOTE: Java, an island in the Indian archipelago, the chief of
Indies) above, dividing denomination 3 and G(ulden) (palmtree) the Dutch Colonial possessions. The population of the colony in
1941 P (mintmark) below. 1890 amounted to 21,974,161 The native population belong to the
Malay race, and are brownish-yellow in complexion, with long
EDGE: Reeded thick black hair. They are sober, patient, and industrious, but quick
to avenge affront. The great mass are devoted to agriculture, living
MINT: P = PHILADELPHIA in villages each governed by a native chief. Most of the land be-
longs to the Dutch Government, which obtains a large revenue
MARK: (palmtree) = For overseas Netherlands from the island. Till lately, (c.1895), it was the custom to utilize the
forced labor of the natives in what was called the culture system.
REFERENCE: Y-15 The principal exports are coffee, sugar, tea, tin, rice, cinchona,
indigo, spices, tobacco, hides, and india-rubber. New Cabinet
POPULATION: 1940 - 60,731,025 Cyclopaedia, Phila., 1896.
FOOTNOTE: The Utrecht mint of the Netherlands struck all the FOOTNOTE: The Netherlands East Indies comprise Java and
home and colonial coinage except during World War II, when the Madura, Sumatra, Riau-Lingga Archipelago, Banca, Billiton, Borneo,
American mints were called upon to produce coinage in the name Celebes, Molucca Islands, Timor Archipelago, Bali and Lombok.
of the Netherlands and coinage marked specially for colonial use,
both for the West Indies and the Netherlands East Indies. The
Netherlands East Indies listings start with Philadelphia, San Fran-
cisco and then Utrecht.
ENCYCLOPEDIA OF SMALL SILVER COINS - NETHERLANDS EAST INDIES - PAGE 381

====================================================================== ======================================================================
NETHERLANDS EAST INDIES NETHERLANDS EAST INDIES
UTRECHT MINT UTRECHT MINT
====================================================================== ======================================================================
3 GULDER 19.5MM .720 FINE 3.18 GRAMS 3 GULDER 19.5MM .720 FINE 3.18 GRAMS
====================================================================== ======================================================================
1854 11,460,000 1882 2,200,000

1855 4,540,608 1883 800,000
1857 2,400,000 1885 1,750,000
1858 4,800,000
OV: Within inner circle, Maleise inscription (Saper
OV: Within inner circle, Maleise inscription (Saper Ampat Roepijahs 3 gulden) Javaanse inscription between
Ampat Roepijahs 3 gulden) Javaanse inscription between points of 7 point star (Sa Prapat Roepijah = 3 gulden).
points of 7 point star (Sa Prapat Roepijah = 3 gulden).
RV: crowned Arms, NEDERL. INDIE. (Netherlands
RV: Crowned arms, NEDERL. INDIE. (Netherlands Indies) above, dividing denomination 3 and G(ulden (hachet)
Indies) above, dividing denomination 3 and G(ulden) (sword) DATE (mercuryshaft) (mintmark) below.
DATE (mercuryshaft) (mintmark) below.
EDGE: Reeded
EDGE: Reeded
DIRECTOR: (hachet) = P.H.Taddel, 1875-87
DIRECTOR: (sword) = Dr.H.A.Van Den Bake, 1846-74
REFERENCE: Y-6
REFERENCE: Y-6
======================================================================
====================================================================== NETHERLANDS EAST INDIES
UTRECHT MINT
======================================================================
3 GULDER 19.5MM .720 FINE 3.18 GRAMS
======================================================================
1890 1,140,000
1891 860,000
1893 2,000,000
1896 1,230,000
1898 3,000,000
1900 2,800,000
1901 2,000,000

Ampat Roepijahs 3 gulden) Javaanse inscription between
RV: Crowned arms, NEDERL. INDIE. (Netherlands

Indies) above, dividing denomination 3 and G(ulden)
(helletbaard) DATE (mercuryshaft) (mintmark) below.
EDGE: Reeded
DIRECTOR: (helletbaard) = H.L.A.Van Den Wall Bake,

1888-1909
REFERENCE: Y-13
1885 - 3 GULDER - OBVERSE POPULATION: 1900 - 37,734,000 including 75,800

====================================================================== Europeans, mostly Dutch; about 537,000 Chinese,
27,000 Arabs and 17,000 other orientals.
FOOTNOTE: Helletbaard (halberd) - A weapon employed in medi-
eval warfare, consisting of an axe-blade balanced by a pick, and
having a pick-head at the end of the six-foot shaft. It was used FOOTNOTE: The Coat of Arms of the Netherlands was adopted
between the thirteenth and sixteenth century by companies of so- when Holland became a Kingdom in 1815, from the ancestral Coat
called halberdiers. As it was an expensive weapon, the halberdiers of Arms of the Royal House of Orange-Nassau, which dates from
were restricted to a select corps for the protection of the colors. the middle ages; in one paw the crowned lion holds a sword and
Mint Director Van Den Wall Bake used the halberd as his mark on in the other a bundle of arrows which symbolizes Strength in
the coinage of the Netherlands and the Netherlands East Indies. Unity on a blue background.

1885 - 3 GULDER - REVERSE 1903 - 3 GULDER - REVERSE
====================================================================== ======================================================================
FOOTNOTE: The capital of all the Dutch East Indies is Batavia, a UTRECHT MINT
city and seaport on the northwest coast of Java, on the north ======================================================================
coast of the island. The old town was formerly surrounded with 3 GULDER 19MM .720 FINE 3.18 GRAMS
walls and fortifications. In 1808 the seat of government was ======================================================================
transferred to the suburb of Weltevreden. A harbor has been
constructed east of the city which is the principal trading center of 1903 2,000,000
the Dutch possessions in the East. The chief exports are sugar, 1904 2,000,000
coffee, tea, rice, spices, rubber, tobacco, copra, and tin. In 1811, 1905 2,000,000
while Holland was under Napoleon, Batavia was taken by the 1906 4,000,000
English, but was restored to its former owners in 1816. The town 1907 4,400,000
is situated on a wide, deep bay, the principal warehouses and 1908 2,000,000
offices, of the Europeans, the Java Bank, the Exchange, etc., 1909 4,000,000
being in the old town, which is built on a low, marshy plain near the
sea, intersected with canals and very unhealthy; while the Euro- OV: Within inner circle, Maleise inscription (Saper
peans reside in a new and much healthier quarter. Batavia has a Ampat Roepijahs 3 gulden) Javaanse inscription between
large trade, sugar being the chief export. Its inhabitants are chiefly points of 7 point star (Sa Prapat Roepijah = 3 gulden).
Malay, with a considerable admixture of Chinese and a small num-
ber of Europeans. Population - Batavia - 1895 - 92,497. RV: Crowned arms, NEDERL. INDIE. (Netherlands
Indies) above, dividing denomination 3 and G(ulden)
====================================================================== (helletbaard) DATE (mercuryshaft) (mintmark) below.
EDGE: Reeded
DIRECTOR: (helletbaard) = H.L.A.Van Den Wall Bake,

1888 -1909
REFERENCE: Y-13
FOOTNOTE: Netherlands East Indies is governed by a Governor-

General, assisted by a Council which is partly legislative and partly
advisory, who retains all administrative and executive authority
with certain legislative powers not in conflict with reservations of
the Netherlands Home Parliament. Most of the land is owned by the
government and most of the population are engaged in farming.
Java is one of the worlds great coffee producers while kopok is
extensively grown in central and eastern Java. Salt is a govern-
ment monopoly. By 1930 the population of the Netherlands East
Malay hut in the East Indies Indies was 51,881,862 including 209,934 Europeans and 955,283
====================================================================== Orientals.

======================================================================
UTRECHT MINT
======================================================================
3 GULDER 19MM .720 FINE 3.18 GRAMS
======================================================================
1910 6,000,000
1911 4,000,000
1912 10,000,000
1913 6,000,000
1914 10,000,000
1915 6,000,000
1917 12,000,000
1919 6,000,000
1920 20,000,000
1921 24,000,000
1929 5,000,000
1930 7,000,000


Indies) above, dividing denomination 3 and G(ulden) (seahorse)
DATE (mercuryshaft) (mintmark) below.
EDGE: Reeded
1937 - 3 GULDER - REVERSE
======================================================================
MINT: (mercuryshaft) = UTRECHT NETHERLANDS EAST INDIES
UTRECHT MINT
DIRECTOR: (seahorse) = Dr.C.Hoitsema, 1909-1933 ======================================================================
REFERENCE: Y-15 ======================================================================
POPULATION: Netherlands East Indies - 1921 - 1937 8,000,000

47,000,000 1938 12,000,000
1939 10,400,000
FOOTNOTE: Batavia is the capital and chief city of the Dutch colony
of Java. No country has been bountifully endowed by nature than OV: Within inner circle, Maleise inscription (Saper
Java; no soil is more fertile and no climate more favorable to grow- Ampat Roepijahs 3 gulden) Javaanse inscription between
ing things. Although this island is one of the most densely popu- points of 7 point star (Sa Prapat Roepijah = 3 gulden).
lated sections of the of the world there is enough for everyone
and to spare. Sugar, coffee, tobacco, rice, bananas, and rubber RV: Crowned arms, NEDERL. INDIE. (Netherlands
plantations, interspersed with tapioca fields, cocoanut groves; Indies) above, dividing denomination 3 and G(ilden) (grapes)
forests of teak and other rare woods grow in a wealth and profu- DATE (mercuryshaft) (mintmark) below.
sion, for Java fairly swarms with industrious humanity which builds
its terraced gardens over her hillsides and almost to the summits of EDGE: Reeded
her volcanoes. Nor is it possible to exaggerate the excellence of
the work of the Dutch colonists, who have constructed motor MINT: (mercuryshaft) = UTRECHT
highways as fine as any in the world, good railways and modern
sanitary towns throughout the island. The town of Batavia was DIRECTOR: (grapes) = Dr.W.J.Van Heteren, 1933-42
founded by Jan Pietersz Coen in 1619, on the banks of the river
Tjiliwong near the seashore. In the beginning the town extended to REFERENCE: Y-15
the south along the banks of the Tjiliwong, and only during the
latter years of the 18th century and half of the last century did ======================================================================
Europeans settle at the spot which is known as Weltevreden. Old
Batavia, the Benedenstad or lower city, antedates Weltvreden by
some two hundred years. It stands on a site near the sea and was
built in old Dutch style, intersected by canals and with narrow
streets. The World Cruise of 1928.,Thos.Cook & Son.,1927.
Street in Batavia, Java

======================================================================

1942 S - 3 GULDER - OBVERSE 1942 S - 3 GULDER - REVERSE
====================================================================== ======================================================================
SAN FRANCISCO MINT
======================================================================
======================================================================
1941 5,053,000
1942 32,000,000
1945 56,000,000


Indies) above, dividing denomination 3 and G(ulden) (palmtree)
Netherlands East Indies - 1945
DATE S (mintmark) below. ======================================================================
EDGE: Reeded FOOTNOTE: After 300 years of Dutch rule, independence was
gained August 17, 1945 as the United States of Indonesia, later to
MINT: S = SAN FRANCISCO be renamed the Republic of Indonesia as it is known today.
MARK: (palmtree) = For overseas Netherlands ======================================================================
REFERENCE: Y-15
POPULATION: Netherlands East Indies - 1945 -

72,000,000 with capital Batavia with 435,184
inhabitants.
FOOTNOTE: The greater part of the soil of Java is claimed as

Government property, and it is principally in the residencies in the
western part of Java that there are private estates, chiefly owned
by Europeans and by Chinese. The bulk of the people are agricul-
tural labourers. Formerly the government or private landowners
could enforce one day's gratuitous work out of seven, or more,
from all labourers on their estates; in 1882 the greater part of these
enforced services for the Government was abolished, in return
for the payment of one guilder per head yearly, and the remainder
were abolished in 1914 in return for an increased poll tax. The
Statesman's Year-Book, London, 1916. Islander of East Indies -1902
======================================================================

NEW ZEALAND
====================================================================== ======================================================================

====================================================================== ======================================================================
NEW ZEALAND, DOMINION of NEW ZEALAND, DOMINION of
====================================================================== ======================================================================
SIXPENCE 19MM .500 FINE 2.83 GRAMS SIXPENCE 19MM .500 FINE 2.83 GRAMS
====================================================================== ======================================================================
1933 3,000,000 1937 1,280,000

1934 3,600,000 1939 700,000
1935 560,346 1940 800,000
1936 1,480,000 1941 440,000
1942 360,000
OV: Head of George V, facing left, GEORGE V KING, 1943 1,800,000
left EMPEROR, right. 1944 1,160,000
1945 940,000
RV: Huia bird to right, NEW ZEALAND, above, 1946 2,120,000
SIXPENCE DATE below, K.G under bird.
OV: Head of George VI, facing left, GEORGE VI
EDGE: Reeded KING, left EMPEROR, right, HP under bust, below.
MINT: (no mintmark) = Royal Mint, LONDON RV: Huia bird to right, NEW ZEALAND, above,
SIXPENCE DATE below, K.G under bird.
DESIGNER: (obv) Percy Metcalfe
(rev) K.G = (George) Kruger Gray EDGE: Reeded
REFERENCE: Y-2, KM-2 MINT: (no mintmark) = Royal Mint, LONDON
POPULATION: 1930 - 1,485,594 excluding about DESIGNER: (obv) HP = Thomas Hugh Paget
50,000 native Maoris. (rev) K.G = (George) Kruger Gray
FOOTNOTE: Nickname for Sixpence; Tanner, Sprat, Tizzy, Bender, REFERENCE: Y-10, KM-8
and Snapper.
From Beads to Banknotes by A.P.Hargreaves,
FOOTNOTE:The 1935 issue includes 346 proof strikes. Dunedin, 1972.
POPULATION: 1936 - 1,573,810
ENCYCLOPEDIA OF SMALL SILVER COINS - NEW ZEALAND - PAGE 386

====================================================================== ======================================================================
FOOTNOTE: New Zealand - Name given by Dutch navigators, the FOOTNOTE: New Zealand used Australian gold and British silver
word - Zealand - denotes Sea-land,being significant of the low coinage, until Australia issued subsidiary silver starting in 1910.
countries. The Australian coinage circulated extensively in New Zealand until
the early 1930s. In 1930 the Australian pound was depreciated
FOOTNOTE: George Edward Kruger was born on Christmas Day and increased quantities of Australian silver coinage were im-
1880. A talented artist, he took his wifes surname - Gray on his ported into New Zealand. As the value of the New Zealand pound
marriage in 1918. A Royal Exhibition Scholar of the Royal College of fell in 1931 and again on January 20, 1933, the New Zealand
Art in addition to being a medallist, Kruger Grays talents included Government ordered from the Royal Mint their first silver sixpence
water-color, landscape and portrait painting and designer and dated 1933. This series continued bearing the effigy of the British
painter of stained glass. He died in 1943 ten years after his famous Monarch until 1946.
Huia Bird first appeared on the New Zealand sixpence. The New
Zealand native bird is the female of the extinct Hula. FOOTNOTE: New Zealand was a British Crown Colony from 1840
when the English concluded a treaty with the Maon natives, by
FOOTNOTE: The Dominion of New Zealand is a small and wealthy which they were assigned reservations on condition that they
country of a million and a half people situated in the South Pacific would recognize Queen Victoria as their Sovereign. New Zealand,
Ocean. It is a land of singular natural beauty, renown for its moun- named after the low-lying meadows at the mouth of the Rhine
tains, lakes, fiords, and forests. The Dominion extends for a length inspite of the Alpine type mountains. New Zealand became a Do-
of over 1,000 miles north and south. New Zealand is responsible minion of the British Empire on September 26, 1907. In 1814 the
for supplying nearly two-thirds of the British imports of cheese, year that the Rev.Samuel Marsden arrived in New Zealand, horses,
nearly one-third of the import of butter, a little over half the import of sheep, cattle and poultry were introduced into the country. Pigs
mutton and half of those of lamb. New Zealand also occupies had been introduced by Captain Cook in 1769. It was not until after
fourth place amongst the worlds wool producers. systematic settlement was embarked upon, that sheep-raising got
under way, when it was chiefly confined to the Tussock Plains of
Canterbury and Otago in the South Island. Between 1851 and
1871 the sheep total increased from 250,000 to over 10,000,000.
By 1938 the flock was over 32,400,000 sheep with only larger
countries exceeding in total flocks such as Australia, Russia, United
States, Argentina, India and South Africa.
New Zealand today

New Zealand sheep
ENCYCLOPEDIA OF SMALL SILVER COINS - NEW ZEALAND - PAGE 387

NICARAGUA
====================================================================== ======================================================================
1880 -10 CENTAVOS - OBVERSE 1880 - 10 CENTAVOS - REVERSE

====================================================================== ======================================================================
NICARAGUA, REPUBLIC of
BIRMINGHAM MINT FOOTNOTE: Nicaragua has a long history of internal troubles. Af-
====================================================================== ter a period of revolution in 1909-1912, in which it was necessary
10 CENTAVOS 18MM .800 FINE 2.5 GRAMS for the United States to protect its interests, a force of U.S. Marines
====================================================================== long occupied the country. In 1927 another revolt overthrew the
government. The Marines supervised the 1928 elections and orga-
(1880) 1880 200,000 frozen date nized a National Guard. In 1933 the U.S.Marines were withdrawn,
(1881) 1880 250,000 leaving the new National Guard to support the government. On
(1884) 1880 102,000 May 30, 1936 a revolt against President Juan Baptista Sacasa, led
by General Anastacio Somoza on the Palace grounds took place
OV: Arms of the Republic, Triangular shield of arms, for two days. The liberal government accused General Somoza of
upon trophy of military arms / H (mintmark) / Cannon, REPUBLICA seeking to become Nicaraguas next President, despite the fact
DE NICARAGUA (Republic of Nicaragua) around /M 1880 M that as a relative of Sacasa (Nephew by marriage) he is Constitu-
below. tionally ineligible. During June President Sacasa resigned from of-
fice and left for El Salvador. The Nicaraguan Congress chose Dr.
RV: 10 / CTS within wreath of laurel tied with ribbon Carlos Brenas Jarquin as the new President.
below, 15 DE SETIEMBRE (15 of September) ABOVE, 1821
below. ======================================================================
EDGE: Reeded
MINT: H = R.HEATON & SONS, BIRMINGHAM, LTD.
REFERENCE: Y-5, NC2, KM-3
FOOTNOTE: This issue was struck with a frozen date at the Bir-
mingham mint during three years; 1880, 1881, and 1884, all dated
1880 with a total mintage of 552,000.
FOOTNOTE: The earlier issues of 10 centavos were ordered by

Nicaragua from the Birmingham mint of Ralph Heaton and Sons,
Ltd. with the final series produced by the Philadelphia mint. Listings
are in mint order and chronological. The Monetary unit of Nicara-
gua was the peso or 8 reales equal to 100 centavos. A Indian house in Central America
======================================================================
ENCYCLOPEDIA OF SMALL SILVER COINS - NICARAUGA - PAGE 388

====================================================================== ======================================================================
NICARAGUA, REPUBLIC of
BIRMINGHAM MINT
======================================================================
======================================================================
1887 1,500,000
OV: Arms of the Republic, within wreath of laurel / Arms of Nicaragua

crossed cannon, below, REPUBLICA DE NICARAGUA (Republic
of Nicaragua) above, i 15 DE setiembre 1821 i (15 of ======================================================================
September 1821) below.
RV: 10 / CENTS / 1887 within wreath of laurel tied

with ribbon below / H (mintmark) below.
EDGE: Reeded
MINT: H = R.HEATON & SONS, BIRMINGHAM, LTD.
POPULATION: Nicaragua - 1889 - 282,895 with capital

Managua with 30,000 inhabitants in addition to
uncivilized Indians estimated at 30,000.
======================================================================
Central America 1912 - 10 CENTOVOS - OBVERSE

====================================================================== ======================================================================

====================================================================== ======================================================================
NICARAGUA, REPUBLIC of NICARAGUA, REPUBLIC of
====================================================================== ======================================================================
====================================================================== ======================================================================
1912 230,000 1927 500,000

1914 220,000 1928 1,000,000
1930 150,000
OV: Bust of Francisco Hernandez de Cordoba, 1935 250,000
facing right, REPUBLICA DE NICARAGUA (Republic of Nicaragua) 1936 250,000
above / ii DATE ii / H (mintmark) below.
OV: Bust of Francisco Hernandez de Cordoba,
RV: Sun rising behind range of five mountains, EN facing right, REPUBLICA DE NICARAGUA (Republic of Nicaragua)
DIOS CONFIAMOS. (In God We Trust) ABOVE / 10 CENTAVOS above / i i DATE i i below
DE CORDOBA, below.
RV: Sun rising behind range of five mountains, EN
EDGE: Reeded DIOS CONFIAMOS. (In God We Trust) ABOVE / 10 CENTAVOS
DE CORDOBA, below.
MINT: H = THE MINT, BIRMINGHAM, LTD.
EDGE: Reeded
A Numismatic History of the Birmingham Mint by
James O. Sweeny, Birmingham, 1981. REFERENCE: Y-13, KM-13
POPULATION: Nicaragua - 1920 - 638,119, the three POPULATION: Nicaragua - 1930 - 750,000 most of
largest cities; Leon 38,318 inhabitants, Managua with whom are half-castes and aboriginal Indians. Only
27,839 and Granada with 16,733. about 25 percent live in the Eastern half of the country
and they are mainly Indian negroes.
FOOTNOTE: A reform Law passed on March 20, 1912 adopted the
gold standard, the new monetary unit was the gold cordoda, FOOTNOTE: The agricultural, timber and mining industries are the
equivalent to the American dollar, divided into 100 equal parts. The principal sources of national wealth of Nicaragua. The area of
silver coins are the silver cordoda, containing 25 grammes of cultivation in Nicaragua has extended in recent years and would
silver, nine-tenth fine; the half and quarter cordoda; 10 centavos, probably extend still further but for the scarcity of labor. The ba-
a coin containing 2.5 grammes of silver eight-tenths fine; 5 centavos, nana is the principal agricultural product of the eastern part of the
a coin three quarters of copper and one of nickel; 1 centavo, ninth- Republic. Coconuts are also of some importance, and a few plan-
five parts of copper and 5 of zinc; A centavo, in the same propor- tains, oranges, and pineapples, and some yucca are raised. The
tion. 300,000 dollars' worth of cordobas in silver were coined at products of the western half are much more varied, the most
Birmingham in 1912. The Statesman's Year-Book, London, 1916. important being coffee. The Statesman's Year-Book, London, 1916.

PANAMA
====================================================================== ======================================================================
1962 - 1/10 BALBOA - OBVERSE 1962 -1/10 BALBOA - REVERSE

====================================================================== ======================================================================
PANAMA, REPUBLIC of FOOTNOTE: The Spanish Conquistador portrayed on the coins of
LONDON MINT Panama - Vasco Nunez de Balboa, was born about 1475 AD, a
====================================================================== descendant of Galician nobility. At the age of 26 he sailed with
1/10 BALBOA 18MM .900 FINE 2.5 GRAMS Rodrigo de Bastidas who discovered Colombia and sailed along
====================================================================== the northern coast to the Isthmus of Panama. He was not a very
successful farmer on the Island of Hispaniola (Haiti and Dominican
1962 5,000,000 Republic) and in 1510 AD he escaped his creditors by hiding in a
cask and being carried aboard a ship which sailed for San
OV: Bust of Balboa, facing left, VN DECIMO DE Sebastian on the coast of Colombia. Leading the survivors, his
BALBOA ( P of Balboa) around, oak leaves left, laurel leaves expedition crossed from Uraba to the Isthmus coast and there at
right below. Darien founded the first settlement of continental America, Santa
Maria de la Antigua. First as Commander and on December 23,
RV: Arms of the Republic with crest of eagle holding 1510 appointed by King Ferdinand V of Spain, Balboa became
in its beak a ribbon with Motto: PRO MUNDI BENEFICIO (For the interim Governor of Darien. 2,000 new colonists were recruited
Benefit of the World) with nine stars above, REPUBLICA DE under Pedrarias who was made Governor in Spain. But before
PANAMA (Republic of Panama) above LEY / 0.900 left, GR. / they arrived, Balboa set out with less than two hundred men, half
2.50 right, within wreath of laurel and oak / 1962 below. the colony and eight hundred Indians to find the long sought out
Sea. His party crossed the Isthmus and on September 25, 1513,
EDGE: Reeded from a hill, saw the Pacific Ocean for the first time. King Ferdinand,
pleased with this achievement, named Balboa Governor of the
MINT: (no mintmark) = Royal Mint, LONDON South Sea and of Panama. Pedrarias, his arch-enemy, envious
and bitter contrived to nullify the award, confining Balboa in Darien.
TYPE: IV - Nine stars, Royal Mint design Later in 1518, just five short years after his discovery of the
Pacific, Pedrarias lured him to Acla. Condemned to treason, Balboa
REFERENCE: Y-13, KM-10 was beheaded in January of 1519. The Pacific town and Port of
Balboa, Panama was named after the great discoverer of the
FOOTNOTE: The Modern Dime Size Silver Coins of Panama which Pacific. Balboa with helmet and breastplate armor appears on all
were equal the the U.S. dimes in size, weight and fineness were dime size silver of coins of Panama, his bust facing left looking to
minted by the Philadelphia mint first and later the mints of; Mexico, the Pacific.
London and San Francisco. The listings are in mint order and then
date. FOOTNOTE: For the first time since the Republic of Panama was
established in 1903, the commemorative of 1953 and the regular
FOOTNOTE: The issue of 1962 shows minor design changes from issue of 1961, were ordered from the Federal Mint at Mexico City,
the 1961 issue struck at Mexico. as Mexico, a great silver producer provided them at a lower price
than was available from the United States or London.
ENCYCLOPEDIA OF SMALL SILVER COINS - PANAMA - PAGE 391

1953 - 1/10 BALBOA - OBVERSE 1953 - 1/10 BALBOA - REVERSE
====================================================================== ======================================================================
PANAMA, REPUBLIC of
MEXICO MINT FOOTNOTE: Panama occupies the Isthmus of Panama. Here an
====================================================================== inter-oceanic ship canal is being constructed across the isthmus
1/10 BALBOA 18MM .900 FINE 2.5 GRAMS between the Caribbean Sea and the Pacific Ocean. Panama, the
====================================================================== capital, is at the south end and Colon, at the north end of the canal.
These two cities are now (c.1902) connected by a railroad, which
1953 3,350,000 transports much foreign commerce from ocean to ocean. Com-
plete Geography, H. Justin Roddy, New York ,1902.
OV: Bust of Balboa, facing left, i VN DECIMO DE
BALBOA i ( P of Balboa) above CINCUENTENARIO (50 th) ======================================================================
below.
RV: Arms of the Republic with crest of eagle holding

in its beak a ribbon with Motto: PRO MUNDI BENEFICIO (For the
Benefit of the World) with nine stars above, REPUBLICA DE
PANAMA (Republic of Panama) above LEY / 0.900 left, GR. /
2.50 right, within wreath of laurel and oak / 1953 below.
EDGE: Reeded
MINT: (no mintmark) = Federal Mint, MEXICO
TYPE: III - Commerative of the 50 th Anniversary of the

Republic.
POPULATION: Panama - 1950 - 801,290
FOOTNOTE: On the early morning of the twenty-fifth of Septem-

ber, in 1513, a small party of men made their laborious way up the
densely covered face of a steep ridge. One, keen of eye and with
determined countenance, pressed forward eagerly ahead of his
companions. When, at length, he reached the summit, a vast ex-
panse of water stretched before him on either hand. Balboa had
discovered the Pacific Ocean. Vasco Nunez de Balboa was a man
of extraordinary intellect, and it is not improbable that something of
the true significance of this new knowledge dawned upon his
mind even in those first moments of discovery. The Panama Ca-
nal, Logan Marshall, Phila., 1913.
1961-1/10 BALBOA - OBVERSE
======================================================================

1961-1/10 BALBOA - REVERSE 1904 - 5 CENTESIMOS - OBVERSE
====================================================================== ======================================================================
PANAMA, REPUBLIC of
MEXICO MINT FOOTNOTE: Panama - was the native name of a village on the
====================================================================== Pacific coast of the Gulf and Isthmus of Panama. Here in 1518,
1/10 BALBOA 18MM .900 FINE 2.5 GRAMS Davila founded the oldest existing city in America. Panama is a
====================================================================== native word meaning a butterfly from the town of Panama the
name was extended to the Isthmus and Gulf.
1961 2,500,000
FOOTNOTE: The monetary unit of Panama is the Balboa, main-
OV: Bust of Balboa, facing left, i VN DECIMO DE tained at par with the United States dollar.
BALBOA i ( P of Balboa) above oak leaves left, laurel leaves ======================================================================
right below.

EDGE: Reeded
MINT: (no mintmark) = Federal Mint, MEXICO
TYPE: II - Nine stars
Coins and Currency of Panama by Capt. Julius

Grigore, Iola, 1972.
FOOTNOTE: Gustave Eiffel, an eminent French engineer, born at

Dijon in 1832; early obtained a reputation for bridge construction,
designed the enormous locks for the Panama Canal. His most
noted work is the gigantic iron tower which bears his name as The
Eiffel Tower in Paris. In 1893 he became involved in the Panama
scandals and was fined and sentenced to two years of imprison-
ment.
FOOTNOTE: The motto in Latin - Pro Mundi Beneficio - For the

Benefit of the World, used on all Panama coins of this series since
1904 held out the plans for the Panama Canal, open to the shipping
of all countries. 1916 - 5 CENTESIMOS - OBVERSE
======================================================================

1916 - 5 CENTESIMOS - REVERSE 1933 -1/10 BALBOA - REVERSE
====================================================================== ======================================================================
PANAMA, REPUBLIC of PANAMA, REPUBLIC of
PHILADELPHIA MINT PHILADELPHIA MINT
====================================================================== ======================================================================
5 CENTESIMOS 18MM .900 FINE 2.5 GRAMS 1/10 BALBOA 18MM .900 FINE 2.5 GRAMS
====================================================================== ======================================================================
1904 1,789,682 1930 500,020

1916 100,000 rare 1931 200,000
1932 150,000
OV: Bust of Balboa, facing left, with helmet, on rim 1933 100,000 scarce
of which is - DIOS LEY LIBERTAD (God - Law - Liberty) / 1947 1,000,000
BALBOA below bust.
OV: Bust of Balboa, facing left, VN DECIMO DE
RV: Arms of the Republic with motto: PRO MUNDI BALBOA ( P of Balboa) around, oak leaves left, laurel leaves
BENEFICIO (For the Benefit of the World), crest of Eagle with right below.
seven stars above, CINCO CENTESIMOS DE BALBOA (5
centesimos of Balboa) around / G.2.500 LEY 0.900 below. RV: Arms of the Republic with crest of eagle holding
in its beak a ribbon with motto: PRO MUNDI BENEFICIO (For the
EDGE: Reeded Benefit of the World), with nine stars above, REPUBLICA - DE -
MINT: (no mintmark) = PHILADELPHIA 2.50 right, within wreath of laurel and oak / DATE below.
TYPE: I - Inscription on helmet, seven stars EDGE: Reeded
REFERENCE: Y-6, KM-2 MINT: (no mintmark) = PHILADELPHIA
POPULATION: Panama - 1904 - 340,000 TYPE: II - Nine stars
FOOTNOTE: The Panama Canal Zone - In 1903 the United States REFERENCE: Y-13, KM-10
obtained the concession of a narrow zone of land from the Panama
Republic, and undertook to dig a canal across the Isthmus of DESIGNER: William Clark Noble
Panama at the expense of the government. The first care of the
engineers in charge was to make the zone safe for the workmen. POPULATION: Panama - 1930 - 472,468
The forests with their tangled undergrowths were cleared away,
the swamps were drained in order to destroy the disease-carry- FOOTNOTE: The 1930 issue included 20 proof sets presented to
ing mosquitoes. An immense number of workmen were employed, officials.
and an enormous amount of material was used. Part of the route of
the canal ran through Gatun Lake, which was eighty five feet FOOTNOTE: Colon, in the Republic of Panama, at the eastern en-
above sea-level. Locks at each side of the lake were, therefore trance to the canal, and Balboa, within the U. S. Canal Zone, at the
necessary. After ten years, the work was completed, and the western entrance, are supply and repair stations for ships pass-
Canal was opened to the sea going vessel of all nations.Ontario ing through the canal. Ontario Public School Geography, Toronto,
Public School Geography, Toronto, 1922. 1922.

======================================================================
FOOTNOTE: Colon is a struggling, unattractive city with some re-
deeming features, however, and a promise of more in the near
future. The railroad company occupies the greater part of the
water-front with its various buildings, including wharves and docks.
Parallel with these is a main street, composed almost entirely of
frame buildings. There are some good shops and a number of
conscienceless dealers in spurious curios who, together with the
enterprising money changers, reap a royal harvest from unso-
phisticated travelers. From the moment of landing the stranger is
beset by a howling crowd of nondescripts who content with one
another for the privilege of fleecing him. his baggage is distributed
amongst as many different individuals as possible, and upon his
arrival at the hotel he is called upon to pay each one an exorbitant
fee for his service, although it may consisted in carrying a news-
paper only. Before the American advent there was no escape
from this imposition. If a victim refused to be muleted he was haled
before a magistrate who invariably supported the extortioners. In
those days a man dared not ask a native the name of a street
unless he was prepared to pay for the information. This system of
bleeding the helpless foreigner is now confined within the bounds
of simi-decency and an American, at least, is treated with a show
of honesty. Along the beach to the east of the town is the foreign
quarter, containing some comfortable residences, a church built of
stone, and a tolerable hotel. On the west side, fronting the ocean,
stand the handsome houses of the old French officials. They are
grouped in a park beautifully laid out and convey the impression
1934 -1/10 BALBOA - REVERSE that our predecessors of the Canal did not neglect their personal
comfort.
======================================================================
PANAMA, REPUBLIC of
SAN FRANCISCO MINT
======================================================================
1/10 BALBOA 18MM .900 FINE 2.5 GRAMS
======================================================================
1934 75,000 rare
OV: Bust of Balboa, facing left, VN DECIMO DE

BALBOA ( P of Balboa) around, oak leaves left, laurel leaves
right below.

EDGE: Reeded
DESIGNER: William Clark Noble
TYPE: II - Nine stars
FOOTNOTE: The symbols of the Coat of Arms of Panama repre-

sent; Eagle with outstretched wings surmounting the shield signi-
fies the emblem of Panamas sovereignty, the Stars above for
Provinces - Bocas del Toro, Chiriqui, Cocle, Colon, Los Santos,
Panama and Verauas until 1916, with two added thereafter, Darien
and Herrera. The crossed Rifle and Sword hanging from a nail
symbolize Good-bye forever to civil wars, cause of our ruin.
The crossed Shovel and Hoe, the tools of agriculture. The cornu-
copia Horn of Plenty signifies richness and abundant agriculture
products. The Wheel of Progress for speed of progress and de-
velopment. The center panel shows the Isthmus of Panama with Map showing Republic of Panama
the Pacific and Atlantic Oceans and four Panama flags are draped
behind. and Panama Canal - 1913
======================================================================

PERSIA
====================================================================== ======================================================================
FOOTNOTE: The Persian series of the Modern Dimes Size Silver

Coins of the World has two sizes that fall within this work; The
WHITE SHAHIS or three shahis series which are smaller and lighter
than the regular series, 500 dinars. See the footnote at the end of
this chapter expanding the three shahis coins. Both series are
listed in date order, first by their A.H. date and later by the Solar
Year dating. Since these dates in Arabic look similar, the reader is
advised to check each type carefully for other descriptions in
addition to the dates.
======================================================================
PERSIA, KINGDOM of
TEHRAN
======================================================================
3 SHAHI 17MM .900 FINE 0.69 GRAMS
======================================================================
(1878) AH 1296 u/m =
OV: Inscription (The Sultan, Nisir-ed-Din Kasar

Shah) within inner circle of pearls, wreath of laurel and oak tied
with ribbon below, around / Inscription Tehran (mintmark)
below.
RV: Crown at top, Lion with sunburst behind, arabic

PQXU (AH 1296) below lion, within wreath of laurel and oak tied
with ribbon below.
EDGE: Plain
1883 - AH 1301 - 3 SHAHI - REV
MINT: Arabic Tehran = TEHRAN ======================================================================
PERSIA, KINGDOM of
REFERENCE: Y-7, A 6 TEHRAN MINT
======================================================================
====================================================================== 3 SHAHI 17MM .900 FINE 0.69 GRAMS
======================================================================
(1879) AH 1297 u/m

(1880) 1298 u/m
(1881) 1299 u/m
(1882) 1300 u/m
(1883) 1301 u/m
(1884) 1302 u/m
(1885) 1303 u/m
(1886) 1304 u/m
(1887) 1305 n/m
(1888) 1306 u/m
(1889) 1307 u/m
(1890) 1308 u/m
(1891) 1309 u/m

below.
RV: Crown at top, Lion with sunburst behind, /

inscription (shahi) below lion, within wreath of laurel and oak
tied with ribbon below / arabic AH DATE below.
EDGE: Plain
MINT: Arabic Tehran = TEHRAN
REFERENCE: Y-7A, A 7
1883 - AH 1301 - 3 SHAHI - OBV
======================================================================
ENCYCLOPEDIA OF SMALL SILVER COINS - PERSIA - PAGE 396

======================================================================
PERSIA, KINGDOM of
TEHRAN MINT
======================================================================
======================================================================
(1895) AH 1313 u/m

below.
RV:Crown at top, Lion with sunburst behind, arabic
PRPR (AH 1313) between lion legs, within wreath of laurel and
EDGE: Reeded
REFERENCE: Y-7B, A 8
======================================================================
PERSIA, KINGDOM of
TEHRAN MINT
======================================================================
======================================================================
1900 - AH 1318 - 3 SHAHI - OBV
======================================================================
undated u/m PERSIA, KINGDOM of
TEHRAN MINT
OV: Inscription (The Sultan, Nisir-ed-Din Kasar ======================================================================
Shah) within inner circle of pearls, wreath of laurel and oak tied 3 SHAHI 17MM .900 FINE 0.69 GRAMS
with ribbon below, around / Inscription Tehran (mintmark) ======================================================================
below.
undated u/m
RV: Inscription (O Owner of Creation! To you,
Greetings) within inner circle of pearls, wreath tied with ribbon OV: Inscription (The Sultan, Mouzaffer-ed-Din Shah)
below. within inner circle of pearls, wreath tied with ribbon below,
around / Inscription Tehran (mintmark) below.
EDGE: Reeded
RV: Crown at top, Lion with sunburst behind, within
MINT: Arabic Tehran = TEHRAN wreath tied with ribbon below.
REFERENCE: Y-8, A 9 EDGE: Reeded
====================================================================== MINT: Arabic Tehran = TEHRAN

PERSIA, KINGDOM of
TEHRAN MINT REFERENCE: Y-25A, B 4
======================================================================
3 SHAHI 17MM .900 FINE 0.69 GRAMS TYPE: Undated without value.
======================================================================
POPULATION: Persia - 1892 - 7,653,600 with capital
undated u/m Tehran with 200,000 inhabitants.
OV: Inscription (The Sultan, Mouzaffer-al-din Shah)

within inner circle of pearls, wreath tied with ribbon below, FOOTNOTE: Since 1870 the city of Tehran has been improved, the
around / Inscription Tehran (mintmark) below. streets being lighted with gas and laid with tramways. During the
summer months the court removes, on account of the intolerable
RV: Crown at top, Lion with sunburst behind, / heat, to more agreeable quarters on the heights to the north, and a
inscription (shahi) below lion, within wreath of laurel and oak third of the inhabitants, including the European embassies, follow
tied with ribbon below. the royal example. Population - Tehran (winter) 210,000.
EDGE: Reeded
REFERENCE: Y-25, B 3
TYPE: No date with shahi for value.

1900 - AH 1318 - 3 SHAHI - REV 1909 - AH 1327 - 3 SHAHI - OBV
====================================================================== =====================================================================
PERSIA, KINGDOM of PERSIA, EMPIRE of
TEHRAN MINT TEHRAN MINT
====================================================================== ======================================================================
3 SHAHI 17MM .900 FINE 0.69 GRAMS 3 SHAHI 17MM .900 FINE 0.69 GRAMS
====================================================================== ======================================================================
(1896) AH 1313 u/m undated u/m

(1896) 1314 u/m
(1898) 1316 u/m OV: Inscription (The Sultan, Mouzaffer-ed-Din Shah)
(1899) 1317 u/m within inner circle of pearls, wreath of laurel and oak tied with
(1900) 1318 u/m ribbon below, around / Inscription Tehran (mintmark) below.
(1901) 1319 u/m
(1902) 1320 150,000 RV: Inscription (O Owner of Creation! To you,
Greetings) within inner circle of pearls, wreath tied with ribbon
OV: Inscription (The Sultan, Mouzaffer-ed-Din Shah) below / inscription (Tehran) below.
within inner circle of pearls, wreath tied with ribbon below /
Inscription Tehran (mintmark) below. EDGE: Reeded
RV: Crown at top, Lion with sunburst behind, MINT: Arabic Tehran = TEHRAN
inscription (shahi) below lion, within wreath tied with ribbon
below, arabic AH DATE between lions legs. REFERENCE: Y-A25, B 6
EDGE: Reeded TYPE: The Sultan, Mouzaffer-ed-Din Shah no date
REFERENCE: Y-25, B 5
FOOTNOTE: From the Koran, Mohammed himself says: Verily a lie

is allowable in three cases, to women, to reconcile friends, and in
war and Lord Curzon finds the same true in Persia, when he
says: I am convinced that the true son of Iran would sooner lie
than tell the truth. The New Era in Aria,Sherwood Eddy, Nashville,
Tenn., 1913.
Arms of Persia
======================================================================
PERSIA, KINGDOM of
TEHRAN MINT
======================================================================
======================================================================
undated u/m
OV: Inscription (The Sultan, Mohammad Ali Shah)

within inner circle of pearls, wreath tied with ribbon below,
around / Inscription Tehran (mintmark) below.

below / inscription Tehran below.
EDGE: Reeded
REFERENCE: Y-A44, C 6
TYPE: Inscription reverse, without date
=====================================================================
1909 - AH 1327 - 3 SHAHI - REV FOOTNOTE: Mouzaffer-ed-Din, the second son of Shah Nasir-ed-
din was born at Tehran March 25, 1853. He was appointed Gover-
====================================================================== nor of the Province of Azerbaijan, but was recalled for failing to
PERSIA, KINGDOM of suppress an uprising of the Kurds. Already declared Heir Appar-
TEHRAN MINT ent during his fathers lifetime, Muzaffer-ed-Din became Shah of
====================================================================== Persia June 8, 1896, after Nasir-ed-Dins assassination by a Babi
3 SHAHI 17MM .900 FINE 0.69 GRAMS on May 1st. In early life an almost fanatical Mohammedan, he
====================================================================== showed great tolerance as Shah, particularly in his repression of
an outbreak against the Christian Armenians at Kazoni in 1899. He
(1907) AH 1325 u/m further relieved his subjects at his accession of the taxes on meat
(1908) 1326 u/m and bread, and likewise abolished the system of purchase of civil
(1909) 1327 u/m and military positions. Of this change from his earlier character the
European influence, especially that of the French, under which he
OV: Inscription (The Sultan, Mohammad Ali Shah) came in Tehran, is the main cause. In 1906 he made the first step
within inner circle of pearls, wreath tied with ribbon below, towards establishing a Parliamentary Government by summoning
around / Inscription Tehran (mintmark) below. a partially elective National Assembly. He ruled until his death in
1907. New International Encyclopedia, 1910.
AH DATE between lions legs / inscription (shahi) below lion, ======================================================================
within wreath tied with ribbon below. PERSIA, KINGDOM of
TEHRAN MINT
EDGE: Reeded ======================================================================
REFERENCE: Y-44, C 3 (1908) AH 1326 u/m
TYPE: The Sultan, Mohammad Ali Shah with date OV: Inscription (The Sultan, Mohammad Ali Shah)
within inner circle of pearls, wreath tied with ribbon below,
====================================================================== around / Inscription Tehran (mintmark) below.

PRQU (AH 1326) between lions legs / inscription (shahi) below
lion, within wreath tied with ribbon below.
EDGE: Reeded
REFERENCE: Y-B44, C 4
TYPE: Arms reverse, without date

======================================================================
PERSIA, KINGDOM of
TEHRAN MINT
======================================================================
======================================================================
(1910) AH 1328 u/m

(1911) 1329 u/m
(1912) 1330 189,000
OV: Inscription (The Sultan, Ahmad Shah) within

inner circle of pearls, wreath tied with ribbon below, around /
Inscription Tehran (mintmark) below.
RV: Crown at top, Lion with sunburst behind,

inscription (shahi) below lion, within wreath tied with ribbon
below / arabic AH DATE below.
EDGE: Reeded
REFERENCE: Y-64, D 3
======================================================================
PERSIA, KINGDOM of
TEHRAN MINT
======================================================================
1924 - AH 1342 - 3 SHAHI - OBV
3 SHAHI 17MM .900 FINE 0.69 GRAMS ======================================================================
====================================================================== PERSIA, KINGDOM of
TEHRAN MINT
(1914) AH 1332 10,172 ======================================================================
OV: Inscription (The Sultan, Ahmad Shah) within ======================================================================
inner circle of pearls, wreath tied with ribbon below, around /
Inscription Tehran (mintmark) below. (1915) AH 1333 78,428
(1916) 1334 6,166
RV:Crown at top, Lion with sunburst behind, arabic (1917) 1335 73,080
PRRQ (AH 1332) between lions legs / inscription (shahi) below (1919) 1337 75,600
lion, within wreath tied with ribbon below. (1921) 1339 9,700
(1924) 1342 19,867
EDGE: Reeded
MINT: Arabic Tehran = TEHRAN inner circle of pearls, within wreath around / arabic AH DATE
below.
REFERENCE: Y-A70A, D 4
RV: Crown at top, Lion with sunburst behind /
FOOTNOTE: Persia - The name given by the Greeks to the region, inscription (shahi) below lion, within wreath tied with ribbon
the capital of which was Persepolis, originally overrun by a wild below.
branch of the Ayrian race called the Parsa, meaning in the native
tongue The Tigers. The Persian name for the country is Iran. EDGE: Reeded
FOOTNOTE: In 1875 Bergrath F.Pechan of the Austrian Mint was MINT: Arabic Tehran = TEHRAN
consulted to reform the currency of Persia. The Council agreed to
accept the Standards of the Latin Monetary Union based on the REFERENCE: Y-A70, D 5
French 10 franc = 1 toman .900 fine 50 grains gold and silver coins
of .900 fine 2.5 grams = 1/2 qiran. However the standard would TYPE: Date on obverse
have caused too many difficulties and in 1878 a new standard
was introduced with the toman lowered 10% to 45 grains and
silver qiran of 72 grains from 78 grains. The first modern coinage FOOTNOTE: Mehemet Shah died in 1848, and was succeeded by
produced by the Tehran mint were struck in 1876 AD (1293 AH) his son Nasir-ed-Din, the present Shah, born 1829. He has had to
using minting machinery from Paris which had been delivered suppress a number of insurrections, and in 1851 a serious rebel-
twelve years earlier. All provincial mints were closed in 1878. lion of the Pure Persian Party in Khorassan, who refused obedi-
ence to the Kajar Dynasty on religious grounds. In May 1852 he
annexed the Sultanate of Herat, but was compelled to relinquish it
by the British, and a second occupation in 1855 resulted in the
landing of a British force on the Persian Gulf, the capture of Bushire,
and the Peace of Paris, March 3, 1857. Persia has since come into
the possession of portions of territory formerly belonging to Oman,
Afghanistan, and Beluchistan. Cabinet Cyclopaedia, 1896.

======================================================================
PERSIA, KINGDOM of
TEHRAN MINT
======================================================================
======================================================================
(1917) AH 1335 u/m

inner circle of pearls, within wreath around / arabic PRRT (AH
1335) below.

below / inscription Tehran (mintmark) below.
EDGE: Reeded
REFERENCE: Y-B70A, D 6
======================================================================
PERSIA, KINGDOM of
TEHRAN MINT
======================================================================
1924 - AH 1342 - 3 SHAHI - REV 500 DINARS 18MM .900 FINE 2.31 GRAMS
======================================================================
======================================================================
PERSIA, KINGDOM of undated u/m
TEHRAN MINT
====================================================================== OV: Inscription (The Sultan, Nasir-ur-din Kasar
3 SHAHI 17MM .900 FINE 0.69 GRAMS Shah) within inner circle of pearls, within wreath tied with
====================================================================== ribbon below / inscription Tehran (mintmark) below.
(1914) AH 1332 included with Y-A70A RV: Crown at top, Lion with sunburst behind /
(1915) 1333 included with Y-A70A inscription (500 dinars) below lion, within wreath of laurel and
(1919) 1337 included with Y-A70A oak tied with ribbon below.
(1923) 1341 3,360
(1924) 1342 included with Y-A70A EDGE: Reeded
OV: Inscription (The Sultan, Ahmad Shah) within MINT: Arabic Tehran = TEHRAN
inner circle of pearls, within wreath around /inscription Tehran
(mintmark) below. REFERENCE: Y-10, A 12
RV: Crown at top, Lion with sunburst behind, arabic TYPE: No date
AH DATE between lions legs / inscription (shahi) below lion,
within wreath tied with ribbon below. FOOTNOTE: Tehran, capital of Persia, and of the Province of Irak-
Ajemi, 66 miles south of the shore of the Caspian Sea. It stands on
EDGE: Reeded a wide plain, dotted here and there with mud-built villages, and
pierced with many circular pits, which reach down to the great
MINT: Arabic Tehran = TEHRAN subterranean water-courses, on which, in this region, the life of
animal and plant is altogether dependent. On the north-east runs
REFERENCE: Y-B70, D 7 the lofty range of the Elburz mountains, rising in Demavend to the
height of 22,000 feet above sea-level, and giving dignity to an
TYPE: Date on reverse otherwise tame and unattractive scene. The town is built almost
entirely of mud-houses, packed within a mud-wall 20 feet high,
and 4 miles in circumference. The principal buildings are the British
FOOTNOTE: Prior to the discovery of oil, Persia gained world fame and Russian Residences; the Bazaar of Takikhan, finished in 1850-
for rug weaving which was its most important industry. 1851, at a cost of British , 30,000; the Ark, or Citadel - in the
suburbs - is the Shahs Palace. Carpets are manufactured; but the
chief trades are shoemaking and manufacture of hats and linen
goods. Population of Tehran in summer, 80,000; in winter 120,000.
.Library of Universal Knowledge, New York, 1880.

1883 - AD 1301 - 500 DINARS - OBV 1883 - AD 1301 - 500 DINARS - REV
===================================================================== ======================================================================
FOOTNOTE: In 1888 the first Persian railway was opened con- FOOTNOTE: The issue dated AH 1297 has a plain edge, where
necting the Caspian Sea with Tehran, the capital. There are some as AH 1301 and AH1306 are reeded. The other dates have not
4000 miles of telegraph lines in operation, and a regular postal been examined.
service was organized in 1877. The principal coins of Persia are
the gold toman, and the silver kran. The rate of exchange varies FOOTNOTE: Nasir-ed-Din Shah, son of Mehemet Shah was first
from about 33 1/2 to 35 krans per British pound. There is no paper enthroned at Tabriz on September 12, 1848, at the age of eighteen
currency. In 1888 the Oriental Bank of London established branches and a second time in Tehran on October 23, 1848. In 1856 his
at Tehran and five other chief towns. Cabinet Cyclopaedia, 1896. occupation of Herat involved him in war with Britain. He visited the
European Courts at three different times and he holds an honor-
===================================================================== able place among the rulers of the world. The two most important
PERSIA, KINGDOM of improvements introduced by him into his country were the con-
TEHRAN MINT struction of the telegraphic communications between Europe and
====================================================================== India through Persia was secured. in the year 1869 and the estab-
500 DINARS 18MM .900 FINE 2.31 GRAMS lishment of a postal service in 1877. The last important service he
====================================================================== rendered his country was the founding of a university called Darinal-
Funum, or place of science, at the capital city, Tehran. In his reign
(1878) AH 1296 u/m The assassination of Nasir-ed-Din on May 1, 1896 by Moslem
(1879) 1297 u/m calculation Nasir-ed-Din had reigned for fifty years in 1896. Prepa-
(1880) 1298 u/m rations were being made to celebrate the auspicious event when
(1883) 1301 u/m suddenly an assassin, taking advantage of the Shahs kindly cus-
(1888) 1306 u/m tom of receiving petitions in person. He was coming out of the door
(1893) 1311 u/m when he was shot by the hand of an assassin,who fired at him
and he died from the bullet in five hours. His murderer was one of
OV: Inscription (The Sultan, Nasir-ed-Din Kasar his subjects, Mirza Riza of Kerman, who belonged to the new
Shah) within inner circle of pearls, within wreath tied with peculiar sect of Babists that is found in Persia and that differs from
ribbon below / inscription Tehran (mintmark) below. the Mohammedan religion. Thus died Nasir-ed-din Shah, who was
rightly regarded by his subjects as the ablest man in his dominions.
RV: Crown at top, Lion with sunburst behind / Splendidly virile and of striking appearance, he conducted all im-
inscription (500 dinars) below lion, within wreath of laurel and portant affairs in person. Nasir-ed-Din Shah did more for Persia
oak tied with ribbon below / arabic AH DATE below. than any ruler during the past 800 years. Persia, the Land of the
Magi, by Samuel Nweeya, 1910, A History of Persia, Percy Sykes,
EDGE: Reeded New York, 1930.,
MINT: Arabic Tehran = TEHRAN FOOTNOTE: The titles of the Shah: The Sovereign, The Pivot of the
Universe, The Sultan, His Auspicious Majesty, His Royal Majesty,
REFERENCE: Y-10A, A 13 The King of Kings, The Royal Possessor of Kingdoms, His Majesty
the Shadow of Allah, The Khajan. History of Persia by Percy
POPULATION: Persia - 1896 - From 6,000,000 to Sykes, New York 1930.
7,000,000 with capital Tehran with 150,000 to 200,000
inhabitants. FOOTNOTE: Currency of Persia - 250 shahi = 12 1/2 kran or 1
toman.

======================================================================
PERSIA, KINGDOM of
TEHRAN MINT
======================================================================
500 DINARS 18MM .900 FINE 2.31 GRAMS
======================================================================
(1889) AH 1307 u/m
OV: Crown at top, inscription (Spread at the feet of

His Imperial Majesty upon His return from Europe), arabic PRYV
(AH 1307), within inner circle of pearls, within wreath of laurel
and oak tied with ribbon / inscription Tehran (mintmark) below.

inscription (500 dinars) below lion, within wreath laurel and oak
EDGE: Reeded
REFERENCE: Y-A15, A 17
TYPE: Commemorative of Sultan Nasirs return from

Europe wit the inscription - Spread at the feet of
His Imperial Majesty upon His return from Europe
======================================================================
PERSIA, KINGDOM of
TEHRAN MINT
======================================================================
======================================================================
(1892) AH 1310 u/m
OV: Inscription (The Sultan, Nasir-ed-Din Kasar

Shah) within inner circle of pearls, within wreath tied with
ribbon below / inscription Tehran (mintmark) below.
RV: Crown at top, Lion with sunburst behind / arabic

PRPY (AH 1310) between lion legs / inscription (ten shahis)
Nasir-ed-Din Kasar Shah
below lion, within wreath laurel and oak tied with ribbon below. ======================================================================
EDGE: Reeded FOOTNOTE: Tehran is situated on the southern slope of Mount

Shimron, and has an altitude of 3,500 feet above the sea. The old
MINT: Arabic Tehran = TEHRAN city was contracted and unhealthy, but of late years the old walls
have been in good part torn down, the moat filled up, and a large
REFERENCE: Y-10b area about the entire city enclosed by a ditch and earthworks. The
space included has been divided by wide streets, and the supply
TYPE: Muled Y-10D (500 dinars) / Y-10A (date below of water has been increased. Tehran is now the most cleanly and
wreath). healthful city in Persia. The city was constructed at first without
any plan. The bazaars and some of the caravansaries are high
FOOTNOTE: The monetary standard is silver, and the unit of value and built of burned brick. Some of the arches are notable for their
the kran, equal to 1000 dinars, worth U.S. 7.9 cents in 1901. beauty and form and for their tile-works. The palaces of the Shah
International Yearbook, N.Y.,1901. occupy a large tract of ground in the northern part of what was
once the old city. They are now in the center. The palace was at
first a citadel, and was called, with all that pertained to it, the ark -
a name which it yet retains. The walls of the ark include the harem,
kings berune, usham al amara, or palace of the sun, the throne-
room, office of war department, the government telegraph-of-
fices, and all buildings used by the government, including the kings
collage. The palace, though gaudy, are unsubstantial and make-
believe structures, with mud-walls encompassing them and often
reared out of mud-bricks afterward covered with a thin veneer of
some more precious material. There are often cracks in the walls
of the most pretentious chambers and halls, and the flat mud-roofs
tumble in over night during the rough season. A Run Round the
World, Boston, 1891.

1893 - AH 1311 - 500 DINARS - OBV 1893 - AH 1311 - 500 DINARS - REV
====================================================================== ======================================================================
PERSIA, KINGDOM of PERSIA, KINGDOM of
====================================================================== ======================================================================
500 DINARS 18MM .900 FINE 2.31 GRAMS 500 DINARS 18MM .900 FINE 2.31 GRAMS
====================================================================== ======================================================================
(1893) AH 1311 u/m (1896) AH 1313 u/m

(1894) 1312 u/m (1896) 1314 u/m
(1897) 1315 u/m
OV: Inscription (The Sultan, Nasir-ed-Din Kasar (1898) 1316 u/m
Shah) within inner circle of pearls, within wreath tied with (1900) 1318 u/m
ribbon below / inscription Tehran (mintmark) below. (1901) 1319 u/m
(1904) 1322 u/m
AH DATE between lion legs / inscription (500 dinars) below lion, OV: Inscription (The Sultan, Mouzaffer-ed-Din Shah)
within wreath laurel and oak tied with ribbon below. within inner circle of pearls, within wreath tied with ribbon
EDGE: Reeded
MINT: Arabic Tehran = TEHRAN AH DATE between lion legs / inscription (500 dinars) below lion,
within wreath laurel and oak tied with ribbon below.
REFERENCE: Y-10D, A 16
EDGE: Reeded
FOOTNOTE: Among the magniloquent titles that as ruler of Persia
he assumes are Shah-in-Shah, meaning King of Kings, which is an MINT: Arabic Tehran = TEHRAN
inheritance from an antiquity older than the Old Testament; Zil Allah,
Shadow of God; the Kibleh Alum, Center of the World; the Exalted REFERENCE: Y-27, B 9
One Exalted as the Planet Saturn; the Well of Knowledge, the King
Whose Standard is the Sun, and Whose Splendor is That of the POPULATION: Persia - 1900 - 7,653,600
Firmament. Persia, the Land of the Magi, Samuel Nweeya, Urmia
City,Persia, 1910.
FOOTNOTE: As the prisoner was brought before the great King,
====================================================================== he began to swear at him and call him names. The king did not
understand the language spoken, and asked his Minister to trans-
late what was said. The Minister, being of peaceful disposition,
said that, overcome by the magnificence of the monarch; the cap-
tive was expressing his awe and admiration, while imploring his
clemency. The king was pleased, and instead of having him be-
headed, ordered the release. Moral: It is better to tell a lie to make
things pleasant, than to tell the truth and cause trouble.

NO DATE - 500 DINARS - OBV NO DATE - 500 DINARS - REV
====================================================================== ======================================================================
PERSIA, KINGDOM of
TEHRAN MINT FOOTNOTE: Mouzaffer-ed-Din, the heir-apparent, was at Tabriz at
====================================================================== the time of his fathers assassination. He was accompanied on his
500 DINARS 18MM .900 FINE 2.31 GRAMS journey to Tehran by the British and Russian representatives. There
====================================================================== were fears that his brothers might fight for the throne, but they
hastened to proffer their allegiance, and the new monarch entered
undated u/m Tehran without opposition and was crowned in peace. A History
of Persia, by Percy Sykes, New York, 1930.
OV: Inscription ( O Owner of Creation! To you,
Greetings) within inner circle of pearls, within wreath tied with FOOTNOTE: The Shah Mouzaffer-ed-Din, which translated, means
ribbon below / inscription Tehran (mintmark) below. the Victorious of the Faith. in 1896, after the assassination of his
father, ascended the celebrated Peacock Throne and put on his
RV: Crown at top, Lion with sunburst behind / head the richest diadem in the world, he was forty-three years of
inscription (500 dinars) below lion, within wreath laurel and oak age. Prior to his ascension he was the titular Governor of Azerbaijan.
tied with ribbon below. The heir apparent, or vali-ahd, always becomes Governor of the
province, which is the most important in Persia, as Tabriz, its capi-
EDGE: Reeded tal, is, next to Tehran, the most important town. He spoke Arabic,
Turkish and French with great fluency, and could also converse in
MINT: Arabic Tehran = TEHRAN English. In addition to his other accomplishments, Mouzaffer-ed-
Din was a crack shot and a splendid horsemen. He visited the
REFERENCE: Y-27A, B 10 chief capitals of Europe, and in August 1900, while a guest of the
French nation in Paris, an attempt was made to assassinate him.
FOOTNOTE: The monetary unit of Persia, is the kran, a silver coin, He was driving in the Avenue du Bois de Boulogne with Amin
formerly weighing 28 nakhods (88 grains), then reduced to 26 Sultan, his Grand Vizier; Doctor Adcock, his physican, and Gen-
nakhods (77 grains), now weighing only 24 nakhods (71 grains) eral Parent, when a man sprang on the steps of the carriage and
or somewhat less. The proportion of pure silver was before the tried to shoot him, but was prevented by the Grand Vizier, who
new coinage (commenced 1877) 92 to 95 per cent.; it was then grasped the mans wrist with such a powerful grip that the would-
fixed at 90, but occasionally coined with only 892 have been be murderer dropped the revolver. The Shahs household made
turned out from the Teheran Mint. In 1874 a kran had the value of him a unique figure in the twentieth century. He was said to have
a French franc, 25 being equal to British ,1 Copper coins of pul, 800 wives. Every year 100 of the most beautiful maidens in the
shahis and abbdssi are not in official circulation; only existing in country were brought before the Shah. He selected the twenty-
the outlying provinces. As a consequence of excess coinage by five who were the most beautiful to him. Persia, the Land of the
a former mint-minister, the copper money has greatly depreciated Magi, Samuel Nweeya,Urmia City,Persia, 1910.
in value since 1896 and circulated at less than its price of copper.
The Government than decided to introduce a nickel coinage in- FOOTNOTE: William Knox DArcy, an Englishman, obtained in 1901
stead; great quantities of five and ten centimes pieces, of same for about U.S.$20,000 a 60 year monopoly for the exploration of
size and weight as those current in Belgium, and of the nominal petroleum in a territory comprising 500,000 square miles, five-
value of 1/20 and 1/10 kran, were coined at Brussels, and put in sixths of the Persian kingdom.
circulation in Persia, in the autumn of 1900, the copper coinage
being withdrawn, and of these nickel pieces nearly five million FOOTNOTE: The kran is equal to U.S. 8.11 cents in 1905. 1000
krans face value are now (January 1911) in circulation. The dinars equal to 1 kran.
Statesman's Year-Book, London 1916.

1905 - AH 1323 - 500 DINARS - OBV 1905 - AH 1323 - 500 DINARS - REV
====================================================================== ======================================================================
PERSIA, KINGDOM of
TEHRAN MINT FOOTNOTE: The Government of Persia is a pure depotism, the
====================================================================== King (Shah) possessing absolute authority over the lives and prop-
500 DINARS 18MM .900 FINE 2.31 GRAMS erty of the people. He appoints Governors of each State. The
====================================================================== standing army consists of 200,000 men, of which 50,000 are
disciplined infantry, 10,000 artillery, 10,000 irregular cavalry and a
(1905) AH 1323 130,000 few thousand irregular infantry and guards. The officers in the
army are, for the most part, ignorant and inefficient, while the
OV: Head of Mouzaffer-ed-Din, facing front, soldiers are intelligent, sober, obedient and capable of enduring
inscription (The Sultan, Mouzaffer-al-din Shah) above, within great fatigue. The trade of Persia is nearly all with Europe. There
wreath oak / arabic PRQR (AH 1323) below. are no railroads nor wagon roads. The means of travel is by foot
or horseback, on narrow footpaths. Instead of express, they have
RV: Crown at top, Lion with sunburst behind / burdens carried on the backs of camels, horses, mules, donkeys
inscription (five hundred dinars) below lion, within wreath laurel or oxen. Caravans of camels perform the greater part of their
and oak tied with ribbon below. journeys by night. Each caravan is composed of from one hundred
to two hundred camels. These are under only a few leaders, for
EDGE: Reeded camels are very gentle during nights while at rest the camels are
let loose. Thieves do not steal them and wild beasts do not eat
MINT: (no mintmark) = TEHRAN, with Dies made at them. Thieves sometime cut the straps that fasten the loads to the
the Brussels mint - The bust of Mouzaffer-ed-Din camels and roll the burdens down steep chasms, when they af-
shows him with splendid plumed fez. The reverse, terwards secure the plunder. The marching caravan is like the
Arms of Persia; lion holding scimitar, sunburst behind. marching of an army, so much tinkling of bells. Thieves come and
attack a camel, the bells cease tinkling and the owner knows that
REFERENCE: Y-30, B 16 something is the matter. Persia the Land of the Magi, by Samuel
Nweeya, Urmia City,Persia, 1910.
FOOTNOTE: Shah Mouzaffer-ed-Din, died January 8, 1907. ======================================================================
FOOTNOTE: The fourth degree of the Mohammedan Priesthood is

called Mollar. This office is the same as the Protestant Elder. The
Mollar visit the sick, call on families, teach them the Koran and
traditions and conduct funerals. Some of them teach children, who
come to them each day for instruction. One Dime Size coin (500
dinars) a month is the tuition fee. In the fall his parishioners who
are able to, give him a collection of provisions for the winter, such
as grapes, apples, wheat, fuel, etc. He is highly respected in the
community and is always invited out to a feast in some private
home on holidays. He writes documents for the people, for which
he gets from 100 to 500 dinars, but the fee is often two or three
eggs or a basket of fruit. This is the poor Mollahs only income.
Persia, the Land of the Magi, by Samuel Nweeya, Urmia City,
Persia, 1910.
Gate of Tehran
======================================================================
PERSIA, KINGDOM of
TEHRAN MINT
======================================================================
======================================================================
(1907) AH 1325 218,027

(1908) 1326 218,812

above, within inner circle of pearls, within wreath tied with
ribbon / inscription Tehran (mintmark) below.

AH DATE between lions legs / inscription (500 dinars) below
lion, within wreath laurel and oak tied with ribbon below.
EDGE: Reeded
REFERENCE: Y-46, C 8
FOOTNOTE: The kran equal to 1000 dinars is equal to U.S. 9.73

cents in 1907-9.
FOOTNOTE: Mohammed Ali Mirza was born June 21,1872, the

1908 - AH 1326 - 500 DINARS - OBV
eldest son of Mouzaffer-al-din. He received a liberal education. ======================================================================
He opposed the Constitution and Parliamentary Government PERSIA, KINGDOM of
established by his father in 1906. He succeeded his father to the TEHRAN MINT
throne of Persia as Shah in 1907 and dissolved the National ======================================================================
Council in 1908. A revolution resulted on July 15, 1909 and he 500 DINARS 18MM .900 FINE 2.31 GRAMS
was compelled to take refuge in the Russian Legation. The ======================================================================
Council declared this to be an act of abdication and elected his
son Ahmed Mirza his successor. Mohammed Ali Mirza died in (1908) AH 1326 included with Y-46
1925. (1909) 1327 u/m
FOOTNOTE: Owing to the increasing popular discontent with a OV: Head of Mohammed Ali Shah, facing left,
corrupt and incompetent administration and an extravagant Court, inscription (The Sultan, Mohammad Ali Shah) above, within
a Nationalist movement began in 1905. In August 1906 the Shah, wreath / arabic AH DATE below.
admitting the need for reforms, granted a Constitution, but after
much vacillation he was deposed by the National Council, and his RV: Crown at top, Lion with sunburst behind,
son, aged eleven years, appointed to succeed him. In 1911 the ex- inscription (500 dinars) below lion, within wreath laurel and oak
Shah invaded Persia from Russian Territory, but was defeated and tied with ribbon below.
driven out.
EDGE: Reeded
FOOTNOTE: The Government of Persia is an absolute monarchy.
The only control to which its ruler, the Shah, is subject are the MINT: (no mintmark) = TEHRAN
precepts of the Koran. Ministers he calls and dismisses at plea-
sure. The priesthood is very influential and very bigoted. The Per- REFERENCE: Y-48, C 14
sian is celebrated for his affable manners, but also for his craft
and deceit. Polygamy is both authorized and encouraged. New FOOTNOTE: In 1908-9 the kran or 1000 dinars is equal to U.S. 9.05
Cabinet Cyclopaedia, Phila.,1896. cents.
FOOTNOTE: Tehran, capital of Persia is 66 miles south of the

Caspian Sea, at the southern base of Mount Elburz. The city is
surrounded by a strong wall 4 miles in circuits, with numerous
towers and a broad dry ditch. The city has six gates with streets
to the Bazaar in the center of town. Since 1870 many improve-
ments have been made including streets being lighted by gas and
laid with tramways. The principal edifice is the Citadel - Palace of
the Shah, which has considerable strength, but little architectural
merit. During the summer months the court removes, on account of
the intolerable heat, to more agreeable quarters on the heights to
the north, and a third of the inhabitants including the European
Embassies, follow the Royal Court. The principal manufactures
are Persian carpets, silks, cottons and articles of iron. Population
of Tehran 350,000. New Cabinet Cyclopedia, Phila.,1896.
Iran today

=====================================================================
PERSIA, KINGDOM of
TEHRAN MINT
======================================================================
======================================================================
(1909) AH 1327 u/m

(1910) 1328 u/m
(1911) 1329 44,000
(1912) 1330 627,398

within inner circle of pearls, within wreath tied with ribbon
RV: Crown at top, Lion with sunburst behind,

tied with ribbon below / arabic AH DATE below.
EDGE: Reeded
REFERENCE: Y-66, D 11
POPULATION: Persia - 1912 - 9,000,000 with capital

1908 - AH 1326 - 500 DINARS - REV Tehran with 325,000 inhabitants.
====================================================================== FOOTNOTE: Ahmed Shah Kajar, Hereditary monarch, son of the
abdicated Mohammed Ali Shah, born January 20, 1898; succeeded
July 16, 1909 under the Regency of Ali Reza Kahn Azad-el-mulk,
Chief of the Kajar tribe.
FOOTNOTE; Tehran, the capital of Persia, situated 70 miles due

south of the Caspian Sea at an elevation of 3800 feet. In 1869 the
====================================================================== Shah caused the mud walls of the city to be torn down and five
years later it was surrounded by a ditch and 58 bastions, after the
method of Vauban. It is now in the form of an irregular octagon,
enclosing 7 1/2 square miles, and housing twelve gates. Several
broad, handsome boulevards have been laid out, and are lighted
by gas...The sanitary conditions have likewise become improved.
The Bazaars are the center of life. There are seven miles of
tramways, and a railroad to Shah-Abdul-Azim, six miles south of
the capital. The Ark or fortified palace of the Shah, in the northern
quarter of Tehran, contains prisons, a military school, beautiful
gardens, baths, kiosks, and several other handsome buildings,
including the harem. The wealthy citizens dwell in elaborate and
costly establishments with lovely gardens, tiny ponds, and venti-
lating towers. The population of Tehran varies from 160,000 in
summer to 250,000 in winter. New International Encyclopedia,
1910.
FOOTNOTE; Persia - called by the natives Iran - comprises an area

of 630,000 sq. miles, with a population estimated at 10,000,000,
made up of the following nationalities and sects: Zoroastrians
15,000, Jews 15,000; Nestorians 25,000; Armenians 50,000. The
remainder are all Mohammedans, made up of Kurds, Arabs, and
Persians. Persia is mostly an arid table-land, encircled, except on
the east, by mountains, those in the north rising to 18,700 ft. The
central and eastern portion is a vast salt desert. There are only 8
miles of railway open (c. 1914), and traveling is mostly by cara-
vans, and transport by pack-animals. The cost of carriage is,
therefore, very heavy. The chief products are cereals, cotton,
gums, dried fruits, silk, tobacco, and opium. The minerals (little
worked) are salt, iron, coal, copper, lead, sulfur, etc., with tur-
quoises. Oilfields in southern Persia have been successfully worked
by an English Company since 1912. The capital, Tehran has a
Mohammed Ali Shah population of 210,000.

1916 - AH 1334 - 500 DINARS - OBV 1914 - AH 1332 - 500 DINARS - OBV
====================================================================== ======================================================================
PERSIA, KINGDOM of
TEHRAN MINT FOOTNOTE: In 1921 Persia requested an American financial ad-
====================================================================== viser and in response to this request, Dr.Arthur C. Millspaugh,
500 DINARS 18MM .900 FINE 2.31 GRAMS Economic Adviser to the State Department at Washington, was
====================================================================== selected and with a number of American experts in banking, taxa-
tion and other administrative work arrived in Tehran in 1922. The
(1913) AH 1331 included with Y-66 experts found the fiscal administration in a chaotic state. The
(1914) 1332 560,000 Treasury was empty, there were many unpaid claims, a budget
(1915) 1333 292,568 was unknown and there were thousands of unanswered letters.
(1916) 1334 65,009 The outlying provinces maintained their own troops and refused to
(1917) 1335 150,000 pay taxes. Within a year, Dr. Millspaugh had accomplished the
(1918) 1336 240,000 impossible. The budget was balanced, eliminating a deficit of
(1921) 1339 u/m $900,000 (U.S.),from better methods of assessments and tax col-
(1925) 1343 160,000 lections. Exports increased and still exceeded imports. Assisting
Dr. Millspaugh was the new Prime Minister, Riza Kahn who before
OV: Head of Ahmad Shah, facing front / inscription assuming the duties of Prime minister was Commander-in-Chief of
(The Sultan, Ahmad Shah) above, within partial wreath below / the Army and Minister of War. The Arabian Nights true to life tale of
arabic AH DATE below. the rise from tatters to the throne is the story of Ahmed Riza Kahn,
Autocrat of Persia. Before World War I, he was groom and drago-
RV: Crown at top, Lion with sunburst behind, man (interpreter) for the British Envoy at the Court of Tehran.
inscription (Five hundred dinars) below lion, within wreath laurel When the war broke out he joined the Cossacks as a trooper.
and oak tied with ribbon below. Because of his extraordinary bravery he soon became an officer
and after the collapse of Russia he found himself at the head of an
EDGE: Reeded adventurous, hard-riding body of Russians and Persians, which
he called the 10th Legion. During this period the young Shah had
MINT: (no mintmark) = TEHRAN virtually expatriated himself and for several years had abandoned
himself to the delights of Paris and Monte Carlo. On March 21, 1924
TYPE: I - Date on obverse only the Persian New Years Day, the Shah was deposed and replaced
by his infant son of two years of age, placing the Prime Minister in
REFERENCE: Y-70, D 12 control. When the Shah was informed that he had been deposed
by his former Premier he accepted his fate philosophically. On
FOOTNOTE: The coronation of Sultan Ahmad Shah took place on November 1, 1925 Raza Kahn became dictator. He ordered the
July 21, 1914 and his Regent Abu'l Kassim Khan, Nasser el Mulk liberation of all political prisoners and granted amnesty to all mem-
left for Europe soon after. The Royal Family is very numerous; bers of the House of Qajar, though exiled from the country he
there are some thousands of princes and princesses. The continued sending them pensions. He reduced the price of bread,
Statesman's Year-Book, London ,1916. which became a very popular measure in view of the scarcity of
bread in Persia.
FOOTNOTE: Tehran - The capital of Iran began as a trading Bazaar
centuries ago. Its name in Persian literally means Warm Place. In FOOTNOTE: The Shah of Persia was until 1906 absolute ruler
the 18th century it became the capital of Persia largely because it within his dominions, and master of the lives and goods of all his
was a relatively pleasant place in a country noted for its bleak and subjects. The whole revenue of the country being at his disposal.
inclement landscape. The Statesman's Year-Book, London ,1916.

1914 - AH 1332 - 500 DINARS - REV 1914 - AH 1332 - 500 DINARS - REV
====================================================================== ======================================================================
PERSIA, KINGDOM of IRAN, KINGDOM of (PERSIA)
====================================================================== ======================================================================
500 DINARS 18MM .900 FINE 2.31 GRAMS 500 DINARS 18.1MM .900 FINE 2.35 GRAMS
====================================================================== ======================================================================
(1914) AH 1332 u/m (1925) SH 1304 u/m rare
OV: Head of Ahmad Shah, facing front / inscription OV: Inscription (In the name of Kingdom of Iran)
(The Sultan, Ahmad Shah) above, within partial wreath below / within circle of pearls, within wreath of laurel and oak tied with
arabic PRRQ (AH 1332) below. ribbon below. / inscription Tehran (mintmark) below.
RV: Crown at top, Lion with sunburst behind / arabic RV: Crown at top, Lion with sunburst behind / date
PRRQ (AH 1332), inscription (five hundred dinars) below lion, in arabic solar year PRYS (SH 1304) below, within wreath
within wreath laurel and oak tied with ribbon below. laurel and oak tied with ribbon below.
MINT: (no mintmark) = TEHRAN MINT: Arabic Tehran = TEHRAN
TYPE: II - Date both obverse and reverse REFERENCE: Y-A101
REFERENCE: Y-70A, D 13
FOOTNOTE: This issue was first reported by Scott Cordry in 1978
FOOTNOTE: Until recently the sovereigns of Persia were able to as a new type or pattern.
amass a large private fortune, but that of the present occupant of
the throne is reported to amount to barely two millions Sterling,
most of it represented by diamonds, the largest the Derya i Nur, of FOOTNOTE: The official name of Persia was changed on March
186 carats and the Taj i Mah, of 146 carats, and other precious 22, 1925 to the Kingdom of Iran. The people refer to themselves as
stones, forming the crown jewels. The Statesman's Year-Book, Irani.
London, 1916.
FOOTNOTE: Mirza Ahmed Shah - Upon the abdication of his father, FOOTNOTE: The new Shah, Raza Kahn changed the dating on
Mohammed Ali as Shah in 1909, he succeeded to the throne, but Persian coinage in AD 1925 from the Arabic calendar or AH (Anno
for some years, owing to his extreme youth, did not take any part Hegira) dates to the Solar calendar (SH), thus AH 1344 became SH
in his countrys government, to the extent to which his prescribed 1304. As both calendars were in use in Persia at the time, this
powers would permit him, under the changed political conditions brought the coin dates in line with business and trading, where as
that have prevailed in Persia of late years. He was crowned in the AH dates were used for religious events. On the coinage of
1914, when in his sixteenth year, reigning without ruling, the ad- this series there are several times when the date shown in Arabic
ministration being controlled by the Persian Cabinet. He estab- numbers falls within the AH dating period and similar numbers with
lished himself in France in 1923. In 1925 he was deposed. He died SH dates.
in 1930. Worlds Popular Encyclopedia, N.Y. 1937.

======================================================================
IRAN, KINGDOM of (PERSIA)
TEHRAN MINT
======================================================================
======================================================================
(1926) SH 1305 10,000
OV: Inscription (Reza Shah Pahlavi, Shahanshah

Iran) within circle of pearls, within wreath of laurel and oak tied
with ribbon below. / inscription Tehran (mintmark) below.

inscription (500 Dinars) below lion, date in arabic solar year
PRYT (SH 1305), within wreath laurel and oak tied with ribbon
below.
EDGE: Reeded
REFERENCE: Y-A105, E 19
======================================================================
1928 - SH 1307 - 500 DINARS - OBV

======================================================================
TEHRAN MINT
======================================================================
======================================================================
(1927) SH 1306 5,000 rare

(1928) 1307 46,000
(1929) 1308 464,000
OV: Head of Reza Shah Pahlavi, facing right,

inscription (Reza Shah Pahlavi, Shahanshah Iran) above /
inscription dividing (From PRYS (SH 1304), left and Julus, right =
Date of acsension to the throne) within wreath of laurel and oak
/ arabic SH DATE below.

tied with ribbon below / inscription Tehran (Mintmark) below.
EDGE: Reeded
REFERENCE: Y-A109, E 23
FOOTNOTE: Reza Khan, born March 16, 1878, in October 1925

deposed the Shah, declaring the end of the Kajar Dynasty. On
December 12, 1925 the crown was vested in Reza Kahn, the
former Persian Cossack Brigade Commander, as Reza Shah Pahlavi
the first of the Pahlavi Dynasty. Using his well trained army he
established effective control of the whole country and attempted a
program of development for Persia. Postal Service was improved,
regular air service established, and radio communications main-
tained. A railway line from the Caspian Sea to the Persian Gulf was
undertaken. The Shahs industrialization policy along with educa-
tion reforms raised the standard of living. Much of the reforms
were modeled on the policies of Turkey as the Raza Shah was
greatly influenced by Mustafa Kemal Ataturk. The name of Persia
was changed to Iran in 1925. Political developments forced the
abdication of Raza Shah on Sept. 16, 1941 and he was suc-
Persian water-carrier ceeded by his eldest son, Mohammed Reza Pahlavi, then age 22.

1928 - SH 1307 - 500 DINARS - REV 1935 - SH 1314 - 2 RIAL - REV
====================================================================== ======================================================================
============================================================================================================================================
TEHRAN MINT
======================================================================
1/2 RIAL 18MM .828 FINE 2.5 GRAMS
======================================================================
(1931) SH 1310 2,000,000

(1932) 1311 u/m
============================================================================================================================================ (1933) 1312 u/m
(1934) 1313 1,945,000
(1935) 1314 100,000
(1936) 1315 800,000
OV: Crown at top, inscription (Reza Shah Pahlavi,

Shahanshah Iran) above / inscription (half / rial) within wreath of
laurel and oak / arabic SH DATE below.

inscription (Half Rial) under lion, within wreath laurel and oak tied
with ribbon below / inscription Tehran (Mintmark) below.
EDGE: Reeded
REFERENCE: Y-112, E 28
POPULATION: Iran - 1933 - 15,000,000 with capital

Tehran with 360,351 inhabitants.
FOOTNOTE: Over dates for this series are common including

1312/0, 1313/2 and 1315/0.
FOOTNOTE: The unit of currency of Iran is the rial - equal to about

six cents American in 1936. 100 rials = 1 pahlavi.
FOOTNOTE: Mohammad Reza Shah Pahlavi was born on October

1935 - SH 1314 - 2 RIAL - OBV 26, 1919. He married Princess Fawzieh, sister of the King of Egypt
in 1939.
============================================================================================================================================

======================================================================
FOONOTE: The WHITE SHAHIS or three shahis series - First intro-
duced in AD 1878 dated AH 1296. They were usually struck in two
designs, thought to provide one for use by the nobility and one for
the religious community. The custom of giving shahis to friends on
Now Ruz (New Year) as an expression of friendship became very
popular. One of the types of three shahis bears the name of the
reigning Shah with his titles, for the nobility. The other issues
contain an inscription known as the Sahib-al-Zaman or 12th Iman
which refers to the Twelfth Iman (Prophet) to guide all good
Mohammadems to heaven. The white shahis were discontinued
after the issue dated AH 1342 with the end of the Qajar Dynasty.
Under the rial standard starting with SH 1309 (AD 1930) half rials
were the closest small silver coin which could be used to continue
the tradition of giving a small coin at Now Ruz. The half rials were
issued between SH 1310-15, to be followed by the one rial of
about the same size starting with SH 1322 through SH 1330. After
that date only cupro-nickel coins of the one rial denomination were
1943 - SH 1322 - 1 RIAL - OBV issued. Thus in SH 1331 (AD 1952) there was need for privately
struck tokens of about the one rial size in silver. There are tokens
====================================================================== in my collection starting with the date SH 1331 which reintroduce
IRAN, KINGDOM of (PERSIA) the inscription formerly used on one type of the white shahis -
TEHRAN MINT Sahib-al-Zaman (O Owner of Time [Creation]! To You, Greet-
====================================================================== ings). Various birds or inscriptions are on the other side. Above
1 RIAL 18MM .600 FINE 1.6 GRAMS the Sahib-al-Zaman inscription is the arabic number 43. Other
====================================================================== dates include SH 1334, SH 1335 and SH 1339 along with several
with no-date showing; a pair of peacocks, vase of flowers, hand
(1943) SH 1322 u/m held bouquet, and one with the word TERME. The last date corre-
(1944) 1323 u/m sponds to AD 1960 which was about the time when the price of
(1945) 1324 u/m silver started to increase and most all countries stopped issuing
(1946) 1325 u/m silver coinage.
(1947) 1326 567,000 rare
(1948) 1327 5,795,000
(1949) 1328 1,565,000
(1950) 1329 144,496
(1951) 1330 u/m
OV: Crown at top, inscription (Mohammad Reza

Shah Pahlavi, Shahanshah Iran) above / inscription (1 / rial)
within wreath of laurel and oak / arabic SH DATE below.

inscription (one rial) under lion, within wreath laurel and oak tied
with ribbon below / inscription Tehran (Mintmark) below.
EDGE: Reeded
REFERENCE: Y-129, F 6
Modern Coinage of Iran, by Robert L. Clarke and

A.Mohabat-Ayin,M.D. Dallas, 1974.
FOOTNOTE: There is an interesting token series from Persia (Iran)

which were produced to replace the official white shahis when
they were no longer struck. These tokens were presented at
Now Ruz to friends as the three shahis previously were. They are
both dated and undated as were the three shahis coins. It has
been reported that these tokens are quite common at the Bazaar in
Tehran.
Shahpur Mohammed Riza Pahlevi
Kingdom of Iran (Persia)
1943 - SH 1322 - 1 RIAL - REVERSE

PERU
====================================================================== ======================================================================
1886 - UN DINERO - CUZCO - OBV 1886 - UN DINERO - CUZCO - REV

====================================================================== ======================================================================
PERU, REPUBLIC of
CUZCO MINT FOOTNOTE: Currency of Peru - 10 dinero = 1 peso
======================================================================
UN DINERO 18MM .900 FINE 2.5 GRAMS FOOTNOTE: Cuzco, 550 miles south east of Lima, was the ancient
====================================================================== capital of the Peruvian Empire, founded in 1043 by Manca Capac,
the first Inca of Peru. It was taken by the Spaniards under Pizarro,
1886 PE#609 u/m rare in 1534. Olneys Geography, 1849.
OV: Seated Patria, LIBERTAD (Liberty) incised on FOOTNOTE: Cuzco, an ancient city in Peru, capital of a Department
ribbon around base under wreath to right, FB incused lower left, of the same name, is situated in a wide valley about 11,300 feet
FIRME Y FELIZ POR LA UNION (Strength and Prosperity through above sea level, between the Apurimac and Urbamba. The houses
Unity) around / UN DINo (one dinero) below. are built of stone, covered with red tiles, and many of them of the
era of the Incas. The ruins of the fortresses built by the Incas, a
RV: Arms of the Republic within wreath of palm and stupendous specimen of cylopean architecture, are still to be seen,
laurel tied with ribbon below, REPUB: PERUANA CUZCO 9 D: as well as other massive specimens of ancient Peruvian architec-
FINO J.M. (Republic Peru Cuzco 9 hundred fine J.M.) around / ture. The inhabitants manufacture sugar, soap, cotton, and woolen
1886 below. goods, etc. There is a university, a cathedral, etc. Cuzco is the
most ancient of the Peruvian cities, and was at one time the capital
EDGE: Reeded of the Empire of the Incas. In 1534 it was taken by Pizarro. Popula-
tion of Cuzco (1895) 18,730. Cabinet Cyclopaedia, 1895.
MINT: CUZCO = CUZCO
FOOTNOTE: Only one dime size silver one dinero was struck by
ASSAYER: J.M. = Unknown the mint at Cuzco dated 1886. The engraving was crude with this
issue and rare as the mintage undoubtedly was quite limited. The
TYPE: I - FB = designers initials other listings from the Lima mint are in date order and in order of
assayers.
REFERENCE: Y-15, KM-190a
FOOTNOTE: The Republic of Peru was formerly the most important
FOOTNOTE: Diego Hualca, a poor Indian hunter while pursuing a of the Spanish Viceroyalties in South America. Independence was
goat up the side of a mountain in Peru, in the year 1545, He grasped gained in 1821.
a jutting bush for support. The bush came out, root and branch, in
his hand, and revealed to his astonished eyes the surface
outcroppings of the huge silver deposit known as the Potosi.
Comptoms Pictured Encyclopedia, 1922.
ENCYCLOPEDIA OF SMALL SILVER COINS - PERU - PAGE 415

1860 - UN REAL - OBVERSE 1860 - UN REAL - Y.B - REVERSE
====================================================================== ======================================================================
PERU, REPUBLIC of
LIMA MINT FOOTNOTE: In 1857 a decimal system was established based on
====================================================================== a gold sol, equivalent to the 5 franc piece of the Latin Monetary
1 REAL 18MM .900 FINE 2.5 GRAMS Union.
======================================================================
FOOTNOTE: Peru is a large country, distinguished for the richness
1859 u/m of its mines, its valuable productions, and great varieties of its
1860 u/m climate. The western part, between the Andes and the Pacific, 40
1861 u/m to 50 miles in width, consists mostly of sandy, barren plains. The
middle portion, lying between the two great ridges of the moun-
OV: Seated Patria, LIBERTAD (Liberty) incised on tains, consists of table lands, 8000 feet above the level of the sea.
ribbon around base under wreath to right. FIRME Y FELIZ POR Perpetual spring reigns in this region, and vegetation blooms
LA UNION (Strength and Prosperity through Unity) around / UN throughout the year. The part east of the mountains, consists of
REAL (One Real) below. immense plains, or pampas, covered only with grass. The most
important productions are cotton, grains, cocoa, sugar, coffee,
RV: Arms of the Republic within wreath of palm and and Peruvian bark. It has mines of gold, silver, copper, mercury
laurel tied with ribbon below, REPUB. PERUANA LIMA 9 DEC. and lead. Lima is situated on a small river in the midst of a spacious
FINO Y.B (Republic Peru - Lima - 9 hundred fine Y.B ) around / and delightful valley, 7 miles from the Pacific. It enjoys a perpetual
DATE below. summer climate, and is distinguished for the magnificence of its
public buildings, and the rich ornaments of the churches. Olneys
EDGE: Reeded Geography, 1849.
MINT: LIMA = LIMA FOOTNOTE: Lima, the capital of Peru, was founded in 1534 by
Pizarro, who gave it the name of Ciudad de los Reyes, or City of
ASSAYER: Y.B = Unknown the Kings, but is better known to foreigners by that of Lima. It is 4
miles long and 2 miles broad, and surrounded by brick walls, with
REFERENCE: Y-4, KM-181 bastions. The streets are handsome and straight; the houses are
generally only one story high, in consequence of the earthquakes.
They have flat roofs, and trees round them to keep off the sun.
The river forms canals in the streets, which run to most of the
houses, and serve water to the gardens, &c. Here are the courts
of the viceroy and the royal mint. All the provinces remit their
product and manufactures to Lima, and are supplied thence with
the necessary commodities. The inhabitants, estimated at 50,000
(c.1839), are rich, fond of dress, and splendid retinues, and ex-
tremely superstitious. Universal Gazette, Phila. 1839.
FOOTNOTE: In January, 1881, Lima capitulated to the Chileans,

who occupied it for upwards of two years.
Lima, Capital of Peru in 1902
Photo Geography, A.E.Frye, The Athenaeum Press

1863 - UN DINERO - OBVERSE 1863 - UN DINERO - Y.B - REVERSE
====================================================================== ======================================================================
PERU, REPUBLIC of
LIMA MINT
======================================================================
UN DINERO 18MM .900 FINE 2.5 GRAMS
======================================================================
1863 u/m PE#567 double stops REPUB : - 9 D :

1864 u/m PE#570 single stops REPUB . - 9 D .
OV: Seated Patrodia, LIBERTAD (Liberty) incused on

ribbon around base under wreath to right, R.B.incused lower
left. FIRME Y FELIZ POR LA UNION (Strength and Prosperity
through Unity) around / UN DINo (one dinero) below.
Arms of Peru
RV: Arms of the Republic within wreath of palm and
laurel tied with ribbon below, REPUB : PERUANA LIMA 9 D : FINO FOOTNOTE: Arms of Peru: Party per pale and base, in dexter chief
Y.B (Republic Peru - Lima - 9 hundred fine Y.B) around / DATE azure a llama standing contournee, in sinister argent a cinchona
below. tree, on base gules a cornucopia from which pours gold coins;
crest, a laurel wreath.
EDGE: Reeded
======================================================================
MINT: LIMA = LIMA
ASSAYER: Y.B = Unknown
DESIGNER: R.B. = R. Britten
TYPE: II - Designers initials
FOOTNOTE: In 1860 the population of Lima was 100,341, and in

1868 it had reached 121,362, of whom 38,761 were foreigners.
The Spanish natives have the reputation of being courteous, af-
fable, and generous, but at the same time fond of pleasure, im-
provident, and superstitious. Encyclopedia Britannica Ninth Edi-
tion, 1888.
Llama
1874 - UN DINERO - OBVERSE 1874 - UN DINERO - Y.J. - REVERSE
====================================================================== ======================================================================
PERU, REPUBLIC of
LIMA MINT
====================================================================== ======================================================================
======================================================================
1870 u/m PE#570

1872 u/m PE#576 rare
1874 u/m PE#577
1875 u/m PE#578
1877 u/m PE#579
OV: Seated Patria, LIBERTAD (Liberty) incused on

ribbon around base under wreath to right, R.B.incused lower
left. FIRME Y FELIZ POR LA UNION (Strength and Prosperity
through Unity) around / UN DINo (one dinero) below.

laurel tied with ribbon below, REPUB. PERUANA LIMA 9 D. FINO
Y.J (Republic Peru - Lima - 9 hundred fine Y.J) around / DATE
below.
EDGE: Reeded
MINT: LIMA = LIMA
ASSAYER: Y.J = Unknown (1877 = Y J.)
DESIGNER: R.B. = R. Britten
TYPE: II - Designers initials
POPULATION: Peru - 1876 - 2,660,881 with capital

Map of Peru about 1880
Lima with 140,484 inhabitants.
======================================================================
FOOTNOTE: Lima, the capital of Peru, is situated at the foot of
FOOTNOTE: The numerous domes and spires give Lima a fine
granitic hills, 7 miles from Calcao, its port on the Pacific, on the
appearance from a distance, but the houses are mostly of unburnt
small river Rimac. It is regularly built, and many of the streets have
brick. New Cabiner Cyclopaedia, Phila., 1896.
a stream of water running down the center.

1891 - UN DINERO - OBVERSE 1891 - UN DINERO - T.F. - REVERSE
====================================================================== ======================================================================
PERU, REPUBLIC of
LIMA MINT
======================================================================
======================================================================
1888 10,000 PE#580 rare

1890 400,000 PE#581
1891 60,000 PE#582
1892 69,000 PE#583
1893 23,000 PE#584
1894 u/m PE#585 rare
1895 90,000 PE#586 scarce
1896 534,000 PE#587 scarce

ribbon around base under wreath to right. FIRME Y FELIZ POR
LA UNION (Strength and Prosperity through Unity) around / UN
DINo (one dinero) below.

laurel tied with ribbon below, REPUB: PERUANA LIMA 9 D: FINO
T.F. (Republic Peru Lima 9 hundred fine T.F.) around / DATE
below.
EDGE: Reeded
MINT: LIMA = LIMA
ASSAYER: T.F. = Unknown

1896 - UN DINERO - F. - REVERSE
TYPE: III - No designers initials ======================================================================
POPULATION: Peru - 1890 - 2,699,000, with the

capital of Lima estimated at 100,000.
Peruivan Lake Titicaca in 1902

Photo Geography, A.E.Frye, The Athenaeum Press

======================================================================
PERU, REPUBLIC of
LIMA MINT
======================================================================
======================================================================
1896 included with T.F. PE#580


F. (Republic Peru Lima 9 hundred fine F.) around / 1896 below.
EDGE: Reeded
MINT: LIMA = LIMA
ASSAYER: F. = Unknown (T.F. with T removed)
TYPE: III - No designers initials

1897 - UN DINERO - V.N. - OBVERSE
======================================================================
PERU, REPUBLIC of
LIMA MINT
======================================================================
FOOTNOTE: Peru...adopted the gold standard in 1897, with the
Peruvian pound equivalent to the English pound, and 25 gram,
======================================================================
0.900 fine silver soles. She remained firmly on the gold standard
until World War I. Silver Money, by D. Leavens, Bloomington,
1897 included with V.N. PE#589
Ind.,1939.
1898 200,000 PE#591
1900 550,000 PE#592
1902 374,500 PE#593
=====================================================================
1903 887,000 PE#594
1904 380,000 PE#595
1905 700,000 PE#596
1906 826,000 PE#597


J.F. (Republic Peru Lima 9 hundred fine J.F.) around / DATE
below.
EDGE: Reeded
MINT: LIMA = LIMA
ASSAYER: J.F. = Jose A. Figueroa
TYPE: IiI - No designers initials

FOOTNOTE: A Law establishing the gold standard was promul-

gated October 13, 1900, The unit of value is the sol, worth one-
1897 - UN DINERO - J.F. - REVERSE tenth of a British sovereign, or 48.665 cents in United States money.
Silver is legal tender up to 100 soles.
======================================================================

1897 - UN DINERO - V.N. - REVERSE 1909 - UN DINERO - F.G. - REVERSE
====================================================================== ======================================================================
PERU, REPUBLIC of PERU, REPUBLIC of
LIMA MINT LIMA MINT
====================================================================== ======================================================================
UN DINERO 18MM .900 FINE 2.5 GRAMS UN DINERO 18MM .900 FINE 2.5 GRAMS
====================================================================== ======================================================================
1897 510,000 PE#590 1907 500,000 PE#599

1908 200,000 PE#600
OV: Seated Patria, LIBERTAD (Liberty) incused on 1909 u/m PE#601 scarce
ribbon around base under wreath to right. FIRME Y FELIZ POR 1910 210,000 PE#602
LA UNION (Strength and Prosperity through Unity) around / UN 1911 200,000 PE#603
DINo (one dinero) below. 1912 400,000 PE#604
1913 360,000 PE#605
RV: Arms of the Republic within wreath of palm and 1916 430,000 PE#606
V.N. (Republic Peru Lima 9 hundred fine V.N.) around / 1897 OV: Seated Patria, LIBERTAD (Liberty) incused on
below. ribbon around base under wreath to right. FIRME Y FELIZ POR
EDGE: Reeded DINo (one dinero) below.
MINT: LIMA = LIMA RV: Arms of the Republic within wreath of palm and
ASSAYER: V.N. = Jose Vicente Novoa F.G. (Republic Peru Lima 9 hundred fine F.G.) around / DATE
below.
TYPE: IIi - No designers initials
EDGE: Reeded
MINT: LIMA = LIMA
FOOTNOTE: The author had been collecting this series of Mod-
ern Dime Size Silver Coins of the World for many years and at ASSAYER: F.G. = Francisco Gamarra
the time had yet to add the scarce 1909 - one dinero to his
collection. On one occasion he had seen a very low-grade TYPE: IiI - No designers initials
specimen in a dealer's junk box marked $10. As has been his
collecting preference of only selecting fine or better grades gen- REFERENCE: Y-15.2, KM-204
erally, he passed this one up. A short time later, at a local monthly
coin show the unexpected occured. A dealer friend had acquired Monedas Del Peru De 1751 A 1975, by Cesar
the remnants of a collection, marking them at half-price and put- Fishman, Lima 1976. The Coins of Peru, by
ting them in a great big carton. Well, need I tell you more? After A. Almanzar and D. Seppa, 1972 (PE#)
going through the complete box only one coin was pulled out, to
check further with the want list and with great surprise, this POPULATION: Peru - 1912 - 4,500,000 with capital
was the one coin in this series of Peruvian one dinero needed, Lima with 140,884 inhabitants.
and a great bargain too -1909 at $1.00 in EF.

PHILIPPINES
====================================================================== ======================================================================

====================================================================== ======================================================================
PHILIPPINES, COMMONWEALTH of
DENVER MINT FOOTNOTE: The listings for the Philippines start with the 10 centimos
====================================================================== de peso of 1864 minted at the Spanish mint of Manila, with the 1868
10 CENTAVOS 17MM .750 FINE 2.0 GRAMS frozen date struck from 1868-74. After the Islands became an
====================================================================== American possession coinage was minted at both the San Fran-
cisco and Philadelphia mints starting with 1903.The Manila mint
1944 31,592,000 again produced the 10 centavos beginning in 1920, off and on until
1945 137,208,000 1941, when the Islands were occupied by the Japanese during
1946 6,384,000 (not released - melted) World War II. Anticipating the victory new coinage was minted at
the Denver mint dated 1944-46, however the last year was all
OV: Filipina standing next to an anvil, TEN melted and never released. Listings are by mints and then by
CENTAVOS, above / FILIPINAS below. dates.
RV: Eagle over shield, UNITED STATES OF AMERICA, FOOTNOTE: The Philippines were a Spanish Colony from 1566 to
around / COMMONWEALTH OF THE PHILIPPINES on ribbon below 1898 when they became a possession of the United States of
/ D (mintmark) DATE below. America as a result of the Spanish-American War. The Philippines
include over 7,000 separate islands in the North Pacific Ocean,
EDGE: Reeded north of Borneo and east of French Indo-China. Manila the capital,
is well fortified, and defended by the castle of St. Philips. The
MINT: D = DENVER number of European inhabitants is estimated at 12,000 (c.1839).
Most of the public structures are built of wood, on account of the
REFERENCE: Y-31, KM-181 frequent earthquakes. The city is seated near the lake Bahia, on
the east side of the bay, on the South West coast of the island of
Coins, Medals and Tokens of the Philippines Islands Luconia. The bay is a circular basin, 10 leagues in diameter, and
by Neil Shafer, Racine 1961. great part of it land locked, but the part peculiar to the city, called
Cavete, lies 9 miles to the South West. On account of the pure and
POPULATION: Philippines - 1946 - 16,000,000 mild temperature of the air, it is deemed the most healthy of the
European settlements in the East. Universal Gazette, Phila. 1839.
FOOTNOTE: The Philippines became independent of the United
States of America on July 4, 1946, and the 1946 issue was with- FOOTNOTE: On March 2, 1862 to solve the problem of lack of
held and remelted as it referred to the Commonwealth of the Philip- fractional coinage in the Philippines, Queen Isabel granted permis-
pines under the United States of America. sion for the minting of silver coins in denominations of 10, 20, and
50 centimos de peso at the Casa de Moneda de Manila. The mint
FOOTNOTE: Coat of Arms - Eagle from the period of the United had opened March 19, 1861 originally to strike only gold pesos.
States supremacy and the Lion of that under Spanish rule.
ENCYCLOPEDIA OF SMALL SILVER COINS - PHILIPPINES - PAGE 422

1868 - 10 CENTIMOS - OBVERSE 1868 - 10 CENTIMOS - REVERSE
====================================================================== =====================================================================
PHILIPPINES, SPANISH COLONY of PHILIPPINES, SPANISH COLONY of
MANILA MINT MANILA MINT
====================================================================== =====================================================================
10 CENTIMOS DE PESO 18MM .900 FINE 2.5 GRAMS 10 CENTAVOS DE PESO 18MM .900 FINE 2.5 GRAMS
====================================================================== ======================================================================
1864 4,586 V-7219 1880 14,542 V-8041

1865 81,557 V-7222 1881 624,314 V-8042
1866 38,828 V-7225 1882 524,838 V-8043
1867 124,034 V-7228 1883 983,314 V-8044
(1868) 1868 138,512 V-7230 1884 100,010 V-8045
(1872) 1868 450,121 V-7230
(1874) 1868 i/a V-7230 OV: Head of Alfonso XII, facing right ALFONSO XII
POR LA G. DE DIOS (Alfonso XII por La Gracia de Dios = Alfonso
OV: Head of Isabell II, facing right ISABEL 2.A POR XII by the Grace of God) around / G.S. under bust / i DATE i (5
LA G. (Isabell II by the Grace) left, DE DIOS Y LA CONST. (of God point stars mintmark) below.
and the Constitution) right / L.M. on truncation / DATE below.
RV: Crowned Arms of Spain dividing value, 10 / DE
RV: Crowned Arms of Spain dividing value, 10 / DE and Cs / Po (10 centavos de peso) REY CONSTL (Constitutional
and Cs / Po (10 centimos de peso) REINA DE (Queen of) LES King) left, DE ESPANA (of Spain) right / ii (5 point stars) below.
ESPANAS (The Spains) right / ii (5 point stars mintmark)
below. EDGE: Reeded
EDGE: Reeded MINT: i (5 point stars) = MANILA
MINT: i (5 point stars) = MANILA ENGRAVER: G.S. = Gregorio Sellan
ENGRAVER: L.M. = Luis Marchioni, General Engraver TYPE: I - .900 Fine

of Madrid mint 1861-1873.
FOOTNOTE: Philippines - were discovered by Magellan on the
Catalogo General de La Moneda Espanola by Jose A. Feast of St.Lazarus in 1521 and hence called by him Archipelgo de
Vicenti, Madrid 1972. San Lazaro, the name was changed in 1542 to Islas Filipinas in
honor of Philip II, in whose reign the Spanish colonization of the
FOOTNOTE: This issue and the 1885 10 centavos de peso struck islands was begun.
at the Manila mint have the portrait of the sovereign facing right or
east to the mother country - Spain, where as strikes of the same FOOTNOTE: The Philippines consist of the two large islands of
period minted at the various Spanish mints faced the Queen or King Luzon and Mindanao, and over 3,000 small islands, of which
to the left, that is, west to the directions of their colonies in North many however are mere rocks.
America and the Far East.

====================================================================== ======================================================================
PHILIPPINES, SPANISH COLONY of
MANILA MINT FOOTNOTE: Admiral George Dewey, born December 26, 1837 in
====================================================================== Montpelier, Vt.,Appointed to U.S.Navel Academy and graduated in
10 CENTAVOS DE PESO 18MM .835 FINE 2.5 GRAMS 1858. Attached to the steam frigate Wabash, Mediterranean
====================================================================== Squardron until 1861; then to steam sloop Mississippi of West
Gulf Squadron; commissioned Lieutenant April 19, 1861, in Farraguts
1885 5,624,600 V-8046 Squadron which forced the passage of Fort St. Philip and Fort
Jackson, April 1862 and participated in the subsequent fights with
OV: Head of Alfonso XII, facing right ALFONSO XII gunboats and ironclads, which gave Farragut possession of New
POR LA G. DE DIOS (Alfonso XII por La Gracia de Dios = Alfonso Orleans. In the smoke of the battle of Port Hudson, the Missis-
XII by the Grace of God) around / G.S. under bust / i 1885 i (5 sippi lost her bearings and ran ashore under the guns of the land
point stars mintmark) below. batteries, and officers and men took to the boats after setting the
vessel on fire. Dewey was afterwards on several vessels in the
RV: Crowned Arms of Spain dividing value, 10 / DE North Atlantic Blockading Squadron and later on various duties,
and Cs / Po (10 centavos de peso) REY CONSTL (Constitutional being promoted to Commander in 1872; Captain in 1884 and Com-
King) left, DE ESPANA (of Spain) right / ii (5 point stars) below. modore in 1896. In January of 1898 he assumed command of the
Asiatic Squadron and on May 1, 1898 in Manila Bay, he com-
EDGE: Reeded manded the greatest navel battle since Trafalgar, completely anni-
hilating the Spanish Asiatic Squardron under Admiral Montojo, de-
MINT: i (5 point stars) = MANILA stroying eleven and capturing all other vessels and the land batter-
ies, without the loss of a man on the American side. Immediately
ENGRAVER: G.S. = Gregorio Sellan upon receipt of official news of victory, Dewey was promoted to
Rear Admiral and thanked by Resolution of Congress. The Philip-
TYPE: II - Fineness reduced to the standard of the pines became a possession of the United States on December 10,
Latin Monetary Union, .835 Fine. 1898 (with $20,000,000 paid to Spain.) Admiral Dewey was a
member of the U.S. Philippines Commission in 1899. He died in
REFERENCE: Y-9, KM-148 1917.
FOOTNOTE: Manila, the capital city of all the Philippine Islands and FOOTNOTE: When the United States took possession of the Is-
residence of the Spanish Governor, lies on the bay of the same lands of the Philippines, the Mexican dollar was the chief current
name, and at the mouth of the River Pasig. It consists of an old coin, and fluctuations in its value caused trouble. In 1900 an order
fortified city with extensive suburbs, in which are the mass of the was issued making one U.S. dollar equivalent to two Mexican
population, and business premises, factories, and residences of dollar, but before long other measures were required and Con-
the European inhabitants. Manila is the center of commerce of the gress passed an Act making a Filipino coin, the peso, of the value
Philippines, and exports sugar, tobacco, cigars and cheroots, in- of 50 U.S.cents, to be guaranteed by gold. This law came into
digo, manila hemp, coffee, mats, hides, trepang, rice, etc. It imports force in June 1904, and has worked satisfactorily. There are four
British and United States cloths, hardware, etc. and a great variety banks doing business in the Islands; the International Banking Cor-
of articles, tea, pottery, etc. from China. Population - Manila - 1895 poration, Hong Kong and Shanghai Banking Corporation, Char-
- 270,000. New Cabinet Cyclopaedia, Phila., 1896.. tered Bank of India, Australia, and China, and the Bank of the
Philippines, formerly the Banco Espanol Filipino. The Statesman's
Year-Book, London, 1916.

1921 - TEN CENTAVOS - OBVERSE 1921 - TEN CENTAVOS - REVERSE
====================================================================== ======================================================================
PHILIPPINES, POSSESSION of U.S.A.
MANILA MINT
======================================================================
TEN CENTAVOS 17MM .750 FINE 2.0 GRAMS
======================================================================
1920 520,000
1921 3,863,038
OV: Filipina standing next to an anvil, TEN

CENTAVOS, above / FILIPINAS below.
RV: Eagle over shield, UNITED STATES OF AMERICA,

around / DATE below.
EDGE: Reeded
MINT: (no mintmark) = MANILA
DESIGNER: Melicio Figueroa
TYPE: I - No mintmark
POPULATION: Philippines - 1921 - 11,837,927
Manila street scene 1902 Map of Philippines 1902

1929 M - TEN CENTAVOS - REVERSE 1938 M - TEN CENTAVOS - REVERSE
====================================================================== ======================================================================
PHILIPPINES, POSSESSION of U.S.A. PHILIPPINES, COMMONWEALTH of
MANILA MINT MANILA MINT
====================================================================== ======================================================================
TEN CENTAVOS 17MM .750 FINE 2.0 GRAMS TEN CENTAVOS 17MM .750 FINE 2.0 GRAMS
====================================================================== ======================================================================
1929 1,000,000 1937 3,500,000

1935 1,280,000 1938 3,750,000
1941 2,500,000
OV: Filipina standing next to an anvil, TEN
CENTAVOS, above / FILIPINAS below. OV: Filipina standing next to an anvil, TEN
CENTAVOS, above / FILIPINAS below.
RV: Eagle over shield, UNITED STATES OF AMERICA,
around / M DATE . below. RV: Eagle over shield, UNITED STATES OF AMERICA,
around / COMMONWEALTH OF THE PHILIPPINES on ribbon below
EDGE: Reeded / M (mintmark) DATE below.
MINT: M = MANILA EDGE: Reeded
DESIGNER: Melicio Figueroa MINT: M = MANILA
TYPE: II - M mintmark REFERENCE: Y-31, KM-181
REFERENCE: Y-22, KM-169 POPULATION: Philippines - 1940 - 12,590,000
POPULATION: Philippines - 1930 - 11,913,167
FOOTNOTE: On November 15, 1935 the Philippines became a Com-

monwealth with Manuel Quezon as the first President. Following
a 10 year transition period the islands will assume complete inde-
pendence on July 4, 1946.
FOOTNOTE: The Philippines Commonwealth was a transitional state

from 1935 to 1946 to prepare the Philippines for independence
from the United States which ruled the island nation since 1898
when it defeated Spain. A new issue of coinage was struck first
dated 1937 with a new reverse design showing the Philippines
Commonwealth coat-of-arms in which the shield is topped by three
stars which symbolize the three sub-divisions of the country;
Luzon, Viscayas and Mindanao.
Native house in Phillipines

1904 - TEN CENTAVOS - OBVERSE 1904 - TEN CENTAVOS - REVERSE
====================================================================== ======================================================================
PHILADELPHIA MINT FOOTNOTE: The Philippine Coinage Act of March 2,1903 provided
====================================================================== for a gold peso of 12.9 grains .0.900 fine, or exactly one-half of the
TEN CENTAVOS 18MM .900 FINE 2.69 GRAMS American dollar. No gold pesos were ever coined, but silver pesos
====================================================================== weighting 416 grains, 0.900 fine and subsidiary coinage of the
same weight and fineness were struck first at the San Francisco
1903 5,105,216 and later at the Philadelphia mint for the Philippines. The rise of
1904 11,365 silver in 1906 had threatened to attract the new Peso to the melting
1905 475 proof only pot. The new peso had a coinage ratio of 32.25 to 1, or a bullion
1906 501 proof only parity of 64.0 U.S.cents per ounce. The steady rise of Silver
brought the price above this point in November, 1906, and to a
OV: Filipina standing next to an anvil, TEN maximum of 71. 5/8 U.S.cents per ounce a year later. To meet the
CENTAVOS, above / FILIPINAS below. situation the Philippine Government was authorized to change the
weight and fineness of the coins. The peso was reduced to 20
RV: Eagle over shield, UNITED STATES OF AMERICA, grams or 308.64 grains 0.800 fine and the subsidiary coinage to
around / DATE below. .0750 fine, which made the bullion parity of the peso $1.036 per
ounce. Silver Money by D.Leavens, Bloonfield,Ind. 1939.
EDGE: Reeded
FOOTNOTE: The city of Manila covers an area of about twenty
MINT: (no mintmark) = PHILADELPHIA square miles of low ground through which flows the Pasig River
and several tidal creeks. To the west lies Manila Bay, and beyond
DESIGNER: Melicio Figueroa this rise the Mariveles Mountains. To the east the city extends
almost half-way to Laguna de Bay, a lake nearly as large as Manila
REFERENCE: Y-18, B-116, KM-165 Bay. On the south bank of the river is the "Ancient City," enclosed
by walls some two and a half miles long, constructed as a defense
FOOTNOTE: The 1903 issue included 2,558 proof strikes, the 1904 in the latter part of the sixteenth century. Formerly there was a
included 1,355 proofs and the 1905 of 475 and 1906 of 501 were moat protecting the city on the landward sides and a drawbridge
struck only in proof. at each of the six gates of the wall. In the northwest angle of the
walled enclosure stands Fort Santiago, which guards the en-
FOOTNOTE: The 1904 - 10 centavos illustrated is from a proof set. trance to the river. The remaining space is occupied by the cathe-
dral, churches, convents, schools and government buildings. The
FOOTNOTE: The population of the Philippines in 1908 included present population of Manila is nearly three hundred thousand
about 25,000 Spanish, American, British and German merchants persons, including about five thousand Americans and Europe-
and about 50,000 Chinese in the seaports and other towns en- ans; eighteen thousand Chinese and a number of Japanese. There
gaged in many trades. is now a well constructed street car system connecting all of the
important districts. World Cruise of the Northern and Southern
FOOTNOTE: The chief products of the Philippines are; rice, copra, Hemispheres 1928., Thos. Cook & Sons., 1927
abaca (Manila hemp), sugar, corn (maize), and tobacco. Agricul-
ii
ture is still generally in a primitive condition, implements and meth-
ods being for the most part antiquated. The Statesman's Year-
Book, London, 1916.

1907 - TEN CENTAVOS - REVERSE 1903 S - TEN CENTAVOS - REVERSE
====================================================================== ======================================================================
PHILIPPINES, POSSESSION of U.S.A. PHILIPPINES, POSSESSION of U.S.A.
PHILADELPHIA MINT SAN FRANCISCO MINT
====================================================================== ======================================================================
TEN CENTAVOS 18MM .750 FINE 2.0 GRAMS TEN CENTAVOS 18MM .900 FINE 2.69 GRAMS
====================================================================== ======================================================================
1907 1,500,781 1903 1,200,000

1908 501 proof only 1904 5,040,000
OV: Filipina standing next to an anvil, TEN OV: Filipina standing next to an anvil, TEN
CENTAVOS, above / FILIPINAS below. CENTAVOS, above / FILIPINAS below.
RV: Eagle over shield, UNITED STATES OF AMERICA, RV: Eagle over shield, UNITED STATES OF AMERICA,
around / DATE below. around / S (mintmark) DATE below.
MINT: (no mintmark) = PHILADELPHIA MINT: S = SAN FRANCISCO
DESIGNER: Melicio Figueroa DESIGNER: Melicio Figueroa
FOOTNOTE: After World War II, the now independent Philippines FOOTNOTE: The issue dated 1908 was only struck in proof, which
issued a 10 centavos note date 1949, as shown below: were part of the last proof sets of this series of Philippine coins.
There were no proofs issued dated 1907.
1949 - 10 CENTAVOS NOTE Manila - 1902

1908 S - TEN CENTAVOS - OBVERSE 1908 S - TEN CENTAVOS - REVERSE
====================================================================== ======================================================================
SAN FRANCISCO MINT FOOTNOTE: Philippines Currency (Contnued) - As a fluctuat-
====================================================================== ing currency, the Mexican dollar is out of relation with the banking
TEN CENTAVOS 17MM .750 FINE 2.0 GRAMS and commercial exchanges of Europe, and more especially of the
====================================================================== United States, and trade, so easily deterred from entering new
fields, is in every way checked. On the other hand, the Filipinos
1907 4,930,000 are accustomed only to the Mexican dollar and its subdivisions,
1908 3,363,911 and if the American dollar were suddenly and arbitrarily substi-
1909 312,199 tuted for it, trade would be even more seriously hampered than at
1911 1,000,505 present, both on account of native prejudice and because the
1912 1,010,000 value of every monetary unit would be doubled at a time when the
1913 1,360,693 mass of the people were impoverished. The essence of the prob-
1914 1,180,000 lem, then, is to bring Philippine currency in relation to the money of
1915 450,000 the world without at the same time upsetting established usage.
1917 5,991,148 Toward the end of the year 1900 the Philippine Commission found
1918 8,420,000 it necessary, first, owing to a general rise in the value of silver
1919 1,630,000 through out the East, to levy a tax of 10 per cent, upon exports of
silver from Philippines; and the Commission directed, secondly, in
OV: Filipina standing next to an anvil, TEN order to keep the Mexican Dollar in commensurable ratio with Ameri-
CENTAVOS, above / FILIPINAS below. can money shipped to the Islands, that two Mexican Dollars should
be taken as the equivalent of one American Gold Dollar; and thirdly,
RV: Eagle over shield, UNITED STATES OF AMERICA, to prevent the established banks of Manila from cheating the people,
around / S (mintmark) DATE below. the Commission ordered that no bankers commission should be
thenceforth charged on exchanges of Mexican and American
EDGE: Reeded money. Future currency in the Philippines should be a Philippine
silver dollar, minted at Manila, with a value in United States money
MINT: S = SAN FRANCISCO of 50 cents; that this dollar should be divisible into a hundred equal
parts, called centavos, and that minor coins equivalent to different
DESIGNER: Melicio Figueroa numbers of centavos should also be coined. The Philippine silver
dollar and its subdivisions should be issued by the Philippine Gov-
REFERENCE: Y-22, KM-169 ernment and should be maintained at par with American gold (1) by
limiting the amount of silver coin minted, (2) by making the dollar of
slightly less value than the Mexican dollar, so that it would not be
FOOTNOTE: Philippines Currency - The question of the currency in exported, and (3) by maintaining an insular gold reserve derived
the Philippines Islands acquired even greater importance during from the seignorage of silver coinage. The new Philippine cur-
the year 1901. The unit of currency throughout the archipelago, rency could gradually take the place of the old, the Mexican dollar
and the only currency with which the natives are familiar, is the and its subdivisions, which would be used little by little as bullion
Mexican dollar, whose value fluctuates with local trade conditions, for the making of the new coins. International Yearbook, 1901,
with rates of exchange, and with the value of silver bullion in the N.Y.
trade centers of the world. (continued).

PUERTO RICO
====================================================================== ======================================================================

====================================================================== ======================================================================
PUERTO RICO, SPANISH COLONY of FOOTNOTE: In the Decree of November 29, 1884 all foreign holed
MADRID MINT silver coinage was required be taken to the Custom House, there
====================================================================== to be counter-stamped with a Fleur-de-lis. After April 1, 1885,
10 CENTAVOS DE PESO 18MM .835 FINE 2.5 GRAMS holed coins not stamped were to be refused by the government.
====================================================================== The Decree of March 17, 1894 stipulated that all pre-1885 coinage,
counter-stamped or not was to be exchanged for Mexican pesos.
1896 700,000 Mexican money was then used as the money of Puerto Rice until
1895. These coins were then sent back to the Madrid mint to be
OV: Boy head of Alfonso XIII, facing left ALFONSO recoined into the new 1896 series. A five peseta piece was
XIII P.L.G.D.D. REY C. DE ESPANA (Alfonso XIII POR LA GRACIA coined as a peso with subsidiary coinage of 40, 20, 10 and 5
DE DIOS REY CONSTITUTIONAL DE ESPANA = Alfonso XIII by the centavos. 1 peso = 100 centavos. The coins were superseded by
Grace of God, Constitutional King of Spain) around / B.M. under the American dollar after the cession of Puerto Rico to the United
bust / i 1896 i (5 point stars mintmark) below. States in 1898.
RV: Arms of Spain, ISLA DE PUERTO RICO (Island of FOOTNOTE: The population of Pueto Rico includes 364,000 negroes,
Puerto Rico) above / P G 10 CENTAVOS V below. descended from former slaves. The blacks live in miserable bam-
boo huts, and have little disposition to work. Slavery had existed
EDGE: Reeded from the first settlement, and was abolished in 1873. Natural
Complete Geography by J.W.Redway and R.Hinman, New York
MINT: i (5 point stars) = MADRID ,1902.
ENGRAVER: B.M. = Bartolome Maura Montaner
ASSAYER: P G = Felix M.Peiro Rodrigo and Antonio

Garcia Gonzalez
WEIGHTMASTER: V = Remigio Vega Y Vega
REFERENCE: Y-2, V-8047, KM-16
POPULATION: Porto Rico - 1899 - 953,243 with capital

San Juan de Porto Rico with 32,048 inhabitants.
Girls sorting coffee

ENCYCLOPEDIA OF SMALL SILVER COINS - PUERTO RICO - PAGE 430
ROMANIA
====================================================================== ======================================================================
1873B - 50 BANI - OBVERSE 1873B - 50 BANI - REVERSE

====================================================================== ======================================================================
ROMANIA, KINGDOM of
BRUSSELS MINT FOOTNOTE: Romania is a kingdom in central Europe bordering on
====================================================================== the Black Sea. The people are descendants of mixed population of
50 BANI 18MM .835 FINE 2.5 GRAMS old Roman Dacia, Maccedonia, Thrace and Moesia who were so
====================================================================== effectively Romanized that the language has survived to this day.
Moldavia and Wallachia were joined into the Principality of Romania
1873 4,810,000 in 1861. Prince Charles of the Royal Prussian Family of Hohenzollen
1876 2,116,980 Simaringen was elected Prince on March 26, 1866. The coins of
Romania of this period are of the standards of the Latin Monetary
OV: B (mintmark) / Crown / DATE within wreath of Union, although Romania was never a signatory to the convention.
laurel and oak tied with ribbon below / STERN below. Currency of Romania - 100 bani = 1 lei
RV: 50 / BANI, ROMANIA above within partial wreath FOOTNOTE: The Kingdom of Romania was named from the people
of laurel and oak tied with ribbon below. who speak a neo-Latin dialect Romanian a romance language,
derived from colonists settled by Trojan in Dacia, an area consid-
EDGE: Reeded erably removed from the main area of romance speech, desig-
nated as Rumeni or Romani (Romans). It also contains many Slavic
MINT: B = BRUSSELS words and expressions.
ENGRAVER: STERN = Stern

FOOTNOTE: There are about 4,600,000 Romanians, 400,000 Jews,
REFERENCE: Y-8, KM-9 200,000 Gypsies, 100,000 Bulgars, 50,000 Magyars, 50,000 Ger-
mans, 15,000 Greeks and 15,000 Armenians. Three-fourths of the
FOOTNOTE: The mark on the coin at the top is actually the head of population are peasants, who until 1864 were kept in virtual serf-
Saint-Michael, patron of the city of Brussels. The 50 bani 1873 dom by the Boiars or nobles. In that year upwards of 400,000
and 1876 were struck by Jose Allard Mint in Brussels. peasant families were made proprietors of small holdings averag-
ing 10 acres, at a price to be paid back to the state in fifteen years.
FOOTNOTE: The Modern Dime Size Silver Coins of Romania New Cabinet Cyclopaedia, Phila., 1896.
were first ordered from the Brussels mint dated 1873, then Aus-
trian mint at Vienna struck an issue dated 1881. There was a two
year period when the 50 bani were struck by the National mint at FOOTNOTE: The union of the two Principalities of Wallacia and
Bucharest, 1884-5, followed in 1894 by Brussels again. The next Moldavia was publicly proclaimed at Bucharest and Jassy on Dec.
series of 1900-1 were produced at German Imperial Mint of Ham- 23,1861, the name of Romania being given to the united provinces.
burg. The last series were produced concurrently by both Ham-
burg and Brussels. The listings are arranged in mint order.
ENCYCLOPEDIA OF SMALL SILVER COINS - ROMANIA - PAGE 431

1894 - 50 BANI - OBVERSE 1894 - 50 BANI - REVERSE
====================================================================== ======================================================================
ROMANIA, KINGDOM of
BRUSSELS MINT
======================================================================
50 BANI 18MM .835 FINE 2.5 GRAMS
======================================================================
1894 600,000
OV: Head of Charles I, facing left CAROL I REGE AL

ROMANIEI (Charles I King of Romania) around/ A.SCHARFF
under bust.
RV: 50 / BANI / 1894 within wreath of laurel and

oak.
EDGE: Reeded
ENGRAVER: A.SCHARFF = Anton Scharff

Bucharest with 221,805 inhabitants.
FOOTNOTE: The Romanian coinage issue of 1873-1881 and 1884

were retired and demonetized due to wear resulting from pro-
longed use, both in loss of weight and the inability any longer, to
distinguish either the indication of their value or Arms of the coun-
try, in consequence of which the public can be easily deceived
and the coining of counterfeit coins rendered easy. A new issue
Carol I, King of Romania
with the same fineness, weight, diameter and tolerance provided ======================================================================
by the Monetary Law of March 12, 1890 conforming to the condi-
tions of the Latin Monetary Union was struck. The striking of the FOOTNOTE: The constitution of Romania, revised in 1884, closely
new coins, as well as the sale of the old material was agreed to by resembles that of Belgium.
private contract with the approval of the Romanian Council of
Ministers. The Minister of Finances was authorized to make a
coinage of...50 bani in small coins in 50 bani pieces of 5,000,000
lei. Both the Brussels and Hamburg mints contracted for this issue,
struck between 1910 and 1914.

====================================================================== ======================================================================
ROMANIA, KINGDOM of
FOOTNOTE: Carol I, King of Romania - In 1862 the Danubian prov- BRUSSELS MINT
inces of Moldavia and Wallachia formed a union as the Principality ======================================================================
of Romania. After the dethronement of Alexander John (Cuza), the 50 BANI 18MM .835 FINE 2.5 GRAMS
Romanians choose for their ruler a German Prince on April 20, ======================================================================
1866, Charles of Hohenzollen Sigmarigen. He was born on April
20, 1839, the second son of Prince Karl Anton. This was a side- 1910 3,600,000
branch of the Royal Prussian Family, who also was connected 1912 1,800,000
through his mother with the Dynasty of Napoleon. Austria and 1914 1,600,000
Russia were not enthusiastic over having a Hohenzollen reigning
at Bucharest. In May Prince Charles through fear of being halted OV: Head of Charles I, facing left CAROL I REGE
by Austria traveled to his new country down the Danube dis- (Charles I King) left, AL ROMANIEI (Of Romania) right /
guised as a second-class passenger, until on Romanian soil, he TASSET under bust.
left the boat and was greeted by his future Prime Minister.
Bucharest was a pitiful pretense for a capital, and the Prince on RV: Crown / Laurel branch / DATE, ROMANIA left
his arrival could scarcely believe that a one-stored building, look- 50 BANI right.
ing out upon a dirty square was the Palace. The country was in
wretched condition, the prey of rival factions and foreign intrigues. EDGE: Reeded (Round edge)
The new Prince as Carol I, showed tact and statesmanship in the
work of reorganization. At the outbreak of the Russo-Turkish War MINT: (no mintmark, round edge) = BRUSSELS
of 1877, the Romanian army was mobilized, an alliance was con-
cluded with Russia, and Price Carol I took command in person. The ENGRAVER: TASSET = Erneste Paulin Tasset
army was kept on Romanian territory for some weeks, after the
opening of the Campaign, because of Austrian jealousy of military REFERENCE: Y-44, KM-41
activity on the part of her Balkan neighbors. Prince Carol took the
field with his Romanians, and when an attack on Plevna had been ======================================================================
opened, rendered valuable assistance in the hardest fighting of
the War. A few weeks after the beginning of the War Romania
declared her independence (May 21, 1877). Romania assumed
the title of Kingdom and on May 22, 1881 Carol I was Crowned
King of Romania at Bucharest. Under his direction the internal
development of the country went forward, education advanced
and a safe course was steered in the difficult policies of south-
east Europe. Carol I married Princess Elizabeth Von Wier (known
by her pen-name, Carmen Sylva) November 15, 1869. Since their
only child died, the succession was settled upon his elder brother,
Leopold, who renounced the claim in favor of his son, Ferdinand
who succeeded Carol I upon his death in October 1914.
FOOTNOTE: The decimal system was introduced into Romania in

1876, the unit of the monetary system being the leu, equivalent to Arms of Romania
the franc. ======================================================================

1884B - 50 BANI - OBVERSE 1884B - 50 BANI - REVERSE
====================================================================== ======================================================================
ROMANIA, KINGDOM of
BUCHAREST MINT FOOTNOTE: Bucharest, the capital of Romania, situated on the
====================================================================== Dimbovitza about 33 miles north of the Danube, in a fertile plain. It
50 BANI 18MM .835 FINE 2.5 GRAMS is in general poorly built, among the chief buildings being the Royal
====================================================================== Palace, the National Theatre, the University buildings, the National
Bank, and the Mint. There are handsome public gardens. Manu-
1884 1,000,000 scarce factures are varied but unimportant, the trade is considerable, the
1885 200,000 rare chief articles being grain, wool, honey, wax, wine, hides. The
mercantile portion of the community is mostly foreign, and the
OV: Head of Charles I, facing left CAROL I REGE AL whole population presents a curious blend of nationalities.
ROMANIEI (Charles I King of Romania) around/ KULLRICH under Bucharest became the capital of Walachia in 1665, in 1862 that of
bust. the United Principalities of Walachia and Moldavia.
RV: 50 / BANI / DATE within wreath of laurel and oak FOOTNOTE: The Kingdom of Romania is bounded by Austria-Hun-
tied with ribbon below / B (mintmark) below. gary, Serbia, Bulgaria, the Black Sea, and Russia. The capital is
Bucharest.The entire Kingdom is in the basin of the Danube, which
EDGE: Reeded has a course of 595 miles in Romania, forming the boundary with
Bulgaria nearly the whole way. Romania is an essentially agricul-
MINT: B = BUCHAREST tural and pastoral state, fully 70 per cent of the inhabitants being
directly engaged in husbandry. The chief cereal crops are maize,
ENGRAVER: KULLRICH = Wilhelm Kullrich wheat, barley, rye, and oats; tobacco, hemp, and flax are also
grown; and wine is produced on the hills at the foot of the
REFERENCE: Y-19, KM-21 Carpathians. Cattle, sheep, and horses are reared in large num-
bers. Excellent timber abounds on the Carpathians. Bears, wolves,
POPULATION: 1899 - 5,912,600 with capital wild boars, large and small game, and fish are plentiful. The coun-
Bucharest with 282,071 inhabitants try is rich in minerals of nearly every description, but salt, petro-
leum, and lignite are the only minerals worked. Manufactures are
FOOTNOTE: Count Wilhelm Kullrich, Chief Engraver of the Berlin still in a rudimentary state. Trade is fairly active, but is almost
mint was born on December 18, 1821 at Dahme, Germany. His entirely in the hands of foreigners; the internal trade is chiefly
early training included the Berlin Academy of Fine Arts. He was carried on by Jews, whose numbers and prosperity are constant
employed in London by the Wyons in 1850 and later Brussels, sources of anxiety to Romanian statesmen, and who are in conse-
Paris, Munich and Switzerland. Returning to Berlin in 1859, he was quence subject to certain prejudices. Railways began in 1869,
appointed Assistant-engraver. Three years later he became the having a total length of 1600 miles, nearly all in the hands of the
Chief Engraver of the Berlin mint. Kullrich occupied a place of government, which also monopolizes salt and tobacco. The French
honour among German medallists. He died at Berlin September 1st, decimal coinage has been introduced, the franc being called leu
1887. (pl. lei), the centime bani. New Cabinet.Cyclopaedia, Phila.,1896.
FOOTNOTE: The Romanians, although partly Slav by race, claim

to be descendants of ancient Roman colonists; they speak a
language derived largely from Latin.The Statesman's Year-Book,
London, 1916.

====================================================================== ======================================================================
ROMANIA, KINGDOM of
HAMBURG MINT FOOTNOTE: Prince Charles showed tact and statesmanship in the
====================================================================== work of reorganization. At the outbreak of the Russo-Turkish War
50 BANI 18MM .835 FINE 2.5 GRAMS in 1877, the Romanian army was mobilized, an alliance was con-
====================================================================== cluded with Russia, and Prince Charles took command in person.
The army was kept in Romanian territory for some weeks, after
1900 3,838,000 the opening of the campaign, because of Austrian jealousy of
1901 194,205 rare military activity on the part of her Balkan neighbors.
OV: Head of Charles I, facing left CAROL I REGE AL ======================================================================

ROMANIEI (Charles I King of Romania) around/ A.SCHARFF
under bust, with an outer ring of 102 pearls.
RV: 50 / BANI / DATE within wreath of laurel and

oak.
EDGE: Reeded
MINT: (no mintmark) = HAMBURG
ENGRAVER: A.SCHARFF = Anton Scharff
FOOTNOTE: The dies for Hamburg mint issue of 1900-01 were

made at the Bucharest mint.
FOOTNOTE: Charles I, King of Romania was born April 20, 1839,

the second son of Prince Karl Anton of a side-branch of the
Hohenzollen family, who was also, connected, through his mother,
with the Dynasty of Napoleon. Austria and Russia were not enthu-
siastic over having a Hohenzollen reigning at Bucharest. Through
fear of being halted by Austria, the Prince traveled down the Danube
disguised as a second-class passenger, until, on Romanian soil.
He left the boat and was greeted by his future Prime Minister. He
had earlier served in the Prussian Army, and after the dethronment
of Alexander John (Cuza) was elected Prince of Romania, April 20,
1866, and arrived in the capital, Bucharest, in May. Bucharest
was a pitiful pretense for a capital and the Prince on his arrival
could scarcely believe that a one-storied building, looking out
upon a dirty square, was the Palace''. The country was in a 1911 - 50 BANI - OBVERSE
wretched condition, the prey of rival factions and foreign intrigues. ======================================================================

1911 - 50 BANI - REVERSE 1881 - 50 BANI - OBVERSE
====================================================================== ======================================================================
ROMANIA, KINGDOM of ROMANIA, KINGDOM of
HAMBURG MINT VIENNA MINT
====================================================================== ======================================================================
50 BANI 18MM .835 FINE 2.5 GRAMS 50 BANI 18MM .835 FINE 2.5 GRAMS
====================================================================== ======================================================================
1910 included with Brussels 1881 1,000,000

1911 3,000,000
1914 included with Brussels OV: Head of Prince Charles I, facing left CAROL I
DOMNUL ROMANIEI (Charles I Prince of Romania) around /
OV: Head of Charles I, facing left CAROL.I. (Charles KULLRICH under bust.
I King) left, .AL.ROMANIEI (Of Romania) right / TASSET under
bust. vRV: Arms of Romania with motto: NIHIL SINE DEO
(Nothing without God) on ribbon below, ROMANIA above, 1881
vRV: Crown / Laurel branch / DATE, ROMANIA left divided by Arms, / V (mintmark) 50 BANI (wheat stalk) around
50 BANI right. below.
EDGE: Reeded (Straight edge) EDGE: Reeded
MINT: (no mintmark, straight edge) = HAMBURG MINT: V = VIENNA
ENGRAVER: TASSET = Erneste Paulin Tasset ENGRAVER: KULLRICH = Wilhelm Kullrich, Chief
Engraver Berlin mint.
POPULATION: ROMANIA - 1913 - 7,200,000 with
capital Bucharest with 300,000 inhabitants. MARK: (wheat stalk) = Romania
FOOTNOTE: Prince Charles took the field with his Romanians, how-
ever, when an attack on Plevna had been opened, and rendered
valuable assistance in the hardest fighting of the war. A few weeks
after the beginning of the war Romania declared her indepen-
dence (May 21, 1877). In 1881 Romania assumed the title of King-
dom, and on May 22 Charles was crowned as King of Romania at
Bucharest. Under him the internal development of the country has
gone actively forward, education has advanced, and a safe course
has been steered in the difficult polities of the southeastern Eu-
rope. Charles married Princess Elizabeth von Wied (known by her
pen-name Carmen Sylva), November 15, 1869. The succession in
case of his dying childless, was settled upon his elder brother,
Leopold, who renounced the claim in favor of his son, Ferdinand.

ROMANIA
1881 V - 50 BANI - REVERSE

RUSSIA
====================================================================== ======================================================================
RUSSIAS, EMPIRE of all the
ST.PETERSBURG MINT
====================================================================== FOOTNOTE: All of the 10 kopek series listed here which starts with
10 KOPEK 17MM .868 FINE 2.07 GRAMS 1832 were minted at the St. Petersburg mint (renamed in 1915
====================================================================== Petrograd, and renamed again in 1924 Leningrad) except four
listings. Warsaw, the capital of Poland when it was part of the
1832 103,705 Russian Empire, minted 10 kopek similar to the St.Petersburg ex-
1833 880,005 cept for the MW mintmark in 1854 and 1855. Russia ordered 10
1834 400,011 kopek coinage in 1861 from both Paris and Strasburg with a differ-
1835 940,008 ent edge milling and no mintmark, but the they cannot be further
1836 490,011 identified as to which of the two mints. In 1916 the Japanese
1837 2,360,005 Imperial Mint at Osaka produced a large issue of 10 kopeks without
1838 500,016 mintmark which identifies them. All listings are in chronological
1839 2,410,502 order.
1840 190,001
1841 500,000
1843 u/m novodel ======================================================================
OV: Crown / Double Headed Imperial Eagle (St. ST.PETERSBURG MINT
George to right on central shield, with six shields) / =' ======================================================================
10 KOPEK 17MM .868 FINE 2.07 GRAMS
RV: Crown / 10 / 7?Al+7W (Kopeks) / -.- / DATE / ======================================================================
E.A.#. (mintmark) within wreath of laurel and oak tied with
ribbon below. 1842 300,000
1843 180,000
EDGE: Incised /////
OV: Crown / Double Headed Imperial Eagle (St.
MINT: E.A
A.#
#. = ST.PETERSBURG George to right on central shield, with six shields) / !Q
MONEYER: =' = Nicholai Grachrv RV: Crown / 10 / 7?Al+7W (Kopeks) / -.- / DATE /
E.AA.#
#. (mintmark) within wreath of laurel and oak tied with
REFERENCE: C-164 ribbon below.
FOOTNOTE: Currency of Russia - 100 kopek = 1 rouble EDGE: Incised /////
FOOTNOTE: St. Petersburg is situated on the river Neva, near the MINT: E.A
A.#
#. = ST.PETERSBURG
gulf of Finland, and is built partly upon some islands in the mouth of
that river, and partly upon the continent.The ground on which MONEYER: !Q = Alexei Chadov
Petersburg stands was only a vast morass, occupied by a few
fishermens huts, when Peter the Great first began this city in REFERENCE: C-164
1703. He built a small hut himself, and some wretched wooden
hovels. In 1710 the first house of brick was built, and next year the ======================================================================
emperor, with his own hands, laid the foundation of a house of the RUSSIAS, EMPIRE of all the
same material. From these small beginnings rose the imperial city ST.PETERSBURG MINT
of Petersburg; and, in less than nine years after the wooden ======================================================================
hovels were erected, the seat of the Russian Empire was trans- 10 KOPEK 17MM .868 FINE 2.07 GRAMS
ferred from Moscow to this place. The streets, in general are ======================================================================
broad and spacious; and three of the principal ones, which meet in
a point at the admiralty, are at least two miles in length. The man- 1844 460,500
sions of the nobles are vast piles of building, furnished with great 1845 2,435,000
cost, in the same elegant style as at Paris or London, and situated
chiefly on the South side of the Neva...The views upon the banks OV: Crown / Double Headed Imperial Eagle (St.
of the Neva exhibit the grandest and most lively scenes imagin- George to right on central shield, with six shields) / 7#
able. That river is in many places as broad as the Themes at
London; it is also deep, rapid, and as transparent as crystal; its RV: Crown / 10 / 7?Al+7W (Kopeks) / -.- / DATE /
banks are lined on each side with a continued range of grand E.AA.#
buildings. On the North the fortress, the academy of sciences, and ribbon below.
the academy of arts, are the most striking objects. On the opposite
side are the imperial palace, the admiralty, the mansions of many EDGE: Incised /////
Russian nobles, and the English line, so called because it is mostly
occupied by English merchants. In the front of those buildings, on MINT: E.A
A.#
#. = ST.PETERSBURG
the South side, is the quay, which extends three miles, except
where it is interrupted by the admiralty; and the Neva, during the MONEYER: 7# = Constantine Butenev
whole of that space, has been embanked by a wall, parapet, and
pavement of hewn granite. The number of inhabitants is supposed REFERENCE: C-164
to be about 300,000. (c. 1839). Universal Gazette, Phila., 1839.
ENCYCLOPEDIA OF SMALL SILVER COINS - RUSSIA - PAGE 438

1850 A! - 10 KOPEK - OBVERSE 1850 A! - 10 KOPEK - REVERSE
====================================================================== ======================================================================
ST.PETERSBURG MINT FOOTNOTE: Russia is the largest, and one of the most level coun-
====================================================================== tries in Europe, and is distinguished for its vast plains and majestic
10 KOPEK 17MM .868 FINE 2.07 GRAMS rivers. The commerce of Russia is very extensive, and by means
====================================================================== of its numerous rivers and canals, an internal communications is
opened throughout all parts of the interior, reaching from the Black
1846 810,008 and Caspian Seas, to the Baltic and Arctic Ocean. The principal
1847 3,180,001 articles of export are tallow, flax, hemp, wheat, iron, timber and tar.
1849 3,110,001 Furs, gold, silver, iron, copper, of great amount and value, are
1850 2,450,001 brought, from Siberia. At Kiatka, the Chinese merchants meet the
1851 1,500,001 Russians, and numerous caravans proceed into the interior of
1852 1,350,006 Tartary, while Persia is visited across the Caspian. Agriculture and
manufactures, though yet in a rude state, are improving. The seal
OV: Crown / Double Headed Imperial Eagle (St. and sturgeon fisheries of the Caspian and Black Seas, and of the
George to right on central shield, with six shields) / A! River Volga are very extensive and productive. The raising of
cattle is the chief business of the husbandman. There are valuable
RV: Crown / 10 / 7?Al+7W (Kopeks) / -.- / DATE / mines of silver, copper and especially iron; also gold and platinum.
E.AA.#
#. (mintmark) within wreath of laurel and oak tied with The military force of Russia is great, and is the subject of anxiety
ribbon below. and terror to Europe. The regular army amounts to nearly a million
men, besides a considerable navy, both on the Baltic and Black
EDGE: Incised ///// Seas. The real strength of the Russian Army, however consists
not so much in its numbers, as in the passive and iron valor of its
MINT: E.A.#. = ST.PETERSBURG infantry, the rapid and skillful movement of its cavalry, the Cos-
sacks, Baskirs, and other tribes of Tartars. The Russians are, in
MONEYER: A! = Paul Alexeev general a well formed and courageous race of men, with tolerable
fair complexions. They are divided into four classes; 1st, the nobil-
REFERENCE: C-164 ity; 2nd, the clergy; 3d, the common people; and 4th, the peasants,
or as they are more usually called, the serfs or boors. The latter
FOOTNOTE: Alexander II, Nicholavich - Emperor of Russia, born in are generally in a state of abject poverty and ignorance, and are
1818; succeeded his father as Czar in 1855. He married in 1841 the property of the Crown, or of individual nobles. St. Petersburg
Marie, daughter of the Grand Duke Louis II. of Hesse-Darmstadt. was founded in 1704, by Peter the Great. It is situated on both
He terminated the Crimean War soon after his accession by the sides of the River Neva, at its entrance into the Gulf of Finland. It is
Treaty of Paris. Though trained by his father to a military life, he a magnificent city, and surpasses all others of Europe in splendor
devoted himself to the internal affairs of his country, improved the of its streets and edifices. Olneys Geography, 1849.
popular education, and emancipated the Russian serfs. He wages
war successfully on Turkey in 1877-78. Czar Alexander II was FOOTNOTE: St. Petersburg was founded by Peter the Great, who,
assassinated in the streets of St. Petersburg in 1881 having in 1702 taken the Swedish Forts on the Neva, in the follow-
ing year laid the foundations of a fort which he called Petersburg
FOOTNOTE: Tsar or Czar, a title of the Autocrat of all the Russias, (Fort Peter), on an island in the Neva, the nucleus and now the
not improbably a corruption of the Roman title Caesar. It was first most densely populated portion of the city.
adopted in 1579 by Ivan II. The feminine of Czar is Czarina, mean-
ing the Empress of Russia. Cabinet Cyclopaedia, 1895.

====================================================================== dent kingdom, but for many centuries past, it has been remarkable
RUSSIAS, EMPIRE of all the for its miserable condition. It contained 284,000 square miles, and
ST.PETERSBURG MINT about 15,000,000 inhabitants. In 1772 it became distracted by in-
====================================================================== ternal dissensions. This furnished Russia, Austria, and Prussia,
10 KOPEK 17MM .868 FINE 2.07 GRAMS with a pretense for interference. They accordingly took posses-
====================================================================== sion of a large portion of the country, and divided it between them.
In 1793, they interfered a second time, and dismembered a second
1848 1,860,001 portion. In 1795, they interfered a third time and divided the remain-
1852 included with Paul Alexiev der of the country between them. Thus by an act of the grossest
1853 1,350,005 injustice, Poland was blotted out of the list of kingdoms. In 1815 the
1854 1,000,003 Congress of Vienna erected a small portion of the central part of
ancient Poland - containing 47,000 square miles, and 2,800,000
OV: Crown / Double Headed Imperial Eagle (St. inhabitants- into a state, by the name of the Kingdom of Poland,
George to right on central shield, with six shields) / =y and placed it under the government of the Emperor of Russia.
Although Poland has ceased to constitute an independent and
RV: Crown / 10 / 7?Al+7W (Kopeks) / -.- / DATE / single state, still the country is distinctly separated from those
E.AA.#
#. (mintmark) within wreath of laurel and oak tied with which surround it, by national character, language and manners. It
ribbon below. is still the land of the Poles, although its detached fragments have
become Russian, Austrian or Prussian Provinces. Poland is one of
EDGE: Incised ///// the most level countries in Europe and derives its name from
Pohlen, a Slavonic word, which means a plain. The Poles are
MINT: E.A
A.#
#. = ST.PETERSBURG divided into two classes, the nobles and peasants. The former are
tall, robust, and handsome, brave, frank, gay, courteous in their
MONEYER: =y = Nicholai Iossa manners, and hospitable to strangers. The latter are ignorant, in-
dolent, servile, and but slaves to the nobles. Warsaw, the late
REFERENCE: C-164 capital, is a walled town of great strength. It is favorably situated
for commerce, and possesses an extensive inland trade. It pre-
====================================================================== sents a melancholy appearance, exhibiting a singular contrast of
wealth and poverty, of luxury and want, which pervade every
FOOTNOTE: In 1853 Russia declared war against Turkey and the part of this unhappy country. Olneys Geography, 1849.
Crimean War began when France and England declared war against
Russia in March 1854. Large fleets and armies were sent to the ======================================================================
East, and fleets to the Baltic. The Crimea was invaded, the victory
of the Alma won by the Allies, and Sebastopol partially invaded. On
September 8 Sebastopol was retaken, the French storming the
Malakhoff, and peace was restored by a Congress of the Powers
at Paris in March, 1856. The Circle of Knowledge, Boston 1919.
======================================================================
WARSAW MINT
======================================================================
10 KOPEK 17.8MM .868 FINE 2.0956 GRAMS
======================================================================
1854 u/m rare

George to right on central shield, with six shields) / MW
(mintmark)
RV: Crown / 10 / 7?Al+7W (Kopeks) / -.- / 1854 /

within wreath of laurel and oak tied with ribbon below.
EDGE: Incised /////
MINT: MW = WARSAW
MONEYER: none
REFERENCE: C-164
FOOTNOTE: The Warsaw mint functioned from 1816 to 1864

when Poland was part of the Russian Empire. It issued gold, 1855 =y - 10 KOPEK - OBVERSE
silver and copper coins of all denominations which circulated in
Poland including the 10 groszy series 1816-1834. The Warsaw ======================================================================
mint produced part of the gold and silver bilingual (Russian and
Polish) denomination coins of 1834-1850 and the Kingdom of FOOTNOTE: Arms - Empire of all the Russias - An Imperially
Poland issue struck during the Polish rebellion of 1830-1831, Crowned Double Headed Eagle displayed, a Scepter in left talon,
including the 10 groszy dated 1831. Russian and Soviet Coins Mund in right, upon the breast a Shield bearing St.George killing
Catalogue 1700-1993, L.V.Sobolinm, Moscow 1994. the Dragon. On his wings are Escutcheons bearing the devices of
FOOTNOTE: Poland was formerly a large, powerful and indepen- the various Provinces.

1855 =y - 10 KOPEK - REVERSE 1855 ;W - 10 KOPEK - OBVERSE
====================================================================== ======================================================================
RUSSIAS, EMPIRE of all the RUSSIAS, EMPIRE of all the
ST.PETERSBURG MINT WARSAW MINT
====================================================================== ======================================================================
10 KOPEK 17MM .868 FINE 2.07 GRAMS 10 KOPEK 17MM .868 FINE 2.07 GRAMS
====================================================================== ======================================================================
1855 3,201,101 1855 102,600 rare
OV: Crown / Double Headed Imperial Eagle (St. OV: Crown / Double Headed Imperial Eagle (St.
George to right on central shield, with six shields) / =y George to right on central shield, with six shields) / ;W
(mintmark)
RV: Crown / 10 / 7?Al+7W (Kopeks) / -.- / 1855 /
E.AA.#
#. (mintmark) within wreath of laurel and oak tied with RV: Crown / 10 / 7?Al+7W (Kopeks) / -.- / 1855 /
ribbon below. within wreath of laurel and oak tied with ribbon below.
EDGE: Incised ///// EDGE: Incised ooooo
MINT: E.A
A.#
#. = ST.PETERSBURG MINT: ;W = WARSAW
MONEYER: =y = Nicholai Iossa, 1848-77 MONEYER: none
REFERENCE: Y-14, H-389 REFERENCE: Y-14
FOOTNOTE: Nicholas I, Tsar of Russia, the third son of Paul I, born POPULATION: Poland part of Russian Empire - 1882 -
at St. Petersburg 1796. On the death of Tsar Alexander I and the 7,245,419 with Warsaw the capital with 283,933
resignation of his elder brother Constantine, he succeeded to the inhabitants.
throne of Russia in 1825. He died in 1854 during the reverses of
the Crimean War, leaving to his son, Alexander II, the responsibility FOOTNOTE: This issue is one of only two minted at the Warsaw
of concluding the war and if possible improving Russia by reduc- Mint in this series. Both the 1954 and 1855 are rare.
ing the disgraceful political corruption and bribery, poverty and
degradation of the people. Nearly half of the Tsars subjects were FOOTNOTE: Warsaw, the metropolis of the Kingdom of Poland. It is
serfs, whose bondage and wretched lives seemed to present built partly in a plain, and partly on a gentle rise from the River
insurmountable barriers to progress. Vistula; extending with the suburbs of Kraha and Praga, over a
FOOTNOTE: Poland, which had a Constitution of its own from vast extent of ground, and containing above 100,000 inhabitants.
1815 to 1830 and a separate government till 1864, was deprived The streets are spacious, but ill paved; the public buildings large
at the latter date of the last remnant of its administrative indepen- and magnificent; the palaces of the nobility numerous and splen-
dence. Finally, by ukase (In imperial Russia, a published procla- did; but the greatest part of the houses, particularly in the suburbs,
mation or order having the force of law) by the Emperor, dated are mean and ill-constructed wooden hovels. The manufactures
Feb. 23, 1868, the government of Poland was absolutely incor- comprise woolen stuffs, carpeting, gold and silver wire, soap,
porated with that of Russia, and the use of Polish language in tobacco, &c. Here are several wholesale mercantile houses, em-
public places and for public purposes was prohibited. The ployed in the import of articles for the supply of the interior, and the
Statesmans Year-Book, London, 1916. export of Polish produce. Universal Gazetteer, Phila., 1839.

======================================================================
ST.PETERSBURG MINT
======================================================================
======================================================================
1856 1,940,003
1857 3,110,003
1858 2,600,006
1859 3,920,005
1860 580,001

George to right on central shield, with six shields) / K#
RV: Crown / 10 / 7?Al+7W (Kopeks) / -.- / DATE /

E.AA.#
ribbon below.
EDGE: Plain
MINT: E.A
A.#
#. = ST.PETERSBURG
MONEYER: K# = Fedor Blum, 1856-61
TYPE: I - Six Shields
1855 MW - 10 KOPEK - REVERSE REFERENCE: Y-14

======================================================================
FOOTNOTE: In 1860 the average size of a Russian peasant land-
FOOTNOTE: Warsaw, capital of Russian Poland, is on the left bank holding was 13 acres; in 1900 it had sunk to about 8 acres be-
of the Vistula and extends for over 5 miles along that river. Its cause population had increased despite economic conditions. The
water communications have long made it one of the most important Land Hunger of the peasants became an element to reckon with
commercial centers of Eastern Europe. It was exceptionally rich in after they had been shaken out of their village isolation through
literature and art treasurers; most of these were confiscated and army service and had become somewhat more prosperous through
transferred to St. Petersburg. Leather, boots and shoes, woolen the labor of peasant sons and daughters in the newly arising
and linen stuffs and beer are some of the most important products. factories, and the prohibition of vodka or Russian whiskey.
Warsaw came under Russian rule in 1813. Comptions Pictured Encyclopedia, Chicago, 1922
====================================================================== ======================================================================
1857 K# - 10 KOPEK - OBVERSE 1857 K# - 10 KOPEK - REVERSE

====================================================================== ======================================================================

====================================================================== ======================================================================
ST.PETERSBURG MINT
======================================================================
======================================================================
1859 included with Y-14

1860 2,810,003

George to right on central shield, with eight shields) / K#
RV: Crown / w 10 w / 7?Al+7W (Kopeks) / -:- /

DATE / E.AA.#
#. (mintmark) within wreath of laurel and oak tied
with ribbon below.
1859 Arms of Russian Empire
EDGE: Reeded
FOOTNOTE: The Double Headed Imperial Eagle of Russia - From
MINT: E.A
A.#
#. = ST.PETERSBURG 1832 to 1858 the Russian Eagle contained six shields with St.
George slaying the Dragon, facing right on the central shield on the
MONEYER: K# = Fedor Blum, 1856-61 breast. Each wing contained three shields (Coat of Arms) repre-
senting;
TYPE: II - Eight Shields
From top left: Khanate of Kazan, on Volga River
REFERENCE: Y-20 Khanate of Astrakhan, on Caspian Sea
Volga River delta, part of Russia since 1670
Siberia, Eastern Russia
FOOTNOTE: The St. Petersburg mint in the St.Peter's and Paul's
Fortress opened in 1724 and except for ten years; 1728-38 and a From top right: Poland, to Russia in 1815
few years;1800-1804 struck Russian Imperial coins until 1917. Khanate of Tauride, the Crimea
They also produced matrices for the Russian mint at Helsingforce, from the the Ottoman Empire in 1783
Grande Duchy of Finland, and the coins Russia ordered from for- Grande Duchy of Finland, from Sweden in
eign mints; Paris, Strasbourg and Osaka in this series. From 1921 1808
Soviet coinage was produced at the mint know known as the
Leningrad mint. Russian and Soviet Coins Catalogue 1700-1993, From 1859 to 1917 the Russian Eagle contained on the wings eight
l.V.Sobolin, Moscow, 1994. shields arranged as follows;
Kazan, Poland, Tauride and the new shield with the

FOOTNOTE: Each Eagle in the Russian Coat of Arms holds a Scep- combined Arms of Kiev, Vladimir and Novgorod.
ter in one talon and an Orb in the other. The center shield with
St.George slaying the Dragon represents ancient Moscovy. Astrakhan, Siberia, the new shield of Georgia (part of
Russia since 1801) and Finland.

1861 - 10 KOPEK - OBVERSE 1861 - PARIS and STRASBURG REVERSE
====================================================================== ======================================================================
RUSSIAS, EMPIRE of all the FOOTNOTE: Alexander II, Emperor of Russia, was born April 29,
PARIS MINT/STRASBURG MINT 1818, and succeeded his father Nicholas I in 1855, before the end
====================================================================== of the Crimean War. After peace was concluded the new Emperor
10 KOPEK 17MM .750 FINE 2.07 GRAMS set about effecting reforms in the Empire, the greatest of all being
====================================================================== the emancipation of the serfs in 1861, a measure which gave
freedom, on certain conditions, to 22,000,000 of human beings
1861 19,300,000 who were previously in a state little removed from that of slavery.
Under him, too, representative assemblies in the provinces were
OV: Crown / Double Headed Imperial Eagle (St. introduced, and he also did much to improve education, and to
George to right on central shield, with eight shields) / (no reorganize the judicial system. During his reign the Russian domin-
moneyer) ions in Central Asia were extended and a piece of territory south
of the Caucuses, formerly belonging to Turkey, was acquired, and
RV: Crown / w 10 w / 7?Al+7W (Kopeks) / -:- / a part of Bessarabia, belonging since the Crimean War to Turkey in
1861 / E.A
A.#
#. (mark of St.Petersburg) within wreath of laurel Europe, but previously to Russia, was restored to the latter power.
and oak tied with ribbon below. The latter additions resulted from the Russo-Turkish War of 1877-
78. Alexander II, was killed by an explosive missile flung at him by
EDGE: Incised ///// a Nihilist, in the streets of St. Petersburg, March 13, 1881. He was
succeeded by his second son, Alexander III. Cabinet Cyclopaedia,
MINT: (no mintmark) = PARIS and STRASBURG 1896.
REFERENCE: Y-20 ======================================================================
POPULATION - Strasburg - 1890 - 123,545
FOOTNOTE: The edge markings distinguishes this issue as minted

by either of the French mints of Paris or Strasburg.
Paris and Strasburg

FOOTNOTE: Strasburg, a town and fortress of France, in Alsace,
View of Moscow 1880
capital of the Territory of Alsace-Lorraine, on the Ill, about 2 miles
west of the Rhine, 250 miles east by south of Paris, and about 370
======================================================================
miles south-west of Berlin. Cabinet Cyclopaedia,1896

====================================================================== ======================================================================
RUSSIAS, EMPIRE of all the FOOTNOTE: From time to time Russian serfs infuriated by the hard
ST.PETERSBURG MINT conditions imposed upon them, revolt against their lords. These
====================================================================== riots are put down with terrible bloodshed and cruelty. The Land-
10 KOPEK 17MM .750 FINE 2.07 GRAMS lord reserves the vast portion of his Estate for himself and turns
====================================================================== over to his serfs barely enough land to enable them to keep body
and soul together. The serfs usually spend three days in the week
1861 5,660,000 cultivating their Lords fields. He is their Judge as well as their
Master and can flog them at will. In March 1861, Tsar Alexander II
OV: Crown / Double Headed Imperial Eagle (St. issued an emancipation proclamation freeing forty million of his
George to right on central shield, with eight shields) / K# subjects from serfdom. The Lords could no longer force the peas-
ants to work for him, nor flog them or command them to marry
RV: Crown / w 10 w / 7?Al+7W (Kopeks) / -:- / against their will, but they still remained bound to the land, for they
1861 / E.A #. (mintmark) within wreath of laurel and oak tied
A.# were not permitted to leave their villages without a Government
with ribbon below. Pass. The Lord surrendered a portion of their estates to the peas-
EDGE: Incised ooooo ants, but this did not become property of individual owners, but of
the village community as a whole. There were hundreds of riots
MINT: E.A
A.#
#. = ST.PETERSBURG while the readjustments were taking place. The peasants were
compelled by force of arms to accept their Liberty and' pay the
MONEYER: K# = Fedor Blum land tax which emancipation imposed upon them.
REFERENCE: Y-20 FOOTNOTE: Imperial Crown of Russia: 9 lbs. of gold and 32,000
carats of gems, made in 1762 for Catherine the Grate. Shaped like
FOOTNOTE: At the end of the disastrous Crimean War in 1856 a a bishop's mitre, it was created with a cross of diamonds sur-
financial crisis began to creep across Russia, combining with the mounting an enormous uncut ruby - the 389 carat Balal Ruby,
plans to free the serfs, which took place in 1861. The debasement which came from 17th century Peking, thirty-eight perfect rosy
of subsidiary Silver coinage proved an irresistible lure for a source pearls circled over the crown on either side of the central jeweled
of government financing. As a result in 1860 the fineness of the arch.
coins was reduced from .868 to .750 fine. The new issues dated
1861 all had different edges. The mint at St. Petersburg changed to
incised (ooooo), while the coins struck at Paris and Strasburg
were struck with edge incised at an angle (/////). The change of
Mintmasters allowed for initials changed from K# (Fedor Blum) to
;3 (Mikhail Ivanou) with a new edge of incised zig zag (zzzzz)
minted at St. Petersburg.
FOOTNOTE: The majority of the population of Russia are devoted

to agricultural pursuits, and dwell in villages spread thinly over the
vast area of the empire. The only articles of manufacture of which
Russia can successfully compete with other countries are iron,
leather, soap, sail-cloth, cordage and tar. Gergraphy, William
Swinton, New York, 1880. Imperial Crown
======================================================================

1861 ;3 - 10 KOPEK - OBVERSE 1861 ;3 - 10 KOPEK - REVERSE
====================================================================== ======================================================================
RUSSIAS, EMPIRE of all the RUSSIAS, EMPIRE of all the
ST.PETERSBURG MINT ST.PETERSBURG
====================================================================== ======================================================================
10 KOPEK 17MM .750 FINE 2.07 GRAMS 10 KOPEK 17MM .750 FINE 2.07 GRAMS
====================================================================== ======================================================================
1861 included with Fedor Blum 1863 5,750,000

1862 5,800,000
OV: Crown / Double Headed Imperial Eagle (St. George to right on central shield, with eight shields) / !#
George to right on central shield, with eight shields) / ;3
RV: Crown / w 10 w / 7?Al+7W (Kopeks) / -:- / 1863 / E.A #. (mintmark) within wreath of laurel and oak tied
A.#
DATE / E.AA.#
#. (mintmark) within wreath of laurel and oak tied with ribbon below.
with ribbon below.
EDGE: Reeded
EDGE: Incised zzzzz
MINT: E.A
A.#
#. = ST.PETERSBURG
MINT: E.A
A.#
#. = ST.PETERSBURG
MONEYER: !# = Alexander Belezerov
MONEYER: ;3 = Mikhail Ivanou, 1861-63
REFERENCE: Y-20
REFERENCE: Y-20
====================================================================== =====================================================================
Russian carrage Kremlin in Moscow, Russia

====================================================================== ======================================================================

1865 =K - 10 KOPEK - OBVERSE 1865 =K - 10 KOPEK - REVERSE
====================================================================== ======================================================================
ST.PETERSBURG MINT FOOTNOTE: The 10 kopeks with Moneyer =K were minted be-
====================================================================== tween 1864-66 with a fineness of .750 and starting with 1877
10 KOPEK 17MM .750 FINE 2.07 GRAMS through 1882 debased to .500 fine.
======================================================================
FOOTNOTE: Russian distinctive rank of classes - The Nobility oc-
1864 3,740,000 cupy the highest place in the social scale, enjoy many special
1865 3,886,513 privileges, such as freedom from poll-tax, and form in every prov-
1866 2,532,500 ince a separate body, headed by a marshal, chosen by and from
themselves. Till 1871 they were also free from the conscription.
OV: Crown / Double Headed Imperial Eagle (St. Functionaires, officials, artists, and clergy possess almost as many
George to right on central shield, with eight shields) / =K privileges as the nobility. In 1868, a most important measure was
passed, by which clerical character was declared to be no longer
RV: Crown / w 10 w / 7?Al+7W (Kopeks) / -:- / hereditary, and the sons of the secular clergy, hitherto bound to
DATE / E.AA.#
#. (mintmark) within wreath of laurel and oak tied some ecclesiastic or monastic service, were set free to choose
with ribbon below. their own career. The next class is that of the merchants. The
burghers and peasants constitute the lowest class, and are sub-
EDGE: Incised zzzzz ject to claims of service and personal taxation. Each class enjoys,
to a certain extent, the right of self-administration in its own af-
MINT: E.A
A.#
#. = ST.PETERSBURG fairs. Each apportions its taxes, and chooses some of its function-
aries. The recent emancipation gave freedom to 20,000,000 peas-
MONEYER: =K = Nicholai Follendorf, 1864-82 ants or serfs, who prior to year 1861, being governed exclusively
by their owners, enjoyed very limited civil rights. Communal gov-
REFERENCE: Y-20 ernment is the fundamental principal of all the rights of the peasant
class. In general, the lands allotted to the peasants are not their
individual property, but belong to the commune, and are shared
among all its members. Library of Universal Knowledge., 1880.
Krasnovodsk, Caspian Sea Russian transcaspian railway

1878 =K - 10 KOPEK - OBVERSE 1878 =K - 10 KOPEK - REVERSE
===================================================================== =====================================================================
ST.PETERSBURG MINT
======================================================================
======================================================================
1877 included with Nicholai Iossa

1878 6,920,000
1880 6,740,000
1881 2,950,000
1882 920,007

George to right on central shield, with eight shields) / =K

DATE / E.AA.#
with ribbon below.
EDGE: Reeded
MINT: E.A.#. = ST.PETERSBURG
MONEYER: =K = Nicholai Follendorf, 1864-82
REFERENCE: Y-20
Peter The Great
=====================================================================
FOOTNOTE: Krasnovodsk was established in 1870 as a deep

water port on the Caspian Sea. It is a starting point from which
Russian commerce is penetrating into Central Asia, Persia, Af-
ghanistan and India. The rail line is carried to Merv, Bokhora and
Samercand in one direction and to Sarakhs, Herat, Candahar and
the frontier of India in the other.
Batoum on the Black Sea

======================================================================
FOOTNOTE: The great city of St. Petersburg, the capital of the
Russian Empire situated on the Neva River, not far from the Baltic,
at the mouth of the river is the fortifications of Kronstadt, on the
Gulf of Finland. Homes on Nobles dot the islands near the city. The
country about is composed of swamps and morasses, green
woods and fields. The city is a vast plain of two, three, and four
story houses, built of brick or stone, plastered with yellow stucco,
and roofed with iron plates painted dark brown, many with while
chimneys. St. Petersburg is covered with ice and snow through-
out the winter. Heat is required from November until May. It is so
cold that the houses have double windows, and every room has
its enormous porcelain stove. The Great Palace, that red structure
on the banks of the Neva, at the end of the Nevsky Prospect, the
chief street of the city, is the Winter Palace where the Emperor
holds his receptions. The rooms are larger than a good-size house,
and its halls are so wide that a team of four-horses and wagon
load of hay could turn inside them without touching the walls. It has
so many rooms that the Emperor does not know what is going on
in all of them; once the servants rented some of them as a stable,
and when a great fire occurred, a cow and goat were dragged out
with the furniture. The Nevsky Prospect is the widest avenue of
St. Petersburg, and its chief business street, with palaces, stores
and great bazaars. On the opposite side of the Neva are immense
wholesale houses extending for miles along the quays with the
river and its canals filled with shipping. St. Petersburg is built on a
swamp, formed at the command of Peter the Great, by a people
who lived far away from it, in the interior, and who had no reason
for building a great city except the command of the Emperor. Deter-
1877 =y - 10 KOPEK - OBVERSE
mined that his country must have both a seaport and a great navy, ======================================================================
shut off by Turkey, which still holds the Bosporus, the only pas- RUSSIAS, EMPIRE of all the
sage from the Black Sea to the Mediterranean, he chose this place ST.PETERSBURG MINT
on the Gulf of Finland, at the mouth of the Neva. The The land was ======================================================================
swampy and covered with woods. Peters command went forth 10 KOPEK 17MM .500 FINE 1.80 GRAMS
that a great stone city spring into being. Piles by the millions were ======================================================================
driven down to make the foundation, the river Neva held back by
walls of granite, and every Russian subject was called to build the 1866 included with Nicholai Follendorf
new capital. Every Noble in the Empire was ordered to build a 1867 6,445,092
house in St. Petersburg, and every Russian who owned five hun- 1868 4,740,000
dred serfs had to put up a two-story house, no matter whether he 1869 3,710,000
lived on the edge of the Caspian Sea or on the border of the Ural 1870 3,310,000
Mountains. Every vessel on the Russian rivers and every ship on 1871 4,194,693
the Baltic had to bring a load of stones to aid in building the city, and 1872 2,130,000
all the peasants near by were ordered to help. Forty thousand 1873 2,620,000
men were drafted every year to aid in the work. Criminals from 1874 2,520,000
prisons were made to toil under the guns of guards to build the city, 1875 3,590,000
less than two hundred years ago. Today, the Emperor has still 1876 4,900,000
almost as much power as Peter the Great. He rules largely through 1877 2,090,000
cabinet ministers and state council representing the provinces. 1878 included with Nicholai Follendorf
The Russian Empire has seventy-nine states, each of which has 1879 6,890,000
officials appointed by the Czar. Carpenters Geographical Reader,
1880. OV: Crown / Double Headed Imperial Eagle (St.
George to right on central shield, with eight shields) / =y
FOOTNOTE: On January 28,1897...at break of day an army of
150,000 individuals left their homes to count the number of people RV: Crown / w 10 w / 7?Al+7W (Kopeks) / -:- /
inhabiting an empire which occupies one-sixth of the globe...The DATE / E.AA.#
# (mintmark) within wreath of laurel and oak tied
first Russian census may be summed up very briefly as follows: with ribbon below.
The population of the Russian Empire and the Grand Duchy of
Finland numbers 129,211,114 souls of whom; EDGE: Reeded
MINT: E.A
A.#
# = ST.PETERSBURG
94,188,750 inhabit European Russia
9,442,590 inhabit Poland MONEYER: =y( = Nicholai Iossa, 1848-77
9,723,553 inhabit the Caucasus
5,731,732 inhabit Siberia REFERENCE: Y-20
3,415,174 inhabit the Stepps regions
4,175,101 inhabit Transcaspia and Turkestan
6,413 inhabit Khiva and Boukhara
2,527,801 inhabit Finland
H.R.R. 1901

1877 =y - 10 KOPEK - REVERSE 1889 !e - 10 KOPEK - OBVERSE
====================================================================== ======================================================================
ST.PETERSBURG MINT
FOOTNOTE: The revolutionary movement culminated in the assas- ======================================================================
sination of Alexander II in 1881 by a nitroglycerin bomb hurled at his 10 KOPEK 17MM .500 FINE 1.80 GRAMS
carriage. He was succeeded by his son Alexander III who simply ======================================================================
continued his fathers policies. Comptoms Pictured Encyclopedia,
Chicago, 1922. 1883 included with Dmitri Sabanieu
1884 1,710,004
1885 1,300,011
====================================================================== 1886 2,000,107
RUSSIAS, EMPIRE of all the 1887 4,000,004
ST.PETERSBURG MINT 1888 2,000,007
====================================================================== 1889 5,000,002
10 KOPEK 17MM .500 FINE 1.80 GRAMS 1890 3,750,006
====================================================================== 1891 3,240,008
1893 4,250,008
1883 1,520,008 1894 4,000,007
1895 1,000,006
OV: Crown / Double Headed Imperial Eagle (St. 1896 2,010,005
George to right on central shield, with eight shields) / )E 1897 3,150,009
1898 6,610,009
RV: Crown / w 10 w / 7?Al+7W (Kopeks) / -:- / 1899 14,000,022
DATE / E.A.#. (mintmark) within wreath of laurel and oak tied
with ribbon below. OV: Crown / Double Headed Imperial Eagle (St.
George to right on central shield, with eight shields) / !e
EDGE: Reeded
MINT: E.A
A.#
#. = ST.PETERSBURG DATE / E.AA.#
with ribbon below.
MONEYER: )E = Dmitri Sabanieu 1882-83
EDGE: Reeded
REFERENCE: Y-20
MINT: E.A
A.#
#. = ST.PETERSBURG
FOOTNOTE: A fearful famine in eastern Russia, within and beyond MONEYER: !e = Appolon Grasgov, 1883-99
the valley of the Volga, was caused in 1899 by an almost unprec-
edented failure of crops. With the famine came typhus fever, and REFERENCE: Y-20
the tale of suffering and death was one of the most heart-rending
of the century. POPULATION: Russia - 1890 - 100,372,560 with
St.Petersburg with 936,225 inhabitants.

1889 !e - 10 KOPEK - REVERSE 1900 K1 - 10 KOPEK - OBVERSE
====================================================================== ======================================================================
FOOTNOTE: Nicholas II succeeded Alexander III on November 1, ST.PETERSBURG MINT
1894 as Emperor of all the Russias. He was born at St. Petersburg ======================================================================
on May 18, 1868, his mother was Princess Dagmar, a daughter of 10 KOPEK 17MM .500 FINE 1.80 GRAMS
King Christian IX of Denmark. As Czarevitch he held several mili- ======================================================================
tary commands in his own country - in the famous Preobrajensky
Regiment among others - and in England he had conferred upon 1900 14,000,009
him, in 1893, the Order of the Garter. He married the Princess Alix 1901 15,000,020
of Hesse-Darmstadt in 1894. Four daughters came first, but a son
was born on August 12, 1904, and was named Alexis. The Coro- OV: Crown / Double Headed Imperial Eagle (St.
nation of the Czar took place with impressive ceremonial at Mos- George to right on central shield, with eight shields) / K1
cow in May of 1896. And in August of the same year he com-
menced a tour which included visits to the Emperors of Austria and RV: Crown / * 10 * / 7?Al+7W (Kopeks) / -:- / DATE
Germany, to the King of Denmark, to Queen Victoria and to the / E.A
A.#
President of France. He was gifted with linguistic facility of most ribbon below.
of his countrymen, and fluently in French, German, Italian and
especially English. Neither by upbringing nor by temperament was EDGE: Reeded
he fitted for the tasks of Emperor. Alexandria his wife, however
had the strength of character he lacked and her influence was MINT: E.A
A.#
#. = ST.PETERSBURG
great. She sought advise from spiritualists and faith healers in-
cluding the mystical Rasputin who eventually acquired great power MONEYER: K1 = Felix Zaleman
over the Imperial Family. Serious problems at home and impending
World War I faced him. He considered all who opposed him, re- REFERENCE: Y-20
gardless of their views as malicious conspirators. The revolution-
ary movement grew. Competent ministers and officials were dis- ======================================================================
missed and replaced by worthless nominees of Rasputin and even
after his murder, Nicholas failed to see the ominous warnings.
Riots broke out in Petrograd in 1917. The government resigned
and the Duma called for the Emperor to abdicate. On March 15th he
renounced the throne in favor of his brother Michael who refused
the Crown. Nicholas was detained and with his family were moved
to Western Siberia. In April of 1918 they were taken to Ekaterinburg
in the Urals and in the night of July 30th the last Emperor of Russia
and all his family were slaughtered in the cellar of the house
where they had been held prisoners. This was the end of the
Romanoff Dynasty.
FOOTNOTE: Few of the Russian peasants own land themselves,

but usually a group of them forms a village community, or Mir,
which owns or rents the land and divides it among the villagers,
for their temporary use. Geography, H.Justin Roddy, New York,
1902.

1900 K1 - 10 KOPEK - REVERSE 1903 !C -10 KOPEK - OBVERSE
====================================================================== ======================================================================
ST.PETERSBURG MINT
======================================================================
======================================================================
1901 included with Felix Zaleman

1902 17,000,009
1903 28,500,005
1904 20,000,010
1905 25,000,000

George to right on central shield, with eight shields) / !C

DATE / E.AA.#
with ribbon below.
EDGE: Reeded
MINT: E.A
A.#
#. = ST.PETERSBURG
The Trans-Siberian railway
MONEYER: !C = Alexander Redko
REFERENCE: Y-20
====================================================================== ======================================================================
Peasant thatch hut Remote Siberian village

====================================================================== ======================================================================

1903 !C -10 KOPEK - REVERSE 1910 ]# - 10 KOPEK - OBVERSE
====================================================================== ======================================================================
FOOTNOTE: The Trans-Siberian Railway - On November 3, 1901, RUSSIAS, EMPIRE of all the
the section of the Trans-Siberian Railway built westward along ST.PETERSBURG MINT
the Amur from Khabarovsk, north of Vladivostok, was connected ======================================================================
with the branch built eastward from Sryetensk, and complete rail 10 KOPEK 17MM .500 FINE 1.80 GRAMS
connection between St. Petersburg and Vladivostok was thus ======================================================================
established, except for the branch road around the end of Lake
Bakal. A transfer ferry carries the Express train across the lake at 1899 included with Appolon Gasgov
present. The Trans-Siberian Line was begun in the spring of 1891 1906 17,500,015
and was completed as far east as Irkutsk in 1898. The eastern 1907 20,000,009
section, however, was much the most difficult part of the work, 1908 8,210,009
and construction has been slow. The completed line is 5,545 miles 1909 25,290,011
in length, over thirty miles of the distance consisting of bridges. 1910 20,000,009
The trip from London to Shanghai may be made over this overland 1911 19,180,011
route in 21 days at a cost of about $160. The present service 1912 20,000,008
provides two express trains a week from Moscow, a through 1913 7,250,017 scarce
ticket to Vladivostok costing about $50, first class. International
Yearbook, N.Y. 1901. OV: Crown / Double Headed Imperial Eagle (St.
George to right on central shield, with eight shields) / ]#

DATE / E.AA.#
with ribbon below.
EDGE: Reeded
MINT: E.A
A.#
#. = ST.PETERSBURG
MONEYER: ]# = Elikum Babayontz
REFERENCE: Y-20

St.Petersburg with 1,500,000 inhabitants.
Merchants of Bokhara
1910 ]# -10 KOPEK - REVERSE 1913 %E -10 KOPEK - OBVERSE
====================================================================== ======================================================================
FOOTNOTE: At Siedlce, a town of Russian Poland about fifty-five ST.PETERSBURG MINT
miles southeast of Warsaw, on September 8 and 9, 1906, there ======================================================================
occurred a pogrom, or massacre of Jews, which for atrocity and 10 KOPEK 17MM .500 FINE 1.80 GRAMS
destruction of life surpassed even the slaughters of Kishinev and ======================================================================
Bialystok. As in all cases of attack on civilians by the military in
Russia, the police and troops charged the terrorists and Jews 1913 included with Elikum Babayontz
with first attacking them, and assert that they simply defended 1914 51,250,015
themselves. It remains true, however, according to all reports, that
there was a concerted massacre by the soldiers and police of OV: Crown / Double Headed Imperial Eagle (St.
Jews and all Christians who refused or neglected to hang out George to right on central shield, with eight shields) / %E
icons from their windows. Governor-General Skallon refused to
put a stop to the slaughter unless the leaders of the Bund, or RV: Crown / w 10 w / 7?Al+7W (Kopeks) / -:- /
Jewish Revolutionary Order, were delivered up to him. He even DATE / E.AA.#
telegraphed to St. Petersburg for permission to use artillery. A with ribbon below.
cordon of troops was put around the city, and the Jews and Poles
endeavoring to escape were driven back and shot down without EDGE: Reeded
mercy. More than two hundred Jews were killed and thousands
flogged, wounded, and imprisoned. The troops then looted the MINT: E.A
A.#
#. = ST.PETERSBURG
liquor shops and plundered right and left. The city became a scene
of wild disorder, which afterward spread to Warsaw. Wahre MONEYER: %E = Victor Smirnov, 1913-17
Jacob, Stuttgart, 1906.
====================================================================== REFERENCE: Y-20
======================================================================
Russian truck wagon

1913 %E - 10 KOPEK - REVERSE 1916 - 10 KOPEK - OBVERSE
====================================================================== ======================================================================
FOOTNOTE: In October of 1906 a decree was issued permitting OSAKA MINT
the peasants to leave their village community and seek employ- ======================================================================
ment elsewhere. On November 25th the common ownership of 10 KOPEK 17MM .500 FINE 1.80 GRAMS
village communities was abolished allowing the peasants to be- ======================================================================
come owners of their allotment, which was finally achieved by
Law of June 27, 1910. 1916 70,001,000
FOOTNOTE: St. Petersburg the name of the Imperial capital city OV: Crown / Double Headed Imperial Eagle (St.
was changed to Petrograd on September 1, 1914., Its population - George to right on central shield, with eight shields).
1915 - 2,318,645.
====================================================================== 1916 ,within wreath of laurel and oak tied with ribbon below.
EDGE: Reeded
REFERENCE: Y-20
FOOTNOTE: This large one year issue dated 1916 was struck at
the Japanese Imperial Mint, Osaka, without mintmark.
FOOTNOTE: There is an interesting story about the 1917 - 10

kopeks - During the 1967 Canadian EXPO in Montreal the Soviet
Exhibit displayed and offered for sale certain Russian silver coins
from the period before the Revolution under the Czars. It seems
that in 1917 all the silver coins held by the Russian people were
called in to the central bank. In recent years some of these coins
had been put up for sale and export by a Soviet Trading Company.
As the story continues, this Russian Exhibit was selling these
coins at a very high price and ungraded as related to the numis-
matic market. However a knowledgeable coin dealer noticed that
the coins offered for sale contained the rare 1917- 10 and 20
kopecks. So as a result they 'cherry-picked' these dates without
the Russians noticing. This may be referred to as the Expo Hoard.
Most of the 1917 10 kopecks showing up on the market since 1967
have come from Canada. There is another speculation regarding
this long noted rare date, i.e. that there are millions still in the vaults
1919 Russian Arms at the Kremlin.

1916 - 10 KOPEK - OBVERSE 1916 - 10 KOPEK - REVERSE
====================================================================== ======================================================================
PETROGRAD MINT 1917 - 10 KOPEK from the collection of Alex Redichevich
======================================================================
10 KOPEK 17MM .500 FINE 1.80 GRAMS ======================================================================
======================================================================
1915 82,500,000
1916 121,500,000
1917 17,580,000 scarce

George to right on central shield, with eight shields) / %E

DATE ,within wreath of laurel and oak tied with ribbon below.
EDGE: Reeded
MINT: (no mintmark) = PETROGRAD
MONEYER: %E = Victor Smirnov, 1913-17
REFERENCE: Y-20
======================================================================
FOOTNOTE: Bread riots broke out in Petrograd (the Slavic name

given to St. Petersburg at the opening of World War I) in March
1917 as there was a scarcity of food in Russian cities. The Czar
hastening back to Petrograd from the front was forced to sign his
and his sons abdication in favor of his brother, Grand Duke Michael.
Michael refused with the authorization of a Constitutional Assem-
bly and thus the Romanoff who had ruled Russia for three centu-
ries came to an end. With the change of the name from St. Peters-
burg to Petrograd the E.A A.##. mintmark was eliminated. 1917 -10 KOPEK - OBVERSE
======================================================================
FOOTNOTE: In 1917 Russia possessed only a little more than 45,000

miles of railroad - less than one-fifth the mileage of the United
States. Comptoms Pictured Encyclopedia, Chicago, 1922.

1917 -10 KOPEK - REVERSE
======================================================================
FOOTNOTE: The name of St. Petersburg was changed in late 1914

at the outbreak of the First World War to a non-teutonic name
Petrograd because St. Petersburg was too Germanic sounding.
This name was retained after the fall of the Empire and until the
death of Lenin in March 1924, at which time it was changed in his
honor to Leningrad.The mintmark was dropped from the coinage,
for the last three years of World War I.The last coins struck under
the authority of the Imperial Russian Government were dated 1917
were struck in late 1916 but not released, the Soviet Government
Russian Soviet 1922
which recalled all silver coinage has exported to the west Imperial ======================================================================
coinage including an occasional 1917 dated coin. With the recent
breakup of the Soviet Union, the name of the city has again re-
verted to St. Petersberg.
FOOTNOTE: The Nevsky Prospekt is one of the world's famous

streets. Its name means "view of the Neva" in Petrograd, U.S.S.R.
======================================================================
Nevsky Prospekt, Petrograd Russian peasants

====================================================================== ======================================================================

====================================================================== ======================================================================
RUSSIAN SOVIET FEDERATED SOCIALIST REPUBLIC
PETROGRAD MINT FOOTNOTE: Soviet emblems: The hammer and sickle are symbols
====================================================================== of the two labor groups; industrial workers and agricultural work-
10 KOPEK 18MM .500 FINE 1.80 GRAMS ers. The sunburst symbolize the New Golden Era breaking forth
====================================================================== and the spreading of Communistic ideology through the World, Red
Star above.
1921 950,000
1922 18,640,138 FOOTNOTE: Following the signing of a peace treaty with Poland on
1923 33,424,279 October 12, 1920, the Soviet government continued in control in
spite of various attempts at counter revolutions. The degree to
OV: Soviet emblems (Hammer and Sickle over which communistic principles, including nationalization and the pro-
Sunburst, within wreath of wheat within inner circle, on panel hibition of private capital was enforced, was materially modified
below C.E.K.E.C. Russian for R S F S R = RUSSIAN SOVIET however by a decree issued in March 1921. This was found
FEDERATED SOCIALIST REPUBLIC, inscription (AC?A+G!C33 necessary on account of the absolute collapse of the economic
%E+M EGC!=, E?+)3=a5G+E[! = Proleatiary Vschech Stran system of the country under Bolshevik rule. In 1921-2 a great
Seidniates! = Workers from all over the World coming together!) famine prevailed throughout the wheat growing portions of the
around. country.
RV: Starburst at top, 10 / 7?A++7 (Kopeks) / DATE, FOOTNOTE: By 1922 paper money had depreciated to a point
within inner circle of pearls, within wreath of laurel and oak, where it was practically valueless. The circulation on July 1, 1922
within outer circle of pearls. totaled the almost unimaginable sum of 271,236,000,000,000 rubles.
New Universities Encyclopedia, N.Y. 1924.
EDGE: Reeded
FOOTNOTE: The Fifth Congress of the Third International opened
MINT: (no mintmark) = PETROGRAD in Moscow June 18, 1924. Zinoviev, President of the International,
pointed out in his opening address that in every country except
REFERENCE: Y-80, H-501 Russia, Communism was losing ground. He stated that in the United
States of America the number of Communists had dropped from
POPULATION: Russian Republic - 1921 - 113,508,707 20,000 to 5,000, in England from 10,000 to 3,000, in France from
130,000 to 100,000 and in Germany from 300,000 to 250,000.
Russia alone showed a gain, an increase from 430,000 to 600,000
due chiefly to a special drive for membership among workmen and
peasants. The Union of Socialist Soviet Republics has four main
constituent units; the Russian Socialist Federative Soviet Republic,
Ukrania, Transcaucasia and White Russia. The first unit includes
the greater part of European Russia and all Siberia and has a
population of over 100,000,000. It includes ten Autonomous Affili-
ated Republics and eleven Autonomous Regions. The Republics
are Bashkir, Tartar, Kirgiz, Gorsk, Daghestan, Turkestan, Crimea,
Yakut, Karelian and Buriat-Mongolian.

====================================================================== ======================================================================
UNION OF SOVIET SOCIALIST REPUBLICS The Communist party in Russia was in reality an extra-constitu-
LENINGRAD MINT tional government. Although it included less than seven million mem-
====================================================================== bers out of Russia's one hundred and sixty millions of people, it
10 KOPEK 17MM .500 FINE 1.80 GRAMS controlled practically all offices. It was rigorously organized, from
====================================================================== local cell to central committee, and included only active workers
with a definite goal. More far-reaching than the changes in the
1924 67,350,886 political system was the revolution in Russian economics effected
1925 101,013,313 by the Bolshevists during the early years of the regime. Prevention
1926 u/m of capitalist exploitation of the workers, and state ownership of all
1927 u/m lands, forests, and minerals, as well as all means of production
1928 u/m and distribution, were fundamental concepts. The government im-
1929 64,900,000 mediately after the November Revolution, took over all land. The
1930 163,424,218 peasants thought that land nationalization meant that they them-
1931 8,790,765 rare selves would take over the great estates of the crown, church,
and nobility. They resisted the Bolshevist attempt to deliver to the
OV: Soviet emblems (Star / Hammer and Sickle over state all grain over and above a minimum for family use and seed.
World / Sunburst, within wreath of wheat with ribbon around Although they used armed force at times, the peasants' most ef-
lower part) within inner circle open above E.E.E.C. (Union of fective weapon was the passive policy of reducing crops. The
Soviet Socialist Republic) below. Inscription (AC?A+G!C33 Communists were faced with famine and discontent spread over
%E+M EGC!=, E?+)3=a5G+E[! = Workers from all over the the land, so the Bolshevists, under their leader, Lenin, instituted
World coming together) around. changes in the original economic system. University of Knowledge.
RV: Large 10 / 7?A++7 (Kopeks) / DATE / . (dot)

within wreath of wheat.
EDGE: Reeded
MINT: (no mintmark) = LENINGRAD
REFERENCE: Y-86, H-502, Guide Book of Russian

Coins by Robert Harris, Santa Cruz, 1971
Russian silver Coinage 1796-1917, R.W.Julian,

Logansport, Indiana, 1993
Russian Coins 1700-1917, V.V.Uzdenikov, Moscow,

1992
POPULATION: Soviet Union - 1930 - 157,611,300
Plaza of the Martyrs of the Revolution LENINGRAD, U.S.S.R.

SAN MARINO
====================================================================== ======================================================================

====================================================================== ======================================================================
SAN MARINO, REPUBLIC of
ROME MINT FOOTNOTE: San Marino is the smallest sovereign state in the World
====================================================================== located inland within Eastern Italy with only 24 square miles in
50 CENTESIMI 18MM .835 FINE 2.5 GRAMS area, on the borders of the Provinces of Forli and Urbino, near the
====================================================================== Adriatic coast. Although San Marino has always been a Republic
there is a crown in its Coat of Arms. It is the oldest state in Europe
1898 40,000 and the last surviving representative of the Italian Republics. At the
head of the government are two Captains Regent elected for six
OV: Crowned shield within a wreath of laurel and months. There is a militia of 950 men. The town of San Marino is
oak / on ribbon: LIBERTAS (Liberty) RESPVBLICA S. MARINI protected by a wall. It occupies the crest of a rocky hill 2200 feet
(Republic of San Marino) around / S below. in height, known as Monte Titano, and is accessible only by the
road from Rimini.The principal inhabitants, however reside in the
RV: 50 / CENTESIMI / 1898 within wreath of laurel hamlet of Il Borgo, at its foot. Cattle-raising and wine production
tied with ribbon below / R (mintmark) below. are the chief occupations. Population c.1895 of San Marino Re-
public - 7840 and of the town about 1200. New Cabinet
EDGE: Plain Cyclopeadia,Phila., 1896.
MINT: R = ROME FOOTNOTE: Filippo Speranza, Chief Engraver at the Rome mint,
was born at San Marino del Cimino in 1839 and became an appren-
ENGRAVER: S = Filippo Speranza, Chief Engraver, tice at the Vatican mint in 1863. Having achieved the position of
Rome mint. Engraver at the Papal mint in 1869, he was appointed Chief En-
graver at Rome in 1870. This position he retained until 1903.
REFERENCE: Y-3, CT-798, KM-3
FOOTNOTE: San Marino - Embraced in the area of Italy is the
Prezzario Monete Coniate in Italia by G.Cermentini - independent Republic of San Marino, which claims to be the oldest
G.Toders, Firenze, 1970 State in Europe. The frontier line is 24 miles in length, area 24
square miles, and population (1915) 11,513. The chief exports are
The Coinage of the Republic of San Marino and the wine, cattle and stone. A new treaty of friendship with the King-
State of Vatican City by S.A.M.LeLoux, Amsterdam dom of Italy was concluded in 1907. San Marino has bronze and
1967. silver currency coined in Italy: 210,000 lire in silver and 119,000 lire
in bronze. The Statesman's Year-Book, London, 1916.
ENCYCLOPEDIA OF SMALL SILVER COINS - SAN MARINO - PAGE 460

SARAWAK
====================================================================== ======================================================================

====================================================================== ======================================================================
SARAWAK, SULTANATE of
BIRMINGHAM MINT FOOTNOTE: Sir James Brooke (1803-66), Rajah of Sarawak, was
====================================================================== born at Coombe Grove, near Bath, on April 29, 1803, his father
10 CENTS 18MM .800 FINE 2.71 GRAMS being in the service of the East India Company. After being edu-
====================================================================== cated at Norwich, he entered the East India Army in 1819, and after
being seriously wounded in the Burmese War, he finally quieted
1900 150,000 the service in 1830. While traveling in the East he conceived the
1906 50,000 idea of putting down the plague of piracy in the beautiful islands of
1910 50,000 the Eastern Archipelago and bringing the blessing of civilization to
1911 100,000 the inhabitants. Needless to say, no one but a very remarkable
1913 100,000 man, and one filled with the spirit of adventure, would have ever
1915 100,000 thought seriously of carrying out such a project, but Brooke tried
and succeeded. Inheriting 30,000 British pounds on his fathers
OV: Head of Charles Johnson Brooke, facing left, C. death in 1835, he equipped a yacht, carefully trained his crew, and
BROOK RAJAH above / SARAWAK below. after preliminary cruises, sailed in October 1838 for Sarawak, on
the North West coast of Borneo. On arrival he found some of the
RV: Large 10 within rope circle knotted at the native tribes in revolt against the Sultan of Borneo. He assisted in
bottom, TEN DATE CENTS around / H (mintmark) below. putting down the rebellion, and was rewarded with the Title of
Rajah of Sarawak. He immediately set to work to reform the
EDGE: Reeded province and his excellent government soon brought civilization
and prosperity in its train. He pursued vigorous methods against
MINT: H = THE MINT, BIRMINGHAM, LTD. the pirates, and the rigor of his crusade brought him into trouble
with the British House of Commons, and he was charged with
ENGRAVER: Joseph Moore receiving Head-Money for the pirates that were slain, but after
inquiry he was exonerated. He was appointed Governor of Labuan
REFERENCE: Y-10, SC-15, SR10, KM-9 when that Island was purchased by the British Government. He
received the Honorary Decree of D.C.L. from Oxford and was
POPULATION: 1900 - 500,000 created K.C.B. in 1848. In 1842 Muda Hassim, Sultan of Brunei,
ceded Sarawak, an area of 42,000 square miles situated in north-
FOOTNOTE: Both issues of the 10 cents coins of Sarawak were west Borneo to Sir James Brooke. Rajah Sir Charles Johnson
ordered from The Mint, Birmingham, Ltd. The coinage of Sarawak Brooke, who married the sister of explorer Harry deWindt suc-
corresponded to similar silver subsidiary coins used by Crown ceeded his uncle in 1868. Sarawak a Malay Sultanate under
Colonies of Hong Kong and Straits Settlements. British protection is located on the north coast of the Island of
Borneo. The title of Rajah, the Hindu title for king, was conferred
on Sir James Brooke by Rajah Muda Hassim.
ENCYCLOPEDIA OF SMALL SILVER COINS - SARAWAK - PAGE 461

====================================================================== ======================================================================
SARAWAK, SULTANATE of
BIRMINGHAM MINT FOOTNOTE: Sir James Brooke, a bachelor, had for many years
====================================================================== been helped in the government of Sarawak by his two nephews.
10 CENTS 17.4MM .400 FINE 2.71 GRAMS Charles Johnson, the second of these devoted his whole life to the
====================================================================== service of the people of Sarawak. He first visited Sarawak in
1844 and a few years later left the Royal Navy to join his uncle in
1920 150,000 Sarawak as a District Officer. He had the unusual combination of
character of a fighting man and an administrator. Taking part in
OV: Head of Charles Vyner Brooke, facing right C. many military excursions into the jungle against head-hunters he
V. BROOK RAJAH above / SARAWAK below. displayed bravery, resource and leadership and the unbound re-
spect of the native Malayans and Duaks. As Sir James Brooke
RV: Large 10 within rope circle knotted at the grew older, he gave Charles greater responsibilities. When the
bottom, TEN 1920 CENTS around / H (mintmark) below. Rajah left Sarawak for the last time, Charles Johnson was ap-
pointed Head of Administration. He changed his name to Brooke
EDGE: Reeded and when the news of James Brookes death reached Kuching,
he was proclaimed the Second Rajah in 1868. He continued th rule
MINT: H = THE MINT, BIRMINGHAM, LTD. Sarawak in the spirit of benevolent autocracy. His government
remained popular with the natives. In 1883 and in 1885 Sultan
REFERENCE: Y-19, SC-16, SR15, KM-15 Mumin sold additional territory to the Rajah. Additional provinces
came under the rule of the Rajah in 1890 and again in 1905. The
The British Commonwealth of Nation, Part 2, Asian little state of Brunei with population of 40,000 was the only area to
Territories, F. Pridmore, London, 1965 remain independent, with Sarawak on one side and North Borneo
on the other. Charles Johnson Brooke, ruled Sarawak until 1917,
A Numismatic History of The Birmingham Mint, when he was succeeded by his eldest son, Charles Vyner Brooke.
James O. Sweeny, Birmingham,Englan, 1981 Charles Vyner Brooke was born September 26, 1874. New Inter-
national Encyclopdria, 1910.
POPULATION: 1920 - 600,000
FOOTNOTE: Sarawak, the English name from the Malay-Sarakaw
FOOTNOTE: Sir James Brooke was succeeded by his nephew Sir meaning the cove or bay is situated on the west and north-west
Charles Johnson Brooke on June 11, 1868, who in turn passed the side of the Island of Borneo, and has a coast-line of about 300
title to his son Sir Charles Vyner Brooke. Sir Charles Johnson miles, and an undefined semicircular sweep inland, area about
Brooke married Margaret Alice Lily deWindt in 1869. 40,000 square miles. The soil, consisting generally of black veg-
etable mold, is peculiarly adapted to the sugar-cane, which grows
FOOTNOTE: Population of Sarawak is estimated at 500,000, Malays, readily even without cultivation; but the more important vegetable
Dyaks, Kayans, Kenyahs, and Muruts, with Chinese and other productions are cocoa-nuts, rice, and sago. The minerals include
settlers. The capital, Kuching, about 23 miles inland, on the Sarawak gold, antimony, and quicksilver, and diamonds are also found. The
River. The revenue is derived chiefly from Customs and the opium, original inhabitants are Duaks, but are now very much intermixed
gambling, arrack and pawn farms. Imports; tobacco, salt, kero- with Malays and Chinese. New Cabinet Cyclopaedia, Phila., 1896.
sene oil, wines, and spirits. Exports; sago, gambier, pepper, all
jungle produce, dried fish, etc. Trade is mostly with Singapore. FOOTNOTE: The currency of Sarawak is based on the Straits
Round Kuching are about 45 miles of roads besides bridle paths. Settlements currency, 1 dollar = 2s.4d. The Statesman's Year-
The Statesman's Year-Book, London, 1916.. Book, London, 1916.
ENCYCLOPEDIA OF SMALL SILVER COINS - SARAWAK - PAGE 462

SAUDI ARABIA
====================================================================== ======================================================================
1936 - AH 1354 - 1/4 RIYAL - OBV 1936 - AH 1354 -1/4 RIYAL - REV
====================================================================== ======================================================================
SAUDI ARABIA, KINGDOM of
BIRMINGHAM MINT
====================================================================== FOOTNOTE: Ibn Saud, Abd al-Aziz III, King of Saudi Arabia 1932-
1/4 RIYAL 19.5MM .916 FINE 2.916 GRAMS 1953. Ibn Saud assumed the title of Sultan in 1921 and six years
====================================================================== later gave up this title to become King of the Najd and the Hejaz. On
September 22, 1932 the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia was formed. A
(1936) AH 1354 100,000 frozen date historic meeting between President Franklin D. Roosevelt and King
(1937) AH 1354 800,000 Abd al-Aziz took place on an American cruiser anchored in Great
Bitter Lake in the Suez Canal February, 1945. Abd al-Aziz died
OV: Arabic inscription in thuluth style (The King of November 9, 1953, his son Crown Prince Saud became King.
Kingdom of Saudi Arabia) within inner circle of pearls, arabic
inscription Abdul Aziz Son of Adul Rahman, Son of Al Sand/ Ali / FOOTNOTE: Bedouins, dwellers in the deserts, are Arabs who
palm trees divided by shield with crossed swards within. lead a nomadic life. The desert of Arabia is their chief place of
abode. They are found from the western boundary of Persia to
RV: Arabic inscription (Struck In Makkah Al-Mu the Atlantic, and from the mountains of Kurdistan to the Sudan.
Kavma, of Saudi Arabia riyal) / PRTS (AH 1354) / Ali, within They are lean, sinewy, and active. Their senses, especially that of
inner circle of pearls / palm trees divided by shield / (for sight, are keen, the nose is commonly aquiline, and their complex-
denomination) ions are of various shades of brown With the exception of certain
tribes in Syria, the Bedouins are professedly Mohammedans. Their
EDGE: Reeded diet is principally derived from their herds, but includes rice, a few
vegetables, honey, locusts, and lizards. The Bediuins manufac-
MINT: (no mintmark) = THE MINT, BIRMINGHAM, ture their own woolen clothing. Many tribes shave the head, but
LTD. among all a beard is preferred. One or more families form a tribe.
Out of their number the superior Sheik is elected, who leads those
ENGRAVER: ALI = Unknown of the tribe that choose to follow the life of a nomad. New Standard
Encyclopedia, 1910.
REFERENCE: Y-18, SA10, KM-16
FOOTNOTE: January 24, 1928 Saudi Arabia established a mon-

etary system based on the Saudi riyal, crown size and valued at 1/
10 of a British sovereign. A new riyal was issued in 1936 weighing
11.66 grams with subsidiary coins; 1/2 riyal and 1/4 riyal. Arabs of
the desert had for many years only used the Austrian Maria Theresa
Thaler or Levant dollar with its frozen date 1780. These crown
size trade coins were the only true medium of exchange.
ENCYCLOPEDIA OF SMALL SILVER COINS - SAUDI ARABIA - PAGE 463

1954 - AH 1374 - 1/4 RIYAL - OBV 1954 - AH 1374 -1/4 RIYAL - REV
====================================================================== ======================================================================
SAUDI ARABIA, KINGDOM of
LONDON MINT
======================================================================
1/4 RIYAL 19.5MM .916 FINE 2.916 GRAMS
======================================================================
(1954) AH 1374 4,000,000
OV: Arabic inscription (King of the Kingdom of Saudi

Arabia).above, / arabic inscription Abdul Aziz Son of Adbul
Rahman Son of Al Saud, within inner circle of pearls / palm
trees divided by shield with crossed swards, below.
RV: Arabic inscription (Struck In Makkah Al-Mu

Kavma, of Saudi Arabia riyal) / PRVS (AH 1374)/ Ali, within
inner circle of pearls / palm trees divided by shield / (for
denomination)
EDGE: Reeded
Arabs before the oil
ENGRAVER: ALI = Unknown
FOOTNOTE: Saudi symbols; the sword, always unsheathed, sym-

bolizes strength in faith, the date palm, which traditionally supplied
the main agricultural crop of Saudi Arabia, is emblematic of vitality
and growth.
FOOTNOTE: Ibn Saud I, Abd al-aziz IV, King of Saudi Arabia suc-
ceeded his father upon his death in 1954. His brother Prince Faisal
was named Crown Prince. In 1960 King Sauds health began to
deteriorate and in 1961 he made the first of several trips abroad
for medical treatment with Faisal asked to take over the direction of
the government. He was deposed by the Royal Family in 1964 and
succeeded by his brother Faisal.
ENCYCLOPEDIA OF SMALL SILVER COINS - SAUDI ARABIA - PAGE 464

SERBIA
====================================================================== ======================================================================
1875 - 50 PARA - OBVERSE 1875 - 50 PARA - REVERSE

====================================================================== ======================================================================
SERBIA, PRINCIPALITY of
VIENNA MINT a
====================================================================== ======================================================================
50 PARA 18MM .835 FINE 2.5 GRAMS
======================================================================
1875 2,000,000
OV: Head of Obrenovich IV (no mustache), facing

left, ;3)!= ;. ?#C+=?%3k IV. 7=[!1 ECAE73 (Milan
M. Obrenovich IV, Prince of Serbia) around / A.S. under bust.
RV: Crown / 50 / A!C! (para) / 1875 within

wreath of laurel and oak tied with ribbon below.
EDGE: Plain
DESIGNER: A.S. = Anton Scharff
TYPE: I - No mustache
1879 - 50 PARA - OBVERSE

======================================================================
ENCYCLOPEDIA OF SMALL SILVER COINS - SERBIA - PAGE 465

======================================================================
1879 - 50 PARA - REVERSE

======================================================================
SERBIA, PRINCIPALITY of Milan M. Obrenovich IV
VIENNA MINT
====================================================================== ======================================================================
====================================================================== FOOTNOTE: Milan M. Obrenovich IV abdicated on March 6, 1889 in
favor of his only child, Alexander who at the age of 13 became
1879 600,000 King of Serbia. Alexander dispensed with the Regency in 1893
and began at once to act the Autocrat. In 1894 he recalled his
OV: Head of Obrenovich IV (with mustache), facing father to assist him against his radical ministers, and by proclama-
left, ;3)!= ;. ?#C+=?%3k IV. 7=[!1 ECAE73 (Milan tion restored their full privileges to his father and mother, Nathalie.
M. Obrenovich IV, Prince of Serbia) around / TASSET under bust. On May 21st he abolished the liberal Constitution of 1889, restored
that of 1869. In 1900 he married Draga Mashin, in defiance of his
RV: Crown / 50 / A!C! (para) / 1879 within fathers wishes. Milan was once more exiled, and Alexander be-
wreath of laurel and oak tied with ribbon below. gan a period of high-handed personal rule which aroused intense
hostility among the most influential persons in the kingdom. The
EDGE: Plain attempt of Queen Draga to impose upon the people the belief that
an heir to the throne was in prospect increased the popular dislike.
MINT: (no mintmark) = VIENNA In April, 1903, King Alexander abrogated the Constitution, changed
the ministry and the laws, and then restored the mutilated Consti-
DESIGNER: TASSET = Erneste Paulin Tasset tution to operation. This was a process attended with some peril in
a country where liberalism and even republicanism had been grow-
TYPE: II - With mustache ing. A conspiracy was formed by leading officers of the army, and
on June 11th the Palace was entered, and the King, Queen, two
REFERENCE: Y-4A, KM-4A brothers, and two of the cabinet were assassinated. A Provi-
sional Government of Liberals was formed and the family of
Katalog Novca Srbije I Crne Gore 1868-1918 by Karageorgevich, the rivals of the House of Obrenovich, was re-
Vojislav Glogonjac and Dragoslav Glogonjac, stored in the person of Prince Peter, then living in exile in Geneva.
Beograd, 1973. For a number of years there was conflict between the party of the
regicides and those who insisted on their punishment. Great Brit-
POPULATION: Serbia - 1892 - 1,940,000 with capital ain, which would not enter diplomatic communication with the King
Belgrade with 37,000 inhabitants. until the murderers of his predecessor had been removed from
Court, resumed official relations in 1906. New International Ency-
FOOTNOTE: Of the five issues of 50 para of Serbia, three were clopedia, 1910.
ordered from the Vienna mint, one form Kremnitz,and the last was
struck at the Paris mint. Listings are in date order. FOOTNOTE: In 1875 the daughter of a Russian colonel, named
Nathalie Kehsho married Prince Milan of Serbia. In 1888 his quar-
FOOTNOTE: The 1875 issue of the 50 para was the first silver rels with his Queen and his personal vices deprived him of all
coin of Serbia, after the adoption of the Standards of the Latin prestige and King Milan procured an illegal divorce. After King
Monetary Union with a dinar equal to the French franc. 100 para Milans abdication on March 6, 1889 she returned to Belgrade,
equal the dinar. withdrawing again in 1891. She became reconciled to King Milan in
1893 and was restored to all her rights. After the assassination of
Alexander, she lived in retirement.

FOOTNOTE: The 1875 and the 1879 issue of 50 para were for a
long period of time identified as one type even though they were
engraved by two different designers. Several years ago it was
noted that the major difference was that the 1875 issue by A.
Scharff was an earlier portrait of Prince Milan before he grew a
mustache and that the 1879 issued was with a mustache. This is
quite unique in coinage designs, as rarely has the portrait of male
rulers been changed, while it is very common to show small changes
when it comes to female rulers shown on coinage.
FOOTNOTE: Milan M.Obrenovich IV was born August 22, 1854 at

Jassy, in Moldavia, and was a member of the Obrenovich family,
then in exile. His great-uncle, Michael the reigning Prince of Serbia,
adopted him when he was left an orphan and sent him in 1864 to
Paris to be educated. On May 29,1868 Prince Michael Obrenovich
III was murdered in the park of Topcider. Milan returned in 1868
upon the assassination of Michael and succeeded him as ruling
Prince. Unlike other European Royalty Obrenovich Princesses were
numbered according to their place in the dynastic succession.
Milan M.Obrenovich IV at the age of 14 became Prince of Serbia,
being under the direction of a Regency of ministers until 1872,
when he assumed full authority. In 1876, yielding to popular clamor,
Milan rebelled against Turkish sovereignty, and placed a Russian
General, Tchernayef, at the head of the Serbian Army, openly
declaring war. But Tchernayef was defeated and Serbia was
saved only by the intervention of Russia. While Russia was de-
feating Turkey in the War of 1877-8, Milan seized a favorable
opportunity and again revolted, this time, successfully. Serbia be-
came an independent state in 1878, and Milan proclaimed King in
1904 - 50 PARA - OBVERSE
1882. His reign was a political storm. Leaning toward Austrian ======================================================================
influence which looked to internal improvements in Serbia, the King
devoted himself to railway construction, the development of natu-
ral resources, and army reorganization on the basis of compul-
sory enlistment. In March 1889, apparently with no reason, Milan
suddenly abdicated in favor of his son Alexander, then twelve
years old. He resided for a time in Paris. But returned in 1894 to
advise Alexander when he was proclaimed King and allowed to
remain in the Royal household. In 1898 he was appointed Com-
mander-in-Chief of the Serbian Army. In 1875 Milan married Nathalie
Ketchko, of Moldavia, who bore him on child, Alexander. She won
the love of the Serbians, and it was the divorcing of her in 1888
after conjugal differences arising from his orgies, which became
public scandals, that is considered the cause of his abdication.
They were nominally reconciled and the decree of divorce an-
nulled in 1893. Milan died in Vienna, February 11, 1901. Interna-
tional Year Book, New York, 1901.
FOOTNOTE: Serbia, an independent Kingdom of Eastern Europe,

bound north by Austria-Hungary, from which it is separated by the
Save River and the Danube; east by Romania and Bulgaria; south
by Turkey; and west by Bosnia. Population of Serbia in 1891 was
2,162,759. The climate is somewhat rigorous in the elevated dis-
tricts, but mild in the valleys and plains. There are extensive for-
ests and uncultivated wastes, the forest area being forty two
percent of the total area. The chief agricultural products are maize,
wheat, flax, hemp, and tobacco. Wine is grown in the districts
adjoining Hungary, and the cultivation of prunes is extensive. Lead,
zinc, quicksilver, copper, iron, and coal are found. Manufactures
include carpet-weaving, embroidery, jewelry, and filigree work.
The principal exports are prunes, pigs, wool, wheat, wine, hides,
cattle, and horses; imports cotton, sugar, colonial goods, hard-
ware, etc. There are 340 miles of railway and 1800 miles of tele-
graph. New Cabinet Cyclopaedia,1896.
FOOTNOTE: Population - in 1910, 382,882 lived in towns, and

2,528,819 lived in the country, 2,890,602 were Serbian subjects,
and 21,086 were foreigners, of whom 5,518 were Hungarians,
6,060 Turkish, and 6,605 Austrian subjects; Of the Gipsies, 27,846
speak Serbian, 4,700 Rumanian, 181 Turkish, and 13,412 Hungar-
ians. Serbia is an agricultural country, where almost every peas- Peter I King of Serbia
ant cultivates his own freehold. The holdings vary in size from 10
======================================================================
to 30 acres mostly. The Statesman's Year-Book, London, 1916.

======================================================================
SERBIA, KINGDOM of
KREMNITZ MINT
======================================================================
======================================================================
1912 (1913) 800,004
OV: Head of Peter I, facing right, A+G!C I 7C!J[

EC#3J+ (Peter I King of Serbia) around / SCHWARTZ under
bust.
RV: Crown / 50 / A!C! (para) / 1912 within wreath

of laurel and oak tied with ribbon below.
EDGE: Reeded
DESIGNER: SCHWARTZ = Prof. Stephan Schwartz
======================================================================
1904 - 50 PARA - REVERSE

======================================================================
SERBIA, KINGDOM of
VIENNA MINT
======================================================================
======================================================================
1904 (1904) 1,400,031
OV: Head of Peter I, facing right, A+G!C I 7C!J[

EC#3J+ (Peter I King of Serbia) around / SCHWARTZ under
bust.

EDGE: Reeded
DESIGNER: SCHWARTZ = Prof. Stephan Schwartz (of

the Vienna School of Arts where he was Professor of
Sculpture and Modal Engraving.)
POPULATION: Serbia - 1900 - 2,493,770 with capital

Belgrade with 69,097 inhabitants.
1915 - 50 PARA - OBV - TYPE II
REFERENCE: Y-19, KM-24 ======================================================================
FOOTNOTE: In 1900 only 17 percent of the population of Serbia FOOTNOTE: King Alexander Obrenovich V was succeeded by
could read or write. Peter, the first of the Karageorgevich line to be placed on the
throne. Killed with Alexander was his Queen Draga and her two
FOOTNOTE: In 1901 the Serbian dinar was equal to the French brothers, the Premier and the Minister of War. He was first re-
franc or 19.3 cents in United States money. garded with loathing by the Great European Powers. However,
when King Peter was crowned, all the European Powers, except
FOOTNOTE: on July 28, 1914 the Austrians declared War on Serbia, Great Britain, were represented. He restored the Constitution of
thus the beginning of the Great War of 1914-1918. 1889 and conducted his country through the difficult crisis of
1908, when Austria seized Bosnia and Herzegovina. In 1909 Prince
FOOTNOTE: The Austrian Army occupied Belgrade, the capital of George, his eldest son, resigned his rights to the crown, which
Serbia, on December 2, 1914, but evacuated it December 15, after passed to his brother, Alexander.
a prolonged battle in which the Serbians were victorious. On Oc-
tober 9, 1915, Belgrade again fell into the hands of Austria-Hun-
gary. Winstons Encyclopedia, 1918.

FOOTNOTE: Peter I, King of Serbia was born July 11, 1844 at
Belgrade. A son of the reigning Prince Alexander Karageorgevich.
Educated at Belgrade and Geneva, he went to St. Cyr in France,
and afterwards, during the War of 1870, volunteered in the French
Army. In 1883 he married the Princes Zorka, eldest daughter of
Prince Nicholas of Montenegro, with whom he led a very happy
family life until her unfortunate death in 1890. For about ten years
Peter lived in Montenegro, but after his wifes death he went to
Geneva for the education of his children. The three children are;
the Crown Prince George, Princess Helene, Prince Alexander. The
Crown Prince after his studies in Geneva was admitted by order
of the Tsar into the Noble Guard at St. Petersburg. Peter I ascended
to the throne of Serbia, June 2, 1903.The Near East.,New York,
1907.
FOOTNOTE: The country produces wheat, barley, oats, maize,

rye, and beetroots. Plum marmalade and also fresh plums are
exported in large quantities, spirits are distilled in large quantities
from plums. The Statesman's Year-Book, London, 1916.
======================================================================
1915 - 50 PARA - OBV - TYPE I

======================================================================
SERBIA, KINGDOM of 1915 - 50 PARA - REVERSE
PARIS MINT ======================================================================
======================================================================
======================================================================
1915 (1915) 7,901,068 w/ signiture

1915 (1916) 4,236,860 w/ signiture
1915 (1917) 1,862,072 w/o signiture
OV: Head of Peter I, facing right, A+G!C I. 7C![

EC#3J+ (Peter I King of Serbia) around / SCHWARTZ under bust /
(cornucopia) (torch) (mintmark).

EDGE: Reeded
MINT: (Cornucopia) = PARIS
ENGRAVER: (Torch) = Henri Auguste Patey, 1896-

1930
DESIGNER: SCHWARTZ = Prof. Stephan Schwartz
TYPE: There are two varieties of the issue, with

SCHWARTZ under bust and without the designers
name, which were struck in 1917, the combined
types had a total mintage of 14,000,000 with a
frozen date of 1915 struck at the Paris mint during
1915,1916 and 1917.
REFERENCE: Y-19
REFERENCE: Katalog Metalnog Novca 1700 - 1994,

by Ranko Mandic, Belgrade, 1995.
FOOTNOTE: The Great War (1914-1918) brought to a close the

small silver coinage of most countries, except Switzerland and a
few other mostly Western Hemisphere countries, as the price of
Map of Serbia - 1875
silver increased above the denomination value of the coinage. ======================================================================

SEYCHELLES
====================================================================== ======================================================================

====================================================================== ======================================================================
SEYCHELLES, BRITISH COLONY of
LONDON MINT FOOTNOTE: Seychelles since 1794 a British Colony consists of
====================================================================== about a hundred small islands in the Indian Ocean off the east
25 CENTS 19MM .500 FINE 2.92 GRAMS coast of Africa and north of Madagascar. Mahe is the largest of
====================================================================== the Islands. The next largest are respectively, Silhoette, Curieuse,
Digue, and Frigate. The capital of the group is Victoria on Mahe.
1939 36,000 Several Ex-Kings have been deported to the Colony, including;
1943 36,000 Premper, Ex-King of Ashanti in 1887, in 1901 Mwanga, Ex-King of
1944 36,000 Uganda, and Kabarega, Ex-King of Unyoro. Seychelles and tribu-
tary dependencies include 101 islands of 156 square miles. Victoria,
OV: Head of George VI, facing left GEORGE VI left, the capital is an important coaling station. Coconuts are the chief
KING EMPEROR right / PM under bust. crop. The monetary standard is based on the rupee divide into 100
cents. A branch of the Bank of Mauritius was opened in 1911.
RV: SEYCHELLES / 25 / CENTS within design / DATE
below. ======================================================================
EDGE: Reeded
POPULATION: Seychelles - 1937 - 27,444
FOOTNOTE: Until 1939 the silver coins of Mauritius circulated also

in Seychelles. The Mauritius bronze coinage continued until 1948
to be used on the islands of Seychelles.
.
FOOTNOTE: The chief products of Seychelles, coconuts with over
12,000 acres under cultivation; 31 million were produced in 1914.
The British India steamers call once a month from Bombay on their
way to Mombassa. There is telegraphic communications with
Mauritius and Europe. The Statesman's Year-Book, London, 1916. Seychelles, Indian Ocean
ENCYCLOPEDIA OF SMALL SILVER COINS - SEYCHELLES - PAGE 470

SOUTH AFRICA
====================================================================== ======================================================================
1892 - 6 PENCE - REVERSE 1897 - 6 PENCE - OBVERSE

====================================================================== ======================================================================
SOUTH AFRICAN REPUBLIC SOUTH AFRICAN REPUBLIC
BERLIN MINT PRETORIA MINT
====================================================================== ======================================================================
====================================================================== ======================================================================
1892 28,300 1893 95,530

1894 168,000
OV: Head of Stephanus Johannes Kruger, facing 1895 178,640
left. 1896 205,480
1897 220,000
RV: Large 6 dividing DATE, Z A R (Z A R = Zuid
Afrikaansche Republek = South African Republic) above, within OV: Head of Stephanus Johannes Kruger, facing
wreath of oak leaves. left.
EDGE: Reeded RV: Large 6 dividing DATE, Z A R (Z A R = Zuid

Afrikaansche Republek = South African Republic) above, within
MINT: (no mintmark) = Imperial Mint, BERLIN wreath of oak leaves.
ENGRAVER: Otto Schultz MINT: (no mintmark) = PRETORIA
FOOTNOTE: Nearly all of the 6 pence coinage of South Africa REFERENCE: Y-3, KM-4
were minted at Pretoria, which after the South African Republic of
the Boers became part of the Union of South Africa, was a Royal ENGRAVER: Otto Schultz
branch mint. There was one exception, the first issue President
Kruger ordered from the Imperial Mint, Berlin dated 1892. Listings FOOTNOTE: Union of South Africa - Under the terms of the South
are in date chronological order. African Act of 1909 the former self governing colonies; Cape of
Good Hope, Natal and Orange River Colony (Orange Free State)
FOOTNOTE: S.J.Paul Kruger was born in 1825. As a Boer states- united on May 31, 1910 to form the Union of South Africa, a Domin-
men, with Joubert and Pretorius formed the Provisional Govern- ion of the British Empire. The four British Provinces as denoted on
ment (December 1880) of the Transvaal, or South African Repub- the reverse of the 6 pence by the bundles of four roses; include;
lic. He was elected President in 1883, 1888, 1893 and again in Cape of Good Hope, Natal, Orange Free State and Transvaal.
1898. He died in 1904.
ENCYCLOPEDIA OF SMALL SILVER COINS - SOUTH AFRICA - PAGE 471

1897 - 6 PENCE - REVERSE
======================================================================
FOOTNOTE: In 1886 a handful of British and Dutch prospectors
dug beneath the soil of Witwatersrand and found the worlds
richest Gold field. The first miners called their camp of flimsy tents
Stephanus Johannes Kruger
and shacks Johannesburg. The Witwatersrand, the gold-mining ======================================================================
district extending for over 60 miles south of Pretoria, Transvaal
forms the watershed between the Orange River and the Limpopo. FOOTNOTE: In 1922 the Coinage Act gave authority for gold, silver
The word Rand in Dutch means Edge and is used to describe a and bronze coins to be minted at the reopened Pretoria branch mint
low range of hills. Gold was first mined in 1885 on the Rand with of the Royal mint. South Africa Yearbook, 1976.
the District made a public goldfield a year later. In 1899 the output
of the goldfields was over four million ounces. Five years later ======================================================================
Chinese labor was introduced with restrictive conditions but a SOUTH AFRICA, UNION of
year later the granting of permits for their importation was stopped. PRETORIA MINT
Johannesburg with a population of 237,220 including a white popu- ======================================================================
lation of 119,953 is the center of the Rand District. 6 PENCE 19MM .800 FINE 2.82 GRAMS
======================================================================
FOOTNOTE: Boers is the Cape-Dutch name for the farmers of
Dutch origin in South Africa. In 1836-7 large numbers of the 1923 209,110
Boers, being dissatisfied with the British Government in the Cape 1924 325,610
Colony, migrated northward to what is now Natal. Here their ill-
treatment of the native soon led to war, and the British had to OV: Crowned head of George V, facing left
interfere and ultimately (1843) annex the country. The Boers again GEORGE V REX IMPERATOR (George V KING EMPEROR) / B.M.
migrated but their new settlement was annexed in 1848. They on truncation.
then began to form the Transvaal, where their ill-treatment of the
colored races has caused the British Government again and again RV: Large 6 within wreath of laurel and oak tied with
to interfere. The Boers, who are all rigid Calvinists, are described ribbon below / KG below, SOUTH AFRICA f ZUID AFRIKA,
as frugal, industrious, and hospitable, but distrustful of foreign- around above f DATE f below.
ers, especially of the English. Their aggressive and often treach-
erous policy and their cruelty to the natives go far, however, to EDGE: Reeded
outweigh any good qualities they may have shown. Cabinet
Cyclopaedia, 1895. MINT: (no mintmark) = PRETORIA Branch of the Royal
mint
DESIGNER: (ov) B.M. = Sir Edgar Bertram MacKennal

(rv) KG = Kruger Gray
FOOTNOTE: The British Empire Conference sessions commenced

in London on October 1, 1923; South Africa was represented by
General J.C.Smuts. On December 18, 1923 the first radio broad-
cast in South Africa was transmitted.
Boers mail coach
======================================================================
FOOTNOTE: Pretoria, the capital of the Transvaal Colony, formerly
the South African Republic is situated 4500 feet above sea-level
on the southern slope of a spur of the Magalies Berge, in the south
central part of the colony, 35 miles by rail, north-northeast of
Johannesburg. It was regularly laid out on an extensive scale,
with wide and straight streets crossing at right angles, but, al-
though it became the converging point of the main railroad lines
from Delagoa Bay and Port Elizabeth, it never acquired much eco-
nomic importance, owing to the competition of Johannesburg. The
Raadzaal or former Parliament House, 126 feet high, surmounted
by a statue of Liberty, is the most important building. The population
in 1904 was 38,519 of whom 21,161 were whites. Pretoria, named
after the Boer General Pretorius, was founded in 1855 to succeed
Potchefstroom as capital of the Transvaal Republic. In May, 1900 it
surrendered to the British after which its four imposing fortresses
were dismantled. New International Encyclopedia, 1910.
FOOTNOTE: Alan (later Sir Alan) Cobham completed the round trip
flight by aeroplane from England to Cape via Egypt in 1926. South
Africa Yearbook, 1976.
FOOTNOTE: Events of 1927 - Diamonds were discovered in Little

Namaqualand. The Flag Agreement provided for the Orange-White-
Blue tricolor and the Union Jack as the official Flags of the Union of
South Africa. During 1927 the diamond cutting industry was es-
tablished at Kimberley. South Africa Yearbook, 1976.
1927 - 6 PENCE - REVERSE FOOTNOTE: The capital of the Union of South Africa was named
====================================================================== after Andries Pretorius who followed the Afraikaans - speaking
SOUTH AFRICA, UNION of Boers who left their commodious Dutch homes in the Cape Colony
PRETORIA MINT to found an independent republic in the heart of Southern Africa.
====================================================================== After numerous efforts of the whites to subdue the South African
6 PENCE 19MM .800 FINE 2.82 GRAMS natives, a punitive expedition was sent against the Zulus. Although
====================================================================== it ended in disaster for the whites, Andries Pretorius, an influential
farmer from Cape Colony then went up to Natal with reinforce-
1925 79,231 rare ments. He organized the Voortrekkers into a compact military unit
1926 721,606 and for months prepared his army for what was to be the most
1927 1,547,788 decisive battle for the supremacy of the white civilization in South
1929 783,885 Africa. He met the Zulu Army 12,000 strong on December 16,
1930 448,267 1838. At the Battle of Blood River, and by clever strategy his 474
Europeans managed to defeat the natives. South Africa Yearbook,
OV: Crowned head of George V, facing left 1976.
GEORGE V REX IMPERATOR ( = George V KING EMPEROR) /
B.M. on truncation. FOOTNOTE: 1931 - Pretoria was proclaimed a city. The October
output of gold from the Union mines passed the , 4 millions mark.
RV: Thistle within 6 bunches of four rods / KG
below, DATE above, SOUTH AFRICA, left, SUID AFRIKA, right / g
6 PENCE g below. FOOTNOTE: 1932 - Wireless Telephone communication was es-
tablished with Great Britain. The diamond mining industry was
EDGE: Reeded temporarily closed down owing to the Depression.
MINT: (no mintmark) = PRETORIA Branch of the Royal
mint. FOOTNOTE: During 1933, the circulation in the Union of South
Africa of British silver coinage was withdrawn with a increase in
DESIGNER: (ov) B.M. = Sir Edgar Bertram MacKennal the mintage this year of the South African 6 pence. South Africa
(rv) KG = Kruger Gray Yearbook, 1976.
REFERENCE: Y-18, KM-16.2 FOOTNOTE: The Jonker Diamond of 728 carats was found on the
Elandsfontein alluvial diggins during 1934 and sold for , 70,000.
FOOTNOTE: The one-day flight by a military aeroplane from Cape South Africa Yearbook, 1976.
Town to Pretoria took place during 1924. On June 17, 1924 in the
general elections General Herzog was elected Prime Minister of
the Union of South Africa. FOOTNOTE: The Union of South Africa celebrated its 25th Anniver-
sary during 1935 and a record price for gold was established on
FOOTNOTE: Events of 1925 - Prince of Wales visited South Africa. March 6th. South Africa Yearbook, 1976.
The Union of South Africa reverted to the gold standard. Afraikaans
was recognized as the official language, parallel with English and FOOTNOTE: The record for the sea voyage from England to Cape
Dutch. Parliament petitioned the King of England not to bestow Town held by RMS Scot since 1893 was broken in 1936 by RMMV
titles on South Africans. South Africa Yearbook, 1976. Stirling Castle (13 days, 6 hours, 30 min.). South Africa Yearbook,
1976.

1936 - 6 PENCE - OBVERSE 1936 - 6 PENCE - REVERSE
====================================================================== ======================================================================
SOUTH AFRICA, UNION of
PRETORIA MINT FOOTNOTE: In 1941 the Pretoria Branch of the Royal Mint was
====================================================================== proclaimed the South African Mint. South Africa Yearbook, 1976.
====================================================================== ======================================================================
1931 4,805 rare

1932 1,524,910
1933 2,818,595
1934 1,518,864
1935 573,485
1936 627,046
OV: Crowned head of George V, facing left

GEORGE V REX IMPERATOR ( = George V KING EMPEROR) /
B.M. on truncation.

below, DATE above, SOUTH AFRICA, left, SUID AFRIKA, right / f
6 D f below.
EDGE: Reeded
MINT: (no mintmark) = PRETORIA Branch of the

Royal Mint
DESIGNER: (ov) B.M. = Sir Edgar Bertram MacKennal

1947 - 6 PENCE - OBVERSE

======================================================================
FOOTNOTE: The 1947 proof shown was part of 2,600 proof sets
struck at the Pretoria mint.
Mining in South Africa

====================================================================== ======================================================================
SOUTH AFRICA, UNION of SOUTH AFRICA, UNION of
PRETORIA MINT PRETORIA MINT
====================================================================== ======================================================================
====================================================================== ======================================================================
1937 1,695,727 1948 2,414,503

1938 1,724,621 1949 3,567,607
1939 30 proof only 1950 8,694,343
1940 1,628,759
1941 2,262,732 OV: Head of George VI, facing left GEORGIVS VI
1942 4,935,792 REX IMPERATOR (George VI KING EMPEROR) / H.P. under bust.
1943 3,776,139
1944 228,201 RV: Thistle within 6 bunches of four rods / KG
1945 420,095 below, DATE above, SOUTH AFRICA, left, SUID AFRIKA, right / f
1946 290,593 6D f below.
1947 578,487
EDGE: Reeded
OV: Head of George VI, facing left GEORGIVS VI
REX IMPERATOR (George VI KING EMPEROR) / H.P. under bust. MINT: (no mintmark) = PRETORIA
RV: Thistle within 6 bunches of four rods / KG DESIGNER: (ov) HP = Henry Paget
below, DATE above, SOUTH AFRICA, left, SUID AFRIKA, right / f (rv) KG = Kruger Gray
6D f below.
EDGE: Reeded
MINT: (no mintmark) = PRETORIA
DESIGNER: (ov) HP = Henry Paget

Scene in Johannesburg in 1896

1951 - 6 PENCE - OBVERSE 1951 - 6 PENCE - REVERSE
====================================================================== ======================================================================
SOUTH AFRICA, UNION of
PRETORIA MINT
======================================================================
======================================================================
1951 3,511,462
1952 5,244,972
OV: Head of George VI, facing left GEORGIVS

SEXTVS REX (George VI KING) / H.P. under bust.

below, g DATE g above, SOUTH AFRICA, left, SUID-AFRIKA,
right /
6 D. below.
EDGE: Reeded
DESIGNER: (ov) HP = Henry Paget

REFERENCE: Y-51, KM-36.2 South African Republic, Orange Free

State, Cape Colony, Natal
Gergraphy, Wm.Swinton, New York, 1880
Ostrich farming in South Africa

South African natives and huts
1959 - 6 PENCE - OBVERSE 1961 - 5 CENTS - OBVERSE
====================================================================== ======================================================================
SOUTH AFRICA, UNION of SOUTH AFRICA, REPUBLIC of
PRETORIA MINT PRETORIA MINT
====================================================================== ======================================================================
6 PENCE 19MM .500 FINE 2.82 GRAMS 5 CENTS 19.3MM .500 FINE 2.82 GRAMS
====================================================================== ======================================================================
1953 2,500,514 1961 1,486,168

1954 2,199,547 1962 4,191,643
1955 1,971,887 1963 8,057,541
1956 1,773,791 1964 3,583,279
1957 3,289,500
1958 1,173,016 OV: Bust of Jan Van Riebeeck UNITY IS
1959 261,832 STRENGTH EENDRAG MAAK MAG (Unity is Strength) around /
1960 1,589,923 M.W. on trunction.
OV: Head of Elizabeth II, facing right ELIZABETH II RV: Protea blossom within 5 fasces of four rods /
REGINA ( Elizabeth II Queen) around / M.G. on truncation. KG below, g DATE g above, SOUTH AFRICA, left, SUID-AFRIKA,
right / 5 c below.
below, g DATE g above, SOUTH AFRICA, left, SUID-AFRIKA, EDGE: Reeded
right /
6 D. below. MINT: (no mintmark) = PRETORIA
EDGE: Reeded DESIGNER: (ov) W.M. = Willie Myburgh

DESIGNER: (ov) M.G. = Mary Gillick
FOOTNOTE: On April 6, 1652 Jan Van Riebeeck set foot on South
REFERENCE: Y-63, KM-48 African soil. He was not sent by his powerful Directors, the
Council of Seventeen to colonise by means of settlement or to
exploit. Together with some 90 men, Van Riebeeck was to tame
FOOTNOTE: In 1961 when South Africa broke away from the the wilderness in Table Valley, to build a fort and hospital, and to
British Commonwealth and became an independent republic, a provide meat and fresh vegetables for passing ships. He was
new decimal monetary system was established with the 5 cents also to keep the peace with the Hottentot cattle-breeders with
denomination falling in the size definitions of this series. whom he would have to barter for his meat supply. In ten years of
effort Van Riebeeck did not attain many of the Companys objec-
FOOTNOTE: Proof sets including the 5 cents coin were struck at tives, nor did his successors fare any better during the next 20
the Pretoria mint with the following mintages; 1961 - 7,530, 1962 - years. South Africa Yearbook, 1976.
3,844, 1963 - 4,025, 1964 - 16,000.

======================================================================
South Africa today

======================================================================
FOOTNOTE: The Great War (World War I) brought prosperity to

South Africa. The price of Gold was then just under , 5 ($25 U.S.)
an ounce, having risen from , 4-5 ($21U.S.) since prewar days,
thus the Gold City of Johannesburg was still a very flourishing
city. By 1922 the low price of gold threatened the existence of
low-grade mines, that is, the mines possessing poor ore carrying
1961 - 5 CENTS - REVERSE no more than about four or five pennyweight to the ton; and the
outlook was not encouraging. The economic destiny of South
====================================================================== Africa was hitched to gold. The Witwatersrand gold mines an-
nounced wage cuts and opened up to non-Europeans work previ-
FOOTNOTE: Boers (Dutch, Agriculturists, Farmers), the name ap- ously done by whites. There were 20,000 whites working in the
plied to the Dutch colonists of the Cape of Good Hope who are gold mines and 180,000 Bantu who were excluded from all skilled
engaged in agriculture and the care of cattle, the Boers, generally, work. The black man gave his brawn and the white man his skill.
according to Dr. Livingstone, Are a sober, industrious, and most Gold mining is not easy work ether for white or black. The average
hospitable body of peasantry. Very different, however, are cer- earnings of a white miner was about , 42 ($210 U.S.) a month,
tain of their numbers who have fled from English law, on various while a native worker earned about a seventh of that. The Union
pretexts, and formed themselves into a republic in the Cashan of South Africa, Lewis Sowden, 1943.
Mountains. Coming with the prestige of white men and deliver-
ers from the cruelty of Kaffir Chiefs, they were received by the FOOTNOTE: The known history of the South African natives indi-
Betjuans gladly, who, however, soon found out that their new cate that Bushmen and Hottentots first occupied the country. Prob-
friends were much less desirable as neighbors than their old en- ably not more than three hundred years ago the Bantus from the
emies. The Boers forced even these tribes of the Betjuans who north and east invaded South Africa, sweeping back Bushmen
are most friendly towards them to perform all kinds of field-labor into the mountains and deserts and partly absorbing the Hottentots,
for nothing; and not only this, but they also compel them to find their so that now nearly all of the South African natives are of Bantu
own implements of labor and their own food. They steal domestic blood. Generally the native is a backwoodsman. He may serve a
servants from more hostile tribes in the most cowardly and cold- term on a farm or in a mine or town, but easily slips back into the
blooded way imaginable. The plan of operation is thus described primitive tribal life of the Kraal, living much as his forefathers lived.
by Dr. Livingstone: One or two friendly tribes are forced to ac- Here, the old native customs and laws are allowed to prevail,
company a party of mounted Boers, and these expeditions can be supervised by the Union Government only to the extent necessary
got up only in the winter, when horses may be used without to prevent tribal and village feuds, cattle-raiding and crime gener-
danger of being lost by disease. When they reach the tribe to be ally. Authority centers in the head of each family, next in the head-
attacked, the friendly natives are ranged in front, to form, as they man of the locality and then in the hereditary tribal chief, assisted
say, a shield; the Boers then coolly fire over their heads, till the by his counsellors under the control of the Union Government.
devoted people flee, and leave cattle, wives, and children to the World Cruise 1928, Thos.Cook & son, 1927.
captors. This was done in nine cases during my residence in the
interior, and on no occasion was a drop of Boers blood shed. FOOTNOTE: From the brief stories, relating some of the history of
They have an immense contempt for the ignorance of the natives, South Africa; including the Boers who later became know as
and told Dr. Livingstone that he might as well teach baboons as Afrikaners, the Cape Colony English and the Bantu natives, it can
Africans. They, however, declined a test which the missionary be seen that early periods did not require much small coinage as
proposed - viz., to be examined whether they or his native atten- gold was the store of value and little trade was required except in
dants could read best. In his opinion, they are quite as degraded the cities. This relationship of population to mintages is confirmed
as the blacks whom they despise. Library of Universal Knowl- by the low mintages of the 6 pence starting in 1892 with 32,000.
edge, N.Y.,1879. From 1898 through 1933, British coinage circulated including the 6
pence of Edward VII and George V. When the Pretoria mint started
again to strike 6 pence in 1923, low mintages continue with a few
hundred thousand each year, except 1927 when the mintage
jumped to 1,547,788. Following this, mintages were again relative
low, except for the early war year (World War II), and dropped
back after three years of higher production, until the late 40's.

SOUTHERN RHODESIA
====================================================================== ======================================================================
1932 - 6 PENCE - OBVERSE

======================================================================
SOUTHERN RHODESIA, BRITISH CROWN COLONY of
LONDON MINT
======================================================================
6 PENCE 19.4MM .925 FINE 2.82 GRAMS
======================================================================
1932 544,000
George V King and Emporor
1934 214,000
1935 380,000 ======================================================================
1936 675,000
FOOTNOTE: George V., born June 3, 1865, son of King Edward
OV: Crowned head of George V, facing left VII. And Queen Alexandra, eldest daughter of King Christian IX., of
GEORGE V KING, left EMPEROR right. Denmark; married July 6, 1893, to Victoria Mary, daughter of the
late Duke of Teck; succeeded to the crown on the death of his
RV: Native war axes saltire, dividing DATE with father, May 6, 1910. The Kings title by proclamation of May 9, 1910,
large 6 below, K.G above between ax heads, SOUTHERN left, under the Royal Titles Act, 1901, the title of the king is declared to
RHODESIA right / PENCE below. be 'George V., by the Grace of God of the United Kingdom of Great
Britain and Ireland and of the British Dominions beyond the Seas
EDGE: Reeded King Defender of the Faith Emperor of India.' The Statesman's
FOOTNOTE: Rhodesia, the name given to that part of South Africa
DESIGNER: K.G = Kruger Gray which was ceded in 1888 by the King of Matabele to the great
imperialist, Cecil John Rhodes. The whole territory is administrated
REFERENCE: Y-4, KM-2 by the British South African Company, which was given a royal
charter in October 1889. The River Zambesi flows through it, cut-
FOOTNOTE: Rhodesia, alone is larger in area than the British Isles, ting the region into two portions - Southern and Northern Rhode-
France, Germany and Italy combined, yet its total population (1922) sia. Southern Rhodesia consists of the two provinces of
is only 35,000. About one half of the entire supply of chrome and Matabeleland and Mashonaland. The capital and seat of govern-
asbestos comes from Rhodesia. It is a curious fact that practically ment of Rhodesia is Salisbury, with a population of 2,500. A rail-
all the mines now being worked were discovered and operated by way has been built, running inland from Beira, placing Salisbury in
the ancients. From beads, bracelets, and other goldwork found, it direct communication with the sea over a line 382 miles in length.
is evident that these old-time people were skilled not alone as The population of Rhodesia is 1,075,000. The Standard Dictionary
miners, but also in the art of the jeweler. The Mentor, Nov. 1922, of Facts, H.W. Ruoff, Buffalo,N.Y. 1912.
Springfield,Ohio.
ENCYCLOPEDIA OF SMALL SILVER COINS - SOUTHERN RHODEISA - PAGE 479

====================================================================== ======================================================================
SOUTHERN RHODESIA, BRITISH CROWN COLONY of
FOOTNOTE: The first Southern Rhodesian coinage dated 1932 LONDON MINT
included 496 sets of proof coins, each including the 3 pence, 6 ======================================================================
pence, shilling, 2 shilling and 2 crown coins. 6 PENCE 19.4MM .925 FINE 2.82 GRAMS
======================================================================
======================================================================
SOUTHERN RHODESIA, BRITISH CROWN COLONY of 1939 200,000
LONDON MINT 1940 600,000
====================================================================== 1941 300,000
6 PENCE 19.4MM .925 FINE 2.82 GRAMS 1942 1,200,000
======================================================================
OV: Queened head of George VI, facing left
1937 823,000 GEORGE VI, left KING EMPEROR right / PM on truncation.
OV: Crowned head of George VI, facing left RV: Native war axes saltire, dividing DATE with
GEORGE VI KING, left EMPEROR right / PM on truncation. large 6 below, K.G above between ax heads, SOUTHERN left,
RHODESIA right / PENCE below.
RV: Native war axes saltire, dividing 1937 with large
6 below, K.G above between ax heads, SOUTHERN left, EDGE: Reeded
EDGE: Reeded
DESIGNER: (obv) PM = Percy Metcalfe
MINT: (no mintmark) = Royal Mint, LONDON (rev) K.G = Kruger Gray
DESIGNER: (obv) PM = Percy Metcalfe REFERENCE: Y-18, KM-17

(rev) K.G = Kruger Gray
REFERENCE: Y-13, KM-10 FOOTNOTE: Rhodesia contains a population of about 40,000 white
people. It is one great table-land, with scattered hills rising from the
FOOTNOTE: The Southern Rhodesia 6 pence dated 1937 included level ground. The hills are usually well wooded, while plains are
40 proof strikes. mostly grasslands.The Zambesi River divides the country into
Northern and Southern Rhodesia. There are vast expanses of
FOOTNOTE: The two Rhodesias, Southern and Northern, were pasture land, on which cattle and sheep are reared. Maize, wheat,
under the Administration of the British South Africa Company from and tobacco are the chief agriculture crops, although cotton is
1898 until they became British Crown Colonies in 1923 and 1924 becoming of increasing importance. Rich mineral deposits of gold
respectively. have been found and silver, copper, asbestos, tungsten, lead,
zinc, and coal are mined. Diamonds have also been found. The
FOOTNOTE: The Southern Rhodesia 6 pence dated 1939 included chief town is Salibury, the capital of Southern Rhodesia. Ontario
an unknown quantity of proof strikes (estimated at 10) which are Public School Geography, 1922.
today extremely rare.

FOOTNOTE: Cecil John Rhodes (1853-1902), while making a soli-
tary eight months journey over the rolling Veld of that part of
South Africa which now bears his name - Rhodesia - Cecil Rhodes
dreamed the dream which shaped all his future life. He was only
20 years of age at the time and had already won a fortune in the
diamond fields of Kimberley. Rhodes was born July 5, 1853, in the
Vicarage of a country parish, England. At 17, heart trouble forced
him to give up his plan to go to Oxford University. He joined a
brother in South Africa just in time to join the rush to the newly
discovered diamond fields, equipped with a bucket and spade and
several volumes of the Greek classics. Within a few months he
had made a fortune...Its vigorous life so improved his health that he
was able to take up is work at Oxford. For eight years he alter-
nated between the University and South Africa. In 1881, just
before taking his degree, he was elected to the Parliament of Cape
Colony, and in 1890 he became its Prime Minister. Rhodes was
then virtually dictator of South Africa. Few men in modern times
have wielded such power. In addition to his political power, through
his vast business interests he controlled the great consolidated
diamond and gold mining interests of the country, and was manag-
ing director of the gigantic British South Africa Company, which he
had formed to develop the territory that so struck his youthful
imagination. Disaster came six years later, in connection with the
ill-fated raid of Dr. L. S. Jameson in aid of a revolution to overthrow
the backward Boer government in the independent Transvaal Re-
public. Cecil Rhodes was forced to resign the premiership and
give up control of the South Africa company because it was proved
1940 - 6 PENCE - REVERSE that he had aided this movement. One of the most picturesque
incidents in Rhodes colorful career came a few months later,
====================================================================== when the Matabele natives revolted. Attempts to suppress the
SOUTHERN RHODESIA, BRITISH CROWN COLONY of rebellion proved futile. Rhodes pitched camp, unprotected, at the
LONDON MINT foot of the impregnable Matoppo hills where the natives had re-
====================================================================== treated, and patiently waited. His courage so amazed the chiefs
6 PENCE 19.4MM .500 FINE 2.82 GRAMS that they started coming in for parleys. Finally a conference was
====================================================================== arranged in the vastnesses of the hills. Rhodes and three compan-
ions rode unarmed into the midst of the chiefs, heard their griev-
1944 800,000 ances, promised redress, and the rebellion was over. He re-en-
1945 400,000 tered the Cape Parliament in 1898 and had made some progress
1946 1,600,000 toward regaining his power when the Boer War (1899-1902) be-
1955 2,000 proof only gan. Upon the outbreak of the conflict, Cecil Rhodes hastened to
Kimberley, where he took an active part in defense of the town
OV: Queened head of George VI, facing left and mines. Privation and incessant labor during the siege broke his
GEORGE VI, left KING EMPEROR right / PM on truncation. health, and he died March 26, 1902. Rhodes bequeathed the bulk
of his huge fortune for endowment of scholarships at the Univer-
RV: Native war axes saltire, dividing DATE with sity of Oxford.
large 6 below, K.G above between ax heads, SOUTHERN left, ======================================================================
EDGE: Reeded
DESIGNER: (obv) PM = Percy Metcalfe

(rev) K.G = Kruger Gray
Rhodesia in Southern Africa

Cecil John Rhodes ======================================================================

SPAIN
====================================================================== ======================================================================
1852 - 2 REALES - OBVERSE 1852 - 2 REALES - REVERSE

====================================================================== ======================================================================
SPAIN, KINGDOM of
BARCELONA MINT FOOTNOTE: Barcelona is a large and strongly fortified city, distin-
====================================================================== guished for its commerce, manufactures and wealth. Olneys Ge-
2 REALES 18MM .900 FINE 2.63 GRAMS ography, 1849.
======================================================================
FOOTNOTE: Spain in the nineteenth century is a dreary story of
1852 u/m V-7187 misgovernment at home and the loss of South America, but does
1853 u/m V-7190 not complete the tale of the misery wrought by the wretched King
1854 u/m V-7193 Ferdinand, the Bourbon monarch who came back after the fall of
1855 u/m V-7196 Napoleon. Even in his death he became a curse to his country by
creating a succession issue. He left his crown, when he died in
OV: Head of Isabel II, facing right ISABEL 2A POR LA 1833, to his infant daughter Isabel II, under the Regency of her
GRACIA DE DIOS Y LA CONST (Isabel II by the grace of God and mother Christina, thereby setting aside his brother Carlos, who
Constitution) around / DATE below. considered himself the legal heir. The result was a civil war of
Christinists against Carlists, which lasted until Carlos, after seven
RV: Crowned arms dividing value 2. Rs (reales) years of fighting, was driven from the country in 1840. Christina,
REINA DE LAS ESPAAS (Queen of the Spains) around / uu the Regent, and later Queen Isabel II, publicized and annulled con-
stitutions, made and broke promises, compounded with this and
(two stars of eight points for mintmark) below.
that group of politicians, until the feeble and dishonest game was
at an end and Queen Isabel II had to flee abroad before a popular
EDGE: Reeded
rising in 1868. A period followed when the country passed into the
hands of successive dictators.
MINT:u (8 point stars) = BARCELONA
REFERENCE: Y-20
FOOTNOTE: A system of mintmarks consisting of stars was intro-

duced in 1852, the number of points indicated the mint; Barcelona
(8), Seville (7), Madrid (6), Manila - Filipino Colonial (5), Segovia (4)
and Judia (3). The last two mints did not strike the 2 reales coinage.
The Modern Dime Size Silver Coins of Spain start with the reign
of Queen Isabel II and are arranged by mints and then chronologi-
cal.
ENCYCLOPEDIA OF SMALL SILVER COINS - SPAIN - PAGE 482

====================================================================== ======================================================================
SPAIN, KINGDOM of SPAIN, KINGDOM of
BARCELONA MINT MADRID MINT
====================================================================== ======================================================================
2 REALES 18MM .900 FINE 2.63 GRAMS 2 REALES 18MM .900 FINE 2.55 GRAMS
====================================================================== ======================================================================
1857 u/m V-7199 1836 u/m V-7165

1858 u/m V-7202
1860 u/m V-7206 OV: Head of Isabel II, facing left ISABEL 2A POR LA
1861 u/m V-7209 GRACIA DE DIOS (Isabel II by the grace of God) around / 1836
below.
OV: Head of Isabel II, facing right ISABEL 2A POR LA
G (Isabel II by the grace) left, DE DIOS Y LA CONST (of God RV: Crowned arms dividing value 2 Rs (reales)
and Constitution) right / .DATE below, L.M. on truncation. within chain of flowers (the Order of the Golden Fleece - La
Toison dOr), REINA DE ESPANA (Queen of Spain) left Y DE LAS
RV: Crowned arms dividing value 2 Rs (Reales) INDIAS (and of the Indies) right M (mintmark) CR divided by
REINA DE LAS ESPANAS (Queen of the Spains) around / uu elephant hanging from chain, below.
(two stars of eight points for mintmark) below.
EDGE: Reeded
EDGE: Reeded
MINT: M = MADRID
MINT: u (8 point stars) = BARCELONA ASSAYER: CR = Jose Luis de Castroviejo and

Francisco Rodrigves
ENGRAVER: L.M. = Luis Marchioni 1861-1873
REFERENCE: Y-5
REFERENCE: Y-28
FOOTNOTE: The Order of the Golden Fleece (La Toison dOr) was
FOOTNOTE: During 1859-60 Spain was at war with Morocco. founded in 1430 by Philip, Duke of Burgundy. The Kings of Spain
were Grand Masters of the Order from the reign of Charles I (AD
FOOTNOTE: Barcelona, one of the largest cities of Spain, chief 1500-1558). The Order was also instituted in Vienna in 1713 by
town of the Province of Barcelona, and formerly capital of the the Emperor Charles VI and from that date both Spain and Austrian
Kingdom of Catalonia; finely situated on the northern portion of the sovereigns made awards of the Golden Fleece. The Order was
Spanish Mediterranean coast. It is divided into the upper and lower reserved for Catholics of the highest nobility and it was custom for
towns; the former modern, regular, stone-built, and often of En- the Grandees of Spain to be appointed members.
glish architectural type, the latter old, irregular, brick-built, and with
traces of eastern influence in the architecture. The harbor, though
spacious, does not admit vessels of more than 12 ft. draught. The
principal manufactures are cotton, silk, woolens, machinery, pa-
per, glass, chemicals, stoneware, soap; exports manufactured
goods, wine and brandy, fruit, oil, etc. Imports coal, textile fabrics,
machinery, cotton, fish, hides, silks, timber, etc. The city contains a
university, several public libraries, a museum, a large arsenal,
cannon foundry, etc. Population 272,481 in 1887. The Province is
generally mountainous, but well cultivated, and among the most
thickly peopled in Spain. Cabinet Cyclopaedia, 1895.
FOOTNOTE: Barcelona, is a seaport and coaling station, and the

principal industrial and commercial city of Spain. It has extensive
cotton-mills and iron manufactures, and exports cotton, woolens,
paper, wine, fruits, and almonds. It possesses a university, a navel
institute, an academy of arts, and several large libraries. During
the last fifty years (1911) Barcelona has been the scene of sev-
eral revolts against the Spanish Government. There was serious
rioting in 1909, when many churches and convents were attacked.
Standard Atlas of the world, N.Y. 1912.
Spanish milkman
FOOTNOTE: Isabel II, Queen of Spain, daughter of Ferdinand III,
was born in 1830, and succeeded her father three years after, her
mother being appointed Queen-Regent. The early years of her
reign were disturbed by a rising in favor of her uncle, Don Carlos,
who, if the Salvic Law had not been set aside, would have as-
cended the throne instead of her; but this was finally quelled in
1839. She was declared of age in 1843, and in 1846 was married
to her cousin, Don Francisco dAssisi. Her reign was so despotic
that a revolution took place in 1868, which drove her from the
country. She resigned her claims to the Crown in favor of her son
Alfonso, who ascended the throne in 1875. She lives sometimes in
Spain, sometimes in Paris. New Cabinet Cyclopaedia, Phila., 1896.

====================================================================== Isabella (continued) Generals Prim and Serrano, broke out. The
SPAIN, KINGDOM of revolt soon extended throughout the whole Kingdom, and all the
MADRID MINT important towns declared against the Queen. The Army and Navy
====================================================================== joined the insurgents, who soon took possession of Madrid. The
2 REALES 18MM .900 FINE 2.55 GRAMS authority of Queen Isabel II, was now at an end, and she fled to
====================================================================== Paris; and a central Provisional Junta was formed to conduct pub-
lic affairs. A bloody insurrection against Spanish authority now
1837 u/m V-7167 broke out in the Island of Cuba, and continued several years. In
1870 she abdicated in favor of her eldest son Alfonso XII. Isabella
OV: Head of Isabel II, facing right ISABEL 2A POR LA had nine children, only four surviving infancy. Coins struck during
GRACIA DE DIOS Y CONST (Isabel II by the grace of God and Isabel II reign have generally three different profiles; the early
Constitution) around / 1837 below. portrait, the young girl and as the very attractive woman. On June
26, 1864 Queen Isabel II signed a new Monetary Law as decreed
RV: Crowned arms dividing value 2 R.s (reales) by the Cortes which established the unit silver coin - escudo with
within chain of flowers (the Order of the Golden Fleece - La fineness .900 and weight 12.98 grams. Two escudos were equal
Toison dOr), REINA DE LAS ESPANA. (Queen of the Spains) to the peso of Latin America and this reform was mainly aimed at
around / M (mintmark) CR divided by elephant hanging from facilitating trade in that direction. The escudo had divisions of 10,
chain, below. 20, and 40 centimos. This complicated monetary situation lasted
until October 19, 1868 when again a new monetary system was
EDGE: Reeded established with the unit 5 peseta, equal to the 5 franc of France of
the Latin Monetary Union.
MINT: M = MADRID
======================================================================
ASSAYER: CR = Jose Luis de Castroviejo and SPAIN, KINGDOM of
Francisco Rodrigves MADRID MINT
======================================================================
TYPE: I - Young Portrait 2 REALES 18MM .900 FINE 2.55 GRAMS
======================================================================
REFERENCE: Y-9
1838 u/m V-7168
FOOTNOTE: Isabella was born October 10, 1830, the eldest daugh- 1839 u/m V-7169
ter of King Ferdinand VII of Spain and his fourth wife, Maria Chris- 1841 u/m V-7172
tina. On the death of King Ferdinand VII, on September 29, 1833, 1842 u/m V-7173
the three year old little girl, having been designated heiress to the 1843 u/m V-7174
throne by her father, became Queen of Spain. The Kings brother
did not recognize this succession, arguing that the Spanish Salic OV: Head of Isabel II, facing right ISABEL 2A POR LA
Law of Philip V (1700-1746) which declared that only the male line GRACIA DE DIOS Y CONST (Isabel II by the grace of God and
should succeed to the Spanish Throne should be evoked and as Constitution) around / DATE below.
Carlos V, King of Spain became the Pretender. Some coins were
struck in his name in 1837, 1838 and 1840. Don Carlos with the RV: Crowned arms dividing value 2 Rs (reales)
help of the Holy See, Austria, Russia, Prussia and the Italian King- within chain of flowers (the Order of the Golden Fleece - La
doms organized a coalition aimed at seizing power and civil war Toison dOr), REINA DE LAS ESPANA. (Queen of the Spains)
dragged on until August 31, 1839 with the Agreement of Vergara around / M (mintmark) CL divided by elephant hanging from
whereby Isabel II was recognized as Queen of Spain. During this chain, below.
period the Dowager Queen Maria Cristina of Bourbon was Regent EDGE: Reeded
until a secret marriage to an officer of the palace created great
unrest and brought about the establishment of a revolutionary MINT: M = MADRID
committee and the downfall of Maria Cristina on October 12, 1840.
General Baldomero Espartero was appointed as Regent until a ASSAYER: CL = Jose Luis de Castroviejo and Eugeio
military revolt instigated by the Dowager Queen from her exile in de Lara o Lara
Paris, supported by noted generals started on September 27, 1841
and continued with a serious rebellion a year later with bombard- TYPE: I - Young Portrait
ment of Barcelona. In May of 1843 an uprising started in several
parts of the country and General Espartero was driven from power, REFERENCE: Y-9
and on November 10, 1843 the Queen, after it was decided to
advance her coming of age, swore loyalty to the Constitution and
began her personal rule as Isabel II. The period of Isabellas per-
sonal rule was like the Regency, a time of political instability, over
60 different governments and 4 separate constitutions followed
between 1833 and 1868. The Queen at age 16 was married on
October 10, 1846 to her cousin Francisco de Asis de Bourbon then
24 years of age. The King Consort was not of Isabellas own
choice nor to her liking and in fact lived mainly separate from him.
The Queen had a constant string of lovers every few months with
the latest always appointed Prime Minister. Isabellas extrava-
gance and profusion to her favorites produced a growing discon-
tent throughout the Spanish Kingdom. These scandalous reports
of her conduct damaged her reputation and she at the age of 35
was sent into exile on September 26, 1868. While the Queen was
at San Sebastian, on her way to visit the Emperor Napoleon III, an
insurrection, headed by (continued)

====================================================================== ======================================================================
SPAIN, KINGDOM of
MADRID MINT
======================================================================
2 REALES 18MM .900 FINE 2.55 GRAMS
======================================================================
1844 u/m V-7175

1845 u/m V-7176
1847
1848
u/m
u/m
V-7178
V-7179 1852 - 2 REALES
1849 u/m V-7181 ======================================================================
SPAIN, KINGDOM of
OV: Head of Isabel II, facing right ISABEL 2A POR LA MADRID MINT
GRACIA DE DIOS Y CONST. (Isabel II by the grace of God and ====================================================================
Constitution) around / DATE. below. 2 REALES 18MM .900 FINE 2.63 GRAMS
======================================================================
RV: Crowned arms dividing value 2 Rs (reales)
within chain of flowers (the Order of the Golden Fleece - La 1852 u/m V-7188
Toison dOr), REINA DE LAS ESPAAS (Queen of the Spains) 1853 u/m V-7191
around / M (mintmark) CL divided by elephant hanging from 1854 u/m V-7194
chain, below. 1855 u/m V-7197
EDGE: Reeded OV: Head of Isabel II, facing right ISABEL 2A POR LA
GRACIA DE DIOS Y LA CONST. (Isabel II by the grace of God and
MINT: M = MADRID Constitution) around / DATE below.
ASSAYER: CL = Jose Luis de Castroviejo and Eugeio RV: Crowned arms dividing value 2. Rs (reales)
de Lara o Lara REINA DE LAS ESPAAS (Queen of the Spains) around / ww
(two stars of six points for mintmark) below.
TYPE: II - Older Portrait
EDGE: Reeded
REFERENCE: Y-9
MINT: ww (6 point stars) = MADRID
FOOTNOTE: Spain: the English name for Hispania, founded upon
the Punic Span meaning A rabbit owing to the number of wild REFERENCE: Y-20
rabbits found in this country.
FOOTNOTE: Spain was formerly, one of the most powerful and
FOOTNOTE: On February 2, 1852 a desperate attempt was made important Kingdoms in Europe. She possessed immense territories
to assassinate Queen Isabella II, by a fanatic named Martin Marino, in North and South America. But of all these possessions, she now
a Franciscan Friar. The Queen was on her way, accompanied by retains only Cuba and Porto Rico. For a long time the nation has
her infant daughter, from the Royal Chapel to the Palace, were the been distracted by civil dissensions and wars - education is ne-
would-be regicide had just been saying mass, to her own apart- glected and industry paralyzed - and it is now in a degraded, weak
ments, preparatory to visiting in state the Church of Atocha, to and ignorant state. Olneys Geography, 1849.
return thanks for her safe delivery, when the priest approached
her in his clerical garb and knelt before her. Thinking that he wished FOOTNOTE: Madrid, situated on the Manzanares, a small branch
to present some petition, the Queen held out her hand, when the of the Tagus, is a magnificent city, distinguished for its squares
assassin immediately drew a dagger, which he aimed at her heart. and beautiful public works. It has neither commerce nor manufac-
The weapon struck her on the right side, inflicting a flesh-wound tures, and derives its importance soly from being the seat of gov-
about an inch long and half an inch deep. As he dealt the blow he ernment, It is the most elevated capital in Europe, being about half
exclaimed, Take that! It will be enough for you!. He was instantly a mile higher than the level of the sea. Olneys Geography, 1849.
seized by the soldiers and the dagger fell at his feet. The Queens
first thought was for her infant, and she cried out My child! Take ======================================================================
care of Isabel. The Marchioness dePavar, who carried the child,
fainted, but an officer took it and raised it up for the Queen to see
it. The King drew his sword. It was found that a bone of her stays
had been broken, and that Her Majestys dress was soaked with
blood. Her hand also, which she had raised at the moment, was
slightly wounded. Marino, the assassin, was summarily tried and
sentenced to death; and after having been publicly degraded from
the priesthood, he was strangled by the garote. Before his execu-
tion he declared that he had no accomplices, and expressed con-
trition and sorrow for his acts. Frank Leslies Popular Monthly,
Vol II,No.1-p 10. July 1876.
City scene Madrid - 1850

====================================================================== ======================================================================
Spanish Coat of Arms

======================================================================
FOOTNOTE: New Spanish Coat of Arms: Five quartering; Castile

(castle), Leon (lion rampant), Aragon (red and gold stripes), Navarre
and Granada (pomegranate) at bottom, Surmounted by mural crown
Isabel II, Queen of Spain to represent the Republic, between pillars of Hercules represent-
ing the Indies. The Latin legend Plus Ultra (more beyond) incised on
====================================================================== ribbon around pillars denotes the Royal Emblem of New Spain
SPAIN, KINGDOM of since AD 1526.
MADRID MINT
====================================================================== ======================================================================
2 REALES 18MM .900 FINE 2.63 GRAMS SPAIN, KINGDOM of
====================================================================== MADRID MINT
======================================================================
1857 u/m V-7200 20 CENTIMOS DE ESCUDO 18MM .810 FINE 2.6 GRAMS
1859 u/m V-7204 ======================================================================
1860 u/m V-7207
1861 u/m V-7210 1864 u/m V-7218
1862 u/m V-7212 1865 u/m V-7221
1863 u/m V-7214 1866 u/m V-7224
1864 u/m V-7216 1867 u/m V-7227
1868 u/m V-7229
G. (Isabel II by the grace) left, DE DIOS Y LA CONST (of God OV: Head of Isabel II, facing right ISABEL 2A POR LA
and Constitution) right / .DATE below, L.M. on truncation. G (Isabel II by the grace) left, DE DIOS Y LA CONST (of God
and Constitution) right / DATE below, L.M. on truncation.
RV: Crowned arms dividing value 2. R.s (reales)
REINA DE LAS ESPAAS (QUEEN OF THE SPAINS) around / ww RV: Crowned arms of Spain, REINA DE (Queen of)
(two stars of six points for mintmark) below. left LAS ESPANAS (the Spains) right / w 20 CENTs DE ESCo w
(20 centimos de escudos) (mintmark of six point stars with the
EDGE: Reeded last two digits of date incised) below.
MINT: ww (6 point stars) = MADRID EDGE: Reeded
ENGRAVER: L.M. = Luis Marchioni 1861-1873 MINT: ww (6 point stars) = MADRID
REFERENCE: Y-28 ENGRAVER: L.M. = Luis Marchioni 1861-1873
FOOTNOTE: Royal Purity - A nearly murderous scene was acted REFERENCE: Y-41
almost in the royal chamber not long ago at Aranjuez, where the
Queen of Spain has a Palace. Our readers need not be told that FOOTNOTE: The Madrid mint added a unique method of identifying
Queen Isabel is a decided Free Lover, and occasionally changes the year of striking with this issue, in which the last two digits of
her love. Col.Gonsalvo, one of her cast-offs, suspecting that the the year were incised in the stars which had been used since
master of the Regimental Band was his successor, suddenly en- 1852 to designate the mint.
tered the Royal Apartment, and found the Drum Major in a tender
attitude with his Sovereign Lady, Her Most Catholic Majesty. He FOOTNOTE: On June 26, 1964 Queen Isabel II signed a new Mon-
was about drawing his sword, when the valiant musician bolted etary Law as decreed by the Cortes, with a unit silver coin es-
through the window. Rumor says the Queen has settled the diffi- cudo. The two escudo was divided into 40,20, and 10 centimes.
culty by splitting the difference and smiling on both - like Buchanan, This reform was directed at trade with Latin America as the es-
between hard and soft Schell! Frank Leslies Illustrated News- cudo unit was exactly equal to the half peso, the current unit of
paper, July 17, 1858. p 97. most South American countries.

====================================================================== ======================================================================
SPAIN, KINGDOM of FOOTNOTE: By Decree of October 19, 1868 a new monetary
MADRID MINT system was adopted with the monetary unit of peseta equivalent
====================================================================== to 100 centimos. The 5 pesetas .900 fine and weight of 25 grams
50 CENTIMOS 18MM .835 FINE 2.5 GRAMS was equal to the French 5 francs of the Latin Monetary Union. The
====================================================================== 50 centimos were of .835 fine, 2.5 grams standard. The Decree
ordered that the initials of the officials held responsible for accu-
1869 (6-9) 452,726 V-8027 racy of fineness and weight should be marked on all coins. These
1870 (7-0) 539,808 V-8028 standards were continued in the 50 centimos series through the
issue of 1926.
OV: Hispania reclining over the Iberian Peninsula,
leaning her left arm upon the Pyreneese, her right arm uplifted FOOTNOTE: Amadeus, Duke of Aosta, second son of Victor
and holding an olive branch in her hand w ESPAA w (date Emanuel of Italy, and brother of the King of Italy, was born in 1845,
incised in six point stars for mintmark) above, DATE below L.M. to and was chosen by the Cortes King of Spain in 1870. His position
left above date. was far from comfortable, however, and perceived that, as a
member of a foreign dynasty he had little hope of becoming ac-
RV: Crowned arms of Spain between Pillars of ceptable to all parties in the state, he abdicated in 1873 and re-
Hercules, with ULUS ULTRA (more beyond) incised on ribbon turned to Italy. His coinage was limited to crown and gold issues,
around pillars, 400 PIEZAS EN KILOGRAM (400 pieces in there being no 18 mm Silver coinage during his reign, Cabinet
kilogram) around / SN 50 CENT. (centimos) M below. Cyclopaedia, 1896.
EDGE: Reeded FOOTNOTE: Alfonso XII was born November 28, 1857. In 1868 he
accompanied his mother Queen Isabel II into exile, and in 1870 she
MINT: ww (6 point stars) = MADRID abdicated in his favor. While continuing his education at Sandhurst
in 1874 he issued a manifesto proclaiming himself the only repre-
ENGRAVER: L.M. = Luis Marchioni 1861-1873 sentative of the Spanish Monarchy. In the following year he re-
turned to Spain, being received everywhere with enthusiasm. He
ASSAYER: S. = Donato Alvarez Santullano 1867-73 married his cousin, the Princess Maria de Las Mercedes, and on
her death, an Austrian Princess, Maria Christina. He died in Novem-
ASSAYER: N. = Jose Rafael Naruaez 1867-80 ber 1885 having shown himself in his short reign to be a tactful and
fearless sovereign. Queen Mother of Spain Maria Christina, the
WEIGHTMASTER: M = Angel Mendoza Ordonez daughter of Austrian Archduke Karl Ferdinand entered a convent
1867-92 and became an Abbess, but in 1879 she married King Alfonso XII.
At the death of the Spanish King she ruled for her infant daughter,
REFERENCE: Y-56 Mercedes, who was succeeded in 1886 by a posthumous son,
Alfonso XIII. She remained the Queen Regent until 1902. It was
Photos of 1869 - 50 centimos during her regency that the disastrous Spanish-American War
Courtesy Collection of took place in 1898.
Jacinto Diaz

====================================================================== ======================================================================
SPAIN, KINGDOM of
MADRID MINT
======================================================================
======================================================================
1880 (8-0) 2,787,117 V-8029

1881 (8-1) 5,647,486 V-8030
1885 (8-6) 1,468,399 V-8031
OV: Head of Alfonso XII, facing left ALFONSO XII

POR (Alfonso XII by} left LA G DE DIOS (the grace of God) right
/ w DATE w (date incised in six point stars for mintmark) G.S.
under bust.
RV: Crowned arms of Spain between Pillars of

Hercules, with ULUS ULTRA (more beyond) incised on ribbon
around pillars, REY CONSTL DE ESPAA (Constitutional King of
Spain) around / M.S. 50 CENT. (centimos) M below.
EDGE: Reeded King Alfonso XII

MINT: ww (6 point stars) = MADRID FOOTNOTE: The restoration of the Bourbons under Alfonso XII
took place when Queen Isabels son became King of Spain in 1875.
ENGRAVER: G.S. = Gregoro Sellan In 1876 a constitution was published which vested the legislative
power together with ministerial control in the Cortes of two houses
ASSAYER: M. = Mauricio Morejon Bueno - a senate, partly elected and partly appointed by the King, and a
congress, elected by the people. In 1890 manhood suffrage was
ASSAYER: S. = Pablo de Sala Garsaball introduced. When Alfonso XII died in 1885 the grief was general
and the nation rallied enthusiastically around his posthumous son,
WEIGHTMASTER: M = Angel Mendoza Ordonez Alfonso XIII, with his mother assuming the Regency till he was
1867-92 declared of age in 1902. At the turn of the century economic and
social conditions presented serious problems. The country pos-
REFERENCE: Y-A76 sessed great natural resources of good soil and climate in the
south, mineral wealth in the north, but the population, supersti-
FOOTNOTE: In 1894 Cuba rose again, and when a Spanish force tious, backward in civilization, prone to idleness, does not make
of 200,000 men had almost reduced the island to a desert, the the most of them. The poverty is great, beggary a national calamity.
United States interfered, provoking the Spanish-American War of The remnant of the once vast colonial empire lately was a great
1898. The Republic of Cuba was born in the Peace of Paris when drain upon the national finances with perennial misgovernment of
Spain declared Cuba independent and ceded Porto Rico and the Cuba and the Philippines, made them prone to revolt. Neither mili-
Philippines to the United States of America. tary reconquest nor belated attempts at reform secured the at-
tachment of the alienated natives.

FOOTNOTE: Alfonso XII, King of Spain, the only son of Queen
Isabel II and her cousin Francis of Assisi, was born in 1857 and
died in 1885. He left Spain with his mother when she was driven
from the throne by the Revolution of 1868, and till 1874 resided
partly in France, partly in Austria. In the latter year he studied for a
time at the English Military Collage, Sandhurst, being then known
as Prince of the Asturias. His mother had given up her claims to the
throne in 1870 in his favor, and in 1874 Alfonso came forward
himself as claimant, and in the end of the year was proclaimed by
General Martinez Campos as King. He now passed over into Spain
and was enthusiastically received, most of the Spaniards being by
this time tired of the Republican Government, which had failed to
put down the Carlist Party. Alfonso was successful in bringing the
Carlist struggle to an end (1876), and henceforth he reigned with
little disturbance. He married first his cousin Maria de Las Mercedes,
daughter of the Duke de Montpensier; second, Maria Christina,
Archduchess of Austria, whom he left a widow with two daugh-
ters, a son being born posthumously, King Alfonso XIII. Cabinet
Cyclopaedia, 1896.
FOOTNOTE: Madrid, the capital of Spain, in New Castile, in the

Province of Madrid, on the Manzanares, near the center of the
Iberian Peninsula. Situated upon a high plateau, 2450 feet above
the sea, windswept from the snowy Guadarrama, with unhealthy
extremes of temperature, the city has no advantages except the
fanciful geographical merit of being the center of Spain. The princi-
pal streets are broad, long, and airy; but the squares are generally
irregularly built and deficient in decorative monuments. The Royal
Palace, a combination of Ionic and Doric architecture, is one of the
1889 - 50 CENTIMOS - REVERSE
most magnificent in the world. It contains a library of nearly 100,000 ======================================================================
volumes, and a fine collection of ancient armor and coins. The bull- SPAIN, KINGDOM of
fights take place in the Plaza de Toros, a building which is about MADRID MINT
1100 feet in circumference, and capable of containing 12,000 spec- ======================================================================
tators. The Prado, nearly 2 miles long, a boulevard on the east of 50 CENTIMOS 18MM .835 FINE 2.5 GRAMS
the city, forms the popular promenade. Population - 1895 - 387,080 ======================================================================
New Cabinet Cyclopaedia, Phila., 1896.
1889 (8-9) 537,260 V-8032
======================================================================
OV: Baby head of Alfonso XIII, facing left ALFONSO
XIII, left POR LA G DE DIOS (by the grace of God) right /
w1889 w (8 and 9 incised in six point stars for mintmark) G.S.
under bust.

around pillars, REY CONSTL (Constitutional King) left, DE
ESPAA (of Spain) right / MP 50 CENT. (centimos) M below.
EDGE: Reeded
ENGRAVER: G.S. = Gregoro Sellan
ASSAYER: M = Mauricio Morejon Bueno
ASSAYER: P = Felix M. Peiro Rodrigo
WEIGHTMASTER: M = Angel Mendoza Ordonez

1867-92
REFERENCE: Y-79
FOOTNOTE: The legend on the Pillars of Hercules, - 'Plus Ultra"

translated more beyond is incised on ribbon around pillars. The
original legend - 'Non Plus Ultra' or nothing more beyond dates
back to early Spanish history with the mythological Hercules who
tore asunder the Pyreneese Mountains between Spain and North
Africa at the Straits of Gibraltar. The Pillars with their scrolls were
Baby King Alfonso XIII to give warning to sailors not to enter the Atlantic.
======================================================================

====================================================================== ======================================================================
SPAIN, KINGDOM of
MADRID MINT FOOTNOTE: Alfonso XIII, King of Spain was born May 17, 1886,and
====================================================================== succeeded to the throne of Spain the same day. Born the posthu-
50 CENTIMOS 18MM .835 FINE 2.5 GRAMS mous son of Alfonso XII and Maria Christina, Archdutchess of
====================================================================== Austria, who was appointed Regent during his minority. In 1902 at
the age of sixteen he assumed control of the Government. In 1906
1892 (9-2) 3,953,638 V-8032 he married Princess Victoria Eugene of Battenberg, niece of King
Edward VII of Great Britain, and narrowly escaped assassination
OV: Baby head of Alfonso XIII, facing left ALFONSO on the day of his marriage. The early reign of the young King was
XIII, left POR LA G DE DIOS (by the grace of God) right / marked by mutinies abroad, while at home dissatisfaction found
w1892 w (9 and 2 incised in six point stars for mintmark) G.S. expression in cabinet crises and military insurrections, labor riots,
under bust. and anarchistic disturbances. The unfortunate war against the
United States led to the practical annihilation of Spains Colonial
RV: Crowned arms of Spain between Pillars of Empire. The King assumed personal charge of the government on
Hercules, with ULUS ULTRA (more beyond) incised on ribbon attaining his sixteenth year in 1902. His frank and courageous,
around pillars, REY CONSTL (Constitutional King) left, DE though somewhat impulsive nature gained him the affection of the
ESPAA (of Spain) right / PG 50 CENT. (centimos) M below. nation. On May 31, 1906, he married Princess Ena, daughter of the
late Prince Henry Maurice of Battenberg and Princess Beatrice,
EDGE: Reeded daughter of Queen Victoria. On their wedding day the Royal pair
narrowly escaped death in a bomb explosion, the work of anar-
ww (6 point stars) = MADRID
MINT:ww chists, which killed a score of persons about the King. New Inter-
national Encyclopedia, Phila., 1910.
======================================================================
ASSAYER: G = Antionio Garcia Gonzales
WEIGHTMASTER: M = Angel Mendoza Ordonez

1867-92
REFERENCE: Y-79
POPULATION: 1892 - 17,550,216 with capital Madrid

FOOTNOTE: Two Spanish Colonies also issued silver 50 centimos

coins which are detailed within the sections for Philippines and
Puerto Rico. The Colony of Cuba had no similar issue. The cut
shown on the right is taken from a diez centavos bank note issued
for Cuba dated Havana, 15 Febrero de 1897.

====================================================================== ======================================================================
SPAIN, KINGDOM of
MADRID MINT
======================================================================
======================================================================
1894 (9-4) 1,109,204 V-8034
OV: Boy head of Alfonso XIII, facing left ALFONSO

XIII POR, (Alfonso XIII by) left, LA G DE DIOS (the grace of God)
right / w 1892 w (9 and 4 incised in six point stars for mintmark)
G.S. under bust.

around pillars, REY CONSTL DE ESPANA (Constitutional King of
Spain) around / PG 50 CENT (centimos) V below.
EDGE: Reeded

MINT:ww
ASSAYER: G = Antionio Garcia Gonzales King Alfonso XIII

WEIGHTMASTER: V = Remigio Vega Y Vega ======================================================================
REFERENCE: Y-83
FOOTNOTE: The Queen-Regent and the young King of Spain - The
====================================================================== Queen-Regent of Spain has had more trouble to teach her son to
be a King than royal mothers generally have, because children
born in an exalted position, and surrounded by flattery, are always
wont to get proud very early; whereas, very early the infant King,
====================================================================== El Reycito, as he is called in Spain, was wont to be humble, unas-
SPAIN, KINGDOM of suming, and even ready to allow all the children of his age to rule
MADRID MINT over him. Once only some consciousness of his rank awoke him,
====================================================================== and this when he was six years of age only. According to an
50 CENTIMOS 18MM .835 FINE 2.5 GRAMS ancient tradition, Sovereigns of Spain have always to be accom-
====================================================================== panied in their drives by an equerry, Caballerico of good birth,
who precedes the Royal Carriage. The young King one day, on
1896 (9-6) 296,929 V-8035 entering his landau with his nurse and his two sisters, noticed that
the equerry was not in front of the horses. He somewhat sharply
OV: Older head of Alfonso XIII, facing left ALFONSO inquired in shrill baby tones:Where is the man? The question
XIII left, POR LA G DE DIOS (by the grace of God) right / w1896 passed unnoticed, the coachman whipped the horses, and the
w (9 and 6 incised in six point stars for mintmark) B.M. under carriage was already far on the road, when the Caballerico rushed
bust. at full speed after the Royal equipage. The King ordered the coach-
man to stop; but this could not be, as the Queen had given previous
RV: Crowned arms of Spain between Pillars of orders and forbidding any of her sons injunctions to be obeyed. In
Hercules, with ULUS ULTRA (more beyond) incised on ribbon a fury the boy staggered to his feet and cried aloud to the guilty
around pillars, REY CONSTL DE ESPANA (Constitutional King of equerry:Sir, let this never happen again! Delighted by this proof
Spain) around / PG 50 CENT. (centimos) V below. of their Kings spirited nature, the nurse, the ladies, and the sol-
diers of the escort repeated the incident, and before the evening
EDGE: Reeded all the streets and Saloons of Madrid were teeming with the news,
which provoked amusement, laughter, and national pride. The
MINT:ww Queen-Regent, on the contrary, punished the child, and the next
day invited the most handsome and robust little boys of his age to
ENGRAVER: B.M. = Bartolome Maura Montaner take tea and play with the King at the Palace. When the children
were assembled, she placed them before a mirror. Of course, the
ASSAYER: P = Felix M. Peiro Rodrigo little King was the smallest and not the handsomest among them.
You see, dear child,said his mother, That if there ever can be
ASSAYER: G = Antionio Garcia Gonzales any difference between you and others, that difference must
exist in your soul, in your kindness and good qualities, since God,
WEIGHTMASTER: V = Remigio Vega Y Vega who alone is our Master, has created so many human creatures
superior to you in appearance. Now, go and play with your friends
REFERENCE: Y-87 and be more humble in the future. From that moment no trait of
Alfonso XIIIs pride could ever be discovered. American Monthly
POPULATION: Capital city - Madrid - 1897 - 512,000 Review of Reviews.1902. New York.

====================================================================== ======================================================================
SPAIN, KINGDOM of
MADRID MINT
======================================================================
======================================================================
1900 (0-0) 2,128,369 V-8036
OV: Older head of Alfonso XIII, facing left ALFONSO

XIII left, POR LA G DE DIOS (by the grace of God) right /
w1900 w (0 and 0 incised in six point stars for mintmark) B.M.
under bust.

around pillars, REY CONSTL DE ESPANA (Constitutional King of
Spain) around / SM 50 CENT. (centimos) V below.
EDGE: Reeded Young King Alfonso XIII

======================================================================
ASSAYER: S = Arturo Sandoval
ASSAYER: M = Miguel Martinez Fraile
WEIGHTMASTER: V = Remigio Vega Y Vega
POPULATION: 1900 - 18,226,040 with capital Madrid

REFERENCE: Y-87
Spanish children playing
FOOTNOTE: The young King Alfonso XIII of Spain having reached
the age of sixteen, took the oath of office on the Seventeenth of
May, 1902, and thus there came to an end the Regency of his
mother. The following oath of office was administered to Alfonso
XIII by Senior Armijo, the President of the Chamber of Deputies: I
swear by God upon the Holy Bible to maintain the Constitution and
Laws. If so I do, may God reward me; if I do not, may he call me to
account. American Monthly Review of Reviews, 1902. New York.

====================================================================== ======================================================================
SPAIN, KINGDOM of
MADRID MINT
====================================================================== ======================================================================
======================================================================
1904 (0-4) 4,851,497 V-8037
OV: Cadet head of Alfonso XIII, facing left ALFONSO

XIII POR (Alfonso XIII by) left, LA G DE DIOS (the grace of God)
right / w 1904 w (0 and 4 incised in six point stars for mintmark)
B.M. incised on truncation.

Spain) around / SM 50 CENT. (centimos) V below.
EDGE: Reeded

King Alfonso XIII in Uniform
======================================================================
ASSAYER: S = Arturo Sandoval
FOOTNOTE: Spain in the nineteenth century is a dreary story of
ASSAYER: M = Miguel Martinez Fraile misgovernment at home and the loss of South America, but does
not complete the tale of the misery wrought by the wretched King
WEIGHTMASTER: V = Remigio Vega Y Vega Ferdinand, the Bourbon monarch who came back after the fall of
Napoleon. Even in his death he became a curse to his country by
REFERENCE: Y-92 creating a succession issue. He left his crown, when he died in
1833, to his infant daughter Isabel II, under the Regency of her
FOOTNOTE: The official conversion rate of the peseta, equal to mother Christina, thereby setting aside his brother Carlos, who
100 centimos, is 19.3 cents U.S., while the average exchange rate considered himself the legal heir. The result was a civil war of
is now 17.5 cents. Silver coins in circulation are the 5 peseta, 2 Christinists against Carlists, which lasted until Carlos, after seven
peseta, 1 peseta, and the 50 centimos pieces. In 1906-07, no silver years of fighting, was driven from the country in 1840. Christina,
was coined. No coinage was struck during the years 1908 and the Regent, and later Queen Isabel II, publicized and annulled con-
1909. In 1910, money coined to the value of 1,976,180 pesetas in stitutions, made and broke promises, compounded with this and
silver 50 centimos pieces to replace money retired from circula- that group of politicians, until the feeble and dishonest game was
tion. In 1911 263,286 pesetas of 50 centimos pieces were coined. at an end and Queen Isabel II had to flee abroad before a popular
The Statesmen's Year Book, London 1916. rising in 1868. A period followed when the country passed into the
hands of successive dictators.

======================================================================
SPAIN, KINGDOM of
MADRID MINT
======================================================================
======================================================================
1904 (1-0) 1,303,015 V-8038
OV: Cadet head of Alfonso XIII, facing left ALFONSO

right / w 1904 w (1 and 0 for 1910 incised in six point stars for
mintmark) B.M. incised on truncation.

Spain) around / PC 50 CENT(centimos) V below.
EDGE: Reeded
ASSAYER: P. = Vidal Peiro Zafra
ASSAYER: C. = Rafael Caro Y Fresneda

1910 - 50 CENTIMOS - OBVERSE
WEIGHTMASTER: V = Remigio Vega Y Vega ======================================================================
SPAIN, KINGDOM of
REFERENCE: Y-92 MADRID MINT
======================================================================
FOOTNOTE: This issue was minted in 1910 and has this date 50 CENTIMOS 18MM .835 FINE 2.5 GRAMS
incised in the stars left and right of the 1904 date. ======================================================================
1910 (1-0) 4,526,046 V-8039
OV: Older head of Alfonso XIII, facing left ALFONSO

right / w 1910 w (1 and 0 FOR 1910 incised in six point stars for
mintmark) B.M. incised on truncation.
FOOTNOTE: Traveling expenses - The cost of a journey in Spain RV: Crowned arms of Spain between Pillars of
does not materially differ from that of one in the other parts of Hercules, with ULUS ULTRA (more beyond) incised on ribbon
Europe frequented by tourists. The average daily expenditure, around pillars, REY CONSTL DE ESPAA (Constitutional King of
exclusive of railway-fares, will very from 15 to 30 pesetas ac- Spain) around / PC 50 CENT. (centimos) V below.
cording to the travelers requirements, while 10 to 15 pesetas per
day should be enough for a prolonged stay in one place. Money - EDGE: Reeded
the currency of Spain is now arranged on the decimal system, like
that of France. The peseta, divided into 100 centimos, is the nomi- MINT: ww (6 point stars) = MADRID
nal equivalent of the franc. The gold pieces of 100,80,40,25,20,10
and 5 peseta have entirely disappeared from ordinary circulation, ENGRAVER: B.M. = Bartolome Maura Montaner
their place being taken by notes of the value of 1000, 500, 100, 50
and 25 peseta issued by the Banco de Espana at Madrid. The ASSAYER: P = Vidal Peiro Zafra
current coins are silver pieces of 50 centimos and 1, 2, and 5
peseta, and copper pieces of 5 and 10 centimos. Coins issued ASSAYER: C = Rafael Caro Y Fresneda
before 1868 are obsolete and should be refused. The old reales
(1 real = 25 centimos) are no longer current, though reckoning by WEIGHTMASTER: V = Remigio Vega Y Vega
reales is still common in retail trade. The piece of 5 peseta is
popularly known as duro (dollar), and the pieces of 10 centimos REFERENCE: Y-92
and 5 centimos are often termed Perra Grange (Big Dog) and
Perra Chica (Little Dog) in jocular allusion to the lions in the coat- ======================================================================
of arms. Over-seas silver coins with the value stated in pesos or
centavos (especially those from the Philippines) should be re-
jected. The so-called sevillanos, or counterfeit pieces of 5 peseta,
are very troublesome, since they contain the full legal amount of
silver and are often so admirably forged that they can scarcely be
distinguished from the genuine coins. A handful of change should
never be taken without examination, and notes should (when prac-
ticable) be demanded for all sums above 25 centimos. Handbook
for Travelers, Karl Baedeker, Leipsic, 1913.

1926 - 50 CNTIMOS - OBVERSE 1926 - 50 CNTIMOS - REVERSE
====================================================================== ======================================================================
SPAIN, KINGDOM of
MADRID MINT
======================================================================
50 CNTIMOS 18MM .835 FINE 2.5 GRAMS
======================================================================
1926 4,000,012 V-8040
OV: Adult head of Alfonso XIII, facing left ALFONSO

XIII REY DE ESPANA (Alfonso XIII King of Spain) around,
F. Vaquer incised on truncation / 50 CNTIMOS below.
Older King Alfonso XIII
RV: Crowned arms of Spain within chain of flowers ======================================================================
(the Order of the Golden Fleece - La Toison d Or) between
design P.C CINCUENTA (fifty) left, CNTIMOS S right / 1926 FOOTNOTE: With the rise of the Republic, following the overwhelm-
below. ing victory of the Republicans in the municipal elections, Alfonso
XIII, King of Spain from his birth, May 17, 1886, and Queen Victoria,
EDGE: Reeded with the Royal family, went into exile on April 14, 1931.
MINT: (no mintmark) = MADRID ======================================================================
ENGRAVER: F. Vaquer
ASSAYER: .P. = Vidal Periro Y Zafra
ASSAYER: C. = Rafael Caro Y Fresneda
WEIGHTMASTER: S = Sigla del Juez de Balanza
REFERENCE: Y-102
Catalogo General De La Moneda Espanola by Jose

A.Vicenti, Madrid, 1973.
Las Monedas Espanolas Desde D.Pelayo (718) A

Juan Carlos I (1980), Madrid, 1980.
Catalogo unificado De Las Monedas Y Billetes

Espanoles 1868 - 1985, Madrid, 1985.
Spain today
======================================================================

1850 - 2 REALES - OBVERSE 1850 - 2 REALES - REVERSE
====================================================================== ====================================================================
SEVILLE MINT SEVILLE MINT
====================================================================== ======================================================================
====================================================================== ======================================================================
1836 u/m V-7166 1839 u/m V-7170

1840 u/m V-7171
OV: Head of Isabel II, facing left ISABEL 2A POR LA 1850 u/m V-7182
GRACIA DE DIOS. (Isabel II by the grace of God) around / 1836 1851 u/m V-7183
below.
RV: Crowned arms dividing value 2 Rs (reales) GRACIA DE DIOS Y CONST (Isabel II by the grace of God and
within chain of flowers (the Order of the Golden Fleece - La Constitution) around / DATE. below.
Toison dOr), REINA DE ESPAA (Queen of Spain) left Y DE LAS
INDIAS (and of the Indies) right S (mintmark) DR. divided by RV: Crowned arms dividing value 2 Rs (reales)
elephant hanging from chain, below. within chain of flowers (the Order of the Golden Fleece - La
Toison dOr), REINA DE LAS ESPAAS (Queen of the Spains)
EDGE: Reeded around / S (mintmark) RD divided by elephant hanging from
chain, below.
MINT: S = SEVILLE
EDGE: Reeded
ASSAYER: D = Joaquin Delgado Diaz
MINT: S = SEVILLE
ASSAYER: R. = Benito de Roxas
ASSAYER: R = Benito de Roxas
REFERENCE: Y-5
ASSAYER: D = Vicente Delgado
TYPE: I - Young Portrait
REFERENCE: Y-9
FOOTNOTE: In 1840 Queen Maria Christina, the daughter of Francis

I, King of the Two Sicilies, and fourth wife of Ferdinand VII, King of
Tower of Seville Spain, who died in 1833, naming her Regent for her infant daughter
Queen Isabel II, renounced the Regency and retired to France.
FOOTNOTE: 1865-66 Spain was at war with Peru and Chili.

====================================================================== ======================================================================
SEVILLE MINT SEVILLE MINT
====================================================================== ======================================================================
====================================================================== ======================================================================
1844 u/m V-7177 1857 u/m V-7201

1848 u/m V-7180 1858 u/m V-7203
1859 u/m V-7205
OV: Head of Isabel II, facing right ISABEL 2A POR LA 1860 u/m V-7208
GRACIA DE DIOS Y CONST (Isabel II by the grace of God and 1861 u/m V-7211
Constitution) around / DATE below. 1862 u/m V-7213
1863 u/m V-7215
RV: Crowned arms dividing value 2 Rs (reales) 1864 u/m V-7217
within chain of flowers (the Order of the Golden Fleece - La
Toison dOr), REINA DE LAS ESPAAS (Queen of the Spains) OV: Head of Isabel II, facing right ISABEL 2A POR LA
around / S (mintmark) RD divided by elephant hanging from G. (Isabel II by the grace) left, DE DIOS Y LA CONST (of God
chain, below. and Constitution) right / DATE below, L.M. on truncation.
EDGE: Reeded RV: Crowned arms dividing value 2 Rs (reales)

REINA DE LAS ESPAAS (QUEEN OF THE SPAINS) around / yy
MINT: S = SEVILLE (two stars of seven points for mintmark) below.
ASSAYER: R = Benito de Roxas EDGE: Reeded
ASSAYER: D = Joaquin Delgado Diaz MINT: yy (7 point stars) = SEVILLE
TYPE: II - Older Portrait ENGRAVER: L.M. = Luis Marchioni 1861-1873
FOOTNOTE: Seville, in ancient times, the residence of the Gothic FOOTNOTE: (Continued) Seville has an exchange called the Casa
Kings, and capital of Spain, is a large and handsome city, noted for Lonja; a bull-ring, a fine stone building holding 12,000 persons; an
its manufactures and commerce. Olneys Geography - 1849. aqueduct of 410 arches built by the Moors, etc. On the other side
of the river is the suburb of Triana, inhabited by gypsies, bull-
FOOTNOTE: Seville, a city of Spain, in Andalusia, on the left bank of fighters, etc. The manufactures include silks, cottons, woolens,
the Guadalquivir, capital of a Province of the same name, 62 miles pottery, machinery, chocolate, leather, and especially tobacco and
N.N.E. of Cadiz. It is largely built in the Moorish style, with narrow, cigars, there being an immense cigar factory in which some 5000
ill-paved streets, the old Moorish houses having spacious interior females are employed. The river is navigable for vessels of con-
courtyards with a fountain in the middle. The city has a large and siderable size up to the city; a good trade is carried on, large
handsome gothic cathedral dating from the 15th century, with its quantities of oranges in particular being exported. Population -
famous Moorish giralda or tower, part of a mosque which gave 1896 - 143,000. New Cabinet Cyclopaedia, Phila.,1896.
place to the present cathedral, and dating from 1196; an Alcazar or
palace in the Moorish style. (continued). ======================================================================
SPAIN, KINGDOM of
====================================================================== SEVILLE MINT
SPAIN, KINGDOM of ======================================================================
SEVILLE MINT 20 CENTIMOS DE ESCUDO 18MM .810 FINE 2.6 GRAMS
====================================================================== ======================================================================
2 REALES 18MM .900 FINE 2.63 GRAMS
====================================================================== 1864 u/m V-7220
1865 u/m V-7223
1852 u/m V-7189 1866 u/m V-7226
1853 u/m V-7192
1854 u/m V-7195 OV: Head of Isabel II, facing right ISABEL 2A POR LA
1855 u/m V-7198 G (Isabel II by the grace) left, DE DIOS Y LA CONST (of God
and Constitution) right / DATE below, L.M. on truncation.
GRACIA DE DIOS Y LA CONST (Isabel II by the grace of God RV: Crowned arms of Spain, REINA DE (Queen of)
and Constitution) around / DATE. below. left LAS ESPAAS (THE SPAINS) right / y 20 CENTs DE ESCo y
(20 centimos de escudos) (mintmark of seven point stars with
RV: Crowned arms dividing value 2 Rs (reales) the last two digits of date incised) below.
REINA DE LAS ESPAAS (QUEEN OF THE SPAINS) around / ii
(two stars of seven points for mintmark) below. EDGE: Reeded
EDGE: Reeded MINT: yy (7 point stars) = SEVILLE
MINT: i (7 point stars) = SEVILLE ENGRAVER: L.M. = Luis Marchioni 1861-1873

STRAITS SETTLEMENTS
====================================================================== ======================================================================
1890 H - TEN CENTS - OBVERSE 1890 H - TEN CENTS - REVERSE

====================================================================== ======================================================================
STRAITS SETTLEMENTS, BRITISH CROWN COLONY of
BIRMINGHAM MINT FOOTNOTE: The Modern Dime Size Silver Coins of the Straits
====================================================================== Settlements begins with the London issue of 1871 and continues
TEN CENTS 18MM .800 FINE 2.71 GRAMS through 1927 with coins struck at the Royal Mint, London, and
====================================================================== Branch mint of Bombay along with coinage ordered from the pri-
vate mint; Ralph Heaton & Sons, Ltd. of Birmingham. The listings
1872 230,000 are in mint order. Currency of Colony; The Straits Settlements
1874 180,000 dollar = 100 cents.
1876 120,000
1879 250,000 FOOTNOTE: Ralph Heaton & Sons - In 1860, the Heaton brothers
1880 235,000 erected a new mint in Icknield Street, Birmingham, and their title
1882 430,000 was changed to Ralph Heaton & Sons; in 1889 the firm was con-
1883 610,000 verted to a limited company under the title The Mint Birmingham
1890 730,000 Limited, with the mintmark H continued to be used.
1897 390,000
1900 1,000,000 ======================================================================
OV: Head of Victoria wearing a diadem, facing left

VICTORIA, left QUEEN, right / H (mintmark) under bust.
RV: Large 10 within circle of pearls STRAITS

SETTLEMENTS above, TEN CENTS DATE below.
EDGE: Reeded
MINT: H = RALPH HEATON & SONS,LTD.

BIRMINGHAM
ENGRAVER: (obv) Leonard Charles Wyon
DESIGNER: William Theed
REFERENCE: Y-14, SSC-24, SS5, KM-11

Raffles entering Singapore
======================================================================
ENCYCLOPEDIA OF SMALL SILVER COINS - STRAITS SETTLEMENTS - PAGE 498

1910 - TEN CENTS - OBVERSE 1917 - TEN CENTS - OBVERSE
====================================================================== ======================================================================
STRAITS SETTLEMENTS, BRITISH CROWN COLONY of STRAITS SETTLEMENTS, BRITISH CROWN COLONY of
BOMBAY MINT BOMBAY MINT
====================================================================== ======================================================================
TEN CENTS 18MM .600 FINE 2.72 GRAMS TEN CENTS 18MM .600 FINE 2.72 GRAMS
====================================================================== ======================================================================
1909 11,088,198 1916 600,007 scarce

1910 1,657,216 1917 5,600,059
OV: Crowned head of Edward VII, facing right OV: Head of George V, facing left GEORGE V KING
EDWARD VII left KING & EMPEROR right / DES. under bust. AND EMPEROR OF INDIA, B.M. in relief on truncation of the
shoulder / (dot mintmark) under bust.
RV: Large 10 within circle of pearls STRAITS
SETTLEMENTS above, TEN CENTS DATE below. RV: Large 10 within circle of pearls .STRAITS
SETTLEMENTS. above, TEN CENTS DATE below.
EDGE: Reeded
EDGE: Reeded
MINT: B (incised below cross pattee of the crown) =
BOMBAY MINT: (no mintmark) = BOMBAY
DESIGNER: (obv) DES. = George DeSaulles MARK: (dot) = denotes .600 finess
POPULATION: 1911 - 714,069 including 240,206 DESIGNER: (obv) B.M.= Sir Edgar Bertram MacKennal
Malays, 369,843 Chinese and 82,055 natives.
REFERENCE: Y-34, SSC-26, KM-29
REFERENCE: Y-21a, SSC-25, KM-21a
The Catalogue of Malaysia, Singapore and Brunei
POPULATION: 1911 - 714,069 including 240,206 Coins (1700-1974) by Saran Singe, Kuala
Malays, 369,843 Chinese and 82,055 natives of India. Lumpur,1974
FOOTNOTE: King Edward VII is shown wearing the Imperial Crown FOOTNOTE: King George V is shown wearing the Imperial Crown
and the Ermine Robe of State, the Collar of the Most Honorable and the Ermine Robe of State, the Collar of the Most Noble Order of
Order of the Bath. Edward VII ascended the throne in January, the Garter and the Badge of the Most Honorable Order of the Bath.
1901, but according to custom, the coins dated 1901 continued to
bear the effigy of Queen Victoria. FOOTNOTE: A 10 Cent currency note for the Straits Settlements
was issued in 1917 to relieve the shortage of subsidiary coinage
FOOTNOTE: In 1905 the price of silver began to rise, resulting in resulting from the rise in the price of silver during the World War I.
considerable hoarding. No ten cent coins were issued until the Steps were taken to again debase the coinage by reducing the
silver content was reduced from .800 fine to .600 fine with the silver content from .600 fine to .400 fine with the issues starting
issues dated 1909 and 1910. with 1918.

1919 - TEN CENTS - OBVERSE 1899 - TEN CENTS - OBVERSE
====================================================================== ======================================================================
BOMBAY MINT FOOTNOTE: Straits Settlements is a British Crown Colony in the
====================================================================== Malay Peninsula comprising the settlements of Malacca, Singapore,
TEN CENTS 18MM .400 FINE 2.72 GRAMS and Penang which were incorporated under one government in
====================================================================== 1826 and the administration transferred from India to the Secretary
of State for Colonies.
1918 7,500,074
1919 11,500,121 FOOTNOTE: Singapore, a British possession, forming one of the
1920 4,000,034 scarce Straits Settlements, and consisting of a small island, with numer-
ous surrounding islets, off the southern extremity of the Malay
OV: Head of George V, facing left GEORGE V KING Peninsula, and separated from the mainland by a narrow strait 2
AND EMPEROR OF INDIA, B.M. in relief on truncation of the miles to 1/2 mile in breadth. The principal island, which is elevated
shoulder / + (cross mintmark) below. and well clothed in wood, is about 25 miles long and 14 miles
average breadth, area 206 square miles. The climate is hot, the
RV: Large 10 within circle of pearls .STRAITS average summer heat being 84, and the winter temperature 76 .
SETTLEMENTS. above, TEN CENTS DATE below. Agricultural products include nutmeg, cloves, ginger, pepper, sugar-
cane, pumpkins, cucumbers, yams, sweet-potatoes, onions, gar-
EDGE: Reeded lic, and other vegetables. Singapore possesses all fruit-bearing
trees of the Indian Archipelago. A delicate sea-weed called agar-
MINT: (no mintmark) = BOMBAY agar is an important article of commerce for China and the eastern
markets. Tigers swarm in the jungles. Birds include pea-fowls,
MARK: + = denotes .400 fineness pheasants, partridges, etc. Amongst reptiles are turtles, tortoises,
crocodiles, cobras and other serpents. The coast and rivulets
DESIGNER: (obv) B.M.= Sir Edgar Bertram MacKennal abound with quantities of fish. - The town of Singapore is situated
on a rivulet on the south side of the island. It is divided into three
POPULATION: 1918 - 801,548 parts - the western, inhabited by Chinese; the central, by the
Europeans; and the eastern, by the Malays. The central part is laid
REFERENCE: Y-34a, SSC-26, KM-29a out in regular streets, lined with substantial brick houses. Here are
the principal public offices, official residences, hotels, exchanges,
====================================================================== and churches. The harbor is commodious, and is now being
strongly fortified. A special dock for the use of the navy is also
being constructed. Singapore is the great entreport of southern
Asia and the Indian Archipelago. The port is perfectly free; no
duties are levied upon anything. Exports consist of tin, coffee,
rice, sago, tapioca, pepper, nutmegs, rattans, gambier, sugar, bees-
wax, raw silk, gutta-percha, mother-of-pearl, etc. Imports from
Great Britain include cottons, woolens, coals, iron, arms, wine,
and various manufactures; and from Europe and the United States,
wine spirits, liqueurs, manufactured goods, provisions, etc.
Singapore is the capital of the Straits Settlements, and the resi-
Malay drum dence of the Governor. Population - 1891 - 184,554. New Cabinet
====================================================================== Cyclopaedia, Phila., 1896.

======================================================================
LONDON MINT
======================================================================
======================================================================
1871 248,000
1873 210,000
1877 160,000
1878 470,000
1881 460,000
1883 160,000
1884 1,240,000
1885 400,000
1886 790,000
1887 640,000
1888 1,075,000
1889 1,500,000
1891 1,380,000
1893 980,000
1894 1,640,000
1895 2,324,460
1896 2,255,540
1897 700,000
1898 1,960,000
1899 286,000
1900
1901
2,960,000
2,700,000
======================================================================
OV: Head of Victoria wearing a diadem, facing left STRAITS SETTLEMENTS, BRITISH CROWN COLONY of
VICTORIA, left QUEEN, right. LONDON MINT
======================================================================
RV: Large 10 within circle of pearls STRAITS TEN CENTS 18MM .800 FINE 2.71 GRAMS
SETTLEMENTS above, TEN CENTS DATE below. ======================================================================
EDGE: Reeded 1902 6,118,735

1903 1,401,265 scarce
OV: Crowned head of Edward VII, facing right
ENGRAVER: (obv) Leonard Charles Wyon EDWARD VII left KING & EMPEROR right / DES. under bust.
DESIGNER: William Theed RV: Large 10 within circle of pearls STRAITS

SETTLEMENTS above, TEN CENTS DATE below.
POPULATION: Straits Settlements - 1892 - 568,000,
Singapore - 185,000 inhabitants EDGE: Reeded
REFERENCE: Y-14, SSC-24, KM-11 MINT: (no mintmark) = Royal Mint, LONDON
FOOTNOTE: Singapore, free port and port of call for almost all DESIGNER: (obv) DES. = George DeSaulles
steamers between Europe and the Orient is the worlds greatest
rubber market. REFERENCE: Y-21, SSC-25, KM-21
====================================================================== FOOTNOTE: Straits Settlements, a British Crown Colony on the

Straits of Malacca, from which it derives its name, includes the
Settlement of Malacca and Wellesley on the mainland of the south-
ern portion of the Malay Peninsula, the adjacent islands of
Singapore, Penang, and Dindings, together with the Keeling group
and Christmas Island in the Indian Ocean. The estimated area of
the Colony is 1,542 square miles, and the population (1901 ) 572,249,
capital Georgetown in Penang. The inhabitants are chiefly Malays
and Chinese. The town of Singapore, with 162,547 inhabitants, is
the seat of government. The ports are free and there is no cus-
toms revenue. International Year Book, 1901, New York.
FOOTNOTE: The monetary standard of the Straits Settlements is

the Mexican dollar equal to 46.4 Cents in United States money in
1901. The Straits Settlements dollar is subdivided into 100 cents.
Map of Singapore International Year Book, 1901, New York.
======================================================================

====================================================================== ======================================================================
STRAITS SETTLEMENT, BRITISH CROWN COLONY of
LONDON MINT
======================================================================
======================================================================
1926 20,000,000
1927 23,000,000

AND EMPEROR OF INDIA, B.M. in relief on truncation of the
shoulder.
RV: Large 10 within circle of pearls .STRAITS

SETTLEMENTS. above, TEN CENTS DATE below.
EDGE: Reeded
MINT: (no mintmark) = Royal Mint, LONDON Malay bullock cart

MARK: (none) = denotes fineness restored to.600 fine ======================================================================
POPULATION: 1930 - 1,168,806
REFERENCE: Y-34b, SSC-26, KM-29b
FOOTNOTE: After 1920 the price of silver fell rapidly and in 1925
the decision was taken to restore the standard of subsidiary silver
coins to that of 1907 which was .600 fine. The issue of 1926 and
1927 removed the mark under the bust which had denoted the
change in fineness.
FOOTNOTE: A hundred years ago the Island of Singapore, owned

by the Sultan of Johore on the mainland, was a deserted jungle
save for a little fishing village. Sir Stamford Raffles in 1819 ob-
tained it for the East India Company for a small fee and in two years
the little trading center he established had a population of 10,000. A Malay boatman's home
======================================================================

SWAZILAND
====================================================================== ======================================================================

====================================================================== ======================================================================
SWAZILAND, KINGDOM of
PRETORIA MINT FOOTNOTE: Swaziland was an independent state before 1894,
====================================================================== when it was placed under the administration of the Transvaal until
5 CENTS 17.4MM .800 FINE 2.5 GRAMS 1906, then under the British High Commissioner for South Africa
====================================================================== continuing until 1934, when under the British High Commissioner
for Basutoland until the British Crown granted independence again
1968 10,550 proof in 1968.
OV: Head of Sobhuza II, facing left SWAZILAND FOOTNOTE: Sobhuza II, King of Swaziland became Ngwenyama
INDEPENDENCE, around above / SOBHUZA II below. (the Lion of the People) or head of the Swazi nation in 1921 after
twenty years of rule by a regent, the queen mother, Lobatsibeni.
RV: A Swazi shield and assagais (spears) / 5 c He ruled the tiny mountain and valley enclave for more than 60
,left,1968 right, below. years until his death on August 21, 1982. He was buried in a secret
mountain cave near the Royal Palace. A steadfast and traditional
EDGE: Plain King, he ruled as absolute monarch of more than a half million
essentially primitive and pastoral people. The King regarded as a
MINT: (no mintmark) = PRETORIA fertility symbol, sired more than 300 children by an estimated 100
wives. Some of his wives were selected for him to keep peace
DESIGNER: Tommy Sasseen among the various clans of Swaziland - and thus part of the vast
Royal Family, because of the productivity of the King. Swaziland is
REFERENCE: KM-1 bounded on the north, west and part of the south by the Transvaal,
Natal on the south, both parts of the Union of South Africa, and by
TYPE: Commemorative of Independence Mozambique to the east.
FOOTNOTE: Commemorating the Independence of Swaziland on ======================================================================

September 6, 1968, this issue was part of 2,000 proof sets com-
prising 1 gold lilangeni (equal to 25 South African rands) and a
silver one luhlanga along with silver 50, 20, 10, and 5 cent coins
and 10,000 silver proof sets. A total of 1,450 of the the gold proof
sets were melted. The monetary unit of Swaziland is the lilangeni
(meaning founder of the nation) equal to 100 cents.
FOOTNOTE: In 1910 Swaziland entered the South African Cus-

toms Union. The population (1910) 110,746 Swazis, and about
2205 white men. Swaziland within South Africa
ENCYCLOPEDIA OF SMALL SILVER COINS - SWAZILAND - PAGE 503

SWEDEN and NORWAY

====================================================================== ======================================================================
1856 - 25 RE - OBVERSE 1856 - 25 RE - REVERSE

====================================================================== ======================================================================
SWEDEN and NORWAY, KINGDOMS of
STOCKHOLM MINT
====================================================================== ======================================================================
25 RE 17.4MM .750 FINE 2.13 GRAMS
======================================================================
1855 436,000
1856 1,762,000
1857 433,000
1858 1,183,000
1859 u/m
OV: Head of Oscar I facing right, OSCAR SVERIGES

NORR. G.O.V. KONUNG. (Oscar I King of Sweden, Norway,
Gothland and Vendalia) around / L.A. under bust.
RV: Crown / 25 / RE / S. -><- T. / DATE within

wreath of laurel tied with ribbon below.
EDGE: Plain
MINT: (no mintmark) = STOCKHOLM
ENGRAVER: L.A. = Lea Ahlborn 1854-97
MINTMASTER: S.T. = Sebastian Tham 1855-76
REFERENCE: C-193
FOOTNOTE: Gothland is an island in the Baltic Sea, situated about

44 miles off the eastern coast of Sweden.
FOOTNOTE: Currency of Sweden and Norway - 100 re = 1 krona

1867 - 25 RE - OBVERSE
======================================================================
ENCYCLOPEDIA OF SMALL SILVER COINS - SWEDEN and NORWAY - PAGE 504

====================================================================== ======================================================================
SWEDEN and NORWAY, KINGDOMS of FOOTNOTE: Charles XV, King of Sweden and Norway from
STOCKHOLM MINT 1859-1872, was born in 1826. He was the eldest son of Oscar
====================================================================== I, who was a son of Charles XIV, (General Bernadotte), and
25 RE 17.4MM .750 FINE 2.13 GRAMS became Regent in 1857. He became an exceedingly popular and
====================================================================== enlightened King, and during his reign a number of great reforms
were made. The Laws of the Church and the Criminal Laws
1862 u/m rare underwent considerable reform at this time, and the King also
1864 265,492 gave his support to the laws which reformed the constitution.
1865 400,172 He was himself a man of great gifts and considerable ability. He
1866 237,496 was a strong supporter of the policy of a strong Scandinavia. In
1867 included above 1850 he married Louisa, daughter of the King of the Netherlands,
1871 659,808 by whom he had one daughter, who became wife of Prince
Frederick of Denmark. He died September 18, 1872.
OV: Head of Charles XV facing right CARL XV
SVERIGES NORR. G.O.V.KONUNG (Charles XV King of Sweden, ======================================================================
Norway, Gothland and Vendalia) around / L.A. under bust.
RV: Crown / 25 / RE / S. - >.<- T. / DATE within

wreath of laurel tied with ribbon below.
EDGE: Plain
MINT: (no mintmark) = STOCKHOLM
ENGRAVER: L.A. = Lea Ahlborn 1854-97
REFERENCE: Y-6, H-7
======================================================================
King Oscar II
======================================================================
FOOTNOTE: Oscar II, King of Sweden and Norway from 1872 to

1905, and of Sweden along after that year. He was born in
Stockholm, January 21, 1829, being the third son of Oscar I, and
succeeded his brother, Charles XV. During his reign the develop-
ment of the sister Kingdoms was retarded by no foreign complica-
tions and received an effective stimulus in the efforts of the King.
====================================================================== On the question of the vexed relations between Sweden and
Norway, he firmly opposed all attempts looking toward the dissolu-
1867 - 25 RE - REVERSE tion of the union between the Kingdoms, but otherwise showed
====================================================================== himself in favor of concessions to the Norwegians. When Norway
FOOTNOTE: The Modern Dime Size Silver Coins of Sweden and finally severed the union in 1905, the King exerted himself to pre-
Norway start with the Oscar I issue of 1855 as joint coinage for vent recourse to hostilities. In 1857 Oscar II married Princess Sophie
Sweden and Norway and continue chronologically until 1905 when of Nassau, by whom he had four sons. New International Ency-
Norway was declared a separate Kingdom. Swedish coinage clopedia,1910.
then continues to be followed by listings for Norwegian coinage.

======================================================================
STOCKHOLM MINT
======================================================================
25 ORE 17MM .600 FINE 2.42 GRAMS
======================================================================
1874 2,100,000
1875 1,131,060
1876 2,224,614
OV: Crowned emblem of Oscar II with three small

crowns left, right and below, BRODRAFOLKENS VAL (The
welfare of the Brother People) above (St.Eriks head mintmark)
left, S.T. right.
RV: Small 25 / ORE / DATE within wreath of laurel

EDGE: Plain
MINT: (St.Eriks head mintmark) = STOCKHOLM
REFERENCE: Y-20, H-19

1877 - 25 RE - OBVERSE
FOOTNOTE: The Scandinavian Monetary Union was formed in
======================================================================
1873, between Sweden, Norway and Denmark It continued until
1924 with both Norway and Denmark issuing their last silver 25
STOCKHOLM MINT
re coins dated 1919. Sweden continued to strike silver coins of
======================================================================
the 25 re denomination most years until 1941 (except 1920-1926)
to the same standards and at a lower fineness of .400 until 1961.
======================================================================
FOOTNOTE: General Bernadotte, King Charles XIV of Sweden -
1877 894,354
The son of a lawyer in southern France, Bernadotte (1763-1844)
1878 859,127
won his way in the French Army by merit and was one of
Napoleons greatest Marshals. In 1810 he was surprised by the
news that some Swedish statesmen were proposing him as suc-
cessor to the throne of Sweden, owing to his kindness to the
prisoners he had once taken, and also in order to secure Sweden
left, E.B. right.
against Russia by having a King of military background, and a good
friend of Napoleon I. Elected, he became very popular and after
RV: Small 25 / RE / DATE within wreath of laurel
the Napoleonic Wars his reign was peaceful. The Congress of
Vienna in 1815 ratified the Union of Sweden and Norway under
Bernadotte. The Norwegians at first did not accept this arrange-
EDGE: Plain
ment, but Bernadotte induced them to accept him as their ruler with
a separate constitution and government. This personal union of
two independent states under one ruler worked very well until MINT: (St.Eriks head mintmark) = STOCKHOLM
nearly the close of the nineteenth century. With the development of
parliamentary government the Diets of each country desired to MINTMASTER: E.B. = Emil Brusewitz 1876-1908
control the Kings choice of ministers and the foreign policy of the
two Kingdoms. After a long period of friction the states agreed to REFERENCE: Y-20, H-19
separate on October 26, 1905. Sweden retained her King Oscar II,
the grandson of Bernadotte, while Norway elected as King, Prince
Carl, second son of Frederick VIII, King of Denmark and gave him
the title of Haakon VII.
FOOTNOTE: The Arms of three Crowns have been Swedens

heraldic device since AD 1364.

1877 - 25 RE - REVERSE 1904 - 25 RE - REVERSE
====================================================================== ======================================================================
STOCKHOLM MINT
FOOTNOTE: Every Swedish King has his own personal motto - ======================================================================
Oscar IIs motto appears as BRODRAFOLKEN VAL meaning The 25 RE 17MM .600 FINE 2.42 GRAMS
Good of the Brother Nations. After the Norwegian independence ======================================================================
it became SVERIGES VAL for The Good of Sweden.
1880 1,179,868
1881 1,391,553
1883 1,100,339
====================================================================== 1885 1,168,383
1889 421,589
1890 469,417
1896 793,546
1897 1,097,301
1898 1,457,998
1899 1,458,479
1902 1,259,036
1904 692,088
1905 732,000

left, E.B. right.
RV: Large 25 / RE within wreath of laurel / DATE

below.
EDGE: Plain
MINTMASTER: E.B. = Emil Brusewitz 1876-1908

Stockholm with 176,745 inhabitants.
1904 - 25 RE - OBVERSE FOOTNOTE: The following listings continue for Sweden as a inde-
====================================================================== pendent country. Listings for Norway follow.

====================================================================== ======================================================================
SWEDEN, KINGDOM of
STOCKHOLM MINT
====================================================================== FOOTNOTE: Sweden differs much from Norway. It contains more
25 RE 17MM .600 FINE 2.42 GRAMS level land and is more fertile and therefore adopted to supporting a
====================================================================== larger population. Its coasts are not so deeply indented; its climate
is continental instead of oceanic; and its harbors may be blocked
1907 3,222,580 with ice five months, while those of Norway are unfrozen.

crowns left, right and below, SVERIGES VAL (The welfare of ======================================================================
Sweden) above (St.Eriks head mintmark) left, E.B. right.
RV: Large 25 / RE within wreath of laurel / 1907

below.
EDGE: Plain
MINTMASTER: E.B. = Emil Brusewitz 1876-1908
POPULATION: Sweden - 1908 - 5,378,228
REFERENCE: Y-36
======================================================================
City truck, Stockholm - 1902 1917 - 25 RE - OBVERSE

======================================================================

======================================================================
SWEDEN, KINGDOM of
STOCKHOLM MINT
======================================================================
======================================================================
1910 2,043,936
1912 1,013,760
1914 3,719,232
1916 1,269,720
1917 1,657,313
1918 2,364,784
1919 3,205,164
1927 1,687,984
OV: Large crown over arms of three small crowns,

dividing DATE left and right / SVERIGE (Sweden) below.
RV: 25 / RE / (St.Eriks head mintmark), within

wreath of laurel / W below.
EDGE: Plain
MINTMASTER: W = Kark August Wallroth 1908-27 1930 - 25 RE - OBVERSE

======================================================================
POPULATION: Sweden - 1931 - 6,162,446 with capital
SWEDEN, KINGDOM of
Stockholm with 514,333 inhabitants.
STOCKHOLM MINT
======================================================================
======================================================================
======================================================================
1928 836,896
1929 1,124,932
1930 3,489,628
1931 1.391,928
1932 1,133,344
1933 964,340
1934 1,403,648
1936 1,852,000
1937 3,258,956
1938 3,678,876
1939 2,136,600
1940 2,301,788
1941 1,995,200
OV: Large crown over arms of three small crowns,

dividing DATE left and right / SVERIGE (Sweden) below.
RV: 25 / RE / (St.Eriks head mintmark), within

wreath of laurel / G below.
EDGE: Plain
MINTMASTER: W = Kark August Wallroth 1908-27
1917 - 25 RE - REVERSE REFERENCE: Y-48, H-10

====================================================================== FOOTNOTE: The Riksdag in 1923 passed a bill which set aside the
agreement of the last fifty years whereby; Sweden, Norway, and
FOOTNOTE: The monetary standard of Sweden and Norway is Denmark accepted each others currency at par. A second bill
gold and the unit of value is the krone (crown) equal to 100 re and provided for the return to the gold standard.
worth in 1901 26.8 cents in United States money.

====================================================================== ======================================================================
SWEDEN, KINGDOM of
STOCKHOLM MINT
======================================================================
======================================================================
1943 9,854,640
1944 9,532,148
1945 5,362,800
===================================================================
OV: Crown / SVERIGE (Sweden) / (St.Eriks head
mintmark)
RV: Large 25 / RE / DATE / G below.
EDGE: Plain
MINTMASTER: G = Alf Grabe 1927-45
======================================================================
1944 - 25 RE - OBVERSE Royal Palace, Stockholm - 1902

====================================================================== ======================================================================

====================================================================== ======================================================================
SWEDEN, KINGDOM of
STOCKHOLM MINT FOOTNOTE: King Gustaf VI Adolf, became the sixth ruler of Swe-
====================================================================== den from the Bernadotte Dynasty at a simple ceremony on October
25 RE 17MM .400 FINE 2.32 GRAMS 29, 1950. He dispensed with a coronation, saying it would cost too
====================================================================== much. As Crown Prince he had waited 43 years to assume the title
of King of the Swedes, the Goths and the Vandals. The 25 re
1945 included with Alf Grabe series of 1950 which displayed the Crown of his father was
1946 2,249,600 changed to a new coinage series first dated 1952 displaying a
1947 5,632,800 redesigned Crown.
1948 3,191,000 ======================================================================
1949 5,812,180
1950 12,059,144
OV: Crown / SVERIGE (Sweden) / (St.Eriks head

mintmark)
RV: Large 25 / RE / DATE / ST below.
EDGE: Plain
MINTMASTER: ST (T over S) = Torsten Swenson

1945-61
Parliament House, Sweden - 1930 1961 - 25 RE - OBVERSE

====================================================================== ======================================================================

Map of Sweden and Norway - 1902
1961 - 25 RE - REVERSE
====================================================================== ======================================================================
SWEDEN, KINGDOM of
STOCKHOLM MINT NORWAY
====================================================================== ======================================================================
======================================================================
1952 1,820,000
1953 18,471,360
1954 9,491,740
1955 7,340,800
1956 11,253,100
1957 11,313,500
1958 8,068,140
1959 4,772,000
1960 1,000,000
1961 11,754,800
FOOTNOTE: In the earliest times Norway was divided among petty
OV: Large crown kings or chiefs (jarls), and its people were notorious for their
piratical habits. Harold Fair-hair (who ruled from 863 to 933 suc-
RV: SVERIGE (Sweden) / Large 25 / (mark) RE ceeded in bringing the whole country under his sway, and was
(St.Eriks head mintmark) / DATE below. succeeded by his son Erick. He was ultimately driven from the
throne, which was seized in 938 by his brother, Hako I, who had
EDGE: Plain embraced Christianity in England. Magnus the good, the son of
St.Olaf and Alfhild, an English lady of noble birth, was called to the
throne in 1036; and having in 1042 succeeded also to the throne of
Denmark, united both under one monarchy. After his death the
crowns of Norway and Denmark again passed to different indi-
MINTMASTER: Torsten Swenson 1945-61 viduals. In 1319 the crowns of Norway and Sweden became for a
short time united in the person of Magnus V. Erick of Pomerania
MARK: Crown over 6 dots for the sixth ruler in succeeded, by separate titles, to Norway, Sweden, and Denmark;
Bernadotte Dynasty. and in 1397 was crowned king of the three kingdoms. Sweden
then for a time became a separate kingdom; but the union between
REFERENCE: Y-76, H-9 Denmark and Norway was drawn closer and closer, and very
much to the disadvantage of the latter, which was ultimately de-
Nordiske Monter by Johan Chr. Holm, Copenhagen graded into a mere dependency of the former. The subsequent
1969, Swedish Coins by Bertel Tingstrom, Stockholm history of Norway became for a long period merely a part of that of
1969, English Edition, Mont Katalog by Frovin Sieg, Denmark. After the defeat of Napoleon by the allies in 1813 it was
Ulbjerg 1973 arranged by the treaty of Vienna in 1814 that Denmark must cede
Norway to Sweden, and the result was the union of the two
FOOTNOTE: Currency of Norway - 120 skillings = 1 daler countries under the Swedish crown. Cabinet Cyclopaedia, 1896.

1869 - 3 SKILLING - OBVERSE 1869 - 3 SKILLING - REVERSE
====================================================================== ======================================================================
NORWAY, KINGDOM of NORWAY, KINGDOM of
KONGSBERG MINT KONGSBERG MINT
====================================================================== ======================================================================
3 SKILLING 16.5MM .250 FINE 2.25 GRAMS 3 SKILLING 16.5MM .250 FINE 2.25 GRAMS
====================================================================== ======================================================================
1868 600,000 1869 included with type I

1869 600,000
OV: Crowned Arms of Norway, dividing designation
OV: Crowned Arms of Norway, dividing designation of King, CL left and XV right (Carl XV).
of King, CL left and XV right (Carl XV).
RV: 3 / SKILLING / date / (crossed hammers)
RV: 3 / SKILLING / DATE / (crossed hammers) (mintmark) below, i (stars) left and i right.
(mintmark) below, (rosette) left and right.
EDGE: Plain
EDGE: Plain
MINT:(crossed hammers) =Royal Mint,KONGSBERG
MINT:(crossed hammers)= Royal Mint,KONGSBERG
TYPE: II - Stars
TYPE: I - Rosettes
====================================================================== ======================================================================
Norwegian woman spinning - 1902 Logging in the North

====================================================================== ======================================================================

======================================================================
NORWAY, KINGDOM of
KONGSBERG MINT
======================================================================
4 SKILLING 18MM .250 FINE 2.25 GRAMS
======================================================================
1871 558,600 scarce
OV: Crowned Arms of Norway, dividing designation

of King, CL left and XV right (Carl XV).
RV: 4 / SKILLING / 1871 / (crossed hammers)

(mintmark), below, (rosettes) left and right.
EDGE: Plain
TYPE: I - Rosettes
======================================================================
1872 - 3 SKILLING - REVERSE

======================================================================
NORWAY, KINGDOM of
KONGSBERG MINT
======================================================================
3 SKILLING 16.5MM .250 FINE 2.25 GRAMS
======================================================================
Norwegian cart 1872 1,072,000
====================================================================== OV: Crowned Arms of Norway, dividing designation

of King, Osc left and II right (Oscar II).
RV: 3 (rosettes)/ SKILLING / 1872 / (crossed

hammers) (mintmark).
EDGE: Plain
TYPE: I - Rosette left and right of denomination
FOOTNOTE: Oscar II, King of Sweden and Norway was the son of
Oscar I, King of Sweden and Norway from 1844 to 1857. He
succeeded his brother Charles XV to the throne in 1872 at the age
of 43. He distinguished himself in literature by translating Goethes
Torquato Tosso into Swedish and by a volume of poems under his
Nom de Plume Oscar Frederick. He died in 1907.
FOOTNOTE: Sweden and Norway are separate though adjoining

countries on the Scandinavian peninsula, united under one king.
Each country has its own legislature. In Sweden it is called the
Diet ; in Norway the assembly is called the Storthing. Much of the
area is covered with perpetual snow fields, from which glaciers
descend to the fiords, which indent the western coast. This coast
is bordered by many high, rocky islands and islets, and its deep,
narrow inlets form fine harbours and good fishing stations. The
1872 - 3 SKILLING - OBVERSE harbor of Stockholm is closed by ice for about three months every
winter. Complete Geography, H.Justin Roddy, 1902.
======================================================================

1873 - 3 SKILLING - REVERSE 1876 - 25 RE - OBVERSE
====================================================================== ======================================================================
NORWAY, KINGDOM of NORWAY, KINGDOM of
KONGSBERG MINT KONGSBERG MINT
===================================================================== ======================================================================
3 SKILLING 16.5MM .250 FINE 2.25 GRAMS 25 RE 17MM .600 FINE 2.42 GRAMS
====================================================================== ======================================================================
1872 included with type I 1876 3,200,000

1873 600,000
OV: Crowned monogram of Oscar II,
OV: Crowned Arms of Norway, dividing designation BRODERFOLKENES VEL (Prosperity of the Brother Countries,
of King, Osc left and II right (Oscar II). i.e. Sweden and Norway) around / (crossed hammers)
(mintmark) below.
RV: i 3 i (stars) / SKILLING / 1872 / (crossed
hammers) (mintmark) below. RV: Crowned Arms of Norway, dividing date 18 and
EDGE: Plain 76, 25 RE above.
MINT:(crossed hammers) = RoyalMint,KONGSBERG EDGE: Plain
TYPE: II - Star left and right of denomination MINT:(crossed hammers) = RoyalMint,KONGSBERG
REFERENCE: Y-11, H-3, R-238 REFERENCE: Y-23, H-14
FOOTNOTE: The Scandinavian Monetary Union was formed in ======================================================================

1873 between Sweden, Norway and Denmark. Norway delayed
ratification until 1875, accounting for the lack of issue of small
silver coinage during 1874 and 1875. Decimal system with 100 re
equal to 1 kroner became uniform for the three countries. The
Union lasted until 1924, although the issue of 1919 25 re was the
last silver in this denomination struck by Norway, but Sweden
continued the 25 re to the standard until 1941.
FOOTNOTE: Under the constitution adopted May 17, 1814 Norway

became a constitutional hereditary monarchy with Sweden. Nor-
way succeeded from the union with Sweden in 1905. The vote
was 368,211 in favor of separation and only 184 against separa-
tion of the two Kingdoms. King Haakon VII, born August 3, 1872,
Prince Charles, the second son of Fredrick VIII, King of Denmark,
was elected King of Norway by the Storthing, November 18, 1905
and Crowned June 23, 1906. His Queen, Maud Charlotte Mary
Victoria was the third daughter of King Edward VII of Great Britain,
whom he married July 22, 1896. Iceberg in the North
======================================================================

====================================================================== ======================================================================
NORWAY, KINGDOM of
KONGSBERG MINT
======================================================================
FOOTNOTE: The monetary standard of Norway is gold and the unit 25 RE 17MM .600 FINE 2.42 GRAMS
of value the krone equal to U.S.26.8 cents in 1900. 100 re equals ======================================================================
1 krone.
1896 400,000
1898 400,000
====================================================================== 1899 600,000
1900 400,000
1901 606,900
1902 611,701
1904 600,000
OV: Crowned Arms of Norway, within oak wreath,

small Crowned Arms of Oscar II, left and right, I.T. incised on left
stem of wreath, BRODERFOLKENES VEL (Prosperity of the
Brother Countries, i.e. Sweden and Norway) above.
RV: 25 / RE within oak wreath, DATE dividing,

(crossed hammers)(mintmark) below.
EDGE: Plain
MINT:(crossed hammers) = RoyalMint,KONGSBERG
ENGRAVER: I.T. = Ivan Thronsen, 1879-1926
REFERENCE: Y-24, H-15, R-239
POPULATION: Norway - 1892 - 2,000,000 with capital

Christiana with 143,300 inhabitants.
FOOTNOTE: Haakon VII, born August 3, 1872; the second son,

Carl, King of Denmark, elected King of Norway by the Storting,
November 18, 1905; accepted the crown through his grandfather,
the late King Christian of Denmark. By Treaty of January 14, 1814,
Norway was ceded to the king of Sweden by the King of Denmark,
but the Norwegian people declared themselves independent and
1900 - 25 RE - OBVERSE elected Prince Christian Frederick of Denmark as their King. The
====================================================================== Statesman's Year-Book, London, 1916.

====================================================================== ======================================================================
NORWAY, KINGDOM of
KONGSBERG MINT FOOTNOTE: Sweden and Norway were long united in one King-
====================================================================== dom, but separated on October 31, 1905. The Danes and Norwe-
25 RE 17MM .600 FINE 2.42 GRAMS gians speak practically the same tongue and both understand the
====================================================================== older Swedish form of their closely related languages. On January
1, 1925 the name of Christiania was changed to Oslo, the ancient
1909 600,000 name which the city bore for 600 years. The capital of Norway
1911 400,000 had been known as Christiania for 300 years.
1912 200,000
1913 400,000
1914 399,600
1915 1,032,300
1916 368,000
1917 400,000
1918 800,000
1919 1,600,000
OV: Crowned cross of monogram 7 over H (Haakon

VII) with rose in center, ALT o FOR o NOR o GEO (Everything for
Norway) around.
RV: Arms of Norway (Crowned Lion with Ax,

rampant) NORGE . DATE, above, (triquetra), left and right,
(crossed hammers) (mintmark) 25 RE o, below.
EDGE: Plain
REFERENCE: Y-39, H-10, R-252
Nordiske Monter by John Chr. Holm, Copenhagen,

1969
Montkatalog by Frovin Sieg, Ulbserg, 1973
Norges Mynter Og Pengesedler Etter 1874 by Bjorn Arms of Norway

Ronning, Oslo 1972.
FOOTNOTE: - The Coat of Arms of Norway dates back to the
POPULATION: Norway - 1921 - 2,641,855 13th century. Originally the Lion and in 1280 the Crown of Olaf
on the Lions head and Axe were added.

SWITZERLAND
====================================================================== ======================================================================
Mintage continuing:
1931 1,000,000 CL530

1932 1,000,000 CL531
1934 2,000,000 CL532
1936 400,000 CL533
1937 1,000,000 CL534
1939 1,000,000 CL535
1940 2,002,000 CL536
1941 200,000 CL537
1942 2,969,000 CL538
1943 4,573,000 CL539
1944 7,455,000 CL540
1945 4,928,000 CL541
1946 6,817,000 CL542
1948 6,817,000 CL543
1950 7,148,000 CL544
1951 8,530,000 CL545
1952 14,022,800 CL546
1953 3,567,200 CL547
1955 1,320,000 CL548
1956 4,250,000 CL549
1957 12,084,800 CL550
1958 11,557,500 CL551
1959 12,581,000 CL552
1960 14,528,000 CL553
1961 6,906,000 CL554
1962 18,272,000 CL555
1963 27,640,000 CL556
1909 - 2 FRANC 1964 17,400,000 CL557
BERNE MINT - OBVERSE 1965
1966
23,240,000
10,008,000
CL558
CL559
====================================================================== 1967 16,096,000 CL560
SWISS CONFERERATION, HELVETIAN REPUBLIC
BERNE MINT OV: Standing Helvetia, spear in right hand, shield
====================================================================== with Swiss cross held by left hand, 22 stars around, A.BOVY
2 FRANC 18MM .835 FINE 2.5 GRAMS left at rim, INCT. right at rim, HELVETIA below
======================================================================
RV: 2 FR. / DATE within wreath of oak and
1875 1,000,000 CL503 honeysuckle tied with ribbon below / B (mintmark) below.
1877 1,000,000 CL504
1878 1,000,000 CL505 EDGE: Reeded
1879 1,000,000 CL506
1881 1,000,000 CL507 MINT: B = BERNE
1882 1,000,000 CL508
1896 28 CL510 rare ENGRAVER: A. Bovy = Antoine Bovy
1898 1,600,000 CL511
1899 400,000 CL512 MARK: INCT. = Inceptor (Originator)
1900 400,000 CL513
1901 200,000 CL514 REFERENCE: Y-30, KM-23
1903 800,000 CL515
1904 400,000 CL516 POPULATION: Switzerland - 1930 - 4,066,400
1905 600,000 CL517
1906 1,000,000 CL518 FOOTNOTE: The 1896 Swiss 2 franc issue was struck for the
1907 1,200,000 CL519 Geneva Exhibition and is extremely rare.
1908 800,000 CL520
1909 1,000,000 CL521 FOOTNOTE: Except for this first issue of 1850-51 and the second
1910 1,000,000 CL522 type dated 1894, which were produced by the Paris mint, all of the
1913 800,000 CL523 Swiss 2 Franc coinage were minted at the Federal Mint, Berne.
1914 2,000,000 CL524 Listings are in mint order and chronological. Currency of Switzer-
1916 800,000 CL525 land - 100 rappen = 1 franc. Switzerland has the longest running
1920 5,400,000 CL526 series without changes in the design of it's silver coinage and
1921 6,000,000 CL527 ending in 1967. The last of the circulation silver coins of this series
1928 1,000,000 CL528 was only superseded by two countries; Canada 1968 and Nether-
1929 2,000,000 CL529 lands Antillies (the last one) 1970.
======================================================================
ENCYCLOPEDIA OF SMALL SILVER COINS - SWITZERLAND - PAGE 518

======================================================================
PARIS MINT
======================================================================
======================================================================
1850 1,875,474
1851 2,123,078
OV: Seated Helvetia pointing left, shield with Swiss

cross held by left hand, Alps in background, HELVETIA above,
A.BOVY left / (hand) (grayhound head) below.
RV: 2 FR. / DATE within wreath of oak and

honeysuckle tied with ribbon below / A (mintmark) below.
EDGE: Reeded
MINT: A = PARIS
DESIGNER: F.Fisch
ENGRAVER: A. Bovy = Antoine Bovy
DIRECTOR: (hand) = C.L.J.Dierickx, Paris mint

Director
1909 - 2 FRANC - REVERSE
ENGRAVER: (grayhound head) = Jean- Jacques Barre
======================================================================
Chief Engraver, Paris mint
PARIS MINT
REFERENCE: Y-26, DT-308, CL509, KM-8
======================================================================
FOOTNOTE: Under the Swiss Confederation, individual Cantons
======================================================================
provided for the minting of coins. The series listed here followed
shortly after the Constitution of 1848 with the supremacy of the
1894 800,000
federal over the cantonal powers. National legislation was vested
in a federal assembly of two houses; The Council of States, con-
OV: Standing Helvetia, spear in right hand, shield
sists of two delegates from each Canton, much like the United
with Swiss cross held by left hand, 22 stars around, A.BOVY
States Senate, while the National Council is elected by the people
left at rim, INCT. right at rim, HELVETIA below
on the basis of universal manhood suffrage. The National Execu-
tive is not a single person, but a committee of seven, called the
RV: 2 FR. / 1894 within wreath of oak and
Federal Council and elected by the Federal Assembly. Although
honeysuckle tied with ribbon below / A (mintmark) below.
one of the seven presides under the title of President of the Coun-
cil, his authority is hardly greater than that of his colleagues. A very
EDGE: Reeded
interesting feature developed by the Swiss democracy is the di-
rect share in law-making secured to the people by means of two
MINT: A = PARIS
devices, the referendum and the popular initiative. By the referen-
dum, laws passed by the legislature are referred for a final verdict
ENGRAVER: A. Bovy = Antoine Bovy
to a popular vote. The popular initiative coincides the right to a
certain number of voters to frame a bill which must be submitted to
INCT. = Inceptor (Originator)
the people for adoption or rejection. Political discussion and re-
sponsibility so stirred the energies of the people that Switzerland
REFERENCE: Y-30, DT-309, KM-23
developed a remarkable prosperity. An excellent public-school
system stamped out illiteracy. German, French and Italian are all
Die Munzen per Schweiz by Jean-Paul Divo and
official languages with Romansch derived from Latin the language
EdwinTobler, Zuricj 1969
of the Canton Graubunden, a small area in the Alps.
HMZ Katalog, Hilterfingen 1972
FOOTNOTE: Helvetia, The old Latin name of Switzerland, The offi-
cial name of the country is Helvetian Republic, given to the repub-
The Coinage of Switzerland by Robert L. Clarke, San
lic by the French in 1798. The modern name Switzerland takes its
Diego 1968
name from the Canton of the Schwyz, one of the founder cantons
of the Swiss Confederation.
POPULATION: Switzerland - 1892 - 2,933,334 with
capital Berne with 47,150 inhabitants.
FOOTNOTE: Between 1865 and 1926 Switzerland was a member

of the Latin Monetary Union along with Belgium, France, Greece
and Italy, with several other countries issuing at one time or an-
other coinage to the same standards of the Latin Monetary Union.
======================================================================.
ENCYCLOPEDIA OF SMALL SILVER COINS - SWITZERLAND - PAGE 519

SYRIA
====================================================================== ======================================================================
1929 - 10 PIASTRES - OBVERSE 1929 - 10 PIASTRES - REVERSE

====================================================================== ======================================================================
SYRIA, REPUBLIC of
PARIS MINT FOOTNOTE: Syria formerly part of the Ottoman Empire, is bounded
====================================================================== by Turkey and Kurdistan on the north, Transjordania and Palestine
10 PIASTRES 17MM .680 FINE 2.0 GRAMS on the south, Mesopotamia on the east and the Mediterranean Sea
====================================================================== to the west. At the end of the First World War, the Peace Treaty of
Versailles in distributing the conquered territories, assigned Syria
(1930) 1929 1,000,064 which had been occupied by the French troops, to France under a
mandate.The territory was divided into the Republic of Lebanon,
OV: Large center arabesque design, arabic Alaouites which is known as Lakakia and Syria which comprises
inscription = The State of Syria, within panel above n (star) in the states of Damascus and Aleppo. The French High commis-
center date 1929 in French and Arabic within panel below with sioner exercised the rights and powers of an absolute monarch.
o (circle) in center ( 1929 o PXQX) Reports from Syria indicate business decreased, that the country
was overrun with bandits and that life and property were not
RV: Within inner circle, arabic denomination piastres safe. Censorship was maintained over the press and nothing un-
/ arabic [Y / 10 / PIASTRES/ above , within panel below (ETAT favorable to the French interests was allowed to be published.
Syria was proclaimed a republic September 16, 1941.
DE SYRIE = State of Syria), design left and right.
======================================================================
EDGE: Reeded
MINT: (no mintmark) = PARIS
ENGRAVER: Louis Bazor

Damascus with 170,000 inhabitants.
FOOTNOTE: This issue dated 1929 was struck at the Paris mint
in 1930 similar to a 1929 Essai.
FOOTNOTE: The Paris mint struck another one year type at the
same time for Republic of Lebanon. Both of these are considered
by the author to be very rare in Gem Unc. Syria today
ENCYCLOPEDIA OF SMALL SILVER COINS - SYRIA - PAGE 520

TARIM
====================================================================== ======================================================================
AH 1315 -12 CHOMSIHS - OBVERSE AH 1315 -12 CHOMSIHS - REVERSE

====================================================================== ======================================================================
TARIM, HADRAMAUT, Province of
BIRMINGHAM MINT FOOTNOTE: The specimen shown above is a proof strike with
====================================================================== plain edge and the H mintmark, Ex Wayte Raymond Collection.
12 CHOMSIHS 18MM .900 FINE 1.55 GRAMS
====================================================================== FOOTNOTE: James Sweeny in his book on the Heaton Mint indi-
cates these coins were first ordered by Sheik Abou Bakar Bin
(1898) AH 1315 8,400 frozen date Mohammed Ba Yusef.
(1899) AH 1315 8,400
(1900) AH 1315 16,800 FOOTNOTE: Hadramaut, a district on the south coast of Arabia,
(1902) AH 1315 16,800 bounded on the west by Yemen, on the east Oman and on the
(1904) AH 1315 16,800 north by the Dehna desert. It consists of a plateau, cut into deep
(1924) AH 1315 49,945 ravines, between a strip of coastland and the range of hills which
(1926) AH 1315 49,945 bound the interior desert. The climate is dry but healthy, the inhab-
itants mainly of south arabian stock, and the chief pursuits agricul-
OV: Within inner circle, arabic number XPY (910) / ture, cattle - breeding, date, indigo, and tobacco cultivation. The
arabic inscription / arabic PRPT (AH 1315) / year, within chief towns are Shibam, Saiyun, Tariba and Terim (Tarim). The
wreath of laurel tied with ribbon below / H (mintmark) below. population is estimated at 150,000.
RV: Within inner circle, arabic denomination PQ (12) FOOTNOTE: Tarim is the capital of the province of Hadramaut and
within wreath of laurel tied with ribbon below. consists of five Bilads, districts, each of which is inhabited by a
separate tribe. Each district has its palace belonging to one of the
EDGE: incised ooooo five brothers Al Kaff. The Al Kaff family, secure their revenues
from large commercial undertakings in Java and Singapore and
MINT: H = THE MINT, BIRMINGHAM LTD. maintain caravans run by their own Bedouins to transport to Tarim
the goods which they have purchased in Singapore. Tarim is en-
REFERENCE: Y-2, TA2 circled by a broad palm belt. It is a city of running streams and
sparkling white minarets and skyscrapers in the desert. These
A Numismatic History of the Birmingham Mint, quarters of the rich and the poor and the palaces of the sultans are
James O. Sweeny, Birmingham, 1981. all built the same. Every house, every city is a self-contained fort.
Usually the ground floor, which is used to accommodation of goods
FOOTNOTE: This issue was struck at The Mint, Birmingham be- or animals, is windowless; the Arabs themselves live in the upper
tween 1898 and 1926 all dated AH 1315 for the firm of Al Kaff & stories. The houses are built of mud. Labor is cheap, building
Co., Singapore with total mintage of 167,090. The unusual denomi- materials even cheaper, bricks of clay mixed with straw are baked
nation is named after the famed linguist Noam Chomsih, with 120 in the sun so hard that the buildings from which they are con-
chomsihs (cents) = 1 ryal (Maria Theresa thaler). structed last for centuries. Land Without Shade, Hans Helfritz,
1936.
ENCYCLOPEDIA OF SMALL SILVER COINS - TARIM - PAGE 521

======================================================================
FOOTNOTE: Maria Theresa thaler , the same with which the great
Empress paid her war reparations to Frederick the Great, some
hundred and fifty years later are still legal tender in Southern
Arabia. Being withdrawn from circulation in Austria, they strangely
found their way into these far lands, and no other currency had
been able to replace them. A few small states mint lowers value
coins of copper and silver. The thalers have been used in the
manufacture of ornaments and for the sheaths and hilts of dag-
gers. Thus the supply of currency, which steadily decreases, has
to be renewed from time to time. Through British agents silver is
transported to Vienna, where new Maria Theresa thalers are minted
in the old pattern still dated 1780. The coins are then shipped via
Trieste to Aden, where the National Bank of India forwards them
under military escort to the Southern Arabian states.
FOOTNOTE: The Hadramaut is a far smaller area than is generally

represented on most maps where the whole area between Aden
and Oman is marked Hadramaut. A short distance from the coast
The Hadramaut with city - Tarim
there is a steep-sided range of mountains, the highest point of
which is Jebel Tsahura, 8,000 feet above sea level. At the top of FOOTNOTE: The Hadramaunt territory until the 1930's was totally
this range is a bare plateau, that is intersected by valleys, called lawless and unorganized, now has a very fair degree of security,
wadis, dried-up river beds, in many cases with almost perpen- achieved by the patient efforts of the handful of British represen-
dicular sides of many hundreds of feet in height. One of these tatives. The emigration of thousands of Hadhramis to the Nether-
valleys is the great Wadi Hadramaut which reaches a breath of lands East Indies was for a century a main source of wealth to the
less than ten miles and some hundred miles long. important cities of the Wadi - Tarim, Sayyun, Shibam - and, though
this resource is now no more, the East Indies and Dutch influences
in the Hadhramaunt are still visible, and have been a progressive
agency; these imposing wilderness-surrounded cities remain, within
the small circle of their social and religious elite, strikingly ad-
vanced and even luxurious. The Middle East, S.H. Longrigg, Lon-
don, 1963.
Palace of a sultan
ENCYCLOPEDIA OF SMALL SILVER COINS - TARIM - PAGE 522

THAILAND
====================================================================== ======================================================================
1941- BE 2484 10 SATANG - OBV 1941- BE 2484 10 SATANG - REV

====================================================================== ======================================================================
THAILAND, KINGDOM of
BANGKOK MINT FOOTNOTE: On June 24, 1939 the Siamese people celebrated the
===================================================================== seventh anniversary of their first constitution and on that day the
10 SATANG 19MM .650 FINE 2.5 GRAMS government officially changed the name from Siam to Thailand.
====================================================================== The name Siam originally belonged to a city in the northern part of
the country, when that territory was ruled by another people, In
1941 (BE 2484) u/m time the Thai people came down from the north and were ruled as
vassals to the ruling class until they rebelled. The Chinese used
OV: Around a center hole, design above, 10 in the name Sayam for the people living in the city of that name and it
Siamese, left, 2 characters, right, Siamese inscription below. became corrupted by the Europeans to Siam. Subsequently the
country became know as Siam. Now the people are called Thai
RV: Around a center hole, design above, Buddhist and the country Thailand. Thai means Free. King Prajadhipok
date 2484 in Siamese below, within center circle, multi-point (b.1893) ruled from 1925 to 1935 and died at his home in England
burst, around. May 25, 1941. He was only five feet tall and weighed 98 pounds,
but he was fond of polo, golf and tennis. Until 1932 Thailand was
EDGE: Reeded governed under an absolute monarchy. In that year a coup detat
was effected and a new constitution declared that the supreme
MINT: (no mintmark) = BANGKOK power belonged to the people, the King exercising power only
with the consent and advise of the peoples representatives.
REFERENCE: Y-56 Prajadhipok abdicated March 2, 1935, the Crown passed to his
nephew, Ananda Mahidol (born Sept.20, 1925).
FOOTNOTE: The monetary unit of Thailand (Siam) is the baht (also
called the tical) with 100 satang equal to 1 tical. ======================================================================
======================================================================
A temple in Siam Thailand today

ENCYCLOPEDIA OF SMALL SILVER COINS - THAILAND - PAGE 523
TIBET
====================================================================== ======================================================================

====================================================================== ======================================================================
TIBET, Under Chinese Authority
CHENGDU MINT
======================================================================
======================================================================
(1903) (nd) 822,805 rare
OV: Head of Kuang Hsu wearing mandarin cap, with

pigtail, facing left.
RV: 4 Chinese characters around rosette in center

(Made in Szechuan Province) arabesques design, around.
EDGE: Reeded
MINT: (no mintmark) = CHENGDU, Szechuan

Province, China
REFERENCE: Y-1
FOOTNOTE: The Tibet or Szechuan Rupee series of rupee, 2

rupee and this 3 rupee were designed to replace the Victorian
rupee series issued first by the British East India Company, which
as they were of good silver quality had become widely accepted
by the natives of Tibet and crossing the border into western China.
The Imperial Chinese Government in an effort to replace this for-
eign coinage struck starting in 1903, this new series showing a
mandarin with cap and pigtail (said to be Emperor Kuang Hsu)
facing left similar to the Victorian portrait. Since the natives were
mostly illiterate, the rupee coins were well received in Tibet and
the design was struck for many years first at Chengdu and later at Chinese Emperor Kuang-hs
Kanting (Kang-ting). The smaller coins were not as well received
and did not continue to circulate. The Victoria 3 rupee is shown as
part of the Indian series. ======================================================================
ENCYCLOPEDIA OF SMALL SILVER COINS - TIBET - PAGE 524

====================================================================== ======================================================================
FOOTNOTE: Tibet, a country in central Asia in the Himalayas with

an elevation of 16,000 ft. above sea-level, the highest plateau in
the world. The people speak Tibetan with an almost endless num-
ber of dialects. Polyandry is a custom of the people, all the broth-
ers in a family having the same wife. Though nominally dependent
on China the real rulers of Tibet having for many years been the
Lamas, whose authority is vested in the Dalai Lama at Lhasa.
There is a Chinese Resident at Lhasa, who officially represents
China and is known as the Amban. From very early days Tibet was
the object of explorers, but owing to its position their journeys
were fraught with much difficulty, and up to the time of the British
Expedition of 1904 no European had succeeded in penetrating to
Lhasa. Of the early history of Tibet little is known. In 1720 the
country was brought under Chinese rule. India had always been
anxious to open up trade with Tibet and between 1872 and 1886
three different missions were organized but were given up. In
1888 the Chinese invaded Sikkim and a military expedition was
sent to drive them out, which resulted in a treaty in 1890. The
Lamas not having been consulted in the matter they took offense,
and revenged themselves by trying to bring about a treaty with
Russia. Further inroads were made into Sikkim, and Lord Curzon,
then Viceroy of India, came to the conclusion that strong mea-
sures were necessary. Colonel F.E.Younghusband was sent with
an escort to see if he could come to terms, but he was unable to do
anything. It was then decided to send an armed expedition, and in
December 1903 Colonel Younghusband with General Roland
MacDonald in command of the troops set out, and after some
severe fighting they reached Lhasa on August 3, 1904 and the
Dalai Lama fled. Peace was concluded in September by a treaty
which provided against further incursions into Sikkim and estab-
lished British trade marts, and also prevented any foreign power
receiving concessions in the country; the Tibetans also had to pay Native of Tibet and a yak
an indemnity; China signed an agreement to this in April 1906. A ======================================================================
treaty with Russia was concluded in the following year. In 1908
the Dalai Lama was reinstated in Lhasa by Chinese authority, but FOOTNOTE: Tibet, extending from the Pamir region eastwards
an insurrection taking place Chinese troops were sent to quell it between the Himalayan and Kwen-lun mountains to the frontiers
and came into collision with the Dalai Lama, and this resulted in his of China, has a population estimated at 6,500,000. the only census
being deposed by China, and he fled to India hoping to obtain help ever taken was by Chinese in 1737 and showed a population of
from the British in 1910. When later a revolution broke out in China, 316,300 lamas (monks) and 635,950 laity. Lhasa, the capital has
the Tibetans took the opportunity to rise against the Chinese and in from 15,000 to 20,000 inhabitants. The country being bleak and
August 1912 a treaty was signed which agreed that the Chinese mountainous and strangers having been jealously excluded, wide
should leave the country, and return to China by way of India. The regions are still unexplored. The head of the government is the
Dalai Lama then returned. Dalai Lama, who resides at the Po-ta-la (or palace0 near Lhasa.
The Statesman's Year-Book, London ,1916.
====================================================================== ======================================================================
The Palace of the Grand Lama

Pictures - Roddy's Complete Geography, 1902.
====================================================================== ======================================================================
ENCYCLOPEDIA OF SMALL SILVER COINS - TIBET - PAGE 525

TUNISIA
====================================================================== ======================================================================
TUNISIA, PROVINCE OTTOMAN EMPIRE TUNISIA, PROVINCE OTTOMAN EMPIRE
TUNIS MINT TUNIS MINT
====================================================================== ======================================================================
8 KHAROUBS 18MM .835 FINE 1.55 GRAMS 1/2 PIASTRE/8 KHAROUBS 18MM .835 FINE 1.52 GRAMS
====================================================================== ======================================================================
(1865) AH 1282 u/m (1879) AH 1296 u/m

(1866) 1283 u/m (1880) 1297 u/m
(1867) 1284 u/m (1881) 1298 u/m
(1870) 1287 u/m
(1871) 1288 u/m OV: Arabic inscription (Mohamed / Sadok / Tunis
(1872) 1289 u/m (mintmark) / AH DATE in arabic) within wreath of laurel tied with
(1873) 1290 u/m ribbon below.
(1874) 1291 u/m
(1875) 1292 u/m RV: Arabic inscription (Sultan / - El Ghazi [1 for
(1876) 1293 u/m denomination] Abdul / Hamid Khan) within wreath of palm tied
with ribbon below.
OV: Arabic inscription (Mohamed / Sadok / Tunis
(mintmark) / AH DATE in arabic) within wreath of laurel tied with EDGE: Reeded
ribbon below.
MINT: TUNIS = TUNIS
RV: Arabic inscription (Sultan / Abdul Azia / Khan)
within wreath of palm tied with ribbon below. REFERENCE: C-193, S-39, KM-181
EDGE: Reeded FOOTNOTE: The French Protectorate of Tunis dates from May 12,
1881. Before the French came, there were roving nomads who
MINT: TUNIS = TUNIS made a business of stealing.
REFERENCE: C-176, S-17, KM-160 FOOTNOTE: The unit of value of Tunis is the sebili equal to 16
kharoubs which is also known as 1 piastre
FOOTNOTE: The listings from 1865 through 1891 AD of Tunisia .
were minted at the Provincial mint at Tunis. With the French admin- FOOTNOTE: Mohammed VI Sadok, Bey (1859-82 AD) is the nomi-
istration, starting with 1891 AD all the coins were minted at the nal head of the government, assisted by nine ministers - seven
Paris mint. Listings are in date order. French and two native. There is also the Minister of Foreign
Affairs, who is the French Resident General. He is virtually the
FOOTNOTE: Tunis formed part of the Roman province of Africa. In Viceroy. New International Encyclopedia, 1910.
1575 AD Sinan Pasha conquered and incorporated Tunis with the
Ottoman Empire, and gave it a new constitution. The government FOOTNOTE: Mohammed VI es Sadok, Bey died October 1882 and
was placed in the hands of a Turkish Pasha, a divan or council, was succeeded by his brother Ali IV. This Prince reigned until
composed of the officers of the Turkish garrison, and the Com- 1902, the throne then passed to his son Mohammed VII, when his
mander of the Janizaries. After a few years, however, an insur- cousin Mohammed VIII en Nasr became Bey.
rection of the soldiery broke out, and a new government was
established, the head of which was a Dey possessing very ======================================================================
limited authority; the chief power being at first exercised by the TUNISIA, REGENCY of (French Protectorate)
military divan. Gradually, however, an officer with the title of TUNIS MINT
Bey, whose original functions were confined to the collection of ======================================================================
tribute and taxes, acquired a supremacy over the other authorities 1/2 PIASTRE/8 KHAROUBS 18MM .835 FINE 1.6 GRAMS
and finally obtained a King of sovereignty, which Murad Bey suc- ======================================================================
ceeded in making hereditary. The family of Murad Bey ruled Tunis
for 100 years, and gained considerable renowned both by their (1882) AH 1299 u/m
conquests on the mainland, and their piratical enterprises against
Christian powers at sea. During the 18th Century, it became tribu- OV: Arabic inscription (Struck / in / Tunis (mintmark)
tary to Algiers. About the beginning of the 19th Century, Hamuda / AH 1299 in arabic) within wreath of laurel tied with ribbon
Pasha threw off the Algerian yoke, subdued the Turkish militia, and below.
created a native Tunisian Army; in consequence of which Tunis
virtually attained independence. The rulers, Achmet Bey (1837 RV: Arabic inscription (Mohamed / Sadok / Bey)
AD), Mohammed Bey (1855 AD) and Mohammed Sadok Bey (1859 within wreath of palm tied with ribbon below.
AD), have proved liberal, enlightened, and reforming sovereigns.
By a firman of October 25, 1871 AD, the Sultan renounced the EDGE: Reeded
tribute formerly exacted, and fixed the future relations of the Sub-
lime Porte to Tunis. The Bey is to receive his investiture from MINT: TUNIS = TUNIS
Constantinople; without the Sultans authority, he can neither de-
clare war, conclude peace, nor cede territory; the Sultans name REFERENCE: Y-1, S-46, KM-201
must appear on all the coinage; the army must be at the disposal of
the Porte. In internal matters, however, the power of the Bey FOOTNOTE: Tunisia was a French Protectorate from 1881 until
remains absolute. Tunis the capital has population stated at 120,000. 1956 when it became an independent sovereign state.
Library of Universal Knowledge, N.Y., 1880.
ENCYCLOPEDIA OF SMALL SILVER COINS - TUNISIA - PAGE 526

1885 - AH1302 - 2 PIASTRE - OBV 1885 - AH1302 - 2 PIASTRE - REV
====================================================================== ======================================================================
TUNISIA, REGENCY of (French Protectorate)
TUNIS MINT FOOTNOTE: The Barbary States occupy all the northern part of
====================================================================== Africa west of Egypt, and comprise four countries whose interior
1/2 PIASTRE/8 KHAROUBS 18MM .835 FINE 1.6 GRAMS boundaries are not definitely fixed. The surface is generally rug-
====================================================================== ged and rocky. Morocco, Algeria, and Tunis [Tunisia] are traversed
by the Atlas Mountains, which are covered with fine forests. The
(1883) AH 1300 u/m coast belt is called the "Till," and consists of undulating arable
(1884) 1301 u/m lands. Tripoli and the interior of the other countries present the
(1885) 1302 u/m surface features of the Great Desert, the Sahara. These countries
(1886) 1303 u/m received their name from the native Berbers who are farmers and
(1887) 1304 u/m form the largest part of the population. Tunis the capital of Tunis
(1888) 1305 u/m [Tunsia] is near the site of the ancient city of Carthage.
(1889) 1306 u/m
(1890) 1307 u/m FOOTNOTE: Tunis, the capital city, is situated on a salt lagoon
(1891) 1308 u/m connected with the bay of Tunis by a narrow channel, where is
the Port of Goletta, there being another salt lake on the other side
OV: Arabic inscription (Struck / in / Tunis (mintmark) of the city. Both Tunis and Goletta are built of material of ancient
/ AH DATE in arabic) within wreath of laurel tied with ribbon Carthage. Almost the only building of importance is the Palace of
below. the Bey in the Moorish style; the bazaars are also interesting.
Winstons Encyclopedia, 1918.
RV: Arabic inscription (Ali Mudah / Bey) within .
wreath of palm tied with ribbon below.
======================================================================
EDGE: Reeded
MINT: TUNIS = TUNIS
FOOTNOTE: France in 1830 seized the north African Province of

Algeria, only slightly smaller than France itself, with a population of
over 5,000,000 including 800,000 of European origin. Tunisia lies
to the east of Algeria. The Tunisian tribes were accused by the
French of trouble on the border and in 1881 France dispatched
troops into Tunisia. The Province was occupied and its ruler
forced to surrender the administration to the French Government.
The French Minister Resident is now the virtual ruler of the coun-
try. Under French administration the Tunisian debt has been con-
solidated, commerce has increased, the means of transit have
been improved, and a number of primary schools established. The Tunis in 1880
resident army of occupation numbers 10,000 men.
======================================================================

======================================================================
PARIS MINT
======================================================================
======================================================================
1891 AH 1308 1,470,000 VG-4158
OV: Arabic inscription (Ali Madah / Bey / Tunis) /

value in arabic TY (50) / arabic AH [RYW (AH 1308)
between palm and laurel branches.
RV: Within inner circle, TUNISIE / 50 CENTIMES /

1891 / (cornucopia) A (mintmark) (fasces), design with 6 stars,
around
EDGE: Reeded
MINT: A = PARIS
DIRECTOR: (cornucopia) = Jean-Louis Ruau 1879-91
TYPE: I - Circulating issue
1891- AH1308 - 50 CENTIMES - OBV REFERENCE: Y-15, S-69, KM-223

======================================================================
POPULATION: 1892 - 1,650,000 with capital Tunis.
FOOTNOTE: The reigning family of Tunis, occupants of the throne
since 1705, descended from Husseim ben Ali, commonly believed FOOTNOTE: With the issue of 1891 the coinage of Tunisia was
to be a native of the Isle of Crete, who made himself master of the struck at the Paris mint with the same standards as France, the
country, acknowledging, however, the suzerainty of the Sultan of equivalent of the Latin Monetary Union with 100 centines equal to
Turkey. After the French invasion of the country in the spring of 1 franc.
1881, the treaty of Kasr-es-Said (May 12, 1881), confirmed by
convention signed June 8, 1883, placed Tunis under the protection ======================================================================
of France. The Statesman's Year-Book, London 1916. TUNISIA, REGENCY of (French Protectorate)
====================================================================== PARIS MINT
======================================================================
======================================================================
1892 AH 1310 1,000 VG-4177

1893 1311 1,000 VG-4197
1894 1312 1,000 VG-4228
1895 1313 1,000 VG-4256
1896 1314 1,000 VG-4283
OV: Arabic inscription (Ali / Bey / Tunis) / value in

arabic 50 / arabic AH DATE between palm and laurel branches.

DATE / (cornucopia) A (mintmark) (fasces), design with 6
stars, around.
EDGE: Reeded
TYPE: II - Non-circulating issue
FOOTNOTE: Beginning with the French occupation of Tunisia, a

local coinage was minted at Paris starting with 1891. After this
one year, a special issue was minted starting in 1892 with a very
1891- AH1308 - 50 CENTIMES - REV small mintage of 1,000 each year for most years until 1928. These
====================================================================== must have been presented to officials and dignitaries.

====================================================================== ======================================================================
TUNISIA, REGENCY of (French Protectorate) TUNISIA, REGENCY of (French Protectorate)
====================================================================== ======================================================================
====================================================================== ======================================================================
1897 AH 1315 1,000 VG-4309 1903 AH 1321 1,003 VG-4499

1898 1316 1,000 VG-4358 1904 1322 1,003 VG-4533
1899 1317 1,000 VG-4385 1905 1323 1,003 VG-4561
1900 1318 1,000 VG-4411 1906 1324 1,003 VG-4580
1901 1319 1,000 VG-4436
1902 1320 1,000 VG-4467 OV: Arabic inscription (Muhammed Al-hadi / Bey /
Tunis) / value in arabic 50 / arabic AH DATE between palm and
OV: Arabic inscription (Ali / Bey / Tunis) / value in laurel branches.
arabic TY (50) / arabic AH DATE between palm and laurel
branches. RV: Within inner circle, TUNISIE / 50 CENTIMES /
DATE / (cornucopia) A (mintmark) (torch), design with 6 stars,
RV: Within inner circle, TUNISIE / 50 CENTIMES / around
around EDGE: Reeded
EDGE: Reeded MINT: (cornucopia) A = PARIS
MINT: (cornucopia) A = PARIS ENGRAVER: (torch) = Henri-Auguste Patey 1896-1930
ENGRAVER: (torch) = Henri-Auguste Patey 1896-1930 TYPE: II - Non-circulating issue
TYPE: II - Non-circulating issue REFERENCE: Y-15, S-69, KM-230
POPULATION: 1900 - 1,900,000 with capital Tunis FOOTNOTE: The Tunisian 50 centimes dated AD 1907 - AH 1325
with 170,000 inhabitants of which 50,000 are Europe begins with February 14, 1907 and the issue dated AD 1912 - AH
ans and 40,000 native Jews. 1330 continues to December 11, 1912, some 10 1/2 and 11 1/2
months respectively. The coins dated AD 1914 - AH 1332 and AD
REFERENCE: Y-15, S-69, KM-230 1914 - AH 1333 cover 322 days and 43 days accordingly with the
Paris Mint reporting a combined mintage of 201,006. For some
FOOTNOTE; Bedouins, dwellers of the desert, a Mohammedan reason there was no issue with dates from January 1 - November
people of Arab race inhabiting chiefly the deserts of North Africa, 8, 1915 (equal to AD 1915 - AH 1333), but there was a larger
Egypt, Syria and Arabia. They lead a nomadic existence in tents, production of 707,177 coins dated AD 1915 - AH 1334, the short
huts, caverns, and ruins, associating in families under Shiks or in period, November 9 - December 31, 1915 of 53 days. The follow-
tribes under Emirs. In respect of occupation they are only ing year has AD 1916 - AH 1334 for the balance of this Moslem
shephards, herdsmen, and horse-breeders, varying the monotony year AH 1334, followed by coins dated AD 1916 - AH 1335 (Octo-
of pastoral life by raiding on each other and plundering unpro- ber 28 - December 31st, 65 days). The combined mintage was
tected travelers whom they consider trespassers. They are igno- 3,613,799. The last circulating year 1917 was divided; AD 1917 -
rant of writing and books, their knowledge being purely traditional AH 1335 for January 1 - October 16, 1917 and AD 1917 - AH 1336
and mainly genealogical. They are lax in morals, and unreliable for the period October 17 - December 31, 1917 of 76 days with
even in respect of the code of honor attributed to them in poetry combined issue of 2,139,191. The Paris mint may have records of
and fiction. In stature they are undersized, and though active, they the individual mintages and some explanation why only these years
are not strong. The ordinary dress of the men is a long shirt girt at had both AD and AH dates indicating production over a period of
the loins, a black or red and yellow handkerchief for the head, and months within the years. As a collector of this series for nearly 30
sandals, of the women, loose draws, a long shirt, and a large years, I have never seen the last circulating 50 centimes dated AH
dark-blue shawl covering the head and figure. The lance is the 1336 and 1917, which may therefore be rare.
favorite weapon. Cabinet Cyclopaedia, 1896.
======================================================================
FOOTNOTE: The Tunisia 50 centimes series were dated both with

the French AD dates and the Moslem AH dates and as the Islamic
calendar is based on the Moon, varies from month to month and
year to year with the new year starting at a different time from the
Gregorian or Christian New Years of January 1st. The Moham-
medan day begins at Sunset, what we call Thursday evening, a
Moslem will call Friday evening. The first month of the New York is
called Muharram with 30 days. The second month is named Safar,
followed by; Rabi I, Rabi II, Jamada I, Jamada II, Rajab, Sahban,
Ramadan, Shawwal, Du-l-quadah, and Dul-l-hijjah. The odd months
of the year have 30 days and the even months 29 days. The
Moslem calendar was established 10 years after the Flight of
Mohammed from Mecca to Medina. The Moslem Era begins with
the Hijra (Flight for the sake of God) and is therefore called
ANNO HIJRA (AH) which means In the year of the Flight.
Date Palms
======================================================================

1916 -AH1335 - 50 CENTIMES - OBV 1916 - AH1335 - 50 CENTIMES - REV
====================================================================== ======================================================================
TUNISIA, REGENCY of (French Protectorate) TUNISIA, REGENCY of (French Protectorate)
====================================================================== ======================================================================
====================================================================== ======================================================================
1907 AH 1325 201,006 VG-4596 1908 AH 1326 2,006 VG-4622

1912 1330 201,006 VG-4733 1909 1327 1,003 VG-4652
1914 1332 201,006 VG-4829 1910 1328 1,003 VG-4689
1914 1333 included above VG-4829 1911 1330 1,003 VG-4709
1915 1334 707,177 VG-4842 1913 1332 1,003 VG-4777
1916 1334 3,613,799 VG-4859 1918 1337 1,003 VG-4895
1917 1335 2,139,191 VG-4879 1920 1339 1,003 VG-4946
OV: Arabic inscription (Muhammed Al Nasr Madah / OV: Arabic inscription (Muhammed Al Nasr / Bey /
Bey / Tunis) / value in arabic TY (50) / arabic AH DATE between Tunis) / value in arabic 50 / arabic AH DATE between palm and
palm and laurel branches. laurel branches.
RV: Within inner circle, TUNISIE / 50 CENTIMES / RV: Within inner circle, TUNISIE / 50 CENTIMES /
DATE / (cornucopia) A (mintmark) (torch), design with 6 stars, DATE / (cornucopia) A (mintmark) (torch), design with 6 stars,
around around
MINT: (cornucopia) A = PARIS MINT: (cornucopia) A = PARIS
ENGRAVER: (torch) = Henri-Auguste Patey 1896-1930 ENGRAVER: (torch) = Henri-Auguste Patey 1896-1930
TYPE: I - Circulating issues TYPE: II - Non-circulating issue
POPULATION: Tunisia - 1908 - 1,926,650 REFERENCE: Y-29, S-83, KM-237
REFERENCE: Y-29, S-83, KM-237 POPULATION: Tunisia - 1911 - 1,780,526
FOOTNOTE: Tunisia is a French Protectorate under the administra-

FOOTNOTE: The reigning Bey of Tunisia, Sidi-Muhammed Al Nasr tion of Bey Muhammed Al-Habib [1922-1928]. He was born August
succeeded May 12, 1906. He was born July 14, 1855., suc- 13, 1858. The government is carried on under the direction of a
ceeded his cousin, Sidi Mohammed el Hadi. French Resident General.

====================================================================== ======================================================================
PARIS MINT
======================================================================
======================================================================
1922 AH 1341 1,003 VG-5009

1923 1342 2,009 VG-5047
1924 1343 1,003 VG-5077
1925 1344 1,003 VG-5119
1926 1345 1,003 VG-5153
1927 1346 1,003 VG-5180
1928 1347 1,003 VG-5199
OV: Arabic inscription (Muhammed Al-Habib / Bey /

Tunis) / value in arabic TY (50) / arabic AH DATE between palm
and laurel branches.

around
EDGE: Reeded
TYPE: II - Non-circulating issue

Tunisian merchant
======================================================================
POPULATION: Tunisia - 1926 - 2,159,708 with about
60,000 French including the Army of Occupation.
FOOTNOTE: The special yearly issue of around 1,000 - 50 cen-

times for Tunisia was last struck by the Paris mint dated 1928.
Each issue carried the Arabic inscription naming the reigning Bey.
As the monarchs succeeded each other, the inscription changed,
thus the different type listings. It may be of interest that the author
after nearly 30 years of collecting this Modern Dime Size Silver
Coins of Tunisia has never seen any of these non-circulating
coins offered for sale or listed in any price list. All French numis-
matic catalogues, however, continue to list this series, and it is
believed that some may appear on the French numismatic market
from time to time.
======================================================================
Arabs at camp
======================================================================
FOOTNOTE: The population of Tunis in 1911 was estimated at

1,780,527, but no proper census has ever been taken. The major-
ity of the population consists of Bedouin Arabs and kabyles. The
French population totaled 46,044, exclusive of the army of occu-
pation. The capital city of Tunis, had 164,608 Moslems, and 43,000
Jews, besides 69,475 French, Italians and Maltese. The chief in-
dustry is agriculture. Native industries are spinning and weaving
of wool garments, carpet weaving, leather embroidery, saddle
making, the manufacture of slippers, pottery (in the ancient style),
and matting; tanning and silk weaving are declining.
Bedouin camp in the Sahara

======================================================================
FOOTNOTE: The French have, to a large extent, stopped nomad
stealing, built telegraph lines, railways, roads, and now the auto-
mobile and bus travel for thousands of miles over good roads in
Tunisia, Algeria and parts of Morocco are safe. The chief exports
of Tunisia are; wheat, barley, olives and palms. In the south of
Tunisia there are about 2,138,598 date palms. The cork forests in
the north-west have an area of 348,270 acres.
======================================================================

TURKEY
====================================================================== ======================================================================
TURKEY, OTTOMAN EMPIRE
CONSTANTINOPLE MINT
======================================================================
======================================================================
(1845) AH 1255 Year 7 u/m

(1846) 8 u/m
(1847) 9 u/m
(1848) 10 u/m
(1849) 11 u/m
(1850) 12 u/m
(1851) 13 u/m
(1852) 14 u/m
(1853) 15 u/m
(1854) 16 u/m
(1857) 19 u/m
(1858) 20 u/m
(1859) 21 u/m rare
OV: Toughra (Lord, Abdul Majid, Son of Mahmud,

The Ever Victorious), with flower to right, 12 stars around /
Regnal YEAR in arabic below.
RV: Arabic inscription( ABDUL MEJID / FE ZARBE /

CONSTANTINOPLE / [QTT (AH 1255 = Abdul Mejid, May his
Victory be Glorious / in struck / Constantinople [mintmark] /
1255 AH accession year), 12 stars around.
EDGE: Reeded AH 1255 - YEAR 8 -1846

MINT: Arabic Constantinople = CONSTANTINOPLE 2 PIASTRES - OBVERSE
======================================================================
REFERENCE: C-289, NP-894
FOOTNOTE: The 2 piastres with accession year 1255 AH, regnal

year 21 was only identified recently, thus rare and possible
unique. (WCN Vol.16,No.6 2/7/89).
FOOTNOTE: The 2 piastres series listed starts with 1845 AD, the
Year 7 of Abdul Mejid of the Ottoman Empire. All the coinage was
struck at the Constantinople mint. Listings are in chronological
order.
======================================================================
Sultan Abdul Mejid AH 1255 - Year 8 -1846

2 PIASTRES - REVERSE
====================================================================== ======================================================================
ENCYCLOPEDIA OF SMALL SILVER COINS - TURKEY - PAGE 532

====================================================================== FOOTNOTE: The streets of Constantinople are very curious. There
FOOTNOTE: The Turkish or Ottoman Empire was formerly of vast are no wharfs or levees on the water fronts of the city; buildings
extent, and one of the most powerful on the globe. Though much come down to the sides of the streets, and extend into the water.
reduced, it is still a large, populous and influential State. The gov- These streets, commence at the waters of the Golden Horn,
ernment is despotic. The Sovereign, styled The Grand Seignor or Bosphorus and Marmora, and run up over hills of Stamboul and
Sultan unites in himself all the powers of the states, and dis- Pera, with no more regularity than would be expected in the trails
poses of the lives and property of his subjects at pleasure. His of a herd of swine, starting from the same points on these waters,
Prime minister is called the Grand Vizier, and the government or where the streets do; and, wandering at will, over these hills - the
Court, the Ottoman Porte or The Sublime Porte. In religion, the trail of each hog marking the line of a street. Few of the streets are
Turks are Mohammedans. They came originally from Tartary in more than ten feet wide; all are paved with cobble stones, and
Asia, and in 1227 AD overthrow the Empire of the Saracens, and most of them ascend the hills, with broad steps, rising above each
in 1453 AD, took Constantinople, and put an end to the Eastern other like stairways; no vehicles being used on them. These nar-
Roman Empire. The Turks are well formed, dignified, graceful and row streets are enclosed with an unbroken wall of buildings on
imposing in their appearance. They are honest, grave, courageous, either side, that look exceeding dirty, dingy and dilapidated; they
and noted for their hospitality to strangers. They are ignorant, are constructed after a primitive order of architecture; the second
indolent, and in religion, intolerant. They shave their heads, instead and third stories, projecting over the first, so as almost to meet
of their beards, wear turbans instead of hats, loose robes instead overhead; nearly excluding the sun and daylight. There are no
of coats, and sit on cushions instead of chairs, and in eating, use vehicles; everything is carried on the backs of donkeys, mules and
their fingers instead of knives and forks. Olneys Geography, 1849. camels, and upon the backs and heads of men and women. Occa-
====================================================================== sionally one will observe the van of a long string of camels, mules
or asses heavily laden with brick, stones and mortar. These ani-
mals are driven along the streets by yelling Arabs, without bridles
or halters. Peddlers carrying their wares and merchandise in great
platters on their heads; shouting in strange and unknown tongues,
making the streets ring with their cries for customers. Gyre Thro
The Orient, J.I.Taylor, Princeton, 1869.
FOOTNOTE: Abdul Mejid Khan, Sultan of Turkey, born in 1823 AD,

succeeded his father, Mahmud II, July 1, 1839 AD. At the time of his
accession Mehemet, Pasha of Egypt, had a second time risen
against the Turkish yoke; his son Ibraham had inflicted a severe
defeat on the turks at Nizib (June 24, 1839 AD), and was advanc-
ing on Constantinople. But the intervention of the leading European
powers checked the designs of Mehemet Ali, and saved the Turk-
ish Empire. Abdul Mejid was desirous of carrying out reforms, but
most of them remained inoperative, or caused bloody insurrec-
tions where attempts were made to carry them out. Owing to
disputes between the Latin and Greek Churches regarding the
rights of precedence and possession at the Holy Places in Pales-
tine, and to demands made by the Czar virtually implying the right of
protectorate over the Christian subjects of the Sultan, war broke
Turkish cart out between Turkey and Russia in 1853 AD. In the following year
the Porte effected an alliance with France and England and later
====================================================================== on with Sardinia. The allies of the Sultan made the Crimea the
scene of their land operations, and in 1855 AD, Sebastopol fell.
FOOTNOTE: Three piastres for a days work - It was all this that The Treaty of Paris (1856 AD) restored to Turkey the command of
we lost over three houses; one in the city of Constantinople, one at both sides of the lower Danube, excluding the Czar from his as-
Beshiktask, and one at Therapia. Our city house was princely. It sumed protectorate over the Danubian Principalies of Wallachia
was destroyed in a fire that broke out so near that nothing was and Moldavia (later known as Rumania), and closed the Black Sea
saved, I being away at the time, and only a watchman in the house. against all ships of War. Troubles broke out in the Lebanon in 1860,
I expended eighteen thousand piastres upon the reception room, a French army was dispached to restore order. Abdul Mejid died
when three piastres for a days work of carpenter, mason, or June 25, 1861 AD, and was succeeded by his brother Abdul Aziz.
painter. The ceiling represented the heavens, blue with silver New International Encyclopedia, 1910.
stars; and there was richly carved wood-work which our arti-
sans now can not make. Others have them to bear as well as we. ======================================================================
Among the Turks by Cyrus Hamlin, N.Y.,1878..
FOOTNOTE: The Sick Man of Europe - The reformers made one

last effort to retrieve the situation in 1876 AD by staging a coup
detat and proclaiming a constitution of the Western type calling for
the assembly of the first Turkish Parliament. Abdul Hamid II, the
new Sultan, allowed the regime to function just long enough to
prevent further intervention by the Western Powers, then be pro-
rogued the parliament, abolished the constitution, and restored the
traditional despotism. In spite of the defeat by Russia in the war of
1877-78 AD, which led to complete independence for Rumania,
Serbia, and Montenegro and the autonomous status for Bulgaria
under Russian protection the sick man of Europe, as Turkey
became known in the Western press, exhibited remarkable pow-
ers of survival and recuperation.
Constantinople
====================================================================== ======================================================================

Sultan Abdul Aziz
.======================================================================
CONSTANTINOPLE MINT
======================================================================
AH 1277 - YEAR 3 -1863 ======================================================================
2 PIASTRES - OBVERSE (1861) AH 1277 Year 1 u/m rare

======================================================================
TURKEY, OTTOMAN EMPIRE OV: Toughra, 12 stars around / Regnal YEAR in
CONSTANTINOPLE MINT arabic below.
======================================================================
2 PIASTRES 18MM .830 FINE 2.4055 GRAMS RV: Arabic inscription( ABDUL AZIZ / FE ZARBE /
====================================================================== BURSA / [QVV AH 1277 = Abdul Aziz / in struck / Bursa / 1277
AH accession year), 12 stars around.
(1861) AH 1277 Year 1 u/m rare
(1862) 2 u/m rare EDGE: Reeded
(1863) 3 u/m rare
(1865) 5 u/m rare MINT: (no mintmark) = CONSTANTINOPLE
OV: Toughra (Lord, Abdul Aziz, Son of Mahmud, The REFERENCE: Y-10A, NP-926
Ever Victorious, 12 stars around / Regnal YEAR in arabic below.
TYPE: The inscription denotes struck in Bursa to
RV: Arabic inscription (ABDUL AZIZ / FE ZARBE / commemorate the Sultans visit to the city of Bursa.
CONSTANTINOPLE / [QVV (AH 1277 = Abdul Aziz / in struck /
Constantinople [mintmark] / 1277 AH accession year), 12 FOOTNOTE: Sultan Abdul Aziz, thirty-second Sultan of the Otto-
stars around. man Empire, succeeded his brother on June 25, 1861 AD. He was
the second son of Mahmud II. A fanatic Moslem, he secretly en-
EDGE: Reeded couraged the massacres of Balkan Christians. As reports of the
slaughters reached the west, protests increased against these
MINT: Arabic Constantinople = CONSTANTINOPLE horrors. Rebellions in Bosnia, Montenegro and Crete were insti-
gated, but put down. By 1874 AD, the Christians were driven to
REFERENCE: Y-10, NP-932 desperate revolt in all the Balkan states, encouraged by Russia,
they would no longer submit to Turkish oppression. Sultan Abdul
FOOTNOTE: 2 piastres in Turkish is one kilik. Aziz was the first Sultan to travel outside of the Ottoman Empire
except in war, traveling through Europe in 1867 AD, visiting the
FOOTNOTE: Constantinople, the City of Constantine the name Paris Exposition and squandering enormous funds on building new
given by Constantine to Byzantium when he made it the Eastern palaces. The revolt in Crete took his attention, war with Greece
Capital of the Empire, Stamboul or Istanbul, at the city, is the was probable and the state of the treasury precluded efficient
modern Turkish name. reform. The Greek difficulty was arranged by a conference at
Paris. Ismail Pasha, Khedive of Egypt, took advantage of the Sultans
FOOTNOTE: The Sultan Abdul Hamid II, a despot of the worst sort, financial embarrassment to obtain important concessions, among
shut himself up more and more in his palace and left the govern- them a new law of succession for his house and nearly all the
ment to greedy and unscrupulous officials. Modern improvements prerogatives of an independent sovereign. Still in financial trouble
such as the telephone were forbidden on the grounds that they he declared his government bankrupt in 1874 AD, repudiating all its
might be used to aid conspiracies; all printed matter was submitted debts due the European Powers. He was deposed on May 30,
to a rigid censorship; and and government spies were every- 1876 AD, and on June 4 was found dead in his apartments. Details
where. Comptons Pictured Encyclopedia, Chicago, 1922. of what happened to Sultan Abdul Aziz may never be known,
whether he died by assassination or suicide

AH 1293 - YEAR 30 AH 1293 - YEAR 30
1906 - 10 PARA - OBVERSE 1906 -10 PARA - REVERSE
====================================================================== ======================================================================
CONSTANTINOPLE MINT FOOTNOTE: This issue was struck in very low silver fineness
====================================================================== known as billion. 10 para (piece, portion) is a coin of copper, silver
10 PARA 18MM .100 FINE 1.98 GRAMS or mixed, though most generally of copper, in use in Turkey and
====================================================================== Egypt; it is the fortieth part of a piastre, is divided in to three
aspers, and varies much in value, owing to the debased and
(1901) AH 1293 Year 25 u/m complicated condition of the Turkish coinage. New International
(1902) 26 u/m Encyclopedia, 1910.
(1903) 27 u/m ======================================================================
(1904) 28 u/m
(1906) 30 u/m
OV: Toughra with El Ghazi (The Conqueror) to right,

(Lord, Abdul Hamid, Son of Adbul Majid, The Ever Victorious) /
Regnal YEAR below, within design around.
RV: Above cresent outline, n / [Y (arabic value 10)

[QXR (AH 1293 = AH accession year). Within cresent outline,
arabic inscription (AZE NASRAH ZARBE FE CONSTANTINOPLE =
May His Victory be Glorious, struck in Constantinople
[mintmark]).
EDGE: Plain
MINT: Arabic Constantinople = CONSTANTINOPLE
REFERENCE: Y-25, NP-997
Osmanlilarda Madeni Paralor by Nuri Pere, Istanbul,

1968
Constantinople by the waterfront
The Ever Victorious by Jem Sultan,SantaMonica,1971 ======================================================================
FOOTNOTE: At the close of May 1876 AD, Amurath or Murad V,
Coins of the Ottoman Empire and The Turkish Abdul Aziz nephew, was proclaimed Sultan. His uncles death may
Republuc, Jam Sulton (Bill Holberton) Twelves have had an effect on him for he was soon seen incapable of
Oakes,California, 1977 reigning, found to be an imbecile. Murad V, son of Abdul Mejid,
reigned only three months, when he was deposed as an imbecile,
POPULATION: Ottoman Empire - 1900 - 40,440,000 His younger brother was made Sultan Abdul Hamid II in 1876 AD.
with capital Constantinople with 1,136,00 inhabitants. and succeeded to the throne.

====================================================================== FOOTNOTE: Abd-ul-Hamid II, Thirty-fourth Sultan of Turkey was
TURKEY, OTTOMAN EMPIRE born September 22, 1842, the second son of Sultan Abd-ul-Medjid.
CONSTANTINOPLE MINT In 1876 excited by events in Bosnia and Herzegovina and by the
====================================================================== Bulgarian revolt, fearing a general uprising of the Balkan Christians
2 PIASTRES 18MM .830 FINE 2.34 GRAMS with Russian intervention, Turks turned against Sultan Abdul Aziz.
====================================================================== On May 29, he was seized and imprisoned. On the following day
Murad V was installed as Sultan only to be deposed two months
(1876) AH 1293 Year 1 10,000 rare later after being judged insane. On June 4, 1876 Abdul Aziz died
under mysterious circumstances and was officially declared to
OV: Toughra with flower to right, arabic inscription have committed suicide. On August 31 Abdul Hamid II was pro-
(Lord, Abdul Hamid Son of Abdul Mejid, the Ever Victorious) / claimed Sultan of the Ottoman Empire. He was the son of a slave
Regnal YEAR in arabic below, 12 stars around. dancing girl of the household of Sultan Abdul Medjids sister. Pal-
ace rumors which spread far beyond the walls, tell the unsub-
RV: Arabic inscription AZE NASRAH / FE ZARBE / stantiated story that Abdul Hamids father was a Armenian cook
CONSTANTINOPLE / [QXR (AH 1293 = May his Victory be named Tablakiar Nichan. The story goes that when Abdul Medjid
was informed of the birth of a second son, his first question was
Glorious / in struck / Constantinople [mintmark] / AH accession
By which woman? with many women in his harem, this can be
year), 12 stars around.
understood. A week passed before the Sultan acknowledged the
baby boy as his son. The palace gossip was that Abdul Medjid
EDGE: Reeded
closely questioned the babys mother, Faiche, learning that con-
ception had taken place in the bath of the Seraglio, as she re-
minded him. Abdul Hamid spent his early life within the walls of the
harem, where he grew up among the slaves, females and eu-
REFERENCE: Y-28
nuchs, most of whom were uneducated, very superstitious, and
fanatically religious. His mother died at age twenty-six when he
FOOTNOTE: This is one of the most rare Turkey 2 piastres issues,
was seven. His father, Sultan Abdul Medjid died of consumption at
as only 4 pieces are known.
age thirty nine. He grew up with a feeling of insecurity; the mys-
terious death of his uncle Sultan Abdul Aziz and the alleged insan-
ity of his half-brother Murad V, the gossip concerning his parent-
age added to his feeling of inferiority. The succession to the throne,
according to Turkish custom, vests in the senior male descendant
of the House of Othman, sprung from the Imperial Harem. The
Sultan does not marry, but from the inmates of the harem selects a
certain number who are known as Ladies of the Palace, the others
occupying positions subordinate to them. All children born in the
harem are held to be legitimate and equal birth. The eldest son of
the Sultan only succeeds where there are no uncles or cousins of
greater age than himself. Abdul Hamid II had several children. At
the time Turkey, which was a war with Serbia, was compelled to
agree to an armistice at the demand of Russia. The persecution
and oppression of the Christian population of Bulgaria had roused
remonstrances from other European countries, and a congress
met at Constantinople to consider a constitution which the Porte
had proclaimed. The conference was a failure, and in April 1877
AD, war was declared by Russia. During the sanguinary struggle
which ensued the Turks fought with great bravery, but they had
ultimately to sue for peace. A treaty was signed at San Stefano in
February 1878 AD, but its provisions were modified by a congress
of the Great Powers which met at Berlin. Turkey was compelled to
part with some of its choicest provinces, while the Sultan also
ceded the Island of Cyprus to be occupied and administrated by
Britain, which in turn agreed to guarantee his Asiatic dominions to
the Sultan. Abdul Hamids reign was further disturbed in 1885 AD,
by a revolution in Eastern Roumelia, the people of which have
FOOTNOTE: Constantinople (the City of Constantine) called by the
elected to be joined to Bulgaria. In 1897 AD, a rising in Crete,
Turks Stamboul, from the Greek eis ten polin, (into the city), capi-
brought on by Turkish misgovernment, was assisted by Greece
tal of the Ottoman Empire, situated on a promontory jutting into the
and led to war between that country and Turkey. Armenians in-
Sea of Marmora, having the Golden Horn, an inlet of the latter, on
spired an attempt, on July 21, 1905 AD, to assassinate the Sultan
the north and the Bosporus on the east. The city proper is thus
with a bomb, which killed about twenty of his followers.
surrounded by water on all sides excepting the west, where is an
ancient and lofty double wall of 4 miles in length, stretching across
the promontory. On the opposite side of the Golden Horn are Galata,
Pera, and other suburbs, while on the Asiatic side of the Bosporus
entrance is Skutari. Occupying the extreme point of the promon-
tory on which the city stands is the Seraglio or Palace of the
Sultan, which with its buildings, pavilions, gardens, and groves,
includes a large space. At the principal entrance is a large and lofty
gate, called Bob Humayum, the high door or Sublime Porte from
which has been derived the well-known diplomatic phrase...The
streets are mostly extremely narrow, dark, dirty, and ill paved, and
exceedingly crooked and tortuous. Population - Constantinople
(c.1885 ) - 873,565. Cabinet Cyclopaedia, 1895. Moslems at prayers facing Mecca

======================================================================
CONSTANTINOPLE MINT
======================================================================
======================================================================
(1883) AH 1293 Year 8 102,500 scarce

(1884) 9 605,000
(1886) 11 5,115,000
(1887) 12 325,000
(1888) 13 30,000 rare
(1891) 16 980,000
(1892) 17 3,736,000
(1893) 18 22,750 rare
(1894) 19 3,506,500
(1895) 20 2,420,000
(1896) 21 21,000 rare
(1897) 22 2,980,000
(1898) 23 3,138,500
(1899) 24 1,490,000
(1900) 25 14,250 rare
OV: Toughra with El Ghazi to right, arabic inscription

(Lord, Abdul Hamid Son of Abdul Mejid, the Ever Victorious) /
Regnal YEAR in arabic below, 12 stars around.
AH1293 - Year 8 - 1883 RV: Arabic inscription (AZE NASRAH / FE ZARBE /

2 PIASTRES - OBVERSE CONSTANTINOPLE / [QXR AH 1293 = May his Victory be
====================================================================== Glorious / in struck / Constantinople [mintmark] / AH accession
year), 12 stars around.
FOOTNOTE: Sick Man of the East, a name popularly given to the
Turkish Empire, which under Soliman the Magnificent (1495-1566 EDGE: Reeded
AD), reached the summit of its prosperity, and has ever since
steadily declined. A record of misrule - As we look back over the MINT: Arabic Constantinople = CONSTANTINOPLE
history of Turkey we can trace long centuries of criminal injustice
and misrule. We find the Turkish population left stagnant and TYPE: I - Large Toughra
corrupt, subject nations crushed and oppressed, industry chocked,
agriculture undeveloped, the farmer robbed, the poor oppressed, POPULATION: Ottoman Empire - 1890 - 43,391,000
womanhood despoiled, manhood sensualized, and childhood cor-
rupted. Turkish misrule was concentrated and personalized in REFERENCE: Y-33, NP-986
Abdul Hamid II, who was the thirty-fourth ruler in succession to
Othman. His reign lasted from 1876 to 1909 AD. This man, whom ======================================================================
Gladstone called Abdul the Dammed, during his rule was re-
sponsible for misery of over a million souls if we include the num-
ber subjected to torture, mutilation, rape, robbery, and slavery. Sir
William M. Ramsay says Abdul Hamid II, has a fair claim to rank
among the greatest destroyers of human kind that have ever
stained the pages of history. Responsible for half a million deaths,
a still larger number have suffered permanently from destitution,
torture, mutilation, loss of property, of honor, etc. Not one spark of
any grand or great quality illumined his life or ennobled his fall
.The New Era in Asia by Sherwood Eddy, Nashville,Tenn.,1913.
FOOTNOTE: Constantinople, called Stamboul by the Turks, is the

capital of the Turkish Empire. The palace or Seraglio of the Sultan
occupies the extreme portion of the promontory on which the city
is located. Many portions of the city have narrow streets, covered
with filth, and there are large areas with miserable houses of
wood and clay. Among the newer improvements are electric and
gas lights, pavements, rapid transit, and a telephone system. Sev-
eral great fires did much damage to the older portions of the city,
which resulted in improvements and buildings on a more modern
European style. Among the manufactures are tobacco pipes, per-
fumes, morocco leather, saddlery, fez caps, embroideries, tex-
tiles, earthenware, and machinery. Vast forests extend for miles
around the city. Population of Constantinople; 1,031,845 (c.1906).
Practical American Encyclopedia., 1910.
Sultan Abd-ul-Hamid II
======================================================================

FOOTNOTE: The Revolution of 1908 AD - In 1891 AD, a group of
young Turks formed themselves into The Committee of Union and
Progress. Their headquarters were successively in Geneva,
Paris, and Salonica. Their first public success was winning the
troops stationed in Salonica and Manastir. Here the army took the
oath of allegiance to the Committee. Officers who opposed were
shot. The leaders opened up telegraphic communications with the
Sultan in Constantinople. When he learned that the troops were
against him and that even the long-loyal Albanians had joined the
movement, he yielded to the insistent and immediate demand for
the revival of the constitution of 1876 AD, which had remained in
force only a few months. On the 24th of July, 1908 AD, the Sultan
granted this Constitution to the people, providing for a responsible
Ministry, a Senate and a Chamber of Deputies, the right of public
meetings, freedom of the press, the appointment of Judges for life,
compulsory primary education, and religious liberty. To this Consti-
tution the Sultan solemnly swore fidelity upon the Koran itself.
When the first ballott-boxes were opened for the election of the
representatives of the people, little girls dressed in white stood in
lines upon either side, while the voters marched by with flags and
songs of joy. Parliament was opened on December 18, 1908 AD,
by Abdul Hamid II himself. This crafty Abdul Hamid, however, was
only biding his time. Enlisting the services of members of the Lib-
eral Unionist Party, using bribery and corruption, he spread disaf-
fection among the troops about Constantinople against the Liberal
Leaders. On April 13, 1909 AD, the troops rose, shot the Liberal
Officers, seized the Parliament Buildings, and drove out the Young
AH 1293 YEAR 33 -1908 Turk Party. Once again in possession of power, Abdul Hamid sent
his order to Cilicia to kill the Armenians, who were showing some
2 PIASTRES - OBVERSE signs of independence. The Young Turk leaders quickly rallied at
====================================================================== Salonica, hurried the troops by rail toward the capital, and within
TURKEY, OTTOMAN EMPIRE eleven days arrived within striking distance of Abdul Hamids Pal-
CONSTANTINOPLE MINT ace itself. The Senate reassembled, and the Sheik-ul-Islam, The
====================================================================== High Priest of the Mohammedan Faith, read a Proclamation depos-
2 PIASTRES 18MM .830 FINE 2.405 GRAMS ing the Sultan on grounds of treason and misgovernment. On the
====================================================================== 28th of April the Young Turks regained possession of
Constantinople and seized Abdul Hamid, who was sent on a spe-
(1901) AH 1293 Year 26 16,800 rare cial train as a prisoner to Salonica. He was forced to abdicate the
(1902) 27 4,688,500 throne in May of 1909. The New Era in Asia by Sherwood Eddy,
(1903) 28 7,566,500 Nashville, Tenn., 1913.
(1904) 29 7,775,000
(1905) 30 1,365,700 FOOTNOTE: An interesting story is told of episodes of Abdul Hamids
(1906) 31 3,014,500 government - An American mission college imported some el-
(1907) 32 1,625,000 ementary chemistry textbooks from England. The consignment was
(1908) 33 2,172,000 held up in the customs office and the professor in charge was
(1909) 34 included above rare informed that the volumes were highly seditious. When he ex-
pressed surprise, he was told a dangerous cipher against the
OV: Toughra with El Ghazi to right, arabic inscription Sultan had been discovered, and he was shown the familiar for-
(Lord, Abdul Hamid Son of Abdul Mejid, the Ever Victorious) / mula for water, H 2 O. It was gravely explained to him that H
Regnal YEAR in arabic below, 12 stars around. undoubtedly indicated Abdul Hamid, and 2 even more clearly
connoted Second; while O was a palpable covering for noth-
RV: Arabic inscription AZE NASRAH / FE ZARBE / ing. The cipher therefore obviously read, Abdul Hamid II equals
nothing - a deliberate incitement to treason!.The Course of Eu-
CONSTANTINOPLE / [QXR (AH 1293 = May his Victory be rope since Waterloo, New York, 1941.
Glorious / in struck / Constantinople [mintmark] / AH accession
year), 12 stars around. ======================================================================
EDGE: Reeded
TYPE: II - Small Toughra
POPULATION: Ottoman Empire - 1908 - 35,400,000

as Turkey gives up territory in the Balkans.
FOOTNOTE: At the present day Turkey is mainly indebted for its

existence to the support of foreign powers. Complete Compen-
dium of Universal Knowledge, Phila.,1891. Constantinople - 1895
======================================================================

======================================================================
CONSTANTINOPLE MINT
======================================================================
2 PIASTRES 18.75MM .830 FINE 2.405 GRAMS
======================================================================
OV: Toughra with Reshad to right, arabic inscription

(MEHMED V RESHAD) / Regnal YEAR in arabic below, 12 stars
around.
RV: Arabic inscription AZE NASRAH / FE ZARBE /

BURSA / [RQV (AH 1327 = May his Victory be Glorious / in
struck / Bursa / AH accession year), 12 stars around.
EDGE: Reeded
MINT: (no mintmark) = CONSTANTINOPLE
TYPE: This issue was struck to commemorate the

Sultans visit to City of Bursa dated AH 1327 year 1.
REFERENCE: Y-A50B, NP-1033
AH 1327 - YEAR 5 -1913 FOOTNOTE: Mohammed V succeeded April 27, 1909 AD, on the
deposition of his brother Abdul Hamid II, He was born November 3,
2 PIASTRES - OBVERSE 1844, and had spent many years in seclusion before he was taken
from his virtual prison to ascend the throne of Turkey. Under the
======================================================================
Constitution of 1908 AD, the Sultan, who is the Protector of the
Moslem Faith, appoints and dismisses Ministers, concludes trea-
CONSTANTINOPLE MINT
ties with foreign powers, declares war, is head of the military and
======================================================================
navel forces, and can dissolve the Chamber of Deputies, but a
new election must follow within six months. Winstons Encyclo-
======================================================================
pedia, 1918
(1909) AH 1327 Year 1 5,157,300
FOOTNOTE: The unit of value in 1910 was the piastre worth 4.4
(1910) 2 11,120,000
cents in United States money. 100 piastre equal one pound
(1911) 3 6,109,600
Turkish.
(1912) 4 4,031,450
(1913) 5 300,750 rare
======================================================================
(1914) 6 1,884,200
CONSTANTINOPLE MINT
OV: Toughra with Reshad to right, arabic inscrip-
======================================================================
tion Lord, Mohamed, Son of Abdul Mejid, The Ever Victorious) /
Regnal YEAR in arabic below, 12 stars around.
======================================================================
RV: Arabic inscription (AZE NASRAH / FE ZARBE /
CONSTANTINOPLE / [RQV (AH 1327 = May his Victory be
Glorious / in struck / Constantinople [mintmark] / AH acces- OV: Toughra with Reshad to right, arabic inscription
sion year), 12 stars around. (MEHMED V RESHAD) / Regnal YEAR in arabic below, 12 stars
around.
EDGE: Reeded
MINT: Arabic Constantinople = CONSTANTINOPLE EDIRNE / [RQV (AH 1327 = May his Victory be Glorious / in
struck / Edirne / AH 1327 accession year), 12 stars around.
EDGE: Reeded
FOOTNOTE: The Ottoman Empire is rich in minerals, which include
gold, silver, lead, iron, and coal, but there is little mining. Nearly all
land is owned by the government, and tithes are collected on all
agricultural produced. Much of the land is devoted to pasturing
sheep, goats, and cattle. Manufacturing is done by hand, and
Sultans visit to City of Edirne dated AH 1327 year 2.
comprises silks, cotton stuffs, mohair cloth, carpets, rugs, sweet-
meats, wine, soap and hammered brass. There are few railroads
REFERENCE: Y-A50E, NP-1036
or roads, and trade is of little importance. The Turks are haughty
bigoted and domineering, and therefore not very successful in
FOOTNOTE: On April 17, 1916, an order was issued reforming
ruling their subjects. Geography, H.Justin Roddy, New York, 1902.
the currency to a gold standard, with the piastre equal to 40
para. The Statesman's Year-Book, London, 1916.

====================================================================== ======================================================================
TURKEY, OTTOMAN EMPIRE TURKEY, OTTOMAN EMPIRE
CONSTANTINOPLE MINT CONSTANTINOPLE MINT
====================================================================== ======================================================================
2 PIASTRES 18.75MM .830 FINE 2.405 GRAMS 2 PIASTRES 18.75MM .830 FINE 2.405 GRAMS
====================================================================== ======================================================================
(1911) AH 1327 Year 3 12,500 rare (1911) AH 1327 Year 3 12,500 rare
OV: Toughra with Reshad to right, arabic inscription OV: Toughra with Reshad to right, arabic inscription
(MEHMED V RESHAD) / Regnal YEAR in arabic below, 12 stars (MEHMED V RESHAD) / Regnal YEAR in arabic below, 12 stars
around. around.
RV: Arabic inscription AZE NASRAH / FE ZARBE / RV: Arabic inscription AZE NASRAH / FE ZARBE /
KOSOVA / [RQV (AH 1327 = May his Victory be Glorious / in SALANIK / [RQV (AH 1327 = May his Victory be Glorious / in
struck / Kosova / AH accession year), 12 stars around. struck / Salanik / AH accession year), 12 stars around.
MINT: (no mintmark) = CONSTANTINOPLE MINT: (no mintmark) = CONSTANTINOPLE
TYPE: This issue was struck to commemorate the TYPE:: This issue was struck to commemorate the
Sultans visit to City of Kosova dated AH 1327 year 3. Sultans visit to City of Salanik dated AH 1327 year 3.
REFERENCE: Y-A50K, NP-1039 REFERENCE: Y-A50S, NP-1045
====================================================================== ======================================================================
TURKEY, OTTOMAN EMPIRE TURKEY, OTTOMAN EMPIRE
CONSTANTINOPLE MINT CONSTANTINOPLE MINT
====================================================================== ======================================================================
2 PIASTRES 18.75MM .830 FINE 2.405 GRAMS 2 PIASTRES 18.75MM .830 FINE 2.4 GRAMS
====================================================================== ======================================================================
(1911) AH 1327 Year 3 12,500 rare (1915) AH 1327 Year 7 17,460 rare
(1916) 8 398,475 rare
OV: Toughra with Reshat to right, arabic inscription (1917) 9 8,015 rare
around. OV: Toughra with Reshad to right, arabic inscription
RV: Arabic inscription AZE NASRAH / FE ZARBE / around.
MANASTIR / [RQV (AH 1327 = May his Victory be Glorious / in
struck / Manastir / AH accession year), 12 stars around.
CONSTANTINOPLE / AH 1327 = May his Victory be Glorious / in
struck / Constantinople [mintmark] / AH accession year), 12
EDGE: Reeded
stars around.
EDGE: Reeded
MINT: (arabic inscription) = CONSTANTINOPLE
Sultans visit to City of Manastir dated AH 1327 year 3.
REFERENCE: Y-A50, NP-1052
REFERENCE: Y-A50M, NP-1042
======================================================================
Constantinople with 1,200,000 inhabitants.
FOOTNOTE: Sultan Mohammed V was born November 3, 1844,

son of Sultan Abdul Medjid; succeeded to the throne on the depo-
sition of his elder brother, Sultan Abdul Hamid II, April 27, 1909. The
present sovereign of Turkey is the thirty-sixth, in the male descent,
of the house of Othman, founder of the empire, and the twenty-
ninth Sultan since the conquest of Constantinople.The Stateman's
FOOTNOTE: The Turkish pound is reckoned as 100 piastres.

About 11 Turkish pounds are equal to 10 British pounds.
FOOTNOTE: Accounts are usually kept in grush or piastres, a

hundred piastres make a Turkish lira or gold medjidie (value about
36 cents U.S.), and 500 make a purse. Winstons Encyclopedia,
Railway station in Constantinople 1918.
======================================================================

Sultan's Palace on the Bosphorus
======================================================================
FOOTNOTE: Before the War of 1914-18 the Ottoman Empire cov-

ered an immense territory including Armenia, Kurdistan,
Mesopotamia (Iraq), Syria, Palestine, Arabia and the tributary states
of Crete, Sanos, and Egypt. With the defeat of the Turkish Armies
in 1918 a new republic greatly reduced came into being with the
capital moved from Constantinople (Istanbul) to Angora (Ankara).
The Sultan was dethroned and Mustafa Kemal Pasha (later called
Ataturk) became the first President of Turkey in 1923. Ataturk died
on November 10, 1938. He opened a new chapter of history with
the building of modern Turkey and a program of modernization
Sultan Mehmed V with separation of church and state, the banning of polygamy,
====================================================================== freeing women from the harem, the banishment of the fez for men
and the veil for women.
FOOTNOTE: Mohammed VI was born January 12,1861 AD, and
succeeded his brother Mohammed V to the throne of Turkey as FOOTNOTE: Angora, the new capital of the new Turkey consists
Sultan in July 1918. After the rise of the Nationalists under of a red-roofed series of new suburbs scattered far and wide
Mustapha Kemal Pasha and particularly after he signed the Treaty about an ancient weather=blackened town, a compact town clus-
of Sevres, he was merely a figurehead politically, although as tered on the top and sides of a high rattlesnack-inviting hill of
Caliph he was the Supreme authority of the Moslem world. In jagged black rock once well fortified and still surrounded near the
November, 1922 AD,he was dethroned by the Turkish National top by a striking, massive, half-ruined, ancient stone wall. Looking
Assembly and went to Switzerland and France until his death in down upon the growing city from the splendid vantage-point of its
1926 AD. wind-swept, ancient fortified hilltop, one sees important govern-
====================================================================== ment buildings in the middle distance; and for ten miles roundabout
TURKEY, OTTOMAN EMPIRE a beautiful landscape, richly agricultural in soil, though not only
CONSTANTINOPLE MINT treeless but waterless. Hundreds of new houses; houses largely
====================================================================== of stone or brick, mostly covered with stucco. Angora, once was
2 PIASTRES 18.75MM .830 FINE 2.32 GRAMS an unimportant town of some five thousand inhabitants on an
====================================================================== important caravan route. Kemal made it the capital of new Turkey
for very good reasons. It is near the center of what remains of
(1918) AH 1336 Year 1 25,000 rare Turkey, it has strategic advantages, being far from foreign influ-
(1919) 2 3,000 rare ence and capable of defense. No foreign fleet, so often used to
coerce the sultans, can dictate to rulers in Angora. It is attractive
OV: Toughra, arabic inscription (MOHAMMED VI / to the old-fashioned peasants who make up the bulk of the popu-
Regnal YEAR in arabic below, 12 stars around. lation of what is left of Turkey, and who feel scant sympathy for
the exotic ways of Constantinople.The Fringe of the Moslem World,
RV: Arabic inscription (AZE NASRAH / FE ZARBE / Harry Franck 1928.p 245-6
CONSTANTINOPLE / AH 1336 = May his Victory be Glorious / in
struck / Constantinople [mintmark] / AH accession year), 12
stars around. FOOTNOTE: On November 1, 1922 the Grand National Assembly
voted a Resolution declaring the Office of Sultan has ceased to
EDGE: Reeded exist. On October 29, 1923 Mustafa Kemal Pasha was elected the
first President of the Turkish Republic. In 1934 the Turkish Govern-
MINT: Arabic Constantinople = CONSTANTINOPLE ment abolished all titles of official rank. The Assembly by a special
law conferred the surname of Ataturk (meaning Chief Turk) upon
REFERENCE: Y-59, NP-1078 Ghazi Mustapha Kemal.
======================================================================

1936 - 25 KURUS - OBVERSE 1936 - 25 KURUS - REVERSE
====================================================================== ======================================================================
TURKEY, REPUBLIC of
ANKARA MINT
======================================================================
25 KURUS 19MM .830 FINE 3.0 GRAMS
======================================================================
1935 888,000 scarce

1936 10,576,000
1937 8,536,000
OV: Head of Kemal Ataturk, facing left TURKIYE left,

CUMHURIYETI right.
RV: Stalk of wheat, 25 for denomination left KURUS

right, DATE divided.
EDGE: Reeded with triple III i T.C. i III
MINT: (no mintmark) = ANKARA
EDGE MARK: T.C. = Turkiye Cumhuriyeti
ENGRAVER: Medkaley, London
REFERENCE: Y-83
President Mustapha Kemal
POPULATION: Turkey - 1935 - 16,158,000 with capital ======================================================================
Ankara with 123,000 inhabitants.
FOOTNOTE: Ataturk was born Mustafa, of mixed Turkish, Albanian

and Macedonian ancestry in Salonica, then Turkish, but now Greek.
Kemal went to the military academy as a boy and later entered the
army, which was the beginning of his career as soldier and nation
builder. The name Kemal (the perfect one) was given him by a
schoolmaster. Pasha (general) was added by the Sultan and later
dropped for Ghazi (conqueror) after the Greek War. Ataturk, his
latest title, means father of the Turks.
FOOTNOTE: Three times a day from the high minarets of

Constantinople Mosques there sounds the old Mohammedan call to
prayer.
Turkey today
======================================================================

UNITED STATES OF AMERICA

====================================================================== ======================================================================
FOOTNOTE: The ONE DIME coins of the United States of America

beginning with the Liberty Seated Series, are arranged in mint
order and then chronological. The descriptions of the United States
of America series is included in this work for completeness. For
information and earlier dates, the reader is referred to some of the
many fine numismatic books on U.S. coins; particularly the Com-
plete Encyclopedia of U.S. and Colonial Coins, by Walter Breen,
New York, 1988. The few coins illustrated are from the author's
collection. To illustrate this series, contemporary pictures of mines,
cities, ships and other pictures of interest from the periods of the
coinage are shown as a way of highlighting the life of the country
and it's people who used these small coins described.
FOOTNOTE: The U.S. dime (no arrows) of 1873 CC mintmark is

unique in that only one specimen is known is part of the only
complete set of U.S. coins ever assembled, the Eliasberg collec-
tion.
An Early Map of United States

======================================================================
UNITED STATES of AMERICA
CARSON CITY MINT A pack train loaded for a mining camp
======================================================================
ONE DIME 17.9MM .900 FINE 2.49 GRAMS
FOOTNOTE: Late in the spring of 1859 two grizzled miners were
======================================================================
busy with pickax and shovel in the barren wilderness near where
Virginia City, Nevada, stands today. They were digging a reservoir
1871 20,100
to collect water for their crude mining operation. For months the
1872 24,000
gold dust they had been able to wash from the nearby gravel
1873 12,400 rare
banks had scarcely provided a living. At a depth of four feet one of
the miners felt his pickax strike a hard substance, a heavy block
OV: Liberty, wearing Greek chiton, with neck and
dirt very different from the surrounding yellowish gravel and clay.
arms bare, seated to right upon a rock, her head turned to left;
Completely ignorant of the nature of the substance, they washed
she holds in left hand a pole surmounted by liberty cap, the right
it in their rockers. They were disappointed to find, instead of fine
hand supporting the shield of the United States; on a scroll
yellow gold, a much lighter colored metal, barely tinged with a
across the shield, LIBERTY, UNITED STATES OF AMERICA
golden hue. Not long afterwards they sold their discovery for a
small sum, little realizing that it would turn out to be the World-
renowned Comstock Mine, one of the richest bodies of silver ore
RV: ONE / DIME within wreath of cotton, corn,
ever unearthed. The little strip of ground in which this famous ore-
tobacco, wheat, and oak leaves tied with ribbon below / CC
body is situated produced in 30 years more than $300,000,000
(mintmark) below.
worth of silver and gold. This tremendous production affected the
value of silver and upset the money standards of the whole World.
EDGE: Reeded
Tragedy pursued the original discoverers of the huge deposit of
wealth. One Patrick Mclaughlin, died in a few years so poor that he
MINT: CC = CARSON CITY
was buried in a paupers grave. The other, Peter ORiley, died
insane, cherishing the belief that spirits were leading him on to the
DESIGNER: (obv) Christian Gobrecht
discovery of another Comstock. H.T.P.Comstock, giving his name
(rev) James B.Longacre
to it, killed himself ten years later after brooding over the fortune he
had let slip through his hands. Comptoms Pictured Encyclopedia,
REFERENCE: Y-23
Chicago, 1922.
ENCYCLOPEDIA OF SMALL SILVER COINS - UNITED STATES OF AMERICA - PAGE 543

======================================================================
1875 CC - ONE DIME - OBVERSE

======================================================================
CARSON CITY MINT
This Map of Nevada showing Carson ======================================================================
City, c. 1880, predates Las Vegas ======================================================================
====================================================================== 1875 4,645,000

UNITED STATES of AMERICA 1876 8,270,000
CARSON CITY MINT 1877 7,700,000
====================================================================== 1878 200,000
====================================================================== OV: Liberty, wearing Greek chiton, with neck and
1873 18,791 she holds in left hand a pole surmounted by liberty cap, the right
1874 10,817 hand supporting the shield of the United States; on a scroll
across the shield, LIBERTY, UNITED STATES OF AMERICA around
OV: Liberty, wearing Greek chiton, with neck and / DATE below.
she holds in left hand a pole surmounted by liberty cap, the right RV: ONE / DIME within wreath of cotton, corn,
hand supporting the shield of the United States; on a scroll tobacco, wheat, and oak leaves tied with ribbon below / CC
across the shield, LIBERTY, UNITED STATES OF AMERICA (mintmark) below.
EDGE: Reeded
tobacco, wheat, and oak leaves tied with ribbon below / CC MINT: CC = CARSON CITY
(mintmark) below.
EDGE: Reeded (rev) James B. Longacre
MINT: CC = CARSON CITY REFERENCE: Y-23A

TYPE: Arrow heads at each side of DATE.
REFERENCE: Y-24
FOOTNOTE: Carson City named in honor of Christopher Carson; or

as more widely known, Kit Carson the noted frontiersman and
hunter. In an old hayfield

1875 CC - ONE DIME - REVERSE 1912 D - ONE DIME - REVERSE
====================================================================== =====================================================================
FOOTNOTE: Silver is found in ores combined with lead, sulfur, or DENVER MINT
other elements, while gold is one of the few metals that is often ======================================================================
found pure, however, most gold is alloyed with silver. Most of the ONE DIME 17.9MM .900 FINE 2.49 GRAMS
gold output is coined. Its great advantage as money is that usually ======================================================================
it can not be obtained without great labor, and that if fluctuates little
in value. The average output per miner (1909) does not often 1906 4,060,000
exceed $6 to $12 a week, and, counting wages and cost of ma- 1907 4,080,000
chinery, a dollar there fore is expended for each dollars worth of 1908 7,490,000
gold produced. All civilized nations use silver for small coins. The 1909 954,000
price of silver has been declining for thirty years. Because the 1910 3,490,000
value of gold is nearly constant, while that of silver is subject to 1911 11,209,000
fluctuations, gold is a more reliable standard of value. All large 1912 11,760,000
trading countries send gold or silver coin or bullion to foreign lands 1914 11,908,000
to settle trade balances. Thus the imports of coin and bullion in the
United States exceeds the exports partly because the United States OV: Head of Liberty, facing right wearing Liberty
sells more commodities to many foreign countries than it buys from Cap with laurel over the cap; in front hair, a ribbon inscribed
them. The average value of silver per ounce in gold dollars was LIBERTY / B on truncation UNITED STATES OF AMERICA around /
$1.32 in 1871, falling to $1.13 by 1881. Ten years later (1891) it had DATE below.
fallen to $.98, dropping by 1896 to $.67 and to $.59 per ounce by
1898. Commercial Geography, Cyrus C. Adams, N.Y. 1912. RV: ONE / DIME within wreath of cotton, corn,
tobacco, wheat, and oak leaves tied with ribbon below / D
(mintmark) below.
EDGE: Reeded
MINT: D = DENVER
DESIGNER: (obv) B = Charles Barber

REFERENCE: Y-25
FOOTNOTE: The United States monetary system is monometallic,

and has been so since 1873, gold being the standard. The dollar
of 100 cents is of par value 4.8665 dollars to the pound sterling.
The monetary unit is accordance with the monetary law of March
14, 1900, is the gold dollar of 25.8 grains ( 1.6718 gramme) .900
fine. Gold coins called double eagles, eagles and half-eagles are
Colorado and Denver in common use. The silver dollar weighs 412.5 grains or 26.730
grammes .900 fine, and therefore contains 347.25 grains of fine
Shown on an old map silver per dollar. The Statesman's Year-Book, London, 1916.

1912 D - ONE DIME - OBVERSE 1941 D - ONE DIME - OBVERSE
====================================================================== ======================================================================
Interior of silver mine

Bars of silver
======================================================================
FOOTNOTE: Denver - Named in honor of James W. Denver, Ex- 1941 D - ONE DIME - REVERSE
Governor of Kansas. The name was adopted in 1860 upon the
======================================================================
consolidation of the towns of St.Charles and Aurora. Population of
Denver - 1906 - 185,000. Denver is the capital of the State of
FOOTNOTE: A fasces is a bundle of birch or elm rods bound to-
Colorado, situated on the right bank of the South Platte River, 15
gether with a scarlet band (it is this band around the center that is
miles east of the Rocky Mountains. It is well built, having imposing
referred as split bands). The fasces is a Roman symbol of author-
public and other buildings, and is increasing with extraordinary
ity. The axe is used only at times of necessary to show the power
rapidity, being the junction of eight important railway systems, and
of life and death. It was from the fasces the Italian Fascists took
having various flourishing industries. The climate is peculiarly dry
their name.
and salubrious. The town was founded in 1858. The population in
1880; 35,620; in 1889, 85,000; in 1890, 106,713. Cabinet
FOOTNOTE: For grading purposes the clean high split bands de-
Cyclopaedia, 1895.
note superior grade.

======================================================================
DENVER MINT
======================================================================
======================================================================
1916 264,000 rare

1917 9,402,000
1918 22,674,800
1919 9,939,000
1920 19,171,000
1921 1,080,000
1924 6,810,000
1925 5,117,000
1926 6,828,000
1927 4,812,000
1928 4,161,000
1929 5,034,000
1931 1,260,000
1934 6,772,000
1935 10,477,000
1936 16,132,000
1937 14,146,000
1938 5,537,000
1939 24,394,000
1940 21,198,000
1941
1942
45,634,000
60,740,000
1964 D - ONE DIME - OBVERSE
1943 71,949,000 ======================================================================
1944 62,224,000 UNITED STATES of AMERICA
1945 40,245,000 DENVER MINT
======================================================================
OV: Head of Liberty with winged cap, facing left, ONE DIME 17.9MM .900 FINE 2.49 GRAMS
LIBERTY around, IN GOD / WE TRUST lower left, AW back of ======================================================================
neck / DATE below.
1946 61,043,500
RV: Fasces over laurel branch, UNITED STATES 1947 46,835,000
OF AMERICA around above, E PLURIBUS / UNUM (Many 1948 52,841,000
Joined Into One) right / n ONE DIME n around below / D 1949 26,034,000
(mintmark) below. 1950 46,803,000
1951 56,529,000
EDGE: Reeded 1952 122,100,000
1953 136,433,000
MINT: D = DENVER 1954 106,397,000
1955 13,959,000
DESIGNER: AW = Adolph A. Weinman 1956 108,015,100
1957 113,354,330
REFERENCE: Y-26 1958 136,564,600
1959 164,919,790
POPULATION: United States of America - 1930 - 1960 200,160,400
122,698,190 1961 209,146,550
1962 334,948,380
1963 421,476,530
1964 1,357,517,180 frozen date
OV: Head of President Franklin D. Roosevelt, facing

left LIBERTY around left, IN GOD / WE TRUST lower left, JS
under bust / DATE below.
RV: Laurel branch, Torch of Liberty, Oak branch

with EPLURIBUS UNUM (Many Joined Into One) across, D
(mintmark) to left of torch below, UNITED STATES OF AMERICA
around above, ONE DIME around below.
EDGE: Reeded
MINT: D = DENVER
DESIGNER: JS = John R. Sinnock
A Fasces REFERENCE: Y-27

New Orleans Steamboat
======================================================================
NEW ORLEANS MINT
======================================================================
======================================================================
1964 D - ONE DIME - REVERSE 1853 1,100,000
======================================================================
1854 1,770,000
FOOTNOTE: This type is popularly known as the Roosevelt dime
produced from 1946 through 1964.
FOOTNOTE: The symbols on reverse of the Roosevelt dime mean;
Torch for Liberty, Oak denotes Strength, and Laurel signifying In-
across the shield, LIBERTY, thirteen stars around / DATE
dependence.
below.
======================================================================
RV: ONE / DIME / O (mintmark) within wreath of
laurel below, UNITED STATES OF AMERICA around.
NEW ORLEANS MINT
======================================================================
EDGE: Reeded
======================================================================
MINT: O = NEW ORLEANS
1839 1,323,000
DESIGNER: Christian Gobrecht
1840 1,175,000
1841 2,007,500
TYPE: Arrows at DATE.
1842 2,020,000
1843 150,000
REFERENCE: Y-22
1845 230,000
1849 300,000
1850 510,000
1851 400,000
1852 430,000

across the shield, LIBERTY, thirteen stars around / DATE below.
RV: ONE / DIME / O (mintmark) within wreath of

EDGE: Reeded

New Orleans levee
REFERENCE: Y-21 ======================================================================

====================================================================== ======================================================================
UNITED STATES of AMERICA UNITED STATES of AMERICA
NEW ORLEANS MINT NEW ORLEANS MINT
====================================================================== ======================================================================
ONE DIME 17.9MM .900 FINE 2.49 GRAMS ONE DIME 17.9MM .900 FINE 2.49 GRAMS
====================================================================== ======================================================================
1856 1,180,000 1891 4,540,000

1857 1,540,000
1858 290,000 OV: Liberty, wearing Greek chiton, with neck and
1859 480,000 arms bare, seated to right upon a rock, her head turned to left;
OV: Liberty, wearing Greek chiton, with neck and hand supporting the shield of the United States; on a scroll
arms bare, seated to right upon a rock, her head turned to left; across the shield, LIBERTY, UNITED STATES OF AMERICA
she holds in left hand a pole surmounted by liberty cap, the right around / 1891 below.
across the shield, LIBERTY, thirteen stars around / DATE below. RV: ONE / DIME within wreath of cotton, corn,
tobacco, wheat, and oak leaves tied with ribbon below / O
RV: ONE / DIME / O (mintmark) within wreath of (mintmark) below.
EDGE: Reeded
EDGE: Reeded
DESIGNER: Christian Gobrecht (rev) James B.Longacre
TYPE: Arrows removed from the DATE. REFERENCE: Y-23A
REFERENCE: Y-21A FOOTNOTE: Wreaths or branches shown on many coins carry

meanings that trace back through history or are specially identified
====================================================================== with the country of issue. Few numismatists can recall the differ-
UNITED STATES of AMERICA ent agricultural products identified on the new wreath of this se-
NEW ORLEANS MINT ries - cotton, corn, tobacco, wheat, and oak leaves. Oak stands
====================================================================== for Liberty. The highest honor that a Roman soldier could receive
ONE DIME 17.9MM .900 FINE 2.49 GRAMS was the Civil Crown (wreath) of Oak Leaves. Wreaths on coins
====================================================================== of other countries, include the Rose, national emblem of England,
historically traced back to King Edward I, means Love of Beauty.
1860 40,000 The use of the Fleur-de-lis dates as the national emblem of France
from King Louis VII, standing for Purity. The Shamrock of Ireland
OV: Liberty, wearing Greek chiton, with neck and stands for Loyalty and the Thistle of Scotland expresses retalia-
arms bare, seated to right upon a rock, her head turned to left; tion, while the Pomegranate of Spain equals mature Elegance. The
she holds in left hand a pole surmounted by liberty cap, the right oriental Chrysanthemum means Cheerfulness. Others stand for;
hand supporting the shield of the United States; on a scroll Laurel - Triumph, Wheat - Prosperity, Corn blossoms - Riches, Palm
across the shield, LIBERTY, UNITED STATES OF AMERICA branches - Victory. Well known is the Maple leaf of Canada and
around / 1860 below. the Olive branch, the emblem of Peace. The engravers put these
meaning into the selection of wreath designs as a way of ex-
RV: ONE / DIME within wreath of cotton, corn, pressing symbolism. The Laurel wreath in ancient Greece formed
tobacco, wheat, and oak leaves tied with ribbon below / O the Crown of Honor of Poets and Heroes, and has long been the
(mintmark) below. symbol of Glory.
EDGE: Reeded ======================================================================
TYPE: No stars
REFERENCE: Y-23
FOOTNOTE: New Orleans - The English translation of the French

name Nouvelle Orleans, given by them in honor of the Duc dOrleans,
then Regent of France.
FOOTNOTE: September 28, 1902 - New Orleans street-car men,

1,800 in number, strike for shorter hours and higher wages - an
eight hour day at twenty-five cents an hour. The American Monthly,
N.Y. Nov., 1902. Levee in New Orleans
======================================================================

====================================================================== ======================================================================
NEW ORLEANS MINT PHILADELPHIA MINT
====================================================================== ======================================================================
====================================================================== ======================================================================
1892 3,841,700 1838 1,992,500

1893 1,760,000 1839 1,053,115
1894 720,000 1840 1,358,580
1895 440,000 1841 1,622,500
1896 610,000 1842 1,887,500
1897 666,000 1843 1,370,000
1898 2,130,000 1844 72,500
1899 2,650,000 1845 1,755,000
1900 2,010,000 1846 31,300
1901 5,620,000 1847 245,000
1902 4,500,000 1848 451,500
1903 8,180,000 1849 839,000
1906 2,610,000 1850 1,931,500
1907 5,058,000 1851 1,026,500
1908 1,789,000 1852 1,535,500
1909 2,287,000 1853 95,000
OV: Head of Liberty, facing right wearing Liberty OV: Liberty, wearing Greek chiton, with neck and
Cap with laurel over the cap; in front hair, a ribbon inscriber arms bare, seated to right upon a rock, her head turned to left;
LIBERTY / B on truncation UNITED STATES OF AMERICA around / she holds in left hand a pole surmounted by liberty cap, the right
DATE below. hand supporting the shield of the United States; on a scroll
tobacco, wheat, and oak leaves tied with ribbon below / O RV: ONE / DIME / within wreath of laurel below,
(mintmark) below. UNITED STATES OF AMERICA around.
MINT: O = NEW ORLEANS MINT: (no mintmark) = PHILADELPHIA
DESIGNER: B = Charles Barber DESIGNER: Christian Gobrecht
POPULATION: New Orleans - 1890 - 242,039 and POPULATION: United States - 1840 - 17,069,453 and
1900 - 287,104 1850 - 23,191,876
FOOTNOTE: New Orleans, Louisiana, chiefly on the left bank of FOOTNOTE: Dime - weight changed by Act of January 18, 1837 to
the Mississippi, 115 miles above its mouth. The alluvial flat on 41.25 grains and fineness changed to .900.
which it stands is a mere swamp, and the town is only saved from
the inundations of river by a strong levee or embankment, built
along the city front, and 200 miles above and 50 miles below,
extending also around the city in the rear. The nucleus of the town
is built around a bend of the river. The streets in this portion are
mostly narrow, but many of those in the suburbs are spacious and
handsome, and lined with shade-trees. The public buildings are
neither numerous nor remarkable, and the manufactures are in-
considerable. New Orleans is simply the outlet for the produce of
the counties drained by the Mississippi - sugar, molasses, rice,
tobacco, Indian corn, wheat, oats, flour, and above all, cotton.
Ships of the largest size can now reach the city docks. The yellow
fever has often caused great mortality during the summer months; FOOTNOTE: As late as 1870 America remained relatively poor, for
but these epidemics have been greatly mitigated by the adoption of America, so far as her export trade went, relied on agriculture
sanitary measures and drainage on a grand scale. Population - alone. To build her roads she had to borrow, and she expected to
New Orleans - 1896 - 242,039. Cabinet Cyclopaedia, 1896. pay dear; but she did not calculate on having to pay twice the
capital she borrowed, estimating that capital in the only merchan-
dise she had to sell. Yet this is very nearly what occurred. Agricul-
tural prices fell so rapidly that between 1890 and 1897, when the
sharpest pressure prevailed, it took something like twice the weight
of wheat or cotton to repay a dollar borrowed in 1873, that would
have sufficed to satisfy the creditor when the debt was con-
tracted. Merchandise enough could not be shipped to meet the
emergency, and balances had to be paid in coin.The New Indus-
trial Revolution, B.Adams, Atlantic Monthly, Feb., 1901.

====================================================================== =====================================================================
PHILADELPHIA MINT
======================================================================
======================================================================
1853 12,078,010
1854 4,470,000
1855 2,075,000

across the shield, LIBERTY, thirteen stars around / DATE
below.
RV: ONE / DIME / within wreath of laurel below,

UNITED STATES OF AMERICA around.
EDGE: Reeded
TYPE: Arrows at DATE to denote weight changed by

Act of Congress February 21, 1853 to 38.4 grains,
fineness continues at .900. This type is popularly
known as the Seated Liberty with arrows dime.
REFERENCE: Y-22
Western Pennsylvania oil wells FOOTNOTE: The City of Philadelphia was founded in 1682-3 by
William Penn, who with a colony of Friends, had come to America
====================================================================== to settle a tract of land granted to him by King Charles II, in payment
of a debt due by Government to his father. Before attempting any
FOOTNOTE: Philadelphia comes from the Greek word meaning overt acts of sovereignty, however, Penn acknowledged and pur-
Brotherly Love. chased the rights of aborigines. Centennial Book of Reference,
Phila.,1875.
FOOTNOTE: The first American mint was opened in 1792 in Phila- ======================================================================
delphia. The second mint for the United States of America was UNITED STATES of AMERICA
established in 1838 at New Orleans. Mississippi had been admitted PHILADELPHIA MINT
as a State in 1817. The third mint was opened in 1854 at San ======================================================================
Francisco and was the outcome of the California gold discoveries. ONE DIME 17.9MM .900 FINE 2.49 GRAMS
In 1870 minting operations began at Carson City, Nevada. Branch ======================================================================
mints were opened in the 1838-61 in Dahlonega, Georgia and
Charlotte, North Carolina to handle the newly-mined gold from that 1856 5,780,000
area. Neither mint struck any one dime denomination coins. One 1857 5,580,000
dime coinage was first struck with 1906 date at the Denver mint, 1858 1,540,000
with the last of this denomination produced at San Francisco in 1859 430,000
1955, Philadelphia continued to strike one dime coinage in silver
until 1964. OV: Liberty, wearing Greek chiton, with neck and
====================================================================== she holds in left hand a pole surmounted by liberty cap, the right
RV: ONE / DIME / within wreath of laurel below,

UNITED STATES OF AMERICA around.
EDGE: Reeded
TYPE: Arrows removed from the DATE.

Philadelphia, Pa.
====================================================================== REFERENCE: Y-21A

======================================================================
PHILADELPHIA MINT
======================================================================
======================================================================
1860 607,000
1861 1,884,000
1862 847,550
1863 14,460
1864 11,470
1865 10,500
1866 8,725
1867 6,625
1868 464,600
1869 256,600
1870 471,500
1871 907,710
1872 2,396,450
1873 1,568,600
Philadelphia Mint steam press OV: Liberty, wearing Greek chiton, with neck and
====================================================================== arms bare, seated to right upon a rock, her head turned to left;
FOOTNOTE: The United States Bureau of the Mint was established she holds in left hand a pole surmounted by liberty cap, the right
as a Division of the Treasury Department in 1873. It has charge of hand supporting the shield of the United States; on a scroll
the coinage for the government and makes assays of the precious across the shield, LIBERTY, UNITED STATES OF AMERICA
metals for private owners. The rolling machines are four in num- around / DATE below.
ber. The rollers are adjustable and the space between them is
governed by the operator. About two hundred ingots are run RV: ONE / DIME within wreath of cotton, corn,
through per hour on each pair of rollers. When the rolling is com- tobacco, wheat, and oak leaves tied with ribbon below.
pleted the strip is about six feet long. As it is impossible to roll
perfectly true it is necessary to draw these strips, after being EDGE: Reeded
softened by annealing. The drawing benches resemble long tables,
with a bench on either side, at one end of which is an iron box MINT: (no mintmark) = PHILADELPHIA
secured to the table. In this are fastened two perpendicular steel
cylinders. These are at the same distance apart that the thickness DESIGNER: Christian Gobrecht
of the strip is required to be. It is drawn between the cylinders,
which reduces the whole to an equal thickness. These strips are REFERENCE: Y-23
now taken to the cutting machines, each of which will cut 225
planchets per minute. The press now used consists of a vertical FOOTNOTE: The Act of February 12, 1873 which changed the
steel punch. From a strip worth $1100. about $800 of planchets weight of the dime brought the exchange value of 10 dimes, equal
will be cut. These are then removed to the adjusting room, where to one dollar, to equal the silver 5 franc of France and the other
they are adjusted. After inspection they are weighed on very members of the Latin Monetary Union including; Switzerland, Italy
accurate scales. If a planchet is too heavy, but near the weight, it and Belgium, which was established in 1865 with Greece joining in
is filed off at the edges; if too heavy for filing, it is thrown aside 1868. At the time the United States suspended the minting of addi-
with the light ones to be re-melted. The planchets, after being tional silver dollars until 1878, as the silver dollar contained 412.5
adjusted, are taken to the coining and milling room, and are pressed grains .900 fine silver compared to the 5 franc at 385.8 grains or
through the milling machine. The planchets are fed to this machine 25 grams .900 fine, 62 % greater weight. The subsidiary coinage
through upright an tube, and as they descend are caught upon the of the Latin Monetary Union was further debased having a stan-
edge of a revolving wheel and carried about a quarter of a revolu- dard of .835 fine for all but the 5 franc. The goal of the Latin
tion, during which the edge is compressed and forced up. By this Monetary Union was to establish a standard based on the ratio of
apparatus 560 half-dimes can be milled in a minute; for large pieces 15.5 to 1 between silver and gold. The commercial ratio in the
the average is 120. The massive but delicate coining presses coin United States has continued to increase (dropping the value of
from 80 to 100 pieces a minute. These presses are attended by silver) until the decline which occurred during World War I.
ladies and do their work in a perfect manner. After being stamped
the coins are taken to the coiners room. The light and heavy coins
are kept separate in coining, and when delivered to the Treasurer
they are mixed in such proportions as to give him full weight in
every delivery...(1892) Cabinet Cyclopaedia, 1895.
FOOTNOTE: Seignorage - Where free coinage exists any mint

charge or seignorage will act as a check upon the readiness with
which private persons bring bullion to the mint for coinage. On the
other hand, such a seignorage offers an inducement to the state to
coin money freely. If it yields to the temptation it may gain an imme-
diate advantage, but not without jeopardizing the security of its
currency and running the risk of depreciating the value of its is-
sues. Monetary legislation authorizing underweight coins usually
limits the amount of such issues. New International Encyclopedia,
1910.

1874 - ONE DIME - OBVERSE 1874 - ONE DIME - REVERSE
======================================================================
======================================================================
PHILADELPHIA MINT
======================================================================
======================================================================
1873 2,378,500 FOOTNOTE: Philadelphia Railway (horse-cars). Single fare, 7 cents,

1874 2,940,700 or four tickets for 25 cents; good on any passenger railway in the
city; children under ten years of age, 4 cents. All railroads running
OV: Liberty, wearing Greek chiton, with neck and east and west, exchange with those running north and south, and
arms bare, seated to right upon a rock, her head turned to left; those running north and south exchange with those running east
she holds in left hand a pole surmounted by liberty cap, the right and west, excepting Ridge Avenue, and Union Line. Exchange
hand supporting the shield of the United States; on a scroll tickets, 9 cents, good only from the junction, and on the day is-
across the shield, LIBERTY, UNITED STATES OF AMERICA sued. Philadelphia City P.R.W.,Co., (Chestnut and Walnut streets.)
around / DATE below. Main Line - Depot, 42nd and Chestnut streets. Green car, Red light.
- Fairmount Park Branch - Yellow car, Maroon light - Frankfort
RV: ONE / DIME within wreath of cotton, corn, Branch. White car, Red flag, Green light, etc. Places of Interest;
tobacco, wheat, and oak leaves tied with ribbon below. United States mint, Chestnut below Broad street. Centennial Book
of Reference, Phila, 1875.
EDGE: Reeded
======================================================================
TYPE: Arrows at DATE to denote the weight changed

by Act of Congress on February 12, 1873 to2.5 grams
or 38.58 grains. The coinage of silver dollars was
discontinued by the same Act until reauthorized by Act
of February 28, 1878.
REFERENCE: Y-24
POPULATION: United States - 1860 - 31,443,321 and

1870 - 38,558,371
View of Philahelphia in 1902

======================================================================

==================================================================
PHILADELPHIA MINT
======================================================================
======================================================================
1875 10,350,700
1876 11,461,150
1877 7,310,510
1878 1,678,800
1879 15,100
1880 37,355
1881 24,975
1882 3,911,100
1883 7,675,712
1884 3,366,380
1885 2,533,427
1886 6,377,570
1887 11,286,939
1888 5,496,487
1889 7,380,711
1891 9,911,541
1890 15,310,600

American Indians in the West -1880
across the shield, LIBERTY, UNITED STATES OF AMERICA ======================================================================

tobacco, wheat, and oak leaves tied with ribbon below.
EDGE: Reeded
TYPE: Arrows removed.
REFERENCE: Y-23A
FOOTNOTE: Hard times are with us; the country is distracted; very
few things are marketable at a price above the cost of production;
tens of thousands are out of employment; the jails, penitentiaries,
workhouses, and insane asylums are full; the gold reserve at
Washington is sinking; the government is running at a loss with a
deficit in every Department; a huge debt hangs like an appalling
cloud over the country; taxes have assumed the importance of a
mortgage, and 50 per cent of the public revenues are likely to go
delinquent; hungered and half-starved men are banding into armies
and marching toward Washington; the cry of distress is heard on
every hand; business is paralyzed, commerce is at a standstill;
riots and strikes prevail throughout the land; schemes to remedy
out ills when put into execution are smashed like box-cars in a
railroad wreck, and Wall Street looks in vain for an excuse to
account for the failure of prosperity to return since the repeal of
the Silver Purchase Act, Population - United States - 1880 - Cotton spinning in the East - 1890
50,155,783. Coins Financial School, 1894. ======================================================================
FOOTNOTE: Alaska, a Territory belonging to the United States, FOOTNOTE: United States of America in 1880 - The leading pur-
formerly belonging to Russia, but was made over to the United suits are manufactures and commerce; but other industries, espe-
States in 1867 for a sum of 7,200,000 dollars. Alaska produces cially are agriculture, the fisheries, grazing, mining and lumbering,
excellent timber. Numbers of furbearing animals abound. Gold is are extensively carried on in different sections. The Indian Terri-
mined in several locations. Coal is abundant. The aboriginal inhab- tory was originally a part of the Louisiana purchase. It has been
itants consist of Esqumaux and Indians. The seat of Government is reduced by the successive formation of states. An unoccupied
Sitka, on Baranoff Island. Population - Alaska - 1890 - 30,329 of portion of Indian Territory was thrown open to public settlement in
whom 4,419 are white. Cabinet Cyclopaedia, 1895. 1889. Geography, William Swinton, New York, 1890.

======================================================================
PHILADELPHIA MINT
======================================================================
======================================================================
1892 12,121,245
1893 3,340,792
1894 1,330,972
1895 690,880
1896 2,000,762
1897 10,869,264
1898 16,320,735
1899 19,580,846
1900 17,600,912
1901 18,860,478
1902 21,380,777
1903 19,500,755
1904 14,601,027
1905 14,552,350
1906 19,958,406
1907 22,220,575
1908 10,600,545
1909 10,240,650
1910 11,520,551
1911 18,870,543
1906 - ONE DIME - OBVERSE 1912
1913
19,350,700
19,760,622
====================================================================== 1914 17,360,655
1915 5,620,450
1916 18,490,000
OV: Head of Liberty, facing right wearing Liberty

Cap with laurel over the cap; in front hair, a ribbon inscriber
LIBERTY / B on truncation UNITED STATES OF AMERICA around /
DATE below.

tobacco, wheat, and oak leaves tied with ribbon below.
EDGE: Reeded
DESIGNER: Charles Barber
REFERENCE: Y-25
POPULATION: United States - 1890 - 62,622,250

1900 - 75,477,467 and 1910 - 91,972,266
======================================================================
1906 - ONE DIME - REVERSE

======================================================================
FOOTNOTE: This type is popularly known as the Barber dime, with

the cereal wreath reverse of cotton, corn, tobacco, wheat, and
oak leaves.
FOOTNOTE: The cost of commodities in 1905; silver $0.61 oz.,

beef $0.08 lb., butter $0.24 lb., eggs $0.27 doz., sugar $0.05 lb.,
and coffee $0.08 lb. Bureau of Labor, U.S.1905. American wheat harvesting
======================================================================

======================================================================
PHILADELPHIA MINT
======================================================================
======================================================================
1916 22,180,080
1917 55,230,000
1918 26,680,000
1919 35,740,000
1920 59,030,000
1921 1,230,000
1923 50,130,000
1924 24,010,000
1925 26,610,000
1926 32,160,000
1927 28,080,000
1928 19,480,000
1929 25,970,000
1930 6,770,000
1931 3,150,000
1934 24,080,000
1935 58,830,000
1936 87,504,130
1937 66,865,756
1938 22,198,728
1939 67,749,321
1937 - ONE DIME - OBVERSE 1940 65,361,827
====================================================================== 1941 175,106,557
1942 205,432,329
1943 191,710,000
1944 231,410,000
1945 159,130,000
OV: Head of Liberty with winged cap, facing left,

LIBERTY around, IN GOD / WE TRUST lower left, AW back of
neck / DATE below.
RV: Fasces over laurel branch, UNITED STATES

OF AMERICA around above, EPLURIBUS / UNUM (Many Joined
Into One) right / n ONE DIME n around below.
EDGE: Reeded
DESIGNER: AW = Adolph A. Weinman
REFERENCE: Y-26
POPULATION: United States - 1920 - 105,710,620 and

1930 - 123,202,624 and 1940 - 132,164,569
FOOTNOTE: Seignorage is the profit earned by the mint from the

substantial difference in the value of coins minted and the value of
unminted metal of equal quantity. As the United States Government
buys newly mined domestic silver in 1940 at a price of 90.5 cents
per fine ounce, it puts only 6.5 cents worth of silver in a dime. The
1937 - ONE DIME - REVERSE difference of 3.5 cents, less cost of minting operations and cost of
====================================================================== alloy, accrues as seignorage to the government.
FOOTNOTE: The 1937 ONE DIME illustrated is from the 1937 proof
sets. This dime is from the authors collection. FOOTNOTE; Until 1933 the one dime coins of the United States of
America were legal tender up to $10.00. Under the Roosevelt
FOOTNOTE: This type is popularly known as the Mercury dime. Presidency this was changed to any amount. President Roosevelt
was the founder of the National Foundation for Infantile Paralysis,
FOOTNOTE: The motto: E PLURIBUS UNUM is Latin for Out of later renamed the National Foundation-March of Dimes. It therefore
Many, One. was fitting upon his death to dedicate the portrait on the dime to
him.

======================================================================
PHILADELPHIA MINT
======================================================================
======================================================================
1946 255,250,000
1947 121,520,000
1948 74,950,000
1949 30,940,000
1950 50,181,500
1951 103,937,602
1952 99,122,073
1953 53,618,920
1954 114,243,503
1955 12,828,381
1956 109,309,384
1957 161,407,952
1958 32,785,652
1959 86,929,291
1960 72,081,602
1961 96,758,244
1962 75,668,019
1963 126,725,645
1964 933,310,762 frozen date
1951 - ONE DIME - OBVERSE OV: Head of President Franklin D. Roosevelt, facing
====================================================================== left LIBERTY around left, IN GOD / WE TRUST lower left, JS

with E PLURIBUS UNUM (Many Joined Into One) across,
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA around above, ONE DIME around
below.
EDGE: Reeded
REFERENCE: Y-27
POPULATION: United States - 1950 - 151,625,798

and 1960 - 179,323,175
FOOTNOTE: This type is popularly known as the Roosevelt dime.

The first Roosevelt dimes were released on January 30, 1946, the
former Presidents birthday. The new design was the work of
John R. Sinnock. He was born in New Mexico Territory in 1888 and
moved to Philadelphia to attend the School of Industrial Design. He
was appointed assistant engraver of the mint at Philadelphia in
1923 and became Chief Engraver in 1925. He died in 1947 after a
outstanding career during which he designed several U.S. coins
and many presidential medals and World War II medals, including
the Purple Heart medal.
1951- ONE DIME - REVERSE

======================================================================
.
FOOTNOTE: 1951 ONE DIME illustrated is from the 1951 proof
sets.
FOOTNOTE: Proof silver dimes in the Roosevelt series minted at
FOOTNOTE: There is a popular story which circulated when the the Philadelphia mint, started with low mintages and increased
new Roosevelt dimes were first issued. The designer John R. during the fifteen years as listed; 1950 - 51,386, 1951 - 57,500,
Sinnock, places a small set of initals JS under the bust of Presi- 1952 - 81,980, 1953 - 128,800, 1954 - 233,300, 1955 - 378,200,
dent Roosevelt. A rumor started that this was a communist con- 1956 - 669,384, 1957 - 1,247,952, 1958 - 875,652, 1959 - 1,149,291,
spiracy and the JS stood for Joseph Stalin. Of course this was not 1960 - 1,691,602, 1961 - 3,218,019, 1962 - 3,218,019, 1963 -
true and in time the misconception died down. 3,075,645, and 1964 - 3,950,762.

====================================================================== ======================================================================
SAN FRANCISCO MINT
======================================================================
======================================================================
1861 172,500
1862 180,750
1863 157,500
1864 230,000
1865 175,000
1866 135,000
1867 140,000
1868 260,000
1869 450,000
1870 50,000
View of San Francisco in 1902 1871 320,000
1872 190,000
======================================================================
SAN FRANCISCO MINT
======================================================================
======================================================================
across the shield, LIBERTY, UNITED STATES OF AMERICA
1856 70,000
1858 60,000
1859 60,000
tobacco, wheat, and oak leaves tied with ribbon below / S
(mintmark) below.
EDGE: Reeded
RV: ONE / DIME / S (mintmark) within wreath of
REFERENCE: Y-23
======================================================================
EDGE: Reeded
TYPE: Arrows removed from the DATE.
REFERENCE: Y-21A
FOOTNOTE: During 1858 the first overland mail by Pony Express

arrived from San Francisco at St. Louis. It required twenty-three
days and four hours.
======================================================================
Harvesting in California
======================================================================
FOOTNOTE: San Francisco, the principal seaport on the western
coast of North America, and chief city of California...has a fine
harbor, well-built streets, handsome shops, gas and water works,
and elegant public buildings, among which are the Custom House,
Mint, City Hall, Marine Hospital, City Hospital, theatres, orphan asy-
lums, a convent, etc. There are 75 churches, 11 daily and 46 other
newspapers, numerous schools and charitable institutions, and
several fire insurance companies. Of the population attracted by
the discovery of gold in 1848 to San Francisco, a great number are
Irish, German, British, French and Chinese...Among the manufac-
turing establishments are flour-mills, saw-mills, woolen factories,
Trains, telegraph & telephones and iron foundries. The Union Pacific Railroad completed in 1870,
makes San Francisco an important point as the commercial high-
cross America way from Europe and Eastern United States to Asia. Population -
San Francisco - 1874 - 290,000. Library of Universal Knowledge,
====================================================================== N.Y. 1880.

====================================================================== ======================================================================
SAN FRANCISCO MINT SAN FRANCISCO MINT
====================================================================== ======================================================================
====================================================================== ======================================================================
1873 455,000 1875 9,070,000

1874 240,000 1876 10,420,000
1877 2,340,000
OV: Liberty, wearing Greek chiton, with neck and 1884 564,969
arms bare, seated to right upon a rock, her head turned to left; 1885 43,690
she holds in left hand a pole surmounted by liberty cap, the right 1886 206,524
hand supporting the shield of the United States; on a scroll 1887 4,454,450
across the shield, LIBERTY, UNITED STATES OF AMERICA 1888 1,720,000
around / DATE below. 1889 972,678
1890 1,423,076
RV: ONE / DIME within wreath of cotton, corn, 1891 3,196,116
tobacco, wheat, and oak leaves tied with ribbon below / S
(mintmark) below. OV: Liberty, wearing Greek chiton, with neck and
EDGE: Reeded she holds in left hand a pole surmounted by liberty cap, the right
MINT: S = SAN FRANCISCO across the shield, LIBERTY, UNITED STATES OF AMERICA
TYPE: Arrows at DATE. tobacco, wheat, and oak leaves tied with ribbon below / S
(mintmark) below.
REFERENCE: Y-24
EDGE: Reeded
FOOTNOTE: San Francisco, the chief town and seaport of Califor-
nia and of the Western coast of North America. The streets are MINT: S = SAN FRANCISCO
straight, and intersect each other at right angles. The busiest
streets are paved with stone, but most of the others are planked. DESIGNER: Christian Gobrecht
The town is lighted with gas, water is brought by an aqueduct
from a distance of 30 miles. Among the principal buildings are the TYPE: Arrows removed.
Custom-House, City-hall, Mint, Marine Hospital, Merchants Ex-
change, California Bank, Nevada Bank, several theatres, numer- REFERENCE: Y-23A
ous churches, the Free Public Library (with 70,000 volumes), the
Mechanics Institute, a school of Design, and two medical Colleges. FOOTNOTE: San Francisco is the second largest city in the State
Cars worked by underground cables run through most of the of California. Its magnificent harbor and its advantageous situation
streets. The houses are generally built of wood and finished with have made it the most important seaport on the west coast of
cement. San Francisco is a gay city, and is the Paris of the Pacific North America. Its commercial importance has greatly increased
Coast of the United States. One quarter of the town is occupied since the opening of the Panama Canal. The city is unusually hilly.
exclusively by Chinese. Manufacturing establishments include Among the best known hills in the city are Telegraph Hill, Nob Hill,
sugar-refineries, woolen and silk mills, manufactures of watches, and Russian Hill. On Nob Hill were the palatial houses of the early
boots, carriages, furniture, acids, iron and brass ware, silver goods, millionaires who made their fortunes in the gold mines of the State.
etc. San Francisco in 1847 had only a population of some 500. In The streets for the most part are broad and well paved. South of
1848 gold was discovered and a rush took place, which had Market Street, the chief thoroughfare, they are practically level.
raised the population in 1852 to 34,870. In 1890 the population of North of that, however they run with a steep grade. The most
San Francisco was 298,997. New Cabinet Cyclopaedia, important industries of the city include the manufacture of boots
Phila.,1896. and shoes, bread and bakery products, clothing, copper, tin and
====================================================================== sheet iron products, printing and publishing, machine shop prod-
ucts, flour and grist mill products. In 1835 the site of San Francisco
was occupied by an Englishman who erected a tent here. The
village soon grew up and was united with the Spanish Mission in
1846. Two years later, on discovery of gold, adventurers from all
parts of the world came to California. By 1850 the city had a
population of 25,000. Owing to disorder and corrupt municipal
management, a vigilance committee was organized in 1850-1, which
dealt severely with criminals and established good government.
On April 18, 1906, the city was devastated by a fire, resulting from
an earthquake. Only 450 lives were lost but the larger part of the
city was destroyed. It was quickly rebuilt. Population of San
Francisco (c.1920) 506,676. New Universities Encyclopedia,
N.Y. 1924.

====================================================================== FOOTNOTE: The Mint and the 1906 San Francisco Earthquake and
UNITED STATES of AMERICA Fire - All morning the rumor had spread that an armed gang was
SAN FRANCISCO MINT massing to storm the San Francisco United States Branch Mint at
====================================================================== the corner of Fifth and Mission streets and rob it of over two
ONE DIME 17.9MM .900 FINE 2.5 GRAMS hundred million dollars in U.S. coins and gold & silver bullion stored
====================================================================== in its vaults. The mint's superintendent, Frank Leach, heard the
rumor as soon he stepped off the Oakland ferry. By the time he
1892 990,710 reached the mint, the story had gained credence enough to war-
1893 2,491,401 rant precautionary measures. Brigadier General Fulston dispatched
1894 24 rare a company of troops from the Sixth Infantry, under the command of
1895 1,120,000 Lieutenant Jackson, to guard the Mint. The troops took up defen-
1896 575,056 sive positions on the roof. From the top of the building they could
1897 1,342,844 fire directly along Mission and Fifth Streets or across Turk and
1898 1,702,507 Eddy Streets. Fire Captain Jack Brady arrived next to supervise
1899 1,867,493 the building's defense against the destructive fire. The Mint built in
1900 5,168,270 1874 was a commanding structure of granite and sandstone blocks,
1901 593,022 in the heart of the city of San Francisco. It had withstood the
1902 2,070,000 earthquake well, with only minor damage to the building. With the
1903 613,300 threat of armed attack now under control, by midday Leach mar-
1904 800,000 shaled the sixty men in the mint to prepare to fight the approaching
1905 6,855,199 fire. The mint's heavy iron shutters across the ground-floor win-
1906 3,136,640 dows were bolted shut. Then the men went to the roof to remove
1907 3,178,470 the tar roofing. They ripped it away with iron bars and picks .Then
1908 3,220,000 buckets of blue vitriol were hoisted up from the refinery and the
1909 1,000,000 liquid was mopped over the exposed roof beams. Fortunately the
1910 1,240,000 mint had its own water supply. But the earthquake had broken the
1911 3,520,000 pump from the artesian well buried beneath the vaults. Captain
1912 3,420,000 Bradly was able to improvise a quick repair, and soon after midday
1913 510,000 the pump could be hand-operated. By this time the mint was com-
1914 2,100,000 pletely surrounded by the flames, which extended for blocks on
1915 960,000 either side. On the exposed roof the defenders, blackened by
1916 5,820,000 smoke, deafened by the crash of falling buildings, were faced
with a fresh menace. At about 3:PM, the wind carried a fire stream
OV: Head of Liberty, facing right wearing Liberty of cinders toward them. It swooped over their heads and plunged
Cap with laurel over the cap; in front hair, a ribbon inscriber into the mint's inner courtyard, setting fire to the stripped tar there.
LIBERTY / B on truncation UNITED STATES OF AMERICA around / With quick action, Lieutenant Armstrong grabbed a bucket and
DATE below. dropped down to the exposed rafters. The San Francisco Mint,
after a seven-hour battle was saved. Leaving a blackened build-
RV: ONE / DIME within wreath of cotton, corn, ing, its heavy iron shutters buckled by the heat, still standing. The
tobacco, wheat, and oak leaves tied with ribbon below / S artesian well continued to pump, and a bucket brigade kept the
(mintmark) below. walls and exposed rafters damp. In the courtyard Army Lieutenant
Armstrong, lay on a pile of coats, his eyes covered, his hands and
EDGE: Reeded face burned by the vitriol he had poured on burning tar stripped
from the roof. Looking out from the roof, Superintendent Frank
MINT: S = SAN FRANCISCO Leach of the Mint, saw a scene of nearly total devastation. He
turned away and climbed down to the courtyard where the sixty
DESIGNER: Charles Barber men who had saved the mint sat exhausted. Thanking them, he
told them: "Appears to be nothing left out there. It's all gone. Most of
REFERENCE: Y-25 the city of San Francisco seems to have burned out". The fire
lasted seventy-four hours and left the city in near total destruction
FOOTNOTE: The 1894 S dime - Only 14 known - There are contra- - The Great Fire of San Francisco, but the Mint still stands.The San
dictory stories about the origin of the rarest United States dime. Francisco Earthquake, G.Thomas & M.Witts, New York, 1971.
Former San Francisco Mint Superintendent J.Daggett relates how ======================================================================
he had ordered the striking of 24 proof dimes in 1894 and then
distributed them to eight friends. Three were given to his young
daughter Hallie, telling her to put them away until she was as old as
he was, at which time she would be able to sell them for a good
price. However, this promise of future riches gave way to the
more immediate pleasure of a dish of ice cream in exchange the
one of the new 1984 S dimes. However, Hallie did retain the other
two coins for some 60 years and finally sold them in 1954. Another
story about the 1894 S dime, from a 1900 Numismatic publication,
in which J.C.Michelson of Kansas City claims that while 24 were
originally struck, only 14 went into circulation, the remaining 10
being restruck (e.g. destroyed).
FOOTNOTE: The 1894 S dime is the one of the super rarities of

American Numismatics, considered in the class of the Big Three
which include the 1804 silver dollar, and the 1913 Liberty head
nickel. This ranks with the Japanese 1880 10 sen issue with a
mintage of only 77.

======================================================================
SAN FRANCISCO MINT
======================================================================
======================================================================
1916 10,450,000
1917 27,330,000
1918 19,300,000
1919 8,850,000
1920 13,820,000
1923 6,440,000
1924 7,120,000
1925 5,850,000
1926 1,520,000
1927 4,770,000
1928 7,400,000
1929 4,730,000
1930 1,843,000
1931 1,800,000
1935 15,840,000
1936 9,210,000
1937 9,740,000
1938 8,090,000
1939 10,540,000
1940 21,560,000
1940 S - ONE DIME - OBVERSE 1941
1942
43,090,000
49,300,000
======================================================================
1943 60,400,000
1944 49,490,000
1945 41,920,000
OV: Head of Liberty with winged cap, facing left,

LIBERTY around, IN GOD / WE TRUST lower left, AW back of
neck / DATE below.
RV: Fasces over laurel branch, UNITED STATES OF

AMERICA around above, EPLURIBUS / UNUM (Many Joined Into
====================================================================== One) right / n ONE DIME n around below / S (mintmark)
below.
EDGE: Reeded
DESIGNER: AW = Adolph A. Weinman
REFERENCE: Y-26
======================================================================
1940 S - ONE DIME - REVERSE

======================================================================

1955 S - ONE DIME - OBVERSE 1955 S - ONE DIME - REVERSE
====================================================================== ======================================================================
SAN FRANCISCO FOOTNOTE: The silver dime of the Roosevelt series, weighs
====================================================================== .072338 pure silver. When the last U.S. silver dimes were minted
ONE DIME 17.9MM .900 FINE 2.5 GRAMS and date 1964 the price of silver was $1.29 per ounce, which
====================================================================== translates into an intrinsic value of about 9 and third cents for the
dime. When silver increased upwards of $50. per ounce twenty
1946 27,900,000 years later, the intrinsic value of a dime was around $3.62. Years
1947 34,840,000 later with silver in the average $5. range the value is again only
1948 35,520,000 about .36 cents U.S. This has a interesting relation to the collection
1949 13,510,000 of this series, namely the value of the coins will not much be
1950 20,440,000 effected by the silver value, rather the general numismatic inter-
1951 31,630,000 est, condition and scarcity.
1952 44,419,500
1953 39,180,000 ======================================================================
1954 22,860,000
1955 18,510,000
OV: Head of President Franklin D. Roosevelt, facing


with E PLURIBUS UNUM (Many Joined Into One) across, S
(mintmark) to left of torch below, UNITED STATES OF AMERICA
around above, ONE DIME around below.
EDGE: Reeded
REFERENCE: Y-27
FOOTNOTE: The 1955 S dime was the last of this series from the
San Francisco mint.

URUGUAY
====================================================================== ======================================================================
1877 - 25 CENTESIMOS - OBVERSE 1877 - 25 CENTESIMOS - REVERSE

====================================================================== ======================================================================
URUGUAY, REPUBLIC of URUGUAY, REPUBLIC of
PARIS MINT SANTIAGO MINT
====================================================================== ======================================================================
25 CENTESIMOS 18MM .835 FINE 2.5 GRAMS 25 CENTESIMOS 18MM .835 FINE 2.5 GRAMS
====================================================================== ======================================================================
1877 3,000,000 1893 1,000,000
OV: Arms - Oval shield upon trophy of military arms, OV: Arms - Oval shield upon trophy of military arms,
within laurel wreath, REPUBLICA ORIENTAL DEL URUGUAY within laurel wreath, REPUBLICA ORIENTAL DEL URUGUAY
(Eastern Republic of Uruguay) / i below. (Eastern Republic of Uruguay) / i below.
RV: 10 / CENTESIMOS / (anchor) A (mintmark) (bee) RV: 10 / CENTESIMOS / S (mintmark) below, LIBRE Y
below, LIBRE Y CONSTITUIDA (Liberated and Constituted) above CONSTITUIDA (Liberated and Constituted) above / 1893 below,
/ 1877 below, within laurel wreath tied with ribbon below. within laurel wreath tied with ribbon below.
MINT: A = PARIS MINT: S = SANTIAGO
DIRECTOR: (bee) = Renouard de Bussiere 1860-79 POPULATION: 1900 - 930,680 with capital Montevideo
ENGRAVER: (anchor) = Albert-Desire Barre 1855-78
REFERENCE: Y-11, UR#56
The Coins of Uruguay by Alcedo F. Almanzar and
Dale Seppa, San Antonio,1971
FOOTNOTE: There is a variety of the 1893 issue without the S

mintmark which is considered rare.
ENCYCLOPEDIA OF SMALL SILVER COINS - URUGUAY - PAGE 563

======================================================================
URUGUAY, REPUBLIC of
SANTIAGO MINT
======================================================================
20 CENTESIMOS 18.5MM .720 FINE 3.0 GRAMS
======================================================================
1942 18,000,000
OV: Liberty head, facing right, REPUBLICA ORIEN-

TAL DEL URUGUAY (Eastern Republic of Uruguay) . 1942
around.
RV: Five wheat stalks, dividing denomination 20 and

CTS S (mintmark) to right.
EDGE: Reeded
MINT: S = SANTIAGO
======================================================================
1893 - 25 CENTESIMOS - REVERSE

======================================================================
FOOTNOTE: The silver peso or dollar of Uruguay weighs 25

grammes, .900 fine. Other silver pieces are half, fifth, and tenth of
a peso. There are no Uruguayan gold coins in circulation, but the
monetary standard is gold, the theoretical gold coin being the peso
nacional, only foreign gold is in circulation. Statesman's Year-
Book, London, 1916.
Arms of Uruguay
====================================================================== ======================================================================
1942 - 20 CENTESIMOS - OBVERSE 1942 - 20 CENTESIMOS - REVERSE

====================================================================== ======================================================================

======================================================================
URUGUAY, REPUBLIC of
UTRECHT MINT
======================================================================
20 CENTESIMOS 18.5MM .720 FINE 3.0 GRAMS
======================================================================
1954 10,000,000
OV: Head of Artigas, facing right, REPUBLICA

ORIENTAL DEL URUGUAY (Eastern Republic of Uruguay)
around, ARTIGAS / 1954 below.
RV: Five wheat stalks, dividing denomination 20 and

CTS with (mercuryshaft) (mintmark) below on stalks.
EDGE: Reeded
======================================================================
1954 - 20 CENTESIMOS - OBVERSE

======================================================================
1954 - 20 CENTESIMOS - REVERSE

======================================================================
FOOTNOTE: Jose Gervasio Artigas, Protector of Uruguary, 1813

- 1820.
Uruguay, Argentina, Chile

South America
======================================================================

VENEZUELA
====================================================================== ======================================================================
VENEZUELA, UNITED STATES of
CARACAS
======================================================================
2 BOLIVAR 18MM .835 FINE 2.5 GRAMS
======================================================================
1886 230,000 rare

1887 230,000 rare
1888 231,330
1889 230,000 rare
OV: Head of Simon Bolivar, facing left, BOLIVAR left,

LIBERTADOR (Liberator) right / BARRE under bust.
RV: Arms, within wreath of laurel and palm

Early Arms of Venezuela branches, crest of two cornucopia of flowers, Motto on ribbon:
19 DE ABRIL 1810, 5 DE JULIO 1811, LIBERATAD (April 19, 1810,
July 5, 1811, Liberty) incised below, ESTADOS UNIDOS DE
FOOTNOTE: Coat of Arms of Venezuela - originating in 1836, a
VENEZUELA (United States of Venezuela) above / GR.2.500
sheaf of ripe wheat for unity and fertility, the flags symbolize
DATE LEI 835 below.
triumph and the white untamed horse, Liberty.
EDGE: Reeded
======================================================================
VENEZUELA, UNITED STATES of
MINT: (no mintmark) = CARACAS
BRUSSELS MINT
======================================================================
10 CENTAVOS DE VENEZOLANO 18MM .835 FINE 2.5 GRAMS
======================================================================
REFERENCE: Y-21
1879 200,000
POPULATION: Venezuela - 1893 - 2,21,988 with
capital Caracas with 70,509 inhabitants.
FOOTNOTE: The Casa de Moneda de Caracas was established in
1886 to provide the national coinage. The Caracas mint, a private
company under contract to the government, closed four years
branches, crest of two cornucopia of flowers, Motto on ribbon:
later due to commercial and financial difficulties. The dies used at
the mint were ordered from the Paris mint with out mint mark.
July 5, 1811, Liberty) incised below, ESTADOS UNIDOS DE
FOOTNOTE: Caracas was founded in 1567 by Diego de Losada
1879 LEI 835 below.
under the Pious title of Santiago de Leon de Caracus, and has
been successively capital of the Province of Caracus, of the Cap-
EDGE: Reeded
taincy-General of Caracas and Venezuela, and the Republic of
Venezuela. It was the birthplace of Simon Bolivar, and claims the
distinction of being the first colony in South America to overthrow
Spanish Colonial Authority. The city was almost totally destroyed
by the great earthquake of 1812. Population - 1881 - 55,638. Ency-
clopedia Britannica, 11th Ed., 1910.
REFERENCE: Y-21
FOOTNOTE: Venezuela, a republic in the north-west of South
FOOTNOTE: The Modern Dime Size Silver Coins of Venezuela
America with population in 1873 of 1,784,194. The east coast of
were minted by four foreign mints and the National mint at Caracus.
Venezuela was discovered by Columbus in 1498; Ojead and
The listings start with the Paris mint issues of 1858, 1874 & 1876,
Vespucci followed in 1499, and entering Lake Maracaibo, they
and 1893. Brussels minted coins dated 1879 and the Caracus
found an Indian village constructed on piles, to prevent the evil
series is dated 1886-9. The country turned to Philadelphia to
effects of inundation, and they named the place Venezuela or
produce these coins for a long period 1903 - 1954 although not all
Little Venice, a name which afterwards spread to the whole
years. The last silver coin was struck again at the Paris mint dated
country. The first settlement was made at Cumana in 1520, by the
1960. The listings are by mint and chronological. Until 1960 the
Spaniards and Venezuela remained subject to Spain till it claimed
coins bear no denomination or value, except for weight and fine-
independence in 1811. It then returned to allegiance to Spain, but
ness.
again revolted in 1813, and forming with New Granada and Ecua-
dor the Republic of Columbia, was declared independent in 1819.
FOOTNOTE: Caracas is situated in a fine valley about 3000 feet
Columbia and Ecuador and Venzuela split into separate indepen-
above the Caribbean Sea, connected by railway with the Port of
dent countries in 1832. Library of Universal Knowledge, N.Y.,1880.
La Guayra, about 10 miles distant.It is regularly laid out, and has
some good buildings, including a cathedral, university, Federal Pal-
FOOTNOTE: The Law of 1858 provided for new coinage, which
ace, and other government buildings, etc. It has various parks and
was ordered from the Paris mint.
gardens, gas and water supply, telephones, tramways, etc. Cabi-
net Cyclopaedia,Phila.,1895.
ENCYCLOPEDIA OF SMALL SILVER COINS - VENEZUELA - PAGE 566

1944 - 2 BOLIVAR - OBVERSE 1944 - 2 BOLIVAR - REVERSE
====================================================================== ======================================================================
VENEZUELA, UNITED STATES of VENEZUELA, REPUBLIC of
DENVER MINT PARIS MINT
====================================================================== ======================================================================
2 BOLIVAR 18.5MM .835 FINE 2.5 GRAMS UN REAL / 10 CENTAVOS 18.5MM .900 FINE 2.3 GRAMS
====================================================================== ======================================================================
1944 500,000 1858 42,698 rare
OV: Head of Simon Bolivar, facing left, BOLIVAR left, OV: Head of Liberty, facing left, LIBERTAD (Liberty)
LIBERTADOR (Liberator) right / BARRE under bust. on tiara, seven stars, above / (anchor) 1858 A (mintmark)
BARRE below.
branches, crest of two cornucopias of flowers, Motto on ribbon: RV: Arms of the Republic / (hand), REPUBLICA DE
19 DE ABRIL 1810, 20 DE FEBRERO 1859, INDEPENDENCIA VENEZUELA (Republic of Venezuela) above / n 1 RL 2,30 GS n
FEDERATION (April 19, 1810 - February 20, 1859 Independent below.
Federation) incised below, ESTADOS UNIDOS DE VENEZUELA
(United States of Venezuela) around / GR.2.500 1944 LEI 835 EDGE: Reeded
below.
MINT: A = PARIS
EDGE: Reeded
ENGRAVER: BARRE (anchor) = Albert-Desire Barre
MINT: (no mintmark) = DENVER 1855-78
DESIGNER: BARRE = Albert-Desire Barre 1855-78 DIRECTOR: (hand) = Charles Dierickz, Director of the
Paris mint, 1845-60
REFERENCE: Y-21A
REFERENCE: Y-9
POPULATION: Venezuela - 1940 - 3,324,160
FOOTNOTE: Venezuela consists mostly of a vast plain, watered
by the Oronoco and its numerous branches. The climate is warm
throughout, producing sugar, coffee, indigo, cotton, and tobacco
and tropical fruits in abundance. The plains as far as the eye can
reach, are covered with tall grass, on which graze vast herds of
horses, oxen, and mules.The hides of their animals constitute one
of the principal articles of the commerce of the country. Caracus
is pleasantly situated in a valley, about 12 miles from the coast. Its
streets are broad, well built, and cross each other at right angles.
In 1812, the city was mostly destroyed by an earthquake, and
about 12,000 persons buried beneath its ruins. It is mostly rebuilt,
and contains many elegant edifices. La Guayra, the port of Caracus,
has an extensive trade. Olneys Geography, 1849.

1874A - 10 CENTAVOS - REVERSE 1893A - 2 BOLIVAR - REVERSE
====================================================================== ======================================================================
VENEZUELA, UNITED STATES of VENEZUELA, UNITED STATES of
====================================================================== ======================================================================
10 CENTAVOS DE VENEZOLANO 18MM .835 FINE 2.5 GRAMS 2 BOLIVAR 18MM .835 FINE 2.5 GRAMS
====================================================================== ======================================================================
1874 800,000 1893 1,000,000

1876 280,000
OV: Head of Simon Bolivar, facing left, BOLIVAR left, LIBERTADOR (Liberator) right / (cornucopia) (fasces) BARRE
LIBERTADOR (Liberator) right / (anchor) (bee) BARRE A A (mintmark) under bust.
(mintmark) below.
RV: Arms, within wreath of laurel and palm branches, crest of two cornucopias of flowers, Motto on ribbon:
branches, crest of two cornucopias of flowers, Motto on ribbon: 19 DE ABRIL 1810, 5 DE JULIO 1811, LIBERATAD (April 19, 1810.
19 DE ABRIL 1810, 5 DE JULIO 1811, LIBERATAD (April 19, 1810, July 5, 1811, Liberty) incised below, ESTADOS UNIDOS DE
July 5, 1811, Liberty) incised below, ESTADOS UNIDOS DE VENEZUELA (United States of Venezuela above / GR.2.500
VENEZUELA (United States of Venezuela) above / GR.2.500 1893 LEI 835 below.
DATE LEI 835 below.
EDGE: Reeded
EDGE: Reeded
MINT: (cornucopias) A = PARIS
MINT: A = PARIS
ENGRAVER: BARRE (anchor) = Albert-Desire Barre
1855-78 ENGRAVER: (fasces) = Jean La Grange 1880-96
DIRECTOR: (bee) = Renouard de Bussiere 1860-79 REFERENCE: Y-21
REFERENCE: Y-13 POPULATION: Venezuela - 1891 - 2,323,527 with

capital Caracas with 72,429 inhabitants.
FOOTNOTE: In 1871 the United States of Venezuela adopted a
coinage system which approached closely to that of the Latin FOOTNOTE: 1901 - The monetary standard is gold and the unit of
Monetary Union with a gold venezolano of 1.612 grams .900 fine value is the bolivar, worth one franc or 19.3 cents in United States
as the unit equal to 100 centesimos or 10 reals. money. 100 centimos equal one bolivar. International Year Book,
N.Y.,1901.
FOOTNOTE: The new coinage from the Paris mint of 1874 was
issued without denominations, but carried the weight and fine- FOOTNOTE: By 1874 the Plaza Bolivar in Caracas was complete
ness, which was to provide for their acceptance along with the with its iron railings and lamp posts and its beauty was crowned
previous coinage as the size and appearance was not changed, with the unveiling of the equestrian statute of the Liberador, bronze
except for the portrait of Simon Bolivar designed by Barre which is on a handsome marble base. This statue, work of the sculptor
still used on their coinage today.. Tadolini, is like the one in the Plaza de la Constitucion in Lima.

====================================================================== ======================================================================
VENEZUELA, REPUBLIC of FOOTNOTE: Caracas was founded in 1567 by Diego de Losada.,
PARIS MINT who never dreamed it would be the capital of an oil-country. It is
====================================================================== the birthplace of Simon Bolivar. It was the first city to overthrow
50 CENTIMOS 18MM .835 FINE 2.5 GRAMS Spanish colonial authority. During the wars of Independence it
====================================================================== was repeatedly pillaged. The name Caracas comes from a tribe of
Indians.
1960 20,000,000 Speaking of Venezuela, Dorothy Kamen-Kaye, Caracas, 1947.
OV: Head of Simon Bolivar, facing left, BOLIVAR left, FOOTNOTE: Within the past few years there have been tempo-
LIBERTADOR (Liberator) right / (cornucopia) (mintmark) BARRE rary shortages of small change in Caracas. You accept a box of
(owl) under bust. matches or some other small item for what the grocer could not
pay in change; and to ask the beggar to make change for you out
RV: Arms of the Republic, REPUBLICA DE VENEZU- of the accumulation of his alms! Speaking of Venezuela, Dorothy
ELA (Republic of Venezuela) above around / 50 CENTIMOS Kamen-Kaye, Caracas, 1947.
1960 GR.2.5 LEI .835 below.
EDGE: Reeded
MINT: (cornucopia) = PARIS
ENGRAVER: (owl) = Raymond Joly, 1959 -
REFERENCE: Y-36A
Venezuela, Colombia and Ecuador

======================================================================

1921 - 2 BOLIVAR - REVERSE 1946 - 2 BOLIVAR - REVERSE
====================================================================== ======================================================================
VENEZUELA, UNITED STATES of VENEZUELA, UNITED STATES of
PHILADELPHIA MINT PHILADELPHIA MINT
====================================================================== ======================================================================
2 BOLIVAR 18MM .835 FINE 2.5 GRAMS 2 BOLIVAR 18.5MM .835 FINE 2.5 GRAMS
====================================================================== ======================================================================
1903 200,000 1945 4,500,000

1911 300,000 1946 2,500,000
1912 1,920,000
1919 400,000 OV: Head of Simon Bolivar, facing left, BOLIVAR left,
1921 600,000 LIBERTADOR (Liberator) right / BARRE under bust.
1924 800,000
1929 400,000 RV: Arms, within wreath of laurel and palm
1935 1,000,000 branches, crest of two cornucopias of flowers, Motto on ribbon:
1936 600,000 19 DE ABRIL 1810, 20 DE FEBRERO 1859, INDEPENDENCIA
FEDERACION (April 19, 1810 - February 20, 1859 Independent
OV: Head of Simon Bolivar, facing left, BOLIVAR left, Federation) incised below, ESTADOS UNIDOS DE VENEZUELA
LIBERTADOR (Liberator) right / BARRE under bust. (United States of Venezuela) around / GR.2.500 1944 LEI 835
below.
branches, crest of two cornucopias of flowers, Motto on ribbon: EDGE: Reeded
July 5, 1811, Liberty) incised below, ESTADOS UNIDOS DE MINT: (no mintmark) = PHILADELPHIA
DATE LEI 835 below. DESIGNER: BARRE = Albert-Desire Barre 1855-78
EDGE: Reeded REFERENCE: Y-21A
MINT: (no mintmark) = PHILADELPHIA POPULATION: Venezuela - 1946 - 3,851,000
DESIGNER: BARRE = Albert-Desire Barre 1855-78 Catalogo de Monedas de Venezuela, Tomas Stohr,
Caracas, 1975.
REFERENCE: Y-21
POPULATION: Venezuela - 1904 - 2,590,981 including FOOTNOTE: The bolivar has been the legal monetary unit of Ven-
326,000 indians. ezuela since 1879. Guzman Blanco's decree stipulated the silver
bolivar, "which is to be considered divided into 100 centesimos";
FOOTNOTE: Coins in circulation in 1913; gold coins are the old but the law of 1918, now in effect makes an imaginary gold
spanish onza (80 bolivars) and 20 bolivars, silver coins are 5 bolivar the legal monetary of Venezuela. A bolivar contains 20
bolivar pieces, commonly called fuerte, and divisions including the centavos or eight lochas, or four medios, or two reals. Its pet
2 bolivar called a real, and the3 bolivar called a medio. The name is bolo. Speaking of Venezuela, Dorothy Kamen-Kaye,
Statesmen's Year-Book, London 1916. Caracas, 1947.

Simon Bolivar,The Liberator
1954 - 50 CENTIMOS - OBVERSE

FOOTNOTE: This issue was struck at the Philadelphia mint in 1955
all dated 1954. It is the first type in this series to bear a denomina-
tion and the Arms of Venezuela has been changed to only the
shield.
FOOTNOTE: The Coat of Arms of Venezuela has passed through

many alterations - because of its nature as an aggregation of
complicated symbols and partly because of changes in the Gov-
ernment of which it is an emblem. As it stands today [shown on the
reverse of the 1946 coinage] it rest on a law passed by Congress
July 15, 1930. The Arms of Venezuela, stipulates this law, shall be
a shield the field of which shall consist of the colors of the Ven-
ezuelan flag, in three quarterings. (Note - right and left are accord-
ing to heraldic usage, i.e. they designate sides of the shield exactly
opposite of those to which we should naturally apply them. Right is
the bearer's right, not the observer's). The quarter on the right
shall be red and shall contain a sheaf of wheat which shall sym-
bolize the union of the States of the Republic, and the richness of
its soil. The quarter on the left shall be yellow and as emblem of
victory shall contain weapons and two national flags united by a
laurel wreath. The third quarter shall be blue, shall occupy all the
lower part of the shield, and shall contain from right to left but
looking towards the right, an untamed white horse, as symbol of
independence and liberty. The Coat of Arms shall have as crest
above, the emblem of abundance, with two cornucopias turned
downwards full of fruits and flowers of the cold, temperate and
hot zones. Below, it shall have a branch of olive and palm tied with
1954 - 50 CENTIMOS - OBVERSE ribbons in the colors of the flag. The blue ribbon shall bear the
following inscription in letters of gold: to the right - 19 de abril de
======================================================================
1810 - Independencia. To the left - 20 de febrero de 1859 -
VENEZUELA, REPUBLIC of
Federacion. In the center - EE. UU. de Venezuela. Some of the
PHILADELPHIA MINT
changes from the earlier versions were; the sword and lances
======================================================================
replacing primitive bow and arrows, and the horse introduced in
1822, - "animal which is distinguished for its nobility and beauty,
======================================================================
which is reared native on the Ilanos and has decided so many
times the triumph of arms". The laurel became an olive branch in
(1955) 1954 15,000,000
1863. Speaking of Venezuela, Dorothy Kamen-Kaye, Caracas,
1947.
FOOTNOTE: Only once in its history has Venezuela issued paper
money without backing; this was in 1811, when there were also
RV:
issued little tokens of cardboard. In 1814, when the national
Shield of the Republic, REPUBLICA DE VENEZUELA (Republic
treasury emptied and Bolivar's own funds spent, the Patriot gov-
of Venezuela) above around / 50 CENTIMOS 1954 GR.2.5 LEI
ernment was hard pressed for money, the Church was asked to
.835 below.
help the State financially. A decree was issued authorizing the use
of all ecclesiastical plate and valuables "except those indispens-
EDGE: Reeded
able for religious services". Although the Royalist Archbishop de-
layed the actual transfer of the Cathedral silver for nearly six
months in the hope of a Boves victory, the Republican government
finally managed to gain possession of an incredible amount of
Church silver. The Archbishop's faith in boves was ill-founded;
when that leader did re-take Caracas he only went through a
REFERENCE: Y-36
farce investigation and attempt to get the silver back from the
deposed Patriot government. Speaking of Venezuela, Dorothy
Kamen-Kaye, Caracas, 1947.
FOOTNOTE: Venezuela during the past 18 years has risen to third
place among oil-producing countries of the world, following the
FOOTNOTE: In 1928, Venezuela moved into second place behind
United States and Russia. Ninety-five percent of the oil production
the United States among the world's oil-producing countries. In
is exported. Wages paid by the petroleum industry in the Maracaibo
other words, her production had become fabulous in a list which
basin are based on a minimum of 8 Bolivares a day for unskilled
included such fabled producers as the Crimean fields of Russia,
labor. Semiskilled labor receives 22 bolivares a day. The bolivar of
the spectacular limestone fields of Mexico and the seemingly limit-
100 centimos, based on gold, is the monetary unit of Venezuela.
less reservoirs of the Middle East waiting to enter flush production
The bolivar has a nominal value of 19.3 cents U.S. Venezuela
in Iraq and Iran. The first oil concession , a 250 acre site, in 1878
issues gold coins 100. 20. and 10 bolivares, although few are in
was granted to Venezuelans in the Andean foothills near Rubio, on
circulation; silver coins are 5, 2, and 1 bolivar, and 50 and 25
and around a surface manifestation or seepage of oil. In 1884, a
centimos pieces; nickel coins are 12 1/2 and 5 centimos value. The
company named Petrolera del Tachira was established. It was not
government does not issue paper currency. The paper currency
until 1917 that foreign enterprise and capital gave Venezuela a
is issued by six authorized banks in notes of 10, 20, 50, 100, 500
true oil industry marked by intensive drilling using heavy mechani-
and 1,000 bolivars. Mining has been an important industry in Ven-
cal equipment., The results was 100,000 barrels for that year.
ezuela since the colonial period. Gold, coal, salt and diamonds are
Thirty years later that amount is pumped in two hours. Speaking of
mined. In 1938. U.S.Dept. of Commerce, 1941.
Venezuela, Maurice Kamen-Kaye, Caracas, 1947.

YEMEN
====================================================================== ======================================================================
YEMEN, IMAMATE of
SANA MINT
======================================================================
1/10 IMADI, 4 BOGACHES 18MM .833 FINE 3.0 GRAMS
======================================================================
(1918) AH 1337 u/m
OV: Arabic inscription in top cresent (The Victorous

of God = God Grant Him Victory) / PRQQ (AH1322) / arabic
inscription ( (Yahya Bin Mohamad Hamid-Al-Din = Son of
Mohamad) within second cresent/ arabic inscription (Prince of
Faithful who depends on God), below.
RV: Arabic inscription (In Sana n Struck) / arabic

inscription (There is only one God) within inner circle/ n star
lower left, n star lower right below.
EDGE: Plain
MINT: San'a = SANA
TYPE: I - No reverse dates.

.
REFERENCE: Y-5
FOOTNOTE: All Yemen issues were minted at SAN'A except the

last 1963 5 BUQSHA struck at the Cairo Mint.
======================================================================
YEMEN, IMAMATE of
SANA MINT 1928 - AH 1347 - OBVERSE
====================================================================== ======================================================================
======================================================================
(1920) AH 1339 u/m

(1921) 1340 u/m
(1922) 1341 u/m
(1923) 1342 u/m
OV: Arabic inscription ( The Victorous of God = God

Grant Him Victory) PRQQ ( AH 1322) within first semi-circle,
arabic inscription (Yahya Bin Mohamad Hamid-Al-Din = Son of
Mohamad) within second semi-circle, arabic inscription (Prince
of the Faithful, who depends on God) below.
RV: Arabic inscription (There is no God but God /

Mohammed is the Prophet of God) / arabic AH DATE within small
circle, n at top, n lower left, n lower right, arabic
inscription (Struck at the seat of the Caliph, Sana, Al-Yemen)
between.
EDGE: Plain
MINT: San'a = SANA
TYPE: II - Dated with AH dates on reverse.
REFERENCE: Y-5
POPULATION: Yemen - 750,000
FOOTNOTE: The Yemen issues are referred to by two denomi-

nations; 1/10 Imad or 4 bogaches. 1928 - AH 1347 - REVERSE
======================================================================
ENCYCLOPEDIA OF SMALL SILVER COINS - YEMEN - PAGE 573

1925 - AH 1344 - OBVERSE 1925 - AH 1344 - REVERSE
====================================================================== ======================================================================
YEMEN, IMAMATE of
SANA MINT
======================================================================
======================================================================
(1924) AH 1343 u/m

(1925) 1344 u/m
(1926) 1345 u/m
(1928) 1347 u/m
(1929) 1348 u/m
(1930) 1349 u/m
(1933) 1352 u/m
(1939) 1358 u/m
(1940) 1359 u/m
(1944) 1363 u/m
(1945) 1364 u/m
(1946) 1365 u/m
(1947) 1366 u/m
OV: Arabic inscription ( The Victorous of God = God

Grant Him Victory) PRQQ ( AH 1322) within first semi-circle,
arabic inscription (Yahya Bin Mohamad Hamid-Al-Din = Son of
Mohamad) within second semi-circle, arabic inscription (Prince
of the Faithful, who depends on God) below.
RV: Arabic inscription (There is no God but God /

Mohammed is the Prophet of God) / arabic AH DATE within small
circle, n n at top, n n lower left, n n lower right,
arabic inscription (Struck at the seat of the Caliph, Sana, Al-
Yemen) between. 1953 - AH 1372 - OBVERSE
======================================================================
EDGE: Plain
FOOTNOTE: Yemen, a division of Arabia, occupying the south-
MINT: San'a = SANA west angle of the peninsula, and known as Arabia Felix. Some
portions of it are very fertile. Among its principal products is cof-
TYPE: II - Dated with AH dates on reverse. fee, to a specially prized kind of which Mocha, one of its seaports,
has given a name everywhere known. Estimated area, 70,000
REFERENCE: Y-5A square miles; estimated population, about 750,000. The chief po-
tentate is the Iman of Sana, a tributary of Turkey.
POPULATION: Yemen - 1930 - 2,500,000

FOOTNOTE: Seif el-Islam Ahmad succeeded to the imamate when
his father was assassinated by insurgents in March, 1948. Yeman
was federated with the United Arab States in 1958, but the federa-
tion was disolved in 1961. This issue was not struck during this
period, but was again reissued following the breakup, dated AH
1379 (AD 1961). Iman Ahmad died on Sept 18, 1962 and was
succeded by his son Mohammed al-Badr who was overthrown a
week later.
======================================================================
======================================================================
YEMEN, IMAMATE of
SANA MINT
======================================================================
1/8 AHMADI 17MM .833 FINE 3.0 GRAMS
======================================================================
(1949) AH 1368 u/m rare
OV: Arabic inscription (God Victorious PRUV = AH

1953 AH 1372 - REVERSE 1367) within first cresent / arabic inscription ( Imam Ahmed,
within second cresent) / arabic inscription (Prince of the Faithful.
======================================================================
AH DATE, below around.
YEMEN, IMAMATE of
SANA MINT
RV: Arabic inscription (In San'a n struck, above/
======================================================================
within inner circle (There is only One God = There is no God but
1/8 AHMADI 17MM .833 FINE 3.0 GRAMS
God)/ PRUW = AH 1368 / arabic inscription ( n Ahmadi n 1/8
======================================================================
n ), below.
(1948) AH 1367 u/m
EDGE: Sexagonal, Plain
(1949) 1368 u/m
(1951) 1370 u/m
MINT: Sana = SANA
(1952) 1371 u/m
(1953) 1372 u/m
REFERENCE: Y-14A
(1954) 1373 u/m
(1955) 1374 u/m
FOOTNOTE: Iman Yahya Ibn Mohammed Hamid Al-Din was born in
(1960) 1379 u/m
1871 and became Iman of Yemen in 1904. The Imam Yahya adopted
(1961) 1380 u/m
the additional title of King in 1926. At that time the Turks tried
energetically to gain complete sovereignty over Yemen. The title
OV: Arabic inscription (God Victorious PRUV = AH
Imam means that its bearer is a direct descendant of the Prophet.
1367) within first cresent / arabic inscription ( Imam Ahmed,
He was murdered in 1948 and succeeded by his son, Iman Ahmed
within second cresent) / arabic inscription (Prince of the Faithful.
AH DATE, below around.
FOOTNOTE: The city of Sana, once capital of the Imans of Yemen,
is situated in a deep and beautiful valley, about twenty or thirty
RV: Arabic inscription (In San'a star struck, above/
miles in length, and six or seven in breath, and 4000 feet above the
within inner circle (There is only One God = There is no God but
level of the sea. The population of the city has been estimated at
God)/ AH DATE / arabic inscription ( n Ahmadi n 1/8 n ),
40,000, and of the valley at about 70,000. The city and its suburbs
below.
are both surrounded by high walls, and including the gardens, the
circumference is about five and a half miles. The houses are of
brick, well and strongly built, and most of them furnished with
EDGE: Pentagonal, Plain
fountains, while the palaces of the Imams almost approached mag-
nificence. The Jews, of whom even now there are about 20,000,
MINT: Sana = SANA
have a quarter to themselves, distant about half an hour walk from
the Mohammedan town; it contains many buildings, once the abode
REFERENCE: Y-14
of affluence and ease, but now bearing unmistakable signs of the
devastation committed by the savage and fanatical Mohammedans
POPULATION: Yemen - 1950 - 5,000,000 with capital
of the city.The City walls are of unburned brick, and mounted with
Sana with 25,000 inhabitants.
cannon, but they are in a very bad condition.There are four gates,
and at both east and west end a castle containing a palace built in
FOOTNOTE: FOOTNOTE: The term Imadi on the ryals of Yahya
the Saracenic style, with extensive gardens around them, and
refer to Pillar, implying that Yahya was the Pillar of the Faith of
constructed with a view to defense, but now utterly neglected.
Islam for Yemen and the denomination Ahmadi means Ahmeds
Library of Universal Knowledge, N.Y. 1880.
ryal.

1963 - AH 1382 - OBVERSE 1963 - AH 1382 REVERSE
====================================================================== ======================================================================
YEMEN, Republic of
SANA MINT FOOTNOTE: Two varieties of this type were struck; thick 2.4-3.0
====================================================================== grams with three stones on wall (Y-24.1) and thin 1.4-1.8 grams
1/10 RIAL, 4 BUQSHA 17MM .720 FINE 2.4 GRAMS with four stones on wall (Y-24.2)
======================================================================
FOOTNOTE: On Sept 27, 1962 Imam Mohammed al-Badr was over-
(1963) AH 1382 u/m thrown in a revolt led by Col. Abdullah al-Sallal, who proclaimed the
Yemen Republic. He later became President.
OV: Arabic inscription (There is only One God =
There is no God but God)) around small circle with San'a ======================================================================
within,/ arabic inscription (In San'a PRWQ = AH 1382, struck),
below.
RV: Arabic inscription (The Arabic Republic of

Yemen) around small circle, with mocha leaf design above
stone wall within / PRWQ= AH 1382), below.
EDGE: Reeded
MINT: Sana = SANA
REFERENCE: Y-24
FOOTNOTE: Yemen, Imamate of, an independent state between

Asir and Aden in Arabia. In spite of the treaty concluded in 1931, a
boundary dispute continued between the Imam (ruler) of Yemen
and the Wahabi King (Ibn Saud, ruler of most of Arabia) over the
Idrisi territory of Asir, which was annexed to the Wahabi Kingdom
in 1930. Negotiations were carried on in Sana, the capital of Yemen,
in 1933, but in August, the Inman practically imprisoned the delega-
tion and invaded Asir. War seemed imminent, but after a few days
the delegates were released and efforts toward conciliation were
made.
1963 - AH 1382 - OBVERSE

======================================================================

FOOTNOTE: Exploration of Southern Arabia by a German traveler
named Helfritz in 1936 describes his meeting with Imam Yahya, in
his Book - Land Without Shade, The King greeted me with a
friendly Marhaba. Be welcome, and with a motion of his hand
invited him to be seated. He never rises to meet a foreigner, not
even to greet foreigners of high rank. Foreigners are, of course,
infidels, and in the eyes of a strict Mohammedan belong to a lower
order. During the audience there was an opportunity of observing
the King at the work of government. He was then in his sixty-
seventh year. Messengers came and went, bringing with them
documents, which in most cases were just ordinary slips of paper.
The King read what there was to read, and decided the matter
then and there, indicating his decision simply by penning a few
strokes underneath in red ink. The Kings close-fistedness may
be directly attributed to the need for defending himself against his
foes, so he has saved all his life, and has gradually accumulated in
the vaults of his palace vast treasure of Maria-Theresa dollars
(the Vienna mint has coined on the average three million of these
coins annually since the Great War.) Helfritz describes Sana as...the
Arab city, is enclosed in a wall which has eight gates. At each gate
there is a guard which examines all ingoing and outgoing persons.
As soon as darkness descends the gates are closed, and then no
one is permitted to enter or leave the city. Caravans which are late
in arriving have to pass the night outside. The Yemenites build in
exactly the same manner as their predecessors of three and four
thousand years ago did. The bases of their houses are constructed
of stone, granite, green basalt, or yellow and red sandstone, while
1963 - AH 1382 - REVERSE the upper part of the house, which often reach to six stories, is of
clay. On the roof proper there is generally an open loggia, the chief
======================================================================
rendezvous of the house-residents in that hot climate, tempered,
YEMEN, Arabic Republic of
by cool nights. Sana is situated at an altitude of some six thou-
CAIRO MINT
sand feet. Land Without Shade, Hans Helfritz, N.Y. 1936.
======================================================================
5 BUQSHA 18.5MM .720 FINE 3.0 GRAMS
======================================================================
======================================================================
1963 AH 1382 1,600,000
OV: Mocha leaves within design around, dates in

arabic PRWQ ( AH 1382 )
- PXUR (AD 1963) below.
RV: arabic inscription (The Arabic Republic of

Yemen) above/ denomination in arabic T (5) / arabic
inscription, within inner circle / design below.
EDGE: Reeded
MINT:(no mintmark) = CAIRO MINT
REFERENCE: Y-28
FOOTNOTE: Arabia is divided into three parts; one is all stones

and rocks, and another is all sand and desert. But there is a third
region called Happy Arabia, that is full of gardens and vineyards
and olive trees, known as Yemen. One of the chief towns is
Mocha, which is best known for it's coffee. When people of Mo-
cha go out in the evening, they carry on their arm a little bag of Map of Arabia with San'a
coffee, and have it boiled when they get there. All over town ======================================================================
people are seen lying on the ground, under awnings spread to
screen them from the sun. These are their coffee-houses; for they FOOTNOTE: This chapter on Yemen concludes this endeavor to
do nothing all day but sip coffee and smoke their pipes. Most of the detail the better parts of my collection of Modern Dime Size Silver
coffee of Mocha is exported to Europe. Mocha is located at the Coins of the World, an effort which began over thirty years ago,
entrance to the Red Sea, near the straits called "Bab-el-man-deb" when the type set collection started by my daughter, was taken
or the "Gate of Tears" because so many ships are wrecked there. over by her Dad and turned into a date collection. The best part
The Story of Coffee, Mary Kirby, Boston, 1900. has been the studying the many numismatic books in my library
and the subsequent pleasure in reading some little contemporary
article in an old encyclopedia, almanac or travel book which gave
way to the many FOOTNOTES throughout this work. Just to hold
a coin and study it with a 16 power magnifying glass was not
enough. I needed to understand a little about the people who used
these coins. Roger deWardt Lane, Hollywood, Florida, 1997.

One of the unique features of this book is the arrangement of
each country within this series,
First by it's 19th century country name and then by the mint
city in alphabetical order.
In the early years, mints were established near the location

of the silver mines.
Then as rail transportation became available, the mine
mints were gradually closed with production facilities central-
ized at the national mint, quite often at the capital city or by
regions.
Some mint facilities with large supplies of silver, produced

coinage for other countries on a contract basis.
In later years, the private mints produced NCLT silver coin-

age for the collector public, as did a few national
mints striking proof silver sets.
ENCYCLOPEDIA OF SMALL SILVER COINS - MINT LIST - PAGE 578

LIST OF MINT CITIES - Included in the Encyclopedia of Small Silver Coins
MINT CITY COUNTRY MINT CITY COUNTRY
ADDIS ABABA Ethiopia LA PAZ Bolivia

ALAMOS Mexico LILLE France
ANKING China LIMA Peru
BANGKOK Thailand LISBON Portugal
BARCELONA Spain LONDON Great Britian
BERLIN Germany LYON France
BERNE Switzerland KABUL Afghanistan
BHUJ India KATMANDU Nepal
BIRMINGHAM/HEATON Great Britian - Private MADRID Spain
BOGOTA Columbia MANILA Philippines
BORDEAUX France MEDELLIN Columbia
BOLOGNA Italy MELBOURNE Australia
BOMBAY India MEXICO CITY Mexico
BORDEAUX France MILAN Italy
BRUSSELS Belgium MUKDEN China
BUCHAREST Romania NANNING China
BUENOS AIRES Argentina NAPLES Italy
CANTON China NAVANAGER India
CALCUTTA India NEW ORLEANS United States
COPENHAGEN Denmark OTTAWA Canada
CARSON CITY United States OSAKA Japan
CARACAS Venezuela PARIS France
CHANGSHA China PHILADELPHIA United States
CHIHUAHUA Mexico POBJOY MINT Great Britian - Private
CHANGTU China POPAYAN Columbia
CAIRO Egypt POTOSI Bolivia
CONSTANTINOPLE Turkey PRETORIA South Africa
CULIACAN Mexico QUITO Ecuator
CUZCO Peru RIO DE JANEIRO Brazil
DENVER United States ROME Italy
DRESDEN Germany ROUEN France
DURANGO Mexico SALVADOR El Salvador
DUSSELDORF Germany SANTIAGO Chile
FEZ Morocco ST. PETERSBURG Russia
FLORENCE Italy SANA Yemen
FOOCHOW China SAN JOSE Costa Rica
FRANKFURT Germany SAN LUIS POTOSI Mexico
FRANKLIN MINT United States - Private SAN FRANCISCO United States
GUADALAJARA Mexico SEVILLE Spain
GUANAJUATO Mexico STOCKHOLM Sweden
HANNOVER Germany STRASBURG France
HELSINGFORS Finland SYDNEY Australia
HERMOSILLO Mexico TEGUCIGALPA Honduras
HONG KONG Hong Kong TEHRAN Persia
ITALCAMBIO MINT Italy - Private TIENTSIN China
KABUL Afghanistan TUNIS Tunisia
KARLSBURG Austria TURIN Italy
KARLSRUHE MINT Germany - Private UTRECHT Netherlands
KHIVA Khiva VENNIA Austria
KIRIN China VENICE Italy
KONGSBERG Norway WARSAW Russia
KREMNITZ Austria WILLEMSTAD Curacao
LAHORE India WUCHANG China
YUNNAN China

COUNTRY MINT CITY COUNTRY MINT CITY
Afghanistan KABUL India BHUJ
Argentina BUENOS AIRES India BOMBAY
Austria KARLSBURG India CALCUTTA
Austria KREMNITZ India LAHORE
Austria VIENNA India NAVANAGER
Australia MELBOURNE Italy BOLOGNA
Australia SYDNEY Italy ITALCAMBIO MINT - Private
Belgium BRUSSELS Italy FLORENCE
Bolivia LA PAZ Italy MILAN
Bolivia POTOSI Italy NAPLES
Brazil RIO DE JANEIRO Italy ROME
Canada OTTAWA Italy TURIN
Chile SANTIAGO Italy VENICE
China ANKING Japan OSAKA
China CANTON Khiva KHIVA
China CHANGSHA Mexico ALAMOS
China CHANGTU Mexico CHIHUAHUA
China FOOCHOW Mexico CULIACAN
China KIRIN Mexico DURANGO
China MUKDEN Mexico GUADALAJARA
China NANNING Mexico GUANAJUATO
China TIENTSIN Mexico HERMOSILLO
China WUCHANG Mexico MEXICO CITY
China YUNNAN Mexico SAN LUIS POTOSI
Columbia BOGOTA Mexico ZACATECAS
Columbia MEDELLIN Morocco FEZ
Columbia POPAYAN Nepal KATMANDU
Costa Rica SAN JOSE Netherlands UTRECHT
Curacao WILLEMSTAD Nicaragua TEGUCIGALPA
Denmark COPENHAGEN Norway KONGSBERG
Ecuator QUITO Persia TEHRAN
Egypt CAIRO Peru CUZCO
El Salvador SALVADOR Peru LIMA
Ethiopia ADDIS ABABA Philippines MANILA
Finland HELSINGFORS Portugal LISBON
France BORDEAUX Romania BUCHAREST
France LILLE Russia ST. PETERSBURG
France LYON Russia WARSAW
France PARIS South Africa PRETORIA
France ROUEN Spain BARCELONA
France STRASBURG Spain MADRID
Germany BERLIN Spain SEVILLE
Germany DRESDEN Sweden STOCKHOLM
Germany DUSSELDORF Switzerland BERNE
Germany FRANKFURT Thailand BANGKOK
Germany HANNOVER Tunisia TUNIS
Germany KARLSRUHE MINT - Private Turkey CONSTANTINOPLE
Great Britian BIRMINGHAM/HEATON - Pvt United States CARSON CITY
Great Britian LONDON United States DENVER
Great Britian POBJOY MINT - Private United States FRANKLIN MINT - Private
Guatemala GUATEMALA CITY United States NEW ORLEANS
Honduras TEGUCGALPA United States PHILADELPHIA
Hong Kong HONG KONG United States SAN FRANCISCO
Hungary BUCHAREST Venzeula CARACAS
Yemen SANA

United States of America NCLT 2007 One Dime
Modern Dime Size Silver NCLT of the World

NON-CIRCULATING LEGAL TENDER APPENDIX - A
Canada and Great Britain NCLT
ENCYCLOPEDIA OF SMALL SILVER COINS - NON-CIRCULATING LEGAL TENDER APPENDIX - A - PAGE 1

======================================================================
Modern Dime Size Silver NCLT of the World
======================================================================
NON-CIRCULATING LEGAL TENDER APPENDIX - A
======================================================================
Non-Circulating Legal Tender - issued by a legitimate government,
which do to the metal - silver or gold are marketed at a price
greater than the bullion content or the value of the denomination.
this coinage is produced for the collector or investor.
The main catalogue and Footnotes deal with circulation Modern

Dime Size Silver Coins of the World, including older issues
which today would be classified as non-circulating legal tender
[NCLT] such as the Tunisian issues of the Paris mint which contin-
ued the regular issues during years when there was no produc-
tion of the circulation coinage and the Great Britian Maundy four
pence coinage which are included, starting with Queen Victoria.
The last circulation issues of this series was the Netherlands
Antilles - 3 Gulden dated 1970.
There have been however, several NCLT issues, particular from

the Franklin mint for Belize, and the Isle of Man issues minted by the
Pobjoy mint, which should be listed for identification. Therefore we
have included these coins in this APPENDIX - A.
Issues are listed in alphabetical order by countries and then chro-

nological by date.
1969 - 2 DOLLAR - REVERSE
====================================================================== ======================================================================
ANGUILLA ANGUILLA, GOVERNMENT of

======================================================================
====================================================================== 2 DOLLAR 18MM .999 FINE 3.57 GRAMS
======================================================================
1969 4,200 proof

1970 i/a proof
OV: (St.Marys Church) / ST.MARYS CHURCH within

inner circle of pearls, GOVERNMENT of ANGUILLA, around
above, small partial wreath tied with ribbon below, within outer
circle of pearls.
RV: Coat of Arms of Anguilla with motto: STRENGTH

AND ENDURANCE on ribbon below,in center, MAY 30 JULY 11/
1967, 2 to left, 0.50 to right / 1969 / ANGUILLA / HALF DOLLAR
1000 around below, within outer circle of pearls.
EDGE: Reeded
MINT: (no mintmark) = ITALCAMBIO MINT

Arezzo, Italy
REFERENCE: KM-15
TYPE: NCLT commemorative issue.
FOOTNOTE: The Arms of Anguilla is represented by a shield quar-

tered, a cannon barrle, upper left, the sun, upper right, native fruit,
lower left and 3 fish, lower right. A shell forms the crest above the
shield. The shield is supported by a native tree, left and a dolphin
hauriant, right. The motto STRENGTH AND ENDURANCE on the
ribbon below the shield.
1969 - 2 DOLLAR - OBVERSE
====================================================================== ======================================================================
FOOTNOTE: Anguilla is a self-governing British colony, some 70 FOOTNOTE: Belize, corruption of Waliz, name given by the
miles north of the island of St. Kitts. The currency unit is the Spainards to the place, from its having been discovered and re-
Eastern Caribbean dollar. Anguilla is only 7 miles from the island of sorted to by an English pirate named Wallace. The Complete Com-
St. Martin. Its is a small flat island, with mile upon mile of beautiful pendium of Universal Knowledge, Phila.,1891.
coral sandy beaches.
====================================================================== ======================================================================

====================================================================== ======================================================================
BELIZE BELIZE, BRITISH COLONY of

======================================================================
====================================================================== ======================================================================
1974 31,368 proof
OV: TEN CENTS / The long-tailed fly catcher on

branch, within outer circle of pearls.
RV: BELIZE / Arms with scroll (SUB UMBRA FLOREO

= Under shodow flower) f (mintmark) to right / 1974 below,
within wreath with outer circle of pearls.
EDGE: Reeded, between 11 & 1 oclock - plain

incised - STERLING SILVER PROOF.
MINT: f = FRANKLIN MINT
SCULPTOR: Michael Rizzello
ENGRAVER: Gilroy Roberts, Former Chief U.S.

Engraver
REFERENCE: Y-8A
TYPE: NCLT issue.
POPULATION: Belize - 1970 - 119,934
FOOTNOTE: In 1974 British Honduras became an internally self-

governed colony with its name changed to Belize. The monetary
unit is the Belize dollar, divided into 100 cents, with Bel $2 = U.S.$1.
1974 - TEN CENTS - OBVERSE The Franklin mint produced the new national coinage starting in
1974 with the Coat of Arms of the Self-Governing Colony. Both
====================================================================== circulating coinage in base metal and this sterling series were
minted by the Franklin mint.
======================================================================
BELIZE, BRITISH COLONY of
======================================================================
======================================================================
1975 13,275 proof

1976 5,897 proof
1977 3,197 proof
1978 3,342 proof
1979 2,445 proof
1980 1,826 proof
1981 643 proof
1982 381 proof
1983 312 proof
1984 397 proof
1985 212 proof
OV: 10 CENTS / The long-tailed fly catcher on

branch, within outer circle of pearls.
RV: BELIZE / Arms with scroll (SUB UMBRA FLOREO

= Under shodow flower) f (mintmark) to right / DATE, within
wreath with outer circle of pearls.
EDGE: Reeded
1974 - TEN CENTS - REVERSE MINT: f = FRANKLIN MINT

======================================================================
REFERENCE: Y-16A
FOOTNOTE: The Franklin mint, Franklin Center, Pa., U.S.A. was the
worlds largest private mint, founded in 1965. TYPE: NCLT issue
============================================================================================================================================ ======================================================================

1969 -1 RIYAL - OBVERSE 1969 -1 RIYAL - REVERSE
====================================================================== ======================================================================
FUJAIRAH ISLE OF MAN

====================================================================== ======================================================================
FUJAIRAH, United Arab Emirate of ISLE OF MAN, British Dependency
====================================================================== ======================================================================
1 RIYAL 18MM .999 FINE 3.00 GRAMS 1/2 PENNY 17MM .925 FINE 2.10 GRAMS
====================================================================== ======================================================================
1969 AH 1388 4,050 proof 1975 20,000 proof

1970 1389 i/a proof
OV: Bust of Queen Elizabeth II, facing right, ISLE OF
OV: Castle / small Coat of Arms / small partial MAN, left, ELIZABETH II, right / PM (mintmark) under bust / .1975.
wreath below.
RV: Coat of Arms of Fujairah with center date 1969 RV: Cushag or common ragwort flower in center,
/ arabic date AH 1388, STATE OF FUJAIRAH, left above, arabic ISLE OF MAN, around above, HALF NEW PENNY, around below.
for Fujairah, right above / - 1 F. RIYAL 1000 - below.
EDGE: Plain
EDGE: Reeded
MINT: PM = POBJOY MINT
MINT: (no mintmark) = ITALCAMBIO MINT
Arezzo, Italy DESIGNER: (ov) Arnold Machin
(rv) Christopher Ironside
REFERENCE: KM-1
TYPE: NCLT proof
TYPE: NCLT proof
FOOTNOTE: The Arms of Fujairah consist of a shield which con- FOOTNOTE: PM is the mintmark of the private mint - Pobjoy Mint
tains two crossed flags below which are two crossed rifles. Limited, Mint House, Oldfield Road, Sutton, Surry, England.
FOOTNOTE: Fujairah is one of the seven emirates that make up the

United Arab Emirates, on the Gulf of Oman.
Fujairah is the only Emirate of the U.A.E. that is almost totally moun-
tainous. All the other Emirates, like Dubai and Abu Dhabi are located
on the west coast, and are largely covered by desert.

1976 - 2 PENNY - OBVERSE 1976 - 2 PENNY - REVERSE
====================================================================== ======================================================================
ISLE OF MAN, British Dependency ISLE OF MAN, British Dependency
====================================================================== ======================================================================
2 PENNY 17MM .925 FINE 2.10 GRAMS 2 PENNY 17MM .925 FINE 2.10 GRAMS
====================================================================== ======================================================================
1976 20,000 proof 1979 10,000 proof

1978 10,000 proof
OV: Bust of Queen Elizabeth II, facing right, ISLE OF
OV: Bust of Queen Elizabeth II, facing right, ISLE OF MAN, left, ELIZABETH II, right / PM (mintmark) under bust /
MAN, left, ELIZABETH II, right / PM (mintmark) under bust / . .1979. below.
DATE. below.
RV:Fish facing left superimposed over map of Isle of
RV: Fish facing left superimposed over map of Isle Man in center, ISLE OF MAN, around above, HALF PENNY,
of Man in center, ISLE OF MAN, around above, HALF PENNY, around below.
around below.
EDGE: Plain
EDGE: Plain
MARK: (triskelion) = Isle of Man
DESIGNER: (ov) Arnold Machin
TYPE: NCLT issue
TYPE: NCLT issue with triskelion mark.
FOOTNOTE: Christopher Ironside was born in London July 11,
1913. His early training in art was gained at the Central School of FOOTNOTE: Triskelis - Three legs of Man, known from heraldic
Arts and Crafts (London) where he studied drawing and sculp- rolls of the late 13th century, the Three Legs formed the Heraldic
ture. It was quite late in his career before he started designing Arms of the medieval Kings of Man later becoming the official Arms
coins and medals. All of the English decimal reverse designs were of the Island.
made by Christopher Ironside.

====================================================================== ============================================================================================================================================
POBJOY MINT POBJOY MINT
====================================================================== ======================================================================
====================================================================== ======================================================================
1980 10,000 1983 5,000 proof
OV: Bust of Queen Elizabeth II, facing right, ISLE OF OV: Bust of Queen Elizabeth II, facing right, ISLE OF
MAN, left, ELIZABETH II, right / PM (mintmark) under bust / .1980. MAN, left, ELIZABETH II, right / PM (mintmark) under bust /
below. .1983. below.
RV: Fish in center, 2 for denomination to right, ISLE RV: Fish in center, 2 for denomination to right, ISLE
OF MAN, around above, HALF PENNY, around below. OF MAN, around above, HALF PENNY, around below.
MINT: PM = POBJOY MINT MINT: PM = POBJOY MINT
DESIGNER: (ov) Arnold Machin DESIGNER: (ov) Arnold Machin
REFERENCE: Y-44a, KM-58a REFERENCE: Y-44.1a, KM-58b
TYPE: NCLT issue - Fineness changed from .925 TYPE: NCLT proof
Sterling.to .500 fine silver.
====================================================================== ======================================================================
====================================================================== ======================================================================
====================================================================== ======================================================================
1982 10,000 proof 1983 u/m proof
OV: Bust of Queen Elizabeth II, facing right, ISLE OF OV: Bust of Queen Elizabeth II, facing right, ISLE OF
MAN, left, ELIZABETH II, right / PM (mintmark) under bust / MAN, left, ELIZABETH II, right / 1983 below.
.DATE. below.
RV: National Flower of Man, in center design, 1/2
RV: Fish in center, 2 for denomination to right, ISLE for denomination below / PM (mintmark) below.
OF MAN, around above, HALF PENNY, around below.
EDGE: Plain
EDGE: Plain
MARK: (baby crib) for the 1982 issue.
TYPE: NCLT proof
REFERENCE: Y-44.1a, KM-58b
FOOTNOTE: The Isle of Man is a self-governing Crown
TYPE: NCLT proof with baby crib mark. dependency, located in the Irish Sea at the center of the British
Isles. The head of state is queen Elizabeth, who has the title
of lord of Mann.
====================================================================== ======================================================================

1970 - 1 RIYAL - OBVERSE 1970 - 1 RIYAL - REVERSE
====================================================================== ======================================================================
SHARJAH UNITED STATES OF AMERICA
====================================================================== ======================================================================
SHARJAH, United Arab Emirate of ONE DIME 17.9MM .900 FINE 2.5 GRAMS
====================================================================== ======================================================================
1 RIYAL 18MM .999 FINE 3.00 GRAMS
====================================================================== 1992S 1,319,632 proof
1993S 763,346 proof
1970 AH 1389 3,850 proof 1994S 787,323 proof
1995S 679,985 proof
OV: Portrait of da Vinchis Mona Lisa / (small palm 1996S 775,021 proof
branch) LA GIOCONDA / arabic inscription (La Gioconda) / (small 1997S 741,678 proof
palm branch). 1998S 878,792 proof
1999S 804,565 proof
RV: Crossed Sharjah flags, palm tree dividing 1970 2000S 965,421 proof
and AH 1389 / arabic denomination (One Riyal) below, within 2001S 889,697 proof
palm branches, within inner circle, STATE of SHARJAH, left 2002S 888,826 proof
above, arabic inscription (Sharjah), right above, / 1 / S.RIYAL 2003S 1,146,050 proof
1000, between upright palm branches. 2004S 1,804,400 proof
2005S 987,700 proof
EDGE: Reeded 2006S 972,000 proof
2007S u/m proof
MINT: (no mintmark) = KARLSRUHE MINT
West Germany OV: Head of President Franklin D. Roosevelt, facing
REFERENCE: KM-2 under bust / S (mintmark) above DATE.
TYPE: NCLT proof RV: Laurel branch, Torch of Liberty, Oak branch
with E PLURIBUS UNUM (Many Joined Into One) across, torch
FOOTNOTE: Sharjah is the second largest emirate in the United below, UNITED STATES OF AMERICA around above, ONE
Arab Emirates. Like four of its neighbours, ajman, dubai, Ra al- DIME around below.
Khaimah and Umm al-Qaiwain, its position on the route to India
made it important. In 1820 its ruler signed the General Maritime EDGE: Reeded
Treaty with Britain.
TYPE: NCLT proof
REFERENCE: Y-27a

1974 - 5 SENE - OBVERSE 1974 - 5 SENE - REVERSE
====================================================================== ======================================================================
UMM AL-QAIWAIN WESTERN SOMOA

====================================================================== ======================================================================
UMM AL-QAIWAIN, United Arab Emirate of WESTERN SOMOA, Independent State of
====================================================================== ======================================================================
1 RIYAL 18MM .999 FINE 3.00 GRAMS 5 SENE 17MM .925 FINE 2.50 GRAMS
====================================================================== ======================================================================
1970 AH 1389 2,050 proof 1974 5,578 proof
OV: A cannon within wreath, arabic inscription on OV: Head of Tanumafili II, facing left, MALIETOA
scroll, below. TANUMAFILI II SOMOA ISISIFO above around / i 1974 i / HP
below trunction.
RV: Crossed Umm al-Qaiwain flags, within wreath, /
1970 and arabic 1970, within circle, STATE OF UMULQAIWAIN, RV: 5 SENE left above / (palm coconut sprouting) /
left around, arabic legend (State of Umulqaiwain) right around, JB below
denomination in arabic (1 U.A.Q. riyal), below.
EDGE: Plain
EDGE: Reeded
MINT: (no mintmark) = KARLSRUHE MINT, West
Germany DESIGNER: HP = Thomas Humphey Paget
JB = unknown
REFERENCE: KM-1
REFERENCE: Y-13a
TYPE: NCLT proof
TYPE: NCLT proof
======================================================================
POPULATION: Western Somoa - 1970 - 141,000
FOOTNOTE: Since this work was first completed, both the United
States and Canada have produced NCLT dime size silver proof ======================================================================
coins. The United States has issued silver proof sets with the
FOOTNOTE: Western Soma became an independent nation on
same design as their circulation non-silver proof sets and the
January 1, 1962. It is composed of four inhabited islands in the
regular annual coinage designs each year. Each set has con-
South Pacific. Western Somoa was a German colony from 1899
tained a silver proof dime. More recently Canada has issued a
to 1914. It then became a New Zealand mandate under the League
series of silver 10 cent proof dime size silver commerative coins.
of Nations and in 1945 a United Nations Trusteeship continuing
Both of these would be classified as NCLT coins. Macau issued
under New Zealand. the currency of Western Somoa is the tala;
proof sets 1982-85 with a dime size silver 10 Avos coin. Great
100 sene = 1 tala.
Britain issued a NCLT 5 pence sterling coin in special set dated
1990.
====================================================================== ======================================================================

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ENCYCLOPEDIA OF SMALL SILVER COINS

Brother Can You Spare A Dime?

MODERN DIME SIZE SILVER

Roger deWardt Lane

This Revised Third Edition is presented in

March 28, 2008

ENCYCLOPEDIA OF SMALL SILVER COINS - PAGE ii

Roger deWardt Lane

ENCYCLOPEDIA OF SMALL SILVER COINS - PAGE iii

ENCYCLOPEDIA OF SMALL SILVER COINS - PAGE iv

Costa Rica in 1865, Honduras in 1871, Nicaragua in 1880, El Salva-

ENCYCLOPEDIA OF SMALL SILVER COINS - PAGE v

Several East African colonies had similar denominations produced

So we have been Around The World, starting with the Spanish or

Having completed this catalogue and compiled most of the anthol-

ENCYCLOPEDIA OF SMALL SILVER COINS - PAGE vi

Denomination, the millimeter size, the silver fineness expressed in a

DESIGNER:, ENGRAVER:, and or ASSAYER: listed with the initials

ENCYCLOPEDIA OF SMALL SILVER COINS - PAGE vii

(1891) AH 1308 u/m HH-5A

OV: i at top, TOUGHRA-I-KHORASONEE / legend

RV: i at top, MIHRAB and MONBER (the emblem of

MINT: Legend = KABUL

REFERENCE: Y-9.2, KM-804

FOOTNOTE: Abdul-Ur-Rahman, Khan (1830-1901), Ameer of Af-

POPULATION: Afghanistan - 1895 - 5,000,000 with

FOOTNOTE: The MIHRAB and MONBER (the emblem of Afghani-

FOOTNOTE: Arabic numbers can be read as below:

AH1313 - 2 - RUPEE - REVERSE

ENCYCLOPEDIA OF SMALL SILVER COINS - AFGHANISTAN - PAGE 2

(1897) AH 1314 u/m

OV: i (star) at top, arabic date AH 1314 to right of

RV: legend (YAK MESQHAL = one mesqhal) above

MINT: Legend = KABUL

REFERENCE: Y-9.3 HH-5D, KM-817

FOOTNOTE: Afghanistan - A country lying on the northwestern

FOOTNOTE: AMIR translates as Commander or Lord. (1899) AH 1316 u/m

====================================================================== OV: legend (KABUL) / TOUGHRA-I-KHORASONEE

RV: MIHRAB and MONBER / crossed cannon and

MINT: Legend = KABUL

REFERENCE: Y-9.4, HH-5E, KM-825

FOOTNOTE: Kabul (Cabul), capital of the Kingdom of Afghanistan,

FOOTNOTE: Abdul Rahman, Ameer of Afghanistan was the eldest

ENCYCLOPEDIA OF SMALL SILVER COINS - AFGHANISTAN - PAGE 3

(1900) AH 1317 u/m rare (1901) AH 1319 u/m rare

(1900) AH 1318 u/m rare

OV: i at top, legend (AMIR ABDUL RAHMAN) AH 1320 -1 ABBASI

MINT: (no mintmark) = KABUL (1902) AH 1320 u/m rare

ENCYCLOPEDIA OF SMALL SILVER COINS - AFGHANISTAN - PAGE 4

(1902) AH 1320 u/m HH-15A (1903) AH 1321 u/m

(1906) AH 1324 u/m

OV: i at top, legend (AMIR HABIBULLAH, SERAJ

RV: MIHRAB and MONBER / denomination (YAK

MINT: (no mintmark) = KABUL

REFERENCE: Y-22, HH-16B, KM-845

ENCYCLOPEDIA OF SMALL SILVER COINS - AFGHANISTAN - PAGE 5

(1905) AH 1323 u/m (1908) AH 1326 u/m

REFERENCE: Y-23, HH-15C, KM-844

POPULATION: Afghanistan - 1910 - Estimated at

FOOTNOTE: Cabul, the capital of the province of Cabul, and of the

ENCYCLOPEDIA OF SMALL SILVER COINS - AFGHANISTAN - PAGE 6

(1911) AH 1329 u/m

OV: i at top, legend (In naskh characters) (AMIR