2.

1 Shear Force Stress and Strain

Shear Force
A shear load is a force that tends to produce a sliding failure on a material along a plane
that is parallel to the direction of the force. It is denoted by Fs.
When a paper is cut with scissors, the paper fails in shear.

Shear Stress
The shear force per unit area of the section over which it acts, is called the shear stress
or shearing stress and is denoted by .

Mathematically, shear stress Shear Load

Area
=
Fs
A
Unit for shear stress- N/m2 or N/mm2 or Pascal (Pa), 1 K Pa = 1000 Pascals.

Applications
Tools and work-pieces in punching operations, rivets in riveted joints, the welds in
welded joints, and keys used to lock pulleys to shafts are common examples of
materials under shear stresses.

Comparison of Shear and Normal Stresses

Shear force causes stress in a material along a plane that is parallel to the direction of
force. The axial force causes stress in a material along the axial direction.
The shear force causes angular deformation of the material, whereas the axial force
causes linear deformation of the material.
The shear force can produce a sliding failure, whereas an axial force can make the
material fail across a section perpendicular to the direction of the force (break).

CH-2 103
Deformation Due to Shear Stress
Let us consider the deformation caused by shear forces to a rectangular solid body. The
shear forces and resisting forces acting on the element are as shown in the figure below.
Figure 10 Shear forces on a rectangular element
Fs

Fs
Shearing stresses acting only on sides of the rectangle, results in change in the original
right angles. Since there are no longitudinal stresses acting on the element, the lengths
of the sides of the rectangular element do not change. Due to the shearing stress the
element assumes the configuration shown by the dashed lines. The change in angle is
normally very small.

Shear Strain
The minute angular deformation in a body under shear forces is called shear strain. The
shear strain is denoted by . The unit of shear strain is radians.

104 CH-2
Problems

2.1.1 Consider the bolted joint shown in the figure below. The force P is 30 KN
and the diameter of the bolt is 10 mm. Determine the average value of
shearing stress existing across either of the planes a-a or b-b.

In the absence of any additional information, we can assume that force P will
tend to shear the bolt. This is resisted by shear stresses developed equally
across sections a-a and b-b.
Given data:
Force, P = 30 KN
Diameter of the bolt, d = 10 mm
Solution
P 30
Shear force across a-a or b-b, Fs =
2 2
3
= 15 KN = 15 x 10 N
d2
Area of section a-a or b-b ,A = 4
100
= 4
2
= 78.6 mm
The average shear stress = , across either plane a-a or b-b is
Fs
=
A
15 10 3

=
78.6
= 191
Average shear stress across
either of the planes ab, or bb = 191 N/mm2

CH-2 105
 2.1.2 For a given material, the youngs modulus is 1.10 10 5 N/mm2 and
modulus of rigidity G 0.43 10 5 . The elongation of a round rod of this
material
40 mm diameter and 2.5 m length when stretched is 2.5 mm. Find the
reduction in diameter.

Given data:
Diameter of the rod, d = 40 mm
Original length of the rod, l = 2.5 m = 2500 mm
Change in length of rod, l = 2.5 mm
Youngs modulus, E = 1.10 10 5 N/mm2
Modulus of rigidity, G = 0.43 10 5
Solution:
9GK
E =
3K G
E(3K G) = 9GK
3KE GE = 9GK
9GK - 3KE = GE
K(9G - 3E) = GE
K(9 0.43 10 5 - 3 1.10 10 5 ) = 0.473 10 10 1.1 10 10
K(3.87 - 3.3) 10 5= 0.473 10 5

0.473 10 5
K =
0.57
K = 0.83 10 5 N/mm2
1
E = 2G 1
m
1 E
1 =
m 2G
1.10 10 5
=
2 0.43 10 5
= 1.28
1
= 1.28 1
m
1
Poissons ratio, = 0.28
m
1 Lateral Strain
Poissons ratio, =
m Longitudinal Strain
Lateral strain = Poissons ratio x Longitudinal strain

106 CH-2
 2.5
= 0.28
2.5 1000
= 0.00028
Lateral contraction = Lateral strain diameter of the material
= 0.00028 40
Reduction in diameter = 0.0112 mm

2.1.3 A bar 30 mm x 30 mm x 250 mm long is subjected to a pull of 90 KN in the

direction of its length. The elongation of the bar was found to be 0.125 mm,
while the decrease in each lateral dimension was found to be 0.00375 mm.
Find the youngs modulus, Poissons ratio, modulus of rigidity and bulk
modulus for the material of the bar.

Given data:
Length of the bar, l = 250 mm
Cross section of the bar = 30 mm 30 mm
Axial pull, P = 90 KN
Elongation of the bar, l = 0.125 mm
Decrease in lateral dimension = 0.00375 mm

Solution

90 10 3
Stress, p = = 100 N/mm2
30 30
0.125
Longitudinal strain, e = 5 10 4
250
p
Youngs modulus, E =
e
100
= 2 10 5 N/mm2
5 10 -4

Youngs modulus, E = 2 105 N/mm2

1 Lateral Strain
Poissons ratio, =
m Longitudinal Strain
0.00375
Lateral strain = = 1.25 104
30
1 1 1.25 10 4
Poissons ratio, = =
m m 5 10 4
1
Poissons ratio, = 0.25
m
1
Modulus of rigidity, E = 2C 1
m
= 2C (1 + 0.25)

CH-2 107
 E 2 10 5
2C = =
1.25 1.25
2 10 5
C = 2 1.25
= 0.8 105
Modulus of rigidity, C = 0.8 x N/mm2
2
Bulk modulus, K = 3K (1 )
m
1
2 105 = 3K(12 )
m
= 3K(1 2 0.25)
= 3K(10.5)
= 1.5K
1.5k = 2 105
2
K = 10 5
1.5
Bulk modulus, K = 1.333 105 N/mm2
Youngs modulus, E = 2 105 N/mm2
1
Poissons ratio, = 0.25
m
Modulus of rigidity, C = 0.8 x N/mm2
Bulk modulus, K = 1.333 105 N/mm2

2.1.4 The modulus of rigidity, G, of a material is 0.8 x 10 5 N/mm 2. When a

6 mm x 6 mm bar of this material was subjected to an axial pull of 3600 N,
it was found that the lateral dimension of the bar changed to 5.9991 mm.
Find the Poissons ratio and the modulus of elasticity E.

Given data:
Cross section of the bar = 6 6 36 mm2
Axial load, P = 3600 N
Changed lateral dimension = 5.9991 mm
Modulus of rigidity, G = 0.8 105 N/mm2
Solution
P
Stress, p =
A
Area of the section of the bar = 6 6 36 mm2
3600
P = 100 N/mm2
36
Change in lateral dimension
Lateral strain = Original lateral dimension
6 59991 0.0009
= 0.00015
6 6

108 CH-2
 p
But, lateral strain = 0.00015
mE

100 2 10 6
Therefore, mE =
0.00015 3
1
Also, E = 2 G 1
m
2 10 6
mE = 2 G(m 1)
3
2 10 6
2 0.8 10 5
m 1 =
3
m 1 = 4.167
m = 3.167
1
Poissons ratio = m
1
= 0.3158
3.167
1
Poissons ratio, = 0.3158
m
mE
E = m
6
2 10
= 3 3.167
5
20
= 10
9.501
Modulus of elasticity E = 2.1 105 N/mm2
1
Poissons ratio, = 0.3158
m
Modulus of elasticity E = 2.1 105 N/mm2

CH-2 109
 2.1.5 A rectangular block of 250 mm x 100 mm x 80 mm is subjected to axial
load as follows: 480 KN tensile in the direction of its length, 900 KN tensile
on the 250 mm x 80 mm faces, and 1000 KN compressive on the 250 mm
x100 mm faces. Assuming Poissons ratio as 0.25, find in terms of the
modulus of elasticity E of the material, strains in the direction of each force.
If E = 2 x 105 N/mm2, find the values of modulus of rigidity and bulk
modulus for the material of the block. Also calculate change in volume of
the block due to the application of these forces.

Given data:
Length of the block = 250 mm
Cross section of the block = 100 mm x 80 mm
Tensile force in the direction of its length = 480 KN
Tensile force on 250 mm 80 mm faces = 900 KN
Compressive force on 250 mm 100 mm
= 1000 KN
faces
Poissons ratio = 0.25
E = 2 105 N/mm2

Solution
480 1000
The stress in the directions px = = 60 N/mm2
100 80
900 1000
py = = 45 N/mm2
250 80
1000 1000
pz = = 40 N/mm2
100 250

The strain along the directions of the forces 60 45 40

In the direction of the force 480 KN, ex =
E mE mE

110 CH-2
 1 45 40
=
60 - m m

E
1 5
= 60 -
E
m

1
= 60 - 5 0.25
E
58.75
=
E
58.75
Strain along x =
E
45 60 40
In the direction of force 1000 KN, ey =
E mE mE
1 1
=
45 - m 60 40
E
1
= 45 0.25 20
E
1
= 40
E
40
Strain along y =
E
1 1
In the direction of force 900 KN, ez = 45 105
E m
1
= 45 105 0.25
E
66.25
Strain along z =
E
Volumetric strain, ev = ex + ev + ez
58.75 40 66.25
=
E E E
32.5
=
2 10 5
= 16.25 105
Increase in volume = ev V

32.5
=
2 10 5
250 100 80
mm3
Increase in volume = 325 mm3
2
E = 3K 1
m
1
2x105 = 3K 1 2
m

CH-2 111
 = 3K 1 2 0.25
5
2x10 = 1.5 K
K = 1.33 N/mm2
Bulk modulus , K = 1.33 x 105 N/mm2
1
E = 2C(1 + )
m
E = 2C(1 +0.25)
E = 2 105
2 10 5
2C =
1.25
Modulus of rigidity, C = 0.8 x 105 N/mm2
58.75
Strain along x =
E
40
Strain along y =
E
66.25
Strain along z =
E
Increase in volume = 325 mm3
Bulk modulus , K = 1.33 x 105 N/mm2
Modulus of rigidity, C = 0.8 x 105 N/mm2

2.1.6 A cylindrical rod is 20 mm diameter and is 1000 mm long. During a tensile

test it is found that the longitudinal strain is 4 times the lateral strain.
Calculate the modulus of rigidity and the bulk modulus, if its modulus of
elasticity is 1x105N/mm2. Find the change in volume, when the rod is
subjected to a hydrostatic pressure of 100 N/mm2.

Given data:
Diameter of the cylindrical rod, d = 20 mm
Length of the cylindrical rod, l = 1000 mm
When the rod is subjected to Tensile
= 4(lateral strain)
load, longitudinal strain
Longitudinal Strain 1
=
Lateral Strain 4
Youngs Modulus E = 1 10 5 N/mm2
Tensile stress, p = 100 N/mm2
Solution
1 Longitudinal Strain
Poisons ratio, =
m Lateral Strain
1
=
4
= 0.25
1
We Know that, E = 2G 1
m

112 CH-2
 E
G =
1
21
m

1 10 5
=
1
21
4

1 10 5
=
5
2
4
The modulus of rigidity, G = 4 x 104
2
We Know that E = 3K 1
m

E
K =
2
3 1 -
m

1 10 5
=
2
3 1 -
4
1 10 5
=
3 0.5
2 10 5
=
3
The bulk modulus, K = 0.667 x 105
Longitudinal Stress
Volumetric strain, e V =
K

100
=
2
10 5
3
100 3
=
2 10 5
= 1.5 10 -3
d 2 l
Volume of a cylindrical rod, V =
4
20 1000
2
V =
4
Volumetric strain Volume of the
The decrease in volume V =
rod
= eV V

CH-2 113
 20 1000
2

= 1.5 10
-3
4
400 1000
= 1.5 10 -3 4
= 1.5 10 -3 10 5

= 1.5 3.14 10 2
Change in volume = 471 mm3
The modulus of rigidity, G = 4 x 104
The bulk modulus, K = 0.667 x 105
Change in volume = 471 mm3

2.1.7 A rod of 30 mm diameter is subjected to a pull of 60 KN. The measured

elongation for a gauge length of 200 mm is 0.009 mm and the change in
diameter is 0.0039 mm. Calculate the Poissons ratio and the values of the
three module.

Given data:
Diameter of the rod, d = 30 mm
Tensile load on the bar, P = 60 KN = 6000 N
Gauge length, l = 200 mm
Change in length, l = 0.009 mm
Change in diameter, d = 0.0039 mm
Solution

Load
Tensile stress, p =
Area
P
=
A
d2
Area, A =
4
30 30
=
4
= 706.86 mm2
6000
p =
706.86
= 84.88 N/mm2

114 CH-2
 l
Longitudinal strain, e =
l
0.09
=
200
= 0.00045
p
Youngs modulus, E =
e
84.88
=
0.00045
Youngs modulus, E = 188622 N/mm2
Change in lateral dimension
Lateral strain =
Original lateral dimension
0.0039
=
30
= 0.00013
1
Poissons ratio, = Lateral Strain
m
Longitudinal Strain
0.00013
=
0.00045
1 13
=
m 45
1
Poissons ratio, = 0.29
m
Let C = Modulus of rigidity
2C
We Know that E =
1 1
m
2C
188622 =
1 13
45
2C
188622 =
1 13
45

2C
188622 =
45 13

45

2C
188622 =
58

45

CH-2 115
 188622 45
C =
58 2
Modulus of rigidity, C = 73172 N/mm2
Let K = Bulk modulus
2
We know that E = 3K1 -
m
1
188622 = 3K 1 - 2
m
2 13
188622 = 3K 1 -
45
26
188622 = 3K 1 -
45
45 - 26
188622 = 3K
45
19
188622 = 3K
45
188622 45
K =
19 3
Bulk modulus, K = 148912 N/mm2

116 CH-2
Problems to practice

1. A steel punch can with-stand a safe compressive stress of 1100 N/mm. Find the
least diameter of a hole that can be punched through a 12.5 mm thick steel plate,
if the ultimate shear stress of the steel plate is 360 N/mm.
2. Rivet holes of 20 mm diameter are to be punched on a 10 mm thick steel plate.
The shearing strength of the plate is 360 N/mm. Find the compressive stress in
the punch at the time of punching.
3. For a given material, the Youngs Modulus is 1.10 x 105 N/mm and the modulus
of rigidity is 0.43 x 105 N/mm. Find the bulk modulus and the lateral contraction
of a rod of 40 mm diameter and 2.5 m length when stretched to 2.5 mm.
4. A bar of metal 100 mm x 50 mm in cross section is 250 mm long. It carries a
tensile load of 400 KN in the direction of its length, a compressive load of
4000 KN on its 100 mm x 250 mm faces and a tensile load of 2000 KN on its
50 mm x 250 mm faces. If E=2x 105 N/mm and Poissons ratio is 0.25, find
a. the changes in volume of the bar,
b. the change that must be made to the 4000 KN load, in order that there is
no change in the volume of the bar.

CH-2 117