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Electrical
Borehole Wall Imaging
Formation Micro Imager
FMI
Oriented images of structures on the
borehole wall with resistivity contrasts.
4-Arm tool, each arm with pad &
foldable flap-pad, each pad with 24
electrode buttons (total 192).
4.08 -6.2 mm
Main pad
7.62 mm
electrode
button
5.08 mm pattern
Flap pad
Vertical resolution:
5 mm
GFZ-OSG, J. Kck
FMS/FMI
FMS FMI in big
Section: 628.7 - 630.4 Section: 957.5 - 959.0
sized
holes
Example:
KTB main well,
bit size: 17 1/2"
GFZ-OSG, J. Kck
FMI in
big sized holes
GFZ-OSG, J. Kck
FMS - Vertical Fractures
GFZ-OSG, J. Kck
Fracture Detection using Images
Example:
EMI
Halliburton
GFZ-OSG, J. Kck
Fault Zone Detection using Images
Example:
EMI
Halliburton
GFZ-OSG, J. Kck
FMS Image KTB pilot hole, Gneiss foliation
197/50
209/40
209/48
226/60
2534.0
2534.2 2538.3
GFZ-OSG, J. Kck
Image Logging
Acoustic
Borehole Wall Imaging
Borehole Televiewer - BHTV
Downhole electronics
Exmpl: Interchangable
Schlumberger UBI acoustic head
Transducer,
Frequency: 7.5 rps
250/500 kHz GFZ-OSG, J. Kck
BHTV KTB VB FMS
Acoustic Image Electric Image
0 60 120 180 240 300 360 0 60 120 180 240 300 360
2188.5 2188.5
2189.0 2189.0
2189.5 2189.5
2190.0 2190.0
2190.5 2190.5
2191.0 2191.0
GFZ-OSG, J. Kck
BHTV - Borehole Enlargement & Excentering
1073.5
1073.38 m
1074.5
1075.5
Cross-Section
GFZ-OSG, J. Kck
N
1693.5 m
BHTV W E
S
Breakouts
1693.1
Tensile
Fractures
1693.2
1693.5 m - 1694.0 m
SH t size
Bi
SH
1693.3
Breakouts in direction of
minimal stress
Sh
1693.4
GFZ-OSG, J. Kck
1693.5
BHTV - Borehole Wall
Breakouts
3D-Projection:
1605.3 - 1605.8 m
Cross-Section:
1605.73 m
KTB VB
1602.8 - 1608.2 m
GFZ-OSG, J. Kck
Slip Failure in Borehole Cross-Sections
Shear Displacement
GFZ-OSG, J. Kck
normal motion reverse motion
Effect of
er
ay
&l
borehole deviation
xis
ea
hole deviation
on dip readings
nd
So
.
btw
gle
An
apparent
dip angle
Nuclear Logs
Neutron Porosity Sonde
Apparent Hydrogen Content
(increasing hydrogen = increasing gamma count)
Source: Neutrons AmBe, 16 Curie, 4.5 MeV or accelerators
GFZ-OSG, J. Kck
=> high hydrogen readings. Also salt water
invasion will increase the hydrogen readings !
Density Sonde - LDS
Rock Density (apparent)
(increasing density = decreasing electron count)
Source: Gamma Photons Cs137, 1.5 Curie, 662 keV
energy
100-662 keV Compton
short spacing recoil electron
ejected
source photo-
gamma electron
photon,
GFZ-OSG, J. Kck
energy
<100 keV Photoeffect
Spectral Gamma Ray - SGR
Uranium, Thorium & Potassium Content
238
(radioactive decay series of U, 232Th & 40K)
Source: Neutrons AmBe, 16 Curie, 4.5 MeV or accelerators
dN 40
dE K
Th + U + K
x10 214
scale
B
208
i T
l
K U Th
detector:
Energy (MeV)
scintillation counter
with W1 W2 W3 W4 W5
energy windows low energy high energy
or high count rate low count rate
full spectrum
GFZ-OSG, J. Kck
Elemental Analysis
Example: (Geochemical Logging)
Schlumberger
GLT
Elements Concentration
(active and passive methods)
Natural
Gamma Ray U, Th, K Mineral Composition
Spectrometry
thermal
Dual Energy Porosity The GLT consists of three independent
Neutron Tool
252Cf
spectrometry tools and a neutron tool.
epithermal
Clay Tool
Induced Gamma Ray Spectroscopy Tool:
pulsed neutron accelerator, 14 MeV
Induced Si, Ca, Fe, S,
Gamma Ray The sonde is run eccentered.
Spectroscopy Gd, Ti, Cl, H
Tool Boron sleeve
4.25"
Vertical resolution: 30-90 cm (1-3 ft)
Depth of investigation: <3m
Length: 21 m Logging speed:
1-3 m/min GFZ-OSG, J. Kck
Geophysical Logging
Resistivity
Nuclear Magnetic Resonance - NMR
Free Hydrogen Content, Porosity, Permeability
(spin of hydrogen nuclei)
Sensing region
S Magnet N 0.5" x 0.5" x 6"
14 ft ca. 1.1 - 1.5" from skid
5.3 "
4.625
Vertical resolution: 15 cm (6") inch
GFZ-OSG, J. Kck
Resistivity - Dual Laterolog - DLL
Electrical Resistivity
(constant current focused into the rock, guard electrodes)
Vertical resolution: 60 cm
sensing current
focusing current
! The Laterolog is good both in
resistive and conductive formations.
G !
It can not be used in bore holes filled
shallow: deep:
> 250 Hz 35-150 Hz with non-conductive mud (oil & air). !
GFZ-OSG, J. Kck
Azimuthal Resistivity Imager - ARI
Electrical Resistivity Image
(like DLL, additionally in 30 segments)
GFZ-OSG, J. Kck
Dual Induction Log - DIL
Electrical Resistivity
(induction of a ground loop current,
receiver current is proportional to rock conductivity)
Emitter frequency:
Receiver coil
20 kHz/40 kHz
Depth of investigation: 2 - 10 cm
Vertical resolution: 5 - 10 cm
caliper
arms
Ao Mo A1
Electrode
pad
Ao
measure Mo
voltage A1
V=0
monitor electrodes
GFZ-OSG, J. Kck
Density Sonde Breakouts &
Sonde with Pads
Wall Roughness
Rough
Breakouts
Wall Borehole enlargements
affect mostly all standard
logs:
Density, Sonic, Porosity,
Resistivity, Gamma
Sonic Logs
Sonic Log
Speed of Sound
(recording of sound wave traveltimes)
upper
transmitter Sonic frequency: 20 - 40 kHz
Depth of investigation: 100 cm
receiver 1 Vertical resolution: 60 cm
receiver 2
t2 t1
receiver 3 Full wave form recording
receiver 4 Stonley wave
firing
lower
transmitter
3.5 ft
8 receiver
array
8 ft
2 ft 2 receiver
3 ft
2 ft 2 transmitter
GFZ-OSG, J. Kck
Dipol Shear Sonic Imager - DSI
Different Sonic Sonde Designs
(generation of strong shear waves and multiple recording)
Compressional Shear Flexural
Wave Wave Wave
receiver
42 in array
6 in
Wellbore
Compressional
Wave
3.5 ft 9 ft
11 ft
GFZ-OSG, J. Kck
Vertical Seismic Profiling - VSP
Seismic Signals
(depth profile of seismic velocities)
magnetic
anchoring
clamping arm
anchoring
GFZ-OSG, J. Kck
Example: GFZ, BG-250
Geophysical Logging
Magnetic Logs
3D Magnetometer
Magnetic Field
(BVER, BHOR, BABS, Inclination)
Resolution 2.5 nT
Measuring range:
100 000 nT
GFZ-OSG, J. Kck
Sus Log
Magnetic Susceptibility
(emitter AC current induces a magnetic field to Electronics
rock, return field is according to susceptibility)
Frequency: 1 kHz
Measuring range: 10-6-10-1 SI
units
Depth of investigation: 20 cm
Vertical resolution: 20 cm
Receiver Coil
Epoxy
housing
Magnetic susceptibility of rocks w/ oil filling
mainly depends on type, shape
and concentration of Compensator Coil
ferromagnetic minerals (Fe-Ti). Emitter Coil
Gravimetry
Borehole Gravity Meter - BHGM
Gravity Profile & Density
(sensitive spring balance which measures changes
in weight of a proof mass due to changes in gravity)
Sidecores
Sidewall Coring Tool
Example: Halliburton
drill bit
GFZ-OSG, J. Kck
Geophysical Logging
Conclusions
Depth of Investigation of Logging Sondes
Induction Density
Neutron
Laterolog Porosity
MSFL Gamma
micro resistivity Spectrum
Sonic Imager
GFZ-OSG, J. Kck
Depth of Investigation & Vertical Resolution of Logging Sondes
100 in
DPT
250 cm DIL, deep
Phasor, deep
LLS LLD
CNT Sonic
GST NGS Enhanced Phasor
inelastic mode GST
10 FDC LDT capture mode
25
GR
MSFL
EPT
Microlog Microlaterolog
1
2.5
HDT
Dual
Dipmeter
0.2 Example: Schlumberger Sondes
FMS/FMI
0.5
0.4 in 1 3 10 30 100 300
1 cm 2.5 7.6 25 76 250 760
Depth of investigation, inch/cm GFZ-OSG, J. Kck
A few questions about log data quality
Is the recorded depth reliable and
how accurate is it?
How did the borehole environment affect the
logging data? Mud? Caliper?
Was the sonde centralized/excentralized?
Was the logging sonde functioning normally?
See the remarks on the log or report!