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Image Logging

Electrical
Borehole Wall Imaging
Formation Micro Imager
FMI
Oriented images of structures on the
borehole wall with resistivity contrasts.
4-Arm tool, each arm with pad &
foldable flap-pad, each pad with 24
electrode buttons (total 192).

4.08 -6.2 mm

Main pad
7.62 mm
electrode
button
5.08 mm pattern

Flap pad

Vertical resolution:
5 mm
GFZ-OSG, J. Kck
FMS/FMI
FMS FMI in big
Section: 628.7 - 630.4 Section: 957.5 - 959.0
sized
holes

Example:
KTB main well,
bit size: 17 1/2"

GFZ-OSG, J. Kck
FMI in
big sized holes

Example: KTB main well,


bit size: 14 3/4"

Section: 4757.7 - 4760.3 m

GFZ-OSG, J. Kck
FMS - Vertical Fractures

GFZ-OSG, J. Kck
Fracture Detection using Images

Example:
EMI
Halliburton

GFZ-OSG, J. Kck
Fault Zone Detection using Images

Example:
EMI
Halliburton

GFZ-OSG, J. Kck
FMS Image KTB pilot hole, Gneiss foliation

0 60 120 180 240 300 360 2537.3


2533.3 113/46
174/45
183/51

197/50

209/40
209/48

226/60
2534.0

2534.2 2538.3
GFZ-OSG, J. Kck
Image Logging

Acoustic
Borehole Wall Imaging
Borehole Televiewer - BHTV

BHTV sonde inside


borehole, rotating and
running upward
`Reading trace of the
sonic beam on the
borehole wall.

Sonic beam running


from transducer to the
wall and back
GFZ-OSG, J. Kck
BHTV Exmpl: GeoSys

Acoustic Borehole Televiewer


Type: acoustic transducer rotating
inside housing

Logging speed: 1 - 10 m/min

Downhole electronics

Rotating coil to record


Azimuthal orientation in
earth magnetic field

Rotating transducer inside


6 rps
oilfilled acoustic transparent
plastic housing
Frequency: 800 kHz
GFZ-OSG, J. Kck
BHTV
Acoustic Borehole Televiewer Logging speed:
2 - 10 m/min

Type: acoustic Motor & gear-box


transducer assembly
Rotating electrical
rotating in mud connection
Centralizer
Rotating shaft with
built-in electronics
Rotating seal

Exmpl: Interchangable
Schlumberger UBI acoustic head
Transducer,
Frequency: 7.5 rps
250/500 kHz GFZ-OSG, J. Kck
BHTV KTB VB FMS
Acoustic Image Electric Image

0 60 120 180 240 300 360 0 60 120 180 240 300 360

2188.5 2188.5

2189.0 2189.0

2189.5 2189.5

2190.0 2190.0

2190.5 2190.5

2191.0 2191.0
GFZ-OSG, J. Kck
BHTV - Borehole Enlargement & Excentering

Color-Scale 1071.5 Grey-Scale


Example:
1072.5
KTB VB

1073.5

1073.38 m
1074.5

1075.5

Cross-Section
GFZ-OSG, J. Kck
N
1693.5 m
BHTV W E
S
Breakouts
1693.1

Tensile
Fractures
1693.2
1693.5 m - 1694.0 m
SH t size
Bi
SH
1693.3
Breakouts in direction of
minimal stress
Sh

1693.4

Stack of 5 depth slices

GFZ-OSG, J. Kck
1693.5
BHTV - Borehole Wall
Breakouts

3D-Projection:
1605.3 - 1605.8 m

Cross-Section:
1605.73 m

KTB VB
1602.8 - 1608.2 m

GFZ-OSG, J. Kck
Slip Failure in Borehole Cross-Sections

Shear Displacement

slip along strike of


pre-existing fault
dextral

slip along dip of


pre-existing fault

GFZ-OSG, J. Kck
normal motion reverse motion
Effect of

er
ay
&l
borehole deviation

xis
ea
hole deviation
on dip readings

nd
So
.
btw
gle
An
apparent
dip angle

true dip angle,


horizontal
pla
ne
of
e lec
t ro
de
s
GFZ-OSG, J. Kck
Geophysical Logging

Nuclear Logs
Neutron Porosity Sonde
Apparent Hydrogen Content
(increasing hydrogen = increasing gamma count)
Source: Neutrons AmBe, 16 Curie, 4.5 MeV or accelerators

detectors Vertical resolution: 25 cm


thermal,
Depth of investigation: < 30 cm
3He
Gamma generation
emitted 'capture
gamma'
epithermal,
incident
Lithium-Fluoride neutron

source de-exciting nucleus emits gamma

! This log reacts sensitive on breakouts

GFZ-OSG, J. Kck
=> high hydrogen readings. Also salt water
invasion will increase the hydrogen readings !
Density Sonde - LDS
Rock Density (apparent)
(increasing density = decreasing electron count)
Source: Gamma Photons Cs137, 1.5 Curie, 662 keV

! This log reacts sensitive on breakouts


detectors: => low density readings !
scintillation
counters
scattered
gamma photon
photon
long spacing

energy
100-662 keV Compton
short spacing recoil electron

ejected
source photo-
gamma electron
photon,

GFZ-OSG, J. Kck
energy
<100 keV Photoeffect
Spectral Gamma Ray - SGR
Uranium, Thorium & Potassium Content
238
(radioactive decay series of U, 232Th & 40K)
Source: Neutrons AmBe, 16 Curie, 4.5 MeV or accelerators

dN 40
dE K
Th + U + K

x10 214
scale
B
208
i T
l

K U Th
detector:
Energy (MeV)
scintillation counter
with W1 W2 W3 W4 W5
energy windows low energy high energy
or high count rate low count rate
full spectrum
GFZ-OSG, J. Kck
Elemental Analysis
Example: (Geochemical Logging)
Schlumberger
GLT
Elements Concentration
(active and passive methods)
Natural
Gamma Ray U, Th, K Mineral Composition
Spectrometry
thermal
Dual Energy Porosity The GLT consists of three independent
Neutron Tool
252Cf
spectrometry tools and a neutron tool.
epithermal

Aluminum Neutron Tool & Aluminum Activation Tool:


Activation Al 252Cf source, 2.35 MeV

Clay Tool
Induced Gamma Ray Spectroscopy Tool:
pulsed neutron accelerator, 14 MeV
Induced Si, Ca, Fe, S,
Gamma Ray The sonde is run eccentered.
Spectroscopy Gd, Ti, Cl, H
Tool Boron sleeve
4.25"
Vertical resolution: 30-90 cm (1-3 ft)
Depth of investigation: <3m
Length: 21 m Logging speed:
1-3 m/min GFZ-OSG, J. Kck
Geophysical Logging

Resistivity
Nuclear Magnetic Resonance - NMR
Free Hydrogen Content, Porosity, Permeability
(spin of hydrogen nuclei)

Example: CMR, Schlumberger

Sensing region
S Magnet N 0.5" x 0.5" x 6"
14 ft ca. 1.1 - 1.5" from skid

5.3 " Antenna

6" S Magnet N Blind Zone


0.5" x 0.5"
(1.3 x 1.3 cm)

5.3 "
4.625
Vertical resolution: 15 cm (6") inch
GFZ-OSG, J. Kck
Resistivity - Dual Laterolog - DLL
Electrical Resistivity
(constant current focused into the rock, guard electrodes)

LLS LLD Two depths of investigation


simultaneously :
deep, LLD: 150 - 220 cm
G shallow, LLS: 60 - 90 cm

Vertical resolution: 60 cm
sensing current

focusing current
! The Laterolog is good both in
resistive and conductive formations.
G !
It can not be used in bore holes filled
shallow: deep:
> 250 Hz 35-150 Hz with non-conductive mud (oil & air). !

GFZ-OSG, J. Kck
Azimuthal Resistivity Imager - ARI
Electrical Resistivity Image
(like DLL, additionally in 30 segments)

LLD LLS &


& shallow
deep azimuthal azimuthal Upper electrode A2 is
replaced by 12 single
A2 electrodes, with monitor
electrode inside each.
G
A1 The ARI image contains
M2 absolut resistivity data.
M1
A0
M'1
M'2
A'1 ! The azimuthal resolution
decreases rapidly with
G
increase of well diameter !
A'2

GFZ-OSG, J. Kck
Dual Induction Log - DIL
Electrical Resistivity
(induction of a ground loop current,
receiver current is proportional to rock conductivity)

Emitter frequency:
Receiver coil
20 kHz/40 kHz

Two depths of investigation


simultaneously:
medium 80 cm, deep 170 cm

Vertical resolution 1-2 m


Ground loop

! The induction log should not be used in


Emitter coil
resistive formations and in salt water wells.
It can be used in boreholes filled with
non-conductive mud (oil & air). !
GFZ-OSG, J. Kck
Micro Sperically Focused Log - MSFL
Electrical Resistivity, very shallow
(pad with electrode configuration, focused current, like laterolog)

Depth of investigation: 2 - 10 cm
Vertical resolution: 5 - 10 cm
caliper
arms
Ao Mo A1
Electrode
pad

Ao

measure Mo
voltage A1
V=0

monitor electrodes
GFZ-OSG, J. Kck
Density Sonde Breakouts &
Sonde with Pads
Wall Roughness
Rough
Breakouts
Wall Borehole enlargements
affect mostly all standard
logs:
Density, Sonic, Porosity,
Resistivity, Gamma

A rough wall surface


!Borehole causes blured readings in
corrections have sondes with very high
to be applied ! spatial resolution:
FMS/FMI etc., MSFL,
! SGR/GR should SHDT
be run
excentered
GFZ-OSG, J. Kck
Geophysical Logging

Sonic Logs
Sonic Log
Speed of Sound
(recording of sound wave traveltimes)

upper
transmitter Sonic frequency: 20 - 40 kHz
Depth of investigation: 100 cm
receiver 1 Vertical resolution: 60 cm
receiver 2

t2 t1
receiver 3 Full wave form recording
receiver 4 Stonley wave
firing

lower
transmitter

t = (t1+t2)/2 shear wave


compressional wave
GFZ-OSG, J. Kck
Array Sonic Tool
Different Sonic Sonde Designs
(multiple recording of sound wave traveltimes)

3.5 ft
8 receiver
array

8 ft

2 ft 2 receiver

3 ft

2 ft 2 transmitter

GFZ-OSG, J. Kck
Dipol Shear Sonic Imager - DSI
Different Sonic Sonde Designs
(generation of strong shear waves and multiple recording)
Compressional Shear Flexural
Wave Wave Wave

receiver
42 in array

6 in
Wellbore
Compressional
Wave
3.5 ft 9 ft
11 ft

Shear monopole 11.5 ft


Directional Source
Monopole
Wave
transmitter
upper & lower
dipole transmitter

GFZ-OSG, J. Kck
Vertical Seismic Profiling - VSP
Seismic Signals
(depth profile of seismic velocities)

Much larger integration volume


than with sonic logs
Example: Schlumberger, ASI

magnetic
anchoring

clamping arm
anchoring

GFZ-OSG, J. Kck
Example: GFZ, BG-250
Geophysical Logging

Magnetic Logs
3D Magnetometer
Magnetic Field
(BVER, BHOR, BABS, Inclination)

The measured field consists of:


- the rock remanent field
- the induced rock field
- and the current earths magnetic field

3 cartesian fluxgate magnetometers


3 accelerometers
mechanical or optical gyro-compass

Resolution 2.5 nT
Measuring range:
100 000 nT
GFZ-OSG, J. Kck
Sus Log
Magnetic Susceptibility
(emitter AC current induces a magnetic field to Electronics
rock, return field is according to susceptibility)

Frequency: 1 kHz
Measuring range: 10-6-10-1 SI
units
Depth of investigation: 20 cm
Vertical resolution: 20 cm
Receiver Coil
Epoxy
housing
Magnetic susceptibility of rocks w/ oil filling
mainly depends on type, shape
and concentration of Compensator Coil
ferromagnetic minerals (Fe-Ti). Emitter Coil

Example: MSdH, ANTARES


GFZ-OSG, J. Kck
Geophysical Logging

Gravimetry
Borehole Gravity Meter - BHGM
Gravity Profile & Density
(sensitive spring balance which measures changes
in weight of a proof mass due to changes in gravity)

Stationary measurements 8 to 14 min each

Large integration volume: several 10 m

Example: EDCON, BHGM sensor section


Maximum hole deviation 14

! Allows density logging in cased holes


and in wells with extreme breakouts.

Gives density data in wells where


radioactive sources are prohibited !
GFZ-OSG, J. Kck
Geophysical Logging

Sidecores
Sidewall Coring Tool
Example: Halliburton

Coring in progress Collecting the core

anchoring arm core


pusher

hydraulic drill motor

drill bit

flexible hydraulic line

core storage tube


core
core recovery indicator

GFZ-OSG, J. Kck
Geophysical Logging

Conclusions
Depth of Investigation of Logging Sondes

Induction Density

Neutron
Laterolog Porosity

MSFL Gamma
micro resistivity Spectrum

Sonic Imager

GFZ-OSG, J. Kck
Depth of Investigation & Vertical Resolution of Logging Sondes

100 in
DPT
250 cm DIL, deep
Phasor, deep

TDT SFL Phasor, medium


Vertical Resolution, inch/cm

LLS LLD
CNT Sonic
GST NGS Enhanced Phasor
inelastic mode GST
10 FDC LDT capture mode
25
GR
MSFL

EPT

Microlog Microlaterolog
1
2.5
HDT
Dual
Dipmeter
0.2 Example: Schlumberger Sondes
FMS/FMI
0.5
0.4 in 1 3 10 30 100 300
1 cm 2.5 7.6 25 76 250 760
Depth of investigation, inch/cm GFZ-OSG, J. Kck
A few questions about log data quality
Is the recorded depth reliable and
how accurate is it?
How did the borehole environment affect the
logging data? Mud? Caliper?
Was the sonde centralized/excentralized?
Was the logging sonde functioning normally?
See the remarks on the log or report!

How reliable is the sonde response in the range


of interest?
Has the processed data already been filtered?
GFZ-OSG, J. Kck

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