GIO N BI DNG HC SINH GII MN VT L - BC THCS

Phn phi chng trnh bdhs gii l 9

Nm hc : 2013 - 2014

Bu Ni dung - kin thc Cc dng bi tp

i

1 Bi tp v nh lut Pascal - p
sut ca cht lng.
p sut ca cht lng
2 Bi tp v my p dng cht lng,
v cht kh
bnh thng nhau

3 Bi tp v lc y Asimet

4 Bi tp tng hp kin thc

Cc my c n gin
Bi tp tng hp kin thc
5

6 Dng 1: nh thi im v v tr
gp nhau ca cc chuyn ng
Dng 2: Bi ton v tnh qung
Chuyn ng c hc ng i ca chuyn ng
Dng3 : Xc nh vn tc ca
7
chuyn ng
Dng 4: Tnh vn tc trung bnh
ca chuyn ng khng u
8 Bi tp tng hp kin thc
Bi tp tng hp kin thc
9 Nhit hc

10 Bi tp tng hp kin thc

on mch ni tip - mch song
11
song
on mch hn hp
12

in hc in tr - bin tr
13

14 Cng v cng sut in

15 nh lut Jun - Len x

1
 GIO N BI DNG HC SINH GII MN VT L - BC THCS

16 Quang hc Gng

17 Thu knh

18 Lm quen mt s tng hp

19 Lm quen mt s tng hp

A- p sut ca cht lng v cht kh

I - Tm tt l thuyt.
1/ nh ngha p sut:
p sut c gi tr bng p lc trn mt n v din tch b p.
F
P
S
Trong : - F: p lc l lc tc dng vung gc vi
mt b p.
- S: Din tch b p (m2 )
- P: p sut (N/m2).
2/ nh lut Paxcan.
p sut tc dng ln cht lng (hay kh) ng trong bnh kn
c cht lng (hay kh) truyn i nguyn vn theo mi hng.
F S
3/ My dng cht lng:
f s

- S,s: Din tch ca Pitng ln, Pittng nh (m2)

- f: Lc tc dng ln Pitng nh. (N)
- F: Lc tc dng ln Pitng ln (N)
V th tch cht lng chuyn t Pitng ny sang Pitng kia l nh
nhau do :
V = S.H = s.h (H,h: on ng di chuyn ca Pitng ln,
Pitng nh)
F h
T suy ra:
f H

4/ p sut ca cht lng.

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 GIO N BI DNG HC SINH GII MN VT L - BC THCS
a) p sut do ct cht lng gy ra ti mt im cch mt cht lng
mt on h.
P = h.d = 10 .D . h
Trong : h l khong cch t im tnh p sut n mt cht
lng (n v m)
d, D trng lng ring (N/m3); Khi lng ring (Kg/m3) ca cht
lng
P: p sut do ct cht lng gy ra (N/m2)
b) p sut ti mt im trong cht lng.P = P0 + d.h
Trong : P0: p kh quyn (N/m2);
d.h: p sut do ct cht lng gy ra;
P: p sut ti im cn tnh)
5/ Bnh thng nhau.
- Bnh thng nhau cha cng mt cht lng ng yn, mc cht
lng hai nhnh lun lun bng nhau.
- Bnh thng nhau cha nhiu cht lng khc nhau ng yn,
mc mt thong khng bng nhau nhng cc im trn cng mt
ngang (trong cng mt cht lng) c p sut bng nhau. (hnh bn)

PA P0 d1 .h1

PB P0 d 2 .h2
P P
A B
6/ Lc y Acsimet.
F = d.V - d: Trng lng ring ca cht lng hoc cht kh
(N/m3)
- V: Th tch phn chm trong cht lng hoc
cht kh (m3)
- F: lc y Acsimet lun hng ln trn (N)
F < P vt chm
F = P vt l lng (P l trng lng ca vt)
F > P vt ni
II- Bi tp:
(I)- Bi tp v nh lut Pascal - p sut ca cht lng.
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 GIO N BI DNG HC SINH GII MN VT L - BC THCS
Phng php gii:
Xt p sut ti cng mt v tr so vi mt thong cht lng
hoc xt p sut ti y bnh.
Bi 1: Trong mt bnh nc c mt hp st rng ni, di y hp
c mt dy ch treo 1 hn bi thp, hn bi khng chm y bnh.
cao ca mc nc s thay i th no nu dy treo qu cu b t.
Gii :
Gi H l cao ca nc trong bnh.
Khi dy cha t p lc tc dng ln y cc l: F1 = d0.S.H
Trong : S l din tch y bnh. d0 l trng lng ring ca n-
c.
Khi dy t lc p ln y bnh l:
F2 = d0Sh + Fbi
Vi h l cao ca nc khi dy t. Trng lng ca hp + bi + n-
c khng thay i nn F1 = F2 hay d0S.H = d0.S.h +Fbi
V bi c trng lng nn Fbi > 0 =>d.S.h <d.S.H => h <H => mc nc gim.

Bi 2: Hai bnh ging nhau c A B

dng hnh nn ct (hnh v) ni
thng y, c cha nc nhit
thng. Khi kho K m, mc nc 2
bn ngang nhau. Ngi ta ng kho
K v un nc bnh B. V vy mc
nc trong bnh B c nng cao ln 1
cht. Hin tng xy ra nh th no
nu sau khi un nng nc bnh B
th m kho K ?
Cho bit th tch hnh nn ct
1
tnh theo cng thc V = 3
h ( s =
sS +S)

Gii : Xt p sut y bnh B. Trc khi un nng P = d . h

Sau khi un nng P 1 = d1h1 .Trong h, h1 l mc nc trong
bnh trc v sau khi un. d,d1 l trng lng ring ca nc trc v sau
khi un.
P1 d 1 h1 d 1 h1
=> .
P dh d h

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 GIO N BI DNG HC SINH GII MN VT L - BC THCS
V trng lng ca nc trc v sau khi un l nh nhau nn : d1.V1
d V
= dV => d V (V,V1 l th tch nc trong bnh B trc v sau khi un
1

)
1
h( s sS S )
P1 V h1 3 h P1 s sS S
T suy ra: . . 1 =>
P V1 h 1 h P s sS1 S1
h1 ( s sS1 S1 )
3

V S < S1 => P > P1

Vy s un nng nc s lm gim p sut nn nu kha K m
th nc s chy t bnh A sang bnh B.

Bi 3 : Ngi ta ly mt
ng xiphng bn trong
ng y nc nhng mt
u vo chu nc, u
kia vo chu ng du.
Mc cht lng trong 2 Nc Du
chu ngang nhau. Hi nc
trong ng c chy khng,
nu c chy th chy
theo hng no ?

Gii : Gi P0 l p sut trong kh quyn, d 1v d2 ln lt l trng l-

ng ring ca nc v du, h l chiu cao ct cht lng t mt thong
n ming ng. Xt ti im A (ming ng nhng trong nc )
P A = P 0 + d1 h
Ti B ( ming ng nhng trong du PB = P0 + d2h
V d1 > d2 => PA> PB. Do nc chy t A sang B v to thnh 1 lp nc di y du v nng lp du ln. Nc

ngng chy khi d1h1= d2 h2.

Bi 4: Hai hnh tr A v B t thng ng
c tit din ln lt l 100cm2 v 200cm2 c
ni thng y bng mt ng nh qua kho k
B A
nh hnh v. Lc u kho k ngn cch hai
bnh, sau 3 lt du vo bnh A,
5,4 lt nc vo bnh B. Sau m kho k k
to thnh mt bnh thng nhau. Tnh cao
mc cht lng mi bnh. Cho bit trng lng
ring ca du v ca nc ln lt l:
d1=8000N/m3 ; d2= 10 000N/m3;
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 GIO N BI DNG HC SINH GII MN VT L - BC THCS

Gii:
Gi h1, h2 l cao mc nc bnh A v bnh B khi cn
bng.
SA.h1+SB.h2 =V2
100 .h1 + 200.h2 =5,4.103 (cm3)
h1 + 2.h2= 54 cm (1)
3
V 3.10 A
cao mc du bnh B: h3 = S 1 100 30(cm) .
A B
p sut y hai bnh l bng nhau nn.
d2h1 + d1h3 = d2h2 k h2
10000.h1 + 8000.30 = 10000.h2 h1
h2 = h1 + 24 (2)
T (1) v (2) ta suy ra:
h1+2(h1 +24 ) = 54
h1= 2 cm
h2= 26 cm

Bi 5 : Mt chic vng bng hp kim vng v bc, khi cn trong

khng kh c trng lng P0= 3N. Khi cn trong nc, vng c trng l-
ng P = 2,74N. Hy xc nh khi lng phn vng v khi lng phn
bc trong chic vng nu xem rng th tch V ca vng ng bng
tng th tch ban u V 1 ca vng v th tch ban u V 2 ca
bc. Khi lng ring ca vng l 19300kg/m3, ca bc 10500kg/m3.
Gii:
Gi m1, V1, D1 ,l khi lng, th tch v khi lng ring ca vng.
Gi m2, V2, D2 ,l khi lng, th tch v khi lng ring ca bc.
- Khi cn ngoi khng kh.
P0 = ( m1 + m2 ).10 (1)
- Khi cn trong nc.
m1 m2 D D
P = P0 - (V1 + V2).d = m1 m2 .D .10 = 10.m1 1 D m2 1 D (2)
D1 D2 1 2

T (1) v (2) ta c.
1 1 D
10m1.D. D
D1
=P - P0. 1 D v
2 2

1 1 D
10m2.D. D D =P - P0. 1 D
1 2 1

Thay s ta c m1=59,2g v m2= 240,8g.

(II) . Bi tp v my p dng cht lng, bnh thng nhau.

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 GIO N BI DNG HC SINH GII MN VT L - BC THCS

Bi 1: Bnh thng nhau gm

Gii S
: Chn im tnh p sut
2 nhnh hnh tr c tit din 1
mt di ca pitng 2
ln lt l S1, S2 v c cha n-
c.Trn mt nc c t cc Khi cha
h t qu
S cn th:
pitng mng, khi lng m1 v m2. m1 m 2
D0 h 2 (1) ( D0 l khi lng ring
Mc nc 2 bn chnh nhau 1 on S1 A S2 B
h. ca nc )
a) Tm khi lng m ca qu Khi t vt nng ln pitng
cn t ln pitng ln mc m1 m m2 m m m
ln th : 1 2 (2)
nc 2 bn ngang nhau. S1 S2 S1 S1 S 2

b) Nu t qu cn trn Tr v vi v ca (1) cho (2)

sang pitng nh th mc nc lc ta c :
by gi s chnh nhau 1 on h m
bao nhiu. D0 h m D0 S1 h
S1

b) Nu t qu cn sang pitng nh th khi cn bng ta c:

m1 m m
D0 H 2 (3)
S1 S2 S2

Tr v vi v ca (1) cho (3) ta c :

m m DSh S
D0h D0H = - S ( H h) D0 2
( H h) D0 0 1 H (1 1 )h
2 S S2 S2

Bi 2: Cho 2 bnh hnh tr

thng vi nhau bng mt ng
nh c kha th tch khng h2
ng k. Bn knh y ca
bnh A l r1 ca bnh B l r2=
0,5 r1 (Kho K ng). vo h1 K h3
bnh A mt lng nc n chiu
cao h1= 18 cm, sau ln
trn mt nc mt lp cht lng
cao h2= 4 cm c trng lng
ring d2= 9000 N/m3 v vo
bnh B cht lng th 3 c
chiu cao h3= 6 cm, trng lng

ring d3 = 8000 N/ m3 ( trng lng ring ca nc l d1=10.000 N/m3, cc

cht lng khng ho ln vo nhau). M kho K hai bnh thng
nhau. Hy tnh:
a) chnh lch chiu cao ca mt thong cht lng 2 bnh.

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 GIO N BI DNG HC SINH GII MN VT L - BC THCS
b) Tnh th tch nc chy qua kho K. Bit din tch y ca
bnh A l 12 cm2
Gii:
a) Xt im N trong ng B nm ti mt phn cch gia nc v
cht lng 3. im M trong A nm trn cng mt phng ngang vi N.
Ta c:
PN Pm d 3 h3 d 2 h2 d1 x

( Vi x l dy lp nc nm trn M)
d 3 h3 d 2 h2 8.10 3.0,06 9.10 3.0,04 B
=> x = 1,2cm A
d1 10 4

Vy mt thong cht lng 3 trong B cao hn h

mt thong cht lng 2 trong A l: (2)
h2 (1) h3
h h3 (h2 x ) 6 (4 1,2) 0,8cm
x
S 12
b) V r2 = 0,5 r1 nn S2 = 12 3cm 2 M N
2 4 (3)
Th tch nc V trong bnh B chnh l th tch nc chy qua kho K
t A sang B:
VB =S2.H = 3.H (cm3)
Th tch nc cn li bnh A l: VA=S1(H+x) = 12 (H +1,2) cm3
Th tch nc khi vo A lc u l: V = S1h1 = 12.18 = 126 cm3
vy ta c: V = VA + VB => 216 = 12.(H + 1,2) + 3.H = 15.H + 14,4
216 14,4
=> H = 15
13,44cm

Vy th tch nc VB chy qua kho K l:

VB = 3.H = 3.13,44 = 40,32 cm3
(III) .Bi tp v lc y Asimet:
Phng php gii:
- Da vo iu kin cn bng: Khi vt cn bng trong cht
lng th P = FA
P: L trng lng ca vt, FA l lc y acsimet tc dng ln vt
(FA = d.V).
Bi 1: Mt khi g hnh hp ch nht tit din S = 40 cm 2 cao
h = 10 cm. C khi lng m = 160 g

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 GIO N BI DNG HC SINH GII MN VT L - BC THCS
a) Th khi g vo nc.Tm chiu cao ca phn g ni trn mt
nc. Cho khi lng ring ca nc l D0 = 1000 Kg/m3
b) By gi khi g c khot mt l hnh tr gia c tit
din S = 4 cm2, su h v lp y ch c khi lng ring D2 = 11
300 kg/m3 khi th vo trong nc ngi ta thy mc nc bng vi mt
trn ca khi g. Tm su h ca l

Gii:

x h
h S
h
P
P
FA FA

a) Khi khi g cn bng trong nc th trng lng ca khi g cn

bng vi lc y Acsimet. Gi x l phn khi g ni trn mt nc,
ta c.
m
P = FA 10.m =10.D0.S.(h-x) xh-
D0 .S
6cm

b) Khi g sau khi khot l c khi lng l .

m1 = m - m = D1.(S.h - S. h)
m S .h
Vi D1 l khi lng ring ca g: D1 )
S .h S .h
Khi lng m2 ca ch lp vo l: m2 D2 S .h
Khi lng tng cng ca khi g v ch lc ny l
m
M = m1 + m2 = m + (D2 - ). S. h
Sh
V khi g ngp hon ton trong nc nn.
D0 S .h m
==> h = 5,5cm
10.M=10.D0.S.h ( D2
m
) S
S .h

Bi 2: Hai qu cu c c th tch mi qu l V = 100m 3 c ni

vi nhau bng mt si dy nh khng co gin th trong nc (hnh v).
Khi lng qu cu bn di gp 4
ln khi lng qu cu bn trn. khi
cn bng th 1/2 th tch qu
cu bn trn b ngp trong nc.
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 GIO N BI DNG HC SINH GII MN VT L - BC THCS
Hy tnh.
a) Khi lng ring ca cc
qu cu
b) Lc cng ca si dy
Cho bit khi lng ca nc l D0 =
1000kg/m3
Gii
a) V 2 qu cu c cng th tch V,
m P2 = 4 P1 => D2 = 4.D1
Xt h 2 qu cu cn bng trong nc. Khi ta c: F
A
3
P1 + P2 = FA + FA => D1 D 2 2 D0 (2)
T (1) v (2) suy ra: D1 = 3/10 D0 = 300kg/m3
D2 = 4 D1 = 1200kg/m3 T
P1
B) Xt tng qu cu:
- Khi qu cu 1 ng cn bng th: FA = P 1 + T
- Khi qu cu 2 ng cn bng th: FA = P2 - T
T
Vi FA2 = 10.V.D0; FA = FA /2 ; P2 = 4.P1 FA
F'A
1P T F' A
=> 2 => 5.T = FA => T
5
= 0,2 N P2
4P1 T F ' A
Bi 3: Trong bnh hnh tr tit din S0 cha nc, mc nc trong
bnh c chiu cao H = 20 cm. Ngi ta th vo bnh mt thanh ng
cht, tit din u sao cho n ni thng ng trong bnh th
mc nc dng ln mt on h = 4 cm.
a) Nu nhn chm thanh trong nc hon ton th mc nc s
dng cao bao nhiu so vi y? Cho khi lng ring ca thanh v nc
ln lt l D = 0,8 g/cm3,
S
D0 = 1 g/cm3.
b) Tm lc tc dng vo thanh khi thanh chm
hon ton trong nc. Cho th tch thanh l 50 cm3.
h ca thanh.
Gii: a) Gi S v l l tit din v chiu di
Trng lng ca thanh l P = 10.D.S.l.
Khi thanh nm cn bng, phn th tch nc dngP
H
ln cng chnh l phn th tch V1 ca thanh chm
FA
trong nc. Do V1 = S0. h.
Do thanh cn bng nn P = FA
D S S0
hay 10.D.S.l = 10.D .S . h => l = 0 . 0 .h (1)
0 0
D S

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 GIO N BI DNG HC SINH GII MN VT L - BC THCS
Khi thanh chm hon ton trong nc, nc dng ln 1 lng bng th
tch ca thanh.
Gi H l phn nc dng ln lc ny ta c: S.l = S0. H (2).
D0
T (1) v (2) suy ra H = .h F
D
V chiu cao ca ct nc trong bnh lc ny l
D H S
H' H H H 0 .h 25 cm.
D
H
c) Lc tc dng vo thanh P
H
F = FA P = 10. V.(D0 D)
F = 10.50.10-6.(1000 - 800) = 0,1 N. FA
S0

B - Cc my c n gin.
I - Tm tt l thuyt
1/ Rng rc c nh:
- Rng rc c nh ch c tc dng lm thay i hng ca lc,
khng c tc dng thay i ln ca lc.
2/ Rng rc ng
- Dng rng rc ng ta c li hai ln v lc nhng thit hai ln
v ng i do khng c li g v cng.
3/ n by.
- n by cn bng khi cc lc tc dng t l nghch vi cnh tay
F l1
n: .
P l2
Trong l1, l2 l cnh tay n ca P v F ( Cnh tay n l khong
cch t im ta n phng ca lc).
4/ Mt phng nghing:
- Nu ma st khng ng k, dng mt phng l
nghing c li bao nhiu ln v lc th thit by
F h
nhiu ln v ng i, khng c li g v cng.
F h
.
P l
P
5/ Hiu sut
A1
H .100 0 0 trong A1 l cng c ch
A
A l cng ton phn
A = A1 + A2 (A2 l cng hao ph)

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 GIO N BI DNG HC SINH GII MN VT L - BC THCS

II- Bi tp v my c n gin
Bi 1: Tnh lc ko F trong cc trng hp sau y. Bit vt nng c
trng lng
P = 120 N (B qua ma st, khi lng ca cc rng rc v dy ).

F F
F F F F F F F

F F F F F
2F 2F

F F
4F 4F

P
P

P
Gii: Theo s phn tch lc nh hnh v: Khi h thng cn bng
ta c
- hnh a) 6F = P => F = P/6 = 120/ 6 = 20 N
- hnh b) 8.F = P => F = P/8 = 120/ 8 = 15 N
- hnh c) 5.F = P => F = P/ 5 = 120/ 5 = 24N

Bi 2: Mt ngi c trong lng P =

600N ng trn tm vn c treo
vo 2 rng rc nh hnh v. h
thng c cn bng th ngi
phi ko dy, lc lc tc
dng vo trc rng rc c nh
l F = 720 N. Tnh
a) Lc do ngi nn ln tm vn
b) Trng lng ca tm vn
B qua ma st v khi lng ca cc rng rc. C th xem h thng
trn l mt vt duy nht.

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 GIO N BI DNG HC SINH GII MN VT L - BC THCS
Gii: a) Gi T l lc cng dy rng rc ng. T l lc cng dy
rng rc c nh.
Ta c: T = 2.T; F = 2. T = 4 T
T = F/ 4 = 720/ 4 = 180 N.
Gi Q l lc ngi nn ln vn, ta c: T T
Q = P T = 600N 180 N = 420N F
b) Gi P l trng lng tm vn, coi h
T T
thng trn l mt vt duy nht, v khi Q
h thng cn bng ta c T + T = T P T
P + Q
=> 3.T = P + Q => P = 3. T Q P
=> P = 3. 180 420 = 120N
Vy lc ngi nn ln tm vn l 420N
v tm vn c trng lng l 120N

Bi 3: Cho h thng nh hnh v:

Vt 1 c trng lng l P1,
Vt 2 c trng lng l P2. Mi rng
rc c trng lng l 1 N. B qua ma A C B
st, khi lng ca thanh AB v ca

cc dy treo 2
1
- Khi vt 2 treo C vi AB = 3. CB Gii: Gi P l trng lng ca
th h thng cn bng rng rc .
- Khi vt 2 treo D vi AD = DB th Trong trng hp th nht khi
mun h thng cn bng phi treo thanh AB

ni vo vt 1 mt vt th 3 c F

CB 1

cn bng ta c: P2 AB 3
trng lng P3 = 5N. Tnh P1 v P2
F rng rc ng cn
Mt Fkhc,
F
A C B
bng

ta cn c: 2.F = P + P1. P 2
P P1 1
=> F = thay vo trn ta c:
2 P2
P1
P P1 1
<=> 3 (P + P1) = 2P2 (1)
2 P2 3

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 GIO N BI DNG HC SINH GII MN VT L - BC THCS
Tng t cho trng hp th hai khi P 2 treo D, P1 v P3 treo rng rc
ng.
F ' DB 1
Lc ny ta c .
P2 AB 2

P P1 P3
Mt khc 2.F = P + P1 + P3 => F =
2
P P1 P3 1
Thay vo trn ta c: => P + P1 + P3 = P2 (2).
2 P2 2

T (1) v (2) ta c P1 = 9N, P2 = 15N.

Bi 4: Cho h thng nh hnh v. Gc nghing = 300, dy v rng
rc l l tng. Xc nh khi lng ca vt M h thng cn bng.
Cho khi lng m = 1kg. B qua mi ma st.
h h
Gii: Mun M cn bng th F = P. l
vi l 1
= sin
M)
2
=> F = P.sin 300 = P/2 (P l trng lng caFvt
h
Lc ko ca mi dy vt qua rng rc 1 M l: l m

F P
F1 = 2 4

F1 P
Lc ko ca mi dy vt qua rng rc 2 l: F2 =
2 8
Lc ko do chnh trng lng P ca m gy ra, tc l : P = F 2 = P/8
=> m = M/8.
Khi lng M l: M = 8m = 8. 1 = 8 kg. A B
Bi 5: Hai qu cu st ging ht O
nhau c treo vo 2 u A, B ca
mt thanh kim loi mnh, nh.
Thanh c gi thng bng nh dy
mc ti im O. Bit OA = OB = l =
20 cm. Nhng qu cu u B vo
trong chu ng cht lng ngi ta
thy thanh AB mt thng bng.
thanh thng bng tr A B
li phi dch chuyn im treo O v pha (l+x)
(l-x) AOmt on x = 1,08 cm.
Tnh khi lng ring ca cht lng, bit khi lng ring ca st l D0
FA
= 7,8 g/cm3.
Gii:
14
P P
 GIO N BI DNG HC SINH GII MN VT L - BC THCS
Khi qu cu treo B c nhng
trong cht lng th ngoi trng
lc, qu cu cn chu tc dng
ca lc y Acsimet ca cht
lng. Theo iu kin cn bng
ca cc lc i vi im treo O ta
c P. AO = ( P FA ). BO. Hay P. ( l
x) = ( P FA )(l + x)
Gi V l th tch ca mt qu cu v D l khi lng
ring ca cht lng. Ta c P = 10.D0.V v FA = 10. D. V
10.D0.V ( l x ) = 10 V ( D0 D )( l + x )
2x A
D = l x .D0 0,8 g / cm3 .

Bi 6: Mt thanh ng cht, tit din

O
u, mt u nhng vo nc, u kia
ta vo thnh chu ti O sao cho OA =
1 B
OB. Khi thanh nm cn bng, mc
2
nc chnh gia thanh. Tm khi lng
ring D ca thanh, bit khi lng ring
ca nc l D0 = 1000kg/m3.
Gii: Thanh chu tc dng ca trng lc P t ti trung im M ca
thanh AB v lc y Acsimet t ti trung im N ca MB. Thanh
c th quay quanh O. p dng quy tc cn bng ca n by ta c:
P. MH = F. NK (1).
Gi S l tit din v l l chiu di ca thanh ta c:
Al
P = 10. D. S. l v F = 10. D0.S. 2 O
NK
Thay vo (1) ta c: D= .D0 (2).
2.MH
M
H
Mt khc OHM OKN ta c: FA
KN ON l Kl 5l
Trong ON = OB NB = N
MH OM ' 3 4 12 P
l l l B
OM = AM OA =
2 3 6
KN ON 5 5
=> thay vo (2) ta c D = .D0 = 1250 kg/m3
MH OM 2 4

C. Chuyn ng c hc
I. Tm tt l thuyt:
1. Chuyn ng u:

15
 GIO N BI DNG HC SINH GII MN VT L - BC THCS
- Vn tc ca mt chuyn ng u c xc nh bng qung
ng i c trong mt n v thi gian v khng i trn mi
qung ng i
S
v vi
s: Qung ng i
t
t: Thi gian vt i qung ng s
v: Vn tc
2. Chuyn ng khng u:
- Vn tc trung bnh ca chuyn ng khng u trn mt
qung ng no (tng ng vi thi gian chuyn ng trn qung
ng ) c tnh bng cng thc:
S
VTB vi s: Qung ng i
t
t: Thi gian i ht qung ng S
- Vn tc trung bnh ca chuyn ng khng u c th thay
i theo qung ng i.
II. Bi tp
Dng 1: nh thi im v v tr gp nhau ca cc chuyn
ng
Bi 1: Hai t chuyn ng u ngc chiu nhau t 2 a
im cch nhau 150km. Hi sau bao nhiu lu th chng gp nhau
bit rng vn tc xe th nht l 60km/h v xe th 2 l 40km/h.
Gii:
Gi s sau thi gian t(h) th hai xe gp nhau
Qung ng xe 1i c l S1 v1.t 60.t
Qung ng xe 2 i c l S 2 v2 .t 60.t
V 2 xe chuyn ng ngc chiu nhau t 2 v tr cch nhau
150km
nn ta c: 60.t + 40.t = 150 => t = 1,5h
Vy thi gian 2 xe gp nhau l 1h30
Bi 2: Xe th nht khi hnh t A chuyn ng u n B vi
vn tc 36km/h. Na gi sau xe th 2 chuyn ng u t B n A
vi vn tc 5m/s. Bit qung ng AB di 72km. Hi sau bao lu k
t lc xe 2 khi hnh th:
a. Hai xe gp nhau
b. Hai xe cch nhau 13,5km.
Gii:
a. Gii s sau t (h) k t lc xe 2 khi hnh th 2 xe gp nhau:
Khi ta c qung ng xe 1 i c l: S1 = v1(0,5 + t) =
36(0,5 +t)
Qung ng xe 2 i c l: S2 = v2.t = 18.t
V qung ng AB di 72 km nn ta c:
36.(0,5 + t) + 18.t = 72 => t = 1(h)
Vy sau 1h k t khi xe hai khi hnh th 2 xe gp nhau

16
 GIO N BI DNG HC SINH GII MN VT L - BC THCS
b) Trng hp 1: Hai xe cha gp nhau v cch nhau 13,5 km
Gi thi gian k t khi xe 2 khi hnh n khi hai xe cch nhau
13,5 km l t2
Qung ng xe 1 i c l: S1 = v1(0,5 + t2) = 36.(0,5 + t2)
Qung ng xe i c l: S2 = v2t2 = 18.t2
Theo bi ra ta c: 36.(0,5 + t2) + 18.t +13,5 = 72 => t2 = 0,75(h)
Vy sau 45 k t khi xe 2 khi hnh th hai xe cch nhau 13,5 km

Trng hp 2: Hai xe gp nhau sau cch nhau 13,5km

V sau 1h th 2 xe gp nhau nn thi gian 2 xe cch nhau
13,5km k t lc gp nhau l t3. Khi ta c:
18.t3 + 36.t3 = 13,5 => t3 = 0,25 h
Vy sau 1h15 th 2 xe cch nhau 13,5km sau khi gp nhau.

Bi 3: Mt ngi i xe p vi vn tc v1 = 8km/h v 1 ngi i b

vi vn tc v2 = 4km/h khi hnh cng mt lc cng mt ni v
chuyn ng ngc chiu nhau. Sau khi i c 30, ngi i xe p
dng li, ngh 30 ri quay tr li ui theo ngi i b vi vn tc
nh c. Hi k t lc khi hnh sau bao lu ngi i xe p ui kp
ngi i b?
Gii: Qung ng ngi i xe p i trong thi gian t1 = 30 l:
s1 = v1.t1 = 4 km
Qung ng ngi i b i trong 1h (do ngi i xe p c ngh
30)
s2 = v2.t2 = 4 km
Khong cch hai ngi sau khi khi hnh 1h l:
S = S1 + S2 = 8 km
K t lc ny xem nh hai chuyn ng cng chiu ui nhau.
S
Thi gian k t lc quay li cho n khi gp nhau l: t 2h
v1 v 2

Vy sau 3h k t lc khi hnh, ngi i xe p kp ngi i b.

Dng 2: Bi ton v tnh qung ng i ca chuyn ng

Bi 1: Mt ngi i xe p t A n B vi vn tc v 1 = 12km/h
nu ngi tng vn tc ln 3km/h th n sm hn 1h.
a. Tm qung ng AB v thi gian d nh i t A n B.
b. Ban u ngi i vi vn tc v1 = 12km/h c qung ng
s1 th xe b h phi sa cha mt 15 pht. Do trong qung ng
cn li ngi y i vi vn tc v2 = 15km/h th n ni vn sm hn
d nh 30. Tm qung ng s1.
Gii:

17
 GIO N BI DNG HC SINH GII MN VT L - BC THCS
a. Gi s qung ng AB l s th thi gian d nh i ht
qung ng AB l
s s
( h)
v1 12
V ngi tng vn tc ln 3km/h v n sm hn 1h nn.
S S S S
1 1 S 60km
v1 v1 3 12 15
S 60
Thi gian d nh i t A n B l: t 5h
12 12
S1
b. Gi t1 l thi gian i qung ng s1: t '1 v
1
1
Thi gian sa xe: t 15' h
4
S S1
Thi gian i qung ng cn li: t '2
v2
1 1 S 1 S S1 1
Theo bi ra ta c: t1 (t '1 t '2 ) t1 1 (1)
4 2 v1 4 v2 2

S S 1 1 1 1 3
S 1 ( 2)

v1 v2 v1 v2 2 4 4
1 1 3 1
T (1) v (2) suy ra
S1 1

v
1 v 2
4 4

1 v1 . v2 1 12.15
Hay S1 4 4 .15 12 15km
v2 v1
Bi 3: Mt vin bi c th ln t nh dc xung chn dc. Bi
i xung nhanh dn v qung ng m bi i c trong giy th i l
S1 4i 2 (m) vi i = 1; 2; ....;n
a. Tnh qung ng m bi i c trong giy th 2; sau 2 giy.
b. Chng minh rng qung ng tng cng m bi i c sau n
giy (i v n l cc s t nhin) l L(n) = 2 n 2(m).
Gii:
a. Qung ng m bi i c trong giy th nht l: S1 = 4-2 = 2 m.
Qung ng m bi i c trong giy th hai l: S2 = 8-2 = 6 m.
Qung ng m bi i c sau hai giy l: S2 = S1 + S2 = 6
+ 2 = 8 m.
b. V qung ng i c trong giy th i l S(i) = 4i 2 nn ta
c:
S(i) = 2
S(2) = 6 = 2 + 4
S(3) = 10 = 2 + 8 = 2 + 4.2
18
 GIO N BI DNG HC SINH GII MN VT L - BC THCS
S(4) = 14 = 2 +12 = 2 + 4.3
..............
S(n) = 4n 2 = 2 + 4(n-1)
Qung ng tng cng bi i c sau n giy l:
L(n) = S(1) +S(2) +.....+ S(n) = 2[n+2[1+2+3+.......+(n-1)]]
( n 1) n
M 1+2+3+.....+(n-1) = nn L(n) = 2n2 (m)
2
Bi 4: Ngi th nht khi hnh t A n B vi vn tc 8km/h.
Cng lc ngi th 2 v th 3 cng khi hnh t B v A vi vn tc
ln lt l 4km/h v 15km/h khi ngi th 3 gp ngi th nht th lp
tc quay li chuyn ng v pha ngi th 2. Khi gp ngi th 2
cng lp tc quay li chuyn ng v pha ngi th nht v qu
trnh c th tip din cho n lc ba ngi cng 1 ni. Hi k t
lc khi hnh cho n khi 3 ngi cng 1 ni th ngi th ba i
c qung ng bng bao nhiu? Bit chiu di qung ng AB l
48km.

Gii:
V thi gian ngi th 3 i cng bng thi gian ngi th nht v
48
ngi th 2 i l t v ta c: 8t + 4t = 48 t 4h
12
V ngi th 3 i lin tc khng ngh nn tng qung ng ngi
th 3 i l S3 = v3 .t = 15.4 = 60km.
Dng 3: Xc nh vn tc ca chuyn ng
Bi 1: Mt hc sinh i t nh n trng, sau khi i c 1/4
qung ng th cht nh mnh qun mt quyn sch nn vi tr v
v i ngay n trng th tr mt 15
a. Tnh vn tc chuyn ng ca em hc sinh, bit qung ng
t nh ti trng l s = 6km. B qua thi gian ln xung xe khi v
nh.
b. n trng ng thi gian d nh th khi quay v v i
ln 2 em phi i vi vn tc bao nhiu?
s
Gii: a. Gi t1 l thi gian d nh i vi vn tc v, ta c: t1 (1)
v
Do c s c qun sch nn thi gian i lc ny l t 2 v qung
1 3 3s
ng i l s
s 2. s s t 2
2
4 2 2v
(2)
1
Theo bi: t 2 t1 15 ph h
4
T kt hp vi (1) v (2) ta suy ra v = 12km/h
s 6 1
b. Thi gian d nh t1 h
v 12 2

19
 GIO N BI DNG HC SINH GII MN VT L - BC THCS
Gi v l vn tc phi i trong qung ng tr v nh v i tr

n ni kp thi gian nn: t 2 t 1 t 1 h

1 5 ' s' 3
li trng s ' s 4 s 4 s
v' 4 8
Hay v = 20km/h
Bi 2: Hai xe khi hnh t mt ni v cng i qung ng 60km.
Xe mt i vi vn tc 30km/h, i lin tc khng ngh v n ni
sm hn xe 2 l 30 pht. Xe hai khi hnh sm hn 1h nhng ngh
gia ng 45 pht. Hi:
a. Vn tc ca hai xe.
b. Mun n ni cng lc vi xe 1, xe 2 phi i vi vn tc bao
nhiu:
Gii:
s 60
a.Thi gian xe 1 i ht qung ng l: t1 2h
v1 30
Thi gian xe 2 i ht qung ng l:
t 2 t1 1 0,5 0,75 t 2 2 1,5 0,75 2,75h
s 60
Vn tc ca xe hai l: v 2 t 2,75 21,8km / h
2

b. n ni cng lc vi xe 1 tc th thi gian xe hai i ht

qung ng l: t 2 ' t1 1 0,75 2,25h
s 60
Vy vn tc l: v2 ' 26,7 km / h
t2 ' 2,25
Bi 3: Ba ngi i xe p t A n B vi cc vn tc khng i.
Ngi th nht v ngi th 2 xut pht cng mt lc vi cc vn tc t-
ng ng l v1 = 10km/h v v2 = 12km/h. Ngi th ba xut pht sau
hai ngi ni trn 30, khong thi gian gia 2 ln gp ca ngi th
ba vi 2 ngi i trc l t 1h . Tm vn tc ca ngi th 3.
Gii: Khi ngi th 3 xut pht th ngi th nht cch A 5km, ngi
th 2 cch A l 6km. Gi t 1 v t2 l thi gian t khi ngi th 3 xut
pht cho n khi gp ngi th nht v ngi th 2.
5
v3 t1 5 10 t1 t1 10
Ta c:
v3
6
v3 t 2 6 12 t 2 t 2 12
v3
Theo bi t t t 1 nn
2 1
6 5 2
1 v 23 v 120 0
v
3
12 v
3
10 3 3

23 23 2 480 23 7
15 km/h
v3 =
8km/h
2 2

20
 GIO N BI DNG HC SINH GII MN VT L - BC THCS
Gi tr ca v3 phi ln hn v1 v v2 nn ta c v3 = 15km/h.
Bi 4. Mt ngi i xe p chuyn ng trn na qung ng
u vi vn tc 12km/h v na qung ng sau vi vn tc 20km/h .
Xc nh vn tc trung bnh ca xe p trn c qung ng ?
Tm tt: Gi qung ng xe i l 2S vy na qung
V1 12km / h ng l S ,thi gian tng ng l t1 ; t2
V2 20km / h Thi gian chuyn ng trn na qung ng u l :
S
Vtb ?
t1
V1
Thi gian chuyn ng trn na qung ng sau l :
S
t2
Vn tc Vtrung 2 bnh trn c qung ng l
S S2 2S 2S
Vtb 1
t1 t2 S S 1 1
S
V1 V2 V1 V2
2 2
15km / h
1 1 1 1

V1 V2 12 20
Dng 4: Tnh vn tc trung bnh ca chuyn ng
khng u
Bi 1: Mt t vt qua mt on ng dc gm 2 on: Ln dc
v xung dc, bit thi gian ln dc bng na thi gian xung dc,
vn tc trung bnh khi xung dc gp hai ln vn tc trung bnh
khi ln dc. Tnh vn tc trung bnh trn c on ng dc ca
t.Bit vn tc trung bnh khi ln dc l 30km/h.
Gii:
Gi S1 v S2 l qung ng khi ln dc v xung dc
Ta c: s v t ; s v t
1 1 1 2 2 2
m v 2
2 v1 , t 2
2 t 1 s 2 4 s1
Qung ng tng cng l: S = 5S1

Thi gian i tng cng l: t t t1 2

3 t1
Vn tc trung bnh trn c dc l:
s 5S1 5
3t1 3 v1
v 50km / h
t

21
 GIO N BI DNG HC SINH GII MN VT L - BC THCS
1
Bi 2: Mt ngi i t A n B. qung ng u ngi i
3
2
vi vn tc v1, thi gian cn li i vi vn tc v 2. Qung ng cui
3
cng i vi vn tc v3. tnh vn tc trung bnh trn c qung ng.
Gii:
1
Gi S1 l qung ng i vi vn tc v1, mt thi gian t1
3
S2 l qung ng i vi vn tc v2, mt thi gian t2
S3 l qung ng cui cng i vi vn tc v3 trong thi gian t3
S l qung ng AB.
1 s
Theo bi ra ta c: s1 s v1 t1 t1 3 (1)

3 v1
s ; s
t2 t
2 3
V
v 2 v 3
3

s s 2s
2 3
2 3
Do t2 = 2t3 nn (2) s2 s (3)
v 2 v 3 3
s 2s s 4s
t3 ;t2 2
3
T (2) v (3) suy ra
v 3
3 2 v 2 v3 v2 3 2 v2 v3
Vn tc trung bnh trn c qung ng l:

s 1 3 v1 2 v2 v3
v
TB
t1 t 2 t 3 1

2

4 6 v1 2 v2 v3 .
3 v1 3 2 v2 v3 3 2 v2 v3

22
 GIO N BI DNG HC SINH GII MN VT L - BC THCS
I. mt s kin thc c bn:
1. Cng thc tnh nhit lng:
Q= mc(t2 - t1) : T/h vt thu nhit
Q= mc(t1 - t2) : T/h vt ta nhit
2.Phng trnh cn bng nhit:
Q ta = Q thu
Hay: mc(t1 - t2) = mc(t2 - t1)
3. Nng sut ta nhit ca nhin liu: Q = q.m

II. mt s bi tp c bn

Bi 1 : Dng mt ca mc nc thng cha nc A c nhit t A = 20 0C v thng cha

nc B c nhit t B = 80 0C ri vo thng cha nc C. Bit rng trc khi , trong
thng cha nc C c sn mt lng nc nhit t C = 40 0C v bng tng s ca nc
va thm vo n. Tnh s ca nc phi mc mi thng A v B c nhit nc
thng C l 50 0C. B qua s trao i nhit vi mi trng, vi bnh cha v ca mc nc
Hng dn gii
- Gi : c l nhit dung ring ca nc ; m l khi lng nc cha trong mt ca ;
n1 v n2 ln lt l s ca nc mc thng A v thng B ;
(n1 + n2) l s ca nc c sn trong thng C.
- Nhit lng do n1 ca nc thng A khi vo thng C hp th l :
Q1 = n1.m.c(50 20) = 30cmn1
- Nhit lng do n2 ca nc thng B khi vo thng C to ra l :
Q2 = n2.m.c(80 50) = 30cmn2
- Nhit lng do (n1 + n2) ca nc thng C hp th l :
Q3 = (n1 + n2)m.c(50 40) = 10cm(n1 + n2)
- Phng trnh cn bn nhit : Q1 + Q3 = Q2
30cmn1 + 10cm(n1 + n2) = 30cmn2 2n1 = n2
- Vy, khi mc n ca nc thng A th phi mc 2n ca nc thng B v s nc c sn
trong thng C trc khi thm l 3n ca.
Bi2: Mt thau nhm khi lng 0,5kg ng 2kg nc 200C.
a) Th vo thau nc mt thi ng khi lng 200g ly ra bp l. Nc nng n
0
21,2 C. Tm nhit ca bp l. Bit nhit dung ring ca nhm, nc, ng ln lt l:
c1 = 880J/kg.K, c2 = 4200J/kg.K, c3 = 380J/kg.K. B qua s trao i nhit vi mi trng.
b) Thc ra, trong trng hp ny nhit lng to ra mi trng l 10% nhit lng cung
cp cho thau nc. Tm nhit thc s ca bp l.
c) Nu tip tc b vo thau nc mt thi nc c khi lng 100g 0 0C. Nc c
tan ht khng? Tm nhit cui cng ca h thng . Bit 1kg nc 0 0C nng chy
hn tn cn cung cp mt nhit lng l 3,4.105J. B qua s trao i nhit vi mi trng.
Hng dn gii
a) Nhit ca bp l: ( t0C cng l nhit ban u ca thi ng)
Nhit lng ca thau nhm nhn c tng nhit t t1= 200C ln t2 = 21,20C:
Q1 = m1.c1(t2 - t1)
Nhit lng ca nc nhn c tng nhit t t1= 200C ln t2 = 21,20C:
23
 GIO N BI DNG HC SINH GII MN VT L - BC THCS
Q2 = m2.c2(t2 - t1)
Nhit lng ca thi ng to ra h nhit t t0C xung t2 = 21,20C:
Q3 = m3.c3(t t2)
V khng c s to nhit ra mi trng nn theo phng trnh cn bng nhit ta c:
Q3 = Q1 + Q2 => m3.c3(t - t2) = m1.c1(t2 - t1) + m2.c2(t2 - t1)
=> t = [(m1.c1+ m2.c2) (t2 - t1) / m3.c3] + t2
th s ta tnh c t = 160,780C
b) Nhit thc ca bp l(t):
Theo gi thit ta c: Q3 - 10% ( Q1+ Q2 ) = ( Q1+ Q2 )
Q3 = 1,1 ( Q1+ Q2 )
m3.c3(t - t2) = 1,1 (m1.c1+ m2.c2) (t2 - t1)
t = [ 1,1 (m1.c1+ m2.c2) (t2 - t1) ] / m3.c3 }+ t2
Thay s ta tnh c t = 174,740C
c) Nhit cui cng ca h thng:
+ Nhit lng thi nc thu vo nng chy hn tn 00C:
Q = 3,4.105.0,1 = 34000(J)
+ Nhit lng c h thng (thau, nc, thi ng) to ra khi h 21,20C xung 00C:
Q = (m1.c1+ m2.c2 + m3.c3 ) (21,20C - 00C) = 189019,2(J)
+ So snh ta c: Q > Q nn nhit lng to ra Q mt phn lm cho thi nc tan hn
tn 00 C v phn cn li (Q-Q) lm cho c h thng ( bao gm c nc tan) tng
nhit t 00C ln nhit t0C.
+ (Q-Q) = [m1.c1+ (m2 + m)c2 + m3.c3 ] (t- 0)
=> t = (Q-Q) / [m1.c1+ (m2 + m)c2 + m3.c3 ]
thay s v tnh c t = 16,60C.
Bi 3: Ngi ta cho vi nc nng 70 0C v vi nc lnh 100C ng thi chy vo b c
sn 100kg nc nhit 600C. Hi phi m hai vi trong bao lu th thu c nc c nhit
450C. Cho bit lu lng ca mi vi l 20kg/pht.
Hng dn gii
V lu lng hai vi chy nh nhau nn khi lng hai loi nc x vo b bng nhau.
Gi khi lng mi loi nc l m(kg):
Ta c: m.c(70 45) + 100.c(60 45) = m.c(45 10)
1500
25.m + 1500 = 35.m 10.m = 1500 m 150(kg )
10
150
Thi gian m hai vi l: t 7,5( pht )
20
Bi 4: Mun c 100 lt nc nhit 350C th phi bao nhiu lt nc ang si vo
bao nhiu lt nc nhit 150C ? Ly nhit dung ring ca nc l 4190J/kgK.
Hng dn gii
Gi x l khi lng nc 150C; y l khi lng nc ang si
Ta c : x+y= 100g (1)
Nhit lng do ykg nc ang si ta ra :Q1= y.4190(100-15)
Nhit lng do xkg nc 150C to ra :Q2 = x.4190(35-15)
Phng trnh cn bng nhit:x.4190(35-15)=y.4190(100-15) (2)
Gii h phng trnh (1) v (2)

24
 GIO N BI DNG HC SINH GII MN VT L - BC THCS
Ta c: x=76,5kg; y=23,5kg
Vy phi 23,5 lt nc ang si vo 76,5 lt nc 150C.
Bi 5:Mt bp du un si 1 lt nc ng trong m bng nhm khi lng 300gam th sau
thi gian t1 = 10 pht nc si. Nu dng bp trn un 2 lt nc trong cng iu kin th
sau bao lu nc si ? Cho nhit dung ring ca nc v nhm ln lt l C 1 = 4200J/kg.K ;
C2 = 880J/kg.K. Bit nhit do bp du cung cp mt cch u n.
Hng dn gii
Gi Q1 v Q2 l nhit lng cn cung cp cho nc v m nhm trong hai ln un,
Gi m1, m2 l khi lng nc v m trong ln un u.
Ta c: Q1 = (m1.C1 + m2.C2) t
Q2 = (2.m1.C1 + m2.C2) t
Do nhit to ra mt cch u n, ngha l thi gian un cng lu th nhit to ra cng ln.
Ta c th t: Q1 = k.t1 ; Q2 = k.t2 (trong k l h s t l no )
Suy ra: k.t1 = (m1.C1 + m2.C2) t
k.t2 = (2.m1.C1 + m2.C2) t
t ( 2m C m C ) mC
Lp t s ta c: t (m C m C ) 1 m C m C
2 1 1 2 2 1 1

1 1 1 2 2 1 1 2 2

m1C1 4200
hay t2 1 .t1 1 .10 19,4 pht
m1C1 m2 C 2 4200 0,3.880
Bi 6:Th ng thi 300g st nhit 100C v 400g ng nhit 250C vo mt bnh
cch nhit trong c cha 200g nc nhit 20 0C. Cho bit nhit dung ring ca st,
ng, nc ln lt l 460J/kg.K, 400J/kg.K, 4200J/kg.K v s hao ph nhit v mi trng
bn ngoi l khng ng k. Hy tnh nhit ca hn hp khi cn bng nhit c thit lp.
Hng dn gii: Gi m1, m2, m3 l khi lng v t1, t2, t3 ln lt l nhit ban u ca
st, ng, nc; t l nhit ca hn hp khi cn bng nhit xy ra.
+ Lp lun, chng t c rng trc khi c cn bng nhit th st l vt thu nhit cn
ng v nc l vt ta nhit.
+ T kt qu ca lp lun trn suy ra khi h c s cn bng nhit th c 1m1(t t1) =
c2m2(t2 t) + c3m3(t3 t)
+ Thay s v tnh c nhit ca h khi cn bng nhit xy ra: t 19,50 C
Bi 7: Th ng thi 0,2kg st 15 0C v 450g ng nhit 25 0C vo 150g nc nht
800C. Tnh nhit ca st khi c cn bng nhit xy ra bit rng s hao ph nhit v mi
trng l khng ng k v nhit dung ring ca st, ng, nc ln lt bng 460J/kgK,
400J/kgK v 4200J/kgK.
Hng dn gii:
+ Gi t l nhit khi c cn bng nhit xy ra.
+ Lp lun a ra:
- Nhit lng st hp th: Q1 = m1c1(t t1). Nhit lng ng hp th: Q2 = m2c2(t t2)
- Nhit lng do nc ta ra Q3 = m3c3(t3 t)
m1c1t1 m 2 c 2 t 2 m3 c3 t 3
- Lp cng thc khi c cn bng nhit xy ra, t suy ra: t
m1 c1 m 2 c 2 m3 c3
0
+ Tnh c t = 62,4 C.

25
 GIO N BI DNG HC SINH GII MN VT L - BC THCS
Bi 8: Mt t chy vi vn tc 54 km/h, lc ko ca ng c l khng i v bng 700N.
t chy trong 2 gi th tiu th ht 5 lt xng. Bit nng sut ta nhit ca xng l 4,4.10 7
J/kg v khi lng ring ca xng l 700kg/m3 . Tnh hiu sut ca ng c t.
Hng dn gii:
Cng c ch: Aci F .s F .v.t 700.15.2.3600 75600000 J 756.105 J
3
Cng ton phn (nhin liu ta ra): Atp m.q V .D.q 5.10 .700.44.10 154000000J 154.10 J
6 6

Aci 756.10 5
Hiu sut ca ng c: H 0,49 =49%
Atp 154.10 6

Ch 1
NH LUT M. ON MCH NI TIP, ON MCH SONG SONG,
MCH HN HP
I. Mt s kin thc c bn
* nh lut m:
Cng dng in trong dy dn t l thun vi hiu in th gia hai u dy dn v t l
U
nghch vi in tr ca dy. Cng thc : I = R
* Trong on mch mc ni tip
I = I1 = I2 = ........ = In
U = U1 + U2 + ........ + Un
R = R1 + R2 + ........ + Rn
Lu : - Xt nhiu in tr R1, R2 Rn mc ni tip vi nhau, vi hiu in th hai u cc
in tr l U1 , U2 , Un. V cng dng in i qua cc in tr l nh nhau, do vy:
U1 U 2 U
..... n
R1 R2 Rn
Nu ta bit gi tr ca tt c cc in tr v ca mt hiu in th, cng thc trn cho
php tnh ra cc hiu in th khc.
Ngc li, nu ta bit gi tr ca tt c cc hiu in th v ca mt in tr, cng thc
trn cho php tnh ra cc hiu in th cn li.
* Trong on mch mc song song.
U = U1 = U2 = ....... = Un
I = I1 + I2 + ........ + In
1 1 1 1
.....
R R1 R2 Rn
Lu : - Nu c hai in tr R1 , R2 mc song song vi nhau, cng cc dng in i qua
I R I R
cc in tr l I1 , I2. Do I1R1=I2R2 nn : I R hay I R R
1 2 1 2

2 1 1 2

26
 GIO N BI DNG HC SINH GII MN VT L - BC THCS
Khi bit hai in tr R 1 , R2 v cng dng in i qua mt in tr, cng thc trn cho
php tnh ra cng dng in i qua in tr kia v cng dng in i trong mch
chnh.
II. Bi tp
A. ON MCH NI TIP
Bi 1. Mt on mch AB gm hai in tr R1, R2 mc ni tip vi nhau. Hiu in th hai
u cc in tr l U1 v U2. Bit R1=25 W , R2 = 40 W v hiu in th UAB hai u on mch
l 26V. Tnh U1 v U2. s: 10V; 16V
GI : Cch 1: - Tnh cng dng in qua cc in tr theo U AB v RAB. T tnh c
U1, U2.
Cch 2 : - p dng tnh cht t l thc :
U1 U 2 U 1 U 2 U U 26
< 1 2 0, 4
R1 R2 R1 R2 25 40 65
T tnh c U1 , U2
Bi 2. Mt on mch gm 3 in tr mc ni tip R1 =4 W ;R2 =3 W ;R3=5 W .
Hiu in th 2 u ca R3 l 7,5V. Tnh hiu in th 2 u cc in tr R1; R2 v 2 u
on mch
s: 6V; 4,5V; 18V.
GI :Cch 1: Tnh cng dng in qua 3 in tr theo U 3, R3 T tnh c U1, U2
,UAB
Cch 2 : i vi on mch ni tip ta c :
U1 U 2 U 3 U U 7, 5
< 1 2 1,5 t tnh U1, U2, UAB.
R1 R2 R3 4 3 5
Bi 3. Trn in tr R1 c ghi 0,1k W 2A, in tr R2 c ghi 0,12k W 1,5A.
a) Gii thch cc s ghi trn hai in tr.
b) Mc R1 ni tip R2 vo hai im A, B th UAB ti a bng bao nhiu khi hot ng c hai
in tr u khng b hng. s: 330V
GI : + Da vo Im1, Im2 xc nh c cng dng in Imax qua 2 in tr ;
+ Tnh Umax da vo cc gi tr IAB, R1, R2.
B. ON MCH SONG SONG
Bi 1. Cho R1= 12 W ,R2= 18 W mc song song vo hai im A v B, mt Ampe k o cng
dng in trong mch chnh, Ampe k 1 v Ampe k 2 o cng dng in qua R1 ,R2.
a) Hy v s mch in.
b) Ampe k 1 v Ampe k 2 ch gi tr l bao nhiu? (theo 2 cch) bit Ampe k ch 0,9A.
c) Tnh hiu in th gia hai u A v B.
GI :
b) Tnh s ch Ampe k 1 v Ampe k 2 da vo h thc v mi quan h gia I1, I2 vi R1 , R2.
(HS tm cch gii khc)
c) Tnh UAB.
Cch 1: nh cu a
Cch 2: sau khi tnh I1,I2 nh cu a, tnh UAB theo I2, R2.
s: b) 0,54A; 0,36A; c) 6,48V.
Bi 2. Cho R1 = 2R2 mc song song vo hai u on mch AB c hiu in th 30V. Tnh
in tr R1v R2 (theo 2 cch) bit cng dng in qua on mch l 1,2A.
27
 GIO N BI DNG HC SINH GII MN VT L - BC THCS
GI : Tnh I1, I2 da vo h thc v mi quan h gia I1, I2 vi R1 ,R2 tnh R1, R2 . Hc
sinh cng c th gii bng cch khc.

s: 75W ; 37,5W .
Bi 3. C hai in tr trn c ghi: R1(20 W -1,5A) v R2 (30 W -2A).
a) Hy nu ngha cc con s ghi trn R1, R2.
b) Khi Mc R1//R2 vo mch th hiu in th, cng dng in ca mch ti a phi l bao
nhiu c hai in tr u khng b hng ?
GI :
Da vo cc gi tr ghi trn mi in tr tnh Um1,Um2 trn c s xc nh UAB ti a.
Tnh RAB => Tnh c Imax.
s: a) R1 = 20W ; Cng dng in ln nht c php qua R1 l 1,5A:
b) Umax = 30V; Imax = 2,5A
C. ON MCH HN HP R1 R3
Bi 1.
C ba bng n c mc theo s ( hnh 3.1) A B
R2
v sng bnh thng. Nu bng 1 b t dy tc th
bng 3 sng mnh hn hay yu hn? Hnh 3.1
GI :
Bnh thng: I3= I1 + I2. Nu bng 1 b t; I1= 0 dng in I3 gim => Nhn xt sng
ca n.
Bi 2.
Mt on mch c mc nh s
hnh 3.2. Cho bit R1 =3 W ; R2 =7,5 W R2
; R3 =15 W . Hiu in th hai u AB A R1 B
M
l 4V. R3
aTnh in tr ca on mch.
Hnh 3.2
bTnh cng dng in i qua mi
in tr.
c) Tnh hiu in th hai u mi in tr
s: a) 8W ; b) 3A; 2A ; 1A. c) U1 = 9V; U2 = U3 = 15V
GI : a) on mch AB gm : R1nt ( R2// R3). Tnh R23 ri tnh RAB.
b) Tnh I1 theo UAB v RAB
I 2 R3 R1 R2
Tnh I2, I3 da vo h thc: I R
3 2 A B
c) Tnh : U1, U2, U3. R3
Bi 3. C ba in tr R1= 2; R2 = 4; R3 = 12; RR1
3
c mc vo gia hai im A v B c hiu in
Hnh 3.3
th 12V nh (hnh 3.3).
a) Tnh in tr tng ng ca mch.
b) Tnh cng dng in i qua mi in tr
c) Tnh hiu in th gia hai u in tr R1 v R2.
s: a) 4W ; b) I1 = I2 = 2A; I3 = 1A ; c) 4V; 8V.

28
 GIO N BI DNG HC SINH GII MN VT L - BC THCS
GI : a) on mch AB gm : R3 // ( R1 nt
R2). Tnh R12 ri tnh RAB. R1 C R4
b) C R1 nt R2 => I1 ? I2; Tnh I1 theo U v R12;
Tnh I3 theo U v R3. A R2 B
c) Tnh U1 theo I1 v R1; U2 theo I2 v R2; U3 ? D
U. R3 R5
Bi 4. Mt on mch in gm 5 in tr mc
nh s hnh 4.1. E
Cho bit R1= 2,5; R2 = 6; R3 = 10; R4 = 1,2 Hnh 4.1
; R5 = 5. hai u on mch AB c hiu in th 6V. Tnh cng dng in qua mi
in tr? R1 R4
GI : S h 4.2 tng ng h 4.1
+ Tnh RAD, RBD t tnh RAB. R2
A D B
+ i vi on mch AD: Hiu in th
hai u cc in tr R1, R2, R3 l nh nhau: R3 R5
Tnh UAB theo IAB v RAD t tnh c cc
dng I1, I2, I3.
Hnh 4.2
+ Tng t ta cng tnh c cc dng I4, I5
ca on mch DB.
CH :
1. Khi gii cc bi ton vi nhng mch in mc hn hp tng i phc tp, nn tm cch
v mt s tng ng n gin hn. Trn s tng ng, nhng im c in th
nh nhau c gp li lm r nhng b phn n gin hn ca on mch c ghp li
nh th no to thnh on mch in phc tp.
2. C th kim tra nhanh kt qu ca bi ton trn. Cc p s phi tha mn iu kin: I1+
I2+ I3= I4+ I5 = IAB = 2,4A.
s: 1,44A; 0,60A; 0,36A; 1,92A; 0,48A.
Bi 5. R2
R R3
Mt on mch in mc song song nh trn s C
hnh 4.3 c ni vo mt ngun in 36V. Cho bit: A 1 B
R1=18; R2=5; R3=7; R4=14; R5=6
a) Tnh cng dng in chy qua mi mch r. D
b) Tnh hiu in th gia hai im C v D. R4 R
s: 1,2A; 1,8A; 3,6V. Hnh
5
GI : 4.3
a) Tnh cng dng in qua mch r cha R1, R2, R3 v R4 , R5
b) Gi hiu in th gia hai im C v D l UCD.
Ta tnh c: UAC = I1.R1 = 21,6V ; UAD = I4.R4 = 25,2V
Nh th in th C thp hn in th A: 21,6V; in th D thp hn in th A: 25,2V.
Tm li: in th D thp hn in th C l:
UCD = 25,2 21,6 = 3,6V.
CH :
+ C th tnh UCD bng mt cch khc: UAC+ UCD + UDB = UAB =>
UCD= UAB - UAC - UBD (*)
29
 GIO N BI DNG HC SINH GII MN VT L - BC THCS
UAB bit, tnh UAC, UDB thay vo (*) c UCD = 3,6V.
+ UCD c tnh trong trng hp 2 im C, D khng c ni vi nhau bng mt dy dn
hoc mt in tr, gia C,D khng c dng in.
Nu C, D c ni vi nhau s c mt dng in i t C ti D (v in th im D thp hn
in th im C). Mch in b thay i v cng dng in i qua cc in tr cng thay
i.
Bi 6.
Cho mch in nh hnh 4.4. Bit: R 1 = 15W , R2 = 3W , R3 = 7W , R4 = 10W . Hiu in th hai
u on mch l 35V.
a) Tnh in tr tng ng ca ton mch.
R2 D R3
b) Tm cng dng in qua cc in tr. R1
GI : (theo hnh v 4.4) A B
C R4
a) Tnh R23 v R234. Tnh in tr tng ng
RAB=R1+R234
Hnh 4.4
b) Tnh IAB theo UAB,RAB=>I1
+) Tnh UCB theo IAB,RCB.
+) Ta c R23 = R4 <=> I23 nh th no so vi I4; (I23=I2=I3)
+ Tnh I23 theo UCB, R23.
s: a) 20W ; b) I1 = I = 1,75A; I2 = I3 = I4 = 0,875A.

III. Luyn tp
R R3
Bi 1. 2
D
Cho mch in nh hnh 4.5. Bit R1= R2= R4= 2 A R 1 B
R3 = 40W . C
R4
Hiu in th hai u on mch U AB = 64,8V.
Tnh cc hiu in th UAC v UAD.
s: 48V; 67,2V. Hnh 4.5
Bi 2.
K
Cho mch in nh hnh 4.6.
R N
Trong in tr R2 = 10W . Hiu in th hai N R
1
A u
on mch l UMN =30V. K 3
R 2
Bit khi K1 ng, K2 ngt, ampe k ch 1A. Cn 2
Hnh khi K1
1
ngt, K2 ng th ampe k ch 2A. 4.61A, 7A. Tm
s: 2A, 3A,
cng dng in qua mi in tr v s ch ca
ampe k A khi c hai kha K1 , K2 cng ng
Bi 3. Cho on mch gm ba bng n mc nh hnh
2
4.7. Hiu in th hai u on mch l UAB = 16,8V.
Trn cc bng n: 1 c ghi 12V 2A, 2 c A 1 ghi
M R2 B
6V 1,5A v 3 ghi 9V 1,5A. R1
a) Tnh in tr ca mi bng n. R3
b) Nhn xt v sng ca mi bng n so A Hnh 4.7 C vi
B
khi chng c s dng ng hiu in th 3
nh
mc. R4
A
30
Hnh 4.8
 GIO N BI DNG HC SINH GII MN VT L - BC THCS
s: a) 6W , 4W , 6W .
b) 1 sng bnh thng, 2, 3 sng yu.
Bi 4. Cho mch in nh hnh 4.8. R1=15W ., R2 = R3 = 20W , R4 =10W . Ampe k ch 5A.
Tnh in tr tng ng ca ton mch.
Tm cc hiu in th UAB v UAC. R1 R4 K2
s: a) 7,14W ; b) 50V, 30V. P

Bi 5.Mt mch in gm ba in tr R1, R2, R3 mc ni

K1
tip nhau. Nu t vo hai u mch mt hiu in th 110V
th dng in qua mch c cng 2A. Nu ch ni tip
R1, R2 vo mch th cng qua mch l 5,5A. Cn R2 nu
mc R1, R3 vo mch th cng dng in l 2,2A. R3 Tnh
R1, R2, R3.
U 110 M N
GI :Ta c R1+ R2 + R3 = 55W (1) Hnh 4.9
I1 2
U 110
R1 + R2 = 20W (2)
I2 5,5
U 110
R1 + R3 = 50W (3)
I3 2,2
T (1), (2) => R3 = 35W thay R3 vo (3) => R1 = 15W
Thay R1 vo (2) => R2 = 5W .
Bi 6.Trn hnh 4.9 l mt mch in c hai cng tc K1, K2.
Cc in tr R1 = 12,5W , R2 = 4W , R3 = 6W . Hiu in th hai u on mch UMN = 48,5V.
a) K1 ng, K2 ngt. Tm cng dng in qua cc in
+ A
tr. A1 A2
b) K1 ngt, K2 ng. Cng qua R4 l 1A. Tnh R4. V
c) K1, K2 cng ng. Tnh in tr tng ng ca c R1 R2
mch, t suy ra cng dng in trong mch chnh.
GI :
-
a) K1 ng, K2 ngt. Mch in gm R1 nt R2 . Tnh dng Hnh 4.10
in qua cc in tr theo UMN v R1, R2. 4444.104.
b) K1 ngt, K2 ng. Mch in gm R1, R4 v R3 mc ni 104.104.1
tip. 0
+ Tnh in tr tng ng R143. T => R4. _
c) K1, K2 cng ng, mch in gm R1 nt R2 // R3 ntR 4 . M
+
N
+ Tnh R34, R234; tnh RMN theo R1 v R234. Hnh 4.11
+ Tnh I theo UMN v RMN. R A
s: a) I = I1 = I2 = 2,49A; b) 30W ; c) 16,1W ; 3A
Bi 7.Cho mch in c s nh hnh 4.10.
in tr cc ampe k khng ng k, P Q
in tr vn k rt ln. Hy xc nh s ch R1 R2
ca cc my o A1, A2 v vn k V,
bit ampe k A1 ch 1,5A; R1 = 3W ; R2 = 5W .
GI : R3
Theo s ta c R1; R2 v vn k V mc song song.
31
 GIO N BI DNG HC SINH GII MN VT L - BC THCS
+ Tm s ch ca vn k V theo I1 v R1.
+ Tm s ch ca ampe k A2 theo U v R2.
+ Tm s ch ca ampe k A theo I1 v I2.
s: 2,4A; 0,9A; 4,5A.
Bi 8.Cho on mch in nh hnh 4.11;R1 = 10W ; R2 = 50W .; R3 = 40W . in tr ca ampe
k v dy ni khng ng k. Hiu in th gia hai im MN c gi khng i.
a) Cho in tr ca bin tr RX = 0 ta thy ampe k ch 1,0A. Tnh cng dng in qua
mi in tr v hiu in th gia hai im MN?
b) Cho in tr ca bin tr mt gi tr no ta thy ampe k ch 0,8A. Tnh cng dng
in qua mi in tr v qua bin tr?
GI :
[ (R1 nt R2) // R3 ], ampe k o cng dng in mch chnh.
+ Tnh R12, ri tnh RPQ.
+ Tnh UPQ theo I v RPQ.
a) Tnh I3 theo UPQ v R3; I1 = I2 theo UPQ v R12.
Tnh UMN theo UPQ v UMP,
( R0 =0 Nn UMP =0) => UMN? UPQ
b) Khi ( RX 0). Tnh UPQ theo I v RPQ.
Tnh I1 = I2 theo UPQ v R12; I3 theo UPQ v R3; IX theo I1 _
+
v I3.
s: a) 0,6A; 0,4A; 24V; b) 0,32A; 0,48A; 0,8A R3
A R1 B
Bi 9.
Ngi ta mc mt mch in nh hnh 4.12 gia hai im
R2
A v B c hiu in th 5V. Cc in tr thnh phn ca
on mch l R1 = 1W ; R2 = 2W ; R3 = 3W ; R4 = 4W . R4
a) Tnh in tr tng ng ca on mch AB. Hnh 4.12
b) Tnh cng dng in qua mch chnh v cc mch r.
GI : R1 B R2
a) Tnh R12,R123 ri tnh RAB.
b) Tnh I theo UAB v RAB; I4 theo UAB v R4; I3 theo UAB v R123. + -
U
Da vo h thc:
I1 R2 A C
2W 2 I I I I I 1,36 A
I2

R1 = 1 2 1 2 3 I1; I 2 Hnh 4.13
1W 1 2 1 2 1 2 3
Bi 10.Cho mch in nh hnh v bn, hiu in th U = 24V khng i.
Mt hc sinh dng mt Vn k o hiu in th gia cc im A v B; B v C th c cc kt
qu ln lt l U1= 6 V, U2= 12 V. Hi hiu in th thc t (khi khng mc vn k) gia cc
im A v B; B v C l bao nhiu ?
S: U1* 8(V ) , U 2* 16(V )
Ch 2: IN TR - BIN TR
I. Mt s kin thc c bn.
* in tr ca dy dn
mt nhit khng i, in tr ca dy dn t l thun vi chiu di, t l nghch vi tit
din v ph thuc vo bn cht ca dy

32
 GIO N BI DNG HC SINH GII MN VT L - BC THCS
l
Cng thc R = r .
S
* Bin tr l mt in tr c th thay i c gi tr khi dch chuyn con chy.
* Lu :
Khi gii cc bi tp v in tr cn ch mt s im sau:
+ Din tch tit din thng ca dy dn c tnh theo bn knh v ng knh:
pd2
S = pr =
2

4
+ Khi lng dy dn: m = D.V = D.S.l.
+ i n v v php nng ly tha:
1km = 1000m = 103m; 1m = 10dm; 1m = 100cm = 102cm;
1m = 1000mm = 103mm.
1m2 = 10dm2 =104cm2 =106mm2;; 1mm2 =10-6m2; 1cm2 = 10-4m2;
1cm2 = 10-4m2.
1kW = 1000W = 103W ; 1MW = 1000 000W
n q
an a a a a
n n n. q
1
n m
+ a .a = a n+m n m
; (a ) = a n.m
; m a n m ; n a n ; n ; n n. q
a a b b b b
II. Bi tp
A. IN TR
Bi 1. Mt dy dn hnh tr lm bng st c tit din u 0,49mm2. Khi mc vo hiu in th
20V th cng qua n l 2,5A.
Tnh chiu di ca dy. Bit in tr sut ca st l 9,8.10-8W m.
Tnh khi lng dy. Bit khi lng ring ca st l 7,8 g/cm3.
GI :
Tnh chiu di dy st.
+ Tnh R theo U v I.
l
+ Tnh l t cng thc : R = r . .
s
Thay V = S.l vo m = D.V tnh khi lng dy.
s:
40m; 0,153kg.
Bi 2. Ngi ta dng dy hp kim nicrm c tit din 0,2 mm2 lm mt bin tr. Bit in
tr ln nht ca bin tr l 40W .
a) Tnh chiu di ca dy nicrm cn dng. Cho in tr sut ca dy hp kim nicrm l
1,1.10-6W m
b) Dy in tr ca bin tr c qun u xung quanh mt li s trn c ng knh 1,5cm.
Tnh s vng dy ca bin tr ny.
l
GI : a) Tnh chiu di l t : R = r . .
s
b) Chiu di l ca mt vng dy bng chu vi li s: l = p .d => s vng dy qun quanh li s

'
l: n= l .
l
s: a) 7,27m; 154,3 vng.
33
 GIO N BI DNG HC SINH GII MN VT L - BC THCS
Bi 3.Mt dy dn bng hp kim di 0,2km, tit din trn, ng knh 0,4cm c in tr 4W .
Tnh in tr ca dy hp kim ny khi c chiu di 500m v ng knh tit din l 2mm.
s: R2 = 40W .
GI :
Tnh in tr ca dy th hai.
l R.S R .S R .S
+ T : R = r . => r ; v cng tit din nn ta c: 1 1 2 2 => R2=? (*)
s l l1 l2
2
p d12 p d22 S1 S d
+ Vi S1= ; S2 . Thit lp t s S bin i ta c 1 1 thay vo (*) ta
4 4 2 S 2 d 2
tnh c R2.
B. BIN TR
Bi 4. Cho hai bng n 1, 2: trn 1 c ghi ( 6V 1A), trn 2 c ghi 2 ( 6V- 0,5A).
a) Khi mc hai bng ny vo hiu in th 12V th cc n c sng bnh thng khng? Ti
sao?
b) Mun cc n sng bnh thng th ta phi dng thm mt bin tr c con chy. Hy v cc
s mch in c th c v tnh in tr ca bin tr tham gia vo mch khi .
GI :a) Tnh in tr mi n; tnh RAB khi mc ( 1 nt 2); tnh cng dng in i qua
hai n ri so vi Im ca chng => kt lun mc c khng?
b) C hai s tha mn iu kin ca u bi ( HS t v), sau tnh Rb trong hai s .
s: a) Khng. v: Im2 < I2 nn n 2 s chy.

b) Rb = 12W .
Bi 5. Mt bng n c hiu in th nh mc 12V v cng dng in nh mc l 0,5A.
s dng ngun in c hiu in th 12V th phi mc n vi mt bin tr c con chy
(tit din dy 0,5mm2, chiu di 240m).
a) V s mch in sao cho n sng bnh thng.
b) Khi n sng bnh thng in tr ca bin tr tham gia vo mch lc bng bao nhiu?
(b qua in tr ca dy ni).
c) Dy bin tr lm bng cht g? Bit khi n sng bnh thng th ch 2/3 bin tr tham gia
vo mch in.
GI :Um = 12V m UAB= 20V => mc nh th no vi Rb, v s cch mc .
Tnh Rb khi sng bnh thng.
l
Bit Rb ch bng 2/3 Rmaxb=> tnh Rmaxb; mt khc Rmaxb= r => ? tnh r .
S
s: a) n ni tip vi bin tr. Nu mc n song song vi bin tr n s chy.
b)16W ; c) 5,5.10-8W m. Dy lm bng Vnfram.
Bi 6. Cho mch in nh hnh 6.1. Bin tr Rx c
A R C B
ghi 20W 1A.a) Bin tr lm bng niklin c r =
4.10-7W m v S= 0,1mm2. Tnh chiu di ca dy M Rx N
bin tr. V
Hnh 6.1
b) Khi con chy v tr M th vn k ch 12V, khi v
tr N th vn k ch 7,2V. Tnh in tr R?
34
 GIO N BI DNG HC SINH GII MN VT L - BC THCS
l
GI :Rx max = 20W , tnh l t Rx max = r .
S
Khi con chy C M th Rx = ? => vn k ch UAB = ?
Khi con chy C N th Rx = ? => vn k ch UR = ?
Tnh Ux theo UAB v UR; tnh I theo Ux v Rx => T tnh c R theo UR v I.
s: a) 5m; b) 30W .
II. Luyn tp
Bi 1. Mt on mch gm hai bng n 1, 2 v
mt bin tr, mc nh trn s hnh 6.2. Cho bit A M N B
in tr ln nht ca bin tr l 12 , in tr ca
mi bng n l 3. on mch c ni vo mt P
1
ngun in l 24V. Tnh cng dng in qua
1v 2 khi: 2
a) Con chy v tr M Hnh 6.2
b) Con chy v tr P, trung im ca on MN;
c) Con chy v tr N.
s: 4,4A v 3,5A; 2,2A v 1,5A; 1,6A v 0A

Bi 2: Mt on mch nh s hnh 6.3

c mc vo mt ngun in 30V. Bn
R1 B
bng n nh nhau, mi bng c in tr A C E M N 3
v hiu in th nh mc 6V. in tr
R3=3. Trn bin tr c ghi 15 -6A.
a) t con chy v tr N. Cc bng n Hnh 6.3

c sng bnh thng khng?
b) Mun cho cc bng n sng bnh thng, phi t con chy v tr no?
c) C th t con chy v tr M khng?
s: a) khng; b) CM =1/10 MN; c) khng

Ch 3 CNG V CNG SUT CA DNG IN

I . Mt s kin thc c bn
* Cng sut ca dng in: l i lng c trng cho tc sinh cng ca dng in.
Cng thc: P = A / t V ( A = U I t ) P=UI
U2
(Ta c P = U.I = I2.R = )
R
* S o phn in nng chuyn ho thnh cc dng nng lng khc trong mt mch in
gi l cng ca dng in sn ra trong mch in .
Cng thc:A = UI t

U2
(Ta c A = P.t = U.I.t = I2.R.t = .t )
R
* Ngoi n v ( J ) ta cn dng ( Wh ; kWh )
1 kWh = 1 000 Wh = 3 600 000 J
* Lu : Mch in gm c nhng vt tiu th in, ngun in v dy dn.
35
 GIO N BI DNG HC SINH GII MN VT L - BC THCS
Cng thc A = UIt, cho bit in nng A (cng) m on mch tiu th v chuyn ha
thnh cc dng nng lng khc.
Nu dy dn c in tr rt nh (coi bng 0). Khi gia cc im trn mt on dy dn coi
nh khng c hiu in th (hiu in th bng 0). Chnh v vy m trn mt on dy dn
c th c dng in kh ln i qua, m n vn khng tiu th in nng, khng b nng ln.
Nhng nu mc thng mt dy dn vo hai cc ca mt ngun in (trng hp on
mch). Do ngun in c in tr rt nh nn in tr ca mch (c dy dn) cng rt nh.
Cng dng in ca mch khi rt ln, c th lm hng ngun in.
II. Bi tp
Bi 1. Cho mt on mch mc nh trn s hnh 7.1.
Trn n 1 c ghi: 6V- 12W. in tr R c gi tr 6W . Khi mc on mch vo mt
ngun in th hai n 1,2 sng bnh thng v vn
k ch 12V. V
a. Tnh hiu in th ca ngun in. R
b. Tnh cng dng in chy qua R, 1, 2. A B
c. Tnh cng sut ca 2. C 2
Tnh cmg sut tiu th trn ton mch.
GI :
a) Do cc n sng bnh thng nn xc nh 1
Hnh 7.1
c U1, U2. T tnh c UAB.
b) Tnh I1 theo Pm1, Um1.
- Tnh IR theo U1, R. => Tnh I2 theo I1 v IR.
c) Tnh P2 theo U2 v I2.
d) Tnh P theo P1, P2, PR. (Hoc c th tnh P theo UAB v I2 )
s: a) 16V; b) 2A; 1A; 3A; c) 36W; d) 54W.
Bi 2. Mt x c 450 h. Mi ngy cc h dng in 6 gi, vi cng sut th trung bnh mi
h l 120W.
a) Tnh tin in phi tr ca mi h v ca c x trong mt thng theo n gi 700/ kWh.
b) Tnh trung bnh cng sut in m x nhn c bng bao nhiu?
c) in nng c truyn ti n t trm in cch 1km. Cho bit hiu sut truyn ti nng
lng bng 68% v hiu in th ti ni s dng l 150V. Tm hiu in th pht i t trm
in v in tr ng dy ti.
d) Dy ti bng ng c in tr sut r = 1,7.10-8W m. Tnh tit din dy.
s: a) 21,6 kWh, thnh tin: 15120 ng/mi h; 6804000 ng/450 h.
b) 54 kW; c) 220V, Rdy = 0,194W ; d) 175mm2. A

U0 R

B
Hnh7.
GI : (theo hnh v 7.2) 2
Tnh in nng tiu th ca mi h ( A= P.t); tnh thnh tin mi h; tnh s tin c x (450
h).
Bit PTB mi h v s h c x, tnh c cng sut in P x nhn c.
a) Mng in ca x c k hiu l R, gia hai im A,B (nh hnh 7.2)
36
 GIO N BI DNG HC SINH GII MN VT L - BC THCS
+ Dng in chy trn dy ti v dng in qua cng t x bng nhau c gi tr l
P
I= .
U
Gi U l hiu in th st trn dy ti; cng sut mt mt trn dy l: P= U.I;
Cng sut s dng ca x l : P = U.I.
Theo bi hiu xut truyn ti nng lng l 68%, c ngha cng sut mt mt l 32%.
P' 32 U '
Chia <=> => U.
P 68 150
+ Hiu in th pht i t trm dy bng : U+ U.
U'
+ in tr ng dy ti : Rd =
I
l
+) Tnh tit din thng ca dy t cng thc: Rd = r .
S
Bi 3.Trn mt bng n c ghi: 220V- 100W.
Tnh in tr ca n. (gi s in tr ca n khng ph thuc nhit ).
a) Khi s dng mch in c hiu in th 200V th sng ca n nh th no? Khi
cng sut in ca n l bao nhiu?
Tnh in nng m n s dng trong 10gi.
GI :
a) Tnh R.
b) Tnh P khi dng UAB=200V; so vi Pm=> sng ca n.
c) Tnh in nng n s dng trong 10gi.
s: a) 484W ; b) 82,6W; c) 2973600J.

Bi 4. C hai bng n loi 12V- 0,6A v 12V- 0,3A.

C th mc hai bng ni tip vi nhau ri mc vo hai im c hiu in th 24V c
khng? V sao?
cc bng sng bnh thng, cn phi mc nh th no?
GI :
Tnh R1, R2.
U1 R1 U1 R1
+ Khi mc hai bng ni tip, ta c: U R < U U R R U1 , U 2 ;
2 2 1 2 1 2

+ So snh U1 vi Um1, U2 vi Um2 nhn xt sng ca hai n.

T kt qu trn a ra cch mc hai n.
s: a) Khng v: U1 < Um1 => n 1 sng m;
U2 > Um2 => n 2 c th chy.
b) Phi mc (1 // 2) vo UAB = 12V
Bi 5. C 3 bng n: 1 (6V- 6W); 2 ( 6V- 3,6W) v 3 ( 6V- 2,4W).
Tnh in tr v cng dng in nh mc ca mi bng n.
Phi mc c ba bng n ni trn nh th no vo hiu in th U = 12V c ba bng n
u sng bnh thng. Gii thch?
GI :

37
 GIO N BI DNG HC SINH GII MN VT L - BC THCS
b) Da vo kt qu (cu a) a ra cch mc ba n vo UAB= 12V chng sng bnh thng.
Gii thch? V s cch mc .
6 6 6
s: a) 6W ; 10W ;15W ; I1 = 6
A; I 2 =
10
A; I3 = 15
A;
U
b) Mc 1 nt (2 // 3) V khi U1 = U23 =
2 = 6V = U
m.
Bi 6.
Cho mch in nh hnh 8.1, trong U=12V v U R R
R3= 4W . A
1 3
A
Kha K m: Ampe k ch 1,2A. Tnh in tr R1. R
Kha K ng: Ampe k ch 1,0A. Xc nh R2 v 2

cng sut tiu th ca cc in tr R1, R2, R3. Hnh 8.1

GI : (Theo hnh v 8.1) 2

K m: tnh RAB=> R1.
K ng: tnh U1=> U3, ri tnh R2.Da vo cng thc: P= U.I A 1 B
tnh P1,P2,P3
s: a) 6W ; b) 12W ; 6W; 3W; 9W. a)
III. Luyn tp 3
Bi 1.
C su bng n ging nhau, c mc 4 5
theo hai s ( hnh 8.2a,b). Hiu in th B
A
t vo hai im A v B trong hai s
bng nhau. Hy cho bit n no sng b)
nht, n no ti nht? Hy xp cc n
theo th t cng sut tiu th gim dn. 6 Hnh 8.2
Gii thch.
s: P6 > P1 > P4, P5 > P2, P3; ngha l 6
sng nht, n 2 v 3 ti nht.
Bi 2.Mt ngi c trn chic qut trn nh mnh, thy ghi 220V nhng khng thy ghi ot.
Ngi y tt ht mi dng c dng in trong nh, thy cng t ch 837,2kWh v cho qut
quay lc 11gi. Khi cng t ch 837,4kWh th ng h ch 1gi 30 pht.
Em hy tnh cng sut ca qut. s: 80W.
Bi 3.Trn bn l c ghi 110V 550W, trn n c ghi 110V 100W.
Nu mc bn l ni tip vi n vo mch c hiu in th 220V th n v bn l hot ng
c bnh thng khng? Ti sao?
Mun c n v bn l hot ng bnh thng th ta phi mc thm mt in tr. Hy v s
mch in v tnh gi tr in tr ?
s: a) I > Im => n s chy hng.
Ibl < Imbl => Mc d bn l khng b hng nhng do n hng nn lm cho mch b h, dng
in khng qua n nn bn l ngng hot ng.
b) S mch in:[( // R) nt Rbl]. Hc sinh t v s ; Kt qu R = 27W .
Bi 4.Mt gia nh dng 3 bng n loi 220V 30W, mt bng n loi 220V 100W, mt
ni cm in loi 220V 1kW, mt m in loi 220V 1kW, mt ti vi loi 220V 60W, mt

38
 GIO N BI DNG HC SINH GII MN VT L - BC THCS
bn l loi 220V 1000W. Hy tnh tin in gia nh cn phi tr trong mt thng(30 ngy,
mi ngy thi gian dng in ca: n l 4 gi, ni cm in l 1 gi, m in l 30 pht, ti vi
l 6 gi, bn l l 1 gi). Bit mng in thnh ph c hiu in th 220V, gi tin l 600
/kWh (nu s in dng di hoc bng 100 kWh), 1000/kWh, nu s in dng trn 100
kWh v di 150 kWh.
GI :+ in nng tiu th ca gia nh trong 1 thng:
A1 ngy = A + Anc + Am + Ati vi + Abl.
A1 thng = 30. A1 ngy.
+ Da vo kt qu in nng tiu th trong 1 thng ty theo n gi v gi tin phi tr theo
quy nh tnh ra s tin phi tr.
s: 68 600 ng.
Bi 5.Hai bng n c ghi 1: 6V 3W; 2: 6V -6W.
So snh in tr ca chng khi chng sng bnh thng.
chng sng bnh thng khi mc vo hiu in th 12V. Ta phi mc thm in tr R X ni
tip vi b hai bng n. Tnh RX.
GI : a) Tnh R1, R2 da vo Um v Pm ca mi n, ri so snh R1, R2.
b) hai n sang bnh thng phi mc [ (1 // 2 ) nt Rb ]. Hs t v s mch in.
+ Tnh Im1, Im2 da vo Um v Pm ca chng.
+ Tnh cng mach chnh I theo Im1, Im2.
+ Tnh in tr tng ng ca mch: Rt theo U v I. Mt khc Rt = R12 + Rx => Tnh
Rx.
s: a) R1 = 2 R2; b) Rx = 4W .
Bi 6. Cho mch in nh hnh 8.3. Trong : R 1 l mt bin tr; R2 = 20, l n loi 24V
5,76W. Hiu in th UAB lun khng i; in tr cc dy ni khng ng k; vn k c
in tr rt ln.
1. iu chnh R1 = 5, khi n sng bnh
thng. R1 R2
A
B
a) Tnh: in tr ca n , in tr on mch AB,
V
cng dng in, s ch ca vn k v hiu in
th UAB. Hnh8.3
88.388.3
b) So snh cng sut nhit gia: R2 v R1; R2 v n 8.3
.
2. iu chnh bin tr R1 cng sut tiu th in trn R1 ln nht. Hy tnh R1 v cng sut
tiu th in trn on mch AB khi . (coi in tr ca n l khng i).
Ch 4: NH LUT JUN- LENX
I. Mt s kin thc c bn:
Nhit lng to ra trong dy dn t l thun vi bnh phng cng dng in, t l thun
vi in tr v thi gian dng in chy qua .
Cng thc: Q = I2Rt Q = 0,24 I2Rt
II. Bi tp
Bi 1. Mt bn l c khi lng 0,8kg tiu th cng sut 1000W di hiu in th 220V.
Tnh:
39
 GIO N BI DNG HC SINH GII MN VT L - BC THCS
Cng dng in qua bn l
in tr ca bn l.
Tnh thi gian nhit ca bn l tng t 20 0C n 900C. Cho bit hiu sut ca bn l H=
80%. Cho nhit dung ring ca st l 460J/kg.K.
GI :
c) Tnh nhit lng Q1 nng nhit ca bn l ln 700C.
+ Tnh nhit lng cn cung cp Q theo Q1 v H.
+ T Q= I2.R.t=> tnh t.
s : a) 4,54A ; b) 84,4W ; c) 32s
Bi 2. Mt bp in hot ng hiu in th 220V.
a) Tnh nhit lng ta ra ca dy dn trong thi gian 25pht theo n v Jun v n v
calo. Bit in tr ca n l 50W .
b) Nu dng nhit lng th un si c bao nhiu lt nc t 20 0C.Bit nhit dung
ring v khi lng ring ca nc ln lt l 4200J/kg.K v 1000kg/m3.
B qua s mt mt nhit.
GI :
a) Tnh nhit lng Q ta ra trn dy dn theo U,R,t.
b) Tnh lng nc c un si bi nhit lng ni trn.
+ Tnh m t Q= C.m. t.
+ Bit m, D tnh V. s: a) 1452000 J = 348480 Cal; b) 4,32 lt.
0
Bi 3.Ngi ta un si 5l nc t 20 C trong mt m in bng nhm c khi lng 250g mt
40pht. Tnh hiu sut ca m. Bit trn m c ghi 220V- 1000W, hiu in th ngun l
220V. cho nhit dung ring ca nc v nhm ln lt l 4200J/kg.K v 880J/kg.K
GI :
+ Tnh nhit lng m nhm v nc thu vo: Qthu (theo C1,C2, m1, m2 v t)
+ Tnh nhit lng do dy in tr m ta ra trong 40pht: Qta theo P,t.
+ Tnh hiu sut ca m.
s:
71%.
Bi 4.Ngi ta mc hai in tr R1= R2=50W ln lt bng hai cch ni tip v song song ri
ni vo mch in c hiu in th U= 100V.
a) Tnh cng dng in qua mi in tr trong mi trng hp.
b) Xc nh nhit lng ta ra trn mi in tr trong hai trng hp trong thi gian
30pht. C nhn xt g v kt qu tm c.
GI :
a) Khi (R1 nt R2): tnh I1, I2.
+) Khi (R1// R2): tnh I1, I2.
b) Tnh nhit lng ta ra trn mi in tr khi (R1 nt R2); (R1// R2).
Lu : R1= R2<=> Q1?Q2.
Q '1 Q2 '
Lp t s: tnh ra kt qu ri a ra nhn xt.
Q1 Q2
s: a) + Khi (R1 nt R2 ) th I1 = I2 = 1A. + Khi (R1// R2) th I1= I2 = 2A. b) 9000J.
Bi 5.Gia hai im A v B c hiu in th 120V, ngi ta mc song song hai dy kim lai.
Cng dng in qua dy th nht l 4A, qua dy th hai l 2A.
40
 GIO N BI DNG HC SINH GII MN VT L - BC THCS
a) Tnh cng dng in trong mch chnh.
b) Tnh in tr ca mi dy v in tr tng ng ca mch.
c) Tnh cng sut in ca mch v in nng s dng trong 5gi.
d) c cng sut ca c on l 800W ngi ta phi ct bt mt on ca on dy th
hai ri mc song song li vi dy th nht vo hiu in th ni trn. Hy tnh in tr ca
on dy b ct .
GI :a) Tnh IAB theo 2 dng mch r.
U
b.+ Da vo cng thc R= tnh R1 , R2.
I
+ Tnh RAB
c, Tnh P theo U, I.
+ Tnh A theo P,t.
a) Gi R'2 l in tr ca on dy b ct.
+ Tnh I qua on mch (R1//R2) theo P,U.
+ Tnh RABtheo U,I.
R1.R2'
+ Tnh R2 T RAB=
R1 R2'
+ Tnh in tr ca on dy ct : RC= R2 - R2.
s: a) 6A; b) 30W ; 60W ; 20W ; c) 720W; 12 960 000J = 12 960 kJ; d) 15W
Bi 6.ng dy dn t mng in chung ti 1 gia nh c chiu di tng cng l 40m v c
li bng ng tit din 0,5mm2.Hiu in th cui ng dy(ti nh) l 220V. Gia nh ny s
dng cc dng c in c tng cng sut l 165W trung bnh 3 gi mi ngy. Bit in tr sut
ca ng l 1,7.10-8W m.
a) Tnh in tr ca ton b dy dn t mng in chung ti gia nh.
b) Tnh nhit lng ta ra trn dy dn trong 30 ngy ra n v kW.h.
GI :
a) Tnh in tr R ca ton b ng dy theo r ,l,S.
b) Tnh cng dng in I qua dy dn theo P,U.
+ Tnh nhit lng Q ta ra trn ng dy theo I,R,t ra n v kW.h.
s: a) 1,36W ; b) 247 860J = 0,069kWh.
III. Luyn tp.
Bi 1. Mt bp in khi hot ng bnh thng c in tr R =120 W v cng dng in
qua bp khi l 2,4A.
a) Tnh nhit lng m bp ta ra trong 25 giy.
b) Dng bp trn un si 1 lt nc c nhit ban u l 25 0C th thi gian un nc l
14 pht. Tnh hiu sut ca bp, coi rng nhit lng cn un si nc l c ch, cho bit
nhit dung ring ca nc l 4200J/ kg.K. s: a) 17280J.
b) 54,25%.
Bi 2. Dy xon ca mt bp in di 12m, tit din 0,2mm2 v in tr sut l 1,1.10-6W m.
a) Tnh in tr ca dy xon v nhit lng ta ra trong thi gian 10 pht, khi mc bp in
ny vo hiu in th 220V.
b) Trong thi gian 10 pht bp ny c th un si bao nhiu lt nc t nhit 24 0C. Cho
nhit dung ring ca nc l 4200 J/ kg.K. B qua mi s mt mt nhit.
s: a) 60W , 440000J; b) 1,4l nc.
41
 GIO N BI DNG HC SINH GII MN VT L - BC THCS
Bi 3. Dng mt bp in c hai dy in tr R 1 v R2 un mt lng nc. Nu ch dng
dy th nht th sau 25 pht nc si. Nu ch dng dy th hai th sau 10 pht nc si.
Hi sau bao lu lng nc s si nu dng c hai dy khi:
a) Mc R1 ni tip vi R2.
b) Mc R1 song song vi R2.
Coi hiu in th U ca ngun l khng i.
s: a) 35 pht; b) 7 pht.
Bi 4.Trn mt in tr dng un nc c ghi 220V 484W. Ngi ta dng dy in tr
trn hiu in th 200V un si 4 lt nc t 300C ng trong mt nhit lng k.
a) Tnh cng dng in qua in tr lc .
b) Sau 25 pht, nc trong nhit lng k si cha?
c) Tnh lng nc trong nhit lng k sau 25 pht th nc si. Bit nhit dung ring
ca nc l 4200J/kg.K. B qua s mt mt nhit.
s: a) 2A ; b) Cha si c; c) 2 lt.
Bi 5.C hai dy dn tit din nh nhau S = 0,1 mm 2, mt dy bng ng c in tr sut l
1,7.10-8W m, mt dy bng nicrm c in tr sut l 1,1. 10 -6W m. Dy nicrm c chiu di ln =
80cm.
a) Tnh in tr ca dy nicrm. Mun dy ng cng c in tr nh vy th chiu di l d
ca n phi bng bao nhiu?
b) Ngi ta mc ni tip hai dy dn(c chiu di l n v ld ), ri mc chng vo hiu in th
110V. Tnh nhit lng mi dy dn ta ra chung 1 pht.
c) Tnh nhit lng ta ra trong 1 pht trn mi cm ca tng dy dn. Trong thc t ngi ta
thy mt dy dn vn ngui v mt dy rt nng. Hy gii thch ti sao?
s: a) 52 m; b) 20 625J; c) Ql = 25 781J; Qd = 396J.
Nhit lng ta ra trn mi cm ca dy nicrm ln gp 65,1 ln nhit lng ta ra trn mi
cm ca dy ng. Nhit t dy ng ta ra khng kh nhanh hn t dy nicrm ra khng kh.
V vy dy ng vn mt trong khi dy nicrm rt nng.
Bi 6.C ba in tr c mc nh s hnh bn. Trong cng khong thi gian, khi c dng
in chy qua th in tr no ta nhit lng nh
nht, ln nht? Gii thch ti sao? 100W
s: 68 600 ng. B
GI : + Gi I l cng dng in qua in tr A
100W , khi cng dng in qua in tr 20 W va 20W 30W
30W l so vi I nh th no?
+ Da vo cng thc Q = RI 2t tnh nhit lng ta
ra trn mi in tr.
s: Q3 > Q1 > Q2. ( in tr 30W ta ra nhitlng ln nht, in tr 20W ta ra nhit lng
nh nht).
Bi 7.Mt bp in gm hai in tr R1 v R2. Vi cng mt hiu in th v cng mt m
nc, nu dng in tr R1 th nc trong m si sau thi gian t1 = 30 pht, nu dng in tr
R2 th nc trong m si sau thi gian t2 = 20 pht.
Coi in tr thay i khng ng k theo nhit , nhit nng ta ra mi trng t l vi in
nng cung cp cho bp.
Hi sau bao lu nc trong m s si nu dng c hai in tr trong hai trng hp sau:
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 GIO N BI DNG HC SINH GII MN VT L - BC THCS
a) Hai in tr mc ni tip.
b) Hai in tr mc song song.
S : a) 50 pht.b) 12 pht.
Ch 5 Mch in tng ng
I.L thuyt
Ta thng gp hai trng hp sau:
*Trng hp 1: Mch in gm mt s in tr xc nh nhng ta
thay i hai nt ra vo ca dng mch chnh th ta c cc s
tng ng khc nhau
* Trng hp 2: Mch in c in tr nt ra vo xc nh nhng khi
cc kho k thay nhau ng ngt ta cng c cc s tng ng
khc nhau. c s tng ng ta lm nh sau:
- Nu kho k no h th ta b hn tt c cc th ni tip vi k v
c hai pha.
- Nu kho k ng ta chp hai nt bn kho k li vi nhau thnh mt
im
- Xc nh xem trong mch c my im in th.
-Tm cc phn mc song song vi nhau. cc phn ni tip vi nhau v
v s tng ng.
II.Bi tp p dng
Bi 1. Cho mch in nh hnh v. Hy v s tng ng tnh
a, RAB R1 R2
b, RAC A B C
c, RBC
R3 R4

D
Bi gii
a. Ta chp hai im C v D li. Khi mch in cn ba im
in th A, B, C
S tng ng

Trong :( R1 nt R2 // R4 )//R3 R1 R2

R4
R3
k1
R1 R2 R3
A B
Bi 2: Cho mch in nh hnh v k2
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 GIO N BI DNG HC SINH GII MN VT L - BC THCS
Hy v s tng ng tnh in tr
khi kho

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