INTRODUCTION

Calculus is a branch in mathematics focused on limits, functions,

derivatives, integrals, and infinite series. This subject constitutes a
major part of mathematics education. It has two major branches,
differential calculus and integral calculus, which are related by the
fundamental theorem of calculus. Calculus is the study of change, in
the same way that geometry is the study of shape and algebra as the
study of operations and their application to solving application. A
course in calculus is a gateway to other, more advanced courses in
mathematics devoted to the study of functions and limits, broadly
called mathematics analysis. Calculus has widespread application in
science, economics, and engineering and can solve many problems for
which algebra alone insufficient.

Historically, calculus was called “the calculus of infinitesimals” or

“infinitesimal calculus”. More generally, calculus may refer to any
method or system of calculation guided by the symbolic manipulation
of expressions. Some examples of other well-known calculi are
propositional calculus, variational calculus, lambda calculus, pi
calculus, and join calculus.
History

The product rule and chain rule, the notion of higher derivatives. Taylor
series, and analytical function were introduced by Isaac Newton in an
idiosyncratic notation which he used to solve problems of
mathematical physic. In his publication, Newton rephrased his ideas to
suit the mathematical idioms of the time, replacing calculations with
infinitesimals by equivalent geometrical arguments which were
considered beyond reproach. He used the methods of calculus to solve
the problems of planetary motion, the shape of the surface of a
rotating fluid, the oblateness of the earth, the motion of a weight
sliding on a cycloid, and many other problems discussed in his Principal
Mathematica. In other work, he developed series expansions for
functions, including fractional and irrational powers, and it was clear
that he understood the principles of the Taylor series.

These ideas were systematized into a true calculus of infinitesimals by

Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz, who was originally accused of plagiarism by
Newton. He is now regarded as an in dependent inventor of and
contributor to calculus. His contribution was to provide a clear for
infinitesimal quantities, allowing the computation of second and higher
derivatives, and providing the product rule and chain rule, in their
differential and integral forms. Unlike Newton, Leibniz paid a lot of
attention to the formalism- he often spent days determining
appropriate symbols for concepts.

Leibniz and Newton are usually both credited with the invention of
calculus. Newton was the first to apply calculus to general physics and
Leibniz developed much of the notation used in calculus today. The
basic insights that both Newton and Leibniz provided were the laws of
differentiation and integration, second and higher derivatives, and the
notion of an approximating polynomial series. By Newton’s time, the
fundamental theorem of calculus was known.
Acknowledgement

First of all, I would like to say thank you to my parents for providing
everything, such as money, to buy anything that are related to this
project work, their advise, which is the most needed for this project
and facilities such as internet, books, computers and all that. They also
supported me and encouraged me to complete this task so that I will
not procrastinate in doing it.

Then I would like to thank to my teacher, Tan Seok Seong for

guiding me throughout this project. Even I had some difficulties in
doing this task, but she thought me patiently until we knew what to do.
She tried and tried to teach me until I understand what I’m supposed
to do with the project work.

Besides that, my friends who always supporting me. Even this

project is individually but we are cooperated doing this project
especially in discussion ad sharing ideas to ensure our task will finish
completely.

Last but not least, any party which involved either directly or
indirect in completing this project work. Thank you everyone!
 Objectives

The aims of carrying out this project work are:-

• To apply and adapt a variety of problem-solving strategies to solve problems;

• To improve thinking skill;
• To promote effective mathematical communication;
• To develop mathematical knowledge through problem solving in a way that
increases students’ interest and confidence;
• To use the language of mathematics to express mathematical ideas precisely;
• To provide learning environment that stimulates and enhances effective learning;
• To develop positive attitude towards mathematics.
 Conclusion

After doing research, answering questions, drawing graphs and

some problem solving, I saw that the usage of calculus is important in
daily life. It is not just widely used in science, economics but also in
engineering. In conclusion, calculus is a daily life nesses cities. Without
it, marvelous buildings can’t be built, human being will not lead a
luxurious life and many more. So, we should be thankful of people who
contribute in the ideas of calculus.
 REFLECTION

After spending countless hours, days and night to finish this

project and also my time for chatting and movies in this mid
year holiday, there are several things that I can say……….

Additional Mathematics…
From the day I born…
From the day I was able to holding pencil…
From the day I start learning…
And….
From the day I heard your name…

I always thought that you will be my greatest obstacle and

rival in excelling my life...
But after countless of hours…
Countless of days…
Countless of nights…

After sacrificing my precious time just for you….

Sacrificing my play time…
Sacrificing my chatting…
Sacrificing my facebook…
Sacrificing my internet…
Sacrificing my anime…
Sacrificing my movies…
I realized something really important in you…

I really love you…

You are my real friend…
You my partner…
You are my soulmate…

I LOVE U ADDITIONAL MATHEMATICS

(ii) As the president of the Arts Club, I will decide Structure 4 as the shape of the gate to
be constructed. It is because Structure 4 will cost the minimum and it is easier to be
constructed compared to Structure 1 which is a curve.
(ii) there is a pattern in the area to be painted.

The area to be painted decreases as the k increases 0.25m and form a series numbers:

3, 2.9375, 2.8125, 2.75, 2.6875, 2.625, 2.5625, 2.5

We can see that the difference between each term and the next term is the same.

2.9375 - 3 = -0.0625
2.875 - 2.9375 = -0.0625
2.8125 - 2.875 = -0.0625
2.75 – 2.8125 = -0.0625
2.6875 – 2.75 = -0.0625
2.625 - 2.6875 = -0.0625
2.5625 – 2.625 = -0.0625
2.5 – 2.5625 = -0.0625

We can deduce that this series of number is an Arithmetic Progression (AP), with a
common difference, d = -0.0625

In conclusion, when k increases 0.25m, the area to be painted decreases by -0.0625m

(c) The area of the concrete structure to be painted

The shape of a concrete structure will be a rectangle with length 4m and breadth 0.5m,
which may look like this: