Key Concepts in Environmental Planning

KEY CONCEPTS IN
ENVIRONMENTAL PLANNING
Short Course on Environmental Planning

DCERP & HUMEIN Phils. Inc.

Youve got to be careful if you dont know
where you are going,
because you might not get there

- Yogi Berra

WHAT IS PLANNING
(Common Sense)
Planning is a way of thinking oriented towards

the future that anticipates change and designs
solutions.
It is a systematic process of establishing ends

(goals, policies, outcomes) and means and
procedures to achieve the end.

WHAT IS PLANNING
(Common Sense)
Generic Planning is ubiquitous it can be done

by anyone anytime anywhere
But professional planning is governed by:

Professional principles
Standards
Laws

Activity
Process
Discipline
Profession
PLANNING
Planning
PLANNING is the process of:
Understanding the types of DECISIONS that need to be made

Assessing OPPORTUNITIES and LIMITATIONS of the future
Identifying the short-and-long-term consequences of alternative
choices designed to take advantage of these opportunities or
respond to these limitations.
Relating alternative decisions to the GOALS and OBJECTIVES
established for an urban area, agency or firm.
Expressing this information to decision makers in a readily
understandable and useful form.
The primary purpose of planning is to generate information useful to
decision makers on consequences of alternative actions

PLANNING
(Academic)
sequence of deliberate
1 purposeful actions designed
to solve problems systematically,
by foreseeing and guiding change
through rational decisions,
reconciling public and private
aims, and arbitrating between
competing social, economic,
political and physical forces.

PLANNING
(Academic)
allocates scarce resources,

2 particularly land and other
resources, in such a manner as to
obtain the maximum practicable
efficiency and benefit, for
individuals and for society as a
whole, while respecting the needs
of Nature and the requirements of
a sustainable future.

(Legal Definition)

refers to the multi-disciplinary art and science of
analyzing, specifying, clarifying, harmonizing,
managing and regulating the use and
development of land and water resources, in
relation to their environs, for the development of
sustainable communities and ecosystems

- RA 10587 Environmental Planning Act of 2013

Urban
Development and
Land Use System
Settlements
Transportation
System
Utilities and Social
Water
Services
Resources
System Cultural
institutions,
Farming and
historic places to
Fisheries Critical
preserve
Ecosystems and
Natural Habitats

PLACE-MAKING
creating livable
human spaces
and natural
communities

SOME SHIFTS IN
CONTEMPORARY PLANNING
Before, Product-Oriented; now Process
Oriented. Planning process is as important as
planning output.
Before, All-Inclusive; now Strategic
Before, Compartmental due to administrative
boundaries; now Integrated (Trans-border)
Before, Agency-led; now Community Based
Before, Top-Down; now Bottom-Up
Before, Open Participation;
now Focused Participation

ATTRIBUTES OF
PLANNING PROCESS
SCIENCE AND ART

requires quantifiable tools
as well as subjective creativity
MULTI-DISCIPLINARY
requires the expertise of
various disciplines;
economics; engineering;
sociology; architecture;
law; geography etc.
ATTRIBUTES OF
PLANNING PROCESS
COMPREHENSIVE
covers all aspects of man/women
and his/her environment; physical,
social, economics, political
administration and the natural
environment.
DYNAMIC
changes overtime, technological
change; cultural norms and
traditions; not static; responsive to
new demands and needs of people
ATTRIBUTES OF
PLANNING PROCESS
PARTICIPATORY
values the engagement of
multiple stakeholders. CYCLIC / SPIRAL
Unending process; Always goes
back to where it started; Were
the problems solved? Goals and
TIME BOUND objectives attained? At what level
of satisfaction?
Plan must have a time
perspective; short, medium,
long range; Basis for plan
review and assessment.
LEVELS OF PLANNING
Scope or Coverage of Planning
Narrow: Perspective, Concept, Framework,
Moderate:Framework Structure, Developmental
Broad: Integrated, Comprehensive, Detailed

LEVELS OF PLANNING
Timeframe/Duration of Plan
Short Term: 1-3 years e.g. expenditure plan
Medium Term: 3-7 years e.g. development plan
Long Term: 10 years e.g. CLUP
30-50 years e.g. Masterplan
*Time-horizon of the envisaged future varies according to the type and level of planning

WHY DOES PLANNING
HAVE TO BE ETHICAL?
Niccolo Machiavellis amoral philosophy
of expediency in The Prince (1532):
The ends justify the means. Whatever it

takes to kill the cat.
Correct Ethics: The ends and the means have to
justify each other. Consistency and Connectedness
between Intention and Action.
Correct Science: Need for Congruence
between Objectives and Outcomes. Compatibility
between Goals and Methods.
PLANNING AND THE STATE
STATEs main instrument is the GOVERNMENT:
Sphere of power.
Planning seeks to direct and to

control the form of the built
environment in the interest of
society as a whole; power is
necessary to carry out plans.
Planning in the public domain is conflictive and therefore

political, involves compromises between contending groups

PLANNING AND THE STATE
Planning cannot be isolated from the political context of
the city or region because policy decisions affect local
interests.
At times, planning becomes a practice of what is

feasible politically instead of what is technically efficient
and effective (Campbell & Fainstein 1997:1).
Macro-level policies have impact on micro-level site, and

these policies will influence peoples lives if not affect them
adversely.
PLANNING AND THE MARKET
MARKET / BUSINESS SECTOR :
generates goods, jobs, and incomes for economic survival
The planner has to operate alongside the market, directly

influencing and frequently assisting its functioning, but in a
manner that takes account of both public and private
interests
Without town planning, land would be apportioned between

competing uses by the price mechanism and interaction of
supply and demand

PLANNING AND THE MARKET
The market, operating alone, does not provide the most

appropriate location for what are generally described as
the non-profit making uses of land (e.g., open spaces,
roads and bridges, etc.)
However, correct siting of these lands can make land

uses more profitable
Thus, planning assists the market in becoming more

efficient.

PLANNING AND CIVIL SOCIETY:
Why does planning have to be
participatory?
Civil Society
sphere of citizen groups, civic

institutions, civic values;
facilitates political and social
interaction by mobilizing groups
to participate in economic,
social, political activities

participatory?
Process-oriented means engaging and involving

people in various phases/stages
People are important because they ultimately execute
the Plan; they are the main actors of development.
Hence, Experts have to plan with the people and not

for the people.
Participation and sharing help people overcome
inertia and believe that change is possible. Change We
Need, Yes We Can!
participatory?
It is necessary to build consensus to legitimize and carry

out the Plan; Plan provides alternative solutions that
have to be acceptable to the people.
Social Acceptability
Because Planning decisions create tangible impact,

(roads, parks, etc.), plan often involves matters in
which the people have large emotional stakes

participatory?
Planning often has large financial consequences on

the part of the public. Plans are directly linked to taxes
and property values; people eventually pay for the plan.
Citizens who might know more about their locality tend

not to defer to external planners; they have to be involved
in the process of planning or else they become a major
force of resistance.

WHAT IS "URBAN PLACE"
There is no commonly-agreed international definition of what
constitutes urban; it varies from country to country as the
United Nations has left it to individual countries.
Sweden = at least 200 population
United States = at least 2,500 population, densely settled.

India = at least 5,000, with 75% of adult males
employed in non-agricultural work
Switzerland = at least 10,000 population

Japan = at least 30,000 population

WHAT IS "URBAN PLACE"
Some countries revise definitions of urban settlements to

suit specific purposes; China revised its census
definitions with criteria that vary from province to province
causing their urban population to swell by 13 percent in
1983.
Land Re-classification by legislative fiat can label as urban

many areas even though they are essentially "rural in
character.

PHILIPPINE DEFINITION
URBAN PLACE
National Statistics Office
- operational rather than conceptual definition
Urban and Rural Areas - the same concepts used in the
1970, 1975, 1980, 1990, 2000 censuses were followed in
classifying areas as urban.
According to these concepts, an area is considered

URBAN if (1970-2003):
In their entirety all cities and municipalities having a
1 population density of at least 1,000 persons per km2
URBAN PLACE
Poblaciones or central districts of municipalities and
2 cities which have a population density of at least 500
persons per km2
Poblaciones or central districts (not included in above),

3 regardless of the population size which have the following:
Street At least six (6) At least six (3)

pattern establishments of the following

URBAN PLACE
At least six establishments
Commercial
Manufacturing
Recreational
Personal services

URBAN PLACE
At least three of the following:
A town hall, church or chapel

A public plaza, park or
with religious services at least
cemetery
once a month
A market place or building

where trading activities are A public building
carried on at least once a
week

URBAN PLA CE
Barangays having at least 1,000 inhabitants which meet

4 the conditions set forth in above, and where the occupation
of the inhabitants is predominantly non-fishing.
All areas not falling under any of the above classifications

are considered rural.

NEW OPERATIONAL DEFINITION
NSCB RES #9 (SERIES 2003)
If a barangay has a population size of 5,000 or more,

1 then a barangay is considered urban, or
If a barangay has at least one establishment with a

2 minimum of 100 employees, a barangay is considered
urban, or
If a barangay has 5 or more establishments with a

minimum of 10 employees, and 5 or more facilities
3 within the two-kilometer radius from the barangay hall,
then a barangay is considered urban.

*All barangay in NCR are urban.
URBAN PLACE VS. CITY
Urban is determined by physico-spatial, economic,

demographic and cultural characteristics
While modern concept of city is defined by charter or

Legal Act after complying with income, territorial size,
population, referendum requirements.
Some urban areas are not cities and might not

qualify as cities, e.g. poblaciones, town centers,

City from civitat (community), civis (citizen), Old French cite,
in ancient Greece, polis for city-state

It is an important permanent settlement
possessing the characteristics of size,
density and heterogeneity, whose people are
granted a substantial level of self-governance
by central authority by means of a Statute or
Charter

- Modern concept of City
Both urban areas and cities are non-ubiquitous in
geographical space They reflect the level of a societys
development.
Common characteristics of Urban Place and City are
that they are aggregations of people to better realize
some activities and perform vital functions. Distinguishing
characteristics of urban are:
Population size rural has relatively small population, usually kinship-based.
Population density rural population is dispersed, to be near farms and fisheries.
Cultural heterogeneity rural culture is rather homogenous, with strong social controls.
Multiple Functions rural tends to be self-contained, focused on its own people &
Level of Administration economy
rural is concerned only of its territory while urban administers
multiple jurisdictions.

MINIMUM REQUIREMENT TO
BECOME A CITY?
Income of at least PHP Contiguous territory of 100

1 100 million for the last
two consecutive years
2 km2 with contiguity not being
a requisite for areas that are
Cert. by: Department of Finance (DOF) on two or more islands.
Cert. by: Land Management Bureau
2 Population of
150,000 or more 3 Plebiscite
Cert. by: National Statistics Office (NSO)

The Local Government Code of 1991
(Republic Act No. 7160)
classifies all cities into one of three categories:
Highly Urbanized Cities

- Cities with a minimum population
of two hundred thousand
1 (200,000) inhabitants, as
certified by the National Statistics
Office, and with the latest annual
income of at least five hundred
million pesos (500,000,000)
based on 2008 constant prices, as
certified by the city treasurer.

Independent Component Cities

- Cities of this type are
independent of the province, and
2 as such their charters ban

residents from voting for provincial
elective officials. Cities with a
minimum population of 150,000
and annual income of at least 350
million pesos (350,000,000)
based on 2008 constant prices,
as certified by the City Treasurer.
Component Cities
- Cities which do not meet the
preceding requirements are
deemed part of the province in
3 which they are geographically
located. If a component city is
located along the boundaries of
two or more provinces, it shall be
considered part of the province of
which it used to be a municipality.

WHAT IS A "REGION"?
REGION
refers to a city or central place plus the outlying

territories that are functionally integrated with it
It is based on natural/physical as well as

economic/political relationships between urban areas
and its surrounding rural territories.

WHAT IS A "REGION"?
Economic linkages
Extent of urban influence on non-urban areas. e.g.
journeys to work
Extent of urban dependence on non-urban territories for
food, water and labor supplies, etc.
Production and consumption functions: Industries,
commerce, trade
Infrastructure linkages
Major Transport nodes
Utility trunks water purification plants, power supply
Areas performing sink-functions of city, e.g. landfill, MRF,
STP
WHAT IS HUMAN SETTLEMENTS?
HUMAN SETTLEMENTS: Settlement inhabited by human

Any group of people living in a particular place, a form of human
habitation with a social purpose, where man/woman lives in community,
where he/she transforms the natural environment into a man-made
environment, composed of physical, spatial, and organizational elements
whose main purpose is the satisfaction of the needs of the people An
ecosystem composed of natural and man-made elements which interact
in complex ways within their population dynamics, environmental
dimensions and spatial constraints and alternatives

UN Conference on Habitat, Vancouver, 1976
EKISTICS: URBAN DESIGN:

the science of human settlements Design of the urban environment
CITY:
An urban town of significant size and importance
EKISTICS
The science of human settlements
The theoretical pioneer of Area Development Planning
A holistic attempt to study human settlements in its five elements
and the relationships between these elements

DOXIADIS
Ekistics:
The Science of
Human Settlements
Coined the term

ecumenopolis or
world-wide city
Dr. Konstantinos A. Doxiadis
(1913-1975)
Ekistics grid system for recording planning data and

ordering planning process

DOXIADIS
Designed Islamabad (1959),
Rawalpindi, and Lahore, in Pakistan
Contribution:
State problems of modern
urbanization with scientific clarity and
proposed a rational method of
addressing those problems
Approached town planning as a

science which would include
contributions from planner, urban Became Town Planning Chief of
designer, sociologist, geographer, Greater Athens and later Greek
economist, demographer, politician, Minister of Housing and
sociologist, anthropologist, ecologist, Reconstruction
etc.
HIERARCHY OF SETTLEMENTS
EKISTICS
NAMES OF UNITS - POPULATION SCALE
Anthropos 1 A hamlet : a
Room 2 neighborhood, a small
House 5 village
House Group (Hamlet) 40 A community : a town
Small Neighborhood (Village) 250 A city : an urban area
Neighborhood 1,500 A metropolis
Small Polis (Town) - 10,000 A conurbation : a
Polis (City) 75,000 composition of cities,
Small Metropolis 500,000 metropolises and urban
Metropolis 4 million areas
Small Megalopis 25 million A megalopolis :
Megalopolis 150,000 million merging of two or more
Small Eperopolis 750 million metropolis with a
Eperopolis 7,500 million population of 10 million
Ecumenopolis 50,000 million or more, a 20th century
phenomenon
HIERARCHY OF SETTLEMENTS
PRINCIPLES OF
HUMAN SETTLEMENTS PLANNING
Balance with Nature

Preserve and integrate natural
habitat, make visible the processes
that sustain life
Integrity, Unity and Centrality

Means there is some sort of a center
that represents the core values of
the local populace. Overall
Sense of Place

PRINCIPLES OF
Balance with Tradition

There are cultural symbols that give meaning and
significance to the public
Appropriate Technology
Use environment-friendly materials to protect people from
the elements, rain, noise, wind and so on
Human Scale
Easy orientation for users. Legibility of form or coherence
means a mental image of physical setting can be used to
move around
PRINCIPLES OF
Conviviality
A sense of security and pleasantness vitality of street life
means street are not dominated by vehicles, but also serve
as venues for social interaction; availability of places to rest,
observe and meet
- Place for individuals (intra-personal)

- Place for friendship (inter-personal)
- Place for Neighborhood and Community (meta-personal)
- Place for Higher Community Domain (societal)

PRINCIPLES OF
Efficiency
Particularly Connectivity and Accesibility of how swiftly one can
get to ones needs
Balanced Movement
Minimum conflict between pedestrians and vehicles; major
transport routes are interlinked around the place for a person not
to lose his/her way
Opportunity Matrix
Economic and livelihood activities
Regional Integration
Compatibility of land uses and patterns with broader scales of
community
PRESENT-DAY ISSUES IN HUMAN
SETTLEMENTS
deterioration of buildings/streets in older areas of large
cities
hastened by uncontrolled rural-to-urban migration,

people flock to cities in search for better life
Urban Blight
results from economic polarization
slums and shantytowns usually surround old industrial

districts
when taxes are not paid by inner city residents,

LGUs do not have resources to improve urban
cores

PRESENT-DAY ISSUES IN
HUMAN SETTLEMENTS
visual pollution that undermine overall beauty &
architecture of the city
Visual Blight oversized billboards, superfluous signages, political
banners, disorderly utility lines
pose serious hazards to life, limb and property
especially during natural hazards
distracting the attention of motorists
scattered development, low-density fragmented use of
land for consumptive urban purposes at a scale
Amorphic expanded faster than what population growth requires
Sprawl and occurring along margins of existing metropolitan
areas in a generally amorphic (formless) manner
distances become too great for walking, forcing
dependence on cars
PRESENT-DAY ISSUES IN
HUMAN SETTLEMENTS
process of suburbanizing, population movement from
cities to suburbs
represents a desire to escape perceived ills and
Sub- problems in the central city
urbanization
companies moved out of inner cities together with
their employees and educated middle class
consumes more land resources and expands human
ecological footprint what what is necessary
discontinuous pattern of urbanization, with patches of
Leapfrog or developed lands that are widely separated from each
Checkerboard other and from the boundaries of recognized
Development urbanized areas
costliest development with respect to providing urban
services (power, water)
LEAPFROG
VISUAL
BLIGHT DEVELOPMENT
SUBURBANIZATION &
AMORPHIC SPRAWL
URBAN
BLIGHT
URBAN DESIGN
Is concerned with the arrangement,
appearance, and functionality of whole
towns and cities
shape and form of city blocks
uses of urban public space
articulation of physical features
in four dimensions
Creates places for people while
respecting/enhancing natural environment
and use of resources efficiently
In between planning and architecture; a
disciplinary subset of landscape
architecture and urban ecology
Articulation of urban plans in 4 dimensions

IMAGE OF THE CITY
by: Kevin Lynch
a collective image map of a city, a collective picture of what
people extract from the physical reality of a city.
Five (5) basic elements which people use to construct their

mental image of a city:
Paths: connectors; channels along which the observer

1 moves
Edges: elements that delineate; linear elements not
2 considered as paths
IMAGE OF THE CITY
by: Kevin Lynch
3 Districts: medium to large sections of a city; recognizable

as having some common, identifying character; areas
which have uniformity
Nodes: points, strategic spots which an observer can
4 enter; junctions and concentrations; highlighted points of
space (e.g. pocketparks, intersections)
5 Landmarks: point references considered to be external to

the observer; physical elements that may vary widely in
scale; e.g. monuments & gateways
IMPORTANT PLANNING TERMS
SECTOR is an element or sub-system of a whole having
coherent functions and subject to common-thematic type of
planning.
PROGRAM is a collection of complementary projects/activities

formulated to achieve the functions/objectives of a sector.
Programs describe in detail the kind and quantities of
resources to be used.
PROJECT is a self-contained unit of investment aimed at

developing resources and facilities within a limited area within
a given time period. A project deals with goods and services
significant to the accomplishment of national, regional and local
development plans.
CONCEPT PLAN is an output of the first stage activities in the
preparation of a development plan. It consists of an overall growth
pattern, strategy, sectoral policies and population and employment
target and forecasts.
DEVELOPMENT PLAN is a series of written statements

accompanied by maps, illustrations and diagrams which describe
what the community wants to become and how it wants to develop.
It is essentially composed of community goals, objectives,
policies, programs and a land use/physical development plan
which translates the various sectoral plans.
CONSULTATION is the process of obtaining technical advice or

opinion which may be or may not be followed.
VALUES something that is prized or held dear, such as core

beliefs of person or group in which they have an emotional
investment
PRINCIPLES axiomatic statements of how values are

related and ranked in relation to other values
NORMS broad value-based notions that are stated in a

way that they can serve to regulate behavior

STANDARDS principles and norms formulated in such a
way that they can be measured. Standards are accepted
criteria or established measures for determining or evaluating
performance.
GOALS broad, long-term ends towards which a collectivity

should aim; always related to community/group situation or
organizational structure
OBJECTIVES operational reformulation of goals so that they

can be doable / implementable for a defined period (e.g. project,
cycle, phase, etc.).(Specific, Measurable, Attainable, Realistic,
and Time-Bounded or SMART)
PLANNING THEORY

First Planners from the
Concept of
Ranks of the other
Comprehensiveness
Design Professions
Sources of Planning Theory
Contribution of the Ideological Content of

Social Sciences Ideas Relating to
Planning

SOURCES OF PLANNING THEORY
First Planners from the Ranks of the other
Design Professions
Concept of Utopianism
Ideology of city planning and the

actual forms taken by planned
cities and communities
Normative Planning

Concept of Comprehensiveness
Interdependence of parts that

make the whole
Necessity to put all relevant

separate sectoral perspectives

Subsequent Contribution of the Social Sciences
As early as 1928: The need to

draw on several arts and sciences.
1950s and 1960s: Social science

inputs into planning theory and
methods

Ideological Content of Ideas Relating to Planning
Intellectual descent of contemporary planning thought: John Friedmanns four
traditions of planning thought from mid-18th century to present.
John Friedmanns four traditions of planning thought

Major Schools of Thought
in Planning
Planning as Social Physics
(positivist Regional Science and Regional Economics)
Planning aims to discover presumed natural laws or
regular occurrences in social phenomena
Planning and Social Darwinism

Planning studies human societies as biological
organisms subject to the laws of natural evolution such
as competition, adaptation, predation, parasitism,
co-evolution, survival of the fittest, etc.

in Planning
Planning as Social Engineering

Planning is a State function that aims to create
purposive change by directing human behavior through a
combination of persuasive and coercive strategies.
Instrumentalist View
Planning needs no theoretical mooring and has no
inherent value apart from its being a pragmatic tool to bring
about results.

in Planning
Planning as Communicative Action
Planning aims to understand & describe social
interaction among sectors for meaningful community
discourse, harmonization of interests, and
collaborative action (interpretive and trans-active)
Critical or Radical Planning

Planning aims to smash myths and mobilize
people to radically (radix, i.e. roots) change structures
of domination & subjugation in society.
in Planning
Systems Theory of Planning

Planning functions like a machine or computer
unit that utilizes information and feedback in an
iterative, cyclical, self-feeding fashion in order to
effectively describe, simulate, forecast, and
project societal

THANK YOU!


Key Concepts in Environmental Planning

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KEY CONCEPTS IN

Short Course on Environmental Planning

Short Course on Environmental Planning

Planning is a way of thinking oriented towards

It is a systematic process of establishing ends

Short Course on Environmental Planning

Generic Planning is ubiquitous it can be done

But professional planning is governed by:

Short Course on Environmental Planning

Understanding the types of DECISIONS that need to be made

Short Course on Environmental Planning

Short Course on Environmental Planning

allocates scarce resources,

Short Course on Environmental Planning

Short Course on Environmental Planning

Short Course on Environmental Planning

Short Course on Environmental Planning

Short Course on Environmental Planning

SCIENCE AND ART

Short Course on Environmental Planning

Short Course on Environmental Planning

The ends justify the means. Whatever it

Planning seeks to direct and to

Planning in the public domain is conflictive and therefore

Short Course on Environmental Planning

At times, planning becomes a practice of what is

Macro-level policies have impact on micro-level site, and

The planner has to operate alongside the market, directly

Without town planning, land would be apportioned between

Short Course on Environmental Planning

The market, operating alone, does not provide the most

However, correct siting of these lands can make land

Thus, planning assists the market in becoming more

Short Course on Environmental Planning

sphere of citizen groups, civic

Short Course on Environmental Planning

Process-oriented means engaging and involving

Hence, Experts have to plan with the people and not

It is necessary to build consensus to legitimize and carry

Because Planning decisions create tangible impact,

Short Course on Environmental Planning

Planning often has large financial consequences on

Citizens who might know more about their locality tend

Short Course on Environmental Planning

United States = at least 2,500 population, densely settled.

Switzerland = at least 10,000 population

Short Course on Environmental Planning

Some countries revise definitions of urban settlements to

Land Re-classification by legislative fiat can label as urban

Short Course on Environmental Planning

According to these concepts, an area is considered

Poblaciones or central districts (not included in above),

Street At least six (6) At least six (3)

Short Course on Environmental Planning

Short Course on Environmental Planning

A town hall, church or chapel

A market place or building

Short Course on Environmental Planning

Barangays having at least 1,000 inhabitants which meet

All areas not falling under any of the above classifications

Short Course on Environmental Planning

If a barangay has a population size of 5,000 or more,

If a barangay has at least one establishment with a