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Christoph Weidemann
INTEC GmbH
The estimation formulas are given 3) When contact Force Elements are
in Fig. 2. With stiffness c and mass m used without Root Functions then the
known, the damping constant d can sudden switching of the damping force
be derived from the natural damping at the moment of contact may cause
D, which is usually given in percent. integrator convergence problems that
Typical values for D are 2% if the elas- lead to long calculation times and
tic material is steel, or 25% in case of "peaks" in the results. The damping
elastomer. So, for example, a helical transition feature of element FE 018 Fig. 3: Bumpstop contact with
steel spring that suspends an effective and others removes this drawback by interpenetration p and different
mass of 10 000 kg with a stiffness of slowly increasing the damping along dampings for compression and
106 N/m would require a damping con- with the interpenetration. A recom- expansion
stant of about 4 000 Ns/m. However, mended transition depth is about 1/10
if there is sufficient additional damp- of the typical interpenetration values.