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Central Traits: Central traits are the most often seen one, they appear
through your daily life. Often use by other to describe you
The social part of this perspective is the conditioning or observing others and modeling
our behavior after theirs. The cognitive part is what we think about our situations affects
our behaviors.
Contributors
Albert Bandura suggested the idea of the social - cognitive perspective. He even called his view of
the person - environment interaction as reciprocal determinism which is, behavior, internal personal
factors, and environmental influences, all operate as interlocking determinants of each other. The
three ways we interact with the environment are: different people choose different environments,
our personalities shape how we interpret and react to events, and our personalities help create
situations to which we react.
Assessment Strategies
The most effective way to assess the social cognitive perspective is through
observation in realistic situations. (Simulations)
The situation does guide behavior but other unconscious motives such as
emotions tend to overshadow it.
The Humanistic Perspective
By Kelsey Bjorklund & Rachel
Barndt
View & Explanation
Humanistic
Humanistic approach says that people are in charge and responsible for
their actions and have the freedom and will to determine their attitudes
and behaviors
Key Contributors
Abraham Maslow-- an American psychologist that proposed the Hierarchy of Needs,
which extended the idea to include his observations of humans innate curiosity. Maslow
wanted to understand what motivates people.
Carl Rogers-- a Humanistic psychologist who agreed with Maslows main points, but also
stated that for a person to grow, they need an environment that provides them with
genuineness, acceptance, and empathy. Rogers believed that every person can achieve
their goals, wishes and desires in life.
Concepts
Hierarchy of Needs: Self actualization (self fulfillment needs), Esteem needs (psychological needs),
Belongingness & love needs (psychological needs), Safety needs (basic needs), Physiological needs
(basic needs)
Johari Window: Understanding & training self awareness, personal development, improving
communications
Rogers self theory: The self is the executive or organizing center of the personality, the I that determines
how we relate to the world and pursue our goals
Culture and self identity: Self identity is influenced by collectivistic or individualistic cultural values
Concepts contd.
- Humanists felt that emphasizing unconscious thoughts denied human ideas, and the effect their
conscious mindset had on their personality
- Humans have free will and not all behavior is determined
- Individuals are unique and have an inborn drive to reach their maximum potential
- Humanistic psychologists look at individuals behavior not only through the perspective of the
observer, but from the view of the human doing the action
- The Humanistic approach is also called phenomenological
personality is studied from the P.O.V. of the human's subjective experience
- Rogers and Maslow both described personal growth and fulfillment in life as a personal motive
Terms
Personal growth-- Psychological development, in particular when a person takes responsibility and an active role in the
process
Autonomy-- A person's power to initiate the thoughts and actions they choose
Self concept-- The Image of self is based on life experiences and the reflection of attitudes of significant others in our lives
Existential-- Relating to the experience of being and existing and all that this implies
Transpersonal-- The study of experiences in which the sense of identity of self extends to encompass spiritual aspects of
being
Peak performance-- A specific state of consciousness characterized by a sense of delight, wholeness, meaningfulness, etc.
Humanistic Perspective Assessed
The humanistic perspective is an approach to psychology that emphasizes empathy and stresses the
good in human behavior.
In politics and social theory, this approach calls for human rights and equality.
In counseling and therapy, this approach allows an psychologist to focus on ways to help improve
an individuals self-image or self-actualization- the things that make them feel worthwhile.
Humanistic psychologists favor research methods that will allow them to understand other peoples
subjectivity.
Unstructured interviews allows access to other peoples views and experiences without imposing on
them the researchers ideas about what is important
Participant observation is when the researcher takes part in what they are studying in order to
understand how the participant views it
Criticisms
--concepts are too vague
--an experience that may be real for one individual is not real for another individual