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Abstract. This paper presents the main aspects of the design of Montesinho Dam. One of
the main topics is the imperviousness of the dam and its foundation and the treatments
and structures used to accomplish it. It also approaches the embankment zoning and the
geomechanical characterization of the construction materials, as well as the designed
instrumentation plan that allowed monitoring of the embankment deformations and the
evaluation of water pressure in the foundation during construction. At last it is also
presented the adopted ecological flow system, provided with rather unique
characteristics.
1 INTRODUCTION
The water supply to Bragana, a city in north-eastern Portugal (region of Trs-os-Montes),
is provided by Serra Serrada dam. However, its storage capacity is insufficient for the actual
demand for clean water urban supply. So, in the past ten years, many solutions to increase the
water supply system were studied. The one that got the Authority's approval was the
construction of a new reservoir, created by Montesinho Dam. This dam is located in the Sabor
river, approximately 3 km east of Serra Serrada dam, in the Montesinho Natural Park.
The design of Montesinho Dam included the embankment and its foundation treatment,
the river diversion, to enable the dam construction, the bottom outlet, which uses the same
cut-and-cover gallery of the diversion, the water intake and the system that ensures the
ecological flow, which was very important for the approval of this project.
1
L. Ribeirinho, G. Tavares, M. Romeiro, M. Samora, J. Brito, J. Marcelino, J. Boal Paixo, J. Cordeiro.
The reservoir has a total storage capacity of 3.69 hm (net volume of 3.53 hm) with a
flooded area of 35.8 ha for a full supply level of 1217.50 m and a catchment area of 10.1 km.
The maximum flood level is at 1219.73 m. The freeboard is 1.37 m, thus the crest elevation is
1221.10 m. The upstream and downstream embankment slopes are 1:1.5 (V:H).
In the area of the dam and reservoir the outcropping blocks and top layers of the bedrock
consists essentially of two-mica granite with coarse grain (). The rock presents a generalized
and mild to medium kaolinization of the feldspars, therefore sometimes its mechanical
characteristics correspond to a weathered granite (W3 and W4), with low mechanical
resistance and a low stiffness. However, a dozen meters below, the quality of the rock
increases (W2 to W3).
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L. Ribeirinho, G. Tavares, M. Romeiro, M. Samora, J. Brito, J. Marcelino, J. Boal Paixo, J. Cordeiro.
Granit massif is exposed everywhere, except along the minor riverbed, where there is
alluvium soil (a) that needed to be removed in the foundation area prior to the construction
(Figure 3). A few residual blocks were also removed.
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L. Ribeirinho, G. Tavares, M. Romeiro, M. Samora, J. Brito, J. Marcelino, J. Boal Paixo, J. Cordeiro.
B type material is a filter transition between A and C materials (2 m wide), grading from
silt to cobble size. This zone will assure adequate hydraulic behavior of the embankment
in the event of concrete face joints anomalies. It was placed with the same specifications of
the A material.
C type material consists of a well compacted and free draining rockfill, with high
deformability modulus to limit deformations under water load. It was placed in layers of
0.8 m lift and compacted with 10 passes of vibrating cylinder, with addition of water during
placement (minimum of 15% of rockfill volume).
D type material is a well graded rockfill. It was placed in layers of 1.0 m maximum lift and
compacted with 10 passes of vibrating cylinder, with addition of water during placement
(minimum of 15% of rockfill volume).
E type material is a protection layer (Figure 2), 2 m wide, composed of large size blocks
(50 to 800 mm). This material was produced from blasting of fresh sound granitic rock.
According to the first stage of the geomechanical characterization of the rockfill, used in
design and presented in the next chapter, the A, B and C materials were produced from
moderate weathered granitic rock with minimum uniaxial compression resistance of
30 MPa. For the D material was allowed the use of more weathered granitic rocks with a
uniaxial compression resistance between 20 and 30 MPa. However, the second stage of the
characterization revealed that those values were too conservative, namely in regard to
compression strength. It also revealed that those better materials were available to fulfil the
required construction volume.
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L. Ribeirinho, G. Tavares, M. Romeiro, M. Samora, J. Brito, J. Marcelino, J. Boal Paixo, J. Cordeiro.
The methodology presented by Wilson and Marsal is based on the fact that a correlation
exists between the grain breakage (Bg) and the effective principal stress ratio at failure
[(1/3)f]. This methodology takes into account the rockfill fragments characteristics, using a
classification based on some index-properties (water absorption, slake durability and L.A.
abrasion).
From the Wilson and Marsal classification the rockfill is rated as soft well-
-graded, with Bg values between 3,4% and 6% for octahedral stresses of 120 kPa and 260 kPa
(considering =21.5 kN/m3), respectively. The shear resistance was obtained using the
following equation:
sin = [(1/3)f 1]/[(1/3)f + 1] (2)
The values for the angle of shearing resistance were obtained: between 43 and 45.6 for
low confining stresses; and between 39.5 and 41.8 for high confining stresses.
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L. Ribeirinho, G. Tavares, M. Romeiro, M. Samora, J. Brito, J. Marcelino, J. Boal Paixo, J. Cordeiro.
Rockfill deformability was also determined using triaxial test results, considering the
Young Modulus for an axial extension of 0.1%. Values of 175 MPa (3=100kPa), 184MPa
(3=300kPa) and 239 MPa (3=400kPa) were obtained.
6 CONCRETE FACE
6.2 Plinth
The plinth is the structure that ensures a watertight connection between the foundation
treatment and the face slab. Its width is determined as a function of the hydraulic gradient
installed, or, if it is low as in Montesinho, by the space required to construct the three-row
grout curtain and the dowels mesh. In the present case the plinth is 5 m wide and 0.5 m thick
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L. Ribeirinho, G. Tavares, M. Romeiro, M. Samora, J. Brito, J. Marcelino, J. Boal Paixo, J. Cordeiro.
(minimum). The 6.0 m long steel dowels (32) are sealed in the massif with grouting, in an
alternating mesh of 2 or 3 dowels, 3 m apart.
The purpose of reinforcement in the plinth is to reduce cracking due to temperature
variations and to bending efforts induced by the grouting injections. The reinforcement area
in this case is 0.3% of concrete cross-section each way. The plinth is continuous, without
structural joints, and the longitudinal reinforcement is also continuous through construction
joints.
The plinth geometry was also defined to allow the face slab support. A minimum height of
1.0 m of embankment under the face slab was designed to ensure that in the perimeter joint
the slab would move normal to its plane, without bending.
The bottom waterstop can be in copper, stainless steel or PVC. PVCs can offer
advantages over the other water barrier materials for CFRDs lower than 100 m in height5.
Their greater thickness can simplify waterstop placement and reduce the risk of damage
during construction. In the present case, the prescribed waterstop was in PVC with an
external center rib and 300 mm wide. The height of the center rib should be tall enough to
allow the waterstop to deform without rupture and the base width should be large enough to
allow for proper placement and consolidation of concrete at the perimeter joint.
The middle water barrier consists in a dumbbell shaped PVC waterstop, with a hollow
center bulb at the middle. The hollow bulb is preferable to the alternatives due to its ability to
undergo greater deformations before tearing or rupturing.
The upper water barrier consists of a mastic fill at the top of the perimeter joint. A small
diameter neoprene tube is placed in the groove of the joint before the mastic sealant is
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L. Ribeirinho, G. Tavares, M. Romeiro, M. Samora, J. Brito, J. Marcelino, J. Boal Paixo, J. Cordeiro.
applied. The tube serves to prevent the mastic from flowing into the joint until a sufficiently
wide gap has formed. Mastic sealing is covered and protected with a hypalon membrane in
order to provide a long lasting upper water barrier.
To prevent damage to the perimeter joint during construction, a compressible wood board
is placed in the plinth face in order to provide a cushion on which the face slab can rest,
without spalling the concrete or damage the waterstops.
The imperviousness of vertical joints between face slab panels is achieved through middle
and upper water barriers like the ones described for the perimeter joint. The slab faces at the
joints are painted with bitumen emulsion.
Figure 6: Recordings from the settlement gauges (right bank, center, left bank)
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L. Ribeirinho, G. Tavares, M. Romeiro, M. Samora, J. Brito, J. Marcelino, J. Boal Paixo, J. Cordeiro.
At the spillway connection point, the tributary has an almost negligible catchment
area. So, its bed hasnt yet the same physical characteristics as the Sabor River has.
Nevertheless, since both beds are carved into good quality rock, it is expected that the
adaptation of the replacement bed to the new strongly increased flows will happen
gradually and naturally over time, without any catastrophic scouring.
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L. Ribeirinho, G. Tavares, M. Romeiro, M. Samora, J. Brito, J. Marcelino, J. Boal Paixo, J. Cordeiro.
To allow for the barrier effect to be eliminated, the spillway structure was designed as
a double bed naturalized channel, with no sudden fall between the reservoir pond and the
new river bed - Figure 8.
During the periods when the reservoir will be full (54% of the time), there will be a
fluvial continuum between the reservoir and the new river bed, allowing wildlife to
circulate up and down freely. During the remaining periods, although continuity will be
temporarily broken, adequate flow in the new river bed will still be guaranteed by
injecting ecological discharges onto the spillway structure. To do so, ecological flow
pumps will be installed inside the reservoirs intake tower, which will feed a pumping
conduit headed to the spillway (see Figure 7), passing first through a regulation deposit
installed over the towers roof.
Minimum ecological flows will vary along the year between 4.1 l/s and 45.5 l/s.
Pumps will have redundancy and so will their power supply. But, if all this fails, there
will still be an emergency gravity ecological flow outlet at the toe of the dam, feeding
into the old abandoned river bed reach.
9 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
The authors are thankful to ATMAD for the permission given to publish this article and
for the collaboration in its preparation.
REFERENCES
[1] CENOR Consulting Engineers, Dam of the Montesinho's Water Supply System. Final
Design (in Portuguese), ATMAD, Lisbon, Portugal (2012).
[2] R. Fell, P. MacGregor and D. Stapledon, Geotechnical engineering of embankment dams,
A. A. Balkema, Rotterdam, Netherlands (1992).
[3] S. Wilson and R. Marsal, Current trends in design and construction of embankment dams,
ASCE, New York, USA (1979).
[4] A.A. Veiga Pinto, Previso do comportamento estrutural de barragens de enrocamento,
LNEC, Lisboa (1983).
[5] ICOLD, Concrete Face Rockfill Dams. Concepts for design and construction,
International Commission on Large Dams, Bulletin 141 (2010).
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