International Journal of Emerging Technology and Advanced Engineering
Website: www.ijetae.com (ISSN 2250-2459, ISO 9001:2008 Certified Journal, Volume 3, Issue 10, October 2013)
Small Signal Stability Analysis of Synchronous Generators
Connected to Infinite Bus
Avijit Maity1, Kesab Bhattacharya2, Amar Nath Sanyal3
1
Asst. Professor, HETC, Hooghly
2
Professor of Electrical Engg., Jadavpur University
3
Professor of Elect. Engg., AOT, Aedconagar (formerly at Jadavpur University
Abstract- A synchronous generator may sometimes be
able to withstand a large impact but it may fail to retain
synchronism under a small impact due to growing
oscillations, leading to instability. This is called dynamic
instability. It occurs for specific operating conditions and
network configurations, particularly in presence of fast-
acting excitation control. The paper presents techniques of
small signal stability assessment of a turbo generator
connected to a grid system while a small perturbation is
injected externally. The infinite bus idealisation has been
made as the capacity of the generator is small compared to
that of the power grid. The classical model based on Park-
Gorev transformation has been used to represent the
machines. The current state space model has been used. The
small signal stability has been assessed by examining the
eigenvalues of the state matrix. Reduced order model has
also been developed for the same machine including exciter
parameters and the stability has been examined by applying
Rouths array on the characteristic equation.
Index Term-Small signal stability, Current state space,
Linearized model, Reduced order model, Exciter control
Symbols used (All quantities are in p.u. and time-constants
in sec. unless otherwise mentioned)-
, Angular speed of the generator (r/s), power angle(r)
Ra , X a Armature resistance, leakage reactance
X d , X ds D-axis unsaturated/saturated synchronous reactance
X q , X qs Q-axisunsaturated/ saturated synchronous reactance
X d' , X ds' D-axis unsaturated/ saturated transient reactance
X d" , X ds" D-axis/Q-axis sub-transient reactance
Re , X e , Ze External resistance,leakage reactance, impedance
to infinite bus,
Td' , Tdo' D-axis S.C./O.C. transient time constant.
Td" , Tdo" D-axis S.C./ O.C. subtransient time constant
"
T ,T "
Q-axis S.C./ O.C. subtransient time constant
q qo
I d , I q D-axis &Q-axis components of armature current
Vd ,Vq D-axis & Q-axis components of armature voltage
E, EFD Generator Induced e.m.f, exciter output
Vt ,Vb Voltage at generator terminal, infinite bus
K1 K6 Constants of DMello& Concordia
D, H Damping/ Inertia constant
129
K A ,TA , K F ,TF Constants of exciter model IEEE, type 1s
E ' , Eq ' Voltage behind transient reactance/ its q-axis
component
I. INTRODUCTION
Stability in power system means the ability of
synchronous machines connected to the grid system to
retain synchronism between each other. Itmay be
pertaining to either steady state or transient conditions
and may be either a power angle stability problem or a
voltage stability problem. The power angle instability
arises out of mismatch in active power. The voltage
stability problem arises out of mismatch in reactive
power [8][9].
Steady state stability can again be classified into static
and dynamic. While slow changes occur in absence of
control actions, the stability is called static. The dynamic
stability problem is, in essence, the performance of a
turbine-generator connected to grid system under small
impacts, in presence of fast acting control systems viz.
the AVR-excitation control. The small impact may be a
small change in load, or in voltage or in network
parameters[12].
A. Modelling Approach
In earlier days the turbo generator was modeled as a
voltage source behind its transient reactance. This
approach led to inaccuracy. Now-a-days multivariable
systems are modelled in terms of state variables. Either
current states or flux-linkage states are chosen by the
modeler [7]. The general practice is to use the classical
model of Park, Concordia and Adkins for the
synchronous machines [11]. While subjected to small
impact the state variables of the system change slightly
from the initial statesand assume new states. The initial
states are called the quiescent states. They can be found
out from the known and established performance
equations of synchronous machine [6][10].
To examine the behaviour of the machine under small
impact, the non-linear state space equations are linearised
about the quiescent point. The stability is predicted from
the eigenvalues of the linearised state matrix. If real parts
of all the eigenvalues are negative, then the system is
stable, otherwise the system is unstable [5][13].
 International Journal of Emerging Technology and Advanced Engineering
Website: www.ijetae.com (ISSN 2250-2459, ISO 9001:2008 Certified Journal, Volume 3, Issue 10, October 2013)
There are two types of non-linearities in the state
matrix of a machine viz. trigonometric and product
nonlinearities. They can be eliminated by trigonometric
and algebraic manipulations[7].
The generator-transformer may be treated as one
machine on infinite bus provided the capacity of the
machine is small compared to that of the grid. A
multimachine problem can be reduced to a problem of
one machine on infinite bus, by load flow analysis and
network reduction. However, this approach hampers
accuracy of the solution[1][3].
II. T HE INITIAL C ONDITIONS
In dynamic studies, the initial conditions of the system
are required. For one machine on infinite bus with
specified boundary conditions, the pertinent equations for
estimation of steady state conditions and the
corresponding phasor diagrams are given in text-books.
The system is shown in fig. 1. The effect of local load
and transmission line capacitances can be included in the
study [8].
Fig.1 A generator-transformer connected to infinite bus through a
short transmission line
For a multimachine system, the bus voltages, active
and the reactive power injected into the system by a
generator or a group of generators are obtained from load
flow study. A group of generators operating in parallel is
equivalenced to a single generator for convenience. The
network is also reduced eliminating unimportant nodes to
reduce the dimension of the problem. The initial states-
currents, voltages and flux-linkages for individual
machines are found out with reference to the slack bus,
by known methods [12].
A. Equivalencing Technique And Network Reduction
While a group of generators swing similarly they form
a coherent group. If there be n-number of generator-
transformers in a coherent group, then their equivalenced
parameters and time-constants are obtained by well-
known methods. Equivalencing may also be made by
matching f-response curves.
If we like to retain n- number of nodes & eliminate r-
number of nodes from the equivalent load admittance
matrix, we have to use network reduction techniques.
Most often n is the number of equivalenced generators.
130
The load is represented as constant impedance in this
treatment.
Power station managers are provided with
manufacturers data from which the equivalent circuit for
the direct& quadrature axes can be found out. The
parameters are generally given in p.u. and time-constants
in seconds.
These parameters are with reference to the classical
model of Park, Concordia & Adkins. The effect of
saturation and distributed eddy currents in the solid iron
rotor are not accounted for in the classical model. Such
effects can also be included in the dynamic studies by
extended mathematical models advanced by various
authors [11][12].
III. LINEARISATION - E IGENVALUE TECHNIQUES F OR
T HE P REDICTIONOF DYNAMIC STABILITY
It has been already stated that for linearisation of non-
linear state space equations [7][13] of transient stability
analysis, we have to make trigonometric and algebraic
manipulations. If Xo be the initial states & X be the
small departure, then the non-linear state space form:
X = f(X, U, t) (1)
Can be linearised as:
X = A(Xo )X B(Xo )U (2)
The elements of the state-matrix A depends on the
initial states Xo - these are assumed to be constant during
the period of interest. The dynamic properties of the
system depend on eigenvalues of the state matrix. Its
elements change for a change in quiescent conditions.
Anderson and Fouad have derived two matrix forms by
algebraic and trigonometric manipulations. They have
used currents as states in the first form and flux-linkages
as states in the other. The current state space model is
given as:
MX KX - V or X = -M-1K X - M-1 V AX + BU (3)
Expressions for the elements of the M -matrix and the
K -matrix are given in ref[7].
If the eigenvalues of the state matrix are negative real
quantities or they are complex with negative real
components, then the system will remain dynamically
stable. Otherwise the system will become unstable.
The alternative state space formulation in flux-
linkages is of the following form:
= T-1C + T-1 D AX + BU (4)
The expression for the elements of the T and the C
matrices has also been given by Anderson and Fouad[7].
 International Journal of Emerging Technology and Advanced Engineering
Website: www.ijetae.com (ISSN 2250-2459, ISO 9001:2008 Certified Journal, Volume 3, Issue 10, October 2013)
Both the forms are used for dynamic performance j 2H (12)
studies. These matrices can be extended to include the
effects of: Extensive application of this model has been made in
i. Excitation control various power system problems for its simplicity. A
ii. Turbine-governor control comprehensive report of the applications has been
iii. Power system stabilizer produced by P.M. Anderson et al [7] and P. Kundur [13].
Additional equations are used to include the effects of the
Detailed discussion of such methods has been made in
solid state exciter [7] shown in fig. 2.
the texts [2][12][13]. The dynamic stability is assessed by
finding eigenvalues of the state matrix. The characteristic
equation is found out by Fadeev-Leverrier method and
the eigenvalues by Lin-Bairstow method [14][15].
MATLAB-tools are frequently used for finding out the
eigenvalues and hence to predict the stability of the
system [16]. Its use reduces programming efforts.

E'
IV. S IMPLIFIED LINEAR MODELS - T HE q -M ODEL,
CONCORDIA AND DE MELLO S CONSTANTS Fig. 2. Block diagram representation of exciter- model IEEE 1s.
While some investigators have tried to model a TABLE-I
machine elaborately to get more accurate predictions, [ Type1S model of IEEE has been used, Ref. Fig. 2]
others have tried to reduce the model through idealising
assumptions and approximations[7,12]. Obviously, there Eq' 1 K4 1 x Eq'
is loss of accuracy in prediction with this approach, but K 3Tdo' Tdo' Tdo'
the dimension of the model gets reduced which saves
computer memory space and run time. It is a useful
technique particularly for large interconnected systems. K2 D K1
Individual machines or group of machines remote from j j j
the point of perturbation does not appreciably affect the
system dynamics. Hence it is expedient to use a reduced
model for them. = 1
With this idea in view, a reduced order model was
developed by Concordia and De Mello, based on V1 (T3 K f K a ) K f V1
(E' - E'q ) concept. Their analysis gave rise to a set of T f Ta
TaT f
equations in terms of constants K1 to K 6 . The
expressions for constants of Concordia and De Mello are
given below: EFD Ka 1 EFD
Ta Ta
K1 KiVb [ Eqao {Re sin ( o ) ( X d ' X e )cos( o )}
I qo ( X q X d' ){( X e X q )sin( o ) Re cos( o )}] Including the effect of a modern solid state exciter, the
where, 1/ Ki Re ( X q X e )( X d X e ) (6)
2 ' machine model in terms of these constants is given
below:
A similar model has been developed for the type 1 of
K2 Ki [{Re . Eqao I qo {Re2 ( X e X q )2 }] (7)
IEEE by Anderson and Fouad [7]. The mathematical
models based on constants K1 to K6 are sufficiently
1/ K3 1 Ki ( X d X d' )( X q X e ) (8) accurate. The pertinent equations are given below:
K 4 Vb Ki ( X d X d' ){( X q X e )sin ( o ) K3 EFD KK
(9) Eq' = 3 4 ' (13)
Re cos( o )} 1 K3Tdo 1 K3Tdo
'

K5 ( KiVb / Vto )[ X d' Vqo{Re cos(o ) ( X q X e )sin ( o )} Te K1 K2 Eq' (14)

X qVdo{( X X e )cos(o ) Re sin (o )}] (10)
'
d
Vt K5 K6 Eq' (15)
K6 (Vqo / Vto )(1 Ki X ) (Vdo / Vto ) Ki X q Re
'
d (11)
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j Tm Te -the linearised swing equation (16)
V. EXTENSION T O MULTIMACHINE SYSTEMS
The approach of one machine on infinite bus holds
good only for machines or group of machines the total
generating capacity of which is insignificantly small with
respect to the grid power. In such cases the changes in
the operating conditions of the generator(s) does not
appreciably affect the grid system. However, if the
capacity of the generator(s) is comparable to the grid
power then the approximation is no longer valid. Then all
the synchronously coupled machines and the network
must be modeled separately. To find out initial
conditions, it is essential to make a load flow study
beforehand. Then these are to be recast to a common
reference frame. It is expedient to reduce the number of
nodes and the number of machines for dynamic stability
analysis to get a faster solution. This is made by the
techniques of network reduction and equivalencing. It
has also been suggested by Anderson and Fouad to
represent the machine(s) near to the location of
perturbation in details and the remote machines
approximately, thereby making a further saving of
computer run-time. Inter-area oscillatory modes are
important in multi-machine systems- they have to be
damped out using power system stabiliser [3][4][12].
VI. P OWER SYSTEM S TABILIZER FOR OPTIMIZING
P ERFORMANCE
Power system stabilizers are extensively used in
modern power system as effective means of enhancing
overall system stability [4][13]. It extends the system
stability limit by modulating governor excitation so as to
provide damping of the oscillations of synchronous
machine rotors relative to one another. It produces a
component of electrical torque on the rotor in phase with
speed variation. The implementation details differ
depending upon the input signal employed. However, for
any input signal the transfer function of the PSS must
compensate for the gain and phase characteristics of the
excitation system, generator and the power system, which
collectively determine its transfer function.
Two of the commonly used types of PSS are the
type and T type. The structure in both the
type is same, irrespective of the input signal. It comprises
a pair of lead-lag network in cascade, which provides the
desired phase lead and a gain for compensation. The
basic function of a power system stabilizer is to add
damping to the generator rotor using auxiliary
stabilising signals. The stabilizer must produce a
component of electrical torque in phase with the
deviation in rotor speed.
Since the purpose of a PSS is to introduce a damping
torque component, a logical signal to use is the speed
deviation. Excitation control, governor control and PSS
can be included in detailed modeling of the set.
VII. C ASE S TUDIES ON DYNAMIC STABILITY
Separate case studies have been made on dynamic
stability of 210 MW turbo generator sets based on flux-
linkage and current state space models, for different
conditions of loading. The effect of exciter has been
neglected in this study.The stability has been predicted
from the eigenvalues of the state matrix. Characteristic
equation of the matrix has been found out by Fadeev-
Leverrier method and the eigenvalues have been obtained
by using Lin-Bairstows method [14][15]. MATLAB-
tools have been used for check up [16].
Another case study has been made on the same
machine, based on reduced order model, based on the
constants of Concordia and De Mello. In this case the
exciter has been modeled according to IEEE 1s (solid
state excitation). The system stability has been predicted
from the characteristic equation of the state matrix using
Rouths array.
A. Case-1 (under continuous maximum rating)
The first case-study has been made on a 210 MW
turbo generator set connected to infinite bus through
the generator-transformer. The machine delivers its rated
output at rated (lagging) power factor as is characteristic
of peak hours of evening. Boundary conditions are given
at generator node. The flux-linkage state space model has
been used to represent the machine. Stability has been
examined by applying Rouths criterion. The boundary
conditions are given at generator terminals. All
parameters are in p.u. and the time constants in sec.
A1. Machine Parameters
'
Ra = 0.001096 ; X a = 0.152 ; X d = 2.225 ; X d =
0.305 X d" = 0.214 ; X q = 2.11 ; X q" = 0.311
Td' = 0.96 ; Tdo' = 7 ; Td" = 0.121 ; Tdo" = 0.1725 ;
Tq" = 0.08844 ; Tqo" = 0.6 ; H =4.18 ; D = 1.0
X e (referred to rated MVA of the generator ) = 0.1366 ;
Re : neglected
A2. Operating Conditions
The generator power: P = 0.85p.u. at 0.85 lagging p.f.
The generator terminal voltage: Vg 1 ;
The infinite bus voltage: Vinf = 0.9307 7.003o
Power angle: 40.307o ;
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D-Q axes components of the voltage and current: TABLE-3
(Rouths tabulation)
Vd = -0.6469 ; Vq = 0.7626 ; I d 0.9516 ; 1 1.004536 0.00232515 0.000000846
s7
I q 0.3074 ; E E fd 2.8804 ; I fd 2.4067 2933

s6 0.108927200 0.07399189 0.000061547 0.000000000

Flux-linkages: 0000 33 8128
D-axis armature linkage= 1.3218 ; 0.325257300 0.001760118 0.000000838
s5
Field flux linkage= 1.9700 ; 0000 8317
Damper flux linkage= 1.5724
s4 0.07340244 0.000061266 0.000000000
Q-axis armature linkage= 1.1236 ; 41 8128
Q-axis damper flux linkage= 1.0426
s3 0.001488637 0.000000835
Infinite bus constant: K = 1.6121; 0000 2302
Its axis components: Kd = 1.1849 ; Kq 1.0930
s2 0.000020082 0.000000000
TABLE-2 4800 8128
(Elements of State-Matrix A(7,7)*1000) 0.000000774
s1
9825
-16.43 9.441 6.163 -878.4 246.3 -730.2 667.2
s0 0.000000000
8128
1.7833 -4.515 2.6013 0 0 0 0
The system is stable as all elements of the 1st. column
12.79 11.77 -25.49 0 0 0 0
are positive.
1138.4 -166.4 -263.9 1.1712 -3.708 762.04 823.34 B. Case-2 (Leading p.f. Condition)
The next case-study has been made on the same
0 0 0 59.08 -63.66 0 0
machine for slightly leading power factor conditions as is
characteristic of lean period of night. This time current
0.5988 -0.25 -0.396 - 0.749 0.4956 0 0
state space form has been used.
0 0 0 0 0 1000.0 0 B1. Operating Variables And Initial Conditions-
i. Rated power P =0.85 at 0.985 leading power factor.
Coefficients of the characteristic equation (Fadeev- Boundary conditions given at generator node
Leverrier method):
The generator terminal voltage: Vg = 1.05 0o;
s 7 1.1089s 6 1.0045s5 7.399e 2s 4 2.325e 3s3 The infinite bus voltage: Vinf = 1.0711 5.9638o ;
6.1547e 5s 2 8.463e 7s 8.1277e 10 0 Power angle: = 66.23o;
Stability analysis has been made in this case by Axis components of voltage and current:
applying Routh's criterion to the characteristic equation. Vd = -0.961 ; Vq = 0.4232
The Routh's tabulation is given below: I d = -0.6837 ; I q = 0.456 ;
Induced emf and field current:
E EFD 1.9453 ; I FD 1.6254
D-axis/Q-axis armature linkage = 0.7344/ 1.6667;
Infinite bus constant, K =1.8552 ;
Its d-axis/q-axis components, K d , K q : -1.7664/ 0.5672

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TABLE-3 TABLE-4
(Elements of State-Matrix A(7,7)*1000) (Elements of State-Matrix A(7,7)*1000)

-19.65 1.089 8.055 -6408 -6408 -5062 1618 -19.65 1.089 8.055 -6408 -5585 -3802 3603

7.376 -4.256 14.072 2405.0 2096.1 1899.7 -607.2 7.376 -4.256 14.072 2405.0 2096.1 1426.9 -1352

11.688 3.015 -23.25 3811 3321.6 3010.4 -962.3 11.688 3.015 -23.25 3811.2 3321.6 2261.2 -2143

5276.1 4631.4 4631.4 -15.39 20.523 1279.4 3946.4 5276.1 4631.4 4631.4 -15.39 20.523 2831.4 2971.9

-4848 -4255 -4255 14.143 -23.55 -1176 -3626 -4848 -4255 -4255 14.143 -23.55 -2602 -2731

-3.622 -65.29 -65.29 -128.9 -92.45 -119.6 0 -2.72 -49.04 -49.04 -85.75 -30.69 -119.6 0

0 0 0 0 0 1000.0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1000.0 0

Coefficients of characteristic polynomial (found out by Coefficients of characteristic polynomial (by Fadeev-
Fadeev-Leverrier method) are given below: Leverrier method) are given below:

s 7 0.2057 s 6 + 1.371 s 5 + 0.1928 s 4 + 0.3656 s 3 + s 7 0.2057 s 6 + 1.346 s5 0.1903 s 4 0.3406s 3

2
1.598E-02 s + 1.776E-04 s -1.793E-07=0 1.336 E 02s 2 1.279E 04s 7.743E 07s 0

As all the coefficients of the characteristic polynomial
are not positive, the system is unstable. This is confirmed
by finding out the real root of the polynomial by N-R
method: s = 9.302644E-04. It is a pole in the right half
of the s-plane showing instability of the system at the
specified operating condition.
ii. Half rated power P =0.425 at 0.985 leading power
factor. Boundary conditions given at generator node
The generator terminal voltage: Vg = 1.05 0o;
The infinite bus voltage: Vinf = 1.0591 3.0116o ;
Power angle: = 43.46o;
Axis components of voltage and current:
Vd = -0.7223 ; Vq = 0.7621
I d = -0.227 ; I q = 0.3425 ; complex with negative real components, the system is
Induced emf and field current:
E EFD 1.2678 ; I FD 1.0592
D-axis/Q-axis armature linkage = 1.321/ 1.2519;
Infinite bus constant, K =1.8345 ;
Its D & Q-axes components- K d , K q :-1.3302 /1.2632
The real roots by N-R method: s(1) =-2.949653e-02
No more real roots- 3 pairs of complex roots are being
found out by Lin-Bairstow's method:
Complex pair(1): 5.1354e 03 j 7.216e 03
frequency of oscillation= 0.3608 Hz.;
damping ratio= 0.6198
Complex pair(2): 6.1265e 02 j 0.5755
frequency of oscillation= 28.78 Hz.;
damping ratio= 5.196e-02
Complex pair(3): 2.1709e 02 j 0.9992
frequency of oscillation= 49.95Hz.;
dampingratio= 0.1466
As all the eigenvalues are either negative real or
stable.
C. Case-3(Based on Reduced Order Model, Including
Exciter)
Now, the current state space model is being worked
out in terms of Concordia and D'melloconstants.
Saturation and the effect of exciter have been included in
the study.

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C1. Machine parameters: Table- VI
' (The Routh's tabulation)
X ds = 1.7 ; X qs = 1.64 ; X ds = 0.245 ; Z e = 0.02 + j 0.4;
other parameters are unchanged. s5 1.0 0.02146044 0.000003341687

Exciter constants (IEEE model 1s, with ref. to fig. 2):

s4 0.5099791 0.000158290 0.0000000095924
K a = 300 Ta = 314 Kf = 1 T f = 47.1

Operating variables and initial conditions: s3 0.02115005 0.000003322877

The generator power, P = 1.0 p.u. at a lagging power
factor of 0.85. s2 0.00007816764 0.0000000095924

Vt = 1.0 0o; Vb = 1.0106 3.1224o ; = 45.51o;

s1 0.0000007274391
Vd = -0.63062 ; Vq = 0.77609
I d = -1.1116 ; I q = 0.38527; Eqa = 2.5995 s0 0.0000000095924
Vb = 0.82838 -27.9 o

Changes of sign in the first column = 0. The system is

The Concordia &D'mello Constants for this condition stable for the given initial conditions.
of loading: The eigenvalues are being found out by MATLAB-
K1 = 1.0751 K 2 = 1.2578 K 3 = 0.3072 tools:
K 4 = 1.7124 K 5 = -0.0477 K 6 = 0.4971 s1 = -0.4645 ; s2 = -0.0415 ; s3 = -0.0032 ; s4 , s5
Table-V = -0.0004 j 0.0126
(State matrix for the reduced order model)
All the real eigenvalues are negative and the complex
-0.46502 0 -0.24462 0 -0.14286
eigenvalues have negative real part. So the system is
stable under given initial conditions.
-0.00048 -0.00026 -0.00041 0 0
VIII. CONCLUSION
0 1 0 0 0 Dynamic stability is a kind of steady state stability. It
applies to operating conditions of a machine or a group
0 0 0 -0.04152 -0.00007
of machines, subjected to small perturbations. Both
oscillatory and exponential modes are created under
0 0 0 -0.00342 -0.00318
small impact. Their nature depends on the machine
The corresponding B-matrix:
parameters and the initial conditions. If there be a
growing oscillatory or exponential response, then the
0 0.00038 0 0 0 system is unstable. This phenomenon occurs if the
eigenvalues of the state matrix are either positive real or
The characteristic equation is given below: they are complex with positive real parts i.e. situated in
the right half of s-plane. The state matrix is found out
s 5 + 0.51 s 4 + 0.02146 s 3 + 1.583E-04 s 2 + 3.342 s + either in terms of current states or flux-linkage states by
9.59E-09 = 0 applying linearizing techniques around the operating
point. The model can be elaborated to include the effects
Stability analysis has been made by using Routh's
of saturation, exciter and governor control and PSS.
criterion on the characteristic equation.

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Sometimes reduced order models are also used to
reduce the dimension of the state matrix and run-time of
the computer. The idealization of one machine on infinite
bus is made if the rating of the machine is small
compared to the total capacity of the grid. Otherwise
multimachine dynamic stability analysis has to be made.
If the addition of fast excitation controller gives rise to
poor or negative damping, then a variable structure
Power System Stabilizer (PSS) should be added.
Dynamic stability analysis has been made in this paper
for 210 MW turbo generator set using both flux-linkage
and current state space models for different conditions of
loading. While the machine delivers rated power at rated
p.f., it is found to be stable. But when the power factor is
slightly leading (0.985), the generator becomes
dynamically unstable. But under light load condition (0.5
p.u. loading) the generator becomes dynamically stable.
In each case, the machine has been idealized as one
machine on infinite bus and the effect of exciter has been
neglected.
The other case study has been made on the same
machine. This time the effect of saturation and the solid
state exciter have been included. A reduced order model
based on the constants K1 K6 of Concordia and
DMello has been made. The exciter has been
represented according to IEEE model 1s. Dynamic
stability study has been made for operation at continuous
maximum rating (CMR), using Rouths array on the
characteristic equation of the state matrix. It is found that
the machine at this operating condition is dynamically
stable.
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