1.

Frequency division multiple access or FDMA is a channel access method used in

multiple-access protocols as a channelization protocol. FDMA gives users an individual
allocation of one or several frequency bands, or channels. It is particularly commonplace
in satellite communication.

In FDMA, all users share the satellite transponder or frequency channel simultaneously but
each user transmits at single frequency.
FDMA can be used with both analog and digital signal.
FDMA requires high-performing filters in the radio hardware, in contrast to TDMA
and CDMA.
FDMA is not vulnerable to the timing problems that TDMA has. Since a predetermined
frequency band is available for the entire period of communication, stream data (a
continuous flow of data that may not be packetized) can easily be used with FDMA.
Due to the frequency filtering, FDMA is not sensitive to near-far problem which is
pronounced for CDMA.
Each user transmits and receives at different frequencies as each user gets a unique
frequency slots.

2. Time division multiple access (TDMA) is a channel access method for shared medium
networks. It allows several users to share the same frequency channel by dividing the
signal into different time slots. The users transmit in rapid succession, one after the other,
each using its own time slot. This allows multiple stations to share the same transmission
medium (e.g. radio frequency channel) while using only a part of its channel capacity.

TDMA is used in the digital 2G cellular systems such as Global System for Mobile
Communications (GSM), IS-136, Personal Digital Cellular (PDC) and iDEN, and in the Digital
Enhanced Cordless Telecommunications (DECT) standard for portable phones.

Shares single carrier frequency with multiple users

Non-continuous transmission makes handoff simpler
Slots can be assigned on demand in dynamic TDMA
Less stringent power control than CDMA due to reduced intra cell interference
Higher synchronization overhead than CDMA
Advanced equalization may be necessary for high data rates if the channel is "frequency
selective" and creates Intersymbol interference
Cell breathing (borrowing resources from adjacent cells) is more complicated than in CDMA
Frequency/slot allocation complexity
Pulsating power envelope: interference with other devices
3. Code division multiple access (CDMA) is a channel access method used by
various radio communication technologies.
CDMA is an example of multiple access, where several transmitters can send information
simultaneously over a single communication channel.
This allows several users to share a band of frequencies (see bandwidth). To permit this
without undue interference between the users, CDMA employs spread-
spectrum technology and a special coding scheme (where each transmitter is assigned a
code).

Techniques generally used are direct sequence spread spectrum modulation (DS-CDMA),
frequency hopping or mixed CDMA detection (JDCDMA). Here, a signal is generated
which extends over a wide bandwidth. A code called spreading code is used to perform
this action. Using a group of codes, which are orthogonal to each other, it is possible to
select a signal with a given code in the presence of many other signals with different
orthogonal codes.

Advantages of CDMA
CDMA has a soft capacity. The greater the number of codes, the more the number of
users. It has the following advantages

CDMA requires a tight power control, as it suffers from near-far effect. In other words, a
user near the base station transmitting with the same power will drown the signal latter.
All signals must have more or less equal power at the receiver

Rake receivers can be used to improve signal reception. Delayed versions of time (a chip
or later) of the signal (multipath signals) can be collected and used to make decisions at
the bit level.

Flexible transfer may be used. Mobile base stations can switch without changing
operator. Two base stations receive mobile signal and the mobile receives signals from
the two base stations.
4. SDMA stands for Space Division Multiple Access. It is a technique by which access of
satellite resources can be enhanced. Satellite bandwidth is one of the resource which is
very scarse and depends on number of transponders in a satellite and their distribution.
Another resource on satellite is antenna, which need to be effectively used. Let us see
how we can make use of antenna effectively by utilizing different polarization and by
means of spot beams with narrower beam width.

If satellite will have two antennas one vertically polarised and the other horizontally
polarised than two electro-magnetic signals with same RF carrier frequency can be
transmitted to the same satellite. This concept of frequency re-use helps in effective use
of satellite bandwidth.

Spatial division multiple access (SDMA) is a satellite communications mode that

optimizes the use of radio spectrum and minimizes system cost by taking advantage of
the directional properties of dish antennas. In SDMA, also known as SDM (spatial-
division multiplex), satellite dish antennas transmit signals to numerous zones on the
earth's surface. The antennas are highly directional, allowing duplicate frequencies to be
used for multiple surface zones.