1 Plain Concrete Matrix + ren . Concrete + Steel bars Appar couse OS tow Prestressed Concrete Ten KH. NUSDesign Objectives eee * sera! 8b Cod ante we by “Global ' ‘stability, robustness Structural resistance ot “> Functionability > Aesthetics Durability. * Performance not affected by deterioration ++ Adequate maintenance ECO: Basis of Structural Design Tan KH, NUS 3 A Review of Design Approaches. INUS © Working stress design (WSD) il . - : Focus on working load level tx Check induced stress against allowable values, ey tad @ Ultimate strength design (USD) Focus on ultimate load level Check factored actions against resistance Limit state design (uD), Considers both serviceability and limit states 4 Performange-based design (PBD)Design criteria (Verification-oftS) Nuss: m= Toth stb aergn vast ] E, : design value of actiomeffect; Eas Rg Ry : design value of resistance gh ed Fda? (a) Static equilibrium & strength (EQU, STR, GEO, FAT): [| ° Fam 5S Fue Design value of effect of Design values of effect'ot” Destabilising actions Stabilising actions (b) Serviceability limit states (crack width, deflection): eg Ey < Ce Crack width Allowable value ole we ormkH nus 5 Used for its intended purpose wih antic | INUS [imaerance twatestmapr pat |) OE Table WA2.1 ~ Indatve Deon Working ite Tramps t 10 | Temporary crest 2 100030 | Replaceable structural parts, e.g. gantry girders, bearings 3 350025 | Agricultural and similar strocures 7 50 | Buln sractures and eter common sucures, notte Secon ae 5 foe tc | Bae na ter Sleecing seers © Structures or parts of structures thet can be dlamantled witha view of beng re-used should not be consigered os temporary OTe KH NUS 6Actions & Environmental Influence eyes \ * Actions auwoaapares — asset of forces (loads) applied to the structure (direct \action); or ‘mur, — a set of imposed deformations or accelerations n (i= “rcaused for example, by temperature changes, ] FJ] moisture variation, uneven settlement or earthquakes (imetireCtaction). ued mtmweiot oes + Effect of actionssie «saw = internal force, moment, stress, strain on structural member; or \_| ~ deflection, rotation of whole structure INUS Actions & Environmental Influence ) Q Classification of Actions (EG) | By variation in time: area apa | Permanent actions G) ction) ecticn: cela Variable actions @ seit Imposed + Explosions i ures, foorlonds Fire Accidental actions’) tings & fixed + Snow loads + Impact from J By origin: equipment -Wind loads vehicles O direct or indirect cere oe ok te ) . force actions (e9 | @ By spatial variation: Water & soll_ temperature | O fixed or free\eit te pressure effects) 1 By nature andlor structural “Indirect «Actions due respons acton(e, ovate , Saieorayneme — etlonatot ] Tan KH.NUSQ Characteristic values of action (EC1) BNUS Main representative value, specified 83 na, mean value, an upperiiower value, or alnoitinal value er {iin project documentation in a way consistent with ECt Characteristic value of permanent action: Clone single value G, (e.g. self-weight); or two values G, c(95% fractile) and Gy (5% fractile) (@ 9. PC sitictures) © Characteristic value of variable action: tons {an upper value with an intended probability of not being excesded or a __lower value with an intended probabily of being exceeded {Q.a nominal value (where statistical distribution is unknown) 0 Characteristic value of accidental action: as specified for individual projects Multi-component actions: Characteristic action represented by groups of values each to be Considered separately in design (e.g. traffic loads) Tank H.NUS * STE SEATS Ne NR ESS STROSS sin aenus | Variation of Q over time | Instantaneous valueot a patti “mbination value, Feqnatie OP ‘0udsi-permanent value cep ea > get Pow woke ( we Kou Tank. NUS ‘0© Other representative values of variable actions. y Q, Verification of: 5, Combination ULS) aint ton value(i3Q, + reversible SLS ®, Frequent value gj) + ULS involving accidental actions a © vevereble So + certain SLS for concrete bridge decks, or concrete parts of bridge decks + ULS involving accidental actions ‘¢ resversible SLS «+ calculation of long-term effects gy Yeonel pth + titequent vate ig) 4. Quasi-permanent vale 2.0, ews Remarks for ble, tis chosen so ta the tina ti exceedes is 0. Teerence prod for oad afte toads on bigest basod on run prod ot week Define ony for road tafe ods, thermal atone & wind ation ase on retum pened of 7 For lig, Ris chosen soa he limes exceedeais 0.8 afte {strane penod for wind actions trroad afi loads, = generaly taken anze0, “THON Values ofc for mln Cage mast, estan ose or | os | os amg oo areas sp | os) | 03 Cage: arrogant or | a7 | os cng 0: seppg areas o7 | o7 | 06 Cathy soap aase to | os | os exec B| | os cage te on SOHN sano war 6088 aa} os | os ange tt " aah o | o Wine de on ua ase SS EN oa) os [aoe [0 Teper ae bags 20 58 EN TOBE) os | es |. bogs ton? INI Q Design value of an action Fy us poled 7 Responsive. chavoatewsic i= FyXt)| oer! whore "Fag = F-or vcr yf peril factor O Design value of effect of actions E, actions Ea |. Ey = 1B Ys Fup} 121 E,=EVrFysids} 12 1\ where eco 4 i; 2,= design values of geometrical data; 2 ‘Yes = Partial factor taking into account of uncertainties in modelling the effect of actions = 1.05 ~ 1.15 etmkH NUS 1° (LLL aN ae ese a a SR ES Verification of Ultimate Limit States ens 24 Ultimate Limit States C_EQU : Loss of static equilibrium of the structure or any part of it considered as a rigid body STR: Internal failure or excessive deformation of the structure or structural members GEO : Failure or excessive deformation of the ground 0 EAT: Fatigue failure of the structure or structural members“sai ava leotecnical lation An illustration of EQU, STR and GEO Combination of actions (ULS) gpnys For each critical load case, E, shall be determined by combining the values of actions that are considered to occur simultaneously Q Each combination should include Qa leading variable action, or an accidental action Q Design situations — te es) = 1 fundamental case (persistent ortransient design situation) @ accidental design situation @ seismic desgn situations oTankH, NUS 16Persistent and Transient Design Situation @ NUS Combination of Actions - Remarks z a in general fe. Wiowe Qn [Peer srs ceo B [less favourable of Go conony enn ForStR) (indo ee0 (Cihe)| EPs 1oP 70H S Poo CE | WH asGes "19+" 70:0.s"#" DoW rOss “Gs permanent actions inchoingselwciht 04: aint or eadng) variable nton 4, G1): othe vail action YY! patil safety factors (sce Table NA.AL2 ext sides) omnis OM 8s 08s Lo gen OM2Sin Sewn) 17 [ss NA) hus ‘Table NA.AL.2 (A) — Desig Values of actions (EQU) (SECA) [reasons] Feranertecime | tan Atonparyng aE ane waa Sel Seat | Ube | Frere von] ters ne oe e630) | oc | caw | aS Tyas | | ome comet ye oats) 4 * Voroble actions are those considered in Tale A. nase were ta vr of sta equim so vl he eines of uct Regia aang ‘on bie sana 'sombined vee, Ba) should be adopted, wie Fe Boner (wre rue eis iebapee wamorane @ tein) Sasa tubes ees Cabs sui endothe umn > For verification of static equilibrium for building structures.Example - Office Building (Cat 2) = on ‘ph Stability (G,, Q, & W,) 1AG, + 1.5(0.7)Q, “ leading F INUS v Exercise = ‘The simply-supported slab with an overhang is subjected to characteristic uniform dead load g,, uniform imposed load q,,, and a moving point load P,.. The point load can be applied only on the... ‘overhang. Determine the load combination for equilibrium (EQU) check. Consider Category F structure, and q, and P, to be from different source, se = ak“Toe NAA12(8) Oe vn aeons (STROEO) SH) INUS Persient Accompanying and eel tee Leading | _ variable actions® vangent veraoe assign ‘scion | Main Unfavouaie | Favoube ones sivatone itan f — | (any SS NA} £0,610) | 135Gha5 | 190m | 1505 1500, perastent | permanent actions | Leading ] Accompanying ‘and arabe | venatie actong® trancient ‘sient ‘design stustons [Un [ravourabie| Action | Wain | others favourable exp. 6.2099] 1,35 Gyn [1,00 Ges] 27 [1,5 Youur tS wois (€a. 6.105) [0,82511,35|1,00 Game] 1.5 Qua 1,5 wo,Qu| > For design of structural members (STR) including oreo KH NUS nose afacted by getechnical actos Example - Continuous beam = 6.10 6.10a 1.356, + 1.50, 1 Same as 6.10 except 1.50, is replaced by 1.5(0.7)Q, kere & ee Same as 6.10 except 1,35G, i106, 135S.+159, ig replaced by 1.256, s. Tee? a a/Exercise genus Determine the load combination for the footing shown. Consider dead load @f, imposed load Q, , and lateral load due to wind, Wy, Ten KH NUS a | °° su wa.at.2(€) — Design vlues of ttions (STR/GEO) (SEE C)) Peritent nd] Permanent actions Leading [Accompanying variable actions Tangient variable action" design, | Untavourabie | Favourable Main omnes | station cram | (60.610) | 1,06me | L0Ggw | 130 1.3 vos | (@ wnere (where favourable) tovourable) * Variable ations are those considered in Table NAA. > for structural members (e.g. footings, piles, basement walls, etc) involving geotechnical actions and resistance of ground Approach 1 (adopted by Singapore) : Apply in separate calculations, Table A1.2(C) ‘and Table A1.2(B) ta both geotechnical and other actions. Usually size is governed by Table At.2(C) and structural resistance by Table A1.2(8),Example -Footing Set B dreinos SetC Covenica 1.986, + 1.50, 1.06, +1.30, M1256, + 1.50) M(1.06, + 1.30,) [on TETT tt Lh Ti > Resistance of > Plan size of footing footing enemas 2 YG," by eu" Dv2. [SSNA:y,, is s adopted. YY Go, le 58> Sb Depen o» Contry Q Seismic Design Situation Las Pred E 0, Q Accidental Design Situation eTenkH, NUS. a SSE EEVerification of Serviceability Limit States slates 1s eg function and damage to DG PHO Lvs, structural & non-structural elements /*" os {such a patton was) (A Frequent combination normaly used for reversible it states Le, Pry, Gleg. comfort user. useot ’ machinery, avoiding ponding of water 12 Quasi permanent combination Gnonraly trad ertngtem efects Sw" and the appearance of structure ” Tanke. NUS Ed Characteristic Strength of Materials, f, NUS feefeuks depends on _/- reliability/quality control frequency S eg. for concrete Fag = fom “1.645 strength ora ton kx s (std. dev.)Strength and deformation characteristics us betes gat.» dt thergn Characteristic compressive Gass (EGA) | Lowest cess for ‘ylinderstrength at 28 days,fy use. specified cans 1620 | Plain concrete Mean strength(/n)= fy +8 MPa 2025 2580 RC Pc Mean value of axial tensile strengt strength. Neral Yoho 0.30f4(2°) (= C60V60) ” 2.421n(1#fon/10)) [C5060] fp, varies from 0,76 10 0183 neg so eccue Varig 08 0 0.85 fa cesse) Crnax : C90/105, eran NUS 2 Anting’ leadsto: | Dn gt 7 Fin tinear {2 portion — 4) o0s Lin ductility’ "| “ {fin €, | Tank H. NUS: 0Strength and deformation characteristics Eom = 22Foq/10)°% (GPa) fon = f+ 8 MPa 61 (loo) = 0,7 fon®! < 2.8 1 Clog) = 3.5 for fa, $ 50 MPa for fa = 80 Mpa 0.4 fon 100) Tank NUS ‘ ro (0a 0006 1 ae rex @) Design tensile strength, fea daheraoe Ne | where ¢ aNd a: coofcionts to account for longterm effects, & cfunfavourbie eet rit Para ing rom the way load is G01 STE SSOP te =e applied Oc 2- % vol gh caper Yep sty oer = 15 a0 ur a geome, fo 5 2 0 Mpa forts = 80M fonaes™ 07am (SHHACHE) — | Cm2oro005 eso") cathar2sretee-y 01 oTanKH, NUS 7 2° 8 Te 5 > @ : creep coefficient Olt) = PBist)) 1B) Blt) development of creep cftloading where % eget loading > effective modulus of elasticity of concrete Eexe = NUS ve Mu pis in days. Whore (> 100 days, itis sicienty ‘curate assume ty = 100 and use the tangent ine fy: noonal size = 2A. 1, were A, isthe concrete ‘ose-sectonal area and u's th perimeter of thal pat which is exposed to yng oN ao ‘hie | 42) inside conditions - RH » 60% U Tank, NUSNote: veld strength (for hot ~ rolled steel) fay : 0.2% proof stress (for coldsworked steel) ‘hom ! 0.136 pr00 stress (or prestressing steel ‘orunke, wus Typical stress-strain diagrams oP La OF tal @ Design strength, f= fyx/Ys HT Ff Me where we ty 8 Yo partial safety factor, = 1.15 Characteristic strength fon) E, may b i For prestressing steel, E, may B= (HN. ‘assumed as 208 GPa lof wires and bars, and 195 GPa for stands ‘Similar fr prestrossing toe!Properties of Reinforcement = en cctrion Tanase 29 EN 1992-1-1:2004, Annex C, Table C.1 ee 1 today edion Crete, ore, enthqwouy | ft > frve/ ors 3. What is meant by “limit states"? shat letvcin Ans: % 4. What ate “characteritic” and “desian" volves for actions and material strengths? Ans:ae doa osAction Effects K tank HNUS “Flexure (Bending) My+ M Gampreasion/Tans! nBENDING with or without AXIAL FORCE NUS method of strain compatibility & force equilibrium 3 basic requirements: © Compatibility Strains (deformations) at various locations are related foone another w= Pm @ Material Laws O Stress-strain relations (aka constitutive relations) @ Equilibrium Na 7 1 Externally applied forces/moments = intemal resisting forces/moments Assumptions 1 Plane sections remain planey ERE Ee Perfect bon: ween congiete 1 - Elastic, 2- Elastic, Broil, Atury ses UNeraeked| | cracked A Tensile strength of concrete i vet neglected after cracking etankHnus_“ ste ‘Uniaxial bending ) he cs . als ww Zh ) a. Mn ] \f 5 lal WA } 4 L ) ++ Compatibilty:e~ a ? v« Material laws: o~ & %° Equilibrium: =F =0;2M=Mmsitly bok alleThwiaih of compression zone decrearesin the dlrection of extreme ys Compression fire, fs | SETAE fort, <50 MPa j should be reduced by | ¢,, ga) = 2,6 + 35[(90-f.,)/100}* for f,,2 50 MPa_! [0% aks s04 ff for fx = 50 MPa ,0- (fa. 60200 for 60 < fa < 90 MPa, ws for fax < 50 MPa A= 0,8 - (fe. -50/400_for 50 < fa < 90 MPa: eran H NUS © Example — RC Box Girder — Calculate the ultimate moment of resistance of the box girder shown. 120 mm, a 7050 men? aot sk 49 =30.MPa.,, 500. MPa 800 2000 mm? caeet AD 5000 mm? eres And coran KH NUS 1010.0035 0.567h Tad eel rc, | / Ma 81 ‘003s%150/200: eeiuaeae : 6, =0.567abR atx 20x10° = 2409 NP C.s056720dabxt0x 10° =1651N | ME [DAAPKTAD + 163K60 ck Cy=1000%835x TOS = 435 kN + 435x150 + 870x300 © y=2000x435x 103 = ‘esboonabe10°e7175 ie SC ACHE pTy-Tg= 280 OK = 1875 kNm em KH.Nus Coie, a meets “ | | © Example ~ Isolated L-beam | ‘Asimply-supported beam with __ _ | ‘an inverted L-section is subjected to vertical loads as shown. The beamisteeto. E deflect vertically and laterally between is suppor 8 <* Determine the design _": moment of resistance of the eked eta earn Lsection. The reinforcement | consisted of four uniformly spaced steel bars of equal diameter, with a total area of Material properties: 2250 mm?. Assume vertical loads to pass through shear centre of section. 5) ‘300 mm 300 mmifli=978.8 RN C=Toives 4 (A80 GF (0.567F.) 29786000 £9=191.8mm Check -5, >a (= 0.00217) 6 ovet sot wet 78.8 x (550 ~ 191.8/3) 78.8 x 486.1 = 475.7 kN NE EE NUS What if beam is prevented from deflecting laterally? Assume effective flange width = 600 mm. ve @ 5 ec Assume steel yields. 78.8 kN " ~ La gives =P aA x=899mm Choviagood oat eck steel yielding <— wo, ahha fee see nee! t 4 «. My= 11850 -0:4089.9) kN a §& M_=1(150) kNmm OT y= vscuey— - comet a> Tank H NUS fe Be ap cons . 2250 x S00/1.15 kN .Ao I ‘pels i 1 \__ mA, = ke Aq= area of crosssection: | ay I-moment of inertia abt c.g.c. Beuldpll) Ere =N=0 AoE 5 esEos =M= [A+ ees M=M Calculate the ultimate moment of resistance of the presiressed concrete box girder shown. The effective prestess in the tendons is 1100 MPa. Ag = 374,400 mm? 308x107 mmé 1200 i Example - PC Box Girder fenys I a oy mm 4 , fx =30MPa r TOGO mm? f= 500 MPa vt E,= 200 GPa 200 ~ fog = 1860 MPa > 1000 mm? fran = 1980 MPa | ae E,,= 195 GPa —a eo fpe = 1100 MPa | a Assume bilinear relations for steel70.0035 0.5671. = FY ol | yom 2 1 " Eco * Ee! Lt /m Arce Se or Ls >y, | '@ Stress in concrete at c.g.s. due t0 P [= Acsfoe = 1100 kN) t 100«10°/374,400 + 1100x10%1-44/(30.8x10") A+ Pel 48 MPa | 4 Strain components in tendons 0 ally = 1100/195,000 = 0.00564 22llfey + 8)/10}99 = 22 x [[30 + 8)/10]°3 = 32.8 GPa alBcn = 348/32800 = 0.000112 500 300) «00809 > Lena! ena kH NUS . 7 | Em 580 (1.15 | by Hep tea Hey oo7os cov 0.0085 0.567, Salt SONS 435 00292(comp) » 28 55 0.00217 E, 200,000 ” 200 «,xomass(29=228) 9 all steel have yielded. 00217Fey= 0.0035 0.567 f. C, = 0.567 «30120012010 0.567 «30% 240 x 120x107 }000 > (500/1.15) x10 = 1000 (1580//1.15)%<107 = 1374KN = 4600 x (500/1.15) x10" = 2001kN T i '@ Cheek for Equilibrium SoF = 2449+ 490-435-1374 —2001 = 1 Exercise — PC Girder Caleulate the ultimate moment of resistance of the PC girder shown. Hint: Assume all steel to yield. = 290,000 mm? 45.58 x 10? mmé 40 MPa, 500 MPa: 100 GPa 1860 MPa 1580 MPa: £,.= 198 GPa foo = 1100 MPa py = 100 mm? /strand Ans: x= 276 mm; tan kH. NUS T7207] x= 300} mml fol 7 4 206) /\eco+ €pe| 1000 rn + M Tp 250) [ 4600 mn? oe Z oT, @ Forces '@ Ul. moment capacity (taken about n.a.) M = 2449x240 + 490x120 ++435x250 + 1374x200 + 2001x450 kNmm, = 588 + 58.8 + 109 +275 +9001 = 1931 kNm 12-9129 / sirands — # Te ‘M= 1824 kNmBepe ne 0.0035 0.0035 __odas 035 9.0035 tank H NUS a “e=0 —— increasing X= ———+ decreasing Balanced | fallure failureExercise Areinforced concrete short column, hexagonal in cross- section, contains six 25 mm. diameter longitudinal bars and is subjected to an ecceniric compression load. Given that fay MPa: fy. = 500 MPa and E, = 200 GPa, calculate the desian ultimate load N that the column can cary at an eccentricity, = 275 mm. 0.0035 0:9(0.567%,) st sof js. =o ree —1:; NEG, $C) 4O-Ty Ty MEN (275) = Cx Cx) + Co% Ta % > « % =h/2-50; = H/2- 1.6K 13g hy h/2.= 225 sin 60° > Solve for x and N Ao? >408 =Biaxial Bending INUS ‘oren KH NUS 1 t M, M, aueto EE TY gravity load = M, due to 1 wind load (20> comp. 205 tension___ NUS Increasing AdAckeu on kHsus M,/b*hfe 2 Example ~ Biaxial bending NUS ‘A concrete beam has a 250 mm square section and is reinforced by ‘4H28 steel bars, one bar being placed at,50 mm from each edge in ‘each comer of the section. Evaluate the flexural strength of the section if it is subjected to biaxial bending moments of equal magnitude about axes parallel to the edges. The material properties are: f,, = 500 MPa, f,, = 30 MPa, and E, = 200 GPa, eran KH NUS 2orm k NUS 2» | e.g. corner columns “2.) aif) ee) MJeran kH.NUS dl ae NUS interaction: — diagram for - rectangular + ly Note: section N le ele «| When Nis small, M+M=1 (.6. a straight line) When Nis large, M2+M2=1 (ie. a cile)| Further Reading NUS Nilson, A.H., Darwin, D. & Dolan, C.W., “Design of Concrete Structures”, 14e in SI Units, Ch 3. Wight, J.K. & MacGregor, J.G., “Reinforced Concrete: | Mechanics & Design’, 6 ed., Ch 4. Martin, L. & Purkiss, J., “Concrete Design to EN 1992", Ch6. Test Your Understanding — Genus Flexural Analysis of Sections — 1. What ore the three conditions to be satisfied in the flexural | orci of stuctua Concrete sectors? | snsroreb : 2. What is the strain in prestressing steel al ultimate flexural limit state? Ans: 3. How does axial load affect the strain profile at ultimate? Ans:1. SHEAR — fegNus tank Hs NUS F Atan KH. NUS wus RC Beams w/o shear reinft.Shear capacity of concrete © (EC2) INUS ny ba autre ((0.18/¥,) k (100A Fe 119+ 0.15¢> [by d] > (0.035K27F.)/2 + 0.15025 )Oy ade where * A= Agl(b yA) < 0.02:62.9° exiending at least ¢ y+ ‘beyond section cons by, = smallest width of section ‘Note: valuesin green are recommended ‘yoives (SS NA]; use wales for C50/60 for higher stength concrote (SS NA) Shear resistance w/o ‘shearr reinft, INUS Yea = [0-184] k (1009 fa "9 — GIS 072 7 am Gi Os OG OB Os! Os9 057 Re eR Iona tgesDheeeomig atin eacdaenr a tmeere ann pee unm i fac aumyeesis Ao Skates oaimes sin.) Mmabeeet as ‘Tan KH, US| meEC2 Requirements If Vag S Voge , NO Calculated shear reinforcement is necessary. However, minimum shear reinft. should still be provided except in slabs, where actions can be redistributed transversely O members of minor importance (e.g. lintels < 2 m in span) If Veq->-Vpoe » Shear reinft is required such that Vag > Vea . Capacity of concrete to act as a strut should also be checked. Also, additional Jonaitudinal reinforcement is required. Vase : design shear resistance of member without shear reintt Vase ‘ design shear resistance, sustained by yielding of shear reinf. Vaamex ! design value of the maximum shear force limited by crushing of the compression struts en eM fee ae Members with shear reinforcement SNUS a. = 90°)Variable- angle truss model | ‘Tan KH NUS a * * (1) Strut capacity — f= Vitan 6+ cot 4/(b,jd) (2) Longitudinal reintt. — Ny=V cota (3) Transverse reinft. - Aduls= (Vlid)tan & Notes: Ay tees 0.61 -f4/250) a Te s@e Hale ron SL kp enter nity C2; eon. (ons NUS B Le S05 A = V= Veg = Ves 220 5015 45% (Oris cot 052.5) ean Visin 8 /(b,id cos 9 ™ vitan ee 2x, COL A/a) (1) “Se Moe (2) (Viid)tan 6 (3) = A unknowns: fy, Ny, Avfy, Set A wet Got eed" Paseo, 63) 8 pie ab eotd 05%) Leeot 8 a lar, -0.5,,(c0t0 —cota) angle of ha snacrreint talon as "Steet 1 0% 250167 25-1 Sgt) for 03334 < 9 $0667f mean comprenive shes [in concrete ve to peters foce [-09P/ Ac)| | REE 2 RSE PTR EE == GBNUS Asuiin MSD SiN a) = (Q.08 Vt) 7g Minimum shear reinforcement longitudinal spacing of the shear reintt. = breadth of the web member ingle of the shear reinft. to the longitudinal axis Maximum spacing cecbm, 5 Longitudinal spacing of shear assemblies: 5m," 0.75d (1 + cot a) satis] Longitudinal spacing of bent-up bars: Ss max= 0.60 (1 + cot a) own “Transverse spacing bet. legs of links:_ ymax = 0.75d $600 mm Example rer ®Determine the required A,,/s if Vg, = 500 KN. 50 =) 120mm = T060 rm? croc ENS 2ras k Check: ¥-06¢ 1. gas =e, SE tego rest rsp 08 (50.97 50x0.528x(30/1'5)/ fe AVN? Veg © 25h '5000/(240x750) cozesam “"———_daiioncongitucnal ent ++ (200/a)"2 Ay .5x500x10° cot 30° /435 Y 1+ (209/750) = 1.516 < 2 99S MIMI Io ed ty he Veco 71e240%750x10° hee gas ee 58108150 mm) sna BH Ve Mae eb am es > 240 x [0.08190)/435 SOS iret. 78m (0378040120) 5-150 mm <0754750= 563 mmo Wood Muy hy ity Exercise — PC Girders NUS Calculate the required shear resistance for he following gicders Reler fo lecture on M & N for material properties. 1200 ee [) 20129 Asiana“Shift” rule ws Tr z om [ nk ws “ Test Your Understanding — INUS Shear Design = 1. What are the factors affécing the shear strength of concrete beams without transverse reinforcement? Ans: con - : © co 3 g 2. What are the three requirey sin shear design? Ans: als . 3. What should the strut lélinalion 68 taken as? Ans etm KH NUS “6EEE 2TORSION NUS a Torsion as a secondary effect (rarely controls basic sizing of members) a Torsion cracking controlled by shear (transverse) reinforcement a Torsion design as a check calculation Coxon Necessary for basic stability > must be designed intullse ng me) reer INUS » Compatibility torsion arises due to. compatibility of deformation of connected components > maybe designed partially by providing a minimum reinforcement Behaviour under torsion Tube-wall analogy itT= 2Vjlyo/2) + 2915/2) " evan KH NUS 2 Be Cone re" Ny=Vacot 0; N,=V cot 8 Adye= 2(N,+N2) = 2(V,+V2) Cot O= (T/A) [Xot¥o) [Cot | (Tu,/2A,) cot 6 |Tae f=(V2/sin 4/ (tycos 4 t: thickness l ~ ot 4 YoCOt O/s)Aif=(T/2A)¥o mp [Af =(1/2A,)(s/cot 9 | | fe= T2A¢t cos @ sin Aus All lacoF 4 | AS pee cite em [C8 Yagrtvee ous Talay = Tiennine of Sees te Ee { l-oneeop repens | Veg = Fy bay 2] I L(} as 7 ng wal, neliding nner Tess han twice the dstance between edge and centre of he lengtudina! tenorement For halow section the tes Teknes i ppar Mn ‘Stoo ata ofthe eos ston wan be over reuse ng ner {nthe side gin cf wal tnd byte dita between he Intersection pots wih the adjacent walls ‘eran H NUS1 Effects of torsion and shear may be superimposed, assuming the same valve for strut inclination @such that 1 < cot s 2.5 where U, = perimeter of area Ay f,a= design yield stress of longitudinal reintl. Ay 1 Longitudinal reinft. should generally be evenly distributed | Teal Trammax + Veal Vaginas < 1,0 where design fosional moment design transverse force Teamox™ 2¥ fea Ae ten Sin @ cosa {S69 402 falllon 6 Co A [See notes on shecx) Veen 1 For approx. rect. solid sections only min. longitudinal rein" is required provided that a “Teal Trae + Ves! Veae <1,0| | “Note: | Aanin = 026m ff 1, 200013610 totsionall cracking moment = 2 Ax forse shear resistance w/o shear rent. (0.18/r-)K(100p fog)" byt ofan KH NUS yj 2 fe 5whe am, 9 Te 8) recommended shapes ) not recommended shape Note: The second aerate 52) (ese shoud have a lap length tong te tp a @ Torsion links should be closed, anchored by laps/hooped ends Win. torsion inks same as for shear si» oo) @ Longitudinal ink spacing $u / 8 Sims 70F* *' © Lonaitudinal bars: at least one at edch cdrier, others uniformly disiibuted around around inner periphery of links, with spacing $ 350 mm. ‘eran k HNUS 2 © Example — Design for shear & torsion aus 300 2100 ike - [200 Cantilever ‘canopy. slab Density = 25 kN 9, Imposed load = 1.5 kN/mn! fo. = 30 MPG: fy, = 500 MPa al dimensions | Given (for M requirements | orl inmm. | Midspan A, = 970mm! | Lae | J— e=1200 INUS > | 4 Tea) Py = 136.1 KN & iv |e a 10.242» a 1.5, = 34,0 kN be Prat cees ' I i 817 a kNm | =%Pe Ss catdias soul of ‘orem KH, NUS — seltawt. of beam, assumedadd.load Cl 2 lege B(Py* Pua) be adler ue toer Tan cH NUS 2»Section properties: toy = Alu (750 x 300)/[2x(750 + 300)} 07.1 mm. 750 a (800 - 107.1)(750 - 107.1) oo J 123980 mm? — 2.x [(300 ~ 107.1) + (750 ~ o 107.1)) = 1671.6 mm fenys ‘Section adequacy: - Assume 0=45°& vertical inks v =0:6(1-30/250} = 0.528 ° 250.90 = 0.9 x 686 = 617.4 mm eee pat Veamax = 300X617.4x0.528x(30/1.5)/2 | LY = 0-611-fex/250) 78.0 kN Trax = 0.528x(30/1.5)x123980x107.1 40.2 kNm Vaaimox = By fog /2 Tramox= ¥ fos At to = (73/978) + (60.5 / 140.2) Vea / Veamax * Tea / Tramex Tea! Tasmae + Ves! Vaamax 51,0 = 0,506 <1 etan KH. NUS 2Veq = 73.0 [due to shear) [60.5/{2x123980)]x642.9x10° (due fo torsion) = 73.0 + 156.9 = 29.9KN = Ves Asal = 229.9K108/ (642.9x500/1.15} = 0.825 mm Use §10@75 mm (1050 mm?/m) Check: Asal = 1.650 MM > Age mil = [300x0.08x»'30) /(500/1.15) 202mm eran KH NUS | | | [Aoumn/5 © Bu (0.08 Fe) hy INUS midspan a VS tank H NUS cheek: 5 < u/8 = 2(750+300)/8 = 262.5 mm $< 075d = 0.754686 = 514.5 mm s [Due to prestressing 075 hyPeek MONON NNN a) Crack Control NUS Reasons for limiting cracking Appearance Wide cracks are unsightly & cause alarm fo users surveys indicated that at 10m away, cracks < 0.5 mm are hardly noticeable = ju sero @ Leakage (Functionability) coco OFor iquid-etaining structures, cracks should <0.2mm For important structures, cracks may not be allowed @ Corrosion (Durability) no general agreement that wider cracks would lead to more corrosion wider cracks certainly allow for ingress of waler and de-icing salts that remain in the member “Causes of cracking re eat, Foie era ERs (2 ouster,rank, NUS 7 NUS Crack Width Limitation — Q to ensure appearance and durability “Tobie NA Recommended values of Mam ) TEgoaure | _Ronreed ambos andpresiossed | rosboscod member wih rmanbers whut bonded tence Quast’ | Bons onan om umansntoaseansinaso) ‘bodcontnation) XOXC oF - a X02, KOS, XG 03 em | XB, X02 X03 XSI (02 and decompress xe2 x83 ' may be relaxed where appearance is not of concern ® decompression should ao be checked under quati-petmanent combinalion olloads © 0.22 mm applies to paris thal do not have fo be checked for decompression eran NUS *Exposure classes INUS X0— No tisk of corrosion — XO : Conctele inside bldgs with very low oir humicity XC = Carbonatior XC1: Dry or permanently wet XC2: Wet, rarely dry ~ e.g. foundations XC3: Moderate humidity ~ e.g. external concrete sheltered from rain, XC4: Cyclic wet & dry XD = Chloride-induced cortasion ti XDI: moderate humicity XD2: Wet, rarely dry ~e.g. swimming pools XD3: Cycle wet & dry - e.g. part of bridges, pavements, car park slabs ji XS Chloride induced corrosion risk [due to sea water XSI: atbome salt ~e.g. structure near or in coast XS2: permanently submerged ~e.g. marine structures XS3: tidal, splash & spray zones ~ e.g. marine structures Se od ome eran NUS See Table 4.1, EN 1992-1-1:2004 for details. 9 | ion isk duced corr: sk [not due to seo water Ne | Before ~ St | SETS [Anne = Olan Ac (ect sections fn crackin EB fe Anne, =Olcan Ae 9 So ‘under bending = Fe he gr ares oreaderig soo win {ities [> % A: crecot concrete win tre zoe, fil bots tomoton oft cece J» 0,4, amex srs poriedinrertorcement "immediately atler formation of crack: may N=Agh = Ao; 'be Token 08 fy OF ow fesat imean tensle srength of concrete, | E001 Fn CF Fem) INOS! ey evan KH, NUSFo oe towel “|| NUS Mechanism of cracking sme corona Sais ma Sal Concrete & siee | concreie a Crack forms formation ofnew when f, exceeds crack tensile strength [Concrete & stee! sresses after No more cracks can form if formatonotnew S€25;mn_¥ f €annot crock exceed tensile strengtn Sinn $85 Siar (= 2 rin) Crack width calculation “potential” crack location Length change: 4,2 Nein * N) 8° EA.) 4, = % Nomex 8’ Eon Aca) Max. crack width: (4, - A.) = 2s'to,— (alr, aE, k= Sean (sm En) neato ta) *atrnam Siren tomaare ec2 |a ‘stn fining de fe conan NUS Effective tension area A, Q crack widths caused by restraint are unlikely to be excessive if bar sizes are limited; the stéel stress is the value obtained immediately after cracking (ie. 6, ) to Se te Sly Q crack widths caused by loading are unlikely to be excessive if bar sizes or bar spacing are limited; the steel stress being calculated based on a cracked section ELE Oy restricting bar diameter INUS Table 2 Maxi ba ameteraGor rack cont! ond he ron) Sea Tan be a TAT rg | ial 1-04 C3 ctzmm | | | 10 oa 2 ay» 29 200 2a ie | 200 20 ie 12 | a0 6 12 5 | 20 12 10 | a0 10 z 5 he maximum bar diameter should be modified os follows: | AiBending (par of section in compression = 4 Tension [uniform cial tension: = feen/29) 4: adjusted maximum bar diameter bh: overal section depth: 1 ha depth ef tense zone immediately prior to cracking d effective depth to centroid of outer layer of reinforcementO By restricting bar spacing ‘Table 7.3N Maximum bar spacing for crack control’ SeaareS Maximus bar spacing om (MPa OA mm We "60 300 3007 | 200, 300 250 | a a 200 | 280 200 150. 320 150 100-[is | 360 700 50 For Notes soe Table 7.2N 78152118128 me? 0-4e2.54x1 18125/201 {602 mmm? < 5026 mm? © f 01 MPa or, Bf? = 2.56 MPa Prior to cracking: Gon sxse) X= [DIFI2 + ald +A)! [bh +(AA 385 mm. ig = h— X= 700 ~ 385 = 315 mm Bar diameter = be Uened2 9M eg MIB(-A)] = 25 (2.56/2.9(315)/[5(700-695)] OR 1.4mm, <40 mm Bar spacing (Tabie 7.3N) max, = 250mm >s = 41.7 mm via - ew ® NUS e5 INUS Exercise = A rectangular beam of width 6 = 200 mm, effective depth d = 512.5 mm and total depth h = $75 mm spans 5.5 m between simple supports. It will carry @ characteristic permanent load of 18.8 kN/m including self-weight, and a characteristic imposed load of 40 kN/m. Reinforcement consists of four evenly spaced H25 bars in a row. The clear cover on the sides is 50 mm. Material strengths are f., = 30 MPa and fy, 500 MPa, Assume y, = 0.3. Os a eu ne (a) Compute the sires in the s1881 under quas-permanent loads. {b) Calculate the maximum crack width under quas-permanent loads. a (c} Verify the serviceabilly imit state of cracking by checking the bar size or spacing. Given w,,= 0.3 mm Others gehus skin teinforeement for beams with h2 1000 mm DA sin = O.5{foret Myc !Act (For pure tension) DA smn = O-2lferot ye Jc (for rect. sections under bending) “| Oo be evenly distributed in tension zone and located 7) within fink 1 sections with sudden changes of stress QAt changes of sections, near concentrated load, posit- ions where bars are curtailed, areas of high bond stress. Detailing rules to be followed in addition to rules for crack ‘control eta KH NUS 2Other means of Crack Control NUS QWell-distributed cracks OMeans to achieve this: QUniform dispersion of continusus reinft OHigh-bond deformed bars vs smooth bars Welded wire fabric with transverse wire spacing within certain limits Obiscrete fibres in concrete mix Further Reading NUS Nilson, A.H., Darwin, D. & Dolan, C.W., "Design of Concrete Structures", 14e in SI Units, Ch 6. Wight, J.K. & MacGregor, J.G., “Reinforced Concrete: Mechanics & Design", 6 ed., Ch 9. Martin, L. & Purkiss, J., “Concrete Design to EN 1992", Ch 5.Test Your Understanding - INUS Cracking = 1. Larger crack spacings resuit in larger crack width. Tor Fe Ans: 2. Which of the following statements are true? Why? (0) Better bond properties lead to smaller crack widths. (b} Use of smaller diameter bars give smalier crack widths. Re Tee woe 3. Shear cracking is inevitable and can be ignored T or F fae Pee vs 4. Under what combination of actions should crack widths be checked? Ans:q Deflections & deflection control feuys Need for deflection control Use of high-strength materials leading to slender members QLack of substantial walls and partitions O Requirements 1 Deformation should not affect functioning or appearance Tan KH NUSCriteria for Deflection Control pronase) ANUS ] To satisfy (b) + Totaldetiéetion is (a) Sensory dece {b) Serviceabilily” 4) Elect on non-sdihil* limited (d) Effect on structural |» To satisfy (c) elements | + Inerementat deflection after | tn oonstving (2) & £2) attachment of non- aay bordered to structural elements is meet (a) and (d) limited HWE couse aod -» consider beam datigar tan KH. MUS a ‘Shoring removed} MICO soma “DEFLECTIONDeflection Limits NUS O Appearance and general utility Beam, slab, cantilever subjected to.quasi- -permanent loads Pre-camber due to prestressing —/ | as1/250 Damage to adjacent parts of structure Additional A < L/500 under quasi-permanent loads eran k H,NUS ® Methods of Deflection Control us @ By limiting computed deflections Deflections at various stages of loading are calculated and checked against limits @ By limiting span/depthatios:Deflection Control by Computed Deflection NUS Max deflection of elastic member befftae or Mek on 8 =k (1/NL2= k (M/E k= elastic deflection coefficient M=reference moment L= span length E = modulus of elasticity moment of inertia of section M/El= curvature of section — 9. 8.8, beam under uniform loading Suoneenenl> earch erm, NUS = aa = ano aa ee as Be ie oS) Som 4 aah tees i We BL | t2a)e ac | 3 gee | [eeNa Gian fas tam The same applies to Vr > a= Coy #(1 - Coy where © *ranction of Mes IM eran KH NUS |8 NUS Concrete Member subjected mainly to flexure V/=" Q Assume elastic behaviour even after cracking tl O Consider deformation parameter (strain, [ curvature or rotation, or deflection) (= Coy #1 - Cay) ; pmicera ci: Valve of parameter or emetokeensian { aa: wabve of porameter for {Jy SEN $: distribution coeff. (= Oforuncracked section) (ofan KH. NUS 1" l . NUS mV 7 er jutntia C= 1= Bly /0,2 or C= 1 B(Me/M)® B= 0.0" single short-term loading loads or many cycles of repeated loading: “tug stes5 n the tension rein. Based on cracked section at Is! cracking: «6, :f@ss inthe tension reinf based on cracked section. bens 08 Tan KH. NUS 2J elasticity or concrete, 5 Niece Ean © ~ f] a ee Ty lela) A where heat = hy : notional size = 2A. /u ] Fig. 3.18) eran Hs NUS 8 } wolesfouescpescabie RYNUS J Seyitteconceicere: Oa Sobjected 0.9 | Compresive sess greater | thon OASty f] othe | | lime of loading, eat Fig, 9.10) outside condition’ RH «80% eran H NUS “[ Note: effective modular ratio = E, /E first moment of area of reinforcement about centroid of section second moment of area of section $ l 2 [eee Jets, Hey v 1, f Ate, [ MMI Oe a opmton Gor Bn, {tee shrinkage strain = tq + tag (82E NOFW In mam vy crying shrinkage strain; which develops slowly due to drying, ands @ function of migration of water through the hardened concrete 9 !aulogenovs shrinkage strain; which develops during hardening of (Stan KH NUS Table 32 Nominal unrestrained drying shrinkage valve with cement CEM Class W “concrete, and is a function of concrete strength. 6 weNys (ini) for concrete — Flav ami Gn 9 wa 20 40 60. so! (“20> Dea 058 or oR cors—[—030—[—ts6 [bso | 98 ‘30/105 oz | 025 021 O13 Table 2. Vales for dain Expression (3.9) , * fre amneem an 5 a 700 75 (4a) = kn feao| 200 dis raat eon A0h 50 as _ 2800 a Fa (2) = 2.5(fox— 10) 10¢ | [Ry notional ize eran KH NUSts / Example “eroues ) = 40 kN/m Assume loading at 28 days (t,] ond 80% RH; and creep 0, Section properties* 1 p=0.0068 Ibs oat Ml 1.5 GPa” D fos = 0.3f42* 56 MPa Creep coefficient & effective ‘modulus of concrete OD ole, 28) ae, 1.5 1 (142) = 10.5 «HE cog = 19.0 ‘see exomple on crack width dieu! **selt-weight = 0.375 x07 x25 = 6.56 kN/m 2.0 (EC2, Fig. 3.1b) | M-spag sealos Mee = (6.56"**0.6x4 245 KNm Imm PP) ny wh Jy = 16.1 x 10° mrt 8? 87 449%10-%mm 129 KNm Looeyp covey) GPa | 1, = 10.2x 10% mm* (ty 7M Ect br =2 28810 7 1 Effective bending curvature: jotion. | (= 1 —0.5(M,,/Meq))= 0.861 (iin Sti 1 0 (Hh = ! A710 6 *cer3" Shrinkage curvature A IN 1 Drying shrinkage hy = 2AGID= 244 MM ays CE —_——————— Effective shrinkage curvature: ~0.5(M, Mog ‘oie Fat ® hy Suga = 0.80810, 285110% (read = € Altes #1 = 8) (rea . oo cet = 0:145x10/mm A Autogenous shrinkage | a= 2.5(l4- 10) 109= 37.5110 | nepection cy Oe a? in vinkage strain Boy | Total shrinkage strain...» | Due to ben eral Be 164 (5/48)(4/r,)oy (2 Core | D Uncracked: (5140) ta ime 5 x =381 mm; = 16.1410" mm? = 14.47 mm gag %, 0.762108 mm Due to shrinkage stain: O96 ing | eh ae Gt Mm SIERRAS Imm | w= (118 Krenn [ 2) 0 Cracked oo 282 mm; Ie, = 10.2x10° mm* poo f igo 4449x108 mm? O Total deflection f (rash x ei [,=0:160x10%mm Wy + Weg = 45.6 mm <1/250 etankH, US Deflection control w/o calculations INUS Limits to span/depth ratio Brive Z| np> 5-Gn Wa staan, | teem = 10 be multiply by 310/o, (taken a 500 /(fj Acsea / Aspe) X factor fo account for ciferant sry systems p:tteroncernorconent alo “(0° Fan MP) »:requited tension rent. rato o mid fat support for cantdevers) f° :requied compreson rein ato ot mid-span [a syppor fr ‘gor? 066 000i proved at mig-span / support ‘Acme 0f000fsloelrequited ot mid-spon / supper for US | | | crank U8 0eis Sepyaparedbean, om grwowy | 10 1 ‘Seong soared eee BS ‘0 Sao feiss Tonic | Eee Notos: ote har been deived fx conte cos C30/97 | _1-Vaer ar gereraycorsewatve: inner membes moy be possbe 2 For 2 obs, check asad on heir 0, Fo fata. check bared on lange spon. | __ 3: corrpond lon ove aon on he pon efecto 4. Vas of kay nt be oprrntat whan form wok Fsuck tan eary age or when = Sh i Modifications Se | O Flanged sections where flange breadth > 3 xi i] breadth: multiply I/d by0.8). Beams & slabs (excluding flat slabs) exceeding 7m | in span with supported partitions likely to be ] damaged by excessive deflections: multiply I/d by Met ~ O Flat slabs with greater span > 8.5 m: multiply I/d by ] erm ki wsANUS Example = Check for I/d limit for the beam in the earlier example. © p'=0.0068 : p= 0.0211 : y= 10° x 251 = 0.0080 < p Qss.beam:K=10 : O Wd s 111+ 1.5 (25)"2(0.005/(0.0211 - 0.0068)), +(1/12}|25)!/2 (0,0068/0.005)"/2 } = 14,1 Qs 14.1x635mm=9.0m — -.0k tan KH NUS 2 , NUS Exercise = Refeting to the exercise problem for cracking (a) Calculate the midspan deflection of beam under quasi-permanent loads. Assume loading at 28 days and RH. = 80%, (b) Verify the serviceability limit state of deflection by checking the I / d ratio. tank H NUS 4Do Further Reading Nilson, A.H., Darwin, D. & Dolan, C.W., “Design of Concrete Structures", 14e in SI Units, Ch 6. Wight, J.K. & MacGregor, J.G., "Reinforced Concrete: Mechanics & Design”, 6 ed., Ch 9. Martin, L. & Purkiss, J., "Concrete Design to EN 1992", Ch 5. oran KH NUS 2 Test Your Understanding — NUS Deflections 1. Deflections of concrete beams are colculated using elastic formulge by incorporating an effective ___# Ans 2. What factors do the deflections depend on? (a) of loading |b] properties of concrete fo) & __ section properties [a] ___stress level Ans 3. Deflections due to additional imposed loads can be calculated without considering existing loads an the beam. T or FF Ans ‘otank H. NUS 2@TenkH, NUSSE Main\(B+) regions (continuity regions) NUS Q regions of relatively uniform stresses/strains Q Bemoulli hypothesis (linear strain distribution) applies I O intemal forces or stresses are derived from statics O “Standard” methods of Codes apply | 61 Al cpt / 4 ro Local (D+) regions (discontinuity regions) # Q significantly non-linear strain distribution if =~ Qnear concentrated loads, corners, bends, ‘ ‘openings and other discontinuities ‘ Q internal flow of forces welll described by strut-and-lie " models | O conventionally design by thumb-rule | Concept of Strut-and-Tie Models Genus 2 Components Qconcrete compression struts steel tension ties @ nodes (nodal zone) Dual purpose O describe essential aspects of structural behaviour O provide a tool for structural dimensioning Steel tie | | OTanKH, NUS ‘O Major requirements 1<% Q)s7 model must be in equilibrium with applied © sk loads (statically admissible field) cseisina - = come’ Strength of struts, fies and nodal zones must equal m7 — orexceed forces in these members (safe) ecb aw 4 - jyrer tod stn > Lower bound solution a Struts'must not everlap.each other |jwems ies may erossssiruts-or other ties fresh Q Angle between a'strut and attie joined at a node jue tnd gim Should notibelless.than 25 degrees. ormnk ws : LET AN TRA AERA N I ELA TT A AIAG RT IE PR mes INUS AB por Basic steps Compute internal stresses | on boundaries, subdivide p boundary and compute force resultants on each sub-length; or | Compute action effects on boundaries Draw truss to transmit forces O Check stresses | eTenkH,NUS. eSome rules | for | | estabilshing | | strut-and tie | Minimum steel content 2 SF bm=minimum | A model Elastic stress trajectories wus HtSuperposition of modelsExample - Anchorage Block Explore the application of strutand-tie model in the design of anchorage zone of a post-tensioned beam I / ee I tension Principal compressive Stress contours Stress trojectories P72 ©TankH, NUS 2 \Design with Strut-and-Tie Models — | C1 STMs may be used for: Oi design in ULS of continuity (B-) regions | design in ULS & detailing of discontinuity (D-) regions 6, Me O verification in SLS (steel stresses & crack width control) °* | if approximate compatibility* is ensured + 6.9. posiion & direction of important struts should be oviented ‘according 10 linear elastcty theory. Q Tie capacity TSALg . 7 [ ya areas of Oe Sea where Ais the area of reinforcement. M2) Anchorage of ties | 1D adequately anchored in nodes (e.g. by providing a | sufficient development length from the point where it fist | enilers the extended nodal zone) | oTenKH, NUS. “Design of Struts QStrut capacity F Li u st a Sars tit [DAY [ete = fe LA AA crinm SS aeeTcompon oes SS &é Ramax = 0,8 Vfes woe vet For bottle-shaped struts, transverse reinforcement is INUS. required to provide ductiity and for erack control = | | be bey] emma Nye Bowen | | |CTnode wi: ches» Ohana = ky View 075 eae crag maybe nereretby up okt contr (250 ed orwhere ol angles Bet. suse! es ore 52) Tan KH NUS Design of Nodes (EC2) = DAnchorage of reinforcement in nodes U starts at the beginning of the node O anchorage length should extend over the entire node length O reinforcement may also be anchored behind the node etankH, NUS 18Seance = OB5V Fog [for CCT node} Tonk Ns N13 U stinups| [aiz0 welded o angie aH Biba -2H20| Li ‘4 [4H25 bars)Example - Cantilever beam with opening fagNUS diameter of 200 mm at ils micHength. The beam has a width of 360 mm, and is subjected to ultimate (factored) loads, consisting of a Uniform load of 200 kN/m and « concentrated load of 400 kN acting ‘at 50 mm from the free end of the beam. | I (0) Construct « suitable strut-andl-tie model for the design of the beam, Indicate the magnitude of the boundary forces and show ther struts by dashed lines and fies by sold lines. Assume a cover of 50 min 10 longifudinal reinforcement. (fb) Check the capacities of stuls and nodes, and determine the requited reinforcement. You may assume any appropriate material sirength, eten KH NUS a | a Al dimensions ‘are nmDetailing ete KH, NUS 11500 st f ‘A=1070 KN — F500 Sub-model 1 + Sub-model 2 700 nm fy=500 MPa f=25 MPa Assume fea fay 5 4500 2500 )B=1930 kN 7000Soe pel Right side, complete rhode! left side, left side, model | model 2#3000 kN NUS heck concrete stresse — Stresses under bearing plates: v= 1= 25/2509 3000105 / (700x480) 10.7 MPa <0.9 15 MPa (CCC) }070x10%/(500x400) 5.4 MPa < 0.85x0.9f,<=12.8 MPa (CCT) }930x10°/{500x400) 9.7 MPa <0.8510.91..=12.8 MPa (CCT) Required depth of compression zone: Celt 1070 kN > 1070x10"/(400%1,3) 61mm < 409mm OK (Nodes taken 200 mm below top surface.)Check anchorage lenath of reinforcing bars | Other critical | anchorages - C, D > req'd anchorage ~ length oTankH, NUS os 2x5H13 mesh on either rappers face of wall 2aH22 F Paws nominal = column — [Pst 13 teint | p” axzn2e ‘Anchorage 8 provide stinupsExercise 1 NUS The stem of a 18.0 miong, 24m 00. 300 200, wide simply supported single T- beam resis on the ledge of the inverted T-beam shown below. The T-beam has a bearing area 150 mm thick and 100 mm parallel to the axis 500 of the T. The applied service load is 4.0 kN/m? dead load, including self- weight, and 2.4 kN/m? ive load Design the connection detail under the stern using fog = 30 MPa and fye 500 MPa. Assume load factors of 1.38 and 1.5 for dead andilive loads Alldimensions are in mm. respectively (300 Fig. 1 NUS Exercise 2 (2010 Exam) Fig. @-2{a) shows a ¥-shaped RC pier structure camying two point loads, N, each of a magnitude of 1500 KN. It has a uniform thickness of 400 mim. Given: f= 30 MPO: fy = 500 MPo [olCanstuct a strut-andt-tie mode for the design of the structure, and determine the required reinforcement inthe structure below the level A- ‘A. Assume allies 10 be located at 75 mm from the surface, where ‘appropriate, (b)Explain without calculations, the change in the reinforcement requirement for the whole structure if prestressing tendons were to be provided as shown in Fig. @-2{6}. TINK HAUS 2Allcimensions Fg.2 . INUS Further Reading — @ Nilson, A.H., Darwin, D. & Dolan, C.W., “Design of Concrete Siructures", He in I Units, Ch 10. © Wight, 1K. & MacGregor. G., "Reinforced Concrete Mechanics & Design", 6 ed. Ch 17, © KH. Reineck (Ed), “Examples for the Design of Structural Concrete with Sirut-and-Tie Models", ACISP-208, 2002, 244 pp. KH, Reineck & L.C, Novak (Ed), “Further Examples for th Design of Structural Concrete with Sirut-and-Tie Models ACISP-273, 2010, 288 pp. @ Sirut-and-Tie Resource Web Site hitp://wwrw.cee.viuc.edu/kuchma/strut_andtie/STM/Test Your Understanding — INUS, Strut-and-Tie Model for Design = 4. What are the 3 components ofa strut-andt-tie model? Ane: Shut. Hes node 2, STM can only be used for design of D-regions only. Tor F? Ans: F timely ue Boregers 3. Which ofthe folowing does the STM gives: (a) a lower bound solution; (b) {an exact solution; or (c) an upper bound solution? Ans: @Plastic Analysis Drpertmnaest | al (eg. yield-line (collapse a tine | can) Lower bound sol. {state equations) | (yield teria) (eg. stip method) Ten KH, NUS 2Yield Line Method (Johansen) = 1 Slabs when loaded to failure: Dlarge cracks occruured normal to directions of max. mis. by yielding of tensile reintt. with large ductile rotations U sections bet. yield lines undergo Tigid body displacement O Load-canying capacity: O strain hardening and membrane action ignored O calculated valve (“upper bound") can in fact be less than the actual value Layout of Yield Line Mechanism pny O Rules for postulation of non-curved yield lines: Q Yield lines are straight lines and form axes of rotation 0 Yield lines must terminate at a boundary unless parallel fo a support 0 Axes of rotation coincide with ss. edges, cut free edges" and pass over column supports 0 Yield lines must pass through the point of intersect- ion of axes of rotation of adjacent slab segments O Hogging yield lines will form along encastré supports “refer to edges cut from adjacent slabs. hsNUS SP agpon finer want of soto Draw axes of rotation Project lines from pls afiniersection | Obtain yield lines ' INUS Exercise = Postulate the yield line patterns for the following slabs under uniform loading, on Ten KH, NUS 6Resisting moment per unit length: NUS | My XL= (MXL SiN A XSIN 8 myswe | + ‘F | = 2 a Yoetd ine <| 2m, =msin? a | Wel Presi s ménhig 0) | | TO noe inate nad | F wanme |, fone mote ; Li fe eT | | ent | rs —_— | ° lea | OA {with identical reinforcement in. en | cuionc-¢ (F m sin? 9+ m sne(90°-0) =) | Fhe 1, Int. work done by yield line |. . =moment x rotation x projected length fe mx @ xX KY aie 1" ~— ‘ot retaon 2 Ext. work done by applied load_ | load x displacement | mxy (¢sina) =m 6(xysin a)Example 1 - Square siab Under u.d I INUS 4 xona0o0expecnoadons 3 a H 4 4 i 3 ttm Ik ca at BP” secasnm i govue i i O XXRKRRRERRRKREKX So (0) Sm ae (Yalsine peta + : Internal 1 W.D. =@)l + im L g External W.D. =n 2/3 * m=nl?/[24(1 +i)] nus ip of aaa vexample 2- Rectangul, sie under u.d.l gus ba 1s a ae Intemal W.0. =m (1+!) (a/B + 2la)ag External W.D. = n (3-2) al? /12 = 2p)/{aB + 2a) nal2/[12(1 +7) Sy foro gy To gat stall tore’ given m midp=0 —drygge? which gives “=e 2 /2+ (a/2) (or + 3) Vo + 3)- a}? nfat)2/124(1 +71)| _zxample 3 ~ Triangular Slab under u.d.. SNES Note: _ Hs BX | “% ie A A 4 AB | =m (1/858) AB ‘aw =mcola | m » Ne | Ext, W.D.= (1/3) n (Ly basin @)/2 ‘a Int. W.D. = mi feot a+ cot (8 - a) }¢ mis max. when @= 6/2) giving m= (nL yLy/ 6) sin? /2 | Tank H. NUS “Ga. ” A Sagging mts, W.D.= m{R5Q}(1/R} Hogging mts, W.D. =im(R 68)(1/R)=imse Total int, W.D. =(1 +i ]mo0 ” TivayntRe50 / 2) = nk? 50/6 {Feu ote ot complete eb => [m=nR?/ [6(1 +i) Under ceniral point load: m =P / [2m (1 +i)] | TINK H, NUS.Square Slab (other collapse mechanisms) HANUS ss) - Values of m sg hes ‘YE Pattern wall seater | Phtoad [terror Classica” | nL448 5 PiN6 : Comer level mivaao2 | 0 Pn325 | 24 Partfansan | ni4346~] 10 pias? | 27 Complete clergy | _nl248 pnas?_| 27 rnknwe Tee Ex i 7se0 Bee a Limitations of Yield Line Theory = @ Provides rational determination of flexural strength for slabs of any shape, supported in various ways @ Elastic solutions available only for restricted conditions, usually uniformly loaded rect. slabs @ As a upper bound method, it predicts a collapse load that may be greater than true collapse load @ Requires adequate rotation capacity at yield lines; nevertheless attainable in slabs @ Presumes that earlier failure will not occur due to shear or torsion and cracking & deflections are not excessive under service loada INUS Exercise — Yield-line method The layout ofa flat sab floor isa showin the figure. The characteristic lve load 'g5 eN/m?, The folal choracteritic dead load I 7.5 #N/m® Inclucing faishes (ond partion eas. The column stips" ere reinforced isohopicaly with ~ 1.0 fnrond + 0.75m ond the midle ships ore reinforced sottopicaly with ~0.35 ‘mane + 0.451, whores in kNm/m, [o} Postulate yield tine mecharism for panel ABCD and determine the value of |b} a heavy concentrated locd. (kN) is appied ot the centre of pane! [ABCD, calculate P using tne value of m determined in part [a] assuming @ fam mechanism falura mode, Use an appropriate vole far. ‘Assume the slab to be 250 mm thick and the columns to be 480 ram x 480 mam in ‘Grose section, Ure fq =20 MP9, fy. = 500 MPG and a clear cove of 25 mm. * column sips have a with of span/2, centred on the line of columns ** mide strips are ships bounded by the columa stips @TanKH, NUS 15 INUS All dimensions ore in mm.] Strip Method (Hillerborg) wus Neglecting My & Ms J (lorsional effects} OMe aay eM, OM, 2M, y at at > governing eqs. for flexure } i orks - 1t Load distribution INUS [ ( fos on Q Load assumed cartied by flexural moments only. A Slab divided into series of strips in the x and y directions; loading distributed belween these strips. [ O The exact pattem of load distribution is at the designer's discretion; more economic to allow the ==, majority of loading to be taken on the shorter span, — Number of strips should not be excessive os to FSH produce detailing problems with continually == changing bar spacing. It should neither be too ™ small as to lead fo inefficient use of reinforcement" °" Q Note that the strip method does not impose [ compatibility between individual strips. 8 boo ae o || Applic | py [ : mnalhod to snp fanis >| JSuppodedvect sab : sie MP6i ‘ Ms ree Le Le me i Example 5 - Simply Supported Slab Design load, n,g=14.25 kN/m? Strip 1: Strip 2: Strip 3: Strip 4: Strip 5: =3.01 kNm/m Ten kH, NUSDesign & Detailing (EC2) a bgds ron ne D Ratio of hogging /sagging —_ABetaling: Km 2 soy moments: bel, 0.5 and 20 1 Max. spacing of bars: 3h oF 00 (reterabiy bet. 1& 210 avoid fmm [main bas), 35h oF 450 mm erection & cracking problems ec. bas} es 2 x, /d $0.25 for $ C50/6097 DAI least of sagging ein. to %, [4 $0.15 for > C50/60 extend to suppor & fuly to ensure ductility Cl Hogging rein. should resist at oo least 25% of max. moment in Z adjacent span & should extend oe FFA wn for aisiance of 0.2 time: — J itecamen adjacent span USeeeateeceameeeee CD Reint. to be provided al free L—] edge fo resist any impicit torsion ran O Curtailment —in accordance 4 with beams rank H. NUS 2 Openings in Slabs INUS Ol Purpose C small openings - heating, plumbing & ventilating risers; floor & roof drain pipes, access hatches large openings - stairways, elevator shatts Q Beam-supported slabs O.small openings* are usually not detrimental 1D provide equivalent of inierupted reinft al sides of opening 4 diagonal bars at corners to control cracking O Slabs supported directly by columns small openings to be best away from columns 1 Openings of any size may be permitted ifit can be shown that the strength of the slab is at least equal to that required and that all serviceability conditions are met. * Openings that can be inscribed in a'square with cruaxnnvs side equal to 0.2 ties the smalles! span inthe labee ‘Small opening Strong/support bands to frame large ‘opening Ten kH, NUS 2 O Specially reinforced integral beams, orstrong bands, are used fo frame the openings. These bands are supported at the slab edges, of by strong bands in the perpendicular direction. 1 In analysis, strong bands are assumed to have zero width and 0 be situated exactly along the edges of the opening. in lpractice, the design moments in the strong band are istributed over a certain width within a reasonable distar {rom the edge, .g, within one-third of the distance fo the nearest parallel slab support, or such that the reinforcement ratios ensure ductile behaviour of the slab. 1 There should always be at least one bottom and one top bar along each edge of an opening in order to control cracking, particularly at the comers.Peer erent eneroreeeterreeneesrs seers | Example 6 - INUS | Rectangular slab with central opening = | 3024 30 [ Adomx84m ia slab with fixed Fixed on all [ supports along all four sides. foursides is to accommodate o central opening 1.2mx24min size. The slab is tocany unitom 4g distiouted | factored load of r ISKN/m?, l including sett weight fe 1 ernknnus ji k l 108-15 INUS ' is = i151 Consider a ratio 16875 fig Of support fo span moments of 2." Ce met fring (eaaticet oe" G3 ats ow ate | ee w— Ye (osuec-c Tie 9.509 9 (509 0-0 (eopsed on sb ao edge ond sip . ‘At moments are in mm, fons can__OTHOKH.NUS / % 21s. {oti 93.1.2 02. Poe 2.22 Tr o5 (00) dicen wus 738 288 i, Z8 = bia L242 36 3 Ta 3 ise Be meea ‘tips B-8, C-C and D-0 have been designed cif iney were simpy supported al the song. and £€. To avoid undesirably wide cracks | where these strips poss over the strong band, Nomina negalversin shoul be ockded in this tegior. Postive bars should be extended {uly into tne song bands, Tan KH, NUS Factored moments (kNm/m) [symmettical about both axes)Exercise — Strip method = The figure shows a concrete abutment 8 m high and 13 m wide. Al the end of each abutment is a wing wall which is composite with the abutment. The lateral loads in the form of earth pressure and a lateral load (41.25 kN/m) at the top of the wall at ultimate limit state are as shown in the right figure, The pressure at the level of strip 1-1 and 2-2 are 46,7 kN/m? and 68.3 KN/m? respectively. A suggested model for use in designing the abuiment wall is shown in the left figure. Suggest how you would distribute the loading and determine the loading and bending moment diagrams for Strips 1-1, 2-2, 3:3, 4-4 and 5-5. NUS meee sae ~ Wee : [Ez awe =, “ (@ Tank H, NUS: <2Remarks NUS Q Both the yield line theory and the strip method offer rational methods for siab analysis and design over a much broader range. O The strip method is a tool for design, while the yield line theory offers only a means for analyzing the capacity of agen stab, RO the strip method nor the yield line approach provides information regarding cracking or deflection at service load 0 Through proper use of the strip method, reinforcing bars ‘are placed in nonuniform way where they are used to best effect; yield line methods on the other hand, often lead to uniform bar spacing: a een H NUS 2 Further reading: 1 Nilson, AH., Darwin, D. & Dolan, C.W., "Design of Concrete Structures’, 14e in SI Units, Ch 14 8 15. Wight, J.K. & MacGregor, J.G., “Reinforced Concrete: Mechanics & Design’, 6 ed., Ch 14. Martin, L. and Purkiss, J, "Concrete Design to EN1992", 2" Ed., 2006, Butterworth-Heinemann, Chap. 10. O Park, R., "Reinforced Concrete Slabs", 2°# Ed., 2000, John Wiley & Sons, Chaps. 5 to 8. Tank H, NUS owg me erompe h tip etiod Test Your Understanding — NUS Yield-line Method & Strip Method 41. Both yield ine method and strip can be used for design of irregular stabs. True or False? Ans: § 2. Which ofthe following do the yield ine method and strip method respectively give: (a) a lower bound solution; (b) an exact solution; or (c) ‘an upper bound solution? Ang: Weide + oper bore, 3, There is no need to consider serviceabilly (deflections and cracking) of slabs designed using yield line method or strip method. T or F? Ans: 1 OTN KH. NUS 36nae ena os ae Offer several advantages over slab-on-beam construction: {a} simplified formwork and reduced storey heighis: (0) greater fire resistance due fo absence of sharp comers. Ten K HLNUS 2EE] INUS Analysis @hys 2 xt) Grillage, FEM, YLM. x @ Equivalent framé method "Wi fiat slab structure is divided longitudinally & fransversely into frames each frame is analysed using a suitable method otal load should be — [44+4+444 clon oe nis ee ee 3 Q Division of panels INUS an ws ua we , iy =o . fowP [A] -olumn stip [B)eiwidar sip ‘Note: When ops of with» (3) ae used the column sips may be taken oe the wth of crops 4sea AETS RSS SA SSIES RUNS Q Distribution of design moments Ses Approx. mt. dist. in slabs {in longitudinal direction’) “the same dist. ‘applies to mt. in transverse dir. ©Negative | Positive moment @ | moment @ supports _|_mid-span Column strip] 60-80% | 50-70% | pe (Cc) (75%) (55%) Middle strip | 40-20% | 50-30% | (D) (25%) | (45%) ‘Vaues fh parentheses are conventional values i practice It column strip is narrower because of drops, the design moments to bbe resisted by the middle stip should be increased proportionately, while those resisted by the column sitip decreased correspondingly. oTankH NUS 1 Detailing of flexural reinforcement NUS @ Detailed according to rules for slabs Should be spread across respective strip "@ For negative moments in column strip @ 2/3 of reinforcement fo be located in central “stip width 6A, gah] Bi feos | 16. , | — dbottom barite be provided throughcoumritto entire robustness) orannss wsc 100. reinforcement arrangement 4] & 2 Tank H. NUS @ Reinforcement perpendicular to a free edge Wisma '@ required fo transmit bending moments from the slab (limited )) to. an edge or comer columns "@ should be place within the effective width b, @ re ta Th sinceINUS Design for punching shear Basic control perimeter Token at trom loaded area and should be constructed to minimise is length Dd=%1d,+0) OTM KH. NUS Control perimeters Ws" oy aeColumn with column head: Gus | (A ———_|* vse conretsecten | : = a th Ti] rectangular € | > circular Ek, ruler slams Design shear stress — mended values are appiicable Yea | design iclres whose latera stability u)” :eentol perimeter 9 effective depth B : Tactor to account for ynbal slabs & columns, and where adjacent Spans do no! aitfer by > 20% in length [ENI992-1-1:2004, CL 6.43 for others) need25 .ce f £0 Punching shear calculations = l @ Check punching shear sess al column face: fy, aj, f | Vea = BV calcd $ Vedmax = 0.5 Vfcy (Note: v = 0.6(1 ~ fy / 250}] . J wer here | 2{c) #2) forinlerioreotumns | ic 62+ 3d Sc, +2c, for sdgewcolmns)...,| “e 3d $c) +¢yforeomercoiumns ni} aca . es oy.e95 1.50 Ss Vea $ Vege > NO Punching shear reintt. required "Vea? Veae > Provide punching shear reintt be [Notes vac = (0.18/72) k (0QP)fcy)" 2 0.035K*? fog!) | se pigs Check punching shear resist, a basic control perimeter u, | (Control perimeter at which shear reinft. snot longer needed: eocmabeluecal Note: a= laa) s002 [ (© Tan KH, NUS —s ‘ ; Met» Yeieen SEE eetunt Sige _t a \ . . NUS 5 Punching shear reinforcement wus | '5 Vide + 1,5 (ails:) Asn fyatot (WMurd)) sine [ | | ct one pratt soa rnrconat around te cn fr) : | reel pamare a shor ener t civ ten sven he pg she eremat, econ > 7 ee ae . « Gremmane eset ancien) 47 Dt < hneawetueentaceenhteemnedtcpaecters qa” L Tie de fae Sa oxepe be minimum area of alink 16g, Avwtins is given by 7 Aouinn (15 8iN e+ COS a / (5, -5,) > (0.08 Vhan) / fy where 5, :spacing of shear links in the racial direction <5; Spacing of shear links in the tangential direction espa Aaa Hyung Caf) inet = Veg feta KH, NUS ‘éUsing vertical inks Pete us sin bent-up bors Shear stud reinforcementQ Deflection Deflection can be calculated using crossing-beam analogy. Note AB latina pomisad = ar isthe potion of maz 8 were = ttrg 9210 at, e228 trent ction tXshou as seaartan tv > (Madu dfn en pti ‘raytermecrticl) OTenKH, NUS > alternatively, check using span/depth ratio INUS Example = { i ecmconee 2 2.5 kN/m? s0oMPa ~ ~ Determine punching shear | oo feinfoccement al an internal orn NUS x»@ Check punching shear stress ot COMM FACE! reson sayy 2400+ 460) 174 + 1624/2 = BVeglted — B= Isat O.5x{ o.(t ~ 30/ 250)}(20/1 = 528MP 2 vq, 2 % prcmng door oe fo ws @ Control perimeter at which sheor reife not longer needed You = Ae Maa) 1 SKS7BXIO?/ (0.571168) 4592 agcreg > ct 466.6 mm or 2.780 (232) from face of column «20 Provide H8 shear links @ 250 Mm in 2 perimeters in,the zone (03d (80 mm} to 1.50 {252 mm) from face of column Check: 5,= 125 mm ~0.75d 5) = 250 mm = 1.50) AsO, Any = 8x2 xP / 4 (Seed = 402 maf? ——* eTankH, NUS pOr Fy LitseGraer0%y (1é00x1d8f easy 162 Ea @ Check punchiig shed resil. of" asc control perimeter uy Ug= 2c; 49 2 (2G) 2214008400) 2512506) =371 1mm _Neglect load bet, column fh perimeter & control perimeter: Veg = B Veglud =1.15x378x103/, +t] —T (3711168)= 0.697 MPa 4. el 13 / (150 x 148) = 0.00448 14200/168)" = 2.09 > 2 = [0-18/7) k (00 fee)" (0.18/1.8) x2 x (0.448 x30)" Veg? Vege > provide punching shear reintt 2 D Check Av, 250+0.25d Vea = Vagos O.7 Vegct 1SldLS) Ave lyase Ua gives Aw = 284 mmm? < 402 mmm? Check min. area of link leg: (5541.5) (0.08 Vf) hy 5250) 1.5)(0.08130)/5001 Check deflection using !/ d ratio: p= 0100448 < p, = 0.005 .2 (see Table NAS, lecture on deflection) =K N+ 15 Mex (01 20) + 3.2 Wes 9! Ao— IPA) 2 [11 + 1.5%80(0.005/0.00448} + 3.230(0.005/0.00448 ~1)9] 220.86 = 25.0 < 6000/168 = 357 @ érop panel} o reduce effective span. > Need to incorporate etankH, NUS. 2 ny . INUS “ Exercise nus A flat plate floors designed to 15 gmppic! Canty @ factored load of TSS EN/m®. Check for punching shear af column BI ifa shear force of 470 By Aa - KN isto be transmitted to the column, Al coum Smyyical |» 4g 480mm | Given: Slab thickness, h = 190. mm Effective depth, d = 180 mm \ i 8 - ; ‘Concrete grade C28/35 Ty aFurther reading: NUS 1 Nilson, AH., Danwin, D. & Dolan, C.W., “Design of Concrete Structures", 14e in SI Units, Ch 13.9-13.11 1 Wight, J.K. & MacGregor, J.G., “Reinforced Concrete: Mechanics & Design’, 6 ed., Ch 13, 1 Martin, L. and Purkiss, J, “Concrete Design to EN1992", 2° Ed., 2008, Butterworth-Heinemann, Chap. 10.8. 1 Moss, R. and Brooker, O., "How to design concrete structures using Eurocode 2 : Flat slabs’, The Concrete Centre, 2008, Test Your Understanding - fuys Flat Slab System 41. What are the available methods of analysis for lat slabs? Ans: Fs, Goth Asal 2. How are column strips and middle strips defined? coin ede typh oe sees. cam 5 /end . Ans: i ° amp exe 3. How can punching shear be prevented in fat stabs? ‘Ang: Py — hop poe 5 err wurlorere , ove 4. Hows the SLS of deflection and cracking verified for lat slabs? ANS: GateHy ty.tol? ) Bracéd and unbraced columns fenys + raced sructure contains bracing } Siornens hal ere sf veal ee. ments (usually walls) that attract, & Frentio ng foundations ota | 9001 ot hoteontaioogs ; mts Ps Braced =Non-sway abe be (usually true!) nosey t Nes * Sway structures one where sde- jeorh oy lobe soniiecnt 7 Gepends baseaty on snes of } Siticlur oganstoerl deformation leet te 1 Unbraced = Sway L (conservative!) | Bk HIon. NUS (oy swaySecond-order effects atten &s| o Se. eeu ma 1 t et 9 lo jo 1 moment Nu@= My eH an, nus j 2 order j 1 order moment 1. Material failure with negigible lateral deflection 2. Material failure intensified by lateral deflection & 24 order moment 3.tnstabilty foiure de fa voy Jedens O First Order Moments aed O result of applied loads, and sway in the structure O only 1: order forces and moments need to be considered in braced shor! columns Second Order Moments vo Q arises in slender columns as a result of lateral deflection O laferal deflection e= (IM fj? se 1 Ne/El= Vr :depends on BMD | cot . oes ot © © KH Tan, NUS 5 Ah ed atom ae eed Bcd eh INUS Q Slenderness Ratio — where 1, is the effective length Lp i is the radiys of gyration about the axis considered 1 is the second moment of area of section A is the cross-sectional area of the column 4 =346), [ for rectangular sections ie =40,/¢ for ciculorsections CQ) . where f= height in the direction under considerationV Effective Length INUS | > length of a pinned ended strut of the same cross-section f «as the column and having the same buckling load hott \ He |, toad Gr ¢ G Dhol he? VhOI hall? ba! HUAchel he 2 I KH Tan, NUS ? t Notes: , ky relative flexblilies of rotational restraints at column ends, defined by K= (8/1) (61/1) le Un CN) @ = Totation of restraining members for bending moment M EI : bending stiffness of compression member 1 clear height of compression member. A minimum vaive of 0.1 is recommended for both k, and k; KH Tan NUS «Ignoring’ adjacent column: column _ stiffness (ELD cotunn . CID cctumn Loeam suffness SETI soon SAT Ds To cater for cracking in beams Site Se Coker > is), 900615 0125 025 850 19 14 20 ae ILL LBB - (use greater ofl “ 21s lat 17m 225 256 278) ‘lao ad 0 md D4 B *1e., adjacent column assumed non-faling & having similar stitfness (within 15% diference) OK H Tan, NUS Te eheuse legth ES oe wus key hye (okt) lenses anche ibe one te fat tee he ‘rel dol te can inte re ceed arate coum comets 08 nto ul 9 ay meme Inert conon Condon) Cola cried mney to bans on each ie atx sve tan va | Ml Note I : naa te. | Mecge Mocs} ee fea ¥ docfes I final roop costfciont fea * toshes Ie Mag Istorder bonding moment in quas: O85 fy 11.5 ‘permonent lood Combnoton (S15) 205677, Meh :13¥ order Banding momant design S.. load combinaton [tS] ox tan MUS 2105 kim 105 kNm NUS ote trio 108 kN 8) C#07(Fq 210) BCH AT (Fy 0) #27, fq 210) “[unoracea coumn | +[ Braced column s"h'~ = Bent in single curvature =| o> Un > O) ©k HTan, us ] / Example 1 I Check whether second order effects m [ = 25 MPO: Neg = 1280 KN, Assume A Bent in double aoe fm <0) OK HTan NUS By inspection, the column will have the \ highest slendemess \ratio for bending about axes YY.INUS 100 x 10° mmé 125 x 10° mmé & 100x300°/1 lgeam =300x5008/12 = k (900/3) 7 12x (2x 9125/4)] 096 Effective length, [= 0.59 x3.0= 1.77 m Radius of gyration, |= h/3.46 = 84.6 mm “n- A= Iq /1 = 1770/86.6 = 20.4 oo ign = (2030.71.1X1.7)/ i" 21128010" 400130030, 85x25/1.5)] Methods to account for INUS 2n¢ Order Effects —~ Q General method based on nontinear 24 order analysis allow for non-elastic behaviour, Le., cracking and creep For design of isolated columns: 1 Moment magniica! O design moments obtained by factoring 1 order moment 1 Nominal cuvature meth CL [Eset 8S gem 2.20 order moment determined from estimated column curvature and added to 1" ordermoment —« F.,. 6 a emer ek WTan NUS 16Q Nominal Curvature Method = Applicable to isolated members with constant normal force and a defined effective length Design moment: where Moss #1 order moment, including the effect of imperfections® (taken as Nex lp / 400}. {'} ‘My + nominal 2°! order moment (nex! side) Meas Ye Medle * salto posible fo accoun for mperectons by ensuring hat ~ Mogg & Neg (h/30) where h/30 2 20 mm. f OK Hon nus " Nominal(2"? order moment |additional moment): [Ma = Nea®2| | where Ng design value of axial load 1 depods on 2:24 order eccentricity = (1/7) 2) erry wore? I Vr: curvature (next slide) effective length © factor depending on the curvature distribution" * or constant cross section,¢ = 10(= 7?)) Also, ifthe fist order moment is constant throughout the length, then ¢ = 8. ek Hon. nus 18ehh f i : 4 Natty Ate | Curvature 1/1) ay «| heed Members with constant La ws Lin ne symmetrical cross section and [)'2=Nea/(Aded Dus 1 to Sa “resistance (balanced failure : oon the value 0.4 may be used. [ Ve = K, Ky (to) = Aly! (Aded) Le meek A: fotal area of reinforcernnt " {AT where Tarr “he Mo Aciateaot concrete crosssection : : 29Gb de My a. r 2 gay effective creep ras [side 12) L (2,=P) f(y Peq) $1 (B20.35 + fey 200- 2/150 {eorection factor) | : “1#B 921 | sanera rent, So feseratad ts (accounts forcreep?) | "on opposite ses but par of i tity sefI0.452) = fe )/10.45a) | aiabvted porate he pene Sfoendinge SSN d effective depth? =a, of gytation of fotarreint exHron, tus ae radius Design Meg = - Braced column \ Mea + Nel Ry Unbraced column. a Mes = Moa + Mp Seth at © H Ton. NUS_/Example 2 — > =>. BSNUS { Column in non-sway structure = ar 17080 fae (osecton (6) A ada itt erent © kHTan. nus a ys Limiting 2: on cnt s Aoot OS Sa A=1/ (140.2 4) =1/(140.2x087)=085 — Coo4 B= 1.1 (defaull value) — 17 =f = 1.7 = (OU70= 1.84" N=Neg (Actes) 78 1700 x 103 / (300 x 450 x 0.567 x 25) = 0.89 him = 20 X 0.85 x 1.1 x 1.84 / 10.89 = 36.47 524 Actual slendemess ratios 6.75 x 3.46 | 0. lc [Ie = 8.0 3.46 / OAS = 81.55 > han | column is slender and 1,8 more critical KH Ton, Ws 2fe a a INUS Bending about y-y axi Mog =0.6Men*04Mo) =0.6x 70 #0.4x [-10) = 38 kN > 0.dMg = 0.4 x 70 = 28 KNM Cot yon] r Moment due to imperfectons, My = Nec ley! 400 = 1700 x 6.75 / 400 = 28,7 kNm Second-order moment: 1 [assumed, since reinft. detail not known} 1 + (0.35 + 25/200 - 77.85/150) x0.87 = 0.96 <1 Neg IK, Ky &c/(0.45q)] Ig? /10 = 1700 x1x1x|500/1.15)/(200,000x0.45x240) x (67502 /10}x10 = 156kNM Watts ea KH ten, sus 2 INUS Design moment Mes = | Mog + Mp = 38+ 28,7 + 155.9 = 222.6 kNm (govems} Design for (Neg , Meg ): ] Neg / Bhf.y, = 1700 x 108 / (450x300x25} = 0.504 Meg 1 BDF = 222.6 x 106 / (450x300%25) = 0.220 ] Gh = 240/300 = 0.8 serdeg ovat yoy coy sof “Fr a0 From design chart | Al bh, = 0.80 and aeeceee Re-calculate using new K, ; repeat fill K, converges: ] Agiud Bf, = 0.60 and k= 0.74 0-18, | @KH Ton, NUS - 24in=029 ek Ton. us 2 ds ae INUS OQ Moment Magnification Method = Total Design Moment Notes: Co: coefficient (= 8~ 12forisolated Meg =M, J. 2 ‘members with constant cross section a Wee & axial load) where ny= weg? Moga! fist order moment: where Nes? design valve of axialload: | &=KFad.* KE, Bio tactor which depends on. | Fes: design value of modus of elsticly disinbution of "and 22 OF concrete = Ee 2 order moments | &,:desgn value of modus of elsticty of sloot Baw /eq J: moment of neta of concrete cross Schon, & of area of reinioreomen ‘and Ng's the bucking load {bout cenle of area of concrete, reply based on nominal stifiness | Ke-X,:factor for effects of cracking, | cfeep. ete. ond for eontbution of reinforcement respective Ok H Ton, wus | pectvey. ag, —_ Biaxial bending @nys Design separately in each principal dir. as a 1" step. No further check needed [Ajyaes2 and Aglays2 and Meay ! Nea Meas 1 Ned [Mex, Mex design moments abl y-& 20, ine.ang-ordor momen, xD. Ng! design value of axatload BR: width & dapth of section Digan Width & depth of equiv l Teclanguiar section IH Ton, NUS — 7 my If the conditions are not fulfiled’s Values of exponent a biaxial bending should be = circular & elliptical cross texeninioaccountincocing Stuer Reticetcros the 2°¢ order effects in each Tectongular c . Giection ures they may” ~fe=Tenguer cress sections be ignored). Sa aC wee [84 or] 8 [10 TS] 20 Simpitied criterion: My: design moment about the respective ols, cluding 2° order moment May moment resstaneein the fetpeetve drection Neg design valve of axl force Nag design axial resistance of tection=Aoy Avai : LE Example 3 -— @uys I Column subject to biaxial bending “"~ Section: 400x800 mm m be, (€$0/60, £=500 MPa ssa! 16 48im Neg = 2000 KN A= 3927 mm (8H25) (section with 3 bars on each side) Ignore imperfections. Assume fog = 1.5 ost 3:and ocap / Moss = 2/3 Frat cee beg memes Column sways in bending about zz axis but | shear walls prevent sway about y-y axis | 2k Ton nus EERE ETL | ee | NUS 6M = Neg Acted) 20003107 400x80020.567%50) 220 1s = 1+ 39274(500/1.15)/ (400%800%0.567%50) = 1.188 1.5x4500/{800 / 3.46) = 29.2 =NI/ [P= Mpg) et 1.188 ~0.220)/[1.188-0.4) 23> 1, use} t K,= 1 + Bog = 1.35> 1, ok :35+50/200-29.2/150 405 { (ie) =F ta//10.450) 4 9a1= 138x218 = 0867 : 88 10% jm | | Mo= Neg (Wiltg2/10=81kNm d/h =0.85 assumed | Mga = 150 kNm > 53.4 kon n= 800 mm { Mgae 150+ 81 = 231 kN. Nea(h/30} =2000x(0.8/30) =83.4kNm Mea'=4264Nm (determined Nel20,men) =200030.02 = 40 xn [ separately} @kHtTan, us «0 |KH Ton, nus ending about vv ais ae NUS lol n= same as betore 0.75x4500/(400 / 3.46) = 29.2 Pv = SaMe as before ny n/n Mead B= 0.35+50/200-29.2/150 23> 1, use 1 = 0.405 : + fing, = 1.35>1, ok oor = 1.3X2/3 = 0.867 K, Ky (Fya/E,) (045d) 78x 10%/mm ih = 0.85 assumed r h= 400 mm [ = Neg (1/t)fo2/10 = 40.6 kN 7 Mony = 15 NM < 40 KI Nelh/30} =2000x(0.4/30) [ Magy = 40 + 40.6 = 80.6 kN 6.7K ; " (20 rm} =2000%0.02 Magy = 213 kNm(determined = 40 kNm separately) ek Tan. nus 4s Relative 2 [Ave $2 and Aday<2| Ife = aly =29.2I29.2=1<2 © Relative e: (2, /h]/ {e, £0) = [(231/2000)/0.8} / {(80.6/2000)/0.4] = 1.43 > 0.2 {e, fb)/ (e, fh) = 11.43 =0.70>0.2 @ Consider combingdfBendiig aclipis {0.567%0x486:800+3727280071.15)x10° = 10779 KN 1 Nea = 2000/1079 = 0.186 y + 0.5(0.18¢ 1)/0.6 = 1.07 231/426)'97 + (80.6/213) 07Exercise (Exam 2010) INUS late foots ond is oced)agains! scesway, The column measures 360 mm by 300 mm in crossecton. I cates an ullmate axial load of 1500 kN end bent in double curvature with ullmate bencing moments of 120 kNm and 60 kim about the mojor axls ct ends A'ond 8, respeclively. Clear height between floors 7.2m. Figure shows a column cane storey bulding, which is constructed wit fat (9) Chack whether the column i slender. (©) Calculate he design bending moments about the major and minor axes (c}__Chack whether tis necessary to consider Biaxial bencing. Use fa = 30 MPa ond fy = 00 MPO, and assume d/h = 0.88. The appropriate lsign chart as given. You may use BS8110 factors for effective langth of braced columns. necessary, other data may be appropriately assumed. * Columns may be assumed to be on 6 m x6 m grid eran H NUS 2 200 mm \72m nm ‘eTen k H.NUS oFurther reading: NUS 1 Nion, A.H., Darwin, D. & Dolan, C.W., “Design of Concrete Structures", 14e in SI Units, Ch 9. 1 Wight, J.K. & MacGregor, J.G., “Reinforced Concrete: Mechanics & Design”, 6 ed., Ch 12. Martin, L. and Purkiss, J., "Concrete Design to EN1992", 2°4 Ed., 2006, Bultenworth-Heinemann, Ch 9. 1 Moss, R, and Brooker, ©., "How to design concrete structures using Eurocode 2: Columns", The Concrete Centre, 2008, Test Your Understanding - INUS Slender Columns 1. Unbraced columns may aot be subjected to signicant sway. Tor F? pass 1 2. Abraced column has an effective length less than its actual length. Tor F? ans: 7 3. What are the main factors affecting the magnitude of 2 order moments? slabs? ans: 4. What forms the main basis for the design of b-axial bending in columns? Ans No eTank HNUS 26One-way slab bridges - spans: 3 ~ 7.5m | A Voided slab (precast) bridges — spans up to 15m \ particularly well suited for te in bidges because of t is drobily iy, & economy, a wel os he Comparative ease wih i ‘which a pleasing appearup to 30 m:inot so common nowadays) U Composite prestressed concrete bridges - spans: 20 to 40 m | U precast beams O cast-in-place deck slabs otankHNUS GSegmentally cast post- tensioned prestressed concrete box-girder bridges — spans: more than 30 m. Q Others - arch bridgesIntroduction to Bridge Analysis a O Bridge Responses 5 @ longitudinal bending moment | @longitudinal shear eect © | 3, longitudinal twisting moment te ‘ye |@ transverse bending moment dite 5. transverse shear ede 6. transverse twisting moment if eran kH, NUS ¥ 4 ] NUS O Method of analysis = 1. Grillage analogy method. © suitable for bridges where load distribution takes place ] through flexure & torsion, 6.9. sold sab, voided slab, slab- on-girder types 2. Orthototropic f J © Same as 1 > method J 3, Shear-weak orthotropic plate method © Suitable for multicellular type of bridges where significant deformation due to shear is accompanied by bending of flanges Ten KH, NUS 6[sa BA AASHTO NUS 4, FEM, including finite strip formulation © Capable of representing all types if properly handled 5. Folded plate method © Suitable for cellular slab, discrete boxes or box girders 6. Simplified methods © Influence surfaces © Distribution coefficient methods 7. Plastic methods © Hilerborg strip method © Yield line method Ten kH, NUS Design Standards G Eurocode 0 : Basis of design 1 Eurocode 1 : Actions on structures —Part 2: Traffic loads on bridges U Eurocode 2 - Design of concrete structures ~ Part 2: Concrete bridges — Design & detailing rules |_bridaes =420 9) | 30/37 ~ C70/85 Te ao brag CBS 5400-. 1990, Steel, concrete and composite bridges - Code of practice for design of concrete bridges (to be withdrawn) Q AASHTO SpecificationsNES ER PERRET Actions (Loads) on bridges genes Permanent Actions Dead loads @ Superimposed dead loads @ Loads due to filing materials @ Differential settlement @ Loads derived from the nature of the structural material (e.g., shrinkage and creep of concrete) orn nus ° SS EY RE ET - , INUS Variable Actions Sus Traffic loads (multi-component) Q Gravitational loads (including overloaded vehicles) O Horizontal loads Braking / Acceleration forces injudes dynamic Centrifugal forces effects Utraction (for railway bridges) Other variable actions Q Actions during execution O Thermal actions Q Wind actionsNUS Accidental Actions Impact {colision} from vehicles OFire OExplosions Other Actions Seismic actions (covered in EC8) oTen eH. NUS 1” Araffic loads on bridges (EC1 Pt 2) NYS Road bridges Q Main vertical loads (4 Load Models) 1 from trafic representing diferent types of traffic or different design situations O Secondary live loads (horizontal loads) 0g, due to acceleration & braking & centrifugal effects ‘som Accidental loading «a collisions with bridge supports ‘ves! effects of errant vehicles on areas such as footways and cycle tracks Applicable for spans of § ~ 200m, & carriageway widths $ 42m Ten KH, NUS 2I Division of carriageway — Coriageway with. w ad _ reset __COtiogeway width Say g ‘tee revere | Beat tottedl a shoulder had “ip sip per Wis high fhe ei ba olen lo ;ccount 100 mm. $$ NA adopts 75mm. 02 Gra 1 ufiys deck ob faith eat “deci fetadtry“Zentral oad restraint system w = 24.50 m.'n\=8 lanes + remaining area 0.50 m rust Unicve deck & pesmanent cepfral road restraint system ex 2211.00 m,my= 3laHNes + remaining area.2 m on each side A Totak 6 lanes + remaining area’ ni) (but only one Lone #1) i Iwo independent decks supported by same Jime vst, ag) iersfabviments SP ey" x 11,00 m, n,= 3 lanes + remaining area 2m on each side ~~~ Two separate lane numberings for decks (2 Lanes #1) ] Aunique lane numbering for design of substructure (1 Lane #1)| | (Ten KH, NUS: patria:Traffic Loading System) Tandem atem 5) +U0taiem] | + intended to cover owing, i Congested or atic jar situations with high Rage of heavy lores, * vied for general (ond local) l Vetfcationt ns ny see a ARI TTG IETS Simin Remo oa qy= 251m q Tan KH, NUS NUS - Adjustment factors (SS NA - pending) 5.4 Vlen® ] Toeten ~~ Gfortandemanle Toads @for UDE Tending 4.0) Tqeto S125 Tg SOBTERAAT GG Lane? og = 19 1.25 % 4 Lane oq = 10 31.25 eg=22 ] her anes - ge 22 Remuining area — o=22 NOTE Og, should be taken ab 1,0 for 49-102) of SSEN 1994 raking forces)oad Model 2 (Local effects) bos a 400KN Single ano load _ + = intended to cover effects of normal traffic on very short (3~7 m) structural elements | be vied on ts own to determine ag —}—= x — purelylocalettects i $5 NA (pending): f, ree @kerd™ Gooun ‘ales of 1S0KN ase SEASOAN lens of 150EN tr Galelins of 20088 10 aedies of SDN or 9 alins of 200KN 24001 12 atelier of 2003 10 alice of 20KN (¢Gazlelinesof200KN (epcing 12m) +6 aslesines of 0kN 2400/00/00, 300048 1S asics of 2003 3000/00 for I2asliines of HORN +1 arlene of 204 son240 ‘eS anlelins of 200K pacing 12m) +7 alesis of 0KN 3002007200 36004 18 ating of 20018 So)2c0 tr 1S aaleins of KN 3600)20 te alin of DEN pacing H2m)-+9 axleties of 0KN 30/00/20,3 Basic Models for STGO Vehicles (SS NA] NUS | pecial Types Gener ISO) sv@0/100 Special 1 ral Orcer (ST '8¥80 vehicle — intended to model ‘a0 sayy npr 2) ta) 1987 —_pffects of STGO Cat 2 vehicles OW OR Me IP witha max. gross weight of £0 7 | fonnes and a max. basic axle nefste tan itn load of 12 tonnes. a a. |, $9100 vehicle ~ intended to = {4 modelettecis of S160 Cal 3 Vehicles with a max. gross weight 1 F of 100 tonnes and @ max, basic L Bs axle load of 16.5 tonnes. , [Note:The SV 80 ond $100 are L H @ similar to #830, 1 || Pe eum cert ee th | | Became oft 2m or 80m 8.0m | Boden rma 7 ernkH. NUS ‘9 na sv196 ; — - NUS $v196 vohici = “ee gee pe meotime FLEET LELLEL -! locomative puting a S1GO Cat 3 oad with ose max gros wi.of 150 fonnes & a max. , basic axe load of 16.5 tonnes with the 3 7085 wi of the , ‘ehicte train not t exceeding 196 il fonnes La The wheelioods of ci three SV model Vehicles should be Uniformly distibuted over asquare contac! oreo of 035m x0.35m, tan KH, NUS. a (Note: The SVi96is l= Oude wack and oer ease mtn similar to HBAS.) 90m. R= Dereon of wavehApplication of SV models on carriageway +Only one SV model vehicle should be consider- ed with Le del 1 At *SV vehicle can be placed at any transverse position, within one lane or sirada- ing two adjacent lanes *Should be placed to produce the most severe load effect tank, NUS Pi SV lies within a notional lane(a) Dist. to far edge < 2.5m 1 2 3 as Ye Mf Hie %]% Pie 9 aa vied | da Hse 7 Saetentl Tie al eae Lb otk = 27 un | um aon [300 @ Load Model 4 (Crowd Loading) [UDL = 5 kN/m? Proll Josh ones at - includes dynamic amplification and is only applied when requested by the client - considered for checking transient design situations only eta kH. NUS a| Horizontal Forces Braking and Acceleration Forces ee cen | C longitudinal force acting at wie lane and for loaded surface level of coriageway | lengths 1-2m A characteristic valve Q, | [associated with Lodd Model 1} | Qy.= 0.8 a (2300}+0.1 (9X) 50+ 2.7L $900 KN. ISSNAS aay = 1.25; doy = 1) I 0, = DF rj 2Q,)= O10 AE 18029, (RN) S Oy = 900 kN) | (1 __ | s acceleration forces have where Length of decker ot pat_| the some magnitude Si thaarcoisecon broking forces, but in | Allocated along axis of any lane: or | oppose crecton Gong conegeway aut Scceniicllyetiecksaresmat | Forhotzontal forces | casoctcted wth toad Model (SV), 400 SS NA, | oTanKHNUS 25 Centrifugal & other transverse forces | 1D Centrifugal force @,, is taken as a re Transverse force acting atthe finshed | M Caniageway level and racially to axs of qe camageway ax:totaimasmam [1 | 7 A Characteristic value (dynamic ettects | Welgbtofverical included}. assumed asa pointload at | fandom systems of Ul ‘ony deck powecion 2 =Daq(20,)| | mata ii 70m fo ERD _ |r shoraontalocies BOTT AN Tiws7s iso | of cariageway eenteine ano asm “SS NA— Nominal sting U Where relevant, lateral forces from Erisbeeraney ain IN [lo be consistent wih skew braking or skidding should be ‘curent" bridge design t considered™ toad) i OTen KH, NUS 2 BSS SEERA SE ALE RETOEach group of loads defines a characteristic action to be ‘combined with non-traffic loads 88 NA SS NA and "Eg. (5.11: were 2.51N Tan KH,NUS aJochormeriste wee) joaded length (rn) fBNUS — ——— See, Sonar ae in ce)= pao ‘Ssh ancl en 03 Fo wo te) respi oc, NUS Sige ie veo [ere ‘Ten KH NUSPartial Safety (Load) Factors (y) for Traffic Loads Deen Lint et") Persistent | Transient | Accidental a ee State Z ULS 1.35 1.35 1.0 sis 1.0 10 ne pale tank NUS Combination Rules for Road Bridges ewes Q Infrequent combinations of actions need not be USED, I we iy oe Q Wind and themial actions are not taken into account simultaneously with any roup of traffic Q Wind actions need only be taken into account simultaneously with load group grla QNo variable non-traffic action is tal simultaneously with load group grb Ten KH. NUS. en into accountExample NUS O Persistent design situations for STR/GEO limit states conse — ovr ¢ {E00 “+ 0840)} Tio a ce fee 2 1.38(TS + UDL-+ gy) + 1.5 x 0.5Fuinte 1 35erheras4s & at phe Lar} 13sQ57s CIUDL HO) eiercrial LSFwe oct €ona 1.5 Qa +2009 rer an’ : ’combination value’ of vertical loads on footways & cycle racks of grt [3kN/m? } Exercise - 2011 Exam Q INUS Figure (a] shows @ road bridge spanning 12 m between abutments. The bridge deck has a total width of & m with @ 200 mm raised kerio on each side, as shown in Fig. {b) {a} Determine the number and width of notional lanes for the carriageway. {fb} Determine the design loads and hence the maximum longitudinal ‘bending moment for the bridge deck due to dead loads in, combination with Group 1a traffic load Given: Seltaweight of deck = 5 kN/m?; Unit weight of asphalt = 23 kN/m® ‘and partial safety factor for asphall y,= 1.2. Neglect the weight of kerb and any fistures on the kerb. ean HNUS Eeq }—— 12m ——4 @ 200 mn 50mm asphalt my —, (6m —— () eter KH. NUS a Fatigue load models a O Traffic load may produce a stress spectrum which causes fatigue ( Depends on geometry of vehicles, axle loads, vehicle spacing, composition of traffic and dynamic effecis O Five fatigue load models Fatigue LMI (similar to LM) Fatigue LM2 (set of “frequent” lorries) Fatigue LM3 (single vehicle model) Fatigue LM4 (set of "standard lorries) UFatigue LMS (based on recorded road traffic data) OTaNKH, NUS 38Actions for accidental design INUS situations Q Collision forces from vehicles under the bridge Collision forces on piers and other supporling members Collision forces on decks Actions from vehicles on the bridge UVehicles on footways and cycle tracks Collision forces on kerbs Collision forces on vehicle restraint systems Collision forces on structural members The Ex. ornk NUS ” Further reading: = Bridge Deck Analysis”, E & FN © O'Biien,£.1. And Keogh, D. L ; Spon, 1999 @ Caigoro, J.A.,Tschumi. M, and Gulvanessian, H., “Designers Guide 10 Eurocede 1: Actions on Bridges”, Thomas Teor 2010. I Q Dave, P., "Tatficloacing on highway bridges", Thomas Telford, 2003. ean KH NUS 38 BeTest Your Understanding — INUS Concrete Bridges | | Seung dan wa) searing cargo a) ; pears 2. What are the four load models for gravitational ‘Ans Aim, me, UM5 un afc loads? 3. What are the horizontal loads due to trafic? Ans: Mey, erg sodmoton des 4. What are the 3 factors associated wit traffic actions? Ans Fase tent of1-11, BIE J Types of Water-Retaining structures US Classifications Q Location: elevated, on-ground, | underground Shape: teclanguiar circular nie, ) spherical, fal bottom, domed bottom 5 O Materials: steel, concrete, FRP, others | O Function: storage tanks, reservoirs, J swimming pools, etc.Design Standards <= Eurocode’2 - Design of concrete structures ~ Part 3: Liquid retaining and containment structures (EN 1992-3:2006) > SS!EN1992-3:2010°% NA CIRIA C660 - Early-Age Thermal Crack Control in Concrete > non-contradictory complementary information (NCCI) @ Singapore Standard GP:7321998, “Code of Practice for Design of Concrete Structures for Retaining Aqueous Liquids", 1998 a British Slandard Code of Practice for Design of, Concrete Structures for Retaining Aqueous Liquids", 1987 Basis of Design NUS To resist all applicable actions during manufacture, installation and in the final configuration Structures and other components should be designed for serviceability and strength for all operating conditions [including full and empty conditions) 1 Watertightness & protection of all steel from corrosion to ensure adequate serviceabiity > concrete quality & crack control are vital otankH, NUS. NN 1991-4, Eurocode |, Actions on INI Actions (Loads) Siz Siccse:actonce RGNUS @ Dead load - wt. of structure (full/empty), equipment & Piping loads @ Live load - construction loads, loads on roof @ Liquid load - internal pressure @ Earth pressure - due fo backfill & surcharge on earih @ Extemal hydrostatic pressure - due to ground water @ Wind action @ Thermal action - due to environmental temperature @ Indirect action - heat of hydration, drying shrinkage, foundation settlement @ Others - seismic actions, snow actions CE A. oetente atin aanep etankH, NUS 5 Garabingtions of Actions: ees Ose PMD LE. ~ i} esate | Siac A Vcore | Seeding mer san pereneennes I uLs G ee Fo lect len sar eeeNUS O Partial factors (y) for liquie'induced loads: O yqi=ils20:during:operation (applied to stored liquid at the maximum design liquid level) y@=Hk00 during:test (applied to the test medium at the maximum test liquid level) U1 ¥q = 1.00 for accidental design situations Ten KH, NUS 7 Q Combination factors: (w) freer fd atl = = Wn netone [0s a a0 [otis rg 0 a8 aaMethods of Analysis = _-< _Ugud pressures can be contained by Structural actions —(o} arect tension or comptesion ioriona (6) Renuralesstance veriats Le cota case. wenn 6 tw Circular tanks Cylindrical tanks hinged sliding® rl Hoop tension Vertical “— beget moment ca tm Refer to handbooks (6.9. Reynolds RC Designers’ orange tig’) Handbook }for evaluation of action effects. L.Design Objectives ys 1 © Durability ; Q water tightness s structure has | protection of reinforcement resistance to leaching / abrasion Q chemical / frost resistance, etc @ Ultimate Limit States Q stability (overturning, flotation) Q strength @ Serviceabilty Limit States O deflection, settlement cracking {load-induced, temp., shrinkage & moisture] O water-tighiness ifthe siructure has been proportioned | ' & reinforced so that | the quid is retained | without leckoge, | then the strength is usually more than adequate, Tan kH, NUS. " Cracking ; NUS Causes: + DAction-induced - direct tension and/or flexure, °* thermal action Physical and chemical changes generated by ‘changes in temperature and moisture content as -concrete matures and strengthens Restraints 10 movement by adjoining stronger concrete sections Alnadeavate detailing of reinforcement and of associated poor construction techniquesDesign for Cracking <= Protection against leakage abo 7.108 — cleat Toniess cuss Rocuirenenrs orearaoe 'o: [Some cegroo of rakageaccopablo, or hakage oiquds metrani Po Leakage Bene Se aura stning or Sp palches ope Leakage obo minal Arpanance nolo bo [No lakage pemitod roared yang TC 0- adopt provisionsin 7.3.1 of €N 1992-1 mse03 erm under GPloo8s) TC 1 ~adopt provions in 73.1 of EN 1992-1-Lifnot fly cracked": otherwise, tnt w tom (=005-=0:2 mm a 2m hens mene TC 2~cracks passing through full section thicknels ot allowed Unless ‘appropriate meatus ore made 1.3 special measures (e.g. ners or prestres) required ee Bolaed bel aatcormeeesidTS ETE” ama ‘nmoroan wee hthe seman heiews [expected tong oko ot eraoxn mes Socieatne nie enim ecioei siete nears coat Aone db camtn 9 tn genus Q Control of cracking without direct calculation (minimum reinft. provided as per §E2 Part. 1, 7.3.2") kK fesan (0465 [h=800 mm) — 1.0 (p=300 men) ‘NO (purestension): 0 (oening} nae exo onthe WV\y l Cracking ‘due fo 3 Note: Steel stress is the value obtained Immediately after ‘cracking due to restraint; oF calculated based on cracked section th under relevant CRSA OSSED Ser, maximum bargiameter (rm) A 4 1 x (mmm?) en 1992-3:2006, Fig. 7.103Nsoem NUS {::0chsled mox. bar ciometer $/ max. bar diameter from Fig. 7.103N | hy: overall thickness of member | d: depth to centroid of outer layer ot reint, rom opposite [5] -teiveerson aes for pet side of concrete Smoas etc sn efor love feien: effective mean value of Loa téhtie strength of concrete MPO) = fen = Oy* 2 me ekg to Boom en Fey a a Zz c va) ’ a 1 T Cracking due Em { | “totoading, B |_| | BTN | eu . | | 2 | ess q | a + | a ! — Y oo 500k retirement ses, 08a) a EN PRS, Fi. 7.00]Early-Age Thermal Crack Control = U Restrained imposed deformations O Calculation of sirains and stresses in concrete | sections (simplified method) [EN 1992-3: 2006, Annex] _[]_ Gent cnn a ee =(-R,, \e,, =k” (lire 2) “Slress.n concrete: | =*a)] ia Ra oxllrestain factor) Rat flexural restiain! factor [= 1.0 in most cases) fc! imposed strain a level fox! @ver0g@ Imposed sain in the element (Le. average stn which would ‘occurif he member was completely umestcined) 2, :heigh! to level z, anc height to section centoid resply. We: curate Eun: eflective modulus of elasticity (allowing for creep) Tan KH, NUS 7 = Euag (E, 5 . INUS Axial Restraint Factor R S — Free contraction strain due to Original coping: . arith ‘nial rest.) Pentecien Actual axial strain | ene a nyu _—_____———_, Contraction Won /¥=1-x7y) fullrestraint i — neti fo bother Reshraining ress cot (VXI L ‘cot (Be ~ oad oTnKH. NUS. Fel Sg Bt | SA CE Poel CR Ei? Y= movement if unrestrained X=actual movementPotential pinay rake tan kH.NUS Symmes He UT tector = 0-5 (1-H (b) Hoizona si bomwoon id estas NUS Exercise — Skeiehthe required distribution of reintt |S) Poveil pxnary eke (©) Sequential bay wall cone Tank H, NUSSS Distribution of rein J ()Atenatobay wal constton (wth constuction joints) = 2.4 MPa fey, > etacckedt saithcr of mer yy Si os See 300,000 Nim/side * taka] | 20x TO7KU25 x 12x10 x 40 | Using H20 bars (g,* = 20x(2.9/2)x 10{50)/300 =48.3 mm} requires 9,5 120 MPa\y) A oi 900,000 1120, ew, = Hoemonings = 2500 mm?/m ee > Provide H20012: (Slide #14) | | | | d= 250 mm; wy) = 0.15 mm oT KH.NUS 2| 0 Galeuiatiomoferackwidths [en 1992-3: 2006, annex M 4 a Yj a | je sas | C07 7 (@) Restoint of amember _(b) Restraint clong one edge ais ends Oceuts when a new Occurs when a walls seclon & cast behween ast onto a pre- two pre-extting sections nating sit base (a) Resiraintotmemberatitsend aaa) 5, “Oa igh bond eal We = S; marl m~ Sem) focommends ove ots F,=(.D {pute tension):0.5{bending) where 5 nx = 3:46 + 0.425 Ki ky 6) Pyatt (6m ~ Gm) = 05 eK feren (1* Way AVE, [= 045- 19 secon profi) [See Lecture on Servceabilly (Crack = 1D [pure tension}:0.4 (bending) _| | Control} for definitions of various ters. - For checking cracking without direct calcviation (using Figs 7.103N and 7.104N), @ may be taken as K fete! P where (6= AJA} and Aa the area of concrete in tension, Tank H, NUS@ NUS (b) A long wail resirained along one edge =— The formation of a crack in this Wi case only infuences ine | distribution of stresses localy | 5 dand the crack width is @ | function ofthe restrainecstrain_ | (om - rather than the tense strain Copacty of ne concrete. —_| | Ra, = axial restraint factor | yea = rain which would occur if member was completely unrestrained | For e.g., for early-age deformation (CIRIA C460): Free = (aT) + fea )K where a= coetf, of thermal expansion of concrete: T; = temperature drop: fq saulogenous shvinkage (» 50-100 x 10); and ) k= coefficient for creep [included in R values, EN1992-3) Ten KH, NUS 25 ath ME Example 2 2 | em ¢ Sima 3.4C + 0.425 (6.86 / Pp.os) 4 3:4xd2 + [0.425%0.8x16/ (1341/(1000 x 1254) 1" a 650 mm Calculate the maxshotizontals Wy, = Sin, fee | rackwidth due to early-age 450% 0.28 x 480 x 104 | thermal cracking in the wal, 0.078 mm. | Given: | Ty= 40°C: | if. is replaced by 1.14 (CIRIA High-bond bars {168180 mm, ee ai Efe (ia4lmméim): = 300mm; — C460), then w,= 0:10 m | d= 250 mm. "Aca = smaler of 2.86(h ~ a) and bh/2 erankH, NUS aINUS Q Minimising cracking due to restrained imposed deformations Limit the temperature rise due to hydration of cement Removing or reducing restraints By planned sequence of construction (see next side) 1D by providing movernent joints (see nex! side) Reducing the shrinkage of concrete Using concrete with a low coefficient of thermal expansion Using concrete with a high tensile strain capacity (Tighiness Class 1 structures only) Application of prestressing Ten KH, nus, a 7 INUS Construction sequence should be continuous — Construction sequence is) Prefered sequence {b) Nottocormeneed fe) Etec of method fon tid lb pone eTen KH, NUS Py 2]{oe $ NUS | Spacing of movement joints scenes ‘Sepends on the SS Provided Temporary shor | oops may be lett ut, tobe filed in after concrete hashardened ‘Concrete section isdelberately reduced to couse cracks to form ot preterted postions NUS Q Provision of movement joints [EN 1992-3: 2006, annex N O Resign forfulltesinint -no movement joints are provided - crack widths and spacings are controlled by the provision of appropriate reinforcement 1 Design for free movement - cracking is controlled by the proximity of joints - moderate amount of reinforcement is provided to transmit any movements to the adjacent joint - significant cracking between joints should not occur eTankH, NUS 0ERIC eae ee z B a | Seeutecssnn [eee [ Sezer ag t Sg oe anunegeninsa zone [ Notes Chapter 6~ Utimate Limit States Chapter 73-Cracking | 49.62 Verlcal reinforcement in wals f | 3.63 Horizontal einforcement in walls \9.6:4 Transverse reinforcement in wal Tan kH NUS. ” l G Examples of movement joints INUS eam Patel <= U (30) eanevon) floor slab Conte Catchon Jemt Crapo ‘eon! a (Stal chee) Mae don eTankH. NUS. 2Further Reading: 0 Bally, |. & Westbrook, R., “The Design of Water-Retaining Structures”, Longman Group, 1991 1 Anchor, R.D., "Design of Liquid Retaining Concrete Structures", 24 Ed,, Edward Amold, 1992 O Green, J.K. & Perkins, P.H., “Concrete Liquid Retaining Structures: Design, Specification and Construction”, Applied Science Publishers, 1980 1 Reynolds, C.£. Stedman, J.C. Threlfall, A.J., "Reynolds's Reinforced Designer's Handbook", 11" Edition, Taylor & Francis, London, 2008, 1 Papworth, F. & Bamforth, P., "Control of Contraction Induced Cracking in Concrete”, CIRIA C660. Pre ET CSE a EE Test Your Understanding — feuys Water-Retaining Structures 4. What are the main causes of cracking in water-elaining structures? ‘Ang: Ditect tension andior flexure; thermal action, heat of hydration, & shrinkage, 2. Howcan cracking be controlled without calculations? ‘Ang: By limiting bar size andlor bar spacing, which depend on stee! stress. 3, What are axial restraint factors? ‘Ans: Measure of the magnitude of restraint to contraction by adjacent stil, members. 4. How can cracking due to restrained imposed deformations be minimised? ‘Ans: Limit temperature rise due to cement hydration; removinglreducing restraints; reducing shrinkage, use concrete with low coefficient of thermal expansion or with high tensile strain capacity; apply prestressing, fe TenkH, NUS uee ee ee ee ee