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5.2- Invaded Zone Resistivities
'&(
)
&(#
&'
!
!
$"
%
"#
!
Dr. M. Watfa
Invasion Profiles
Water Bearing Zone: '&( Invasion profiles
&(# )
&'
! % !
$"
"#
!
Oil Bearing Zone: Invasion profiles
Annulus Invasion
'&( Creation
Annulus
(#)
&
&'
%!
! Invading Mud Filtrate
$"
"#
!
displaces oil and formation
water
In the annulus the formation
water pushed back pushes
the oil out
examples of filtrate
invasion
)invaded
The '&
( volumes
'computed
( #
&
& here show an
!
increase with depth.
! %
(slightly % !
formation
!
higher).
are"only
# $ "
We ! interested in the separation between
these
curves and so scales are chosen to show
this and not the rest of the readings.
Microlog is used to identify permeable
zones.
2" Micronormal. (A M2)
1"x1" Microinverse. (A M1)
(Slightly different depths of investigation).
6 Copyright 2001-2011 NExT. All rights reserved Material: M. Watfa
6
Micro Inverse (MI) & Micro Normal (MN),
MN
(
MI
) '
#
MN readsinthe &
&'mud cake plus invaded
zone !%
!
"#$"
permeable
Reservoir
In zones we will see
separations
!
(red-shading)
In non-permeable zones (e.g. Shales) we
will not have any separations- curves
overlay
The absolute values of MI and MN are
not important. Sometimes MI > MN or MN
Shale
. MI
8 Copyright 2001-2011 NExT. All rights reserved Material: M. Watfa
8
Micro Inverse (MI) & Micro Normal (MN),
MI / MN profiles
Rxo and % !
! mudcake thickness.
Rxo
"In#$"Shales, siltstone, salt, anhydrite, tight
!
porosity, etc.. there will be no separation
(impermeable zones).
There will be separations between
MI/MN even when the permeability is as
low as 1 mD.
Negative separation can also take place
in fresh muds (low salinity) if Rmc > Rxo
&MI
Typical ( / MN Log
)'
'& ( #
& This log shows one permeable
!
!
$"
%
intervals. This is the zone of
"# interest.
!
Difficult log to interpret with
high GR and High resistivity
intervals.
MI
Typical &(
)'
/ MN Log
'& ( #
& This log shows four
!
!
$"
%
permeable intervals.
"# These intervals seem to be
!
separated by high resistivity
beds (possibly
salt/anhydrite/zero-porosity).
The Microlog is a great aid for
interpretations to focus on
permeable zones.
Microlog comparison
)'&(
&(#
two &' Microlog examples
!
! obtained from pad
%
"#$" measurement
!
and from model derivatives
The correlations is good.
Microlog Limitations
'&(can be used
Under favorable circumstances the Microlog
(#)
'&
to obtain Rxo but it is generally
considered
a good
&
!%
!
"#$"
qualitative indicator of permeability, rather than an Rxo
!
measurement.
Rxo/Rmcmust
be less than about 15.
Mudcake thickness <1.2 cm
Depth of flushing >10 cm, otherwise the Microlog
readings are affected by Rt.
13 Copyright 2001-2011 NExT. All rights reserved Material: M. Watfa
13
MicroSpherically Focused Log (MSFL)
This is a pad tool
(that is pushed against
(wall.
#)
'&
'
the borehole &
This tool&uses a combination of
!%
!
"#$electrodes to focus the measure current,
"
! so that:
The loss of voltage caused by the
mudcake is minimal
The focusing of the tool reduces the
measure currents depth of investigation.
The volume of investigation is essentially
a semi-sphere with the bulk of the
volume in the invaded zone (5-10cm).
Measure Voltage
Pseudo-Geometric Factors
J
This essentially shows how
)'tool
each
&( is affected by the
&(#
&'invasion.
The value of Ra is
! % !
the apparent resistivity
invasion of 20-inches ,
J=0.15, this means the LLD
reads 85% from the Rt
Example-2: for an invasion of
20-inches, the MSFL has a
J=1, which means it reads
mainly Rxo
16 Copyright 2001-2011 NExT. All rights reserved Material: M. Watfa
16
MicroSpherically Focused Log (MSFL)
Example:
&(
Rxo / RMSFL
RMSFL = 20 )'
RMC = 2, '& ( #
Mud-cake !&
hmc = inches
%
$" !
thickness
Answer: Rxo/RMSFL= 0.92
"#
Rxo = 18.4 ohm-meter !
RMSFL / RMC
Most measurements require corrections since the measurements are affected by the environment
For the MSFL, the effects of mud cake properties are the main corrections needed.
hmc comes from calliper readings, RMC comes from mud measurements
17 Copyright 2001-2011 NExT. All rights reserved Material: M. Watfa
17
Spherically Focused Log (SFL)
Spherically Focused
log
(SFL)
This
)is'&an
( MSFL-Like tool
(#
'measurement
&
&
! Except- we use a mandrel
! %
MCFL Principle:
Very similar principle to that of
the
MSFL '&(
Main (#
)
& ' & difference is that a semi-
! cylindrical volume is measured
!
$"
%
"#
in the invaded zone.
! The design and the new
technology improved the
vertical resolution and reduced
the borehole effects.
Tool can be modelled and
digitally simulated
M - Monitor Electrode
N - Auxiliary Voltage Electrode
A0 and A1 - Guard Electrodes
Objectives - MCFL
The main objectives of the Microresistivity
measurement are to provide:
)'&(
High Resolution Rxo &(#
&'
Rxo Insensitive to Thin Mudcakes
! % !
$"
!"#
Rxo Corrected for Thick Mudcakes
Estimation of Mudcake
Thickness
or Stand-Off
In order to achieve:
correction of Deep resistivity measurement
Invasion
Detection of permeable zones
Evaluation of sand-shale laminations
Quantitative Sxo (moveable oil) estimate
! %
Accomplished
!
by using A0 electrode which
"#surrounds
$" all the measure buttons. This
! creates an equipotential around them.
Active Focusing (Horizontal)
To ensure equipotentials are azimuthal in
nature as it leaves the pad
To probe currents fully into invaded zone.
Current injection from A1 is controlled by the
monitoring condition:
MCFL Left Upper Quarter VM - VA0 = 0
%!
!
Shallow Rxo (3 depthof
"investigation)
#$"
!
to mudcake up to .4 thick
Rxo insensitive
Rxo corrected for thick mudcakes (> .4)
To acquire:
Forward Model Inversion
Rxo, Rmc, hmc
from a set of measurements: Forward
)'&(
&(#
B0,B1,B2
&'
model
!
!
$"
%
Use Forward Model Inversion
"#
!
Computed
Develop a relationship between the Parameters
+ +
input (B0,B1,B2) and the output
Measurements
(Rxo, Rmc, hmc): Cost
Function
ie, BUILD up a MODEL from
A Priori on - - Actual
KNOWN values
Parameters Measurements
Then identify SOLUTION from a set
of measurements based on PRIOR
knowledge
23 Copyright 2001-2011 NExT. All rights reserved Material: M. Watfa
23
MicroCylindrically Focused Log (MCFL)
NO
Forward Model
YES
Computed
'&(
(#)
Computed Results
&
Data
&'
%!
!
$"
"#
!
Log
Inversion Measurements
Experimental
Database
"# This allows digital real time corrections
(Ohm.m)
!
to obtain an accurate Rxo.
B1
Today you can design tools that can be
B*
'&(
)
&(#
&'
B2
!
!
$"
%
B1
"#
!
Bo
Algorithm
Estimation performed by an Extended Kalman Filter - objective is
to minimise the function from actual and computed measurements
'&(
&(# )
&'
Advantages:
! % !
"#$"
Noise and uncertainties !into
taken account
Confidence outputs
Real time
%
10 2
"#$" Can also be used as
! good Rx0 measurement
(when outside the
10 1
inversion domain, or as
10 0 cross check)
10 -1
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8
hmc (in.)
B1 Response
10 4
'&(
)
&(#
10 3
&'
!
!
Apparent Resistivity (Ohm.m)
%
$" Insensitive to
"#
10 2
10 0
10 -1
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8
hmc (in.)
10 4
B2Response
&(
(#)
'
&
10 3
&'
%!
Apparent Resistivity (Ohm.m)
!
$"
"#
10 2
10 -1
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8
hmc (in.)
! % !
Vertical resolution 3 in.
! "#$" 2 in.
Mudcake corrections
Poorly defined
Well defined up to 0.6 in.
Rxo limit
1000Ohm-m
1000 Ohm-m
synthetic Microlog
Auxiliary measurement Standoff, Microlog output
Length
20 ft 14 ft
Weight 335 Ibm 249 Ibm
Diameter 5 1/4 in. 4 5/8 in.
Temperature 350 F 260 F
Pressure 20,000 psi 10,000 psi
31 Copyright 2001-2011 NExT. All rights reserved Material: M. Watfa
31
MCFL Log Examples
MSFL-MCFL
Comparison
'&(
(#)
& and MCFL in thin bedded
MSFL
formation.
&'
% !
! MCFL gives a much sharper
"#$"
!
vertical resolution.
This can be of great help in thin
laminated sand-shale formations.
Helps to:
Provide enhanced vertical
resolution.
Accurate digital modelling
Accurate Rxo and hence
Sxo
Microlog Example
A good
)'&( of a Microlog (MI
example
MI / MN
and MN) (# in a laminated formation
&' &
%with
!
!
impermeable layers.
$"
"#
! This will help identify all the
reservoir section.
This could significantly increase
the reservoirs net pay. e net
ThinlyBedded
Example
)'&(
&(#
&'
%!A good example of thin laminated
!
$" sandstone.
"# The MCFL was used to model and
!
improve the vertical resolution of
the deep reading Resistivities
(Shallow-Medium-Deep).
This gave an overall improvement
in the estimated values of Sw and
Sxo, as well as defining the bed
boundaries.
&'
!
! Poor borehole conditions- high
%
"#$" rugosity
!
The MCFL pad design and
digital modelling compensated
for the poor borehole
conditions.
The MSFL in poor hole
conditions read low (mud
reading).
MCFL Comparison
with FMI
MCFL Log '&(
(#)
&
FMI&has'
The
! the best vertical resolution
in open
! %
hole measurements.
"#$"
! The FMI serves as a good reference for
vertical bed definitions.
The example shows the MCFL log super-
imposed on the FMI images.
Light image high resistance
Dark Images conductive beds.
The MCFL picks effectively the variations
in bed conductivities.