Reactor Design Non-Isothermal Reactions

Week 8 Chapter Eight, Steady-State Nonisothermal Reactor Design, Part 2

Outline

1. Steady state tubular reactor with heat exchange (Non-adiabatic)

2. Adiabatic Temperature and Equilibrium Conversion

3. Reactor Staging with Interstage Cooling/Heating

4. Non-Isothermal CSTR
Reactor Design Non-Isothermal Reactions

Steady state tubular reactor with heat exchange

Lets consider a tubular reactor in which heat is added or removed through the
cylindrical walls of the reactor
Assumptions:
No radial gradient in the reactor
Heat flux through the wall per unit volume of reactor is as shown in Figure 8-1.
.
Q UA(Ta T) Ua(Ta T)V

Ta V

FH FH
FA0 FA,exit
T0 i i V T i i V V
TA,exit

V V+V

Figure 8-1 Tubular reactor with heat gain or loss

 Reactor Design Non-Isothermal Reactions

Deriving the energy balance for a non-adiabatic PFR

n n
At steady-state,
no shaft work
F
i 1
i0 H i 0 Fi H i Q 0
i 1

Energy balance on the

volume V , FH i i Fi H i 0
Q Heat flow to the
Q
reactor
at steady-state, V V V
no shaft work
A Heat exchange
Heat flow to the reactor UA(T T)
Q a area
UaV(Ta T) U Overall heat transfer
coefficient

A DL 4 a Heat exchange area

where: a per unit volume of
V D 2 L D
reactor
4
D Reactor diameter
Steady-state,
no shaft work FH i i Fi H i UaV(Ta T) 0
Energy Balance V V V
Reactor Design Non-Isothermal Reactions

Deriving the energy balance for a non-adiabatic PFR

FH i i Fi H i UaV(Ta T) 0
V V V

Dividing V & Fi H i V V Fi H i V d(Fi H i )

taking the limit as V0 lim
V 0
V dV
d(Fi H i )
Ua(Ta T) 0
dV
dF dHi
Expanding Ua(Ta T) i H i Fi 0
dV dV
dFi
Mole balance ri vi (rA )
dV
Hi Hi CPi (T TR )
o
Enthalpy equation

Differentiating with dH i dT
respect to V C Pi
dV dV
 Reactor Design Non-Isothermal Reactions

Deriving the energy balance for a non-adiabatic PFR dFi

ri vi (rA )
dFi dHi dV
Ua(Ta T) H i Fi 0
dV dV dH i
C Pi
dT
dV dV

dT
Ua(Ta T) vi H i (rA ) Fi CPi 0
dV
H Rx (T )
d c b
Heat of reaction H Rx (T ) H D (T ) H C (T ) H B (T ) H A (T )
at temperature T a a a

Rearranging Heat Generated Heat Removed

dT rA H Rx Ua(T Ta )

dV Fi C Pi
 Reactor Design Non-Isothermal Reactions

Deriving the energy balance for a non-adiabatic PFR

dT rA H Rx Ua(T Ta )
PFR energy balance
dV Fi C Pi
dT rA H Rx Ua(T Ta )
In terms of conversion

dV FA 0 (i C Pi C P X)

where: Fi FA0 (i i X ) Fi C Pi FA 0 (i v i X)C Pi

FA 0 i C Pi v i C Pi X
FA 0 C
i Pi C P X
dT
Energy balance g ( X, T )
dV
dX rA
Mole balance f (X, T)
dV FA 0

The energy balance equation must be coupled with mole balance equation and
solved simultaneously.
Reactor Design Non-Isothermal Reactions

Equilibrium Conversion

The highest conversion that can be achieved in reversible reactions is the

equilibrium conversion

Endothermic reactions Exothermic reactions

X X
1.0 1.0

T T
Reactor Design Non-Isothermal Reactions
Adiabatic Temperature and Equilibrium Conversion
(Exothermic Reactions)
kA
A B First order, reversible, liquid-
k-A phase, exothermic reaction
KC
1. Net rate rA k AC A k ACB

CB k A
2. At equilibrium rA 0 KC
C A k A
3. Stoichiometry v v0 C A C A0 (1 X )
T
C B C A0 X
4. Combining KC
C C A0 X e Xe X Xe
KC B 1 1 KC
C A C A0 (1 X e ) (1 X e )
KC
Xe
1 KC

T
Reactor Design Non-Isothermal Reactions
5. Energy balance
Steady-State No
phase change, n

constant CP , no A 0 i Pi
F C ( T Ti0 ) H Rx ( T ) FA0 Q 0
X
shaft work i 1
Energy Balance

X EB
Ci Pi (T T0 )
X H Rx (T )
X EB
Ci Pi (T T01)
1 H Rx (T )
XEB,0
KC
Xe
XEB,1 1 K C T0 increase
XEB decrease

Adiabatic temperature

T0 T01 T
Graphical solution of equilibrium and energy balance equations to obtain the
adiabatic temperature and the adiabatic equilibrium conversion X
 Reactor Design Non-Isothermal Reactions
Example 8.6 Calculating the adiabatic equilibrium temperature
kA
First order, reversible, liquid-phase,
A B exothermic reaction
k-A
H A (298 K) 40,000 cal/mol CPA 50 cal / (mol K) Ke 100,000 at 298 K
H B (298 K) 60,000 cal/mol CPB 50 cal / (mol K)

- Determine the adiabatic equilibrium temperature and conversion when pure A is fed
to the reactor at a temperature of 300 K

Solution
Ke
1. Equilibrium constant Xe
1 Ke
CP CPB CPA 50 50 0

HRx HB HA 20000 cal / mol

H Rx

1 1 20,000 1 1
K e (T ) K e (T1 ) exp K e (T ) 100,000 exp
R T1 T 1.987 298 T
Reactor Design Non-Isothermal Reactions

T 298
K e 100,000 exp 33.78
T
2. Equilibrium conversion from thermodynamics
T 298
100,000 exp 33.78
T
Xe
T 298
1 100,000 exp 33.78
T Xe
Ke
X 1 Ke
3. Energy balance 1

X EB
Ci Pi (T T0 )

CPA (T T0 )
XEB
H Rx (T ) H Rx (T )
50(T 300) 0.42 C PA (T T0 )
X EB 2.5 103 (T 300) X EB
H Rx (T)
20,000

300 K 465 K T
Reactor Design Non-Isothermal Reactions
Reactor Staging with Interstage Cooling/Heating
(Adiabatic, Exothermic/Endothermic Reactions)
Higher conversion than those allowed by thermodynamics can be obtained by
connecting reactors in series with interstage cooling for adiabatic, exothermic reactions

T0 T1 T0 T2 T0 T3
570 C

500 C 800 C 500 C 700 C 500 C

X
1
KC
Xe
Interstage 0.9 1 KC
cooling for
exothermic
reversible
reactions
X EB
C
i Pi (T T0 )
T0 T3 T2 T1 T H Rx (T )
Reactor Design Non-Isothermal Reactions
Reactor Staging with Interstage Heating
(Endothermic Reactions)

T0 T1 T0 T1 T0 Texit

X
1 X EB
C i Pi (T T0 )
H Rx (T )

Interstage
heating for
KC
endothermic Xe
reversible 1 KC
reactions

T1 T0 T
Reactor Design Non-Isothermal Reactions
Example 8.7 Interstage cooling for exothermic reactions
kA
First order, reversible, liquid-phase,
A B exothermic reaction
k-A
H A (298 K) 40,000 cal/mol CPA 50 cal / (mol K) Ke 100,000 at 298 K
H B (298 K) 60,000 cal/mol CPB 50 cal / (mol K) T feed 300 K

- What conversion could be achieved in Example 8.6 if two intestage coolers cool the
exit streams from two subsequent reactors to 350 K? Determine the heat duty of
each heat exchanger for a molar flow rate of 40 mol/s. Assume that 95% of
equilibrium is achieved in each reactor.

Solution
350 K 350 K
300 K T1 T2 Texit
X1 X2 X3

X 1, adiabatic 0.42
T1, adiabatic 465 K
X 1 0.95 X1, adiabatic 0.95 0.42 0.4
Reactor Design Non-Isothermal Reactions

1. Exit temperature T1 T2,out

T1,out
350 K 350 K
300 K T1 T2 Texit
X1 X2 X3

X 1, adiabatic 0.42
T1, adiabatic 465 K
X 1 0.95 X1, adiabatic 0.95 0.42 0.4
X EB 2.5 103 (T 300) T 300 400 X

T1 300 400 0.4 460 K

2. Heat load
No work done on the reaction gas mixture in the exchanger Fi in Fi out
Reaction does not take place on the exchanger

(energy flow in) - (energy flow out) (heat in) - (shaft work) (heat of reaction) 0
n n

F
i 1
i0 H i 0 Fi H i Q 0
i 1
Reactor Design Non-Isothermal Reactions

n n

F
i 1
i0 H i 0 Fi H i Q 0
i 1
Fi in Fi out

n n n n

i i i0 i0 i i i0 i Pi 1,out 1
F H F H F ( H H ) F C (T T )
Q
i 1 i 1 i 1 i 1

(F C F C )(T T )
Q A PA B PB 1,out 1

But CPA CPB , FA0 FA FB

(F F )(C )(T T )
Q A B PA 1,out 1

FA 0C PA (T1,out T1 )

mol cal kcal

Q 40 50 (350 460) K -220
s mol.K s

220 kcal/s must be removed to cool the reacting mixture from 460 K to 350 K for a
feed rate of 40 mol/s.
Reactor Design Non-Isothermal Reactions
3. Second reactor
F C (T T )
Q A 0 PA 2,out 2
Entering condition: T1,out=350 K, X=0.4
40 mol 50 cal (350 430) K
Q
Corresponding adiabatic equilibrium conversion = 0.63 s mol.K
Conversion = 0.95 x 0.63 = 0.6 kcal
-160
Corresponding exit temperature = 430 K s
X 2.5 103 (T2 Tout,1 ) T2 350 400X 350 (0.6 0.4)400 430 K

X 4. Third reactor
1 Entering condition: T2,out=350 K, X=0.6
Adiabatic equilibrium conversion = 0.80
0.76 Conversion = 0.95 x 0.80 = 0.76
Corresponding exit temperature = 414 K
0.60
T3 350 400X
0.40 350 (0.76 0.6)400
414 K
Final conversion achieved with three reactors
300 414 430 460
and two interstage coolers is 0.76!
350 T
Reactor Design Non-Isothermal Reactions
Optimum Feed Temperature
Consider an adiabatic reactor of fixed size or catalyst weight and investigate what
happens as the feed temperature is varied.
The reaction is reversible and exothermic
Sharp increase is
X KC X
Xe referred to as the point
1 1 KC 1 or the temperature of
ignition
0.75 0.75

0.50 0.50 T0 =450

T0 =600
0.25 0.25
T0 =350
350 450 600 T 0 W

High temperature High rate Small adiabatic equilibrium conversion

Little product will be formed
Low temperature Low rate Large adiabatic equilibrium conversion
Little product will be formed
Reactor Design Non-Isothermal Reactions
Optimum Feed Temperature
Sharp increase is
X KC X
Xe referred to as the point
1 1 KC 1 or the temperature of
ignition
0.75 0.75

0.50 0.50 T0 =450

T0 =600
0.25 0.25
T0 =350
350 450 600 T 0 W

At high T, T=600 K, Xe=0.25 High rate Equilibrium is achieved very near

the entrance
X and T increase rapidly over a short distance

T=450 K, Xe increased to 0.50 Lower rate Conversion is not achieved until

closer to the end of reactor

At low T, T=350 K, Xe=0.75 Low rate X= 0.05, virtually all reactants will
pass through without reacting
Reactor Design Non-Isothermal Reactions

The conversion is low for high feed temperature and for low feed temperature.

There must be an optimum feed temperature that maximize conversion

X
1 Fixed Volume Exothermic Reactor

0.75

0.50

0.25

350 450 600 T0

Curve A: Reaction rate slow, conversion dictated by rate of reaction and reactor
volume. As temperature increases rate increases and therefore conversion increases.
Curve B: Reaction rate very rapid. Virtual equilibrium reached in reaction conversion
dictated by equilibrium conversion.
Reactor Design Non-Isothermal Reactions
Non-Isothermal CSTR
Consider a steady-state operation of a CSTR with first order exothermic reaction
Heat is removed from the reactor by a cooling jacket or a cooling coil.

FA0 T0
Heat removal rate Q UA(Ta T )
(valid only for large coolant flow rates!!)

Ta Ta

T
Steady-State No phase change, constant CP , no shaft
work Energy Balance


n

A0 i Pi
Q 0

F C (T Ti0 ) H Rx C P (T TR ) FA0 X
i 1

A0 i Pi
UA(Ta T ) 0

F C (T Ti0 ) H Rx C P (T TR ) FA0 X
i 1
Reactor Design Non-Isothermal Reactions

A0 i Pi
UA(Ta T ) 0

F C (T Ti0 ) H Rx C P (T TR ) FA0 X
i 1
Neglecting C P

A0 i Pi
UA(Ta T ) 0

F C (T Ti0 ) H Rx FA0 X
i 1
Solving for X
UA(Ta T ) n
i CPi (T Ti 0 ) Fi 0
FA0 i 1 i
Energy balance X EB FA0
[H Rx
]
Size the CSTR
X MB X EB
FA0 X MB
CSTR mole balance V
rA ( X MB , T )
Reactor Design Non-Isothermal Reactions


n

A0 i Pi
UA(Ta T ) 0
Energy balance
F C (T Ti0 ) H Rx FA0 X
i 1
n
Let C
i 1
i Pi CP0 after rearrangement it follows:

UA
Non
XH
Rx CP0 (1 )(T Tc ) with FA0C P0
adiabatic
Ta T0 parameters
Tc
C P0 (1 )(T Tc ) 1
X EB
H Rx

(H Rx

) X EB
T Tc
CP0 (1 )

Sizing of a CSTR
a) X specified: Calculate V and T
b) T specified: Calculate X and V
c) V specified: Calculate X and T
Reactor Design Non-Isothermal Reactions
Solving mole and energy balances for a CSTR
CP0 (1 )(T T ) c
Consider a first-order reaction X EB
H Rx

1. CSTR mole balance X

FA0 X 1
V
rA X CSTR
2. Rate Law 0.75
rA kC A X MB
0.50
3. Stoichiometry X EB
C A C A0 (1 X ) 0.25
4. Combining 350 450 TCSTR 600
FA0 X v0 X T
V
kC A0 (1 X ) k (1 X ) At the intersection of XMB vs. T
and XEB vs. T
k [ A exp( E / RT )] Both the mole balance and
X MB
1 k 1 [ A exp( E / RT )] the energy balances are
satisfied.
5. Solving mole balance and energy balance The steady-state conditions
(XSS,TSS) occur here.
Reactor Design Non-Isothermal Reactions

(H Rx

) X EB Ways to specify the sizing of a CSTR
T Tc
CP0 (1 ) C P0 (1 )(T Tc )
X EB
H Rx

C P0 (1 )(T Tc )
X EB
H Rx

FA0 X MB
V
rA ( X MB , T )
Reactor Design Non-Isothermal Reactions

Outline

1. Multiple Steady States for CSTR

2. R(T) and G(T) Curves for CSTR

3. Ignition-Extinction Curve for CSTR

4. Runaway Reactions in CSTR

5. Non-Isothermal Multiple Reactions in PFR and CSTR

Reactor Design Non-Isothermal Reactions
Multiple Steady States
X In this example we have three
1 X EB solutions of the mole and energy
X CSTR balances, therefore, three possible
0.75 X MB operating steady-states are possible
for this reactor
0.50
Energy balance for a CSTR

0.25 XH Rx

CP0 (1 )(T Tc )
350 450 Ta T0
TCSTR 600 with
UA
FA 0 C P0

Tc
T 1
n
C P0 i C Pi
Mole balance for a CSTR i 1

FA0 X rAV
V X Heat generated Heat removed
rA FA0
Replacing in the energy balance (rAV / FA0 )(H Rx

) CP0 (1 )(T Tc )
G (T ) R(T )
 Reactor Design Non-Isothermal Reactions
Heat Removed Term R(T) Heat generated Heat removed

(rAV / FA0 )(H Rx

) CP0 (1 )(T Tc )
G (T ) R(T )

UA Ta T0
R(T ) CP0 (1 )(T Tc ) with Tc
FA0C P0 1
slope
Vary the entering temperature T0 Vary parameter k

R(T) Tc=Ta Tc=T0

R(T)
0

Increasing T0
Increasing k

Tc1 Tc2 T Ta T0 T
Reactor Design Non-Isothermal Reactions
Heat Generated Term G(T) Heat generated Heat removed

G (T ) (H ) X
(rAV / FA0 )(H Rx

) CP0 (1 )(T Tc )
Rx
G (T ) R(T )
To plot G(T) as a function of T we must replace X = f(T)

1. Mole balance (CSTR) 2. Rate Law 3. Stoichiometry

FA0 X C A C A0 (1 X )
V rA kC A
rA
4. Combine
FA0 X v0 X k
V X
kC A0 (1 X ) k (1 X ) 1 k
5. Replace into G(T)
(H Rx

)k
G (T )
1 k
6. Replacing Arrhenius equation For others reaction order and
(H )A exp( E / RT )

reversible reaction similar equations
G (T ) Rx
can be derived by solving the CSTR
1 A exp( E / RT ) mole balance for X
 Reactor Design Non-Isothermal Reactions
(H Rx

)A exp( E / RT )
G (T )
1 A exp( E / RT )
At very low temperatures, the second term in the denominator can be neglected
Low temperatures G (T ) (H Rx

)A exp( E / RT )

At very high temperatures, the second term in the denominator dominates

High temperatures G (T ) (H Rx

)

G(T) G(T)
High E
Increasing

Low E

T T
Reactor Design Non-Isothermal Reactions
Ignition-Extinction Curve R(T ) CP0 (1 )(T Tc )
(H Rx

)A exp( E / RT )
The point of intersection of R(T) and G(T) G (T )
represents a steady-state condition for the CSTR 1 A exp( E / RT )
UA T T
Tc a 0
G(T) FA0C P0 1
R(T)
9 Upper steady states
G(T) 6 8 9
Ts 8
3 6
R(T) 3 Unstable
5 5

7 7
4
2 Ts2 4 Lower steady states
2
1 Ts1
1 Ignition temperature

. . T05
T01 Ts1 T02 Ts2 Ts7 Ts3 T01 T02 T0
T
Extinction
temperature
Reactor Design Non-Isothermal Reactions
Ignition-Extinction Curve
R(T) G(T)
9 Upper steady states
G(T) 6 8 9
Ts 8
3 6
R(T) 3 Unstable
5 5

7 7
4
2 Ts2 4 Lower steady states
2
1 Ts1
1 Ignition temperature

. . T05
T01 Ts1 T02 Ts2 Ts7 Ts3 T01 T02 T0
T
Extinction
temperature
Ignition temperature - Any fraction of a degree increase in temperature beyond T07
and the steady state reactor temperature will jump up to Ts8

Extinction temperature - Any fraction of a degree decrease in temperature below

T02 and the steady state reactor temperature will drop to Ts2
 Reactor Design Non-Isothermal Reactions
Stability on Multiple Steady State R(T)
G(T)
Unstable steady states operating points
G(T) G(T)>R(T) 6 R(T)>G(T)
The Steady State point 5 is unstable.
Why? R(T)
R(T)>G(T) 5
At Ts5, a pulse increase in reactor temperature,
G(T)>R(T) T continues to increase until 4
point 6 is reached at the upper steady state. G(T)>R(T)

At Ts5, a pulse decrease in reactor temperature,

G(T)<R(T) T continues to decrease until
point 4 is reached at the lower steady state. . Ts4 Ts5 Ts6

Small change in temperature either above or below the middle steady

state temperature, Ts5, will cause the reactor temperature to move
away from this middle steady state.
Steady states that behave in this manner are said to be unstable!
Reactor Design Non-Isothermal Reactions
Stability on Multiple Steady State R(T)
G(T) G(T)
Stable steady states operating points R(T)
G(T)>R(T) 6 R(T)>G(T)
At Ts6 (upper steady state temperature)
A pulse increase in reactor temperature,
G(T)<R(T) T will decrease and R(T)>G(T) 5
return to point 6 (Ts6)
4
A pulse decrease in reactor temperature, G(T)>R(T)
G(T)>R(T) T will increase and
return to point 6 (Ts6)

At Ts4 (lower steady state temperature) .

Ts4 Ts5 Ts6
A pulse increase in reactor temperature,
G(T)<R(T) T will decrease and Reactor temperature would always
return to point 4 (Ts4) return to local steady states values,
when subjected to both positive and
A pulse decrease in reactor temperature, negative fluctuations.
G(T)>R(T) T will increase and Steady states that behave in this
return to point 4 (Ts4) manner are said to be stable!
Reactor Design Non-Isothermal Reactions
Runaway Reactions in a CSTR R(T ) CP0 (1 )(T Tc )
When ignition occurs the steady state (H Rx
)A exp( E / RT )
temperature will jump from the lower steady G (T )
1 A exp( E / RT )
state to the upper steady state which is at an
unacceptably high temperature
R(T)
G(T)
G(T)
Upper steady states 9
Ts 8 8
6 R(T)
3 Unstable
5 Runaway
7
7
Ts2 4 Lower steady states
2
Ts1
1 Ignition temperature

. . Ts8
T01 T02 T07 T0 Ts4 Ts7 T
Reactor Design Non-Isothermal Reactions
Non-Isothermal Multiple Reactions with Heat Effects
To account for heat effects in multiple reactions, we simply replace the term (-HRx)
(-rA) in equations
dT rA H Rx Ua(T Ta )
PFR energy balance
dV Fi C Pi
m

CSTR energy balance FA 0 i C Pi (T T0 ) [H Rx ][rA V] UA(Ta T) 0
i 1
by: (r )(H
ij Rxij ) for q reactions and m species i = Reaction number
j = Species

i.e. (rA )(H Rx ) (rij )(H Rxij)

The heat of reaction for reaction i must be referred to the same species in the rate, rij,
by which (-HRXij) is multiplied, that is,

Moles of j reacted in reaction i Joules " released" in reaction i

rijHRxij
Volume Time Moles of j reacted in reaction i
Joules " released" in reaction i
rijHRxij
Volume Time
Reactor Design Non-Isothermal Reactions
PFR energy balance, q multiple reactions

(r )H
q

ij Rxij (T) Ua(T Ta ) i = Reaction number

dT
i 1
m
j = Species

FC
dV m= Number of species
j Pj
j1
CSTR energy balance, q multiple reactions

m q

FA 0 i CPi (T T0 ) V rijH Rxij(T) UA(Ta T) 0
i 1 i 1
For example, for two parallel reactions
k1
Reaction 1: A B
k2
Reaction 2: A C

dT r1A H Rx1A (T) r2 A H Rx 2 A (T) Ua(T Ta )

PFR energy balance
dV FA C PA FBCPB FCC PC
CSTR energy balance
m

A0 i Pi
F C (T T0 ) Vr1A H Rx1 A (T ) Vr2A H Rx 2 A (T ) UA(Ta T ) 0
i 1
Reactor Design Non-Isothermal Reactions
Example 8.11 Multiple reactions in a CSTR
The elementary liquid-phase reactions take place in a 10 dm3 CSTR.
k1 k2
A B C
CPA CPB CPC 200 J / (mol K) k1 3.03 min 1 at 300 K, with E1 9900 cal/mol
H Rx1 A 55,000 J/molA k2 4.58 min 1 at 500 K, with E2 27,000 cal/mol
H Rx 2 B 71,000 J/molB UA 40,000 J/(min K) with Ta 57 C
- What are the effluent concentrations for a volumetric feed rate of 10 dm3/min at a
concentration of A of 0.3 mol/dm3?

Solution
1. Combined mole balance and rate law for A
v0 (C A0 C A ) C A0
V CA
k1C A 1 k1
2. Combined mole balance and rate law for B
v0 (0 CB ) CB v0 CB v0 k1C A k1C A0
V CB
rB (r1B r2 B ) k1C A k 2CB 1 k 2 (1 k1 )(1 k 2 )
Reactor Design Non-Isothermal Reactions

3. Rate laws
k1C A0
r1 A k1C A
1 k1
k 2k1C A0
r2 B k 2CB
(1 k1 )(1 k 2 )
4. Non-isothermal energy balance
m q

FA0 i CPi (T T0 ) V ri , j H Rxij (T ) UA(Ta T ) 0
i 1 i 1

FA0CPA (T T0 ) Vr1A H Rx1A Vr2BH Rx 2B UA(Ta T) 0

Substituting for r1A and r2B and rearranging,

G (T ) R(T )

k1H Rx1 A k1k 2 H Rx 2 B

C p (1 )(T Tc )
1 k1 (1 k1 )(1 k 2 )
Reactor Design Non-Isothermal Reactions
G (T ) R(T )

k1H Rx1 A k1k 2 H Rx 2 B

C p (1 )(T Tc )
1 k1 (1 k1 )(1 k 2 )
UA 40,000 J/(min K)
0.667
with FA0C p A (0.3 mol/dm )(1000 dm /min)(200 J/(mol K)
3 3

T0 Ta 283 (0.667)(330)
Tc 301.8 K ODE Solver
1 1 0.667
Use Matlab to plot R(T) and G(T) vs T. 16
x 10
4 Example8.11
Example 8.12

k1C A 0
CC C A 0 C A C B
14

CA
C A0 C
(1 k1 )(1 k 2 )
B
1 k1 12

10
SS T(K) CA CB CC
(mol/dm3) (mol/dm3) (mol/dm3) 8

G,R
6
1 310 0.285 0.015 0
4
2 363 0.189 0.111 0
2
3 449 0.033 0.265 0.002
0
4 558 0.004 0.163 0.132
-2
5 677 0.001 0.005 0.294 0 50 100
t
150 200