TB G&H 3 Eso

www.santillana.es www.richmondelt.
es
Contents
Introduction. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
Reinforcement, Extension and Assessment. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
1 Physical geography. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
2 World population. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24
3 Cities. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32
4 The primary sector. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40
5 Mining, energy and industry. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48
6 Services. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56
7 Development. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64
8 Environmental sustainability. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 72
9 The Age of Discovery. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 80
10 Renaissance and Reformation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 88
11 The Spanish Empire . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 96
12 Baroque Europe . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 104
Students Book answer key . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 113
Recording transcripts. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 161
GEOGRAPHY
AND HISTORY 3
Geography and History forms part of an educational project aimed at promoting
the acquisition of key competences, the achievement of academic excellence and the
undertaking of global assessment. Traditionally, education meant teaching content:
it was essentially about knowing. However, todays citizens need to develop a range
of skills, and know how to interpret and communicate, deduce and hypothesize,
select and evaluate. In competency-based learning, the students apply critical
thinking and problem-solving skills to both classroom study and real-life situations.
This helps them to develop as individuals.
Geography and History is a multi-level secondary course covering the curricular
objectives for secondary education. In accordance with recent methodology in the field
of Content and Language Integrated Learning (CLIL), its approach is characterised by its
clarity of presentation and carefully controlled use of language. This provides a boost
to the students self-confidence, stimulates their capacity for autonomous learning
and makes it much easier for them to assimilate new concepts. The learner-centred
methodology of Geography and History places the individual students at the heart
of things asking questions, carrying out research and project work, cooperating
in pairs and groups. In this way, they can reach their own level of excellence.
KEY COMPETENCES
WHAT ARE THE KEY COMPETENCES?
KEY COMPETENCES are a combination of knowledge, skills and attitudes appropriate to

different contexts and situations. These competences have the following characteristics:
They encourage the development of skills rather than the assimilation of theoretical
content: individuals become competent when they learn how to solve problems
effectively.
Competences develop progressively and can be acquired in different learning situations

and institutions.
They are interdisciplinary because they integrate knowledge that originates in different
academic disciplines.
Linguistic competence Social and civic competence

This is the ability to interpret and use This competence refers to the ability to
language as a tool for oral and written understand and participate successfully in
communication. Verbal communication is the society in which we live and to analyse
fostered by the exchange of opinions, the historical events to understand how people
narration of personal experiences and oral lived in the past. Students learn about
expositions on different topics. The ability different societies, their history and culture.
to search for and understand information This competence promotes debate,
is reinforced. negotiation and conflict resolution. There
This competence is developed by reading are activities to promote civic and values
texts, maps and diagrams; writing texts; education: environmental awareness,
and making short oral presentations. healthy habits, responsible use of ICT,
democratic principles, tolerance and
respect towards others, multiculturalism,
Digital competence etc.
This is the ability to use computer Competences in Mathematics,

programs to obtain, process, exchange and Science and Technology
transmit information. Students learn how
to use lists, tables and graphs to classify These competences include the ability to
and present information accurately. use numbers, perform basic operations,
They develop confidence in, and a critical understand symbols and images related to
use of Information and Communication mathematical, scientific and technical
Technology (ICT). areas and solve problems in order to
interpret the physical world. They include
capacities and attitudes related to
mathematical processes, logical thinking,
Cultural awareness
and the use of new technologies. These
and expression
competences develop the ability to interact
This competence involves the with the physical world and to explain
interpretation of different cultural natural phenomena by applying the
manifestations as well as the appreciation scientific method. This includes obtaining
of the visual arts, music and literature. It information from different sources, working
enables students to express themselves out solutions, analysing results and
through literature, art, music, etc. interpreting graphs and timelines.
4 GEOGRAPHY AND HISTORY 3

Learning to learn Initiative and entrepreneurship
This competence is acquired by learning Students are provided with the strategies
how to apply different techniques aimed at they need to plan, organize, communicate
selecting, organizing and interpreting texts and evaluate their own personal or social
of a social, geographical or historical projects. This competence develops
nature. Students have the opportunity to creativity, innovative thinking and the
summarize what they have learnt and put ability to turn ideas into strategies to solve
it into practice at the end of the unit. They specific problems.
reflect on and evaluate their own learning
process and their classmates through
group work and cooperative learning
techniques.
HOW ARE THE KEY COMPETENCES DEVELOPED IN GEOGRAPHY AND HISTORY 3?
Linguistic competence. By studying this subject in a foreign language, students develop

their linguistic competence naturally and continuously. They use English as a tool for oral
and written communication, exchanging opinions and presenting the results of their
research.
Digital competence. Students carry out extensive research on the Internet to locate
reliable additional sources of information. This makes them familiar with the codes
and formats of scientific language: numerical and geometrical models, graphic
representations, etc. The teachers have an invaluable digital tool in the Libromedia.
Cultural awareness and expression. The cultural and artistic heritage of the
Early Modern period features prominently in Units 9-12. Not only do the students
examine these cultural achievements, they are also encouraged to reflect on our
historical legacy, and how we can preserve surviving monuments.
Social and civic competence. A key dimension of citizen culture is our awareness
of threats to the environment, and our ability to form opinions on the basis of reliable data.
Thus, students are asked to analyse a sustainable energy project in Unit 5 and reflect
on the causes of economic underdevelopment in Unit 7.
Competences in Mathematics, Science and Technology. The students employ
mathematical models to solve specific problems, for example by using graphs
and diagrams.
Learning to learn. The acquisition of this competence is based on the instrumental
character of a great deal of technical knowledge. Operating with theoretical models
helps students to develop their imagination, powers of analysis and observational skills.
This helps to promote autonomous learning.
Initiative and entrepreneurship. Students plan their methodology, select and handle
their resources, solve problems and check their results.
GEOGRAPHY AND HISTORY 3 5

HOW IS GEOGRAPHY AND
HISTORY 3 ORGANIZED?
THE STUDENTS BOOK: A NEW APPROACH
The teaching sequence is learner-centred and designed to promote the acquisition of

competences and creative thinking. Most activities develop content through the use of
multiple language skills reading, listening, and so on thus making language acquisition
and content development mutually supportive. Content is developed through 12 units,
each of which has the following sections:
UNIT OPENER
The double-page colour image, with its recorded accompanying text, captures
the students attention and gets them to reflect on issues related to the subject
matter of the unit.
Work with the image. Guided activities elicit prior knowledge from the students
and encourage them, in pairs, to discuss the images. They use a variety of thinking
skills such as observing, comparing and giving opinions.
How do we know? This section focuses on geographical techniques and skills,
or historical sources and how we use and interpret them.
8
WHY IS POSIDONIA IMPORTANT TO THE MEDITERRANEAN?
Environmental sustainability PosidoniaisaMediterraneanmarineplant.Itisthehabitatforover400

speciesofplantsand1,000speciesofanimals.Itslongleavesprotectthe
coastfromerosioncausedbythewaves.Illegaltrawling,thecontamination
ofseawaterandtheconstructionofinfrastructuresonthecoasthaveavery
adverseeffectonitsgrowth.
FIND OUT ABOUT:
Its long
Environmentalawareness leaves protect
Themainproblemsaffectingthe the coast from
environment erosion caused
by the waves
Thereasonsfortheseproblems
Solutionsforprotectingthe
environment
KNOW HOW TO:

Its roots
Comparetheecologicalfootprint Posidonia is stabilize
oftwocountries the habitat of the sea bed
Analyseenvironmentalimpact around 400 species
usingsatelliteimages of plants and
1,000 especies of
animals
AGGRESSIVE ALGAE: CAULERPA

The Caulerpa is not toxic for human beings but it
is very aggressive with flora and fauna. This
invasive plant is currently colonising over 3,000
hectares of the Mediterranean Sea.
WE NEED TO TAKE ACTION TO PREVENT IT

FROM SPREADING MORE!
Divers should Sailors should check Fishermen should

clean their their anchors and clean their nets
material before chains before and before and after
and after each after anchoring. throwing them
dive. into the sea.
Local decision, global effects
In 1984 Monaco Oceanographic Museum imported
a dangerous invasive plant, a tropical alga called WORK WITH THE IMAGE
HOW DO WE KNOW?
Caulerpa.
WhatdoesPosidonialooklike?
The museum submerged some of its aquariums in Manynon-governmentalorganization(NGOs)areworkingtocontain
Whyisitimportanttothe
the sea to clean them. This had very serious environmentalproblems.Theymakeannualreportsonthestateofthe
environment? environment.
environmental consequences. The alga Caulerpa
Whatisadangertoit?Wheredid
spread throughout the Mediterranean and killed FindinformationontheInternetaboutanNGOwhichfocusesonthe
thiscomefrom?
many of the Posidonia fields in Italy, France, Spain, environment,likeGreenpeaceUK,FriendsoftheEarthorEarthwatch.
Monaco and Croatia. Doyouthinkindividualactions Makealistofsomeoftheecologicaldisasterstheymentionontheirwebsites.
canaffecttheenvironment?
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UNIT DEVELOPMENT
Carefully written texts present content with the utmost clarity, using grammar
and syntax that students at this level will have no difficulty in handling.
Abundant visual input, in the form of photos, diagrams, graphs and maps,
supports the textual information.
Environmental sustainability 8
1 Environmental degradation and green awareness

ECologICAl FooTprInT pEr CApITA oF proDuCTIon
Ecological DID You KnoW?

Ecological footprint
footprint of the
of Burkina Faso:
United States: 7.99
1.33 global hectares Compare ecological footprints
Human impact on the natural environment global hectares
ACTIVITIES An ecological footprint is a
Humans use the natural environment as a resource. measurement of human impact on
It provides us with our water and food, and the raw 1 What do the following the planet. It is calculated by adding
materials that we need for our economic activities. expressions mean? up the farmland, pastures, woods and
fishing areas that a territory or a
Several factors influence human impact on the environment: Natural environment
person needs in order to produce the
Ecological awareness
Population. Large populations need space for housing, food and elements they consume and
raw materials, land to grow food and transport Sustainable development to absorb the waste they produce.
infrastructures.
Technology. The use of advanced technologies makes Ecological footprint
it possible to modify vast areas of land. (In ha)
Over 7.5
Energy. Increased use of energy causes changes 7.5 to 4
in the environment. Ecological 4 to 1.5
ACTIVITIES
footprint of the Under 1.5
Consumption. The production of goods leads to an WORK WITH THE DIAGRAMS SOURCE: www.foodprintnetwork.org world: 2.7 global No data
3 Use the internet to identify
increased demand for raw materials and energy. hectares
2 Discuss the diagrams with a important international
Many people argue that we need to take measures to partner. agreements on the
conserve and protect our environment. We call this 711155_08_p155_leyenda_huella_ecologica
environment.
a Put the environmental problems How do we prevent environmental degradation?
concern green (or environmental) awareness. in order of importance. a Have all the countries in the
b Which solutions will be most There are alternative approaches to preventing the world signed each
Threats to the environment difficult to achieve? degradation of the environment: agreement?
Some people argue that it is possible to achieve b What has the attitude of the
The main threats to the environment are:
508877_08_p198_huella_ecolgica_GEODOS
sustainable development, which is a balance
United States been to these
Air pollution, which is so severe that scientists agreements? Why?
between economic growth and the conservation
believe that it is causing climate change.
of natural resources.
Water pollution and its excessive use.
Many ecological movements focus on the need
Deforestation, which affects the quality of the THInK AbouT IT to reduce consumption levels. They argue that
soil and alters ecosystems in many regions. strong economic growth is not compatible with
Endangered species: the survival of many species What do you think is the main respect for the environment.
environmental problem where you WORK WITH THE MAP
of animals and plants is threatened. This is a global problem that affects everybody.
live? What can we do to prevent it?
Erosion and desertification: the soil becomes less fertile. The United Nations has held several conferences 4 Does Burkina Faso have a larger
to promote international environmental policies. or smaller ecological footprint
However, its agreements have not been signed by than the United States? Is it a
FACTorS CAuSIng EnVIronmEnTAl problEmS poSSIblE SoluTIonS
all the countries in the world. developed country?
Lack of
Reduce
At a national level, policies have been implemented 5 Which regions have a smaller
Wasteful understanding Recover
consumer of the
human
deteriorated
with three goals: footprint? Is there a connection
Environmental impact on the
style environments environments Protection of spaces with great ecological value. between economic
problems environment
importance International development and the ecological
Water and air pollution action to create a Prevention of damage by evaluating the environmental footprint?
sustainable future
Climate change impact of human activities.
Loss of biodiversity Change 6 What would happen if all the
Soil degradation
Economic
human Recognise the
Recovery of degraded spaces by recycling waste,
Population activities like countries in the world left an
growth agriculture
activities to importance of treating water, etc.
make them ecosystems ecological footprint like the
and industry Many countries have created environmental agencies
sustainable United States?
to deal with these problems.
146 147
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WORK WITH THE PAGE Environmental sustainability 8
Possible solutions
Activities. A wide range of activities develops

ACTIVITIES
Solutions to prevent the loss of biodiversity
need to be global and carried out by every 2 Work in a group with other classmates.
country. a You have inherited a large piece of land. At the
several levels of critical thinking, for example,

The Earth Summit, held in Rio de Janeiro in moment, there is only a small house and a few
1992, brought countries together for the first trees on it.
time in the fight to conserve biodiversity. The b Plan what to do with it and explain your
answers to the class.
following strategies were proposed:
remembering, comparing, classifying

c Listen to the other groups plans. Object if any
Make inventories of vulnerable and of their plans will have an adverse effect on
endangered species so that we understand biodiversity.
their situation and can adopt appropriate d Vote for the group with the best plan.
conservation measures.
and analysing. Develop protected areas to preserve

habitats and ecosystems which are
endangered or fundamental to the survival of WORK WITH THE MAP
vulnerable species.
3 Look on the Internet to find out the meaning of
Restore damaged habitats.
Listening activities. The opening presentation

Special Protection Area (SPA) and Site of
Pass laws that limit the negative impacts of Community Importance (SCI) on the map below.
economic activities on the natural
environment and prevent the
of each unit is recorded, along with additional

overexploitation of resources.
NATURA 2000 NETWORK, SPAIN 2013
Cantabrian Sea
DID YOU KNOW?
texts and the solutions to a number of matching Biodiversity in the EU and

Spain
The EU has developed the
and gap-fill activities.

United Nations initiatives
and has taken new ATLANTIC
measures to prevent the
loss of diversity. OCEAN
For instance, it created the

Natura 2000 network,
Think about it. Brief, thought-provoking nuggets

which includes all the
protected areas in EU
countries. In these areas,
a
human activity and nature Se
n
ea
of content stimulate higher order thinking skills

are compatible.
an
rr
Spain has very rich te
di
biodiversity. More than Me
2,000 species living here
are native to Spain, i.e. they
like making hypotheses, the capacity for creative are not found in other
places. Nearly 30% of
Spanish territory forms part
of the Natura 2000 Scale
Types of protection
SCI
SPA
thinking.
0 105
network. SCI and SPA
kilometres
155
Work with the image. The students analyse

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information in photos, maps and graphs.

Usually in pairs, they develop content
and language skills orally by formulating
questions, answers and statements.
FINAL UNIT PAGES

Activity round-up. A bank of activities at the end of each unit provides a review
of its content. Its concluding section encourages students to reflect on wider issues
in world geography, or consider the significance and cultural heritage of Prehistory
and the early civilisations.
Know how to. The students develop key skills in Geography and History
by analysing maps, photos, graphs or historical primary sources.
They become expert at problem-solving through research.
Environmental sustainability 8
ACTIVITY ROUND-UP
1 Explain each of the terms below. Then copy and complete the table. 3 Analyse the graph and answer the questions. 4 Compare the images of the Aral Sea and investigate.
Thermal variation (in C)

THE ENVIRONMENTAL CHALLENGE 1
1989 2008
Main environmental
Causes Consequences Preventive actions 0.5
problems
.. .. .. ..
0
.. .. .. ..
-0.5
.. .. .. .. 1900 1920 1940 1960 1980 2000
Variation in temperatures
.. .. .. ..
Natural causes Human activity
.. .. .. ..
a What does the chart show?
Environment Desertification b How much has the Earths temperature increased in
the last hundred years? Do you think this is a moderate
Environmental awareness Smog
or a rapid increase?
Biodiversity Greenhouse effect
c Which factors had more to do with this increase What changes have occurred?
Sustainable development Acid rain
natural or human factors? Why did they occur?
d What could the consequences of global warming be? What could be the consequences of this?
2 Analyse the photographs.
SUSTAINABLE CONSUMPTION
A B
Today we produce and consume more than ever before. We consume

resources so quickly that we do not give the planet time to recover. Environmental sustainability 8
KNOW HOW TO Key Competences 5 The demand generated by
The massive use of resources has very serious consequences for the very low prices leads to the
environment. It leads to a loss of biodiversity, but it also affects the unsustainable use of
poorest people in the world because some essential resources are
PRACTICAL KNOWLEDGE. Analyse the environment
diminished.
resources, such as overfishing.
PRACTICAL KNOWLEDGE. The Sakurajima volcano
Look at the map. What will the
environmental consequences be
Satellite images are useful instruments for for this area?
Rondnia State (Brazil), 1986 Clean
analysing production
the evolution of the environment. Cloud of ash and
Design conceived for They enable us to observe large areas Ocean volcanic dust
C D the environment anywhere on the planet in very high that PAC IF IC O C EAN
Outlets
resolution. reflect demand PHILIPPINES
Ecologically The false colour technique is applied to MALAYSIA
friendly satellite images so that we can see some Equ ator
design Responsible
details better. This technique changes the
The consumption
goal: The following colour INDONESIA
original colours. code
zero waste
was used in the images on the left:
Sustainable INDIAN OC EAN
production Areas of
Responsible
manufacturers
The leafy green vegetation of the
6 Analyse the chart opposite and list the
Recycling tropical rainforest is shown in bright
Think of a title for each photograph. What measures could be taken to prevent each of measures proposed for sustainable
green. 711155_08_p165_leyenda_zonas_pesca_destructiva
What environmental problems could these human these problems? Waste collection consumption. Are these measures
Water courses are shown in dark fulfilled today?
activities cause? Will these activities have the same effects in a
blue.
In your opinion, which is the most serious developed country and in a less developed country?
Rondnia State (Brazil), 2001 Urban areas are shown in purple.
environmental problem? Why? Explain your answer.
Crater
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1 Compare the images. Sakurajima in Japan is one of the most active volcanoes Volcanic clouds contain natural contaminating agents. The
in the world. Explosions often occur but all that happens gases emitted, such as carbon dioxide, sulphur oxide and
List the main differences you see
is that small clouds of ash and volcanic dust are emitted chlorine, pollute the atmosphere. The volcanic ash remains
between the three photographs in
to the atmosphere. However, on 18 August 2013 there suspended in the air for a time. This prevents the Suns
Rondnia State (Brazil), 2011 relation to forests, water courses and
was a strong eruption and a large cloud of ash rose rays from reaching the Earth in the normal way. This, in
urban areas.
about 6 km into the air. turn, increases the greenhouse effect.
What happened to the forest between
1986 and 2011?
The systematic disappearance of 1 Read the text and say if the following sentences are b Where exactly is it in Japan?
vegetation occurred after a road was true or false. Correct the false sentences. c How often does it explode?
built. Can you see the road in any a Sakurajima is not active very often. d How long ago was the original caldera formed?
of the images? b Normally ash from the volcano rises high into the air.
3 Working in groups, think about the following
2 c Volcanic clouds are harmless.
In groups, make a list of the questions:
consequences of the growth of urban d The Suns rays cannot get through the atmosphere
easily because of the gases emitted by the volcano. a What are the disadvantages of living near
areas in the forest.
an active volcano?
3 Look on the Internet for more information 2 Look on the Internet for more information about b Why are people in many parts of the world
about deserts. Find out why new deserts the Sakurajima volcano. prepared to live near active volcanoes?
are being created. a What is the current state of the volcano? Present your answers to the class.
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CLASSROOM RESOURCES
ES0000000011375 608093_Geo-Hist_3_TB_ESO_43427
THE TEACHERS BOOK
Reinforcement sheets. This material can be photocopied

and distributed to the class. It includes maps and diagrams
for labelling and activities that revise key content from
the unit.
Extension sheets. Research activities, projects and
additional reading texts enable the students to carry out
an in-depth exploration of the subjects presented
in the Students Book.
Assessment sheets. Twelve tests, one for each unit, provide
a starting point for assessment, which can be adapted to www.santillana.es www.richmondelt.es
the requirements of specific groups of students. ES0000000011375 608093_Geo-Hist_3_TB_ESO_43427.indd 1 15/12/2015 8:52:11
EXTENSION SHEET EXTENSION

SHEET 9. THE AGE OF DISCOVERY 10. RENAISSANCE AND REFORMATION
5 4
Name: Course: Date: Name: Course: Date:
1 Before you read the text, think about the place of sport in our own society. 1 Investigate two techniques of Renaissance art: perspective and escorzo (or foreshortening).
Is sport different or similar to religion? And warfare? In what ways? Identify the main innovations, and find out if more than one type of perspective (linear and aerial)
was used by Renaissance artists.
and possessions of all the spectators as his Bring at least one illustration showing these techniques into the classroom.
reward. The early Spanish writers tell us that on a. Is there a sensation of depth in this painting? If so,
Most Maya cities have at least one square, the rare occasions when this happened the how has the artist achieved it?
enclosed on all sides by pyramids and mounds, spectators rushed to get away quickly so that they
where important religious rites were held. People didnt lose their clothes!
came to witness great religious ceremonies from
Among the Aztecs (and probably the Mayas, too),
the top of one of the neighbouring pyramids.
people gambled on the result of an important game. b. What other Renaissance characteristics can you see
In many Maya cities the ball court was in or near the There was also a religious side to the play, which in this painting?
main square. The court consisted of a space was connected to the sky gods. An Aztec player
between two mounds, and low terraces or ramps spent the night before a game praying to the gods.
bordered the central playing space. Stone or
J. Eric S. Thompson, Maya Archaeologist (1963)
wooden rings were fixed high on the walls of each
side of the playing space. The aim was to pass the
ball through the ring but this was extremely difficult c. Analyse the artists use of perspective and compare
because there was a rule that the player could only it to that of the other Renaissance paintings that
strike the ball with his knee, hip or bottom. you have found.
Early Spanish writers have left no account of the
game among the Mayas. But those who saw the
Aztecs play it were astonished at how quickly it
was played. To judge by their descriptions, the
game was as rapid and thrilling as ice hockey.
They report that players often collapsed from
exhaustion. It was so difficult to drive the ball Raphael, The Marriage of
through the narrow ring fixed high in each wall the Virgin (Raphael).
that a player who did so could claim the clothing

2 Study the two works of art below and answer the questions in your notebook.
a. How this the painter studying foreshortening in Drers artwork? Explain what he is doing.
2 Read the text, study the photo and answer the questions. b. Is Mantegna trying to produce the same effect as in the Drer artwork?
c. Compare Mantegnas painting to work by other Renaissance artists..
a. Where was the ball court? What did it look like?
b. Explain in your own words how the game was played.
c. Would it be possible to play this game near your school today? Explain your answer.
d. Can we work out anything about Aztec and Maya religion from this text?
Drer, Painter studying the laws of foreshortening Mantegna, Lamentation of Christ.

e. Write a title for this text at the top.. by means of threads and a frame.
GEOGRAPHY AND HISTORY 3. Photocopiable material Santillana Educacin, S. L. 85 92 GEOGRAPHY AND HISTORY 3. Photocopiable material Santillana Educacin, S. L.
LIBROMEDIA
The Libromedia is much more than a digital version of the Students Book. It provides
a wealth of material in varied formats: images, videos, audios and PowerPoint-style
presentations.
Class presentations. Prior to work with the printed Students Book, the Libromedia
can be used as a digital whiteboard to project a units opening presentation to the whole
class. This provides a motivating point of entry into a range of subjects. Similarly,
the Libromedias gallery of images is an ideal platform from which to launch
class discussions.
Autonomous learning. The students have their own version of the Libromedia,
thus linking the classroom and home environments. They can use the Libromedia
on their tablets and computers to check their answers, do homework, and so on.
THE RECORDINGS
The transcripts (after page 161 in this Teachers Book) indicate which recorded tracks
are ideal for student self-study, and which ones are teacher-guided. For example, in some
instances the students use the recording individually to check their answers to a particular
activity. However, the teacher can use other tracks with the whole class, for example,
to elicit the students prior knowledge and develop their listening comprehension before
they open their books and work with the printed page.

CLASSROOM TECHNIQUES
These techniques encourage students to observe, analyse, hypothesize, draw conclusions
and discuss content. As a result, students can take an active role in their learning.
Suggestions for applying these techniques when working with specific parts of the Student's
Book are offered below.
UNIT OPENER
Title and learning objectives.

Read the title of the unit. Ask the students what they think it will be about.
Have students read the Find out about and Know how to sections at the top of the page.
Have them rank the topics by order of interest or familiarity.
Main text.
Focus on the main image, using either the Students Book or the Libromedia, and get the
students to react to it. Elicit prior knowledge of the subject, and ask the students to
predict the language that they will need to study it. Write this vocabulary on the board.
Play the recording, and ask the students to relate to identify its subject matter and relate
it to the photo. Elicit some of the words and phrases that they have heard on the
recording, and add them to the vocabulary on the board.
Read the main text with the students. Complete the word map.
Work with the image.
Put students in groups or pairs to do the activities.
Set a time limit. Afterwards, volunteers share their responses or questions.
How do we know?
Encourage students to share their opinions in pairs or groups before opening up the
discussion to the whole class.
CONTENT PAGES
Images.
Students observe and describe the images, even in their native language, as a stress-free
first contact with the page.
Make sure that students know the meaning of terms like topographic map, pie chart,
timeline, table or climograph. Encourage them to use the correct term when describing
an illustration.
Focus attention on the caption and read it aloud. Then help students to rephrase the
information.
Section title.
Encourage students to relate the title to the images on the page, sharing any prior
knowledge. To exploit headings, ask the students to brainstorm similar terms.
The main text.
Read the text aloud or assign paragraphs to volunteers. It is helpful to vary reading
techniques from one lesson to another. For example, the students can be asked to skim
a text in response to a very general question so that they learn how to make out the
overall subject of a text at a glance. They can also scan a text to find the answer to a
specific question.

Activities on the content pages.
Select the activities that meet your goals and the specific needs, aptitudes and interests
of your class.
Clarify activity procedure and provide language support by highlighting the key
structures that they are likely to need.
If students work in pairs or groups, understanding is enhanced, and more language
practice s generated.
Students should first try to deduce the meaning of unfamiliar words from the context,
and only then use a dictionary. The words in bold are key terms. The students can
prepare a vocabulary file of important words from each unit using a vocabulary
organizer like the one on page 14 of this Teachers Book.
After reading a section, students can build up a mind map or outline to summarize
content in their notebooks. Build up a model on the whiteboard to guide them.
To check comprehension, students provide examples of key concepts.
Activity round-up.
This section is situated near the end of the unit, but specific activities can be
used as soon as the content has been presented.
Students can work individually, in pairs or in groups to encourage the sharing
of information and promote language use.
Know how to. RenaissanceandReformation 10
RELIGIOUS DIVISIONS IN THE WORLD TODAY
These final tasks are situated right at the

GROUP WORK. A visit to the Uffizi Gallery
Can you imagine a place where you can see many of the finest masterpieces of the Italian
ARCTIC OCEAN Renaissance? That place exists: its the Uffizi Gallery in Florence. You can pay it a virtual visit
by typing the keywords Uffizi Gallery Florence into an Internet search engine.
end of the unit. However, some of the

Greenwich Meridian
Arctic Circle
questions they raise should be presented

earlier on so that they form a natural
Tropic of Cancer
AT L A N T I C
OCEAN
PA C I F I C
OCEAN
Mining, energy and industry 5
s Solar power plant
continuation of the work that the

Equator PA CIFIC ENVIRONMENTAL ISSUES. A sustainable energy project
OCEA N INDIAN 509798_05_p111_leyenda_solartec
The O C Eof
heat AN the desert. A hot What is Desertec? It is a project s s s ss
students have begun.

desert receives more energy from s s
Tropic of Capricorn whose objective is to generate ss s E
s
the Sun in just six hours than the clean sustainable energy using the s B s s s s s
C F
A s s
world consumes in a year. s s s D
Catholics solar potential of deserts. s s s
s
Protestants s ss
Orthodox Christians s s s ss s s
Muslims
Hindus Objective in the
Buddhists
Mediterranean. To
Others
install a network
A. Madonna of the of solar
Magnificat Solar thermal
SOUTHERN OCEAN energy plants in the technology. This works
Antarctic Circle B. Birth of Venus
Escala Sahara and the Arabian through concentrated
0 1.250 C. Pallas and the sufficient
Centaur
Peninsula, with solar power systems.
kilmetros capacity
D. Madonnato export
and Child and Two Angels
508877_05_p141_solartec
These systems use large
electricity to Europe. parabolic mirrors to direct
E. Allegory of Spring
the sunlight towards tanks
F. Adoration of the Magi of water. The water heated
to around 400 C produces
509798_10_p200_Division religiosa actual water
The Botticelli room in the Uffizi Gallery vapour, which
in Florence.
generates electricity.
1 Find out more about the Uffizi Gallery 2 The Uffizi Gallery is prepared to lend you ten of its
using the websites you have located. masterpieces so that you can organize an exhibition
For example: in your region.
WheredoesthenameUffiziGallery Ingroups,decidewhichworksofartyouwilldisplay.
comefrom? Forexample,willtheexhibitionincludemasterpieces
How would it affect the
Whatwastheoriginofthebuilding? fromdifferentperiods?Willyoushowasingletypeof
countries in the Sahara? painting(forexample,justportraitsorlandscapes)?
Howdidtheworksofartarrivethere?
They would have their own
WhichRenaissanceartistshavepaintings Together,prepareanillustratedexhibitioncatalogue,
clean energy supply.
intheUffiziGallery? providinginformationabouteachworkofart.
Solar energy for Europe. This project It would boost economic
Benefits for the environment. could satisfy 15% of electricity demand. development.
193
Large quantities of harmful The electricity would be transported The energy obtained could
gases will no longer be released through special transmission cables to be used to desalinate sea
into the atmosphere. prevent energy loss. water in desert countries.
ES0000000004054 509798_Unidad10_33353.indd 193 24/07/2015 13:25:15
1 Are the following statements true or false? Listen to 2 Investigate hydroelectric power stations on the
the recording and check your answers. Internet.
a The world consumes more energy in a year than a a When and where was the first hydroelectric power
desert receives in six hours. plant built?
b Desertec is a project aimed at using solar power to b What resources do hydroelectric power
produce clean energy. plants need?
c The energy would go to solar plants in Europe. c How can the construction of hydroelectric power
d Mirrors are used in concentrated solar power systems. stations affect people and wildlife?
e Thanks to the Desertec project, all the electricity d How did it affect the people of Riao in Len?
demand in Europe would be covered by solar energy.
f The project would be detrimental to Saharan countries. Present your findings to the class.
105
ES0000000004054 509798_Unidad05_32704.indd 105 24/07/2015 13:23:12

THE INTERNET AS A RESEARCH TOOL
Before starting. Explain that activities with this symbol require research on the Internet.
Collecting information.
To locate relevant information, students can input the questions posed in the activity
or formulate their own.
Guide the students towards an effective use of keywords. For example, the keyword
"Ice Age" will produce thousands of links towards the series of animated films,
while "Prehistory Ice Age" is far more useful.
Encourage the students to be critical about what they find on the Internet, and point out
that the websites of museums and educational institutions are often excellent sources
of information. They should visit a range of websites.
Students should keep a record of the sources of the information they collect, and include
it as the bibliography for any reports or projects.
Processing information.
Students need to express content in their own words. They should not copy and paste
chunks of text from Wikipedia; explain that it is better if they prepare much shorter texts
themselves.
It may be helpful to provide examples of how type size, headings, captions, correct
spelling and simple uncluttered layouts facilitate understanding.
Communicating information.
Rubrics can be used to clarify presentation goals and evaluation.
Set time limits and encourage students to rehearse their presentations beforehand.
Presenters should allow time to answer questions from the class after a presentation.

Geography index
Unit Introduction Contents Key Competences
1 Physical geography The highest peak in 1. Relief formation Use maps to link
the world 2. The Earths relief geographical features
3. The continents Tropical cyclones
4. Water
5. Rivers and lakes of the world
6. Climates and landscapes
7. The relief of Spain
8. Water in Spain
6 9. Climates and landscapes of Spain
2 World population Where does most of the 1. How do we study population? Analyse a text about ageing
worlds population live? 2. World population The populations of China
3. Population ageing and India
4. Migration
30 5. The population of Spain
3 Cities Oslo: a sustainable city 1. The structure and functions of cities Thegrowthofamegacity:
2. The spread of urbanisation Lagos (Nigeria)
3. The worldwide urban network Use Internet resources
4. Urban problems
46 5. Spanish cities
4 The primary sector The cultivation of 1. The primary sector today Interpret a topographic map
oranges 2. Agrarian landscapes
3. Human influence on the agrarian landscape
4. Agriculture in developed regions
5. Agriculture in less developed regions
6. Livestock farming and fishing
7. The primary sector in Spain
62 8. Agrarian landscapes in Spain
5 Mining, energy The strategic importance 1. Mining What is the best location
and industry of rare raw materials 2. Energy sources for an industry?
3. Non-renewable energy A sustainable energy
project
4. Renewable energy
5. The origins and development of industry
6. The characteristics of modern industry
7. The industrial powers
84 8. Mining, energy and industry in Spain
6 Services The northern sea routes 1. Services Analyse a tourist resort:

2. Trade Benidorm (Alicante)
3. Characteristics of world trade
4. Transport networks and land transport
5. Ship and air transport
6. Tourism
7. Other services
106 8. Trade, transport and tourism in Spain
7 Development Is education a universal 1. What is development? Compare the development

right? 2. The causes of economic underdevelopment of two countries
3. Types of inequality Is Africa taking off?
4. Overcoming underdevelopment
128 5. Poverty and exclusion in Spain
8 Environmental Local decision, global 1. Environmental degradation and green awareness Analyse the environment
sustainability effects 2. Air pollution and climate change The Sakurajima volcano
3. Water supply
4. Deforestation and soil degradation
144 5. The loss of biodiversity
2
History index
Unit Introduction Contents Key Competences
9 The Age of How did we discover 1. The Age of Exploration Analyse sources
Discovery that the Earth was 2. The Portuguese expeditions The frieze of Holmul
round?
3. The Castilian expeditions
4. Pre-Columbian America
160 5. Social and economic change
10 Renaissance Leonardo da Vinci, 1. What was humanism? Religiousdivisionsinthe

and Reformation a universal genius 2. New ideas in science and art world today
3. The Quattrocento AvisittotheUffiziGallery
4. The High Renaissance
5. The spread of the Renaissance
176 6. The Reformation and Counter-Reformation
11 The Spanish Empire What were the tercios? 1. The emergence of the modern state Analyse historical clothing
2. The Catholic Monarchs Why did the Indian
3. The beginnings of the Spanish Empire population decrease?
4. The organisation of the empire
5. Spanish foreign policy
194 6. Spanish America
12 Baroque Europe The Palace of Versailles 1. A period of crisis Identify the symbols
2. The decline of the Hispanic Monarchy of absolutism
3. The end of Spanish hegemony in Europe Analyse symbols
4. Absolutism in France Baroque sculpture
5. The Dutch Republic
6. The rise of Parliament in England
7. The Scientific Revolution
8. Baroque culture
212 9. TheSpanishGoldenAge
3
Vocabulary organizer
Unit _______________________
English My language Pronunciation Association
GEOGRAPHY AND HISTORY 3. Photocopiable material 2015 Santillana Educacin, S. L.

Reinforcement,
Extension and Assessment
1
CONTENT AND RESOURCES
Physical geography
CONTENTS
FIND OUT ABOUT The formation of relief

Continental and oceanic relief
The relief and water of the continents
The climates and landscapes of the Earth
Spain: relief, water, climates and landscapes
KNOW HOW TO Understand relief formation: internal and external processes

Distinguish continental and oceanic relief
Identify the main relief features, rivers and lakes of the Earth and Spain
Identify the five main climate zones in the Earth
Identify the main climates and landscapes of each climate zone and Spain
Compare climates and landscapes
Interpret maps of relief, rivers and lakes, and climates of the Earth and Spain
Distinguish continental and marine water
Interpret charts, pie charts, diagrams and climographs
Analyse photos of landscapes
Organise and classify information in tables
Use maps to link geographical features to each other
Analyse the effects of marine currents
Analyse the effects of cyclones
BE ABLE TO Use an atlas

Find the main physical features, rivers and lakes of each continent in a map
Find the main physical features, watersheds and rivers of Spain in a map
Locate the different climates of the continents in a map
Locate the different climates of Spain in a map
Understand the importance of water in human life
Recognise the importance of properly managing fresh water resources
Reflect on the influence of climate on the distribution of world population
RESOURCES
Reinforcement and extension Digital resources

Relief: formation and features Libromedia. Physical geography
Water and climates of the Earth
Relief, water and climates of Spain Audio
The seven summits Track 1: pp. 6-7, 'The highest peak in the world' (students
Geographer's tools: graphs, photos and maps and teachers)
Track 2: p. 29, 'Tropical cyclones' (teachers)
Assessment
Test of Unit 1
16 GEOGRAPHY AND HISTORY 3. Photocopiable material Santillana Educacin, S. L.

SHEET REINFORCEMENT
1. Physical geography
1
Name: Course: Date:
1 Use the key to label the forms of continental and oceanic relief on the picture.
1. Mountain range 6. Continental shelf 11.Gulf

2.Plateau 7.Peninsula 12.Island
3.Valley 8.Beach 13. Continental slope
4.Plain 9.Cape 14. Ocean trench
5.Depression 10. Abyssal plain 15. Mid-ocean ridge
2 Use the key to label the forms of relief, rivers and lakes on the world map.
2,000 metres
500 metres
0 metres
Forms of relief Rivers and lakes
Rocky Mountains (1); Andes (2); Sahara Desert (3); Nile River (a); Lake Victoria (b); Yangtze River (c);
Matto Grosso (4); Drakensberg Mountains (5); Yellow River (d); Lake Baikal (e); Mississippi River (f);
Cape of Good Hope (6); Himalayas (7); Plateau of Tibet (8); Amazon River (g); Danube River (h); Volga River (i)
613233T02P003
Ural Mountains (9); Pyrenees (10); Great Dividing Range (11).
GEOGRAPHY AND HISTORY 3. Photocopiable material Santillana Educacin, S. L. 17

SHEET REINFORCEMENT
2
Name: Course: Date:
1 Complete the table on continental water. Then, answer the question.
Continental water Definition Example
River
Lake
Groundwater
Ice
Why is fresh water a scarce resource?
2 Read the sentences and write True (T) or False (F). Correct the false sentences in your notebook.
a. Oceans and seas hold about half of the Earths water.
b. Marine currents have an influence on the climate of coastal regions.
c. Tides are the monthly rise and fall of sea level caused by the seasons.
d. Waves are movements of the surface water of the sea caused by the tides.
3 Write the names of the continents and oceans in the right place on the map. Then, use the key to colour the Earths climates.
TEMPERATE CLIMATES COLD CLIMATES HOT CLIMATES

Orange Mediterranean Light blue Polar Red Equatorial Light yellow Desert
Light green Oceanic Dark blue High mountain Pink Tropical wet
Dark green Continental Dark yellow Tropical dry

SHEET REINFORCEMENT
3
Name: Course: Date:
1 Use the key to label the inland and coastal forms on the map of Spain.
Canary islands (1)

Balearic Islands (2)
Pyrenees (3)
Mountains of Toledo (4)
Iberian Mountain Chain (5)
Inner Plateau (6)
Galician Massif (7)
Baetic Chain (8)
Central Mountain Chain (9)
Ebro river basin (10)
2 List the four main rocky substrates found in Spain in your notebook. Then, write at least one inland or coastal form
(named in activity 1) corresponding to each rocky substrate.
3 Use the key to colour the watersheds on the map from649264_01_11_Espana

activity 1. Then, complete the table about the rivers of Spain
Fisico
in your notebook.
Yellow Mediterranean Green Cantabrian Purple Atlantic
Atlantic watershed Mediterranean watershed Cantabrian watershed
Characteristics
Rivers
4 Complete the table about the climates of Spain in your notebook. Then, answer the questions.
Climate Temperatures Precipitation
Oceanic
Mediterranean:
Typical
Continentalised
Semi-arid
Subtropical
Mountain
a. Which factors have an influence in the climate of Spain
b. Which is the most common climate in Spain?
c. Can you name an example of vegetation from each of the different landscapes of Spain?

SHEET EXTENSION
4
Name: Course: Date:
1 Read the text. Complete the table with the information from the news article and other sources.
Reaching the top of the world at age 15 (5,642 m) in Russia, and the highest peak of South
America, Mount Aconcagua (6,960 m) in
The young American boy, Jordan Romero, climbed Argentina. When he was just 11 years old he
the highest mountain in Africa, Kilimanjaro (5,895 climbed Mount McKinley, now called Denali (6,194
m), in Tanzania when he was only ten years old. He m) in Alaska (USA), the highest peak in North
climbed it with his father and stepmother, who America, and Puncak Jaya (5,030 m) in Indonesia,
also accompanied him in 2011 when he reached the highest peak in Oceania.
the summit of Vinson Massif (4,897 m), the highest
peak in Antarctica. At the age of 15 Jordan then In May 2010, at the age of 13, he reached the
became the youngest climber to have reached the highest peak of Asia and the world, Mount Everest
highest peaks on all the continents. (8,850 m) in Nepal. This was another world record.
Jordan Romero had become the youngest climber
Jordan's first climbing record was set in June 2006 to see the world from the highest viewpoint on
when he climbed Kilimanjaro. At the same age each continent.
(only ten), Jordan was also the youngest person to
reach the highest summit of Europe, Mount Elbrus El Pas, 25 December 2011 (adapted)
Continent Country Mountain range Summit Height
Africa
North America
South America
Europe
Asia
Oceania
Antarctica
Think about it: do you consider that it is right that children as young as Jordan try to climb Everest?
Discuss your ideas in groups.
2 Search the Internet for a blank map of the world and print it.
Write the name of the continents on the map.
Find and label the names of the mountain ranges from activity 1.
Use a triangle symbol to label the summit of each mountain range and write the height next to it.

SHEET EXTENSION
5
Name: Course: Date:
1 Geographers use maps, graphs and other tools to work. Look at the tools and label them.
A
Seville (Spain) Kazan (Russia) Aberdeen (Scotland)
T C Pmm T C Pmm T C Pmm

40 80
40 80 40 80
30 60
30 60 20 40 30 60
20 40 10 20
20 40
0 0
10 20 -10 10 20
0 0 -20 0 0
J F M A M J J A S O N D J F M A M J J A S O N D J F M A M J J A S O N D
B C
301688T1p9c_climograma_Sevilla 301688T1p9d_climograma_Kazn 301688T1p9e_climograma_Aberdeen
Tropic of Cancer
Equator
Main Greenwich Meridian

climates
Mediterranean
Oceanic
Continental
a. 562954_01_p21_leyenda_climas templados
b.
c.
562954_01_p21_climas templados
2 Analyse the graphs. 4 Analyse the map.

Which type of graphs are they? Which type of map is it?
Which information do they show? Which information does it show?
Describe temperatures and precipitation in each one. What would be a good title for this map?
Which climate does each graph represent? Explain the distribution of each climate and the
corresponding landscape.
3 Look at the photograph.
Is it an aerial or a satellite photograph? Explain your
5 Write a report.
answer. Write a report about temperate climates with the
What do you see in the photograph? Which natural information gathered in the previous activities.
features do you see? Do you see any human features?
Which type of climate does this landscape correspond to?
Do you think this landscape is densely or scarcely
populated? Why?

1 ASSESSMENT
Name: Course: Date:
1 Identify the two basic processes of relief formation and explain how they are related.
2 Write three forms of continental relief and three forms of oceanic relief. Define each term.
3 Label the following forms of relief, rivers and lakes on the map.
Mountain ranges: Rocky Mountains, Himalayas, Caucasus Mountains, Andes, Ural Mountains, Alps, Atlas Mountains,
Drakensbberg Mountains, Great Dividing Range. Plains and plateaus: Plateau of Tibet, Great Plains, Mato Grosso Plateau,
East European Plain, Darfur Plateau. Rivers and lakes: Congo River, Yangtze River, Nile River, Yellow River, Amazon River,
Danube River, Mississippi River, Volga River, Darling River, Lake Victoria, Lake Baikal, Great Lakes, Lake Ladoga.
2,000 metres
500 metres
0 metres
4 Write about the percentages and distribution of continental and marine water on Earth.
Then, explain why marine water is in constant movement.
613233T02P003


5 Complete the table about the climate zones of the Earth.
Hot climates Temperate climates Cold climates
Climate: Climate: Climate:

Temperatures: Temperatures: Temperatures:
Precipitation: Precipitation: Precipitation:
Climate: Climate: Climate:

Temperatures: Temperatures: Temperatures:
Precipitation: Precipitation: Precipitation:
Climate: Climate:
Temperatures: Temperatures:
Precipitation: Precipitation:
6 Look at the map.
a. Write the forms of relief the line goes through.

b. Write the main type of rocky substrate in:
the Galician Massif:
the Pyrenees:
the Ebro river basin
7 Label the watersheds of Spain on the map from activity 6, and complete the table.
Cantabrian watershed Atlantic watershed Mediterranean watershed

649264_01_11_Espana Fisico
Characteristics: Characteristics: Characteristics:
Examples: Examples: Examples:
8 Write about the most common climate in Spain and its three sub-climates.

2
World population
CONTENTS
FIND OUT ABOUT Population indicators

The growth of world population
Population ageing
Migrations: factors, consequences and trends
The population of Spain
KNOW HOW TO Understand the main concepts and indicators used to study population
Compare recent demographic trends in developed, emerging and less developed countries
Analyse the causes and consequences of ageing populations
Understand and analyse migration: types, causes and consequences of migration
Compare internal and international migration in developed countries and emerging
and less developed countries
Understand population growth and distribution in Spain
Explain migration trends in contemporary Spain
Interpret choropleth maps, population maps and graphs, pie charts and population pyramids
Analyse a text and graph about population ageing
Compare the populations of China and India
BE ABLE TO Use population indicators

Use maps, graphs, charts and the Internet as sources of information
Reflect on the importance of population studies for economic and social policies
Assess positive and negative effects of migration
Reflect critically on current demographic and social issues such as overpopulation,
ageing populations, obesity and cultural diversity
RESOURCES

Population indicators Libromedia. World population
Population pyramids
Migration Audio
Population distribution and physical environment Track 3: pp. 30-1, 'Where does most of the world's
Natural growth of Spains population population live?' (students and teachers)
Track 4: p. 45, 'Birth control policies and population
Assessment growth' (teachers)
Test of Unit 2

SHEET REINFORCEMENT
2. World population
1
Name: Course: Date:
1 Write a definition for each demographic indicator. Then, answer the questions.
Indicator Definition
Crude birth rate
Total fertility rate
Generational replacement
Crude death rate
Child mortality rate
Life expectancy
Rate of natural increase
Net migration
Population density
a. What are the worlds recent demographic trends according to the following indicators?
Birth rate:
Fertility rate:
Death rate:
Life expectancy:
b. What does 'ageing population' refer to?
c. Which types of country generally have an ageing population?
2 Look at the map and answer the questions in your notebook.

a. How is information
represented on a
choropleth map?
Arctic Circle
b. Which variable
does the map
show?
c. Is world population
PACIFIC
distributed evenly
Tropic of Cancer
or unevenly?
ATLANTIC OCEAN d. Which areas of the

PACIFIC world are densely
Equator
I N D I A N
populated? And
OCEAN OCEAN
which ones are
OCEAN
Tropic of Capricorn sparsely
populated?
Greenwich Meridian
Density (inhabitants/km )2
Over 300 Explain your

300 to 150
answer.
Scale 150 to 25
0 1,650
Under 25
SOURCE: US Census Bureau, International Data Base, 2010. kilometres No data
711155_02_p33_leyenda_world_population_density

SHEET REINFORCEMENT
2. World population
2
Name: Course: Date:
1 Study the three population pyramids and answer the questions.
A B C
a. How are population pyramids used?
b. Which variable is included on the vertical axis? And on the horizontal axis?
c. What does the left side of each graph show? And the right side?
d. Complete the table:
Name Shape of the pyramid Characteristics of the population Type of country
Pyramid A
Pyramid B
Pyramid C
2 Complete the table about the population of Spain and draw the corresponding population pyramid based on the population
pyramids from activity 1. Then, answer the questions.
Indicator Description Population pyramid
Birth rate
Death rate
Life expectancy
Net migration
a. What conclusion can you draw from the table about the population of Spain?

b. How is this population distributed geographically?

SHEET REINFORCEMENT
2. World population
3
Name: Course: Date:
1 Complete the mind map about migration. Tick () the positive effects of migration. Then, answer the question.

includes
Migration
factors
political or religious

economic
consequences

What are the main characteristics of international migration?

SHEET EXTENSION
2. World population
4
Name: Course: Date:
THE EARTHS RELIEF

1 Compare the maps. Then, answer the questions in your notebook.
90 60 0 30 60 90 120
a. Which areas of the Earth are the

180 150 120 30 150 180
ARCTIC OCEAN
most densely populated?

80 80
Greenland
East Siberia
Sea MIR
TAY SULA Sea
Greenland IN
Beaufort Baffin
Kara PEN
b. Which ones are the least densely

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M PLATEAU
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Ne tic an Okhotsk PENINSULA
R
LABRADOR Sea Bal UROP Irt
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O
Baikal St
Dni e p
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A
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PENINSULA ANATOLIAN Z INS
TA
Mount i Mount 7,495 m lu n M KOREAN
r
Sea
Elbert
Whitney Etna Kun
p
Mulhacn ag PENINSULA
ac
4,399 m PLATEAU Indu K2

sip
sh
Cape Hatteras IRANIAN
INS M e diterranean S
3,349 m ro s 8,616 m PLATEAU
4,418 m 3,478 m
IN
Eu
al
NORTH CHINA
Missis
sM
Ku
Mount Fuji
TA ph HI
pp
Toubkal ea
UN ra ou PLATEAU MA OF TIBET 3,776 m
ze PLAIN
S
4,165
u
Canary
MO
nt
Si
te
Brav Sargasso Pe ains R L AY gt
nd
LIBYAN s
er
HA ERT
growth? Make a hypothesis

LOWER CALIFORNIA Islands A SAhaggar AS an
Ga
Sea L Mountains rs T
Hi
o
DESERT n Y
ra
PENINSULA Gulf of FLORIDA AT G

ulf ian 4.042 m S g es Mount Everest
M lat
Teide
DE
ex ea
Tibesti
p
Mexico PENINSULA
Ma
3,715 8,850 m
ic u
Tropic of Cancer ARABIAN

an
Mount Tahat Mountains

Re
Cuba
dr
Orizaba 3,003 m PENINSULA

Nile Formosa
dS
Hispaniola M
.
e
20
to explain this, and include

Cape 5,700 m YUCATAN
SAHARA Emi-koussi Arabian e
Bay of
PACIFIC Corrientes PENINSULA 3,415 m Sea
ea
Bengal
ko
Jamaica Puerto Rico Cape HINDUSTAN South China
MICRONESIA
ng
Lake DARFUR
Ni
INDOCHINA Sea
Tajamuco Caribbean Sea Verde Ras Dashen
PENINSULA
ge
Chad PLATEAU 4,620 m Cape Guardafui PENINSULA

OCEAN 4,217 m
r
Philippines
examples using information

SOMALI Ethiopian
S co H Gu
POLYNESIA O ig ia Plateau PENINSULA Cape MELANESIA
o
AN
Orin
hla na Mount Cameroon

Comorin
LL nd 4,070 m Lake
s
in
Chimborazo s Victoria
a
Borneo
from both maps and an atlas.

0 Equator Mount Kenya 0
New Guinea
nt
6,267 m Cape
A m az o n 5,199 m
ou
INDIAN Sumatra
go
BASIN Sao Roque Kilimanjaro Puncak Jaya

aM
N
ATLANTIC Lake
l l ey
AZO
on
5,895 m 5,030 m
C
a
AM MATO Tanganyika
e ir
mb
o
Va
ad
GROSSO OCEAN Java

c
Mitu
cis
ft Lake
OCEAN
M
Ri
Fran
d. How does water influence

PLATEAU
el
Malawi
LEY
GRE
Lake ezi
nn
CENTRAL
mb
AN
Titicaca Za BER U
San
ha
Altiplano PLATEAU KIM ATEA Coral Sea

ins
AT
eC
DES
20 Gulf of OF ANGOLA North West PL 20

n
DIV
a
iqu
Arica KALAHARI Cape GREAT SANDY

Para
unt
population distribution? Make

Tropic of Capricorn
mb
DESERT
IDING RANGE
DESERT
Ojos del Salado
Mo
za
6,880 m GRAN Cathkin Madagascar GREAT VICTORIA

Mo
3,660 m
CHACO DESERT ng
g
Orange
er
a hypothesis to explain this,
rli
b
Dr a k e n s
Cape
Da
Mount Aconcagua Great
6,960 m THE Leeuwin Australian Mur
River Cape of ray Mount Kosciusko
PAMPAS Bight
Plate Good Hope 2,230 m 40
40
New Zealand
Tasmania Mount
and include examples using
A
Cook
GONI
3,764 m
information from both maps

PATA
Cape Horn
ell of
an
ag it
and an atlas.
M Stra
ge
ssa
60 Pa 60
ke
Dra
SOUTHERN OCEAN
Antarctic Circle
e. Which other physical factor

is important in population
ANTARCTIC Weddell
PENINSULA Sea
Scale
80 80 0 880
kilometres distribution? Explain your answer.

180 150 120 90 60 30 0 30 60 90 120 150 180
509798_01_p18_19_mundi_fisico
Sparsely populated areas
Densely populated areas

SHEET EXTENSION
2. World population
5
Name: Course: Date:
1 Study the text, the graph and the table. Then, answer the questions.
Rate of natural increase in Spain

In
In the future, Spains birth rate will continue to 20
Birth rate
decrease gradually. This decrease will be due to a
Death rate
decline of the fertility rate and a gradual reduction
Natural increase
in the number of women of fertile age.
15
Life expectancy reached 80 years for men and 85.6 years
for women in 2013. By 2029, it will be 84 years for men
and 88.7 years for women. However, the death rate will
continue to increase as a result of population ageing.
10
A falling birth rate and a higher death rate is leading to
a negative rate of natural increase of Spains population.
1975 1985 1995 2005 2012
Natural increase of the population of Spain Source: INE, 2012.
Number Number Natural

Years
of births of deaths increase
2012-2021 4,236,114 4,068,505 167,609
2022-2031 3,510,579 4,250,655 740,076
2032-2041 3,488,225 4,545,996 1,057,771
2042-2051 3,395,295 5,055,887 1,660,592
Source: Proyeccin de Poblacin a Largo Plazo, INE.
a. Think of a good title for this text and write it at the top.
b. Which are the main causes of a declining birth rate in Spain?
c. Why will the number of deaths continue to increase?
d. About when did (or will) the natural increase turn negative?
e. What does a negative natural increase mean for the population of Spain?
f. How much will life expectancy grow from 2013 to 2029 in men and women?
g. If the predictions are right, in which decade will the number of deaths in Spain be above 5 million?

2 ASSESSMENT
Name: Course: Date:
1 Study the world population graph and answer the questions
World population by continents a. What percentage of the world population lives in Europe?
In millions of inhabitants
5,192
2010 2050 b. Which continent will be the most densely populated in 2050?
4,138

c. Will the population of any continent decrease?
2,232

1,024
1,198 d. If so, in which continent and why?
927
738 701

34 48
Asia Africa America Europe Oceania
2 Complete the table about population ageing.
Population ageing
Birth Death Natural

Causes Consequences Type of country
rate rate increase
3 Study the population pyramids and complete the table.

Population
Population
pyramid
Population
pyramid
ofPopulation
Germany
pyramid
ChinaofPopulation
Germany
pyramid
ofPopulation
Germany
Population
Population
pyramid
Population
of
Population
Population
Population
Germany
pyramid
ofpyramid
pyramid
Germany
pyramid
pyramid
pyramid
Populationpyramid
of Germany
ofof
of
pyramidof
Germany
of
Germany
of
Germany
Germany
Germany
Germany
of Germany
India Population pyramid of Germany
80 y + 80 y +
Male population
Male population
Male population FemaleChina
Male population
75-79 Male population
Female
population
MaleMale population
Female
Male
population
MaleMale
Male
Male
population
population Female
population
Malepopulation
population
population
population population
Female populationFemale
75-79 Female
Femalepopulation
Female
Female
Femalepopulation
Female
Femalepopulation
population
populationIndia
population
population
population Male population Female population
70-74 70-74
80 y + 80+ 65-69
80+ 80+ 80+ 80+ 80+ 80+ 80+
80+
80+
80+
80 80+y80+
65-69 + 80+
75-79 75-79 60-64 75-79 75-79 75-79 75-79 75-79 75-79
75-79
75-79
75-79
75-79
75-79
75-79 75-79
60-64 75-79
70-74 70-74 55-59 70-74 70-74 70-74 70-74 70-74 70-74
70-74
70-74
70-74
70-74
70-74
70-74 70-74
55-59 70-74
65-69 65-69 50-54 65-69 65-69 65-69 65-69 65-69 65-69
65-69
65-69
65-69
65-69
65-69
50-54
65-69 65-69 65-69
60-64 60-64 45-49 60-64 60-64 60-64 60-64 60-64 60-64
60-64
60-64 45-49
60-64
60-64
60-64
60-64 60-64 60-64
40-44 55-59 40-44
55-59 55-59 55-59 55-59 55-59 55-59 55-59
55-59
55-59
55-59
55-59
55-59
55-59 55-59 55-59
35-39 35-39
50-54 50-54 30-34
50-54 50-54 50-54 50-54 50-54 50-54 50-54
50-54
50-54
50-54
50-54
50-5450-54
30-34 50-54
45-49 45-49 25-29 45-49 45-49 45-49 45-49 45-49 45-49 45-49
45-49
45-49
45-49
45-49
45-4945-49
25-29 45-49
40-44 40-44 20-24 40-44 40-44 40-44 40-44 40-44 40-44 40-44
40-44
40-44
40-44
40-44
40-44
20-24
40-44 40-44
35-39 35-39 15-19 35-39 35-39 35-39
Population pyramid of Germany 35-39 35-39 35-39 35-39
35-39
35-39 15-19
35-39
35-39
35-3935-39 35-39
30-34 30-34 10-14 30-34 30-34 30-34 30-34 30-34 30-34
30-34
30-34 10-14
30-34
30-34
30-34
30-3430-34 30-34
25-29 25-29 5-9 25-29 25-29 25-29 25-29 25-29 25-29 25-29
25-29
25-29
25-29
25-295-9
25-2925-29 25-29
0-4 Female population 0-4
20-24 20-24Male20-24 population 20-24 20-24 20-24 20-24 20-24 20-24
20-24
20-24
20-24
20-24
20-2420-24 20-24
5 4 3 2 1 0 En % 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 5 4 3 2 1 0 En % 0 1 2 3 4 5
15-19 15-19 15-19 15-19 15-19
80+ 15-19 15-19 15-19 15-19
15-19
15-19
15-19
15-19
15-1915-19 15-19
10-14 Bureau,
FUENTE: U. S. Census 10-14 10-14 10-14 10-14
75-79 10-14 10-14 10-14 10-14
10-14
10-14
10-14
10-14
10-1410-14 10-14
International Data Poblacin masculina Poblacin femenina
5-9Base. 2011.
5-9 5-9 5-9 5-9
70-74 5-9 5-9 5-9 5-9
5-95-9
5-9
5-9
5-9 5-9 5-9
0-4 0-4 0-4 0-4 0-4
65-69 0-4 0-4 0-4 0-4
0-40-4
0-4
0-4
0-4 0-4 0-4
54 34 52 3 14 2 05 3En 1 4%2 05 3 11 402 205 3113 40 22405 31 1553 54055225054 4356 2252021210241111103015000020En
144134435032423304332121333
60-64 40001%00300
51 120114112 2312225223 342333344453444455545555 5 5 4 3 2 1 0 0 1 2 3 4 5
In %
55-59 In % In % In % In % In %InInIn%In
%In
%
In
%% %%
In
NTE: U. S. Census
Source: US Source:
Census US
Bureau, International
Source:
Census
Bureau, US International
Source:
Census
Bureau, Data
US CensusInternational
Base,
Source:
Bureau, Data
US Base,
Source:
Bureau,
2011.Census International
Data
Source:
Source:
Source:
Source:
US Source: 50-54
Base,
Source:
Census
Bureau,
2011. US US
PoblacinUSInternational
Data
Census
US
US
Census
Census
US Census
Census
Bureau,
2011.
Source: US Census Base,
Census
Bureau,International
Bureau, Data
Bureau,
Bureau,
Bureau,
masculina International
Bureau,
2011. International
International
International
International
International
Base, Data
2011.
Bureau, InternationalDataData
Data
Base,Data
Data
Data
Base,
Base,
Base,
2011.
Poblacin Base,
Base,
DataBase,
2011.
2011.
2011.
2011.
Base,2011.
2011.
femenina
2011.
Source: US Census Bureau, International Data Base, 2011.
In %
rnational Data Base. 2011.
45-49
40-44
35-39
30-34 Germany India
25-29
20-24
Shape of the pyramid 15-19
10-14
5-9
5 4 3 2
Birth rate1 0
0-4
0 1 2 3 4 5
In %
Source: US Census Bureau, International Data Base, 2011.
Life expectancy
Degree of population ageing

2. World population
4 Study the map and answer the questions.
Greenwich meridian
Arctic Circle
A T L A N T I C
O C E A N P A C I F I C
Tropic of Cancer
O C E A N
P A C I F I C
Equator O C E A N
I N D I A N
O C E A N
Net migration
Tropic of Capricorn
(Migrants per 1,000)
Over 10
10 to 0
0 to -5
Under -5
Scale
0 1,200
Antarctic Circle No data
SOURCE: UNO. 2010. kilometres
a. How is information represented on this map?

508877-02-071-a
b. Which variable does the map show? 711155_02_p38_leyenda_world_migrations
c. What does negative net migration mean?
d. Which continents show areas with negative net migration?
e. What does positive net migration mean?
f. Which continent has the highest positive net migration?
g. What are the main causes of international migration?
h. What are its main consequences?
5 Study the population pyramid of Spain and answer the questions.
Male population Female population

a. What is the shape of the population pyramid?
80+
75-79
70-74
b. What are the birth rate and the death rate like?
65-69
60-64

55-59
c. Which age groups are the largest?
50-54
45-49

40-44
35-39 d. What is the overall population of Spain like?
30-34
25-29
20-24
15-19 e. What are the consequences and challenges
10-14
of having such a population?
5-9
5 4 3 2 1
0-4
0 In % 0 1 2 3 4 5

Source: INE, Espaa en cifras 2013.


3
Cities
CONTENTS
FIND OUT ABOUT The structure and functions of cities

Urban growth and development
The urban network of the world
Urban problems
The urban network of Spain
KNOW HOW TO Identify functions and structure of cities

Analyse and compare graphs and maps
Analyse urban space from aerial photos and maps
Understand the location of cities
Analyse the growth of a megacity
Understand urban hierarchy
Identify urban problems
Understand the need of developing sustainable cities
Work with maps on the Internet
Work with the Worldview interface
BE ABLE TO Use maps, graphs, tables, photos and the Internet as sources of information
Reflect critically on the negative effects of urban growth
Understand and reflect on social exclusion in cities
Reflect on the importance of creating a balance between urban development
and environmental protection
RESOURCES

Population and cities Libromedia. Cities
Urban growth and urban network
Interpreting an urban map Audio
The greenest cities of the planet Track 5: pp.46-7, 'Oslo: a sustainable city' (students
Population density and urban system in Spain and teachers)
Track 6: p. 59, 'Social exclusion in cities' (teachers)
Assessment
Test of Unit 3

SHEET REINFORCEMENT
3.Cities
1
Name: Course: Date:
1 Look at the graph and answer the questions.
In millions of people a. How much has world population grown between 1980 and 2011?
7,000
6,000
5,000
b. Has the rural or urban population grown more? Explain your answer.
4,000
3,000
2,000

1,000
0
1980 1990 2000 2011
c. Which population is higher today: rural or urban? Why?
Total population Urban population Rural population
SOURCE: World Bank, 2011.
2 Complete the table on cities.
Cities
functions main areas
outskirts
cultural
Can you name an example of
a political city?
a cultural city?
an industrial city?
a tourist city?
3 Complete the areas in the skyline of a typical old European city based on how it has changed over time.
Historic centre City extension Outskirts or suburbs
Central Business Modern residential

Industrial parks
District area

SHEET EXTENSION
3.Cities
2
Name: Course: Date:
1 Study the graph and answer the questions.
Urban population by continents a. Which continents have the highest predictions for urban
In millions growth?
3,500
1950 2025
3,000
2010 2050
2,500 ESTIMATED DATA
FOR 2025 AND 2050
2,000
b. Which types of country usually have this rate of growth?
1,500
1,000

500
0
ica a a
Afr Asi ope eric rica ani
a c. What are the causes of such a rapid rate of growth?
Eur Am me Oce
th r t hA
Source: ONU/ESA Prospects. Sou No
TRANSPORT NODES
2 Use the map 245714-Tema15-p283.2

and other sources to complete the table in your notebook. Then, answer the questions.
Global cities Emerging cities

Anchorage
London Stockholm Name Main activities Name Main activities
Paris
Beijing San Francisco New York
Memphis Madrid
Tokyo Los Angeles Miami
Manila Honolulu Mexico Mumbai
City Bogot
a. Are all these places global cities or emerging cities? If not,
Rio de Janeiro explain why they are on the map.
Sydney Santiago
Buenos Aires

SOURCE: Le Monde Diplomatique, Atlas. 2013. b. Between which continents are the routes most
concentrated? Why?
FedEx air transport from Memphis node
To Canada To Europe and Asia
To Latin America To Asia and Oceania

3 Study the graph and answer the questions.
Wealth generated by some cities and countries a. What does the graph show?
Thousands of millions of dollars
2,000 Country
Mexico
Tokyo
b. Are the cities in the graph located in developed countries,

City
Spain
York
New
Los Angeles
1,500
509798_03_p58_FedEx_EEUU_mundo emerging countries or less developed countries?
London, Pars
Australia
South Africa
Osaka-Kobe
Philadelphia
Mexico City
Poland
Chicago
1,000

Sao Paulo
Colombia
Belgium
Sweden
500
0
Source: PricewaterhouseCoopers UK.

c. Are some of them considered global cities? If so, which ones? Why?
367175T16p281h5 ingresos ciiudades

SHEET EXTENSION
3.Cities
3
Name: Course: Date:
1 Look at the map of Valencia and locate each photo in the corresponding urban area on the map.
DUy
LR %
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A B C
%3
2 Explain your answer and look on the Internet for additional information about how the city of Valencia has expanded over time.
3 Make a list of the likely urban problems of this city. Write recommendations to control them and to make Valencia a more
sustainable city.

SHEET EXTENSION
3.Cities
4
Name: Course: Date:
1 Read the text. Then, complete the table in your notebook with the information from the text and other sources.
The 'greenest' cities of the planet
Cities try to offer quality of life, but over

exploitation of natural resources due
to high population density causes an
increasein pollution and urban waste.
We need to fight for sustainable
solutions to make urban quality
of life healthier and more pleasant.
The following cities have done a great
deal to improve their environmental
quality.
1.Reykjavik, Iceland (photo). This city
has taken advantage of its natural
source of geothermal energy. Buses in
Reykjavik work on hydrogen energy.
2.Malm, Sweden. This city is a leader in 7.Copenhagen, Denmark. This city received
solutions for renewable energy and has the third the European Green Capital Award in 2014.
largest wind park in the world. It aims to be It is a pioneer in bicycle use.
'neutral' from a climatic point of view by 2020. 8.Stockholm, Sweden. This city allocates 40%
3.Vitoria-Gasteiz, Spain. This city received the of its space to green areas. Carbon emissions
European Green Capital Award in 2012. Its Green are very low.
Ring, is home to various endangered species. 9.Hamburg, Germany. This city received
Vitoria-Gasteiz has 97 kilometres of bike lanes. the European Green Capital Award in 2011.
4.Vancouver, Canada. This city has over 200 Its central area is being remodelled
parks. It has low carbon emissions and 90% to meet sustainability standards.
of its energy comes from renewable sources. 10.Bogota, Colombia. This city has hundreds
5.Portland, United States. It is the first city of kilometres of bike lanes and over
in the United States to adopt a plan to stop 1,200 urban green spaces.
pollution and improve environmental quality.
6.Curitiba, Brazil. This city has 16 parks, 14 Source: http://www.concienciaeco.com/2012/09/27/
forests and over 1,000 green public spaces. las-11-ciudades-mas-verdes-del-mundo/. (Adapted)
It recycles 70% of its waste.
Environmental
Green city Country Continent Area Population
improvement
2 Make a poster of the greenest cities of the world.

Draw a world map.
Use a green symbol to label the greenest cities on the map and write an eco-friendly slogan describing each city.
Find a photo of each city on the Internet and glue it next to the corresponding label on the map.

SHEET EXTENSION
3.Cities
5
Name: Course: Date:
THE SPANISH URBAN SYSTEM

1 Study both maps and answer the questions in your notebook.
Cantabrian Sea To Paris

Asturian
Avils Gijn Marseille
A Corua
Oviedo Donostia-San Sebastin
Bilbao
Galician coast Santiago
de Compostela
Basque and Ebro Valley
Vigo
Barcelona
Zaragoza
Valladolid
Porto Catalonian
Madrid
AT L A N T I C
OCEAN Central
Valencia Palma
Lisbon
Balearic
Alicante/Alacant
Crdoba Levant Mediterranean
Murcia Sea
South-west
Sevilla
Jerez de
la Frontera
Canary Cdiz Mlaga
Sta. Cruz de Urban subsystem Metropolitan areas

Tenerife
Melilla Connections, flows Subsystems in the
Las Palmas de Mediterranean corridor
Gran Canaria
a. Do you think these

Cantabrian Sea two maps are related?
Explain your answer.
509798_03_p79_sistema_urbano
b. What is the population
density in the areas
where the main urban
subsystems are located?
Make a list of these
ATLANTIC subsystems and the main
cities in each of them.
OCEAN
c. Where are these main
urban subsystems
a located? Why?
Se
n d. What happens on the rest
n ea
ra of Spanish territory in
r
d ite terms of population
Me density and the urban
system? Why do you
think this happens? What
SOURCE: INE, 2012. are the consequences?

3 ASSESSMENT
Name: Course: Date:
1 Complete the table about cities.
Characteristics Functions Main areas
2 Look at the map of Palma and locate each photo in the corresponding urban area on the map. Then, answer the questions.
A
Can Valero
Industrial Park
Shopping Centre
Son Moix
Sports Centre
Bullring
Theater Main
Square
C
Royal Palace
of La Almudaina
Arab
La Lonja
Baths
Cathedral
Port
MEDITERRANEAN SEA
PALMA
a. Describe the functions and economic activity of each of these urban areas.
367175T17p293h1 plano Palma

b. Explain the urban growth of the city of Palma over time.
c. Do you think Palma can be considered a diffuse city? Explain your answer.

3.Cities
Greenwich Meridian
THE LARGEST CITIES IN THE WORLD
Arctic Circle
Tianjin
Moscow Lahore
10.9 Seoul
London 11
24.2
16.7 Beijing
14 Osaka-
Pars
Paris 19.9 Kobe
Chicago 10
11.2 Istanbul 17.8
10 New York Estambul Tehern Delhi Kolkata Tokyo
12 14 10
Los Angeles 21.8 25.3 15.8 39.4
Dhaka
17.3 Shanghai
Cairo Tehran 16.7
Tropic of Cancer 29.5
16.4 13.4 Shenzhen
Guangzhou
Karachi 10
Mexico City 32.6
23.2 Shenzhen
22.2 Bangkok Manila 12.1
Lagos
Mumbai
Madrs 14.9
16 22.610 22.5
Equator Lagos
13.5
Kinshasa Jakarta
Metropolitan areas 17 27
Rio de Janeiro
(millions of inhabitants) 12
Tropic of Capricorn Ro de Janeiro
More than 30 million 13
So Paulo
21.7
From 30 to 20 million Buenos Aires
15.7
From 20 to 10 million
Less than 10 million
a. In which type of country did urban growth start? Explain your answer.
508877_03_p73_a_leyenda_areas_metropolitanas

509798_03_p57_areas_metropolitanas
b. In which countries is the rate of urban growth most rapid today?
c. Which factor has affected the rate of urban growth in both developed and less developed countries?
d. What are megacities?
e. What does the term urban hierarchy mean?
f. What are cities at the head of the urban hierarchy called? Write the name of the main ones and their location.
g. Which problems do large cities face today? What are possible measures to control them?

4
The primary sector
CONTENTS
FIND OUT ABOUT The primary sector today: production and active population
Agrarian landscapes: natural and man-made features
Commercial, traditional and plantation agriculture: characteristics, benefits and problems
Livestock farming and fishing: characteristics and types
The primary sector in Spain
Agrarian landscapes in Spain
KNOW HOW TO Analyse the importance of agriculture, livestock farming, fishing and forestry in the global
economy
Understand the main natural and human factors that shape agrarian landscapes
Identify the main characteristics and effects of agricultural activities on developed countries
and in less developed countries
Identify the main characteristics and types of livestock farming and fishing
Analyse the importance of the primary sector in Spain
Differentiate Spanish agricultural landscapes: characteristics and location
Asses the impact of primary sector activities on the environment and human health
Interpret graphs and maps related to the primary sector
Interpret photos and drawings
Interpret a topographic map
BE ABLE TO Use maps, graphs, tables, photos and the Internet as sources of information
Reflect critically on the negative effects of commercial agriculture, intense livestock farming
and overfishing
Reflect on the importance of sustainable rural development
Assess the importance of adopting measures for sustainable fishing
RESOURCES

The primary sector in the world Libromedia. The primary sector
Agriculture and natural environment
Agricultural activities and net migration Audio
Agricultural landscapes in Spain Track 7: pp. 62-3, 'The cultivation of oranges'
Livestock distribution in Spain (students and teachers)
Track 8: p. 80, activity 3 (students and teachers)
Assessment
Test of Unit 4

SHEET REINFORCEMENT
4. The primary sector
1
Name: Course: Date:
1 Identify the different agricultural landscapes in Spain. Write each type of agrarian landscape and its characteristics.
Landscape: Landscape:
Location: Location:
Natural factors: Natural factors:
Settlement: Settlement:
Type of cultivation: Type of cultivation:

Livestock farming and forestry: Livestock farming and forestry:

Cantabrian Sea
Landscape:
io
M
Eb
Location:
ro
D uero
AT L A N T I C
Natural factors:
OCEAN Settlement:
Ta j o
Type of cultivation:
Tu r
a
i
G u adi
an a

Spanish agricultural
uivir
Segu
ra landscapes
Humid oceanic

alq (livestock and forestry)
ad
Gu Humid mountain
(livestock and forestry) Livestock farming and forestry:
Continentalized
Mediterranean
(open fields and mixed

Greenwich Meridian
irrigation land)
ATLANTIC OCEAN
Warm Mediterranean
Mediterranean (orchards, rice and
Sea Scale
tropical crops)
0 76 Canary Islands
(coastal irrigation and
SOURCE: R. Mndez y F. Molinero, dry interior)
kilometres
Geografa de Espaa.
509798_04_p85_paisajes_agrarios_espanoles
Landscape: Landscape:
Location: Location:
Natural factors: Natural factors:
Settlement: Settlement:
Type of cultivation: Type of cultivation:

Livestock farming and forestry: Livestock farming and forestry:


SHEET REINFORCEMENT
2
Name: Course: Date:
1 DISTRIBUTION OF MARKET AGRICULTURE

Analyse the maps and graphs. Then, answer the questions in your notebook.
Agriculture Cr
cul 0
oP OCANO G
ola LACIAL RTICO
r
70
rtic
o
Production (% of total GDP)
65 Working population
(% of total population)
60
55
OC A NO
50 OCANO PA CF ICO
Trpico de Cncer ATLNTI CO
45 World average
42 %
0 Ecuador
40 OCANO
Meridiano de Greenwich
PACFICO OCA NO
35
ND I CO
Trpico de Capricornio
30
25
20
0
15 rtico
Ant Extensive agriculture Mediterranean agriculture
olar
10 Crc ulo P
World average Intensive agriculture Plantations
6,2 %
5
0
Asia and Latin America Near East Sub-saharan Developed Emerging
the Pacific and
North Africa
Africa countries countries Distribution of commercial agriculture.
Source: FAO 2004
Production and working population in different regions.
826932b5p134h2
In % 509798_04_p77_agricultura_mundi Arctic Circle
70
60
50
PA C I F I C AT L A N T I C Tropic of Cancer
40 OCEAN OCEAN
30 Equator
Working population INDIAN

20 (In %)
OCEAN
More than 75 Tropic of Capricorn
From 75 to 40
10
Greenwich Meridian
From 40 to 20
0 From 20 to 5
1980 1990 2000 2010
Less than 5
World Less developed countries Developed countries No data

Antarctic Circle SOURCE: FAO. 2013.
SOURCE: FAO, 2013.
Population working in the primary sector. Working population in the primary sector.
509798_04_p7_poblacion_activa_primario
Millions of tons
20,000
16,655
a. Which countries have economies that are mainly 15,902

based on agriculture? Find out where they are located. 15,000
b. Do you think agricultural productivity is high in these 10,000
countries? Explain your answer.

5,000
2,680
c. Which countries do you think have greater agricultural
productivity? Why? 0
USA Less developed European Union
SOURCE: FAO. 2013. countries
d. Does agriculture in developed countries contribute
greatly to the economy? Explain your answer. Use of fertilisers.

SHEET EXTENSION
3
Name: Course: Date:
1 Study and compare both maps. Then, answer the questions in your notebook.
AGRICULTURAL USES
Mainly farmland Other uses

Irrigation crops Meadows and pastures
Rainfed crops Forestry
Rice fields No human use
(deserts, ice, dense forest)
Mixed agriculture Dense urban areas
THE EARTHS CLIMATES

THE EARTHS CLIMATES a. In which regions is
Arcti
ARCTIC
less land used for
0
c Cir
cle OCEAN 508877T04_p126-127 Usos AGRARIOS LEYENDA
Arcti
ARCTIC
Escala
agriculture?
0
c Ci
rcle OCEAN 0 900
kilmetros
Climate zones
Climate zones Cold zones
b. Which types of climate
PA C I F I C Cold zones
Temperate zones and vegetation are
OPA
C ECAI FNI C
OCEAN
PA C I F I C Temperate zones
Hot zones found in these regions?
PA C I F I CO C E A N Hot zones
Hot climates
Tropic of Cancer
508877T04-p126-127
OCEAN Usos agrarios
Hot climates Equatorial c. Is agricultural
Tropic of Cancer Equatorial
Tropical wet development limited
Tropical wet
Tropical dry by one or more factors?
Equator Tropical dry
Equator Desert Make a list of these
ATLANTIC INDIAN Desert
ATLANTIC
OCEAN INDIAN
OCEAN
Temperate climates
Temperate climates
factors and explain how
OCEAN OCEAN
Tropic of Capricorn
Tropic of Capricorn
Mediterranean
Mediterranean they affect agriculture.
Continental
Greenwich Meridian
Continental
Greenwich Meridian
Oceanic Oceanic d. In which areas of the

Cold climates
Cold climates planet has vegetation
Polar Polar been most modified by
High mountain
High mountain
humans for agricultural
rclcele SOUTHERN
SOUTHERN
rctticicCCi ir
Annttaarc
A OCEAN
OCEAN use?

SHEET EXTENSION
4
Name: Course: Date:
1 Study the map of the working population in the primary sector and answer the questions in your notebook.
a. Is it significant that a low or a high

proportion of a population is employed in Working population
(In %)
the primary sector? Explain your answer.
More than 75
b. Which European countries have a From 75 to 40
significant workforce in the primary From 40 to 20
sector? In which countries is the primary From 20 to 5
sector less important? Less than 5
c. Where are these groups of countries? No data
Use the cardinal points, the continents,

proximity to an ocean or sea, or other
criteria.
OCANO
2 Compare the maps and answer the questions in your notebook.
AT L N T I C O
a. Which information does the second map
show? Net migration
(Migrants per 1,000)
b. What do the positive and negative Over 10
numbers mean? 10 to 0
0 to -5
c. What is net migration in European regions
Under -5
with a strong primary sector? What about
No data
countries and regions with a less
significant primary sector? Explain your
answer.
711155_02_p38_leyenda_world_migrations
wich

SHEET EXTENSION
5
Name: Course: Date:
1 Use the table of livestock distribution in Spain by Autonomous Communities to answer the questions.
Main livestock species, farms and number of animals, 2013.
Cattle Sheep
Crculo
Pigs
Polar rtico
Poultry*
Farms Number Farms Number Farms Number Farms Number
Andalusia 5,370 517,324 7,999 1,984,518 4,752 1,993,153 4,132 26,107

Aragn 2,631 349,429 3,450 1,826,496 2,371 5,329,665 1,043 23,128
The Principality of Asturias 13,729 381,293 2,604 44,033 2,066 12,720 6,137 271
Balearic Islands 484 31,378 2,872 270,108 1,229 62,512 2,313 696
Canary Islands 578 14,422 1,007 65,189 358 54,532 940 2,702
Cantabria 6,441 278,964 1,886 52,125 579 2,363 2,854 170
Castile and Leon 13,124 1,199,541 8,356 3,353,597 5,363 3,055,924 4,777 22,045
Castile-La Mancha 2,286 342,819 5,347 2,595,868 942 1,346,642 1,673 25,470
Catalonia 4,106 545,350 2,158 579,825 4,321 6,705,208 2,965 44,735

The Community of 447 49,131 998 326,900 653 1,061,039 652 17,925
Valencia 7,582 711,208 8,842 3,162,378 5,956 1,013,876 2,753 5,540
Extremadura 34,311 928,312 10,566 168,416 21,232 1,109,710 40,533 20,528
Galicia
The Community of Madrid 1,163 87,135 297 82,423 47 20,781 271 2,028
The Region of Murcia 247 59,777 985 470,077
Trpico
759
de Cncer
1,596, 297 468 5,014
The Chartered Community 1,461 112,053 1,881 583,995 483 671,026 719 4,319
of Navarre
The Basque Country 5,286 128,111 4,534 259,593 561 18,982 6,255 1,575
Rioja 305 40,095 258 127,065 96 112,110 128 3,569
National total 99,550 5,776,381 64,043 15,952,621 51,767 24,166,539 78,615 205,822
Source: INE. * In thousands of birds

Ecuador
a. Which three Autonomous Communities have
OCANO the highest number of cattle farms? What do these Autonomous Autonomous
Autonomous Communities have in common? Livestock Communities Communities
with most farms with least farms
b. Which five Autonomous Communities have the highest
number of sheep? What do these Autonomous
Cattle
Communities have in common?
c. Which Autonomous Community has the highest
NDICO number of pigs?

d. Which Autonomous Community has the greatest
Sheep
Trpico de Capricornio
number of poultry farms? Does it also have the greatest
Pigs
number of chickens? How can you explain this?
e. Complete the table.
Poultry

4 ASSESSMENT
Name: Course: Date:
1 Look at the map of the working population in the primary sector and answer the questions.
a. Which activities are included

in the primary sector? Which
one is the most important?
Arctic Circle

b. In which countries is the

PA C I F I C AT L A N T I C Tropic of Cancer working population involved
OCEAN
OCEAN in this sector greatest?
Equator

Working population INDIAN
(In %)
More than 75
OCEAN
Tropic of Capricorn

From 75 to 40
c. How important is the
Greenwich Meridian
From 40 to 20
From 20 to 5 working population of the
Less than 5 primary sector in Europe?
No data
Antarctic Circle SOURCE: FAO. 2013.

2 Analyse the map and answer the questions.

509798_04_p7_poblacion_activa_primario
a. Which type of agriculture is found in developed regions?
b. Which type of agriculture is found in less developed regions?
c. What are plantations?
d. Where are the large

areas of commercial
agriculture of cereal
crops located?
e. Which other primary

sector activities can be
developed in areas
AGRARIAN SPACES
unsuitable for
Traditional agriculture Subsistence agriculture Commercial agriculture Horticulture
agriculture? (sedentary and shifting) (mainly rice) of cereals
Itinerant grazing Commercial livestock Area unsuitable

Plantation agriculture farming for agriculture
Subsistence agriculture Dairy farms
(polyculture) Mediterranean agriculture


3 Use the map from activity 2 to complete the table about the main agrarian spaces found in Europe and Spain.
Then, answer the question.
Europe Spain
Which natural factors influence European agricultural landscapes? Explain your answer.
4 Look at the photos and put the letter corresponding to each landscape in an appropriate place on the map.
Cantabrian Sea
io
M
Eb
ro
D uero
AT L A N T I C
OCEAN
Ta j o
Tu r
a
i
an a
G u adi
Spanish agricultural
Segu
ra landscapes
Humid oceanic
uivir
alq (livestock and forestry)
ad
Gu Humid mountain
(livestock and forestry)
Continentalized
Mediterranean
(open fields and mixed
Greenwich Meridian
irrigation land)
ATLANTIC OCEAN
Warm Mediterranean
Mediterranean (orchards, rice and
tropical crops)
Sea
Canary Islands
(coastal irrigation and
SOURCE: R. Mndez y F. Molinero, dry interior)
Geografa de Espaa.
A B C D
509798_04_p85_paisajes_agrarios_espanoles E

5
Mining, energy and industry
CONTENTS
FIND OUT ABOUT Mining and energy: types, production and consumption
Industry: origins and development
The characteristics of modern industry
The industrial powers
Mining, energy and industry in Spain
KNOW HOW TO Examine mineral resources and their use

Analyse the production and consumption of energy and natural resources
Distinguish renewable and non-renewable energy sources
Understand the advantages and disadvantages of the different sources of energy
Explain the relationship between the industrial revolution and development
Understand the characteristics of modern industry
Locate the main industrial powers in the world today
Compare the evolution of industry in developed and less developed countries
Analyse mining, energy and industry in Spain
Asses the environmental problems caused by mining, energy and industry
Interpret graphs of energy production and consumption
Interpret maps, pie charts, tables, photos and diagrams
Asses the best location for an industry
Analyse a sustainable energy project
BE ABLE TO Use maps, graphs, pie charts, tables, photos and the Internet as sources of information
Asses the environmental, human, social and economic impact and consequences of mining
and energy related activities
Reflect critically on current world problems related to modern industry: overexploitation
of natural resources, violent conflict over natural resources, loss of jobs in developed
countries, labour conditions in less developed countries and environmental impact
Reflect on the importance of sustainable industrial development
RESOURCES

Non-renewable and renewable energy sources Libromedia. Mining, energy and industry
Mineral deposits and industrialisation
Wind power: a renewable energy source Audio
Coal mining in Spain Track 9: pp. 84-5, 'The strategic importance of rare raw
Geographic distribution of industries in Spain materials' (students and teachers)
Track 10: p. 103, 'Energy poverty' (teachers)
Assessment Track 11: p. 105, 'A sustainable energy project', Activity 1
Test of Unit 5 (students and teachers)

SHEET REINFORCEMENT
5. Mining, energy and industry
1
Name: Course: Date:
1 Use the Venn Diagram to compare renewable and non-renewable energy.
Renewable energy Non-renewable energy
2 Look at the graph and answer the questions.
a. How has energy consumption changed over time? Why?

In exajoules
500
Renewable energies
Nuclear energy Microchip
400

Natural gas
Commercial aviation
Oil nuclear energy b. Which are the main energy sources for consumption?
300 Coal

Biomass Television
Vacuum
c. Are they renewable or non-renewable?
200 lamp
Electric
engine
Petrol
100
Steam
engine
engine d. When did energy consumption from renewable energy sources start to
increase?
0
1850 1900 1950 2000

SOURCE: UNO. e. Which renewable energy source has been used for the longest time?
3 Complete the table about renewable energy sources in your notebook. Then, answer the question.
Renewable energy Description Advantages Disadvantages
Explain the recent growth in energy production from renewable sources.

SHEET REINFORCEMENT
2
Name: Course: Date:
1 Study the map and answer the questions in your notebook.

a. Which Autonomous Communities show the highest industrial production?
b. Which Autonomous Communities show the lowest industrial production?
c. Where are they locatedin inland or coastal areas?
C an t ab r i an Sea
THE BASQUE
Main industries THE PRINCIPALITY COUNTRY FRANCE
OF ASTURIAS CANTABRIA WINSLLOW
Food, drinks and tobacco GALICIA WINSLLOW
THE CHARTERED
WINSLLOW WINSLLOW
Motor vehicles WINSLLOW

COMMUNITY ANDORRA
Chemical industry OF NAVARRE
RIOJA WINSLLOW
Basic metals WINSLLOW

CATALONIA
CASTILE AND LEON
Metal products
WINSLLOW
Paper, publishing and graphic arts ARAGON

WINSLLOW
Non-ferrous mineral products WINSLLOW
THE COMMUNITY
Rubber and plastic
OF MADRID
Machinery and mechanical equipment WINSLLOW
Electrical machinery
AL
Textile and confection BALEARIC

THE COMMUNITY
TUG
Wood and cork ISLANDS

OF VALENCIA
Furniture manufacture EXTREMADURA CASTILE-LA MANCHA
a
Se
WINSLLOW
WINSLLOW
POR
Aeronautic construction WINSLLOW
n
ea
WINSLLOW
Electronics and ICT n

ra
Trains THE REGION t er
OF MURCIA e di
M
ANDALUSIA WINSLLOW
WINSLLOW
Value of industrial
production
(as % of the
CANARY ISLANDS national total)
Greenwich Meridian
AT L A N T I C
More than 10
OCEAN WINSLLOW
Ceuta Scale
From 10 to 5 0 120
Melilla From 5 to 2 kilometres

Less than 2
MOROCCO SOURCE: INE.
THE SPANISH URBAN SYSTEM
Cantabrian Sea
2 Compare both
To Paris
Asturian maps and answer
Avils
A Corua
Oviedo
Gijn
Donostia-San Sebastin
Marseille
the question in
Galician coast Santiago 509798_05_p107_industria_espana
Bilbao
your notebook.
de Compostela
Basque and Ebro Valley
Vigo
Barcelona Can you find

Zaragoza
Valladolid a relationship
Porto Catalonian between the most
AT L A N T I C
Madrid
industrialised
OCEAN Central Autonomous
Palma
Communities and
Valencia
the main urban
Balearic
Lisbon
subsystems?
Alicante/Alacant
Crdoba Levant Mediterranean Explain your
Sea
South-west
Murcia
answer. Include
Sevilla the reasons why
Jerez de
la Frontera industries are
Canary Cdiz Mlaga
always located next
Sta. Cruz de
Tenerife Scale
Urban subsystem Metropolitan areas to large urban areas.
Melilla 0 132 Connections, flows Subsystems in the
Las Palmas de Mediterranean corridor
Gran Canaria kilometres
509798_03_p79_sistema_urbano

SHEET EXTENSION
3
Name: Course: Date:
1 Study and compare both maps. Then, use the information from these maps and other sources to answer the questions
in your notebook.
Aluminio Nquel DEGREE OF INDUSTRIALISATION INDUSTRIAL AREAS

Antimonio Oro Very low or low Main industrial areas
Cobre Plata Medium Main industrial centres
Cromo Platino/Rodio High
Main industrial areas and
Estao Plomo centres in emerging countries
Fsforo Tntalo
Hafnio Uranio
Indio Zinc
Proportion of world production

a. Which are the most
88% 50%
industrialised regions
826932B7P201
and countries of the
25%
Arctic Circle world?
10%
RUSSIAN FEDERATION
b. Name some of the main
CANADA
POLAND industrial centres.
509798_05_p87_leyenda_yacimientos
KAZAKHSTAN
c. Which are the least
UNITED STATES ATLANTIC
OCEAN industrialised regions of
Tropic of Cancer CHINA
MOROCCO
MEXICO
CUBA
INDIA the world?
PA C IFIC JAMAICA NIGER PACIFIC
OCEAN GUINEA MALAYSIA OCEAN d. Name some of the main

Equator
INDIAN
OCEAN INDONESIA
industrial areas and
PERU
BRAZIL
NEW
CALEDONIA
centres in emerging
NAMIBIA
Tropic of Capricorn
BOLIVIA countries.
Aluminium Nickel
AUSTRALIA
e. Are the countries with
SOUTH AFRICA
Antimony Gold
Copper Silver
CHILE the most mineral
Chromite Platinum/Rhodium
Scale
deposits in the world also
Tin Lead 0 1,250
Phosphorus Tantalum kilometres the most industrialised?
Hafnium
Indium
Uranium
Zinc
Production as % of world total
GEOGRAPHY AND HISTORY 3. Photocopiable

88% material
50% Santillana Educacin, S. L. 51
509798_05_p93_yacimientos
SHEET EXTENSION
4
Name: Course: Date:
1 Read the text. Then, answer the questions in your notebook.

a. What is a wind farm?
b. Why is wind power considered to be a primary energy source?
c. Do you think it is a good idea to diversify the available primary energy sources? Why?
d. Explain how carbon dioxide emissions contribute to global warming and climate change.
e. Why does Panama have a dry season?
f. Why do you think this wind farm may help the sustainable development of Panama? Give at least two reasons.
Wind power: a renewable energy source
IFC (International Finance Corporation), a member

of the World Bank Group, has contributed $300
million in financing for the construction of Phase II
and Phase III of the Penonome wind power plant,
the largest wind farm in Central America. As soon
as they are operational, the 86 wind turbines are
expected to generate 448 GWh of energy per year,
roughly equivalent to 5 per cent of the countrys
total energy demand.
It is expected to diversify the countrys energy
sources, reduce the dependence on imported fossil
fuels, lower energy prices, and contribute to a
reduction in carbon emissions of about 400,000
tons of carbon dioxide per year. This is equivalent
to taking 84,000 cars off the road.
Panama is highly dependent on imported fossil
fuels, which represent more than a third of the
electricity generated. Another half of the countrys
electricity is generated from hydropower plants,
making the power sector vulnerable during the
dry season. This can result in rationing of power
and high electricity cost during droughts.
"Phase II and III of Penonome will add much-
needed electricity generation capacity to support
Panamas sustainable development," said Gabriel A wind turbine generator works in a similar way to wind
Goldschmidt, IFC Head for Infrastructure in Latin mills in the past. The energy from moving air makes the
blades spin, and a generator turns this mechanical energy
America and the Caribbean.
into electrical energy through a transmission system.
World Bank press release, This energy is sent into the national electrical grid, stored
16 December 2014 (adapted) in batteries, or used directly in industry and homes.
2 Prepare a report on the future creation of a new wind farm in your region. Think about both its advantages
and the disadvantages, such as the environmental impact and its effect on wildlife. Identify two or three areas
where it could be located.

SHEET EXTENSION
5
Name: Course: Date:
1 Read the text. Then, answer the questions in your 2 Look for information about thermal power plants on the
notebook. Internet. Visit http://www.endesaeduca.com/Endesa_
a. What percentage of electrical energy produced in Spain educa_Ingles/ and answer the questions.
in 2013 came from coal combustion? Is this percentage a. What is a thermal power plant? How does it produce
higher or lower than in 2012? Why do you think this electrical energy?
happened?
b. Locate the following coal mining areas of Spain on a
b. How many million tons of coal can Spain produce today map: Bierzo-Villablino, Central Asturiana, Norte de Len,
after upgrading its mines? Occidental Asturiana, Sabero-Guardo-Barruelo,
c. What does energy dependency mean? Can it be Puertollano and Teruel-Mequinenza.
reduced by using coal?
c. Is there any relationship between the location of these
d. Does the consumption of domestic coal have other mining areas and the location of the thermal power
advantages? plants? Explain the reasons.
Coal mining in Spain
Coal is the only domestic fossil fuel in Spain.

Its consumption contributes to a considerable
reduction in the negative trade balance of energy
sources: oil, gas, uranium and even imported coal,
and to reduce energy dependency.
Since 1990, the coal sector in Spain has undergone

a process of continuous upgrading and
restructuring. In the last three decades, this sector
has slightly reduced the number of employees
and some of its production, but it has gained in
competitiveness and modernization after heavy
investment in Research and Development (R & D).
This investment has resulted in greater
competitiveness and a significant reduction
of its environmental impact.
Today, domestic coal is an industrial sector with
the capacity to produce up to nine million tons.
It is used as fuel by the five large electrical
companies in the following nine thermal power
plants: Andorra (Teruel), Compostilla and Anllares
(both in Leon), Elcogas (Ciudad Real), Puentenuevo
3 (Crdoba), La Robla 2 (Len), Guardo 2 (Palencia),
Soto de Ribera 3 and Narcea 3 (both in Asturias).
According to data from the Red Elctrica
de Espaa, 15% of electrical energy in 2013
was generated by coal combustion compared
to 19% in 2012.
Source: "La situacin del carbn en Espaa",

CARBUNION (adapted)

5 ASSESSMENT
Name: Course: Date:
1 Look at the map of the main mineral producers in the world and answer the questions.
a. Define mineral deposits

and mining.
Canada Russia
Zn Ni Cd
Belgium
Cd
Ni Fe

Fe Pb Cu
Germany
United States
Spain
Hg
Cd
Kazakstan
Pb
Japan
Zn Cd Fe
China Cd
Pb Cu
Cuba
Argelia
Hg
Kirghizistan
Zn
Fe
Cd
Pb
Al
Sn

Mexico
b. Which countries have the most

Ni Hg
Pb
India
Jamaica
mineral deposits?
Fe Al
Al
Peru

Brazil Guinea
Zn Pb Sn
Al Fe Sn Al
Cu
Indonesia Australia

Bolivia Sn Cu
Ni
Zn Ni Al
Sn
Pb Fe
Chile
Cu
PRODUCTION OF NINE MAIN MINERALS BY COUNTRY
Zn Cd Pb

Zinc (Zn) Cadmium (Cd) Lead (Pb)
Hg Al Sn
Mercury (Hg) Bauxite (Al) Tin (Sn)
Ni
Nickell (Ni) Fe
Irono (Fe) Cu
Copper (Cu)
2 Analyse the map and graph. Then, answer the questions.

826932B6P169
In exajoules
500
Renewable energies
Nuclear energy Microchip
11,9 %
400
Natural gas
3,8 % 3,9 % Russia Commercial aviation
Canada Norway Oil nuclear energy
300 Coal
Biomass Television
8,5 % Kuwait
United States 3,1 % 5,2 % 4,5 %
Iran China Vacuum
200 lamp
Electric
4,9 % 13,1 % 3,3 % engine
Saudi Arabia United Arab
Mexico Emirates Petrol
Steam engine
4,0 % 3,2 % 100
Venezuela Nigeria engine
0
OIL IN THE WORLD 1850 1900 1950 2000
Main producers SOURCE: UNO.
Main conumers
Percentage of total
world production
3,2 %
a. When did world energy consumption rise sharply? Why?
562954_05_p26_b_petroleo_mundi
b. Which countries are the main energy producers? And the main energy consumers?
c. Which energy sources are the most consumed today? Are they renewable or non-renewable?
d. What are renewable energy sources? Describe the main ones and explain how important they are today.

3 Compare the photos and answer the question.
a. Which industrial landscape do you think was built first? Explain your answer.
b. Which factors have influenced the location of industries in each case?
Traditional industrial regions (19th and 20th centuries) a. What is industry?

Traditional industrial centres
Emerging industrial regions (late 20th and early 21st centuries)

New industrial powers
New emerging industrial regions (21 century)

st
New industrial centres

Industrial relocation
Second phase of industrial relocation
b. Where are the traditional industrial

508877_05_p130_131_leyenda_deslocalizacion_mundo_GEODOS
powers found?
c. Which regions emerged in the late 20th and early 21st centuries?
d. Which types of industries are found in traditional industrial countries? And in emerging industrial countries?

508877_05_p130_131_deslocalizacion_mundo_GEODOS
e. Is industrialisation linked to development? How?
f. Why is industrial relocation so important today? Explain why it happens and what its consequences are.

6
SERVICES
CONTENTS
FIND OUT ABOUT The nature of services

Trade: factors and types
World trade: characteristics and organisation
Land, sea and air transport
Tourism
Other services
Trade, transport and tourism in Spain
KNOW HOW TO Evaluate the importance of services in todays economy

Analyse the main activities of the tertiary sector: definition, types, distribution, flows,
and causes and effects
Understand the distribution of services in the world and assess the current process
of outsourcing
Understand major trade flows, global transport networks and main tourist flows
Interpret maps and graphs of trade, transport and tourism networks and flows
Compare transport networks
Analyse the service sector in Spain using graphs, tables and maps
Analyse a tourist resort: Benidorm
Asses the environmental impact of transport and tourism
Reflect critically on current world problems related to services, such as inadequate services
in less developed countries and the environmental impact of some services
RESOURCES

Service sector: key concepts Libromedia. Services
Tertiarization
Trade: free trade areas and custom unions Audio
The railway system in Spain Track 12: pp. 108-9, The northern sea routes (students
Tourism in Spain today and teachers)
Track 13: p. 125, Fair international trade relations
Assessment (teachers)
Test of Unit 6 Track 14: p. 126, Analyse a tourist resort: Benidorm

(Alicante), Activity 3 (students and teachers)
SHEET REINFORCEMENT
6.SERVICES
1
Name: Course: Date:
1 Analyse the graph of the service sector in the world and answer
In % of GDP
the questions. 80
a. What does the graph show?
70
b. Why does the term tertiarization refer to?
60
c. Where is tertiarization more common: developed or less developed

countries? Why?
50
2004 2006 2008 2010


2 Define the following terms in your notebook.

Public services Domestic trade Outsourcing
Private services Foreign trade Balance of trade
3 Complete the table about types of transport.
Advantages Disadvantages
Road transport
Rail transport
Ship transport
Air transport

SHEET EXTENSION
6.SERVICES
2
Name: Course: Date:
1 Read the text. Then, do the activities in your notebook.

a. Make a list of the factors causing the growth of the tertiary sector.
b. Give examples of services which have developed as a result of the overall increase in income in Spain.
c. Explain the relationship between globalisation and tertiarization.
d. Which activities in the service sector contribute most to GDP? Which factors of tertiarization are they related to?
e. Which activities are related to the welfare state? How important are they in the service sector?
Tertiarization
Several factors are responsible for

tertiarization:
1.An increase in overall income in society
has had the following consequences:
Individuals and companies pay more
taxes which enables governments to
fund and organise the public services
known as the welfare state.
Individuals allocate less time to work
and more time to leisure, so other
people or companies can do the jobs
or activities that they did before.
Once the income of a society reaches
a particular level, the percentage of
money spent on basic products,
such as food, decreases. The
percentage spent on other products
and services increases. These products
and services include housing, personal
care and leisure which belong to the
tertiary sector.
2.More women now form part of the labour
force, so there has been an increase in
family income. However, as a result many
domestic or child care activities are now
performed by companies or institutions
of the service sector.
3.As a result of globalisation, trade,
transport, financial services and
marketing have all grown rapidly.
4.The new forms of business organization,
such as relocation have led to growth
in the areas of the tertiary sector
responsible for communications,
organisation of companies, services
to companies, etc.

SHEET EXTENSION
6.SERVICES
3
Name: MAIN WORLD TRADING BLOCS

Course: Date:
1 Use the information from the maps and other sources to answer the questions in your notebook.
Arctic Circle
PACIFIC
Tropic of Cancer
North OCEAN
2000
P A C I FAmerica
IC
Equator 1,058
39.8%
INDIAN
OCEAN Eastern Europe
and former USSR Asia
271 26.6% A T L A N T 1,649
IC OCEAN
Tropic of Capricorn
Western 48.9%
Europe OCEAN
2,441 67.8%
6.5%
South 17.3% Persian Gulf

America countries
Greenwich Meridian
359 7.6% 263

ASEAN MERCOSUR APTA OPEC
Antarctic Circle
Africa CARICOM NAFTA/TLCAN SACU
CAN
145
Scale COMESA EU CIS
0 1,600
SOURCE: WTO, 2013. kilometres
508877_06_p147_leyenda_Bloques_comerciales_GEODOS
a. What is a free trade area?
2010 b. Which are the main free trade areas in the

North
America world? Which countries do they include?
1,965
CIS c. What is a customs union?
48.7% 588 Asia
509798_06_p117_Bloques_comerciales
18.6% d. Which are the main customs unions in the
4,686
world? Which countries do they include?
52.6%
Western e. Which trade bloc is specific to the trade of just
Europe
5,632 petroleum? Which countries does it include?
71%
10% f. W
hich main free
25.6% Volume of trade
South and (in thousands of millions of $) trade areas and
Central America Persian Gulf 5,500 customs unions
577 12.3% countries
895 2,500 are part of the
Africa 1,500
508 1,000
main trade flows?
500
300 g. Which customs
100 union has the
Share of exchanges
SOURCE: WTO, 2011. highest volume
Inside the area
of trade inside
To other regions
the area?
509798_06_p119_leyenda_comercio_mundi_comparacion
SHEET EXTENSION
6.SERVICES
4
Name: Course: Date:
1 Read the text and study the table. Then, use this information and other sources to answer the questions in your notebook.
a. On which rail networks has the volume of passengers increased most? Why?
b. Which type of rail network is most popular for Spanish passengers today?
c. What is the name of the project to develop Spanish railway infrastructures, 2012-2024?
d. What is the core network of the Spanish rail network like?
e. Where does the Spanish rail network connect with the European high speed train network today?
The railway system in Spain
Rail transport can be analysed from two different The commuter transport which connects big
perspectives. Infrastructures, such as railways and cities to the suburbs and surrounding towns.
stations, are managed by the Administrador de The regional network which connects big cities
Infraestructuras Ferroviarias (ADIF), a public with provincial capitals and other relatively close
company under the responsibility of the Ministry towns with a demand for rail transport.
of Public Works and Transport. The transport of
people and goods is carried out by companies that The high speed network with radial structure
provide trains and pay to use the infrastructures and peripheral nodes which reaches the coasts
managed by ADIF. and the valley of the River Ebro. It is considered
the core network because it has links with the
Until 2005, the company Red Nacional de other networks.
Ferrocarriles Espaoles (RENFE) had the
monopoly of rail transport in Spain. In that year The high speed network is still under construction
the sector was deregulated and today other and the goal is to connect Madrid to the other
companies are also in operation. However, large Spanish cities. The regional trains will
they have a lower volume of transport of transport passengers and goods from this network
goods and people than RENFE. to the rest of the Spanish territory. In addition,
this network will connect with the European rail
In 2013 the rail network run by ADIF was 14,370 network.
kilometres long, and in 2014 another 1,000
kilometres were added. This network can
be classified into three large groups:
Passengers (millions), 1990-2012
1990 1995 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012
Number of 385.9 476.4 573.2 609.3 638.4 653.7 600 683.6 700.5 695.3 691.5 590.3 576.6 590.3 578.7
passengers
High speed 3.9 5.6 6 6.3 6 6.2 7.2 8.7 9.1 16.3 17 16.8 18.6 18
trains
Long 11.6 13.6 13.6 13.3 12.8 12.4 12.6 12.8 13 11.8 11.8 11.3 10.3 10.4
distance
trains
Regional 0.7 21.8 26.2 26.7 26.7 27.3 26.5 28 28.7 28.3 28.4 27.1 26 16.8 26
trains
Commuter 111.2 439.1 527.8 563 592.1 607.6 554.9 635.8 650.3 644.9 635 534.4 522.5 544.6 524.3
trains
Source: INE.

SHEET EXTENSION
6.SERVICES
5
Name: Course: Date:

MAIN TOURISTS AREAS IN SPAIN
1 Analyse the data from the tables and study the map on tourism in Spain.
Then, answer the questions.
Foreign visitors by destination (2014)

Cantabrian Sea
Gijn Santander Donostia- F R A N C E
Catalonia 16,814,199 Rias Altas
San Sebastin
Santiago
Bilbao
Canary Islands 11,475,211 de Compostela ANDORRA
Len Burgos
Rias Bajas
Balearic Islands 11,367,224 Valladolid Calella
Zaragoza Lloret de Mar
Andalusia 8,501,991 Segovia Tarragona
A L
Salamanca Madrid Salou
N
Community of Valencia 6,233,881 vila Alcal B a lea ric
OCEA
de Henares Islands
T U G
Toledo
Cceres Cuenca
Community of Madrid 4,546,559 Palma a
Se
Ibiza n
Basque Country 1,569,745 ea
P O R
NTIC
Mrida
Benidorm an
Crdoba e rr
Galicia 1,050,417 it
REAS TURSTICAS
ed
AT L A
Seville La DE ESPAA
Granada Manga M
Castile and Len 996,065
Densidad alta
Mlaga Densidad media
Tourist areas in Spain
Torremolinos
Region of Murcia 805,658
Densidad baja
Marbella High density
Zonas menos tursticas
Medium density
Cantabria 369,138
ANDALUCAComunidades
ATLANTIC OCEAN especialmente tursticas
Low density
Puerto Canary Islands Catalua Comunidades tursticas
de la Cruz
Aragn 327,028 Las Palmas Scale
Less
de tourism
temporada
Ciudades histricas del interior
0 150 Historic cities inland
Costa Adeje Centros tursticos costeros
Navarra 261,717 Maspalomas kilometres
Coastal resorts
Asturias 236,523
Extremadura 196,283 a. Are the data from the first table consistent with the information
shown on the map? Explain your answer.
Castile-La Mancha 182,612
Rioja 61,024
509798_06_p129_turismo_espana
Total 64,995,275
b. What type of tourism is mainly found in the high density tourist areas?
Foreign visitors by country of origin (2014) Can you name some of the resorts?
United Kingdom 15,006,744
France 10,615,746 c. Which are some of the cultural destinations for tourists in Spain?
Germany 10,422,055
Nordic countries 5,044,539 d. Which country of origin are most visitors from? Which do you think
Italy 3,697,702 are their main destinations?
Netherlands 2,767,130
Belgium 2,180,457
Portugal 1,876,524 e. Do you think tourism in Spain is well distributed throughout

the country? Explain your answer.
Switzerland 1,632,011
Russia 1,420,647
Irland 1,291,435 f. Which factor makes tourism in Spain inconsistent throughout

the year?
United States 1,218,617

Total 64,995,275
Source: Turespaa. Frontur

6 ASSESSMENT
Name: Course: Date:
1 Analyse the graph showing the growth of the service sector in the world, and look at the map.
a. Define tertiarization and explain how it is represented on the map.
b. Explain how the development of a country influences the process of tertiarization.
PRODUCTION OF THE TERTIARY SECTOR IN THE WORLD
Arctic Circle
AT L A N T I C
Tropic of Cancer
In % of GDP
80 PACIFIC OCEAN
OCEAN Equator
70 INDIAN
Production of the
tertiary sector OCEAN
(% of GDP) Tropic of Capricorn
More than 70
60
From 70 to 58
From 58 to 48
Greenwich Meridian
Less than 48
50 No data Scale
2004 2006 2008 2010 0 1,600
kilometres SOURCE: World Bank, 2010.

2 Study the data in the table and answer the questions.
a. Which is the leading export country in the world? And the leading
Main export and import countries (2013)
import509798_06_p114_Produccion_servicios_mundi
country?
% of % of
Export Import
total total
countries countries
exports imports b. Do you think a countrys size has a major influence on its exports
and imports? Explain your answer.
China 11.7 China 10.3

United States 8.4 United States 12.3

Germany 7.7 Germany 6.3

Japan 3.8 Japan 4.4
c. How has globalisation affected world trade? Explain and give an
Netherlands 3.6 Netherlands 3.1 example.
France 3.1 France 3.6
South Korea 3.0 South Korea 2.7
United Kingdom 2.9 United Kingdom 3.5
Hong Kong 2.8 Hong Kong 3.3 d. Which countries have benefited most from globalisation?
(China) (China)

Russia 2.8 Russia 1.8

Source: OMC.

North
2000 America 6.SERVICES
1,058
39.8%
Eastern Europe
and former USSR Asia
271 26.6% 1,649
Western 48.9%
Europe
2,441 67.8%
6.5%
South 17.3% Persian Gulf

America countries
359 7.6% 263
Africa
145
3 Use the map to answer the questions.

Volume of trade
(in thousands of millions of $)
a. Which regions of the world control most of world trade?
5,500
2010
2,500
1,500

North 1,000
America 500
1,965
48.7%
CIS
300
100
588 Asia Share of exchanges
18.6% 4,686 Inside the area
52.6%
To other regions
Western
Europe
5,632 71%
b. What are the main trade flows? Where do they start and end?
10% 509798_06_p119_leyenda_comercio_mundi_comparacion
25.6%
South and
Central America Persian Gulf

577 12.3% countries
895
Africa
508

SOURCE: WTO, 2011.
4 Study and compare these tables. Then, answer the questions.
a. Which data are included in these tables?

Arrivals of international tourists (millions)
509798_06_p119_comercio_mundi_comparacion
Countries 2012 2013*
France 83.0
United States 66.7 69.8
Spain 57.5 60.7 b. Which three countries receive most tourists?
China 57.7 55.7
Italy 46.4 47.7

Turkey 35.7 37.8
c. Are the countries with most international visitors the ones with the
Germany 30.4 31.5 highest revenues? How can you explain this?
United Kingdom 29.3 31.2
Russia 25.7 28.4

Tailandia 22.4 26.5

International tourism revenues (billions of $) d. Which tourist attractions do each of these countries offer? Group the
countries by continent.
Countries and/or
2012 2013*
territories
United States 126.2 139.6
Spain 56.3 60.4
France 53.6 56.1

China 50.0 51.7

Macao (China) 43.7 51.6

Italy 41.2 43.9
e. What are some of the negative effects of this large volume of tourism?
Thailand 33.8 42.1

Germany 38.1 41.2
United Kingdom 36.2 40.6
Hong Kong (China) 33.1 38.9
Source: World Tourism Organization. *Provisional figures.

7
Development
CONTENTS
FIND OUT ABOUT The nature of development

Causes of economic underdevelopment in less developed countries
Types of inequality
How to promote international development
Poverty and social exclusion in Spain
KNOW HOW TO Understand the concept of development and identify its principal indicators
Classify a country in terms of its human development
Identify and explain causes of underdevelopment
Compare inequalities of developed, emerging and less developed countries
Identify actions and solutions to fight economic underdevelopment
Analyse poverty and social exclusion in Spain
Interpret maps and graphs
Compare the development of two countries
Assess development in Africa
Assess the importance of internal and external factors in explaining the underdevelopment
of a country such as the colonial legacy, the technological gap and the external debt
Reflect critically on the problem of underdevelopment in the world
Discuss and assess the progress of the Millennium Development Goals
RESOURCES

Development: basic concepts Libromedia. Development
The problem of external debt
GDP and poverty Audio
Deserts: wealth and poverty Track 15: pp. 128-9, 'Is education a universal right?'
Poverty risk in Spain (students and teachers)
Track 16: p. 141, 'The Millennium Development Goals'
Assessment (teachers)
Test of Unit 7

SHEET REINFORCEMENT
7.Development
1
Name: Course: Date:
1 Complete the table about the characteristics of countries based on their development.
Type of country Per capita income Industries Infrastructures Services

Human Development Index (HDI) External debt
Human Poverty Index (HPI) Gross Domestic Product (GDP)
3 Complete the mind map about types of inequality.
GDP per capita
consumption goods and services
Types of inequality illnesses
health care

child exploitation

SHEET EXTENSION
7.Development
2
Name: Course: Date:
1 Study the maps and read the text. Then, answer the questions in your notebook.
During his inauguration

ceremony, the new president
of Ecuador, Lucio Gutierrez,
raised "a desperate cry to
the developed world, we
cannot develop our country
by paying around 40% of our
national budget in external
debt The external debt is
killing our dreams, our
hopes, the right to a dignified
life of millions of children
that havent had breakfast
or gone to school this
Debt (In % of GDP)
morning", he said
High He mentioned that in 1953
during an assembly in
Low
SOURCE: TheEconomist
SOURCE: The Economist , 2012.
, 2012. London, Germany requested
to be allowed to grow and
then pay its external debt.
509978_07_p139-a_leyenda_deuda_GEODOS "The creditor nations were
sensitive and accepted this
request, and today the world
508877_07_p179a_deuda admires the development of
this great nation".
508877_07_p179a_deuda
"Lucio Gutirrez lanza
un 'grito desperado'",
El Pas, 15 January 2003
[revised 2014], adapted
Evolution of debt
Growth

Decrease
a. Which509798-07-139-b_leyenda
countries of the world have the highest external debt?
b. How is the external debt in less developed countries?
508877_07_179b_Evolucin de la deuda_ GEODOS
c. In which countries is external debt growing most?
508877_07_p179a_deuda
d. Why is external debt such a burden for less developed countries?
e. What has been done to alleviate their debt?

SHEET EXTENSION
7.Development
3
Name: Course: Date:
1 Compare the maps and answer the questions in your notebook.
GDP per capita

(in dollars)
More than 25,000
From 25,000 to 5,000
From 5,000 to 1,000
Less than 1,000
No data SOURCE:SOURCE:
WorldWorld Bank, 2012.
Bank, 2012.
a. What information
509798-11-140_leyenda_PIB_GEODOS does the first map
show? What about
509798_07_p140_PIB_Mundi the second map?
b. What is extreme
poverty?
509798_07_p140_PIB_Mundi
c. Which continents,
regions and
countries have
the highest GDP
per capita?
d. Which continents,
regions and
countries have
the highest
percentages of
people in extreme
poverty?
People whose income is less e. Is there always a

than $1.25/day (in %) direct connection
More than 35 From 6.7 to 0.5 between GDP per
From 43 to 21 Less than 0.5 capita and
From 20 to 6.8 No data SOURCE: World Bank, Atlas of Global Development. extreme poverty?
SOURCE: World Bank, Atlas of Global Development. Explain your
answer.

SHEET EXTENSION
7.Development
4
Name: Course: Date:
1 Interpret the maps and use other sources of information to answer the questions.
a. Locate the deserts and polar areas
180 150 120 90 60 30 0 30 60 90 120 150 180
60
of the world on the map. 60
b. Are these areas suitable for human

life? Explain your answer.
40
40
20
20
0 0
20 20
c. Do these areas include societies Desert

with a high level of development?
40
High mountain
Explain your answer. Polar areas
Cold climate areas
Rainforest
150 120 90 60 30 0 30 60 90 120 150 180

367175T13p229h2_pobl segun factores fisicos

d. Do they include countries with high

GDP per capita? Which ones?

2,/,17+(:25/'
0DLQSURGXFHUV
0DLQFRQVXPHUV
3HUFHQWDJHRISURGXFWLRQ
e. Which areas and countries have the RIWKHZRUOGWRWDO

main oil reserves in the world?

%3
f. Can you explain how certain areas
non-suitable for human life have a
high GDP per capita?
GDP per capita

(in dollars)
More than 25,000
From 25,000 to 5,000
From 5,000 to 1,000
Less than 1,000

No data SOURCE: World Bank, 2012.
509798-11-140_leyenda_PIB_GEODOS

SHEET EXTENSION
7.Development
5
Name: Course: Date:
1 Analyse the data in the table and study the graph and map. Then, answer the questions.
Autonomous GDP
Communities per capita
Cantabrian Sea
Andalusia 16,884
Aragn 24,957 9.9% 20.3%
10.8%
18.8%
Asturias 20,334 8.8%
Balearic Islands 23.931 ATLANTIC

23.5%
24.4%
16.6%
Basque Country 29.683 16.6%
Canary Islands 19,581 OCEAN

15.9%
Cantabria 20,855
18.5%
Castile-La Mancha 18,307 31.9% 31.7% 19%
Castile and Leon 21,727

Catalonia 26,996 26.4%
Se
a
31.7% n
Ceuta 18,550 ea
an
rr
Community of Madrid 31,004 d ite
Me
33.8% 26.5% Poverty risk
Community of Valencia 20,073 30.9% (in %)
More than 30
Extremadura 15,752
From 30 to 20
Galicia 19,954 From 20 to 10
Melilla 16,941 SOURCE: INE, Survey on living conditions, 2012.

Less than 10
Navarra 28,124
Region of Murcia 18,529
Rioja 24,998
509798_07_p144_pobreza
a. Which are the Autonomous Communities or Cities with high percentages In % Poverty risk in Spain
of poverty risk? And low percentages? 25
b. Do Autonomous Communities with high GDP per capita have low 20

percentages of poverty risk? And the other way around? Why?

15 2004
2006 2008 2010 2012
SOURCE: INE, 2012.

c. Has the economic crisis that started in 2007 influenced poverty risk?
d. Which initiatives could be adopted to alleviate this problem?

7 ASSESSMENT
Name: Course: Date:
1 Read the text and study the graph and map. Then, answer the questions.
As explained in the United Nations Differences in consumption
Development Programme (UNDP), "Poverty
is not only defined in economic terms (), Mobile phones
980
but also means malnutrition, reduced life 20
expectancy, lack of access to drinking water

962
Televisions
17
and sanitation, illnesses, illiteracy, lack 807
of access to schooling, culture, health care, Automobiles
3
credit or certain goods". () 766
Phone lines
However, contrasts in consumption may
80
630
provide the data that show the inequalities Internet users
7
Sweden
more clearly: for each unit of fish that is 619 Somalia
consumed in a poor country, 7 are consumed
Personal computers
2
in a rich country. The ratio is 1:11 for meat, Per 1,000 inhabitants 0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 1.000
1:17 for energy, 1:145 for automobiles. ()

A particularly striking piece of data about
consumption, that summarises inequalities
effectively, is: a child in an industrialized
country will consume throughout his life as 826932B9p247h2
much as 50 children do in a less developed
country.
http://www.oei.es/decada/accion.php?accion=o1
a. Which types of inequality are described in the text?
Undernourished people (in %) Escala

More than 35 From 14 to 5 0 2.500
From 34 to 25 Less than 5 kilmetros

From 24 to 15 No data SOURCE:
FUENTE:UN, World
ONU, Food Programme
Programa Mundial de Alimentos.

b. Among the contrasts in consumption shown in the text and graph, which do you think are the most significant?

508877-07-181-a_Salud_GEODOS

c. What are the main causes of economic underdevelopment in emerging and less developed countries?
d. Which measures have been put in place for these countries to further development?

7.Development

a. What is extreme poverty?

b. Which continents and/or
regions have populations
affected by extreme
poverty?

People whose income is less
than $1.25/day (in %)
More than 43 From 6.7 to 0.5
From 43 to 21 Less than 0.5
From 20 to 6.8 No data
SOURCE: World Bank, Atlas of Global Development.

c. Which are the most affected groups? 508877_07_p180_pobreza leyenda GEODOS

508877_07_p180b_ingresos_inferiores_GEODOS
d. Which types of social inequality may affect children in these circumstances?

a. Which are the Autonomous Communities
and Cities with a high percentage of people
Cantabrian Sea at risk of poverty?

9.9% 20.3%
10.8%
18.8%
8.8%
ATLANTIC 24.4%
23.5%
16.6%
16.6%
b. Which are the Autonomous Communities
OCEAN
15.9% and Cities with a low percentage of people
at risk of poverty?
19% 18.5%
31.7%
31.9%

26.4% a
Se
31.7%
an
a ne
rr
d ite c. Who is at the highest risk of poverty?
Me
33.8% 26.5% Poverty risk
30.9% (in %)
More than 30
From 30 to 20
From 20 to 10
Less than 10
SOURCE: INE, Survey on living conditions, 2012.

8
ENVIRONMENTAL SUSTAINABILITY
CONTENTS
FIND OUT ABOUT Environmental awareness

Main problems affecting the environment
Factors causing these problems
Solutions for protecting the environment
KNOW HOW TO Describe the major environmental problems

Analyse causes and effects of environmental problems
Compare the ecological footprint of two countries
Interpret maps, images and graphs
Explain why the environment has deteriorated more in recent decades
Understand the need for international policies as a way to prevent environmental problems
Analyse environmental impact using satellite images
Present the environmental consequences of a volcanic eruption
BE ABLE TO Use maps, images, graphs, and the Internet as sources of information
Reflect critically on the negative effects of human activity on the environment
Assess the importance of promoting sustainable development
RESOURCES

Environmental problems: basic concepts Libromedia. Environmental sustainability
Water scarcity
Global warming and climate change Audio
Erosion, climate and population density in Spain Track 17: pp. 144-5, 'Local decisions, global effects'
Fresh water pollution in Spain (students and teachers)
Track 18: p. 149, Activity 2 (students and teachers)
Assessment Track 19: p. 151, Activity 4 (teachers)
Test of Unit 8

SHEET REINFORCEMENT
8. ENVIRONMENTAL SUSTAINABILITY
1
Name: Course: Date:

Air pollution Soil degradation Deforestation
Water scarcity Desertification Biodiversity
2 Complete the table about air pollution.
Environmental problem Causes Effects
3 Look at the diagram and table. Then, answer the questions in your notebook.
GASES HUMAN ACTIVITIES
Carbon dioxide Burning fossil fuels; gas, oil and coal.
Sulphuric acid Burning coal and heavy fuel oils.
Nitrogen oxides Burning of fossil fuels.

Use of fertilizers.
Methane Rice cultivation.

Livestock farming.
CFCs Aerosols.
Refrigerator coolants.
Air conditioners.
Ozone Chemical reactions of sunlight with

gases from vehicles, industry and
heating systems.
a. Use the diagram to explain the greenhouse effect.
b. What are greenhouse gases?
c. Which are the main greenhouse gases?
d. What are the main sources of greenhouse gas emissions?
e. Which are the main consequences of climate change?
f. What can you do to reduce greenhouse gas emissions?

SHEET EXTENSION
2
Name: Course: Date:
1 Read the text and answer the questions.

a. Which portion of the world population
does not have access to drinking water The UN Secretary-General, Ban Ki-moon, said today in
and lives without a waste water Budapest it is "shameful" that more than a third of the world
treatment system?
population has no drinking water to consume and lives without
a waste water treatment system, and he asked for "urgent
measures" to improve this situation.
b. Which do you think are the causes
for the water demand predicted Ban indicated that diarrhea is the second cause of infant
by the UN? mortality and stated that any expenses related to this problem
"are investments for the future".

"Our societies cannot live without clean and healthy water,"

noted the UN Secretary-General.
The UN estimates that by 2030, 40% of the population will suffer
c. How do you think saving water can from water scarcity based on a 40% increase over the present
help to increase water resources? demand.
Ban added that everybody underestimates the value of fresh

water, from industry to agriculture and population, in general.

"We all have a chance to save the world by saving water" the
Secretary-General insisted.
d. What other policies could help to Meanwhile, the president of Hungary, Janos Ader, stated that
increase water resources? "the situation cannot continue like this" and he asked for strong
international cooperation in policies related to water.
Adapted from "Ban Ki-moon denuncia

que mil millones de personas carecen

de agua potable", El Pas, October 8, 2013

2 Analyse the pie charts about water consumption in Spain and answer the questions in your notebook.
a. Which activity consumes the highest percentage of water

Distribution of water consumption in Spain?
Urban 13%
b. In which Autonomous Communities do you think water
Industrial 6% consumption for farming is highest? Explain your answer.
Farming 81% c. What do you think can be done to reduce this consumption?
d. How could water consumption be reduced in the cities?
e. Which overall measures could be adopted?
f. What could you do to save water?
Urban water consumption
Leaks from broken Illegal tapping 7.8%
pipes, etc.17.9%
Municipal use 3.7%
Businesses, industries,
etc. 11.2%
Homes 59.4%

SHEET EXTENSION
3
Name: Course: Date:
1 Read the texts and answer the questions in your notebook.
2014, the warmest year since 1880 Climate change in Europe
"The warmest since 1880". This is how NASA, in In Europe, the greatest increases in temperature
collaboration with NOAA (National Oceanic and are found in the south of the continent and in
Atmospheric Administration), has described the the Arctic region, while the major decreases
year 2014. The study revealed the following in precipitation are registered in the south,
alarming data: except for 1998, the last ten years while increases happened in the north and
with the highest temperatures recorded have all northwest. The predicted increase in the intensity
been in the 21st century. and frequency of heat waves and flooding, as well
as changes in the distribution of pollen and some
The video, found on the NASA web page or on infectious diseases, negatively affects human
their YouTube channel, shows graphs and health.
information in audiovisual format and leaves
no doubt of the sharp temperature increases Climate change puts additional pressure on
for the last 135 years, which are reflected when ecosystems and results in the relocation of
calculating the average temperature every numerous animal and plant species towards
five years () the north and to higher altitude areas ()
Since 1880, the average temperature of the Earths Some of the European regions particularly
surface has increased almost 1.4 degrees susceptible to climate change are:
Fahrenheit (0.8 degrees Celsius), a trend mainly Southern Europe and the Mediterranean basin
triggered by an increase of carbon dioxide and (as a result of an increase in heat waves and
other emissions into the atmosphere as a result of drought).
human activity. It is worth highlighting that most Mountainous regions (as a result of an increase
of the process of global warming has happened in snow and ice melting).
in the last three decades.
Coastal areas, deltas and alluvial plains (as a
Adapted from El Confidencial, 2015 result of rising sea levels, as well as an increase
in heavy precipitation, storms and flooding).
The northernmost part of Europe and the Arctic
(as a result of an increase in temperatures and
ice melting).
Adapted from http://www.eea.europa.eu/
es/themes/climate/intro
a. According to data from NASA, how have temperatures changed on the Earths surface?
b. According to the EEA report, which European regions will be most affected by negative environmental impact
due to climate change?
c. What climate do these regions have? Do you find a relationship between this type of climate and the negative
environmental impact? Explain your answer.
d. Will any region be affected by positive environmental impact?
e. Which European regions will suffer negative economic consequences? Explain your answer.
f. Is there any European region that could have positive economic consequences? What is their climate like?
Do you find a relationship between this type of climate and a potential positive environmental impact?
g. Are the regions with negative environmental impact the same as the ones with negative economic consequences?

SHEET EXTENSION
4
Name: Course: Date:
1 Analyse and compare the maps. Then, use the information from these maps and other sources to answer the questions in
your notebook.
a. Locate the areas of Spain with high risk of
desertification.
b. What is the climate like in areas with high

risk of desertification? Explain the
relationship between climate, soil erosion
Risk of
and desertification. desertification
High
Medium
Low CLIMATES OF SPAIN

Cantabrian Sea

508877_08_p209_desertificacin_GEODOS
508877_08_P209_desertificacion_GEODOS

c. Compare population density and

ATLANTIC
desertification. Do areas with high
OCEAN
population density have higher risk of
desertification? Explain your answer.
Climate
Oceanic
a
Se Mountain
a n Subtropical
ATLANTIC OCEAN
a ne Mediterranean
CANARY ISLANDS e rr
Medi
t Typical
Continentalised
Semi-arid
Cantabrian Sea

Density
d. Look at the population density in areas (Inhabitants/km2) 509798_01_p31_climas_Espana
where there is no strong relationship Over 500
500 to 100
between erosion and desertification. 100 to 50
How do you think human activities can Under 50
eventually cause soil desertification

ATLANTIC
in these areas? 711155_02_p40_leyenda_pop_density_spain
OCEAN

a
Se
e an
an
rr
d ite
Me

SOURCE: INE, 2012.

SHEET EXTENSION
5
Name: Course: Date:
1 Analyse and compare the maps. Then, answer the questions.

a. Which areas show more risk of not reaching their
goals for river water quality?
b. Where are irrigation crops grown in Spain?

RIVER WATER QUALITY
c. Can you find a relationship between these areas Good, very good
and the areas with higher risk of water pollution? and excellent
Usable
Explain your answer. Poor
Very poor

d. Do you think there is a relationship between the

M729094U01P019b
distribution of poor river water quality and

population density? Explain your answer.
e. How do cities fight river water pollution? LAND USE

Irrigation crops
Rice elds

Cantabrian Sea
f. Which measures can you suggest to stop river 833630 T10 p16.1
Density
water pollution? (Inhabitants/km2)
Over 500
500 to 100
100 to 50
Under 50
ATLANTIC
711155_02_p40_leyenda_pop_density_spain
OCEAN
g. What are the consequences of fresh water
pollution? a
Se
an
ne
r ra
d ite
Me

SOURCE: INE, 2012.

8 ASSESSMENT
Name: Course: Date:
1 Define the following terms.
Natural environment:
Acid rain:
Global warming:
Deforestation:
Erosion:
Biodiversity:
2 Look at the photos. Explain the type of pollution shown, how it will impact on the natural environment and how it will also,
directly or indirectly, affect human beings.
A

B


3 Answer the questions.
a. Why is fresh water a scarce resource?
b. How can water consumption be reduced?
c. How are deforestation, soil degradation and desertification related?
d. Why is human activity the major threat to biodiversity?
4 Analyse the data in the table and answer the questions.
Surface of soil affected by erosion. 2002-2012 (%) a. Which Autonomous Communities have suffered from
Autonomous Light Medium High
the most intense erosion? If one is in the north of Spain
Communities erosion erosion erosion and the other one in the south, what are the causes
of this erosion?
Cantabria 59.91 22.39 17.70

Asturias 61.64 21.67 16.42

Navarre 65.64 18.79 15.57

Region of Murcia 66.41 18.13 15.46

Rioja 65.84 20.43 13.72

Galicia 74.34 13.06 12.61

Balearic Islands 76.62 13.69 9.70

Madrid 81.28 10.89 7.83
b. Which factor has most influence on soil degradation in the
Catalonia 54.41 24.86 20.74
Balearic Islands: farming, climate or urban development?
Extremadura 83.75 9.81 6.44 What about in Cantabria? Explain your answers.
Canary Islands 69.25 21.86 8.89
Andalusia 57.61 19.76 22.63

Community
70.12 16.04 13.83
of Valencia

Castile and Leon (*) 88.79 8.19 3.02

*Data presented for Castile and Leon refer to the provinces of Leon,
Valladolid, Zamora, Avila, Palencia and Salamanca.
Source: MAGRAMA.

9
THE AGE OF DISCOVERY
CONTENTS
FIND OUT ABOUT The causes of the great geographical discoveries

The Portuguese voyages of discovery
The Castilian voyages of discovery
The beginning of the overseas empires
Pre-Columbian America
Social and economic change at the beginning of the Early Modern period
KNOW HOW TO Analyse 15th and 16th century diaries and journals
Compare historical maps to modern atlases
Use tables, graphs and timelines to interpret historical information
Investigate historical figures on the Internet
Analyse the early development of banking and trade
Investigate pre-Columbian peoples on the Internet
Analyse archaeological remains
BE ABLE TO Reflect on our changing geographic knowledge of the shape and size of the world
Discuss the importance of technical advances in human history
Reflect critically on the consequences of the interaction between different cultures
Understand the importance of our world-wide cultural heritage
RESOURCES

The pre-Columbian civilisations Libromedia. The Age of Discovery
The Portuguese voyages of discovery
The Castilian voyages of discovery Audio
Improvements in cartography Track 20: pp. 160-1, How did we discover that the Earth
The Aztec and Maya ball game was round? (students and teachers)
Assessment Track 22: p. 174, Extracts from Christopher Columbus
Test of Unit 9 Journal (1492) (teachers)
SHEET REINFORCEMENT
9. The Age of Discovery
1
Name: Course: Date:
PRE-COLUMBIAN CIVILIZATIONS
a. Where were the Aztec and Inca civilisations located?

an cer
Tropic of C
Tenochtitln
b. Summarise the main characteristics of their political Chichn Itz ATLANTIC

organisation, society and religion.
OCEAN
Equa
tor
Amazon River
PACIFIC
Cuzco

OCEAN

n
apricor
c of C
Tropi
c. What were their main cities?
2 Look at the photo and answer the questions.
Temple of
Inscriptions
509798_09_p176_civilizaciones_precolombinas
Palace
Temple of the Sun
a. Which civilisation did these ruins belong to?
b. Describe the buildings. What kind of social or religious function did they probably have?

SHEET REINFORCEMENT
2
Name: Course: Date:

PORTUGUESE DISCOVERIES AND EXPEDITIONS
1 Study the map of the main Portuguese voyages of discovery and complete the table.
Greenwich Meridian
Circ le
Arctic
Azores Is. (1431) JAPAN
Madeira (1419) Ceuta (1415) CHINESE

PACIFIC
Islamic World EMPIRE
Tropic of Cancer Canary Is.
Macau
AZTEC MAYA Cape Bojador (1434) OCEAN
EMPIRE CIVILIZATION Philippines Is.
Calcutta (1498)
Cape Verde Is. o

(1446) o ng Ceylon
Equator Gulf rC
ive )
of Guinea R 1482
PACIFIC
( INDIAN
(1460) Maluku Is.
INCA Porto Seguro OCEAN

OCEAN EMPIRE (1500) ATLANTIC
Tropic of Capricorn
OCEAN
Cape of
Good Hope
(1487)
Diogo Co 1482 Vasco da Gama 1497-99

Bartolomeu Dias 1487-88 lvares Cabral 1500
Explorers Dates Places they discovered

509798_09_p173_leyenda_expediciones_portuguesa
509798_09_p173_expediciones_portuguesas

SHEET REINFORCEMENT
3
Name: Course: Date:

MAIN CASTILIAN EXPEDITIONS
1 Study the map of the main Spanish voyages of discovery and complete the table.
Magellan-Elcano voyage Columbus voyages

Azores Is.
Greenwich Meridian
Columbus voyages
First voyage (1492-1493) Third voyage (1498-1500)
San Salvador Canary Is.
Cuba Second voyage (1493-1496) Fourth voyage (1502-1504)
Hispaniola
509798_09_p167_leyenda_expediciones_castellanas_GEO
JAPAN
CHINESE PACIFIC
Tropic of Cancer
Macau
AZTEC Cape Bojador OCEAN
EMPIRE Philippines Is.
MAYA Calcutta
CIVILIZATION Maluku
go
on Ceylon Is.
Equator Gulf of erC
Guinea Riv
INDIAN
PACIFIC
OCEAN EMPIRE ATLANTIC
Tropic of Capricorn
OCEAN
Cape of
Good Hope
508877_09_p231_leyenda_expediciones_castellanas_GEODOS
Strait of Magellan
Explorers Dates Places they discovered
508877_09_p231_expediciones_castellanas_GEODOS

SHEET EXTENSION
4
Name: Course: Date:
European expansion in the 15th and 16th century contributed to a far greater understanding of the size
and shape of the Earth. It led to the discovery of two new continents: America and Oceania.
The discoveries were accompanied by important developments in cartography.
1 Study the maps and answer the questions in your notebook.
Look at map A. What type of map is it?

A Explain your answer.
Map B is called an islario. What do you

think this type of map represented?
Was it similar to a portolan chart?
B
C
Compare the map of America from the late 16th century (C) with the satellite image.
Why do you think it is more accurate for some regions than others? Which areas are less accurately represented?
2 Look for information about the conquistadores on the Internet.
What role did their expeditions play in the discovery and colonisation of new territories in America?

SHEET EXTENSION
5
Name: Course: Date:
1 Before you read the text, think about the place of sport in our own society.
Is sport different or similar to religion? And warfare? In what ways?
and possessions of all the spectators as his

reward. The early Spanish writers tell us that on
Most Maya cities have at least one square, the rare occasions when this happened the
enclosed on all sides by pyramids and mounds, spectators rushed to get away quickly so that they
where important religious rites were held. People didnt lose their clothes!
came to witness great religious ceremonies from
Among the Aztecs (and probably the Mayas, too),
the top of one of the neighbouring pyramids.
people gambled on the result of an important game.
In many Maya cities the ball court was in or near the There was also a religious side to the play, which
main square. The court consisted of a space was connected to the sky gods. An Aztec player
between two mounds, and low terraces or ramps spent the night before a game praying to the gods.
bordered the central playing space. Stone or
J. Eric S. Thompson, Maya Archaeologist (1963)
wooden rings were fixed high on the walls of each
side of the playing space. The aim was to pass the
ball through the ring but this was extremely difficult
because there was a rule that the player could only
strike the ball with his knee, hip or bottom.
Early Spanish writers have left no account of the
game among the Mayas. But those who saw the
Aztecs play it were astonished at how quickly it
was played. To judge by their descriptions, the
game was as rapid and thrilling as ice hockey.
They report that players often collapsed from
exhaustion. It was so difficult to drive the ball
through the narrow ring fixed high in each wall
that a player who did so could claim the clothing
2 Read the text, study the photo and answer the questions.
a. Where was the ball court? What did it look like?
b. Explain in your own words how the game was played.
c. Would it be possible to play this game near your school today? Explain your answer.
d. Can we work out anything about Aztec and Maya religion from this text?
e. Write a title for this text at the top..

9 ASSESSMENT
Name: Course: Date:
1 Explain the following terms.
Portolan chart:
Caravel:
Bill of exchange:
2 What was the background to the first journey round the world. Explain how and when it took place.
3 Look at the map and complete the table. PORTUGUESE DISCOVERIES AND EXPEDITIONS
Explorer
Discovery
and date
Greenwich Meridian
C ircle
Arctic
Azores Is. (1431) JAPAN
Madeira (1419) Ceuta (1415) CHINESE

PACIFIC
Tropic of Cancer Canary Is.
Macau
AZTEC MAYA Cape Bojador (1434) OCEAN
EMPIRE CIVILIZATION Philippines Is.
Calcutta (1498)
Cape Verde Is. o

(1446) o ng Ceylon
Equator Gulf rC
ive )
of Guinea R 1482
PACIFIC
( INDIAN
(1460) Maluku Is.

OCEAN EMPIRE (1500) ATLANTIC
Tropic of Capricorn
OCEAN
Cape of
Good Hope
(1487)
Diogo Co 1482 Vasco da Gama 1497-99

Bartolomeu Dias 1487-88 lvares Cabral 1500
509798_09_p173_expediciones_portuguesas
509798_09_p173_leyenda_expediciones_portu
4 What was the Treaty of Tordesillas (1494)? What were its consequences?

PRE-COLUMBIAN CIVILIZATIONS
5 Discuss this map, explaining the main characteristics of the pre-Columbian civilizations.

ancer
Tropic of C
Tenochtitln

Chichn Itz ATLANTIC

OCEAN
Equa
tor

Amazon River

PACIFIC
Cuzco
OCEAN

icorn
co f Capr
Tropi

6 What were the main social changes that took place in the late 15th and 16th centuries?

509798_09_p176_civilizaciones_precolombinas
7 Study this graph of population in Europe, and explain how it changed in the 15th and 16th centuries.
In millions of inhabitants
100

80
Bla
ck
uguesas
De
60
ath
40

20

0
1000 1100 1200 1300 1400 1500 1600


10
Renaissance and Reformation
CONTENTS
FIND OUT ABOUT The spread of humanism

The Renaissance
Scientific knowledge and experimentation
The art of the Quattrocento
The High Renaissance
The spread of the Renaissance through Europe
The causes and spread of the Reformation
The Counter-Reformation
KNOW HOW TO Analyse biographies as a source of historical information

Investigate the history of medicine on the Internet
Write a biographical profile
Analyse Renaissance works of art
Look for information about Renaissance artists on the Internet
Work in groups to prepare an exhibition catalogue
BE ABLE TO Reflect on the achievements of Renaissance figures like Leonardo da Vinci

Understand the crucial importance of the invention of the printing press in human history
Discuss the nature of humanism in the Early Modern period and its equivalent today
Think about the artistic legacy of the Renaissance
Understand the origins of religious divisions in the world today
Appreciate the cultural importance of museums
RESOURCES

Renaissance architecture Libromedia. Renaissance and Reformation
Renaissance painting
The main ideas of Protestantism and Catholicism Audio
New techniques in Renaissance art Track 23: pp. 176-7, Leonardo da Vinci, a universal
Thomas More, Utopia genius (students and teachers)
Assessment
Test of Unit 10
SHEET REINFORCEMENT AND EXTENSION
10. Renaissance and Reformation
1
Name: Course: Date:
1 Look on the Internet for an illustration of each of the architectural terms. Then complete the labels.
BALUSTRADE
CORNICE
ARCH
FRIEZE
COLUMN
CAPITAL
PEDIMENT
2 Now label this with the architectural features that you have identified.
Villa Rotonda (Vicenza) by Palladio.
3 Describe the Villa Rotonda in Vicenza.

SHEET REINFORCEMENT
2
Name: Course: Date:
1 Complete the information about this painting.

Then, look for illustrations and information about six other Renaissance paintings or sculptures.
Prepare six similar cards with an illustration on one side and the text on the other.
In groups, display the illustrated side of the cards to your classmates. They try to identify the art work
and its main characteristics before you give them the information.
Artist:
Period:
Subject
Renaissance characteristics:
2 Study the three paintings and answer the questions.
A B C
a. Which of these three paintings is not a Renaissance work of art? Explain your answer.
b. What were the main characteristics of Renaissance painting?
c. What are the differences between paintings B and C? How does each painter achieve an impression of depth?

SHEET REINFORCEMENT AND EXTENSION
3
Name: Course: Date:
1 Complete this table comparing the main ideas of Protestantism and Catholicism.
Doctrine Protestantism (Lutheranism) Catholicism
Authority of the Pope
Way to achieve salvation
Interpretation of the Bible
The sacraments
The Virgin and the saints
2 Look for information about Martin Luther on the Internet and write a short biography.
Follow the model for biographical profiles given on page 181 of your Students Book.

3 Investigate either Anglicanism or Calvinism on the Internet and explain its origins.

SHEET EXTENSION
4
Name: Course: Date:
1 Investigate two techniques of Renaissance art: perspective and escorzo (or foreshortening).
Identify the main innovations, and find out if more than one type of perspective (linear and aerial)
was used by Renaissance artists.
Bring at least one illustration showing these techniques into the classroom.
a. Is there a sensation of depth in this painting? If so,

how has the artist achieved it?
b. What other Renaissance characteristics can you see

in this painting?
c. Analyse the artists use of perspective and compare

it to that of the other Renaissance paintings that
you have found.

Raphael, The Marriage of
the Virgin (Raphael).
2 Study the two works of art below and answer the questions in your notebook.
a. How this the painter studying foreshortening in Drers artwork? Explain what he is doing.
b. Is Mantegna trying to produce the same effect as in the Drer artwork?
c. Compare Mantegnas painting to work by other Renaissance artists..
Drer, Painter studying the laws of foreshortening Mantegna, Lamentation of Christ.

by means of threads and a frame.

SHEET EXTENSION
5
Name: Course: Date:
1 Before you read the text, think about the word Utopia. Is this word still used today? What does it mean?
Then, find out when and how the word was first used.
Royal government in Utopia
The honour, and also the safety of a king, consists amount of money would be enough for the prince
more in his peoples wealth than in his own. A to deal with difficulties like fighting against rebels
people chooses a king for their own sake and not or protecting the kingdom against a foreign
for his so that by his efforts, they may be both enemy. On the other hand, a prince should not
safe and live well. And so a prince should take have so much wealth that he was tempted to
more care of his peoples happiness than of his invade other mens rights. This king also thought
own, as a shepherd will take more care of his flock that his law would help to guarantee the free
of sheep than of himself. People are wrong if they circulation of money, which was so necessary
believe that the poverty of a nation promotes the for business and trade.
public interest. Nobody quarrels more than When a king gives away the excess of resources that
beggars. If a king is the object of such contempt or makes him too wealthy, this makes him less likely to
envy that he cannot make his subjects carry out oppress his subjects. Such a king will be the terror
their duties except by oppression and by making of all bad men, and will be loved by all good men.
them poor and miserable, then it would be better
if he abandoned his kingdom. Thomas More, Utopia.
Let the king live from what belongs to him without

doing harm to other people, and make his
expenses match his income. He should punish
crimes, and try to prevent them happening
through wise behaviour, rather than by acting
harshly when the crimes have already been
committed. He should not apply laws that existed
many years ago and have been long forgotten.
There is a law among the Macarians (a people
that live not far from Utopia) by which their king,
on the first day of his reign, is tied by an oath,
confirmed by solemn sacrifices, never to have
more than a thousand pounds of gold in his
treasury. This law, according to the Macarians,
was made by an excellent king who was more
concerned about the wealth of his country than his
own wealth. He therefore made sure that a ruler
would not accumulate so much treasure that his
people became poor. He thought that a moderate Thomas More.
2 Read the text and summarize its main ideas in your notebook (in 80 to 100 words).
3 Choose one of the following works. Find out more about the author and what the book is about.
In what ways does it reflect humanist and Renaissance ideals?
Thomas More, Utopia.
Tommaso Campanella, The City of the Sun.
Francis Bacon, New Atlantis.

10 ASSESSMENT
Name: Course: Date:
1 Define the following terms.
Patrons:
Anthropocentric:
Heliocentic:
Quattrocento:
2 Why was the printing press such an important invention?
3 Complete the table about Protestantism in Europe.
Type Leader Where? Characteristics
Lutheranism
Calvinism
Anglicanism
4 What was humanism? How did it change peoples ideas about the world?

5 Explain what the three main styles of Spanish Renaissance architecture were like.
6 Analyse this sculpture as an example of the ideals of the Renaissance.

7 What was the Council of Trent? What were its main consequences?

11
THE SPANISH EMPIRE
CONTENTS
FIND OUT ABOUT The emergence of the authoritarian monarchies in Europe

The Catholic Monarchs
The government of Carlos V
Felipe II and the Hispanic Monarchy
Society and the economy in Early Modern Spain
Imperial foreign policy in the 16th century
The conquest and colonisation of the Spanish Empire
The organisation of Spains New World empire
KNOW HOW TO Use museums as a resource with valuable objects and information
Compare historical maps to modern atlases
Use maps, graphs and timelines to interpret historical information
Investigate different cultures on the Internet
Interpret a family tree
Analyse historical clothing
Analyse texts on the decline of the Indian population of America
BE ABLE TO Discuss the role of diplomacy in the Early Modern period and today
Understand the Spanish legacy in America
Understand how clothes reflected social position in Early Modern Europe
and think about what they indicate in modern society
Reflect critically on the positive and negative results of the Spanish conquest
of America
RESOURCES

The territories of Carlos V and Felipe II Libromedia. The Spanish Empire
Territory and society in Latin America
The authoritarian monarchies Audio
The union of two kingdoms Track 25: Pages 194-5: What were the tercios?
The expulsion of the Moriscos (students and teachers)
Track 26: Page 211, Two views of the treatment
Assessment of the Indians (teachers)
Test of Unit 11

SHEET REINFORCEMENT
11. The Spanish Empire
1
Name: Course: Date:
1 Study the map and do the activities.

Find out the names of Carlos V and Felipe IIs European territories and add them to the maps.
Colour the map on the left to show the territory that Carlos V inherited from his grandparents.
Indicate the territory that he inherited from each grandparent.
Colour the map on the right to show the territory that Felipe II inherited from his father,
and also the territories that he added to his empire.
Inherited by Felipe II
Blue
from his father
Orange Acquired by Felipe II
from Maximilian from Fernando

Orange Green
of Habsburg of Aragn
Grey
from Mary
Blue from Isabel of Castilla
of Burgundy
2 Answer the questions.
a. Look at the map showing the inheritance of Carlos V. There is a country that is almost completely surrounded
by Carloss territories. Which one is it?
M775401U02F01RP144HA
b. Did this geographical factor play a role in relations between the countries? M775401U02F01RP144HB
c. Which of Carlos Vs European territories did Felipe II not inherit from his father? Who received them?
d. Felipe II became the monarch of a European country that he did not inherit from his father. Which one?
What was its importance?
3 Draw a map of the world in your notebook and colour the territories that formed part of the empire of Felipe II.

SHEET REINFORCEMENT
2
Name: Course: Date:
1 Study this map. With a partner, look on the Internet for historical and recent maps of Spanish America.
a. Write the following in the right place on the map.
Viceroyalty of New Spain Viceroyalty of Peru
b. Write the names of the historical cities indicated by dots.

(They include the mining cities: Huancavelica and Potos.)
c. Write the names of the present-day countries that

belonged to the Viceroyalty of New Spain.
d. Write the names of the present-day countries that

belonged to the Viceroyalty of Peru.
508877_11_p286_Virreinatos_GEOTECNET
2 Complete the social pyramid of Spanish America with the names of the four social or racial groups.
Then, describe the social position of each group, beginning with those at the bottom of the pyramid.
Indians Spaniards Blacks Mestizos
a.

b.

c.

d.


SHEET REINFORCEMENT
3
Name: Course: Date:
1 Look in your textbook and on the Internet for information about the authoritarian monarchies and complete this table.
State Monarch (with dates) Main developments
Spain
Henry VIII (1509-1547)
He unified the country and conquered new territories.

Later, the title of czar (emperor) was adopted.
2 Complete the following table. Look for information in your textbook about the problems that Carlos V faced and explain
the policies that he adopted.
Problems that Carlos V faced Carlos Vs policies
Government
of his territories
Defence of
Catholicism
Leading role in
Europe

SHEET EXTENSION
4
Name: Course: Date:
The union of two kingdoms But there were also enemies nearer home. Many
of the powerful Castilian grandees were bitterly
On the morning of 19 October 1469 Ferdinand, opposed to a matrimonial alliance which promised
King of Sicily and heir to the throne of Aragon, to strengthen the Crown's authority in Castile.
and Isabella, the heiress of Castile, were married Hoping to dispossess Isabella, they were now
at a private residence in Valladolid. rallying to the cause of Henry IV's alleged daughter,
The events leading up to the wedding were, to say Juana la Beltraneja, whose claims to the throne
the least, unusual. The eighteen-year-old Princess, had recently been set aside in favour of those of his
threatened with arrest by her brother, Henry IV sister, Isabella. While Henry himself had been
of Castile, had been rescued from her home at induced by the Isabelline faction in September 1468,
Madrigal by the Archbishop of Toledo and a body as the price of peace, to recognize Isabella as his
of horses, and conveyed to a city where she would heiress in place of the daughter whose paternity
be safe among friends. Her bridegroom, a year was universally doubted, he was a vacillating and
younger than herself, had reached Valladolid unreliable character, fully capable of going back
only a few days before the ceremony after on his word; and the pressures upon him were
an even more eventful journey. With a handful great. The Prince and Princess were therefore
of attendants disguised as merchants, he had wise to seize the earliest possible opportunity
travelled from Zaragoza by night through the of formalizing a union which would do much
hostile country, and had narrowly escaped death to strengthen Isabella's position in Castile.
from a stone hurled by a sentinel from the J.H. Elliott, Imperial Spain
battlements of Burgo de Osma. After reaching
Valladolid he met his bride for the first time
on 15 October, four days before the ceremony.
The couple were so poor that they were compelled
to borrow to meet the wedding expenses; and since
they were marrying within the prohibited degrees,
they required, and duly received, a papal bull
of dispensation, later discovered to be a spurious
document concocted by the King of Aragon,
the Archbishop of Toledo, and Ferdinand himself.
There was some excuse for both the secrecy and
the deceit. Many people were anxious to prevent
the ceremony from taking place. Among them
was Louis XI of France, who saw a grave threat
to his own country in a union of the reigning
houses of Castile and Aragon.
1 Read the text and with a classmate try to work out the meaning of difficult words from their context.
Then, answer the questions.
a. Why did the wedding take place in this way?
b. Why did a marriage between the heirs of the two kingdoms seem a good idea?
c. Who was opposed to this wedding?
d. Write an account of the wedding (80-100 words) for the Society section of a magazine.
2 Look at the photo. Why do you think both of the Catholic Monarchs are holding the sceptre?

SHEET EXTENSION
5
Name: Course: Date:
The expulsion of the Moriscos of the nobles, who were dependent on Morisco
labour for their income.
The expulsion of the Moriscos, carefully prepared,
and carefully executed between 1608 and 1614, The balance of forces in Valencia suggests that,
was to some extent the act of a weak Government if the kingdom had been left to itself the Moriscos
anxious for easy popularity at a time of widespread would have remained. But the presence of Moriscos
national discontent. But although the Government in Castile had set up a whole new series of pressures
acted in response to pressures from beneath, which did much to strengthen the hand of those
there was a complexity about the whole Morisco in favour of their total expulsion from the peninsula.
problem which conferred a certain plausibility The Castilian Moriscos, unlike their Valencian
on the assumption that expulsion was the only brethren, were rootless and scattered; and where
remaining solution. Fundamentally, the Morisco the Valencian Moriscos were largely agricultural
question was that of an unassimilated and labourers, those of Castile had drifted to the towns
possibly unassimilable racial minority which and taken up a wide variety of fairly menial
had given endless trouble ever since the conquest occupations, as carriers, muleteers, and small
of Granada. The dispersion of the Moriscos through craftsmen. Since they were so widely dispersed,
Castile after the suppression of the second rebellion they hardly represented a very serious danger,
of the Alpujarras in 1570 had only complicated but they were disliked by many Old Christians for
the problem by extending it to areas which had spending too little, working too hard, and breeding
previously been free of Morisco inhabitants. too fast. In such a climate it was not difficult to
From 1570 the Morisco problem was Castilian, whip up popular feeling by rhetorical arguments
as well as Valencian and Aragonese, although to the effect that Spain's recent misfortunes could be
it varied in character from one region to another. attributed to the continuing presence of unbelievers
It was in Valencia that the problem appeared in a country that called itself Catholic.
most serious. There were some 135,000 Moriscos Once the populace was aroused, the supporters
in Valencia in 1609 perhaps a third of the total of the Moriscos no longer dared raise their voices
population of the kingdom; and the proportion was in protest, and the case against expulsion went
increasing, since there had been a 70 per cent by default. The vast bureaucratic machine was duly
increase in the Morisco population between 1563 set in motion; the Moriscos were shepherded
and 1609, against only a 45 per cent increase among towards the frontiers and the ports, and the
the Old Christians. These Moriscos formed a closely majority eventually found their way to North Africa,
knit community, significantly known as la nacin where many died of hunger and exhaustion,
de los cristianos nuevos de moros del reino de or were massacred by their unfriendly brethren.
Valencia. The very extent of their organization The total number leaving Spain is now reckoned
aroused widespread fears at a time when the danger at some 275,000 out of a probable Morisco
of a Turkish attack on the Levantine coast still population of rather over 300,000.
appeared very real.[...] But the Valencian Moriscos
had powerful protectors in the majority J. H. Elliot, Imperial Spain.
1 Read the text and try to work out the meaning of difficult words and phrases from their context. Underline the key ideas.
Then, write a short summary of the text (80-100 words) that answers the following questions:
What was the 'Morisco Question'?
What was the difference between the situations in Valencia and Castile?
How were the Moriscos expelled?
2 Look for more information about the expulsion of the Moriscos. What were its consequences?

11 ASSESSMENT
Name: Course: Date:
The tercios:
The Revolt of the Brotherhoods:
The Spanish Armada:
The mita:
2 What were the authoritarian monarchies? What measures did they take to strengthen their power?
MARRIAGE POLICY OF THE CATHOLIC MONARCHS

3 Explain this map of the matrimonial alliances of the Catholic Monarchs. Give details of each alliance and its consequences.

N
EA
KINGDOM
OF ENGLAND
OC

IC
THE HOLY
ROMAN EMPIRE
AT L A N T
KINGDOM
OF FRANCE
SAVOY VE
MILAN NI
CE
F
NAVARRA GENOA ITALIAN

POR OM O
AL
STATES

TUG
PAPAL
KINGDOM
GD
STATES
OF SPAIN
KIN
SARDINIA
KINGDOM
OF NAPLES
errane
Medit an SICILY

Se
Marriage alliance
a
4 How did the Catholic Monarchs impose religious unity?
509798_11_p206_alianzas_matrimoniales

5 Analyse the graph of the imports of precious metals and explain the consequences for Spanish society.
In millions of pesos Index = 100*

150 30
125 25

100 20

75 15

50 10

25 5

0 0
1500 1525 1550 1575 1600 1625 1650
*100 = prices in 1571-1580
Precious metals Prices
6 Explain the rivalry between France and Spain during the reigns of Carlos V and Felipe II.
7 Complete the social pyramid and explain what society was like in Spanish America.


12
BAROQUE EUROPE
CONTENTS
FIND OUT ABOUT The nature of the 17th century crisis in Europe
The decline of the Hispanic Monarchy
The Thirty Years War and the end of Spanish hegemony in Europe
Louis XIV and royal absolutism in France
The commercial success of the Dutch Republic
The rise of Parliament in England
The Scientific Revolution
Baroque architecture and painting
The Spanish Golden Age in literature, architecture, sculpture and painting
KNOW HOW TO Appreciate the value of great buildings like the Palace of Versailles as sources
of historical information
Interpret maps, graphs and timelines
Write short biographical essays
Analyse Baroque paintings
Analyse the symbols of royal absolutism
Investigate Baroque sculpture
BE ABLE TO Work in groups to investigate the Scientific Revolution

Discuss the political systems in England and France
Reflect on the links between great artists from Velzquez to Picasso
RESOURCES

th
A timeline of 17 century history Libromedia. Baroque Europe
Demographic crisis in 17th century Europe
Baroque architecture Audio
Diego Velzquez and Baroque painting Track 27: pp. 214-5: The Palace of Versailles
The Bill of Rights (1689) (students and teachers)
Assessment
Test of Unit 12

SHEET REINFORCEMENT
12. Baroque Europe
1
Name: Course: Date:
1 Look for information in your Students Book and on the Internet and complete the timeline.
1598 becomes king after the death of his

father . He delegates authority to his
valido .
Foundation of Jamestown, the first 1607
English settlement in North America. Peace with England.
The is signed with the United Provinces.

Expulsion of the .
1618 Beginning of the War.

The arrive in America and 1620
found Plymouth. 1621
becomes king. Like his father he delegates
authority to a valido, .
The Union of Arms.

Death of Richelieu.
Pascals calculator.
1642 Rebellion in Catalonia and .
Beginning of the reign of Louis XIV.
1648 Peace of , ends

..
1659
The English acquire

1664
from the Dutch and call it New York. Death of , painter of Las Meninas.
becomes king although at first his mother

Death of painter of The 1665
1669 rules as regent.
Night Watch.
Death of sculptor of
1680
The Ecstasy of Saint Teresa.
The death of ends the

The Glorious Revolution in England. The
1700 dynasty, which had ruled in Spain
beginning of monarchy..
since the Emperor

SHEET REINFORCEMENT
12. Baroque Europe
2
Name: Course: Date:
1 Complete the diagram about demographic change in 17th century Europe.
Increase of
mortality rate
DEMOGRAPHIC
CRISIS Factors Epidemics
Migrations
Expulsions
2 Explain the social and economic consequences of the crisis in 17th century Europe.

SHEET REINFORCEMENT
12. Baroque Europe
3
Name: Course: Date:
1 Look at the photos and write the words and phrases in the right place.
a)Curved lines e)Statues of saints
b)Open pediment f)Church of San Carlo alle Quattro Fontane
c)Gian Lorenzo Bernini g)Saint Peters Square
d)Recesses and projections h)Monumental colonnade
NAME:
ARCHITECT:
NAME:
ARCHITECT:
2 Think about the photos and answer the following questions.

Where are these buildings?
What was the role of the city of Rome in developing the Baroque style?
How important was Papal patronage in 16th century art and architecture?

SHEET REINFORCEMENT
12. Baroque Europe
4
Name: Course: Date:
1 Underline the phrases which refer to the Spanish Baroque style and cross out those which do not.
There were symbolic messages in the art work.
Naturalism was more important than the religious purpose.
Spanish art was realistic and emotional.
It was mainly concerned with ideal beauty.
It first developed the technique of tenebrism.
It was used as propaganda for the Counter-Reformation.
2 Look for information about Diego de Velzquez in an encyclopaedia or on the Internet and complete the fact file.
DIEGO VELZQUEZ
Biography
Characteristics of his style:
Most famous paintings:
3 Give the name, artist and date of this painting and explain its main characteristics.


SHEET EXTENSION
12. Baroque Europe
5
Name: Course: Date:
1 Before you read the text: What you know about English history in the seventeenth century?
Share your knowledge of the following subjects in groups:
The English Civil War The Stuarts
The Glorious Revolution Oliver Cromwell
The Bill of Rights (1689)
The Lords and Hose of Commons assembled at Westminster, lawfully, fully and freely
representing all the people of this kingdom, declare:
That the pretended power of suspending the laws or the execution of laws by royal
authority without consent of Parliament is illegal;
That the commission for creating the late Court for Ecclesiastical Causes, and all other
similar courts, are illegal;
That raising money for the use of the Crown without the support of Parliament is illegal;
That it is the right of the subjects to petition the king, and all prosecutions for such
petitioning are illegal;
That the raising or keeping a standing army in time of peace is against the law unless it
is with consent of Parliament;
That Protestant subjects may have arms for their defence suitable to their position and
as allowed by law;
That election of members of Parliament ought to be free;
That the freedom of speech and debates or proceedings in Parliament ought not to be
questioned in any court or place outside Parliament;
That excessive bail ought not to be required, nor excessive fines imposed, nor cruel
punishments inflicted;
That members of the jury ought to be properly elected, and members of the jury in trials
for high treason ought to be property owners;
That it is illegal to make promises of fines of particular people before they are convicted;
And that for dealing with all grievances, and for the amending, strengthening and
preserving laws, Parliaments ought to be held frequently.
2 Analyse the text and discuss your ideas in groups.

In the light of the text, what is a parliamentary monarchy? Look for specific examples in the text to support
your discussion.
Are some of these clauses still valid in a parliamentary system today? Which ones only reflect the attitudes
of people in the 17th century?
In what ways is a parliamentary system different from an absolute monarchy? Why did absolutism fail in England?
Was England the only country to have a parliamentary system in the Early Modern period?.

12 ASSESSMENT
Name: Course: Date:
Valido:
The Union of Arms:
Absolute monarch:
Bill of Rights:
2 Explain the process shown in the three illustrations and discuss its importance in the Early Modern period.
A B C
3 Summarize the main characteristics of the foreign policy of Felipe IV (1621-1665).
4 Compare the political systems of England and France in the 17th century.

12. Baroque Europe
5 What was the scientific method? How did it develop?
6 Summarize the main characteristics of each school of painting and give the names of some leading painters.
School Characteristics Painters
Italian
Dutch
Flemish
Spanish
7 Discuss this image with reference to the characteristics of Baroque culture.


Student's Book
Answer key
STUDENT'S BOOK ANSWER KEY
Page 9
WORK WITH THE PHOTOS
Page 6 1 Both photos show the effects of erosion on rock. This was
caused by the interaction of exogenous processes (mainly
WORK WITH THE IMAGE
water, wind and temperature) over an extended period of
Open answers. time.
The first people to reach the summit of Everest in May 1953
were the New Zealander Edmund Hillary and the Nepali sherpa Page 11
Tenzing Norgay, who were members of a large British
expedition. As of today, many thousands have successfully ACTIVITIES
made the climb, including a record 350 climbers and 253 1 Mountain range: a number of mountains that are grouped
sherpas in 2007 alone.
together in the same region.
Reinhold Messner is a professional mountaineer, and in 1978 Depression: a low-lying area that is near, or even below,
he was in the first party to climb Everest without extra oxygen. sea level.
Messner is also notable for having climbed all the worlds
Continental shelf: the submerged plateau surrounding a
fourteen highest mountains (all over 8,000 metres).
continent down to a depth of 200m.
Sherpas are highly knowledgeable mountain guides of the Ocean ridge: an underwater mountain range.
Sherpa ethnic group, who are employed in assisting climbers
Abyssal plain: a vast plain found at a great depth on the
from outside the Himalayan region. Porters are not guides but
ocean floor.
carriers of essential equipment and supplies; they are of
various ethnic origins. Gulf: a body of water formed by a sea extending inland
into a continent.
2 Open answers.
Page 7
3 Continental and oceanic relief share many similar features
HOW DO WE KNOW? such as plains, mountain ridges, valleys and plateaus.
Continental plains are similar to abyssal plains, while
Topography is the study of the Earths surface shape and
mountain ridges are like mid-ocean ridges.
geographical features. (Its methods can also be applied
to other astronomical objects.) Cartography is the study
WORK WITH THE IMAGE
and practice of map-making.
4 The main forms of continental relief include mountains (often
The fourteen highest peaks in the world are all over 8,000
grouped together in mountain ranges), plains, plateaus,
metres and are located in the Himalaya and Karakoram
valleys and depressions.
ranges in Asia: Everest, Lhotse, Makalu, Cho Oyu,
Kangchenjunga, Dhaulagiri, K2, Manaslu, Gasherbrum I, 5 Coastal landscapes feature beaches, cliffs, gulfs, bays and
Gasherbrum II, Shisha, Pangma, Nanga, Parbat, Broad Peak, peninsulas, as well as the continental shelf extending under
and Annapurna. the sea.
Page 13
WORK WITH THE MAP
1
Mountain ranges Highest peak Plains and Plateaus Peninsulas Islands
Atlas, Mitumba, Tibesti, Mt Kilimanjaro Darfur, Angola Somali Madagascar

Africa Rift (5,895 m)
Himalayas, Altai, Urals Mt Everest (8,850 m) Siberian Plateau, North Korean, Kamchatka, Japan, Philippines
Asia China Plain Arabian
Rocky Mountains, Denali / Mt McKinley Mato Grasso, Bolivian Yucatan, Baja Bahamas, Greenland,
America Andes, Sierra Madre (6,194 m) Altiplano, Great Plains California, Florida Galapagos
Carpathian, Caucasus, Mt Elbrus (5,642 m) Great European Plain Iberian, Scandinavian, Iceland, Cyprus,
Europe Pyrenees, Alps Italian Britain, Sicily
Great Dividing Range Puncak Jaya (5,030 m) Kimberley Plateau Cape Leeuwin New Zealand,
Oceania Polynesia
114 GEOGRAPHY AND HISTORY 3 Photocopiable material Santillana Educacin, S. L.

Page 14 Asia
flowing into Pacific Ocean Huang He (Yellow), Yangtze,
WORK WITH THE GRAPH Mekong
1 The water on Earth is 97% saltwater and 3% fresh water. flowing into Indian Ocean Indus, Ganges
flowing into Arctic Ocean Yenisey, Lena, Ob
2 The Earths continental water is found in lakes, rivers, inland flowing into the Persian Gulf Euphrates
seas, and groundwater. It is also frozen in glaciers and ice
caps, which contain most of the Earths fresh water (79%). America
flowing into Atlantic Ocean Orinoco, Amazon, Uruguay
THINK ABOUT IT flowing into Pacific Ocean Yukon, Columbia, Colorado
flowing into Gulf of Mexico Bravo, Mississippi
Rising temperatures in Antarctica are the result of global
climate change, which is mainly caused by human activities Europe
such as deforestation, the use of chemical fertilisers, emissions flowing into Atlantic Ocean Tajo
of methane from animal livestock production, and emissions of flowing into Mediterranean Sea Rhine
carbon dioxide from gasoline-burning engines and fossil fuel flowing into Black Sea Danube, Don
power plants. Oceania
The melting of ice in the polar regions will cause sea levels to rise, flowing into Southern Ocean Darling, Murray
so that low-lying areas could be flooded with the ensuing loss of Antarctica
populated settlements and agricultural land. The salinity of the There are no rivers.
oceans would be reduced, changing the ecosystems of vast
numbers of plant and animal species. There would certainly be a
change in the Earths climate with unpredictable consequences. Page 18
WORK WITH THE IMAGE

Page 15 1 At the Equator, the Suns rays reach the Earth nearly
THINK ABOUT IT vertically all the year round, creating a hot zone between
the Tropics where there is little difference between the
Open answers.
seasons. Closer to the poles, however, the tilt of the Earth on
its axis causes the surface to receive more or less direct light
WORK WITH THE MAP
from the Sun. This makes each hemisphere warmer or colder
3 European coastal regions are warmer than many non-coastal depending on the period of the year.
places at the same latitude due to the action of a warm
water current, the Gulf Stream.
Page 19
ACTIVITIES WORK WITH THE MAP

4 Inland sea: a saltwater lake. 2 In Europe there are temperate zones with a Mediterranean
Glacier: a frozen water reserve, generally found in climate (in the south), a continental climate (in the east), and
mountainous regions. an oceanic climate (in the north and west). There are also
Reservoir: a human-made fresh water lake. some colder high mountain regions (at high elevations) and
Tide: the daily rise and fall of sea levels caused by the polar climates (near the Arctic Circle).
gravitational pull of the Moon and the Sun. 3 Latitude is not the only factor determining climate. Altitude,
Aquifer: an underground deposit of fresh water. topographical relief, and proximity to a sea or ocean also
Wave: the surface movement of water, which is caused influence a regions long-term weather patterns.
by wind.
ACTIVITIES
5 The water that we use in our daily lives mainly comes from
constructed reservoirs and from natural underground 4 In order for us to study and understand climate better, the
aquifers. Earth is divided into five zones; an equatorial hot zone
between the Tropics of Capricorn and Cancer; two temperate
zones, between 30 and 60 degrees latitude in the northern
Page 17 and southern hemispheres; and two cold zones, from 60
WORK WITH THE MAP degrees latitude to the poles.
5 Although polar and desert climates seem to be complete
1 Major rivers of the world, by continent:
opposites, they actually share certain features. Both climates
Africa
have extreme temperatures, scarce flora and fauna, and very
flowing into Mediterranean Sea Nile
low precipitation rates (under 250 mm annually). In deserts,
flowing into the Indian Ocean Zambezi rain falls irregularly, without a consistent pattern. Near the
flowing into Atlantic Ocean Niger, Congo, Orange poles, precipitation falls as snow.
GEOGRAPHY AND HISTORY 3 Photocopiable material Santillana Educacin, S. L. 115

6 The equatorial landscape is generally characterised by dense Page 23

vegetation, very heavy rainfall, and consistently high
ACTIVITIES
temperatures, which vary little through the year. Continental
landscapes are marked by less dense forests and by 2 Rivers of the Atlantic watershed tend to flow abundantly due
grasslands, with regular patterns of annual rain and snowfall to their length and many tributaries, although their flow is
and wide seasonal variations in temperature. irregular and diminishes in the summer. Rivers of the
7 Climate is indeed a major factor in the concentration of Mediterranean watershed are shorter, with a weak and very
human populations, which have tended to settle in irregular flow, with the exception of the Ebro, which is fed by
temperate rather than hot or cold zones. In temperate heavy rain and tributaries that originate in the Pyrenees.
climates (Mediterranean, oceanic and continental), milder Cantabrian rivers are quite short and their flow is abundant
temperatures and the more marked differences between and regular throughout the year.
seasons benefited human agriculture, livestock farming, 3 Aquifers are important as sources for drinking water and
the supply of fresh water and living conditions. agricultural irrigation, especially in Spain, a country with
relatively few natural lakes and prone to drought.
Page 20
WORK WITH THE MAP
WORK WITH THE PHOTOS 4 Rivers of the Cantabrian watershed: Eo, Navia, Narcea, Nervin,
1 Model answer. First photo: The granite landscape of the first Bidasoa.
photo is especially characteristic of Galicia and north-west Rivers of the Atlantic watershed: Mio, Duero, Tajo, Guadiana,
Spain but granite is also found, for example, in some parts of Guadaquivir.
the Inner Plateau. Second photo: Limestone rocks are found Rivers of the Mediterranean watershed: Ebro, Turia, Jcar, Segura.
in many of Spains mountain ranges, such as the Cantabrian
5 The longest river on the Iberian Peninsula is the Tajo River,
Range and the Baetic Chain. Third photo: Clay deposits are
which originates in Spain but eventually flows into the
common in the Ebro and Guadalquivir river valleys, but in
Atlantic in Portugal. (Historically, this river was known in
general these are in lower and flatter areas than the one
English as the Tagus River.)
shown in this photo of La Rioja so they cannot really be
considered similar landscapes. Fourth photo: Similar volcanic 6 Rivers of the Atlantic watershed originate in the mountain
landscapes are very widespread indeed in the Canary ranges of western and central Spain, and then flow westward
Islands, but less so in peninsular Spain. (often through Portugal) before reaching the ocean. Thus,
they are much longer than Cantabrian rivers, which originate
close to the coast in the Cantabrian Range.
Page 21
7 Lake Sanabria is located in the Sierra Segundera and Sierra
WORK WITH THE MAP de la Cabrera; Lake Pealara is in the Sierra de Guadarrama;
2 Spains great Inner Plateau is crossed by the Central Laguna Negra is in the Sierra de Urbin; and the small ibones
Mountain Chain, and smaller ranges like the Mountains lakes are in the Pyrenees.
of Toledo. It is surrounded by the Len, Cantabrian and
Iberian ranges in the north, and by the Sierra Morena Page 24
in the south.
ACTIVITIES
3 Outside the Inner Plateau, the Pyrenees are in the north,
the Baetic Chain is in the far south and the Catalan Coastal 1 Yes, relief has significant impact on the climate of the Iberian
Chain runs along the Mediterranean coast. The Guadalquivir Peninsula. At higher altitudes, temperatures fall and
River (which flows into the Atlantic at the Gulf of Cdiz) precipitation increases. Also, the presence and orientation of
and the Ebro River (which flows into the Mediterranean mountain ranges influences the amount of wind and sunlight
at the Ebro Delta) form important river basins. that a region receives, as well as the movement of hot and
cold air masses (and therefore precipitation).
Page 22
2 No, it varies. The typical Mediterranean climate, which
is found in most of south-west and eastern Spain, is
WORK WITH THE PHOTOS characterised by seasonal changes in rainfall and
temperature. The semi-arid climate (generally hotter and with
1 The top photo river and sea, and so a mixture of fresh
less precipitation) is characteristic of only a relatively small
water and saltwater; it shows the Naln River estuary,
area in the south-east. The continentalised Mediterranean
where the river flows into the Cantabrian Sea. The middle
climate, characteristic of most of central Spain, has
photo river; it is a photo of the Guadiana River in its
considerable seasonal swings in temperature.
middle course. The bottom photo a small lake formed
by melting ice; it shows Ibn de Acherito Lake in 3 Mountain climates can be found in northern Spain due to
the Pyrenees. (The students may observe that numerous high mountain ranges and their east-west orientation
the glacial ice also contains fresh water.) along the Cantabrian Sea coast and the border with France.

WORK WITH THE MAPS Page 25
4 The highest average temperatures in Spain occur along the WORK WITH THE MAP
low flat area of the Guadalquivir river valley in south-west 7 a)The Mediterranean climate (both continentalised and
Spain and other coastal regions of the south and south-east. typical) predominates in Spain.
The lowest temperatures are found in elevated mountainous
b)An oceanic climate prevails all along Spains northern
areas in the centre and north.
coast and in the mountain ranges that separate the
coastal regions from the Inner Plateau.
5 Rainfall is most prevalent in the north-west, along the Atlantic
coast and the Cantabrian Sea. c)The Canary Islands, off the Atlantic coast of Africa,
experience a subtropical climate featuring year-round
6 Not necessarily. Colder areas in the north do experience mild temperatures and scarce precipitation.
heavier rainfall, but some of the hottest regions near the d)A warm to hot semi-arid climate with little precipitation
Mediterranean coast also receive significant precipitation. is found in the south-east of the Iberian Peninsula.
Page 26
ACTIVITY ROUND-UP
1
Continent Relief Water Climate Landscapes
Varied, with irregular Longest rivers: Volga, Polar, mountain, Deciduous forests, moors,
coastlines, many Danube and Ural. Many continental, oceanic, prairies, steppes, tundra,
Europe
peninsulas, and high small lakes. Mediterranean. taiga, Mediterranean.
mountain ranges.
The highest mountain Many rivers and lakes, Far north: polar and cold Tundra and mountain, taiga
ranges and plateaus in the including large inland mountain. Temperate north and cold desert, equatorial
Asia
world. oceans and the worlds and centre. Hot tropical and tropical rainforests.
largest freshwater lakes. and equatorial south.
Mostly plateaus, including Longest rivers: Nile, Niger, Hot north: equatorial, Equatorial and tropical
deserts, with coastal Zambezi. Largest lake: tropical, desert. Temperate rainforests, deserts and
Africa
mountain ranges. Victoria. south: oceanic, savannahs, oceanic and
Mediterranean, mountain. Mediterranean coasts.
Extremely varied, with Numerous lakes and rivers, Far north: polar and cold Stretching from pole to
north-south mountain notably the Great Lakes in mountain. Temperate pole, the continent exhibits
ranges and vast plains and the north and the Amazon continental centre, dry all forms of landscape.
America
plateaus between them. River in the south. tropical, desert, and
Mediterranean. Hot tropical
and equatorial south.
Many islands. Few lakes and rivers. Hot tropical, dry tropical, Australia: Mediterranean,
and desert. both dry and wet tropical,
Oceania desert. Northern islands:
equatorial.
New Zealand: oceanic.
Antarctica Mountainous. Ice. Polar. Polar.
2
Relief Water Climate Landscapes
Great central plateau surrounded Numerous rivers terminating in Mostly Mediterranean, Mediterranean,
Spain by mountain ranges. three seas: the Cantabrian, the oceanic in north, with mountainous.
Atlantic, and the Mediterranean. mountain regions.
3 Relief: the form of the Earths surface, and notably the Tectonic plate: a large block of the Earths crust that slides
variations in its elevation. against or collides with other plates.
Fault: a fracture in the Earths crust where it is rigid and Subduction zone: an area of the Earths crust where two
cannot bend when it is subject to pressure. plates collide and one is pushed downwards.

4 Forms of continental relief include: interior mountains and Page 28

mountain ranges, valleys, plains and plateaus, depressions
KNOW HOW TO... Use maps to link geographical features
and basins; coastal coasts, cliffs, beaches, capes,
peninsulas, gulfs and bays. 1 Physical map: Australias relief is dominated by deserts both
5 The main forms of oceanic relief include continental shelves high and low, with very few mountains. The countrys rivers
and slopes, abyssal plains and mid-ocean ridges, and are mostly concentrated in the southern region, flowing into
trenches. the Great Australian Bight.
Climate map: Australia has at its centre a very large desert,
6 When two continental plates collide, the pressure between
surrounded by a ring of dry tropical climate areas. The
them forms folds or faults in the Earths surface, resulting in
southern and eastern coasts have a Mediterranean climate,
the formation of new mountains ranges.
while the northern coast is wet and tropical.
7 A Polar ice and glaciers; B Groundwater; C Rivers; D Population map: Australias population is concentrated
Lakes; E Underground aquifers. into several pockets on the coasts, where there is a
Despite the abundance of water on Earth, 97% of it is Mediterranean climate. The vast desert interior of the
saltwater, while only 3% of it is fresh water and can country is very sparsely populated.
therefore be consumed by human populations. However,
2 and 3 . Open answers.
most of this fresh water is ice which is locked at the polar
caps and in glaciers. Consequently, the real proportion of
usable water is considerably lower. Another problem is Page 29
that human societies require a regular supply of fresh,
KNOW HOW TO... Tropical cyclones
non-polluted water. Consequently, a region where
precipitation is abundant in one season but scarce in 1 Almost all cyclones begin to form over tropical or
another may still suffer from water shortages if water subtropical oceans.
management is inefficient. The climate over warm ocean areas tends to be
consistent, with waters reaching their highest surface
Page 27 temperatures in late summer. Because the oceans have no
physical relief, they are subject to the movement of winds
ACTIVITY ROUND-UP and changes in pressure, as well as underwater current
8 a)Precipitation in the location shown on the climograph activity. When ocean surface temperatures exceed 26
indicates abundant and regular rainfall all the year round degrees, evaporation and condensation intensify, turning
(with a slight decline in the autumn). into a storm. The arrival of winds can send the growing
cyclone in any direction, and at great speed.
b) Temperatures are warm, with little variation.
c)There is little difference between the seasons except for 2 Typhoon Haiyan (or Yolanda) was one of the strongest ever
some variations in precipitation. recorded. It began in a low pressure area in the seas around
Micronesia in November 2013. The cyclone struck many
d)This is an equatorial climate.
parts of South-east Asia, particularly the Philippines, before
e)Equatorial climates are found close to the Equator,
losing force in Vietnam. At full strength Haiyan reached a
between 10 N and 10 S.
status of Category 5 Super Typhoon and was reported to
9 The photo of the rambla in Murcia may have been taken in have winds of winds to 235km/h. The cyclone devastated
late autumn, after the period of autumn rains. Ramblas are populated areas of the central Philippines and took over
riverbeds that are mainly dry outside the rainy season. 6,300 lives, also causing an estimated $14 billion in damages.
10 United States 3 Open answers.
Mountain ranges: Rocky Mountains, Appalachians.
Rivers: Mississippi, Missouri, Colorado, Columbia, Yukon.
Russian Federation
Mountain ranges: Urals, Caucasus, Sayan and Stanovoy,
Siberian.
Rivers: Volga, Yenisey, Amur, Lena.
South Africa
Mountain ranges: Drakensberg.
Rivers: Orange.
China
Mountain ranges: Qinling Mountains.
Rivers: Yangtze, Huang He (Yellow), Pearl.
MANAGING WATER RESOURCES

11 to 13 . Open answers.

Page 34
2. World population
WORK WITH THE GRAPH AND THE MAP
Page 30 1 a)World population was around 2,000 million in 1900 and
WORK WITH THE IMAGE about 6,500 million in 2000.
b)Yes, world population is expected to grow to as much as
The Earths population is currently over 6,800 million
9,000 million (9 billion) by 2050.
(6.8 billion).
60.3% of the total population lives on the Asian c)Africa is home to the countries with the highest current
continent. rate of natural population growth.
The most populous nations by far are China and India, d)Russia and much of Central and Eastern Europe are
both in Asia. currently experiencing negative population growth.
It is projected that by 2050 that India will have overtaken

China as the most populous country. Page 35
WORK WITH THE GRAPH

Page 31
2 Germany has a low birth rate, fertility rate and infant mortality
HOW DO WE KNOW? rate. At the same time, it has high life expectancy, a negative
Europe: 10.8%. America: 13.5%. natural increase rate and a high proportion of the population
aged over 65 years old. Its ageing, stagnant population is
Africa will increase the most. Europe will lose population.
characteristic of many developed countries.
In contrast, Nigeria has a high birth rate, fertility rate and
Page 32
infant mortality rate, low life expectancy, a high rate of
THINK ABOUT IT natural increase and a low proportion of the population aged
over 65 years old. It is a country with a young population and
Figures represented as a percentage: rate of natural
is experiencing rapid demographic growth.
increase.
Figures measured per thousand: crude birth rate, crude
3 Open answers.
death rate, child mortality rate.
THINK ABOUT IT
Other figures: total fertility rate, life expectancy, net
migration, population density. Open answers.
Page 33 Page 36
ACTIVITIES WORK WITH THE GRAPHS
1 Birth rate: the number of births in a given region over a 1 In 1960, about 7% of the worlds population was over 60
specific period. years of age; today that figure has risen to around 12%.
Death rate: the number of deaths in a given region over a 2 The fertility rate is falling all across the world, in both
specific period. developed and less developed nations.
Fertility rate: the estimated number of children an average
woman will have over her lifetime. ACTIVITIES
Life expectancy: the average number of years a person 3 Population ageing reflects a declining fertility rate and
can expect to live. an increase in life expectancy. The economic and social
2 As a result of migration, the rate of natural increase in consequences of population ageing include lower rates
population is not usually the same as real population growth. of generational replacement and increases in health care
and retirement-related spending.
WORK WITH THE MAP
3 The map indicates that Asia is by far the most densely Page 37
populated continent. Population is also quite dense in
WORK WITH THE GRAPH
Europe. It is least dense in South America and Oceania,
which have extensive sparsely populated rainforest or desert 4 a)In 1990, Japan had a stationary population pyramid with as
regions. many people in the centre (adult population) as at the
Population density is much greater in temperate (and to base (young people).
some extent hot) regions than in the cold zones close to the b)Japans population is expected to age significantly by
Arctic and Antarctic Circles. Most of the worlds population 2050. The proportion of the population aged 65 years old
lives in the northern hemisphere. or more will increase significantly.

c) The consequences of these changes for Japanese society b) Spains age pyramid is associated with a low birth rate
will include an economic need to provide for the elderly, and death rate, and high life expectancy. Spains
who consume more health care while producing less than population is ageing, a trend that is accentuated by the
younger age groups. increasing number of younger people emigrating to other
countries.
Page 39 3 Spain became a country of immigration in the late 20th

century, but that trend has not continued. Immigration rates
WORK WITH THE MAP have declined since the onset of the economic crisis.
1 Open answers. Currently, the most numerous groups of immigrants to
Spain are from Romania and Morocco.
ACTIVITIES
2 Page 42
ACTIVITY ROUND-UP
Positive effects Negative effects
1 World population:
Reduced Loss of young Recent trends include: falling birth rates in most regions;
In countries of unemployment; populations declining fertility rates, especially in advanced countries;
origin money sent home
falling death rates and rising life expectancy thanks to
by emigrants
advances in medicine, nutrition and hygiene.
Gain of young Increase in Developed countries are characterised by low population
In destination populations; xenophobia, illegal growth, a low birth rate, a low death rate and ageing
countries new taxpayers; immigration, mafias
populations (65 year and older).
cultural exchange
Less developed countries are characterised by a high birth
rate, a high infant mortality rate, low life expectancy and
3 Open answers. You would only be an emigrant if you went to young populations.
live permanently in another country. Ageing is taking place at different speeds: in developed
countries, where a high proportion of the population is
THINK ABOUT IT older because of high life expectancy and a low birth rate;
Model answer. Illegal immigration usually occurs when there in emerging countries, life expectancy has begun to rise
are no legal paths to immigration available; people in desperate and the birth rate has begun to fall; in less developed
economic conditions will attempt to emigrate regardless of countries, there is still a young population because the
legal barriers. Often, when illegal immigrants arrive in a new birth rate is still high and life expectancy is low.
country, they fall victim to all sorts of crime and deception, 2 Migrations:
because their illegal status prevents them from addressing
violent or criminal situations through legal means. Illegal International from less developed
immigrants often have only limited access to police assistance, countries to developed countries, and
the justice system, public education and health care. more recently from developed to
Types emerging countries.
Internal: rural exodus.
Page 40
Permanent and short-term.
WORK WITH THE MAP AND THE GRAPH
Economic (looking for work and a better
1 The population of Spain is mainly concentrated along its salary).
coasts. However, an important exception is its capital city, Social (looking for better living conditions).
Factors
Madrid, in the centre of the country. The most densely
populated provinces are Madrid, Barcelona and Bizkaia / Cultural, political and religious.
Vizcaya (where Bilbao is located). In contrast, most inland Natural: displacement by natural disasters.
areas (like the Autonomous Communities of Castile-Len, In general:
Castile-La Mancha and Extremadura) are relatively sparsely
Young people, both skilled and unskilled,
populated.
are more likely to migrate.
Low qualified workers do the work that
Page 41 Characteristics
the local population does not want to do.
WORK WITH THE GRAPHS Qualified workers receive better jobs.
Most migrations take place between
2 a) The population pyramid for Spain is contracting because it
neighbouring countries, or between
shows more people in the adult cohorts (in the middle of countries with a similar culture.
the pyramid) than at its base (young people).
By type of society:
Developed countries mainly receive
immigrants, who may be unqualified
workers who are prepared to accept all
are more likely to migrate.
Low qualified workers do the work that
the local population does not want to do.
Qualified workers receive better jobs.
Most migrations take place between
neighbouring countries, or between
countries with a similar culture.
By type of society: 5 Consequences of population ageing:
Developed countries mainly receive Demographic: generational replacement does not take
immigrants, who may be unqualified place so that the total population falls.
workers who are prepared to accept all Social: there are greater requirements for health and leisure
Characteristics types of jobs, or retired people from services, while the need for educational services declines.
other developed countries.
Economic: governments have to spend more on public health
Emerging countries are now receiving care, retirement homes, and pensions, while at the same time
well qualified young immigrants from
receiving lower revenues due to the declining workforce.
developed countries.
6 When thousands of doctors from India emigrate to other
Within less developed countries, the
countries in search of greater economic opportunities, the
main type of migration is rural exodus.
proportion of doctors within India declines. The result is
In the countries of origin, the population increased pressure on Indian health services.
does not expand as quickly and the
When there is a rural exodus within India, poorer persons
proportion of younger people declines.
Unemployment falls and foreign currency living traditional lives in the countryside move to cities in
is received. search of jobs and what they hope will be a better
standard of living. This leads to population growth in the
Consequences In destination countries, the population
cities, which often cannot meet the increased demand
gets younger, and the active population
for jobs, services (like health care, etc.) or housing. In
grows. There are also social and cultural
consequence, urban poverty may grow.
consequences, some positive (cultural
interaction) and others negative (the rise 7 a) Canada has an ageing population trend and Uganda a
of xenophobia). young population.
From less developed country to developed b) Canadas population is unlikely to grow rapidly in the
country. future unless there is significant immigration. In contrast,
From developed country to emerging Ugandas young population will continue to grow.
Main flows
country. c) Open answers.
Rural exodus within less developed
countries.
Page 43
ACTIVITY ROUND-UP
3 Life expectancy: the average number of years that,
according to estimations, a person is likely to live. 8 By the year 2050, Spains population is expected to age
Net migration rate: the difference between the number significantly, with the very elderly (80 years and over)
of emigrants and the number of immigrants. representing the largest single age cohort.
Rural exodus: the movement from rural areas to cities 9 The figures in the table suggest that Country A is a developing
in search of employment and higher living standards. country, given its high birth rate, high infant mortality rate, and
4 The birth rate is the average number of births per overall young population. Country B is a developed country
thousand persons in a population; the fertility rate is characterised by low birth, death, and fertility rates, high life
the average number of children born to a woman. expectancy, and a negative rate of natural increase.
The death rate is the average number of deaths per
thousand persons in a given population; life expectancy is FIGHTING OBESITY
the average number of years a person is expected to live. 10 Both obese and overweight refer to a persons body weight
The rate of natural increase refers only to the number of being higher than is considered healthy. A person is
persons being born relative to the number of persons considered obese when their body fat reaches an extremely
dying within a region or country. Real population growth unhealthy level in relation to their height and weight.
also takes into account the figures on migration.
Obesity is a demographic problem in many ways, as it
Young populations refers to children not yet of working
is associated with a sedentary, non-productive lifestyle
age, 0-14 years; working age populations refers to the 15-
characterised by overconsumption and increased health
64 age group; and older populations are those aged 65
care needs.
years and over who have mainly left the workforce.
Internal migrations are movements of people within
11 Open answers.
a given country, usually from a rural to an urban setting, 12 Model answer. Governments have tried to address the
while international migrations are the movement problem of obesity by promoting healthier and more
of people to other countries. sustainable diet plans, especially among children, while
Population is the total number of persons living in a given warning against the dangers of poor diet. Individuals can
place, while population density is the size of the population fight obesity by becoming more aware of the many
in relation to the space it occupies. advantages of maintaining a healthy lifestyle and eating well.

13 The food in the photograph is divided into various groups mortality rate, a trend towards even higher fertility rates
by food type: carbohydrates at the bottom, fresh fruits and and further population explosion.
vegetables above that, then fish/meat/dairy, and finally 2 Given the information in the population pyramids, it is likely that
sweets and fats at the top. The pyramid shape indicates India, with a much higher proportion of young people, will
that a healthy diet will be proportional, with an abundance continue to grow. China, will have a declining population.
of breads and grains, much fresh produce, and a minimum 3 Open answer.
of sugary snacks and fatty foods.
Open answers.
3.Cities
Page 44
KNOW HOW TO... Analyse a text about ageing Page 47
1 a)The article describes the growing proportion of dependent WORK WITH THE IMAGE
populations in Spain due to overall ageing trends and
Open answers.
economic recession. (The article was written in 2012.)
Open answers.
b)Between 2001 and 2010 the average age in Spain
increased by 1.5 years, from 40 to 41.5.
HOW DO WE KNOW?
c)The ageing population and the increase in non-working
persons mean that the money received by the State Vitoria-Gasteiz (the capital of Spains lava province and of the
through income taxes is declining despite a growing Basque Country) was awarded the title of European Green
number of dependents. Capital in 2012 for its environmental initiatives and its efforts to
promote sustainable development over a thirty year period. The
d)The dependency ratio is now 0.500, having increased in
city has made a special attempt to preserve green spaces: all
recent years from 0.485. This means that for every two
residents live within 300 metres of a park or similar green zone,
people of active working age, one person is dependent
and the entire city is surrounded by a green belt. Horticulture
on their activity.
and the preservation of biodiversity are also important to the city
e)States increase spending when the population ages,
of Vitoria-Gasteiz, along with efforts to minimize light pollution
mostly due to increased health care needs and other
(from electric lighting) and reduce domestic water consumption.
retirement costs.
f)Open answers.
Page 48
2 a)The ageing population in Spain is likely to lead to a lower
proportion of working age persons who must carry the WORK WITH THE PHOTOS
economic burden of rising health care and other costs. As
1 a)The urban area is larger than the city.
a result, the State will receive insufficient tax revenues
and be forced to cut other social and educational b)Non-agricultural land use predominates: there are
programmes that benefit youth and working people. residential uses (housing), industrial uses (factories, etc.),
tertiary uses (offices, businesses), services (a hospital,
b)The ageing of a population is particularly challenging
a university) and transport infrastructures.
during times of economic recession, as those of working
age find it difficult to provide for themselves, let alone c)There are relatively few green spaces in Valladolid,
dependent populations. although the city is surrounded by a green belt.
c)Ageing population is a serious concern not only in Spain
but in many developed countries of the world, notably Page 49
throughout Europe and in Japan.
DID YOU KNOW?
3 Open answers.
Open answers.
Page 45 THINK ABOUT IT

KNOW HOW TO... The populations of China and India Open answers.
1 a)Indias projected population growth and the likelihood that
it will surpass China reflects Indias significantly higher Page 50
fertility rate, with an average of 2.7 children per woman in
WORK WITH THE MAP
India compared to Chinas 1.6 children.
b)Local governments in India are right to worry about 1 a)The greatest urban concentrations in the world are in East
population growth trends, as an expanding population Asia: Tokyo, Japan (39.4 million inhabitants); Guangzhou,
pyramid is typical of less developed regions. It is often China (32.6 million inhabitants); Shanghai, China (29.5
accompanied by social tensions, high unemployment, million inhabitants); Jakarta, Indonesia (27 million
insufficient infrastructures and, given the high infant inhabitants); New Delhi, India (25.3 million inhabitants).

b)Nearly all of the worlds most densely populated areas 5 Among Europes most important global cities, London is a
are on the coast, often close to rivers where cities were business and cultural capital, Paris, Stockholm and Zurich are
sometimes founded many centuries ago. This is due to centres of information exchange, and Brussels and Geneva
the easy accessibility of coastal ports (which promote are the home of international political institutions.
industry and commerce), favourable climatic conditions, the
6 Major cities continue to grow in emerging countries due to their
greater fertility of agricultural land and flat spaces where it is
potential for innovation and their access to a plentiful and well
possible to construct urban buildings and infrastructures.
qualified labour force at a lower cost than in developed nations.
c)The greatest urban concentrations are in those areas
where populations are large and rural migration is very ACTIVITIES
strong the rapidly developing countries of East Asia.
(See also the previous answer.) 7 Not all cities have equal weight in the international urban
network. At a global or national level, larger and wealthier
cities exercise more political, economic, and cultural
Page 51 influence than smaller regional and local cities.
ACTIVITIES 8 Cities are the centres of media (television, radio, film),
publishing, internet services, and so on. They therefore play
2 Urbanization began much earlier in developed than in
an important role in the spread of information, both
emerging and less developed countries. It has now slowed
internationally and nationally. However, the rise of new
down, as around 80% of the population already lives in cities,
media, like the Internet, has made this process more diffuse
where jobs and services are more abundant and the quality
than it used to be.
of life is often better. In emerging and less developed
countries, the process of urbanization is currently continuing 9 A nation that hosts no global cities will operate at a
strongly as rural exodus takes place. disadvantage, since it will have reduced influence in
international affairs.
3 Model answer. The Kibera urban slum outside Nairobi (Kenya)
is the largest in Africa. At least 250,000 people live there in
extreme poverty, often on less than one dollar per day. Page 54
Unemployment, illness, pollution, and insecurity are prevalent, WORK WITH THE MAP
and resources and infrastructures (schools, water, electricity,
and sanitation) are very scarce. The slum has been growing for 1 The greatest traffic density in Barcelona is in and around the
many decades. Although the government has tried to address urban centre; it therefore contributes to the accumulation of
the problem by building new housing, this is often opposed by heat in the urban microclimate.
those who do not want to see their existing houses destroyed.
Page 55
Page 52 ACTIVITIES
WORK WITH THE MAP 2 An urban microclimate is when a citys temperature is slightly
1 FedEx is a global transport company, featuring point-to-point higher than that of the area around it. This is caused by
pick-up and delivery. traffic, tall buildings (which accumulate heat), and the limited
number of green areas.
2 Major trading cities around the world are linked to one
another, often directly. Except for Anchorage, Memphis and
3 The consequences of the intensive use of transport are very
Honolulu, most of the cities named on this map could be negative. Vehicles cause air and noise pollution, and cities
considered global cities. Cities like New York, London and are forced to spend heavily on road infrastructures. Also,
Beijing are leading global cities. Cities like Buenos Aires or urban planning to accommodate traffic has sometimes been
Mumbai are considered to be emerging global cities. at the expense of green spaces.
4 Open answers.
ACTIVITIES
3 Open answers. Page 56
ACTIVITIES
Page 53 1 The three stages in Spains slow urbanization:
WORK WITH THE MAP The early growth of industrial cities like Bilbao and
Barcelona in the 19th and early 20th centuries.
4 The most important global cities are in developed countries,
The rapid urbanization of 1955-1980, when rural migration
where most financial institutions, communications industries,
and increased tourism caused urban expansion.
and corporate headquarters are still located. Developed
nations have traditionally held global dominance, and their The recent period which has been characterised by the
most important cities have evolved into multinational development of diffuse cities.
centres, where key decisions are taken. 2 Open answers.

Page 57 Santa Cruz de Tenerife, the A Corua-Vigo axis and Oviedo.

Madrid and Barcelona are national metropolises (and also
WORK WITH THE MAP global cities); Valencia, Bilbao, Zaragoza, Sevilla and Mlaga
are regional metropolises; the others are regional cities.
3 The Central, Basque-Ebro Valley, Catalonia, Levant, South-
west, Balearic Islands, Canary Islands, Galician coast and 4 A high proportion of Spains urban centres are on its coasts
Asturias subsystems. The main cities are respectively Madrid, and islands, where tourism has been among the factors
Barcelona, Valencia, the Sevilla-Crdoba-Mlaga triangle, the causing their expansion. The capital Madrid in the centre
Bilbao-Zaragoza axis, Palma, Las Palmas de Gran Canaria- of the peninsula is a very important exception.
Page 58
ACTIVITY ROUND-UP
1 The urban space:
The urban space

Main A large number of people concentrated in a limited space. The figure varies according
characteristics to the country; in Spain a city is an urban centre with over 10,000 inhabitants.
The prevalence of artificial land uses: only a small proportion of the population is engaged
in agricultural activities and the space occupied by natural uses (e.g. forests) is very small.
The administrative status of a city: this status usually originated in its historical importance.
The city Functions Residential: a function which is shared by all cities.

Commercial: both locally and internationally.
Industrial: a key role in most cities until the late 20th century.
Political and administrative: both in the organisation of the city itself and the region
surrounding it.
Problems Air pollution, traffic problems, marginality and exclusion, etc.
Zones The central zone often includes the historic centre. It is also where the CBD
and commercial areas etc. are located. It plays a key role in organising the urban space.
Most of the institutions in which decisions are taken are located there. It is where
most of the services used by the entire urban population are found.
City extensions (or ensanches) emerged in the nineteenth century along wide avenues.
They are mainly residential districts.
The outskirts, or suburbs, form an extensive around around the central city, and often
form part of the same metropolitan area. Some of its population works in the central city,
and people go the central city to use services like universities, hospitals and theatres. Many
industries, warehouses and shopping centres are today being relocated on the outskirts.
Organisation
of urban space The rural urban fringe is the area around the outskirts. It is an intermediate zone, where urban
and rural populations and activities are mixed. It is generally structured along the main roads.
Diffuse city In a diffuse city, the urban space is not continuous and compact; rural areas are
dispersed between urban spaces.
Some business activities are now located outside the central city, especially in the light
of the advances of IT technology.
Diffuse cities reflect the growth of road transport infrastructures.
Increases in incomes allow several members of the same family to have cars and live
in more remote areas.
Many people feel that they can lead a healthier lifestyle in more rural areas.
Developed In developed countries, many cities began to develop in the eighteenth and nineteenth
countries centuries during the Industrial Revolution. Today 80% or more of the total population
is urban. This proportion is still increasing but at a slower pace than in emerging countries
Process of
urbanisation Cities offer a greater choice of jobs and services than rural areas. The urban population
is younger than in countryside because rural migrants are mainly young. Important
agencies and companies are based in global cities.

Emerging and In emerging and less developed countries the urban population makes up over
less developed 46% of total population.
countries
Cities began to develop later than in developed countries, but today they are growing
far more rapidly.
Process of
This growth is due to rural exodus in search of better salaries and living conditions.
urbanisation
As a result of migration, the urban population is younger than the rural population
and has a higher rate of natural growth.
As a result of globalisation, many international agencies and companies locate
their economic activities in these cities, especially in emerging countries.
World The hierarchy is headed by global cities, where internationally important economic
and political decision-making takes pace.
In global cities the headquarters of major financial institutions, international
organizations (EU, UN) , multinational companies are located. Thus, they act
as centres of financial activity, trade, culture, information flows, etc.
New York, London, Paris, Tokyo and Hong Kong are among the worlds major
global cities.
The urban
National The following levels:
hierarchy
National metropolises: in Spain, only Madrid and Barcelona are national metropolises.
(They are also considered global cities.)
Regional metropolises: Valencia, Bilbao, Zaragoza, Seville and Mlaga, etc.
Regional cities: Valladolid, Murcia, etc.
Medium-sized cities: these are sometimes provincial capitals.
Small towns.
2 No. An urban area is a space with a population density the rapid urbanization of 1955-1980, and the
of more than 150 persons per square km, in which development of diffuse cities in the late 20th
artificial land uses (houses, factories, transport and early 21st centuries.
infrastructures, etc.) predominate. A city is a type 5 According to the map, the city of Valencia consists of:
of locality within an urban area, and there may more
1) an historic centre, where historic buildings, museums,
than one city in a single urban area.
and cultural attractions are located, along with some public,
3 CBD: the central business district, where much commercial financial, and commercial buildings; 2) a first city extension
and financial activity takes place. containing residential buildings, and perhaps services such
Urban hierarchy: the ranking of the importance as hospitals and universities; 3) a second city extension,
and influence of certain urban centres over others, mainly residential; 4) the city outskirts, where more
both nationally or internationally. residential housing and services are complimented by
Global city: a city where decisions are taken and activities industrial parks.
take place that have a significant influence in many parts
of the world.
Page 59
City extension: an urban area (called an ensanche
in Spain) that was built outside the historic city centre ACTIVITY ROUND-UP
during urban expansion from the nineteenth century
6 a) Urban growth in developed countries has been modest
onwards.
in recent decades, while urban growth in emerging
Diffuse city: a city that is not wholly urban and also and less developed countries has been much stronger.
includes rural spaces where people and companies This mainly accounts for overall worldwide growth.
have relocated.
b) Urban growth is strongest in emerging and less developed
National metropolis: a city that plays an important role countries. In these countries, rural exodus persists; people
in its own country. from outside the cities arrive in search of employment
Metropolitan area: an urban area that has a population and a higher quality of life.
density of more than 150 inhabitants per km2, and may
c) Although emerging and less developed countries are
include more than one town and city.
rapidly becoming urbanised, the most developed
4 The main stages in the urbanisation of Spain were the early countries are still the most urbanised with cities
growth of industrial cities in the 19th and early 20th centuries, accounting for about 80% of their population.

7 Model answer.
Category Name of city Population
Page 62
National metropolis Madrid 3,200,000 WORK WITH THE IMAGE

Regional Seville 700,000 Oranges cannot survive in cold conditions and require
metropolis
considerable watering. If rainfall is insufficient, artificial
Regional city Alicante 340,000 irrigation needs to be used. Planting is done in the spring,
Medium-sized city Huelva 150,000 and separate trees are planted at a distance from each other.
In Spain, oranges are harvested manually from November
Small town Sabinigo 10,000
to May.
The top orange producers are Brazil, USA, China, India, Mexico,
SOCIAL EXCLUSION IN CITIES Spain, Egypt, Indonesia and Italy. No, the main consumers
are the Russian Federation, Germany, France, Netherlands,
8 A banlieue is a French residential area located well outside
Saudi Arabia, United Kingdom, Canada, South Korea,
the city centre. Many banlieues in France have become
Poland and Ukraine.
economically depressed.
The Community of Valencia and Andalusia are followed at a
9 In 2005, in the Paris banlieue of Clichy-sous-Bois, violent considerable distance by Murcia, Catalonia, the Canary Islands
protests lasted for more than two weeks after two teenagers and the Balearic Islands. Yes, climate is an extremely important
died while trying to hide from police in an electrical factor because oranges require light, water and warm or mild
substation. The protests were largely in opposition to police temperatures. Oranges are therefore grown in regions with a
actions in impoverished areas as well as overall poor living Mediterranean or subtropical climate.
conditions.
10 Open answers.
Page 63
Page 60 HOW DO WE KNOW?

The data on global orange production and consumption
KNOW HOW TO... The growth of a megacity: Lagos
were obtained from the United Nations Food and Agriculture
(Nigeria)
Organization (FAO). Other sources of the information presented
1 a)Yes, Lagos is considered a megacity because it has a on this page include the Spanish Ministry of Agriculture, Food
population of over 10 million inhabitants. and Environment and the Ministry of Economy and Competition.
b)While Lagos has grown continuously for many decades, its
population explosion began in the 1980s. During that
decade the citys population doubled, from around 2 Page 64
million to around 4 million. WORK WITH THE GRAPH AND THE MAP
c)With 2,000 new people arriving in the city each day,
Lagoss growth is likely to continue.
1 The proportion of workers in primary sector activities
worldwide has declined over the past few decades, from
d)The population of Lagos is expected to be about 19 million
over 50% to about 40%.
in 2025.
2 The worlds most developed countries are also those in
2 Open answers.
which the lowest number of workers participates in the
primary sector. Emerging and less developed nations have
Page 61 high proportions of primary sector employment, reaching
80% in the poorest countries.
KNOW HOW TO... A satellite view of the world
2 and 2 . Open answers. ACTIVITIES
3 The primary sector:
Developed Less developed

countries countries
% of active 1 to 5% 50 to 80%
population
% of GDP Under 4% 10 to 50%
Technology Mechanized Traditional
Productivity High Low

Page 65 Page 71
THINK ABOUT IT ACTIVITIES

Open answers. 1 Model answer. Commercial agriculture is a system of growing
and distributing crops using advanced farming techniques,
Page 67 including mechanized production, the use of high-yield seeds
and biotechnological innovations. In commercial agriculture,
WORK WITH THE PHOTO monoculture crops are grown efficiently at much lower cost.
Large quantities of produce are carried over large distances,
1 Yes despite being in a naturally dry area, the satellite images of
and enough food is produced to feed the populations of large
Google Maps (which can be found by entering the geographic
cities. However, the use of fertilisers in this type of agriculture
coordinates in its search engine) show that this is cultivated land.
causes pollution to the soil, while the need to use additional
ACTIVITIES water supplies causes damage to aquifers. Global transport
ation is harmful to the environment. Machines replace farmers
2 Open answer. and farm workers, and so many of them migrate away from
rural areas. In my opinion, we should favour local, small-scale,
WORK WITH THE PHOTOS cleaner and greener production. This is healthier and more
1 Model answer. The intensive, mechanized agricultural sustainable, although perhaps less profitable.
production of fruit and vegetables (shown in the photo of 2 Model answer. Organic farming is an increasingly popular
Almera) is highly profitable. The tea in India is being produced return to traditional and natural methods, without the use
by relatively slow traditional methods but the plantation of bioengineered seeds or chemical fertilisers. It leads to
workers are poorly paid. Consequently, low labour costs mean healthier products that can be farmed with limited impact on
that this activity is also very profitable for the owners (who the environment. However, its disadvantages include lower
may be a multinational company). On the other hand, in the yields and higher costs due to the greater need for human
dry area in Israel irrigation techniques are expensive and push involvement. It is therefore more suitable for local
costs up. At the same time they allow crops to be grown in an consumption than global markets.
area where it would otherwise be impossible.
WORK WITH THE MAP
Page 69 3 The areas of the world in which commercial agriculture are

most widespread are also highly developed. They include
ACTIVITIES
North America, all of Europe, and southern Australia.
1 Open-field landscapes (for example, in southern Spain) are
found alongside nucleated communal settlements. Isolated WORK WITH THE GRAPH
farm houses and dispersed settlements are associated with
4 Chemical fertilisers are mainly used in commercial
the closed fields of north-west Spain.
agriculture, and are therefore relatively little used in less
2 Model answer. Forestry has been an important activity for many developed countries, where more traditional farming
centuries. It provides wood for burning and construction, as well methods are predominant.
as wood products such as paper and cardboard. Unfortunately,
the demands for wood and wood products have led to the
destruction of many of the worlds oldest forests. The reduction Page 72
of forests and natural vegetation (which converts carbon
ACTIVITIES
dioxide into oxygen in a natural process) leads to a dangerous
accumulation of greenhouse gases in the Earths atmosphere. 1 Type of
Traditional Plantations
It is therefore an important factor in global climate change. agriculture
Size of farms Small Large
Monoculture Polyculture Monoculture
3 a)The photo at top shows small-scale intensive farming in or polyculture?
Morocco. It makes use of artificial irrigation although
Technical level Manual labour Mechanical plus
traditional methods are probably used. The photo below
manual labour
shows highly mechanized, extensive farming in Canada. It is
rainfed because there is abundant precipitation in Canada. Disadvantages Dependence on Produce
good weather exported, bad
b)The plots in Morocco are small and irregular. In Canada
conditions for
the crops are grown on vast open plains.
workers,
c)The top photo shows polyculture: different crops are dependence on
grown on adjacent plots. The photo of a Canadian market prices
landscape shows monoculture where a single crop
Productivity Low High
(wheat) is grown across a wide area.

Page 77 Page 80
WORK WITH THE GRAPHS ACTIVITY ROUND-UP

1 Open answers. 1 Agriculture:
In developed countries:
ACTIVITIES
Characteristics: commercialised, specialized, mechanized,
2 The Common Agricultural Policy (CAP) came into force in modern techniques.
1962. It was the system of agricultural regulation of the Problems: pollution of soil and aquifers from pesticides
European Economic Community (which preceded todays and fertilisers, high water use, rural exodus due to job loss.
European Union), and it established a system of subsidies to In less developed countries two types:
assist European agriculture. Initially, France was the main
Traditional:
beneficiary at a time when the European Economic
Community only had six members. As the European Union Characteristics: subsistence and family agriculture, heavy
expanded, the policy also benefited new members like Spain, manual labour, polyculture.
Portugal and Greece, which had important agricultural Three types: shifting cultivation, sedentary rainfed
sectors. There have been several reforms of the CAP (for cultivation, irrigated monsoon cultivation.
example, in 2003 and 2007) which have attempted to address Plantation:
issues like oversupply, artificial pricing, and the fact that Characteristics: commercialised, large estates requiring
certain countries have benefited more than others. much manual labour, growing for export.
Effects positive: some local jobs created, infrastructure
Page 78 and techniques for farming improved.
Effects negative: low wages, dependence on market
ACTIVITIES
prices and on a single large employer, considerable
1 and 2 . Agricultural landscapes in Spain: environmental impact.
2 Primary sector: the sector obtaining basic goods directly
Type Where found Main characteristics from nature agriculture and livestock farming, forestry
and fishing.
Humid oceanic Cantabrian coast, Small dispersed
Galicia, western landholdings, large Aquaculture: the controlled farming of aquatic organisms
Pyrenees meadows suitable such as fish and molluscs.
for livestock and Transhumance: the movement of people and their
forestry. livestock from one area to another, in accordance with
seasonal weather and the availability of food.
Warm Mediterranean Large and small Fishing ground: an area in which fish naturally concentrate,
Mediterranean coast, nucleated settlements, and large scale fishing takes place.
Guadalquivir rainfed wheat, vines,
3 Recorded text:
valley, southern olives and almonds,
Open-field holdings are unfenced landscapes for livestock
Extremadura irrigated fruits and
vegetables. or farming. Closed holdings are separated into plots of land
by walls, fences or trees.
Continentalised Inland Spain Large and small
Extensive livestock farming is the use of large, natural
Mediterranean nucleated settlements,
spaces for the grazing of livestock. Different types of
sheep and cereals in
livestock may graze together. Intensive livestock farming
pastureland,
rainfed wheat, vines, is the high-technology method of raising large numbers
olives and almonds. of animals of a single species in closed spaces under
controlled conditions.
Island Canary Islands On coasts: potatoes,
Inshore fishing is done in coastal waters by small and
bananas and tomatoes
medium-sized boats, which deliver their fresh catch to
for export, tropical
fruits. market each day. Deep-sea fishing is carried out by large
ships that fish far from the coast for long periods of time.
Inland: goats and They operate like factories, cutting, cleaning and freezing
traditional farms.
their catches while they are still at sea.
Humid At the highest Extensive livestock Commercial agriculture is the practice of growing a
Mountain altitudes of the farming and forestry. specialized crop on a large scale. It uses modern and
peninsula mechanized methods, and its products are sold on national
or global markets. Subsistence agriculture is the traditional
method of producing small quantities of mixed crops for the
immediate use of the producers and local exchange.

4 The primary sector in Spain: 3 Study the map key.
a)Symbols: lines, shading and points.
Type General characteristics
b)Blue, green, black and red. Blue represents water: a
Agriculture 60% of agrarian production, diversified, rainfed and continuous blue line shows a permanent watercourse,
irrigated, for trade and national consumption. and a broken blue line indicates an irregular stream.
Green shading on a white background indicates natural
Livestock 35% of agrarian production, mostly intensive,
vegetation or agricultural use. A black line consisting of
especially of pigs and cattle.
crosses alternating with dashes indicates a municipal
Fishing Largest fleet in the EU, modernised, mixed large boundary. A red point indicates an isolated building.
and small-scale.
c)Open answers. For example, a map of a larger region
would need to show different types of roads.
Page 81 4 Analyse the contour lines.
ACTIVITY ROUND-UP a)Most of the region is fairly flat because the contour lines
are separated. In the areas where they are close together
5 The photo shows extensive farming of a crop such as altitude is only between 750 m and 890 m.
wheat on an open plain, probably in North America. This
b)Yes, the contour lines are closer together in the central
type of farming uses advanced technology, is characteristic
part of the map close to the stream. This indicates that
of developed countries, and achieves a high level of
relief is steeper.
productivity.
c)No the close contour lines indicate a valley where
6 The images show different stages of monsoon cultivation: altitude falls and altitude is less than 900 metres above
ploughing; planting; irrigation; threshing. The water comes sea level throughout the region.
from floodplains created by heavy seasonal rainfall.
5 Identify land use.
7 One key advance has been the development of selective
a)Conifer forest, scattered trees, and scrub or brush.
breeding, which has led to higher quality livestock. Thanks
to innovations in cooling and freezing techniques, products b)The higher altitudes appear to have little vegetation,
can be transported long distances. while there is considerable vegetation in the valleys.
8 Trawling is a fishing technique which involves large nets c)Mainly natural land use.
being pulled through the sea behind boats. However, it is not 6 Relate agriculture to the natural environment.
a selective method so it leads to the death of all kinds of a)Irrigated agriculture reflects the proximity of the river.
marine life, including many fish that are not used for human
b)Cultivated fields are found in the river valley.
consumption. The net causes damage to the seabed.
c)The area of cultivation was chosen for its proximity
Sustainable rural development to the water source and fertility.
9 Fertilisers, pesticides, and genetically modified crops are all

7 Open answers.
technological aids used in the increase of food production.
10 These technologies have harmful side-effects for the
environment. These include the depletion of the soil and 5. Mining, energy and industry
the infiltration and pollution of groundwater.
11 Open answers. Page 84
WORK WITH THE IMAGE

Pages 82-83
Rare resources are raw materials found in relatively low
KNOW HOW TO... Interpret a topographic map quantities in only a few regions.
1 Analyse human settlement. Many rare raw materials are found in China, although other
countries (like Brazil, the Democratic Republic of Congo, etc.)
a)The map indicates an area of nucleated settlement, where
also have deposits.
there are two villages.
b)We know that Valdeareos de la Vega is larger than Bocos Modern technologies require many such resources: lanthanum,
de Duero because it occupies more space on the map. neodymium and cerium for electronic tablets; erbium,
europium, terbium and yttrium for optic fibre cables and
c)There are some isolated buildings, including a chapel in
lighting; neodymium, praseodymium, and dysprosium for
the north and isolated farmhouses.
hybrid car engines, and so on.
2 Look at the scale. These resources are rare and are very much in demand, but
a)The scale is 1:25,000. This means that 1 cm on the map is they are often located within a single area. As a result, the
25,000 centimetres (i.e. 250 metres) on the ground. nations or groups that control these resources are in a very
b)Scale is required to calculate real distances. strong strategic position.

Japan is a highly developed nation with an important high- 5 Oil is both the largest area of production and consumption
technology industry so it is in constant need of raw materials. due to its variability of use as a fuel for vehicles, a fuel for
At the same time, it is a small country consisting of islands with generating electricity, and a source of numerous industrial
few natural resources of their own. products.
6 Electricity is not a primary energy source. It is a secondary
Page 85 energy derived from primary energies like coal, biomass and
uranium.
HOW DO WE KNOW?
Spains Ministry of Geology and Mining produces geological ACTIVITIES
maps, as does the Ministry of Agriculture.
7 Primary energies are obtained from nature and include fossil
fuels like coal and oil, uranium, and renewable energies.
Page 87 Secondary energies like electricity are produced by the
burning or conversion of a primary source.
WORK WITH THE MAP
1 China, Australia, South Africa and Brazil all have vast mineral
Page 90
resources. A range of minerals are also mined in North
America and the Russian Federation. Other important WORK WITH THE GRAPHS
producers (sometimes of a single mineral) include
1 Among the many by-products of crude oil are petroleum,
Kazakhstan, Morocco and Chile.
asphalt, diesel fuel, kerosene, gasoline, jet fuel, butane and
2 South Africa hafnium, gold, platinum and rhodium; gas.
Australia hafnium, tantalum, aluminium and uranium; India
2 Reserves of natural gas and oil are expected to run out within
lead; China phosphorus, tin and antimony; Kazakhstan
60 years, while coal deposits may last for another 110 years.
chromite; Poland silver; Guinea aluminium; Morocco
phosphorus; Canada indium; Chile copper; Brazil
ACTIVITIES
tantalum and tin.
3 Model answer. Hydraulic fracturing (also known as fracking)
ACTIVITIES is a technique by which rock is fractured by liquids injected
at high pressure. It is very effective for extracting oil and gas,
3 Model answer. Tantalum is found in different types (isotopes)
which can be retrieved more rapidly from subterranean
and concentrations in a number of countries, but Australia
deposits. However, it is also highly controversial because
has especially large deposits. It is a hard and lustrous blue-
of its environmental impact. It causes the pollution of
grey metal used in medical implants as well as in mobile
groundwater and may lead to increased seismicity.
phones, DVD and video game systems and computers. It is a
rare metal, 15 times rarer than gold.
Page 91
THINK ABOUT IT
ACTIVITIES
Open answers.
4 The term fossil fuels applies to resources such as natural
gas and crude oil, which have been formed by the
Page 88
decomposition of organisms (fossils) on the ocean floor
WORK WITH THE GRAPHS over millions of years.
1 Global energy consumption began to rise very sharply in

5 Model answer. Coal and uranium are used for generating
about 1950. electricity, natural gas for heating, and oil for the fuelling
and lubrication of vehicles.
2 Coal, oil, and natural gas have all increased significantly due
to their use in transport, industry, and the production of
6 Non-renewable energies are a limited resource which we are
electricity. using up rapidly. Some non-renewable energies, like crude
oil, are found in only a few parts of the world and so other
3 Most of the energy currently consumed in the United States regions may be affected by problems of supply. The
is produced domestically. extraction of oil and coal causes major environmental
problems.
Page 89 7 The Middle East has long been considered a strategic region
due to its large deposits of crude oil, which are in high
WORK WITH THE GRAPHS
demand due the needs of the globalised economy. At the
4 Sources of energy produced worldwide include nuclear same time, instability in the Middle East means that wars and
power, renewables, natural gas, coal, and crude oil. Energy is political events in the region are followed closely (and often
consumed in the form of coal, renewables, natural gas, influenced) by world powers like the USA, and to a lesser
electricity, and oil products. extent the Russian Federation and China.

Page 92 3 Henry Ford developed the production of automobiles on an
assembly line, with each worker adding a part or parts to the
WORK WITH THE GRAPH
vehicle as it went past. This represented a revolution in mass
1 Wind power and hydroelectric power are the most widely production. Following this model, products could be assembled
used renewable energies today. The use of solar energy has continuously and rapidly, leading to a huge increase in
also grown, especially in Europe. productivity and a fall in production costs. It made the finished
products much cheaper so many more people could afford to
ACTIVITIES buy them. Fordist mass production was soon adopted in other
industries in North America, and it became the standard form
2 Renewable energy is energy produced by naturally occurring
of industrial production throughout the developed world.
phenomena such as sunlight, wind, water movement, or
plant growth.
3 The advantages of renewable energies are considerable. Page 96
Their sources are abundant and widespread, and their
THINK ABOUT IT
environmental impact is limited. Also, the replacement
of non-renewables with renewables will be a key factor Open answers.
in preventing further environmental degradation due
to harmful wastes and gases. On the other hand, WORK WITH THE PHOTO
it may be difficult to ensure a regular supply of some 1 Graphene is a newly invented substance. It is essentially a two-
renewable energies, and it is not easy to store dimensional sheet of carbon atoms, only one molecule thick,
the electricity that it produces. and it is the thinnest compound ever created. Graphene is the
lightest and strongest known material, and it is the best
4 Type of energy
Energy Source conductor of heat and electricity. However, its production is
produced
still subject to problems, because it is very expensive to make
Solar Sun Electricity and heat and its manufacture requires the use of toxic chemicals.
Wind Wind movement Electricity
ACTIVITIES
Hydroelectric/ Water movement Electricity
tidal 2 The post-Fordist model of industrial manufacturing developed
Geothermal Earths internal heat Electricity in the 1970s and remains strong today, due to new and
changing technological possibilities. In accordance with this
Biomass Plants Heat and electricity
model, the Ford assembly line making massive quantities of a
single product has been replaced by a more flexible system of
5 Renewable energies are the energies of the future because high-technology production. Many varieties of each product
we have depleted many of our non-renewable energy are created to suit the tastes of the individual consumer.
reserves. Today, we have the technology available to make
full use of natural resources without causing long-term
damage to the environment. Page 97

Page 94
3 The parts of this companys production requiring design
WORK WITH THE ILLUSTRATION and marketing take place in developed countries, where
advanced services and technologies are available. However,
1 In the industrial process, energy sources are used to turn raw actual manufacture of the product is carried out in a less
materials into manufactured products. These may be finished developed region, where labour costs are lower.
products, like the consumer goods that we buy in a retail
shop, or semi-finished like steel, copper or fibre, which are ACTIVITIES
then turned into appliances, machines, furniture, etc. by light
industry. 4 As technologies and services advance in emerging countries,
the dependence on developed countries is reduced. Jobs
are therefore transferred from the developed economies
Page 95 to regions where human resources are less expensive.
ACTIVITIES This reduces overall costs for companies.
2 Industry is the transformation of raw materials into

manufactured products by machines and human labour. Page 98
Industry can be used as an indicator of a countrys economic
WORK WITH THE GRAPH AND THE TABLE
development because it shows the level of complexity of its
economic activities on a scale running from basic primary 1 The worlds leading industrial powers: China, the United
sector production to advanced technologies. States, Japan, Germany, the United Kingdom, Italy and France.

2 The composition by sector of GDP in the USA is 79.7% Catalonia, where textiles were made, and in the Basque
tertiary (services), 19.2% secondary (industry), and just 1.1% Country and Asturias where there were coal and iron
primary (agriculture). Although the secondary sector is now mining industries. Catalonia and the Basque Country are
less than 20% of its economy it is still very important in still important industrial regions today.
absolute terms only Chinas industrial production is greater. 7 The restructuring of Spanish industry in the 1980s saw
3 India, Singapore and Pakistan all have relatively similar the decline of traditional industries like iron, steel and
industrial sectors, which make up 26% of their GDP. However, shipbuilding. Many jobs were lost in regions where
Pakistan and India have larger primary sectors, while those industries were strongest.
Singapore has a higher proportion of tertiary services, 8 The food, drinks and tobacco industries, the automobile
indicating a higher level of economic development. manufacturing industry, and the chemical industry are
among the most important in Spain today.
Page 99
WORK WITH THE GRAPH Page 102
4 The graph demonstrates that industrial production has ACTIVITY ROUND-UP

declined or stalled in recent years among the traditional 1 Secondary sector:
developed nations of the USA, Japan, and the European
Mining:
Union. At the same time, industrial production has grown
rapidly in India and South Korea, and also risen steadily Four types: surface mining, underground mining,
in Russia and Brazil. underwater mining, well drilling.
Energy sources:
THINK ABOUT IT According to their duration:
The accessibility of Chinas coastal cities are key to their Non-renewables oil, natural gas, coal and nuclear.
growth. As China became the worlds leading producer Renewables wind, solar, hydroelectric/tidal and biomass.
of manufactured goods, shipping to worldwide destinations (Nuclear energy has also been classified as renewable
became vital to the nations economic progress. Chinas energy, although this is controversial.)
industrial boom has also drawn millions of workers in search According to where they are found:
of job opportunities, and low, coastal regions can support Non-renewables in specific places and in limited quantities.
greater populations than inland, mountainous terrains. Renewables almost everywhere, usually in unlimited
The disadvantage is that Chinas industry is highly polluting, quantities.
and the nations coasts and waterways, along with its air Industry:
quality, have suffered immensely.
Types:
According to innovation and technological development:
Page 100 Mechanized industrial production (Fordist); advanced
technological production (post-Fordist).
According to type and destination of product:
1 Oil and natural gas are the leading sources of energy in Basic industries; capital goods industries; consumer goods
Spain; they are imported. industries.
2 The top renewable energies in Spain are wind, solar and biomass. Characteristics: (post-Fordist):
3 In recent decades, the percentage of the active population New technologies; focused on consumer preference;
working in industry has declined steadily. It reached its flexible; automated.
lowest level during the economic crisis of 2007-2008, and Industrial powers:
has recovered slightly since then. Industrial production rose China, USA, Japan, Germany, UK, France, Italy.
steadily during the same period until it was interrupted by 2 Renewable energy: a natural source of energy like the sun,
the economic crisis of 2007-2008. wind or waves.
Industry: economic activities which involve manufacturing.
Page 101 Mining deposit: a place where minerals are concentrated.
WORK WITH THE MAP Offshoring: the relocation of business activities in a
different country.
4 Catalonia and the Community of Madrid.
Multinational: a large company with subsidiaries in
5 Refer students to the map and its map key. different countries.
3 Primary energy sources are obtained directly from nature,
ACTIVITIES
including all renewables and raw fossil fuels. Secondary
6 Industrialisation began in the mid-19th century in Spain, which energy sources like electricity and petrol are obtained
was later than in some parts of Europe. It originated in from the treatment of primary sources.

Basic industry takes raw materials from nature and d)Yes, Chinas heavy dependence on coal (over 70%) is
converts them into semi-finished products (such as steel a result of China having abundant coal reserves. But
or copper wiring) that are turned into products in the next because these reserves are heavily polluting and non-
stage of industrial production. The consumer goods renewable, China may well change its energy model
industry undertakes the final production of goods bound in the future.
for consumer markets. e)If coal supplies were to run out in China today, the
4 Decentralisation of production is a phenomenon promoted countrys industrial production would decline sharply.
by economic globalisation. A single company locates 8 a)The food packing industry shown in the photo would be
different phases of its production process in different classified as a consumer goods industry of advanced
countries. It also subcontracts certain phases to other (but not cutting edge) technological development.
companies with which it cooperates.
b)In the case of seafood packing, the industry should be
Tertiarization of industry: this refers to the way that located near the fishing source, to reduce freezing costs
industrial companies carry out specialised services and to prevent waste.
such as marketing, logistics, design and research directly
c)An industrial port city near the fishing grounds would be
rather than outsourcing them to agencies in the tertiary
appropriate for this type of activity.
sector. The companies take on this role because these
tertiary services have become a vital part of their
ENERGY POVERTY
economic activity.
9 a)Uninhabited or sparsely populated regions like the polar
5 Model answer. The main challenges today for mining, energy
regions, deserts and equatorial rainforests.
exploitation, and industry involve the overexploitation of
natural resources, the environmental damage caused by b)The populated coast of West Africa, the urban centres of
economic activities, and the conflicts which arise from scarcity South Africa, and the northern cities of the Mediterranean
and from environmental challenges like climate change. coast and Nile region.
10 Open answers.
6
Energy source Main uses Big producers 11 The people living in this small rural hut in this picture have
installed solar panels to provide for their energy needs.
Renewables Heating and Locally produced
As this seems to be a sunny and arid place, without much
electricity
natural vegetation, solar energy is certainly the best
Nuclear Electricity USA, France, renewable option. Depending on atmospheric conditions,
Japan wind power might be an alternative.
Natural gas Heating and North America,
electricity Russian Fed.,
OPEC countries Page 104
Coal Heating and China, USA, KNOW HOW TO... What is the best location for an
electricity Russian Fed. industry?
Crude oil Fuel, heating, OPEC countries,
1 Planning the best location of an industrial plant depends
electricity Canada
on the characteristics of each industry. For example,
in the case of product design, communications and
technological infrastructures are especially important.
Page 103 For a paper manufacturer, proximity to materials,
solid industrial infrastructures, potential environmental
ACTIVITY ROUND-UP
impact, and possibly political support would all count.
7 a)The USA and Brazil consume oil more than any other In the case of a petrochemical plant, which may
energy source, while China depends most heavily on coal. be controversial, all of the listed factors are of
b)Coal predominates in China because it has abundant coal considerable importance.
resources. In Brazil, oil and hydroelectric power (the 2 Model answer. Petrochemical plants benefit from being
second most used source) are available locally. In the case located near a port and pipeline structure, to ensure safe and
of the USA, dependence on fossil fuels is a longstanding easy delivery of their products to consumers. The proximity
issue. Oil and gas and coal remain in heavy use (despite of a large city can also guarantee the necessary skilled
monetary and environmental costs, as well as geopolitical labour force. For these reasons, petrochemicals are more
conflict) because North American industries are likely to be processed in developed or emerging countries
accustomed to their use and reluctant to change. with appropriate infrastructures. However, due to the
c)The USA and Brazil make much more varied use of awareness of environmental issues in developed countries,
resources than China. However, like China the USA is producers of petrochemicals may prefer to locate in less
heavily dependent on the various fossil fuels, so Brazil has developed regions, where there are fewer environmental
the most sustainably balanced use of energy sources. restrictions.

Page 105 Its effects will also include a rise in sea levels and the
disappearance of many beaches and coastal settlements.
KNOW HOW TO... A sustainable energy project As a result of the destruction of native habitats, many species
1 Recorded text. of plants and animals will become endangered.
a)False. The world consumes less energy in a year than a
desert receives in six hours. Page 109
b)True. One of the objectives of Desertec is to produce clean
WORK WITH THE MAP
sustainable energy.
c)False. The energy would mainly go to solar plants located 1 a)The service sector exceeds 70% of GDP value in many
in the deserts. developed countries including the USA, the UK, Australia,
d)True. Parabolic mirrors are used to direct the sunlight Japan, Sweden, Germany, Italy and Spain.
towards tanks of water. b)The service sector is under 48% of GDP value in emerging
e)False. Solar energy from the deserts would cover around and less developed countries including China, Indonesia,
15% of Europes electricity demand. Malaysia, Kenya and Libya.
f)False. The project would provide the Saharan countries with c)Economies generally follow a path from dependence on
a clean energy supply, boost their economic development agriculture to industrialisation and, finally, a post-industrial
and provide energy for them to desalinate seawater. stage when the most developed societies specialise in
services and high-technology. By then labour costs have
2 Model answer.
increased so much in developed countries that industrial
a)The worlds first hydroelectric power plant was built in production is often outsourced to less developed nations.
1882 on the Fox River in Appleton, Wisconsin, in the
d)Several emerging countries, such as South Africa, Brazil
northern United States.
and Mexico, have growing service sectors. This reflects
b)Hydroelectric generation requires either water movement the natural evolution of their economies away from
or pressure, such as that created by the water contained agricultural and industrial production. In some countries
behind a dam. (like India) the growth of the service sector has also been
c)Power plants built on rivers can affect the natural balance stimulated by outsourcing from developed countries.
of the ecosystem by killing aquatic life and discouraging
wildlife in the area. Power plants built as dams with ACTIVITIES
reservoirs can also affect the human populations living in
a region. The creation of a new reservoir may submerge a
2 Services typically offered to private residents of developed
valley underwater. countries include educational, telecommunications and
cultural services, which all reflect a high standard of living.
d)A dam was planned for construction in Len, Spain, in the
1980s. The people of the village of Riao and other nearby 3 A companys business strategy is generally determined
villages learned that their homes would be submerged by at its headquarters and is very unlikely to be outsourced.
a new reservoir. Riao was moved to a higher elevation A customer service call centre is often outsourced,
and became New Riao. sometimes to a company in another country.
Swimming lessons are a personal service and cannot
be outsourced.
6.Services 4 India receives a lot of outsourcing. It is an emerging country
with a huge population, an abundant and fairly well qualified
Page 106 labour force, and adequate infrastructures. It has a high
proportion of fluent English speakers.
WORK WITH THE IMAGE
New northern shipping routes are likely to cross the Arctic Ocean, THINK ABOUT IT
now less frozen than previously due to global climate change. Open answers.
An Arctic crossing would lead to increased traffic over shorter
distances between certain northern ports.
Page 111
If the northern Arctic routes increase, as expected, other routes
may experience some loss in traffic. ACTIVITIES
Maritime traffic worldwide increased significantly between 1 Producer: creates goods and services.
2005 and 2011, especially to and from China.
Wholesaler: buys goods in bulk for wide distribution.
Retailer: buys smaller amounts of goods for local distribution.
Page 107
Consumer: buys individual amounts of goods for end-use.
HOW DO WE KNOW? 2 Trade is the exchange of goods and services between
Climate change will lead to global warming and extreme producers and consumers. It is the platform through which
climate conditions, which will affect agricultural cycles. the economic sectors generate income.

3 The answer should include information on three of the Page 112
following trade blocs:
WORK WITH THE GRAPH
Trade blocs Member countries 1 The European percentage of world trade increased up to
1973, declined in the decade after the oil crisis of 1973,
ASEAN Indonesia, Malaysia, Philippines, increased slowly up to 2003 and has been declining sharply
(Association Singapore, Thailand, Brunei, Vietnam, since then. The trend in North American trade was a decline
of Southeast Asian Laos, Myanmar, Cambodia. up to 1983, a modest recovery between 1983 and 1993 and
Nations) a decline since then. There has been continuous growth
in Asian trade except for a period of stagnation between
CARICOM Antigua and Barbuda, Bahamas,
1993 and 2003. African trade was in decline until 2003 and
(Caribbean Barbados, Belize, Dominica, Granada,
Community) Guyana, Haiti, Jamaica, Saint Kitts and has recovered since then. Since the late 20th century,
Nevis, Saint Lucia, Saint Vincent and the globalization, the emergence of new economic powers
Grenadines, Suriname, Montserrat, like China, and the economic crisis of 2007 have changed
Trinidad and Tobago. the panorama of international trade. Emerging economies
in Asia, South America and Africa have benefited at the
COMESA Burundi, Comoros, Democratic expense of traditional trading nations.
(Common Market Republic of Congo, Djibouti, Egypt,
for Eastern and Eritrea, Ethiopia, Kenya, Libya, 2 Model answer. If present trends continue, trade with Asia
Southern Africa) Madagascar, Malawi, Rwanda, is likely to grow to as much as 40% of all world trade
Seychelles, Sudan, South Sudan, by 2030.
Swaziland, Uganda, Zambia, Zimbabwe.
MERCOSUR Argentina, Brazil, Paraguay, Uruguay, Page 113

(in Spanish: Mercado Venezuela, Bolivia, Chile, Colombia,
Comn del Sur) Peru, Ecuador, Guyana, Suriname. ACTIVITIES
NAFTA/TLCAN Canada, USA, Mexico. 3 The Doha Development Agenda is a proposal of the World
(North American Free Trade Organization and involves most of the worlds trading
Trade Agreement) nations. Its objective is to lower barriers to international trade
EU Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Cyprus, (such as tariffs) and thus increase global trade. The plan has
(European Union) Croatia, Czech Republic, Denmark, been stalled in negotiations for many years, mainly because
Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, the developed nations and the emerging nations have
Greece, Hungary, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, different priorities.
Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, 4 The high level of trade between the nations of the European
Netherlands, Poland, Portugal, Union is possible because they all have advanced economies
Romania, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, and large populations of consumers. Other factors include
Sweden, United Kingdom.
their proximity, a shared currency, and customs standards
APTA Bangladesh, China, India, Republic of among member states. There are also strong historic links
(Asia-Pacific Trade Korea, Lao Peoples Democratic between many European countries.
Agreement) Republic, Sri Lanka, Mongolia.
WORK WITH THE MAPS
CAN Bolivia, Colombia, Ecuador, Peru,
(Andean Community) Argentina, Brazil, Chile, Paraguay, 5 a)Yes, world trade increased significantly between 2000 and
Uruguay. 2010.
CIS Armenia, Azerbaijan, Belarus, b)and c) In 2000 Western Europe was the main trading
(Commonwealth of Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Moldova, region, and traded with Asia, North America and South
Independent States) Russia, Tajikistan, Uzbekistan. America, as well as internally. By 2010, it was still the main
trading region but the volume of Asian trade had grown
OPEC Algeria, Angola, Ecuador, Iran, Iraq, significantly. In comparison with 2000, the volume of trade
(Organization Kuwait, Libya, Nigeria, Qatar, Saudi
between Europe and Asia, and also between Asia and
of the Petroleum Arabia, United Arab Emirates,
North America, was much greater by 2010.
Exporting Countries) Venezuela.
Open answers.
d)
SACU Botswana, Lesotho, Namibia, South
(Southern African Africa, Swaziland.
Customs Union) Page 114
THINK ABOUT IT
4 This is foreign trade because they are different countries
even if they belong to the European Union. Open answers.

ACTIVITIES Page 118
1 Transport is the movement of people and goods from one ACTIVITIES:

place to another, using vehicles like cars, trains or planes.
Infrastructures are all the elements that enable transport 1 Types of tourism
to take place, such as roads, railways, airports and ports. Leisure tourism Recreation, relaxation
Tourism for personal reasons Religious, family visits
Page 115
Tourism for professional reasons Business, education
WORK WITH THE MAP
2 Sustainable tourism attempts to minimize the negative
2 a)The United States, Europe and Japan all rely on extensive ecological and social effects of tourism, so that future
land transport, by rail and by road. The density of a generations may enjoy the same opportunities that we do.
transport network is closely related to its level of
economic development. WORK WITH THE GRAPH
b)Russia is a very large and sparsely populated nation,
3 The graph shows that international tourism doubled from
where cities are often at a considerable distance from
1995 to 2012, from around 500 million to over 1,000 million.
each other. Rail is a very cost-effective way of transporting
This reflected the economic growth experienced in many
people and goods across long distances over flat terrain.
countries during most of this period, as well as the growing
c)Australia is a vast country with a large desert interior. Land
need for travel created by economic globalization.
traffic is mainly restricted to its more populated coastal
strips. Travellers who wish to cross the whole country 4 Numbers of international tourists fell slightly in 2009,
in a single journey often go by plane. following the global economic downturn caused by the
financial crisis.
Page 116
Page 119
ACTIVITIES
WORK WITH THE GRAPH
1 Transport by ship has the advantage of low cost for heavy
cargo. However, it is slow and requires sophisticated port 5 In terms of total numbers of visitors, the top destinations by
infrastructures, as well as causing pollution. Further region are the USA in North America, France in Europe, and
transportation by road or rail is often needed to deliver China in Asia.
goods to their final destination. 6 Many tourists only spend a short time in France, especially
2 Important navigable rivers include the Mississippi-Missouri in if they come from a neighbouring European country. (For
North America, the Amazon in South America, the Danube in example, Spanish families often go to Disneyland Paris for
Europe, the Nile in Africa, the Yangtze in Asia and the Murray- a two-day trip and then return home.) In contrast, China
Darling in Oceania. receives a higher proportion of longer term visitors.
THINK ABOUT IT ACTIVITIES
Model answer. In order to travel from Sydney (Australia) to 7 There is widespread instability and warfare in the Middle
London by ship in 1969, one could have travelled westward via East. It may take decades for tourism to recover.
South Africa and up the Atlantic, or eastward via the Panama 8 Open answers.
Canal. The westward route would have been quicker, requiring
the crossing of one ocean rather than two either journey would
have taken several weeks. Modern air travel takes less than a day. Page 120
WORK WITH THE CHART

Page 117
1 Financial movements across borders increased between
ACTIVITIES 1995 and 2012, but not regularly. There was a sharp decline
in 2007-2008.
3 Air transport is very fast and generally safe. However, it is
also very expensive to send heavy cargoes by air. This means
2 This was a consequence of the international financial crisis.
of transport causes pollution and requires extensive special
infrastructures. Page 121
4 In the year 2000, the worlds main air travel centres were the
traditional developed economic powers (Japan, Europe, and
the USA). By 2010, the airports of China and south-east Asia 3 a)In 2001- 2011, the number of mobile telephone
had grown significantly as a consequence of Asian economic subscribers worldwide increased from under 20% to
growth. nearly 90%.

b)During the same period, the number of persons with Page 122
internet access in developed countries grew from 30%
to 70%. Worldwide, the figure increased from around WORK WITH THE CHART
10% to over 30%. 1 Most of Spains trade is with its fellow European nations.
c)Fixed landline telephones failed to increase in number as 2 Spain currently runs a trade deficit with Russia, the USA,
a result of the global preference for mobile technologies. Germany, and especially China, i.e. it imports many more
d)Nearly 90% of people in developed countries used mobile goods and services from those place than it exports to them.
telephones in 2011, compared to only about 25% of the 3 Spains most positive trade balances are with its nearest
population in less developed countries. neighbours, France and Portugal.
ACTIVITIES
Page 123
4 Financial services are activities and businesses related to
WORK WITH THE MAP
the management of money, including investment, loans
and savings. 4 Tourism in Spain is concentrated mainly on its coasts and
islands, which offer leisure and beach facilities. Madrid is
The financial system of a country refers to institutions such
also an important destination for cultural tourism.
as banks, as well as all the instruments and practices that
enable transfers of money to take place.
Page 124
The mass media are all the vehicles by which information
is communicated to the general public, whether in print or ACTIVITY ROUND-UP
by broadcast or digital means.
1 Trade:
Business services are those that assist a business in areas
Definition: the exchange of goods and services between
outside its core expertise, for example, marketing firms,
producers and consumers.
information technology experts, legal and fiscal advice and
guidance, professional training enterprises, cleaning Factors: Transport and infrastructures; market size; wealth.
services, and security and transport providers. Types:
Foreign trade is with other countries and it involves imports
5 Information and Communications Technologies have and exports.
changed the way in which people and businesses operate at Domestic trade is within a country and it involves
almost every level, for example through e-commerce, video wholesalers and retailers.
conferencing and working from home. They have also
World trade is organised by the World Trade Organisation
influenced social participation and organization, and led to
(WTO).
an explosion of new leisure activities.
The European Union, the United States, Japan, and China
6 Open answers. are leading trading powers.
Trade in Spain accounts for 32.3% of the GDP and 16.5%
of the labour force.
Most trade is with other nations of the European Union.
TRANSPORT
Means of Main networks

Infrastructures Types Advantages Problems
transport or routes
Land Roads, motorways, Cars, buses, lorries, Road: convenient and Roads: expensive Dense in developed
tunnels, bridges, trains. flexible. infrastructures, countries. Rail is
railway lines, stations. polluting, dangerous. efficient (but less
Rail: cheap, safe, fast.
dense) in less
Rail: expensive
developed countries.
infrastructures,
inflexible.
Ship Ports, customs, Ships (for passengers Cheap. Very slow and North Atlantic, Pacific,
offices. and goods). polluting. Requires Mediterranean.
expensive investment.
Air Airports and related Airplanes (for Fast, safe and Polluting, expensive, North America from /
installations. passengers and comfortable. complex to Europe, Europe
urgent products). infrastructures, from / to Asia, Asia
security controls. from / to North
America.

2 a)No, trade includes services. 1 Benidorm is located on the Mediterranean in the province of
b)Hospitals are public services in some places and private Alicante, in the community of Valencia, on what is called the
services in others. costa blanca or white coast of Spain.
c)A trade bloc is a group of countries that associate to 2 The ideal weather, long beaches, nearby mountains and the
promote trade with each other. abundance of affordable hotels and tourist services all favour
d)A trade surplus is when a given country exports more to Benidorm as a tourist destination.
another country than it imports. 3 Recorded text:
e)Using a variety of means of transport may offer the a)True. The first tourists arrived in Benidorm in the
advantages of the different systems used (air for speed, nineteenth century, thanks to the new railway line and
ships for low cost, trains for safety and lorries for Francisco Rondas baths.
flexibility) while minimizing the disadvantages. b)False. In 1883 Benidorm was mainly a fishing village with
f)The relocation of services refers to the decision by a 3,150 inhabitants.
company to move part of its production to another c)False. The population increased by about 3,000 people
location (possibly in another country) in order to lower between 1883 and 1960.
its costs.
d)False. The tourist boom started in 1956.
2 A free trade area is formed when a number of countries e)True. Although the population of Benidorm is only 69,000
agree to remove customs taxes from their trade with each in the winter, it increases to 400,000 in the summer.
another. A customs union is a free trade area that further
4 a)Yes, as Benidorm became known as a tourist destination,
establishes a common customs policy with regard to
the number of inhabitants working in tourist services grew
countries outside the free trade pact.
along with the tourist population.
Person-to-person communication is two-way or group
b)The culture and customs of the original inhabitants of
communication, for example by using the telephone or
Benidorm have probably been lost to (or modified by) the
social media on the Internet. Mass media refers to one-
abundance of tourism.
way print or broadcast media meant to inform the general
public. 5 a)Fishing, once the main economic activity in Benidorm,
went into sharp decline with the growth of tourism.
4 Open answers.
b)Services appealing to tourists have benefited, such as
restaurants and bars, popular entertainments and
Page 125 excursions, hotels, theme parks, etc.
6 The city of Benidorm was formerly an undeveloped
ACTIVITY ROUND-UP
coastal settlement and is now an important urban
5 a)Most service activities are located in cities because that is centre. Woodland and vineyards have disappeared,
where most consumers, companies and official and the entire coastline has been covered
institutions are located. by high-rise buildings.
b)Yes, it has been decisive. High-rise buildings (for apartments, hotels, etc.).
c)Services that are found in larger but not smaller cities There is now considerable pressure on local natural
include extensive financial services, mass media and resources, such as fresh water for urban consumption.
communications centres, and advanced business
services.
Fair international trade relations 7.Development

6 a)Large companies like multinational firms produce goods in Page 129
developing countries because they can dictate conditions
to workers and subcontractors, reduce labour costs and WORK WITH THE IMAGE
avoid unionised pools of labour. They are also subject to They are wealthier and more developed regions, which have
less strict environmental restrictions. allocated more resources to education.
b)The presence of a multinational creates jobs for the local Education enables individuals to obtain good jobs and carry
population. However, it also produces working conditions out a range of economic activities. It combats prejudices
that would be unacceptable in more developed countries. about inequality based on race or gender.
c)Open answers mentioning Fair Trade produce. Illiteracy rates are still high in some parts of the world
so this is still a distant goal.
Page 126 HOW DO WE KNOW?

KNOW HOW TO... Analyse a tourist resort: Benidorm "Teaching and learning: EFA global monitoring report" is a
(Alicante) United Nations (UNESCO) publication from 2014. It calls for

greater investment in teachers and in reforms that strengthen ACTIVITIES
equitable learning, in order to transform the long-term
3 Model answers.
prospects of people and societies worldwide.
High external debt reduces the ability of less developed
nations to concentrate on their own needs, because much
Page 130 revenue is given over to debt repayment.
WORK WITH THE TABLE Lack of technology can reduce a less developed countys
potential for future growth and development.
1 a)The 10 countries with the highest HDI ratings are all
High population growth can keep a country in a state of
developed and relatively wealthy countries. The 10 lowest
continual underdevelopment. The state has difficulty
rated countries are poor and less developed.
providing all the infrastructures (schools, hospitals, etc.)
b)The top 10 represent the highly developed continents of that meet basic needs.
Europe, North America, and Oceania, as well as the
AIDS reduces a less developed nations chances for future
traditional Asian leader Japan. The lowest 10 are all African
growth. It is especially damaging because it affects a high
nations.
proportion of the countrys young and active population.
Low levels of education leads to a shortage of skilled
Page 131 workers who can promote the countrys development.
ACTIVITIES Instability and corruption mean that a countrys resources

are not directed towards its development, and foreign
2 Indexes to measure development by country usually take investors become reluctant to invest in the country.
into account such factors as literacy, life expectancy, and
standards of living. Factors range from access to water and
health care to level of industrialisation. Page 134
3 Rankings of countries according to the Human Development THINK ABOUT IT

Index include very high (most of Europe, the USA and Open answers.
Canada, Argentina and Chile, Australia and New Zealand,
Japan and South Korea); high (much of South and Central WORK WITH THE MAP
America, and parts of North Africa and the Middle East);
medium (China, India, south-east Asia); and low (much of 1 Open answers.
Sub-Saharan Africa).
4 The wealth of a given nation is not the only factor in Page 135
determining the quality of life of its citizens. If wealth is
WORK WITH THE MAPS
concentrated into very few hands, the average level of
human development may be low. 2 Open answers.
3 Open answers.
WORK WITH THE TABLE
5 The USA has a high GDP and a very high HDI rating; China
Page 136
has a high GDP and a medium-level HDI score.
6 The USA has a large wealthy, educated population. Despite WORK WITH THE GRAPHS
its expanding economy, there is great social and economic 1 The countries that gave the most foreign assistance were the
inequality in China. United States, Japan, Germany, the United Kingdom, and
7 Yes: economic growth promotes social development. France. However, none of those countries met the goal of
donating 0.7% of their GDP. (The USA, for instance, gave more
8 Warfare, social inequality, and in the case of parts of Africa
than twice that of the next highest contributor but this was only
health issues (the AIDS epidemic) all affect HDI.
around 0.2% of GDP.) The five most generous nations were
9 Open answers. Denmark, the Netherlands, Luxembourg, Norway, and Sweden.
2 Spain gave 6% of contributions from the EU.
Page 133
ACTIVITIES
WORK WITH THE MAP
3 International organisations like the IMF and OECD, developed
1 Canada, France, Germany, Great Britain, Sudan, South Sudan
countries, and NGOs such as Oxfam, the Red Cross, or
and Japan all have high debt levels. Except for Sudan and
Doctors without Borders are the main providers of foreign aid
South Sudan these are all advanced economies. In general,
to less developed countries. State aid is given as credit, debt
debt levels are lower in emerging and less developed
relief, and funding accompanied by specific conditions. NGOs
countries.
help on the ground their volunteers and paid workers are
2 Russia, India, South Africa, etc., all have growing debt levels. involved in development and assistance missions.

Page 137 2 Countries according to their development index:

WORK WITH THE TABLE
Characteristics Examples
1 Yes, there is a connection between corruption and lower
levels of development. High per capita USA, Canada,
income, which Australia, Spain,
ACTIVITIES promotes Japan...
consumption and
5 Efficient administration is key to development because it Developed economic growth.
prevents corruption and enables a country to attract more countries
Advanced industries,
international aid and investment.
modern infrastructures
6 Model answer. In order for world trade to promote greater and quality services.
development and lead to more equitable outcomes, it is
important to establish fairness of trading conditions: higher Infrastructures, China, Brazil,
prices for raw materials that originate in poorer countries; services and Mexico, South
the elimination of high customs duties; and reductions in educational levels are Africa...
state subsidies within the richer nations so that less not yet satisfactory.
developed economies can compete. Emerging
countries Still dependent on
developed countries
for technology.
Page 138
ACTIVITIES
Low per capita income, Sudan,
1 Open answers. low levels of Afghanistan,
consumption, poor Somalia,
Less infrastructure and Madagascar...
Page 139 developed services.
countries Low life expectancy
ACTIVITIES
and educational levels.
2 Social exclusion is the situation of poor people living in
wealthy countries, who are not given basic rights such as
decent housing, employment and healthcare.
3 Model answer. The elderly widow without a pension is at risk 3 Development is measured by wealth, life expectancy,
of poverty, and may not be able to afford decent housing. access to health care, the literacy rate, standards of living,
Also at risk of poverty, the unemployed person may find etc.
unemployment benefits insufficient. In principle, a single Extreme poverty: life without the resources to meet basic
mother receiving a salary is not at risk of poverty but she needs, such as access to drinking water and food, medical
may have difficulty covering all her costs. care, or basic schooling.
External debt refers to the amount of money that a country
owes to other countries or to international institutions like
Page 140
the World Bank and the IMF.
ACTIVITY ROUND-UP Foreign aid is the assistance given to countries by
international organisations, other countries or non-
1 Development: governmental organisations.
The indicators for assessing development are the Human
4 Model answers.
Development Index and the Human Poverty Index.
Less developed countries may export less because their
In terms of development, countries are divided into
production is inefficient and are not usually subsidised.
developed, emerging, and less developed Countries.
Malnutrition reflects extreme poverty. Children who need
The causes of economic underdevelopment are: colonial
to work cannot go to school and are likely to be illiterate.
legacy; technological gap; population growth; external debt;
Many independent countries are still financially, industrially
and armed conflict.
and technologically dependent on their former colonisers.
The measures for improving development are: For example, the headquarters of companies operating in
Government management. the new nations may still be located in the former colonial
Foreign aid through international organisations, developed power.
countries, and NGOs. 5 There is far greater inequality in emerging and less
Fair trade. developed countries than in developed societies.

Page 141 2 Model answers.
ACTIVITY ROUND-UP a)Spain generates significantly more wealth and has far higher
per capita income, as well as more internet users. Cameroon
6 suffers from extreme poverty. Spain carries a much greater
Denmark Bolivia
external debt, while Cameroon has almost none.
GDP per capita $44,000 $6,200 b)Spain has the bigger urban population, but Cameroon is
Population below 13.4% 45% also increasingly urbanised. The African nation has an
poverty line extremely high rate of child mortality, while Spains is low:
it spends more per capita on health and enjoys
Illiterate population 1% 4%
significantly greater social development.
Doctors per 1,000 3.5 0.5
3 a)Spain is near the top of the list worldwide in terms of
inhabitants
Human Development, while Cameroon is near the bottom.
Birth rate () 10.2 / 1,000 23.3 / 1,000 Child mortality rates, health spending, and poverty all
Internet users 96.1% (2014) 36.6% (2014) contribute to the difference in the HDI ranking.
Open answers.
b)
a)Denmark is the more developed, notably for its high GDP
per capita, low birth rate and smaller incidence of poverty.
Page 142
bThere are significant economic differences between the
two countries, while Bolivia also has a much higher birth KNOW HOW TO... Is Africa taking off?
rate and lower concentration of medical doctors. 1 El Dorado: a legendary city of gold; the term has come to
7 a)Malnutrition is indicative of a poor economy with mean a place where riches may be easily acquired.
unequal wealth distribution and insufficient medical Arab Spring: popular uprisings throughout the Arab nations
facilities. against repressive regimes.
b)Bolivia has a lower literacy rate than Denmark, but it Stumbling block: an obstacle.
is not so low that it should significantly interfere
Lost decade: a time in which no progress was made.
with economic growth.
2 a)GDP on the African continent as a whole increased by
c)No, there are only 0.5 doctors per 1,000 inhabitants.
about 1.5% annually between 2000 and 2012.
d)The birth rate is high: the country has few resources
b)Population growth, rising internal demand, the diminution
to provide necessary infrastructures like schools, etc.
of violent conflicts and increased demand for raw
e)The large number of young people in Bolivia suggests
materials.
an expanding population pyramid with relatively low life
c)No, there was high unemployment.
expectancy. This is characteristic of less developed
countries. 3 a) Not necessarily, if newly created wealth is not invested in
f)The low number of internet users indicates that technology development.
is only available to a minority. b)Economic resources needs to be directed towards
g)As technology becomes more widespread, the country productive industries.
will develop in the fields of education, business, etc. c)Open answers.
The Millennium Development Goals

8 Goal 1: Eradicate Extreme Hunger and Poverty.
Goal 2: Achieve Universal Primary Education.
Goal 3: Promote Gender Equality and Empower Women.
Goal 4: Reduce Child Mortality.
Goal 5: Improve Maternal Health.
Goal 6: Combat HIV/AIDS, Malaria and other diseases.
Goal 7: Ensure Environmental Sustainability.
Goal 8: Develop a Global Partnership for Development.
Page 142
KNOW HOW TO... Compare the development of two countries

1 Open answers.

WORK WITH THE MAP

8. Environmental sustainability
4 Burkina Faso, a less developed country in Africa, has a
significantly smaller ecological footprint than the highly
Page 144
economically developed United States.
WORK WITH THE IMAGE
5 In general, the developed nations such as the USA, the
Posidonia is a long-leaf aquatic plant native to the Mediterranean European nations, and Japan all have a much greater
with a deep root structure that stabilises the sea bed. ecological footprint than the less developed nations of Africa
The plant is vital to the sea because it helps to prevent coastal and South America. This shows that there is a strong
erosion by waves. It provides a habitat for over 400 other correlation between economic development and the
species of plants and 1,000 species of animals. ecological footprint.
The danger now facing Posidonia fields is the invasive plant 6 If all the worlds countries left as pronounced an ecological
Caulerpa, a very aggressive algae. This was accidentally footprint on the natural environment as the USA, a global
introduced into Mediterranean waters in 1984. environmental catastrophe would occur in a very short
Clearly, small and individual actions had huge and destructive period of time.
proportions in this case.
Page 148
Page 145
WORK WITH THE IMAGE
HOW DO WE KNOW?
1 Acid rain, caused by the mix of natural precipitation and
Open answers. noxious air pollutants, can destroy plant life and increase the
acidity of waterways, proving disastrous to many forms of
wildlife.
Page 146
ACTIVITIES
Page 149
1 'Natural environment' refers to the Earth in its natural
undeveloped state and the resources it provides. ACTIVITIES
'Ecological awareness' suggests knowledge of the threats 2 Recorded text:

to our natural environment and the desire to conserve and Global warming is the increase in the Earths average
a)
protect it. temperature.
'Sustainable development' is a state of balance between
Air pollution is caused by gases that cannot be
b)
economic activity and the conservation of natural
naturally recycled
resources. Many people believe that it is necessary for
continued diversity of life on the planet. c)Smog is a mixture of smoke and fog.
The ozone layer absorbs most of the radiation from
d)
WORK WITH THE DIAGRAMS the Sun.
2 Open answers. Acid rain increases the acidity of lake and river
e)
water.
THINK ABOUT IT f)In excess, greenhouse gases stop heat leaving the
Open answers. planet.
3 The effects of air pollution include severe damage to plants,
animals and humans; the depletion of the Earths protective
Page 147
ozone layer; the build-up of dangerous greenhouse gases;
ACTIVITIES intensification of global warming and climate change, which
is causing the melting of the polar ice caps and the
3 a)Numerous international agreements have been signed in
destruction of fragile ecosystems.
the past few decades aimed at protecting the
environment, including agreements to combat climate 4 The Montreal Protocol (1987) is an international treaty for
change; protect the Earths ozone layer; address air, water the protection of the Earths ozone layer that came into
and land pollution; manage waste; prevent future force in 1989 and has been revised many times since then.
damages; ensure the health and diversity of flora and Its goal is to reduce the production of substances causing
fauna, and so on. Unfortunately, political and economic ozone depletion.
factors have prevented many countries from signing. The Kyoto Protocol (1997) is an international treaty that
b)The United States not signed some of the top came into force in 2005. It seeks to minimise the
environmental agreements on the grounds that contribution of human activities to global warming by
restrictions would be harmful to business interests. reducing the emission of greenhouse gases.

Page 150 Page 153
WORK WITH THE MAP AND THE CHART ACTIVITIES

1 Physical water scarcity exists when natural water supply is 1 a)Soil degradation occurs when soil loses its nutrients and
insufficient to meet the needs of a population. Economic fertility due to contamination or careless overuse.
water scarcity refers to conditions in which water is available, b)Soil erosion accelerates when areas are cleared of all
but not the infrastructures that enable human populations vegetation, and soil is washed away by rainfall.
to use it safely.
c)Africa already has large desert areas, and desertification
2 The Near East; countries in and around the Sahara Desert; takes place most rapidly in dry areas on the edge of deserts.
Central Asia; parts of Central America. They are all desert or There has been considerable deforestation, which has led
dry regions. to soil erosion. About 43% of Africas land surface is already
3 Yes, developed countries have abundant water supply, and made up of deserts; 40% of it is at risk of desertification;
high per capita consumption of water. and only 17% is considered to be free of risk.
Page 151
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ACTIVITIES
WORK WITH THE MAPS
4 Recorded text: Water is a natural resource which is essential to
life. Fresh water is a renewable resource thanks to evaporation
1 a)Central and South America, central Africa, the south and
and rainfall. Unfortunately, most fresh water is frozen at the east of Asia.
poles or in glaciers. Water consumption is much higher in b)Hot tropical zones with heavy rainfall and vegetation.
developed countries than in less developed countries. There is c)Central and South America, the coasts of the
an economic water scarcity in some less developed countries Mediterranean, South-east Asia, Oceania.
because they do not have the necessary infrastructures.
5 a)The flow of the Colorado River is diminishing, as a result of
Page 155
intensive use by industry and agriculture, as well as the
growing populations of the south-western states of the ACTIVITIES
USA. In fact, the river no longer reaches the sea and dries
up before its arrival there. 2 Open answers.
b)Growing water scarcity is mainly due to population
growth, but climate change has also played a role WORK WITH THE MAP
c)Over 33 million people in the USA states of Arizona, 3 Special Protection Areas (SPAs) are protected sites that
California, Colorado, New Mexico, Nevada, Utah and the European Union considers to be exceptionally important.
Wyoming, as well as in northern Mexico, depend on the Sites of Community Importance (SCIs) are areas that
Colorado River for their water supply. contribute significantly to the maintenance or restoration
d)The Colorado River supports an estimated 250,000 jobs in of a natural habitat or a species. European countries
the region and produces $26 billion in revenues from can propose that an SCI should be given higher level
recreational activities alone. SPA protection.
Page 156
ACTIVITY ROUND-UP
1 The environmental challenge:
Main environmental
Causes Consequences Preventive actions
problems
Air pollution Gas emissions by human activities. Smog, acid rain, ozone depletion, International reduction of
greenhouse effect, global climate dangerous emissions (like the
change. Kyoto Protocol).
Water pollution and Industrial and agricultural use of Scarcity of fresh water. Hydraulic works to store water,
overuse chemicals, overconsumption in desalination plants. Regulation of
water-scarce areas. industrial, agricultural, and personal
pollution and overconsumption.
Deforestation Forests cut down to obtain wood, Loss of habitat, species, International policies to reduce
to make farmland and pastures for biodiversity, decreased absorption deforestation. Planting of new
livestock, to build housing, roads of carbon dioxide and increase in trees.
and railways. temperatures.
Endangered species Air pollution, water pollution, Species extinction, endangering International agreements plus
deforestation and climate change. entire ecosystems. special protection for endangered
plants and animals.
Erosion and Depletion of the productive Intensive farming, contamination, Active reforestation, waste
Endangered species Air pollution, water pollution, Species extinction, endangering International agreements plus
deforestation and climate change. entire ecosystems. special protection for endangered
plants and animals.
Erosion and Depletion of the productive Intensive farming, contamination, Active reforestation, waste
desertification capabilities of soil due to misuse deforestation recycling, crop rotation, building
and overuse. safe landfills, decontamination.
Environment: all the natural features that surround us. 6 Open answers.
Environmental awareness: understanding of human
destruction and misuse of the environment, and
Page 158
awareness of the need to conserve and protect it.
Biodiversity: the variety of species and ecosystems Analyse the environment
on the Earth, or within a particular ecosystem. 1 Areas of deforestation have expanded towards the west.
Sustainable development: the balance between the
Deforestation occurred at a rapid rate.
conservation of our natural environments and economic
The new road is especially visible in the first photo (taken
activity.
in 1986) because the surrounding area had not yet
Desertification: the spread of unproductive land due to soil
suffered from complete deforestation.
erosion, drought, over-intensive farming and deforestation.
Smog: a thick, irritating mist (smoke plus fog) produced
by a chemical reaction between sunlight and nitrogen
oxides at ground level. Page 159
Greenhouse effect: gases such as methane, nitrous oxide
KNOW HOW TO... The Sakurajima volcano
and carbon dioxide (greenhouse gases) build up to the
extent that they trap solar heat within the atmosphere, 1 a)False: Sakurajima is one of the most active volcanoes in
contributing to global warming. the world.
Acid rain: nitrogen oxides and carbon dioxide mix with rain b)False: usually, only small clouds of ash and dust are
to produce acids. expelled.
2 Open answers. c)False: heavy volcanic clouds carry contaminating gases,
as well as ashes that obscure the sunlight. This
contributes to the greenhouse effect.
Page 157
d)True.
ACTIVITY ROUND-UP
2 a)In 2015 Sakurajima was on a Level 3 alert, meaning the
3 a)The chart shows that the rise in overall temperatures on volcano was active and should not be approached.
Earth closely matches human activity. b)Sakurajima is in the far south of the Japanese archipelago.
b)In the past 100 years, the Earths temperature has It was originally an island but became connected to the
increased by more than half a degree centigrade. Osumi Peninsula following volcanic eruptions.
c)Data suggest that human activities such as deforestation c)The volcano erupts regularly. There was a major volcanic
and heavy gas emissions are mostly to blame for the eruption in 1914.
current rise in temperatures. d)About 22,000years ago.
d)Melting of the polar ice caps, flooding of coastal regions, 3 Open answers.
climate change, destruction of ecosystems, loss of
biodiversity.
4 The Aral Sea in Central Asia was once one of the four
largest lakes in the world. Its volume of water has greatly 9. The Age of Discovery
diminished.
The draining of the Aral Sea was caused by projects to Page 160
divert water for irrigation, along with climate change.
WORK WITH THE IMAGE
The shrinking of the Aral Sea has been called one of
Earths worst environmental disasters. Today, the area is Conditions were harsh and dangerous. Food and water were
heavily polluted, with serious public health consequences. often scarce, and disease increasingly common. Out of 234
The local fishing industry was destroyed, bringing sailors, only 18 survived the long journey.
unemployment to the region. No: expeditions today are much safer.
It probably included some former criminals, etc.
SUSTAINABLE CONSUMPTION
The search for routes to Asia was linked to growing trade in the
5 Loss of biodiversity. 16th century. Today, ships pass through the Panama Canal.

Page 161 Page 165
HOW DO WE KNOW? WORK WITH THE MAP
The travels of Marco Polo and Columbus Journal are two 2 The coast of Africa; through the Indian Ocean to southern
famous testimonies. and eastern Asia; across the Atlantic to what is now Brazil.
Journals provide valuable first-hand historical information, 3 Vasco de Gama was the first to reach India by
but they reflect the interests and point of view of the people circumnavigating Africa, sailing south through the Atlantic
who wrote them. and past the Cape of Good Hope, through the strait of
Madagascar and into the Indian Ocean.
4 Pedro lvares Cabral discovered Brazil accidentally in 1500
Page 162 when his ship sailed too far west during an Atlantic voyage.
WORK WITH THE MAP

ACTIVITIES
1 The Silk Road extended from the Mediterranean (the 5 They wanted to find a route that was distinct from those
Byzantine Empire) to the Far East (China). used by Italian and Muslim traders in the Mediterranean.
2 The Silk Road was really a series of routes. Modern countries Their goal was the Asian trade in spices and silk.
crossed by the Silk Road include Turkey, Lebanon, Syria, Iraq, 6 1419: Madeira Islands. 1431: Azores. 1434: Cape Bojador.
Iran, Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan, Tajikistan, Kazakhstan, 1466: Cape Verde. 1460: Gulf of Guinea. 1482: River Congo.
Afghanistan, Pakistan, India, Nepal, Tibet, Bangladesh 1487: Cape of Good Hope. 1498: India. 1500: Brazil.
and China.
7 Portugal was a maritime trading power. It was more
concerned about promoting trade than acquiring new
territories.
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ACTIVITIES
Page 166
3 Before 1492, Europeans were extremely familiar with Europe,
WORK WITH THE MAP
and the regions around the Mediterranean Sea and the Black
Sea. They had also received reports (sometimes very fanciful) 1 The Treaty of Tordesillas was signed by Portugal and Castilla
about India, China and Japan. They knew very little about in 1494, following Columbus first voyage. This established
Sub-Saharan Africa, and they didnt know that America, that all land west of a specific meridian (370 leagues west of
Oceania and Antarctica even existed. the Cape Verde Islands) belonged to Castilla, while all land
east of it belonged to Portugal. However, this meridian
4 Most voyages of discovery were undertaken with the object
crosses Latin America. The coast of Brazil (discovered by
of finding new and quicker trading routes to southern and
Portugal) is east of the meridian and became Portuguese.
eastern Asia. This search became more urgent after the
conquest of Constantinople by the Turks in 1453 interrupted
the Silk Road.
Page 167
5 Improved navigation was made possible by improved
WORK WITH THE MAP AND THE TIMELINE
cartography, and by instruments like the compass, astrolabe,
quadrant, log and sandglass. There were also improvements 2 Columbus first landed on Guanahani (probably San Salvador
in ship design. Island in the Bahamas), and explored Cuba and Hispaniola.
During his second voyage he continued his explorations of
6 Open answers.
Caribbean islands like Hispaniola, Puerto Rico, Cuba and
Jamaica. On his third voyage he reached the coast of
Venezuela. On his fourth journey, he explored Honduras and
Page 164
Panama.
ACTIVITIES 3 Magellan and Elcano sailed west and south across the
Atlantic until they reached what is now Brazil. Then they
1 The navigator Vasco de Gama was born in Sines, Portugal,
continued south along the South American coast, passing
in 1469. In 1498, he became the first European to reach India
through the southern straits and into the Pacific Ocean.
by sea. His expeditions of 1502 and 1524 followed the same
Moving westward across the Pacific, they reached what are
route. He was appointed the Portuguese Viceroy in India
today the Philippine Islands and Micronesia. The expedition
in 1524 but died of malaria in the same year.
continued across the Indian Ocean and around the southern
cape of Africa, and then north to Europe.
DID YOU KNOW?
4 Magellan and Elcano returned to the same place from which
Open answers. they had departed while always navigating towards the west.

ACTIVITIES 4 The room is richly decorated with paintings and a chandelier.

5 Columbus goal was to find a new route to Asia by sailing The peoples clothing suggests that they were very wealthy.
west. Although he failed to reach Asia, he discovered a new 5 Model answer. The Fugger family of Augsburg in what is now
continent, America. Germany began as weavers, and then became textile
6 The Treaty of Tordesillas (1494) was mediated by the Pope as merchants. In the late 1400s members of the family became
a way to avoid future conflicts as a result of Portuguese and providers of clothing to the Habsburg royal family, and this
Castilian explorations. The treaty established that any land relationship proved very profitable in the long run. Eventually
west of a specific meridian crossing the Atlantic Ocean the Fuggers became financiers and investors in the mining of
belonged to Castilla. Any land discovered east of this line precious metals. By the time Carlos V began his campaign for
went to Portugal. Holy Roman Emperor (against Franois I of France), the
Fuggers were extremely rich. At his death in 1525, Jakob
7 Open answers. Fugger the rich was one of the wealthiest people of his
time.
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ACTIVITIES
WORK WITH THE MAP
6 Following the demographic catastrophe of the Black Death,
1 The Aztec Empire was in present-day Mexico. The Mayas there were advances in farming. There was increased
were in southern Mexico and Central America (including demand for food, and agricultural production increased as
Guatemala, Honduras, El Salvador and Belize). The Inca population grew. Regional and international trade also
Empire extended through Peru, Bolivia, Ecuador, Argentina increased following the voyages of discovery, and many
and Chile. European cities grew into important centres of economic
activity with expanding populations.
Page 169 7 Middle Ages 15th century onwards
ACTIVITIES Feudal serfdom Free peasants

Poor agricultural practices Improved agriculture
2 The Mayas were organised in independent cities and
developed writing. Epidemics Improved health conditions
The Aztecs had a federation of three cities and offered Little international commerce Stronger international trade
human sacrifices to their gods. Smaller kingdoms Maritime empires
The Incas built terraces to grow crops on the mountain
sides and used llamas andalpacas for food and cloth. 8 More sophisticated banking practices helped to facilitate
3 Open answers. trade and exploration through bills of exchange (allowing for
interaction between distant banks) and cheques (payment
orders against existing bank deposits). Large projects were
Page 170 often financed through trading companies that shared their
WORK WITH THE GRAPH profits and losses between the investors.
1 In 1400, following the plague known as the Black Death, there

were about 45 million people in Europe. This number grew Page 172
steadily over the next two centuries, reaching 70 million by ACTIVITY ROUND-UP
1500 and 100 million by 1600.
1 THE AGE OF EXPLORATION
2 There was a period of slow but regular population growth in
Europe between 100 and 1150, when it increased from 40 Geographical discoveries:
million to around 50 million. Europes population then grew Factors: new navigational equipment, schools for
more rapidly until about 1300, when it was over 70 million. navigators, better sailing vessels, royal financing
However, in the 14th century, the Black Death sharply Portuguese discoveries: Madeira (1419), the Azores (1431),
reduced Europes population from 75 to about 45 million. Cape Verde islands (1446), Gulf of Guinea (1460), Cape of
After that, there was strong demographic growth in the 15th Good Hope (1488), a route to the Indian Ocean and India
century. (1497), Brazil (1500).
Castilian discoveries: the Caribbean Islands (1492), South
Page 171 America (1498), Panama and the Pacific Ocean (1513),
Florida and Yucatan (1513), the Aztec Empire (1519), global
WORK WITH THE IMAGE sailing route (1519-22).
3 The Fuggers were a banking family that belonged to the Pre-Columbian America:
bourgeoisie. They financed Carlos Vs campaign to become Mayas. Location: Central America. Characteristics:
emperor. decentralised network of cities led by chieftains,

sophisticated trade, polytheistic, invention of writing, Page 173
advances in mathematics and astronomy.
ACTIVITY ROUND-UP
Aztecs. Location: Central Mexico. Characteristics: alliance of
three major cities, ruled by an emperor, warrior culture, 7 The people in the tapestry are bourgeois merchants
polytheistic but ruled by the Sun God, to whom human conducting a financial transaction.
sacrifices were made. Banking allowed merchants to invest in new trading
Incas. Location: Pacific mountains of South America. projects. It created new systems of payment promoting
Characteristics: centralised network of cities, ruled by an long distance trade. A very few extremely wealthy bankers
emperor, sophisticated agriculture and commerce, polytheistic. helped to finance political or military campaigns by
Social change: monarchs.
Demographic crisis following Black Death, release of 8 Cartographers and navigators had to reconsider their
peasants from serfdom, increase in merchant class and previous ideas once the Earth had been successfully
trade, growing cities, increase in artisans and craftspeople. circumnavigated by Magellan and Elcano. They now had a
Economic change: fairly accurate understanding of the location of all the Earths
continents, except for Antarctica. New trade routes emerged,
Development of sophisticated banking practices, rise in
following the expansion of Portugal, Spain and other
global and European commerce, growth of merchant class
maritime nations.
and bourgeoisie.
9 The invention of systems for payment made commerce safer
2 Open answers.
because merchants no longer had to carry gold and silver
3 Henry the Navigator: Prince of Portugal, promoted with them. Goods could now be exchanged on the promise
Portuguese exploration by establishing the first School for of payment.
Navigators, advancing cartography and sailing techniques.
10 a)False. In 1500 there were not quite as many people in
Amerigo Vespucci: Italian navigator and cartographer for Europe as before the Black Death.
whom America was named.
b)True. The population of most of Europe began to increase
Bartolomeu Dias: Portuguese noble, went round the Cape in the 15th century.
of Good Hope.
c)False. The bourgeoisie improved their social position by
Ferdinand Magellan: Portuguese explorer employed by increasing their wealth. But they did not yet have the
Carlos V to sail west to Asia. same privileges as the nobles and the clergy.
Juan Sebastin Elcano: Spanish explorer and Magellans d)True. Some extremely rich bourgeois families rose on the
second in command, the first captain to circumnavigate social scale when their children married members of the
the globe successfully. nobility.
4 Model answer. The goal of Columbus first voyage in 1492, e)False. Wealthy bankers like the Fuggers lent money to
financed by Spains Catholic Monarchs, was to discover a monarchs.
route west to Asia. Instead he discovered the New World, f)True. Peasants still had a very hard life, but in most of
which he continued to believe was Asia until his death. In Europe they were now free and no longer had the
1493 he returned to the Caribbean islands he had discovered obligations of serfs.
the year before, this time setting up a colony and exploring
11 Model answers. The Age of Exploration. The Beginning of the
the region more extensively. On his third voyage, in 1498, he
Early Modern Period.
returned to Hispaniola, and explored further west and south,
landing in present-day Venezuela. An independent governor
THE LEGACY OF THE AGE OF DISCOVERY
arrived in Hispaniola in 1500 and sent Columbus back to
Spain as a prisoner. Columbus was released by the Catholic 12 The map shows America about a century after its discovery.
Monarchs, but his reputation was damaged. In 1502 At that time, cartographers only had an approximate idea of
Columbus made a fourth voyage, unsuccessfully attempting the shape and size of regions.
to find a route through the Caribbean to Asia. 13 Model answer. The Caribs (or Kalina people) were one of the
5 Open answers. main peoples in the Caribbean area at the time of first
contact with Europeans. They lived on islands throughout the
6 The Treaty of Tordesillas was signed at Tordesillas (Valladolid)
region and were warriors, expert canoe-builders and sailors.
on 7 June 1494. It was intended to solve disputes following
They made silver products, and they used tobacco for
the return of Columbus from his earliest American
ritualistic purposes. The Caribs were largely destroyed by
discoveries. King John II of Portugal maintained that all new
European diseases as well as by warfare, although small
discoveries should become the property of his maritime
numbers survive to this day. In Columbus time, the Caribs
nation. However, the Catholic Monarchs appealed to Pope
were believed to practise cannibalism. This belief was used
Alexander VI to draw up a new treaty giving them power over
to justify the decision that they could be made slaves.
all lands west of a meridian crossing the Atlantic Ocean.
Portugal retained control over land discovered to the east of 14 In 1987 UNESCO declared the Aztec holy city of Teotihuacan
that line. (the place where the gods were created) near Mexico City

a World Heritage Site. This status assists "the identification, b)The frieze describes a period of war between different
protection and preservation of places considered to Maya groups. It shows that there was an alliance
be of outstanding value to humanity". Teotihuacan was between Holmul and other Mayan kingdoms that
constructed during the early centuries AD and is hoped to get control of the great city of Tikal
distinguished by its enormous monuments, especially and create an empire.
the Temple of Quetzalcoatl and the Pyramids of the Sun c)The frieze shows three human figures, probably kings,
and the Moon. The city was a very powerful cultural with elaborate bird headdresses and jewels. They are
centre in pre-Hispanic America. sitting cross-legged on the head of a mountain spirit.
3 a)It tells us that different Maya groups were sometimes
Page 174 contentious and warlike.
b)No.
KNOW HOW TO... Analyse sources
c)Open answers.
1 a)The journal seems to have been written at or around the 4 Model answer. The Joya de Cern archaeological site in El
time of the events it describes. It was probably written by,
Salvador is what remains of a Maya farming village
or on behalf of Columbus.
evacuated around AD 200 due to the eruption of a nearby
b)The Admiral mentioned is Columbus, and 'I' is used for volcano. For this reason, Joya de Cern is referred to as the
direct quotations. Pompeii of the Americas. Discovered in 1976, the site has
c)This was a period in which there was little understanding been under careful excavation ever since. Around 70
of non-European peoples. Thus, the native peoples of the buildings including kitchens, living quarters, workshops,
Caribbean were viewed as savages. and even a sauna have been uncovered so far.
2 a)The excerpts recount the moment of 'discovery' and the
first meeting of Columbus and his crew with native tribes.
b)La Gomera in the Canaries was a point where ships from
Europe could stop and get supplies before continuing
their voyage.
Page 176
c)After a month of sailing with no sighting of land, the
sailors became impatient, and almost mutinous. WORK WITH THE IMAGE
d)The inhabitants are described as good-looking, friendly, The illustration indicates Leonardos knowledge of painting,
and innocent. anatomy and mechanics.
3 a)The author does seem to have witnessed these events Leonardos flying machine looked remarkably like todays glider
first-hand. aircraft. He also designed a helicopter-like machine with a
b)The authors initial impression of the native people is horizontal spiral for a propeller.
generally positive. The title Renaissance man refers to anyone with a wide range
c)The viewpoint is completely European. of interests, knowledge, and capabilities.
4 a)Columbus first wrote a letter to the court in 1493, Yes, the term Renaissance man or woman is still in common
which survives in later copies. This journal and logbook use to describe anyone of varied expertise and talents.
was presented to Isabel of Castilla on Columbus'
return to Spain in 1493.
Page 177
b)It only survives in later copies, like the one made by
Bartolom de las Casas. HOW DO WE KNOW?
Biographies tell the story of a particular persons life, from birth
to death. It lists the achievements that made them unusual or
Page 175
extraordinary, as well as something of the time, place and
KNOW HOW TO... The frieze of Holmul conditions in which they lived.
Open answers.
1 a)The Mayas lived in communities in the rainforests of
Central America. Open answers.
b)They were organised into loosely affiliated towns and city-
states under local chieftains.
Page 178
c)Maya civilisation dates back to 2000 BC. The Mayas
reached their greatest splendour between AD 250 and ACTIVITIES
900. It was during this period that the frieze at Holmul 1 Antonio Nebrija was a Spanish Renaissance teacher,
was created.
historian, poet and astronomer. He is best remembered for
2 a)The tomb seems to have been commissioned by a local writing the Gramtica the first grammar of the Castilian
king. language.

Luis Vives was a Spanish-born scholar who lived mostly in Page 181
the Netherlands and studied medicine. His writings on
emotions, memory, and learning led him to be called the DID YOU KNOW?
father of modern psychology. 5 Lorenzo de Medici (1449-1492), of the powerful Medici family,
2 Medieval schools of thought were theological: they used was the leading figure in the independent republic of
logic and analysis in a context of faith and belief in God. In Florence during the Italian Renaissance. The Medici family
humanism, reason and science were used in the study of were wealthy bankers and patrons of the arts who held
humanity. Medieval scholars conducted all their research and power for several generations in Tuscany, in central Italy.
teaching in Latin but the later humanists wrote in modern Lorenzo was called the Magnificent by Florentines and was
languages. an able diplomat as well as an active patron of scholars,
artists, and poets. He is most remembered as the sponsor
THINK ABOUT IT of great artists such as Botticelli and Michelangelo.
Open answers.
ACTIVITIES
6 During the Early Modern period there was a revival of

Page 179
Classical traditions in scholarship, art and philosophy.
WORK WITH THE ILLUSTRATION Advances were made in astronomy, medicine, physics,
geography, botany and zoology.
3 The illustration shows the preparation of movable type, and
the use of a wooden printing press. 7 Renaissance artists took the Greeks and Romans as their
inspiration. The Renaissance period is often divided into the
ACTIVITIES Quattrocento of the 15th century, centred on Florence, and
the High Renaissance of the 16th century, centred on Rome.
4 Until Gutenbergs printing press, all copies had to be made by
hand, which was a very slow practice. Once books could be 8 Patrons are those who finance the activities of sculptors,
printed in large quantities and more rapidly, they became painters, architects and writers. Important patrons included
relatively inexpensive. Increasing numbers of people the Medici, Sforza, and Gonzaga families, and Popes Julius II
therefore had access to scholarship and information during and Leo X.
the Early Modern period. 9 The names of some medieval artists have survived, but they
5 Open answers. were generally considered craftsmen rather than artists.
Famous sculptors, architects and painters of the Italian
Renaissance include Brunelleschi, Donatello, Piero Della
Page 180 Francesca, Mantegna, Botticelli, Ghirlandaio, Bellini, Leonardo
da Vinci. Michelangelo, Raphael, Titian, Cellini, Tintoretto and
ACTIVITIES
Veronese.
1 Model answer. During the Middle Ages, the advances made
during Classical Antiquity in the study and science of
Page 182
medicine were mainly forgotten. There was little
understanding of the human body or illnesses, which were WORK WITH THE PHOTOS
considered to be Gods will.
1 The classical features on display in the Basilica of Sant
The Renaissance brought new interest in medicine and
Andrea in Mantua, Italy, include the use of rounded arches,
human anatomical study, and important new works such as
domes, and columns, and the barrel-like vaulting of the
Andreas Vesalius On the Structure of the Human Body or
ceilings.
Miguel Servets findings on pulmonary circulation prepared
the way for modern biology. Scholars rediscovered classical
texts, and successful surgery became more common. Page 183
However, medical science changed very little for the ordinary
people. Doctors still knew little about infectious diseases, life ACTIVITIES
expectancy was low, and there were many epidemics. 2 Architects of the Quattrocento period looked to classical
forms, and were influenced by Greek and Roman symmetry
WORK WITH THE IMAGES
and proportion. Sculptors worked with great realism, often
2 Heliocentric theory proposed that the Earth revolved around representing the human nude. Painters developed
the Sun. According to geocentric theory, the Earth was the perspective, creating realistic shapes and spaces.
centre of the universe and the Sun, Moon and stars revolved 3 Open answers.
around it.
3 We can see the orbit of the Earth around the Sun. WORK WITH THE IMAGES
4 The Church promoted respect for existing authority and not 4 The most important figures in the painting are in the
new enquiries. foreground.

The buildings portrayed are not from the time of Christ, Page 188
but from the painters own time.
WORK WITH THE MAP
The artist uses perspective to place the central figures
in a formal and symmetrical setting. 1 a)The map shows the state of religious division in 16th
century Europe, following the Reformation and the
Counter-Reformation.
Page 184
b)Protestants were by and large concentrated into northern
WORK WITH THE PHOTO and central Europe. There were Catholic areas in the
south and west (Italy, Spain, Portugal, France and Ireland)
1 Bramantes church of San Pietro recalls Greek temples
and east of Europe (Hungary and Poland). Austria and
in its use of columns and Roman buildings in its circular
some parts of Germany were also Catholic.
shape and dome.
ACTIVITIES
Page 185 2 In the Early Modern period, the Catholic Church began
WORK WITH THE IMAGES to be challenged by new ideas. The Church was accused
of selling indulgences to sinners and neglecting spiritual
2 Michelangelos Sistine Chapel fresco The Last Judgment ideals.
depicts the biblical scene in which humanity is judged for
3 Martin Luther taught that peoples souls would be saved
eternity by Christ.
through a direct relationship with God. According to Luther,
3 Jesus is presented as a dynamic figure, full of movement. the Bible could be read by all and not merely interpreted by
4 Surrounding Christ are his mother Mary, some of his disciples priests while Catholic cults surrounding virgins and saints
and many Christian saints, as well as angels who will escort should be suppressed. He considered that baptism and the
the saved souls to heaven. Among the damned are a number Holy Eucharist were the only sacraments necessary for
of figures, real and mythological, from Classical Antiquity. salvation.
5 According to the Old Testament, David was the second king 4

Lutheran Catholic
of Israel who as a young man faced the giant Philistine
warrior Goliath in battle, killing him with a single stone. The Pope and Corruptible Infallible
6 The anatomy of Michelangelos David is realistic but highly clergy
idealised. Religious Two simple Complicated and
doctrine sacraments, no extensive, emphasis on
emphasis on good works
Page 186 good works
ACTIVITIES How people Personal Through the agency

worshipped everyday faith and traditions of the
1 The three styles of Spanish Renaissance architecture take Church
their names from highly detailed silver-working (Plateresque),
from harmonic forms favoured in antiquity (Classicist), and
from the prominent 16th century Spanish architect Juan de 5 The Council of Trent confirmed the authority of the Pope and
Herrera (Herrerian). the Churchs traditional doctrine: seven sacraments, the cult
of the Virgin and saints and the validity of good works in the
2 The Classicist style favored by Spanish emperor Carlos V
pursuit of salvation. It also dictated Church reforms by
most resembles Italian architecture of the same period.
prohibiting the sale of indulgences and establishing
seminaries to train priests. It spread the Churchs message
Page 187
through the work of religious orders such as the Society of
Jesus (best known as the Jesuits).
ACTIVITIES
3 Model answer. Page 190
Hieronymus Bosch was born in what is now the Netherlands
ACTIVITY ROUND-UP
in around 1450. Little is known about his life or the meaning
behind his strange paintings, but he was popular in his 1 Renaissance and Reformation.
own lifetime. He is well remembered in Spain today
Humanism:
because Felipe II liked Boschs work and collected many
of his surviving pieces, some of which are now in Madrids Characteristics:
Prado museum. Boschs grotesque depictions of sinful Anthropocentric; recourse to reason and experience;
humans are original but also reflect standard late curiosity and experimentation; inspired by Antiquity;
medieval philosophy. use of modern languages.

Science: 3 Recorded text.
Main advances: Heliocentrism: a theory that places the Sun at
In astronomy, heliocentrism. the centre of the universe.
In medicine, anatomical knowledge. Reformation: a Christian movement that opposed the
In physics, hydraulics and aerodynamics, mechanical Catholic Church.
inventions. Counter-Reformation: the Catholic Churchs movement
of renewal.
Renaissance art:
Patron: someone who commissions work by an artist.
Characteristics:
Herrerian style: a plain, unadorned architectural style.
Humanist.
Plateresque style: a very ornate architectural style.
inspired by Antiquity.
4 The Renaissance was rooted in the Humanistic outlook that
harmony and proportion.
took hold following centuries of theological dominance.
commission by patron.
Artists, scientists, and philosophers, inspired by the classical
more individual in style. cultures that pre-dated medieval times, gave expression to
Periods: their curiosity and the human use of reason and experience,
and advanced our knowledge through experimentation.
Quattrocento (Early).
High Renaissance (Cinquecento). 5 1517 - The 95 Theses, by Luther, is published.
Characteristics: 1530s - The Anglican Church is created.
Architecture: symmetry and proportion, classical 1540 - The Society of Jesus is founded.
features. 1545 - The Council of Trent begins.
Sculpture: realistic but idealised. 6 a)The Reformation grew out of criticism of the Catholic
Painting: linear perspective, chiaroscuro. Church and the spread of humanist ideas about the
nature of spiritual authority.
Religious change:
b)The Catholic Church called the Council of Trent and began
Reformation: the Counter-Reformation.
Lutheran principles: c)Many countries became mainly Protestant or mainly
People are saved by faith, not by good works. Catholic. There were conflicts and wars, as well as the
Christians can reach directly God through prayer. emergence of cultural and commercial divisions.
Christians can freely read and interpret Bible without
mediation of priests. Page 191
The only true sacraments are baptism and the Eucharist.
ACTIVITY ROUND-UP
Cults of the Virgin and saints should be suppressed.
Opposition to corruption.
7 a)Raphael, High Renaissance.
b)The painting depicts a school full of Greek philosophers.
Other movements:
c)Figures like Aristotle, Archimedes, Socrates, Euclid, Plato,
Calvinist.
Pythagoras, Heraclites, etc., are shown here together
Anglican. although they did not all live at the same time.
Counter-Reformation d)The classical subject and the use of perspective show
Measures: that this is a Renaissance painting.
Confirmed the seven sacraments, the Virgin and saints, 8 Unlike Italian Renaissance sculpture, which combined reality
the validity of good works. and idealism, Spanish Renaissance sculpture made no
Established seminaries to train priests. attempt to portray ideal beauty. It expressed intense emotion
on religious subjects.
Bishops ordered to live in their own diocese.
Spread Catholic doctrine, creation of the catechism The legacy of the Renaissance and the Reformation
and schools.
9 a)Perspective in painting allows for a realistic presentation
Religious orders:
of space.
Society of Jesus.
b)The facades of the Villa Rotonda and the University of
Carmelites.
Virginia are remarkably similar, with classical features such
2 Painting: Drer, Raphael, El Greco, Mantegna, Titian, as the columns, portico, pediment and dome. However,
Berruguete, Botticelli, Brueghel. they were constructed on different continents in the 16th
Sculpture: Ghiberti. and 18th centuries, respectively.
Architecture: Bramante, Palladio, Alberti. 10 The Protestant church is much simpler.

Page 192 Page 196
KNOW HOW TO... Religious divisions in the world today THINK ABOUT IT
1 a)Protestant Christian majorities still prevail today in the Model answer. Diplomats differ from politicians in that they are
northern European countries and in their former colonies appointed, not elected. They do not need to belong to any
of North America, Africa, and Oceania. political party but can serve the interests of the state and its
economy abroad.
b)Mainly Catholic countries today include southern,
western, and parts of eastern and central Europe, as well
as their former colonies in South and Central America and ACTIVITIES
Africa. 1 15th and 16th century European authoritarian monarchies
c)Yes. consolidated and centralised their power, reducing the
2 The spread of the two main branches of Christianity can be influence of the nobility, the Church, city governments and
related to the colonisation of new territories by European the representative assemblies. They increased taxes to pay
nations during the 16th century. for the maintenance of armies and civil servants, including
a diplomatic corps to represent their interests abroad.
3 a)Yes, religious conflicts between Protestant and Catholic
They established permanent capitals, unlike the travelling
continue in some areas, most notably Ireland, which
monarchies of the Middle Ages.
remains divided by the distinction.
b)Open answers.
c)Open answers. Page 197
d)Open answers.
WORK WITH THE MAP
2 a)In the north of Europe there were the Scandinavian

Page 193
kingdoms of Sweden, Denmark, and Norway as well as
KNOW HOW TO... A visit to the Uffizi Gallery the Teutonic Order of Knights in what is now Germany. In
the north-west, England and Scotland were two separate
1 Model answer. kingdoms.
Original planning for construction of the building that now b)Italy was made up of a number of small kingdoms
houses the Uffizi gallery began in 1560 in Florence. It was including Venice in the north, Naples in the south, the
intended to be used as offices for the Florentine magistrates central Papal States, and even smaller states belonging to
- uffizi means offices in Italian. It was completed in 1581 and the Holy Roman Empire (Savoy, Milan, Genoa, Florence
was first used for administrative offices, as well as for the and Siena).
Tribunal and state archive. The Uffizi began its conversion to
c)The Holy Roman Empire dominated central Europe
a museum when Cosimo de Medici arranged to display great
between France on the west, Poland and Hungary on the
works from his family collection there. Over the years, the
east, the Italian kingdoms in the south, and the North and
work of many of the artists patronised by the Medici were
Baltic Seas to the north. The Empire consisted of many
displayed in the Uffizi. Today, the Uffizi has work by Leonardo
small duchies and confederacies united under one ruler.
da Vinci, Michelangelo, Raphael, Caravaggio, Giotto, van der
Weyden, Titian, Durer and Botticelli. d)The Balkan Peninsula and present-day Turkey were under
the control of the Ottoman Empire.
2 Open answers.
e)The Principality of Moscow was much smaller than
modern Russia.
f)Many recognizable modern states include Spain, Portugal,
11. The Spanish Empire France, Denmark, Sweden, Norway, Poland, Hungary,
Luxembourg and Austria.
Page 195
WORK WITH THE IMAGE Page 198
A tercio of 3,000 soldiers was organised into ten companies of WORK WITH THE MAP
300 each.
Tercio combatants included musketeers using heavy muskets,
1 The Catholic Monarchs in Spain forged marriage alliances
arquebusiers carrying the lighter arquebus rifle, and pikemen between their children and the Kingdoms of Portugal and
armed with pikes. All soldiers also carried swords. England, as well as with the Holy Roman Empire.
Open answers. 2 These alliances ensured cooperation between the kingdoms

against their rivals like France.
HOW DO WE KNOW? 3 The first-born daughter of the Catholic Monarchs, named
Open answers. Isabella, married Alfonso of Portugal, while the second

daughter, Joanna (known as Juana la loca) married Philip the young Carlos. His mother Joanna was co-monarch, but she
Handsome, the son of Holy Roman Emperor Maximilian I. The lived in a convent following the death of her husband Philip
Catholic Monarchs only son, John, married Margaret of the Handsome.
Austria; their fourth child, Maria, married Manuel I of
Portugal; and their fifth child, Catherine, married Arthur,
Page 202
Prince of Wales, and later his younger brother King Henry VIII
of England. ACTIVITIES
1 The novella Rinconete y Cortadillo by Miguel de Cervantes
Page 199 tells the story of two poor young commoners in Seville who
WORK WITH THE MAP become frauds and criminals in order to escape the Spanish
social class system, only to discover that the criminal world
4 The Catholic Monarchs ruled most of the Iberian Peninsula has its own class structure.
following the union of Castilla and Aragon. They defeated the
last Islamic rulers to take Granada and then went on to THINK ABOUT IT
acquire the kingdoms of Naples and Navarra, along with
Fray de Guevaras comments suggest that in Early Modern
extensive New World territories.
Spain, purity of bloodline was less important than money
5 Territorial expansion: 1492 / Granada 1492 / America 1496 and connections to power.
/ Canary Islands 1497 / Melilla 1504 / Naples 1509 /
Oran 1512 / Navarra.
Page 203
ACTIVITIES
ACTIVITIES
6 The Catholic Monarchs in Spain strengthened their authority 2 Open answers.
through the imposition of religious unity. They also created
the Holy Brotherhood, a professional army, courts of justice, WORK WITH THE GRAPH
municipal administrators, and a treasury (tax-collecting
system). 3 The arrival of precious metals from America by way of Seville
meant that there was too much money in circulation in
7 Mudjar: a Muslim who lived in Christian Spain but did not
Spain, causing prices to rise. This eventually weakened the
convert to Catholicism. (The term is also used of the
economy.
artistic style influenced by Islamic culture.)
Morisco: a Muslim of al-Andalus who lived in Christian 4 As the abundance of precious metals inflated prices for all
Spain and converted to Catholicism. commodities, ordinary people were left in economic
difficulties. At the same time, the monarchs and nobility
Converso: an Iberian Jew who converted to Christianity.
borrowed from banks to maintain their spending.
Page 200
Page 204
WORK WITH THE FAMILY TREE
WORK WITH THE TIMELINE
1 King Carlos I of Spain, later Emperor Carlos V, inherited the
holdings of Holy Roman Empire including Austria, the Low 1 a)During the reign of Carlos V there were numerous military
Countries, Burgundy, Franche-Comte, Artois, and Charolais campaigns to retain his territories. He fought against the
from his paternal grandparents, Emperor Maximilian I and French at the Battle of Pavia and the Protestant princes at
Mary of Burgundy. He inherited all of Castilla and Aragn and the Battle of Mhlberg. He fought against the Turks in
their many territories, including those in America from his Tunisia. Carlos son Felipe II carried on the French wars at
maternal grandparents the Catholic Kings. the Battle of Saint-Quentin, and the Turkish wars at the
naval Battle of Lepanto. He also faced revolts by the
2 Model answer. The inheritance of Carlos V was determined
Dutch. He fought against the English, losing the Spanish
by the deaths of several people who were ahead of him in
Armada in 1588.
the lines of succession. On the paternal side, both his elder
b)
brother and his father died before the Holy Roman Emperor
Who fought? Victor
Maximilian, leaving Carlos as heir. On the maternal side,
many in line for the Castilian inheritance also died young, Battle of Saint- Spanish versus Spain
including Carlos mothers brother John (the first heir), his Quentin, 1557 French
mothers elder sister Isabel (the second), Isabels infant son
Battle of Christian alliance Christian alliance
(the third), and Carlos own father (married to his mother
Lepanto, 1571 against the Turks
Joanna, called Juana la loca). When Queen Isabel of Castilla
died in 1504, her crown and territories did not go to Battle of Spanish versus Spain
Fernando, her husband and fellow Catholic Monarch, who Mhlberg, 1547 Protestant
had many enemies. Instead, the title eventually went to German princes

Page 205 Brotherhoods. Foreign enemies: France, the Protestant

north, the Ottoman Empire.
ACTIVITIES
Felipe II: Internal problems: opposition to centralisation in
2 Open answers. some kingdoms, revolt in Aragon, financial problems,
religious intolerance. Foreign enemies: France, the United
Provinces, the Ottoman Empire, England.
Page 206 Conquest and colonisation of America:
DID YOU KNOW? Conquest of Mexico: 1521, Hernn Corts occupies Aztec
Tenochtitln and orders its destruction
Open answers.
Conquest of Peru: 1532-33, Francisco Pizarro imprisons,
ACTIVITIES ransoms, and executes Inca emperor Atahualpa, occupies
Cuzco, the Inca capital
1 Model answer. As the Spanish conquistadors became aware Territory divided into Viceroyalties of New Spain and Peru
of the native American peoples' stores of gold and silver,
Main resources extracted were precious metals and
legends grew about fabulous sources of treasure. 'El Dorado'
hacienda ranch production: tobacco, maize, sugar cane,
was a legendary City of Gold in the Viceroyalty of New
wheat, vines and olives
Granada, in present-day Colombia. Many expeditions were
organised. 2 1512 Conquest of Navarra by Fernando of Aragn
1520 Revolt of the Comuneros
1525 Battle of Pavia
Page 207
1547 Battle of Mhlberg
ACTIVITIES 1555 Peace of Augsburg
2 th
The two major territorial holdings in 16 century Spanish 1556 Abdication of Carlos V
America were the Viceroyalty of New Spain, around what had 1568 Rebellion of the Netherlands
been the Aztec Empire, and the Viceroyalty of Peru, in what 1571 Battle of Lepanto
was formerly the Inca Empire.
1580 Incorporation of Portugal into the Hispanic Monarchy
3 Indian communities supplied workers for the mines and farms 1588 Defeat of the Spanish Armada
under the system of the mita. Under the encomienda system,
1591 Revolt of Aragn
leading Spaniards were granted an Indian labour force. In hot
plantation regions, slaves supplied the work force. 3 1518 Corts arrives in Mexico.
1520 Aztecs expel Corts.
1521 Corts takes Aztec capital of Tenochtitln.
Page 208
1532 Pizarro arrives in Peru, imprisons then executes Inca
ACTIVITY ROUND-UP emperor.
1533 Pizarro takes Inca capital of Cuzco.
1 The Spanish Empire.
Authoritarian monarchies: 4 Open answers.
Characteristics: centralised administration; created 5 The main objectives of Spanish foreign policy under both
permanent royal armies; limited the powers of the Carlos V and Felipe II were the conservation of its many
representative assemblies; increased taxes; created a territories, the strengthening of Spanish rule in Europe and
diplomatic service. the defence of Catholicism.
Reign of the Catholic Monarchs: 6 Authoritarian Monarchy: monarchs strengthened their
Union of the Iberian territories, except Portugal authority by reducing the power of the nobility, the Church
(Castilla, Aragon, Navarra, Granada). and the municipalities.
Domestic policy: consolidated authority through creation The Casa de Contratacin: the institution in Sevilla that
of Holy Brotherhood, professional army, municipal controlled the crowns monopoly of precious metals and
administrators, courts of justice, and a state treasury for agricultural products from America.
tax collection. The Inquisition: a church tribunal that maintained Christian
Foreign policy: consolidated territorial holdings through orthodoxy.
expulsion of the Muslims, conquest of the Canary Islands Encomienda: the official system by which Spanish
and other outposts, and matrimonial alliance via their five colonists were granted labour and tribute payments from
children with other European states, alongside the Indians in the New World territories.
exploration of new territories beyond the Atlantic. Viceroyalty: a large territory ruled by a Viceroy on behalf of
Habsburg Empire: the monarch.
Carlos V: Internal problems: increased taxes on the urban Mita: the Spanish labour system which required Indian
bourgeoisie, revolt of the Comuneros, revolt of the communities to supply the work force for mining.

Page 209 2 a)No, the two opinions vary considerably. Montesinos
criticises the Spaniards for their brutality, while Seplveda
ACTIVITY ROUND-UP
argues that Spanish domination over the Indians is
7 a)The cochineal is an insect. justified.
b)The insect is native to the Mexican and South American b)The excerpt suggests that the way the Indians are treated
tropics. will be regulated in the future.
c)The cochineal was the source for the red 'carmine' dye 3 a)The vast majority of the Indians died from diseases
used in the 15th century for colouring fabrics. It was widely introduced by the Europeans.
exported during the colonial period.
Open answers.
b)
8 Carlos V became Holy Roman Emperor.
Francisco Pizarro led the Spanish conquest of Peru.
Hernn Corts led the Spanish conquest of Mexico.
Catholic Monarchs unified Spain. 12. Baroque Europe
Felipe II organised an expedition against Protestant England.
Page 213
9 The revolt of the Comuneros in Castilla was a revolt by the
nobility, bourgeoisie and peasants of Castilla, which was WORK WITH THE IMAGE
caused by increased taxation and the unpopularity of Carlos
Open answers.
Vs Flemish advisers. The revolts of the Brotherhoods, or
Germanas, in Valencia and Mallorca were rebellions by
artisans against the nobility. Both revolts were defeated. HOW DO WE KNOW?
10 Beneath the monarch, there was a noble ruling and Open answers.
landowning class and a lower hidalgo class of noble descent
but few possessions. The Church was divided into the high
Page 214
clergy, which had influence at court, the lower clergy. The
common people consisted of merchants, peasants, artisans, WORK WITH THE CHART AND THE TABLE
craftsmen and servants.
1 a)Russia experienced a sharp increase, and Germany
11 The spread of Protestantism in the German states, the
experienced a sharp decrease.
expansion of the Turkish Empire in the Mediterranean, and
the spread of Calvinism in the Netherlands all threatened the b)Germany reached a population peak around 1620, when it
Spanish crowns authority over its territories and its strong had over 20 million inhabitants, the highest population in
defence of Catholicism. Europe. By 1650, that population had fallen to below 8
million thanks to the effects of the Thirty Years War,
The legacy of the conquest of America disease and migration.
c)There were seven major epidemics of the bubonic plague.
12 to 15 . Open answers.
d)In Spain there were epidemics in 1600, 1630, 1647, 1652
and during the ten-year period 1676-1686.
Page 210
KNOW HOW TO... Analyse historical clothing

Page 215
1 Open answers.
WORK WITH THE IMAGES
2 a)The utilitarian clothes seen in the painting entitled Market
were those worn by common people. The jewellery and 2 The three images show different phases in the domestic
fine clothing of Prince Don Carlos and Ana of Austria were production of goods. First, a merchant or similar
worn by the royalty and nobility. businessman purchases raw materials from their source: in
b)The clothes of nobles and other wealthy persons did not this case, he is buying wool from a shepherd. Second, the
need be comfortable or practical, but merely ostentatious. material is put into the hands of craftspeople for the
The dress of commoners, on the other hand, was looser, production of finished goods. Finally, the merchant collects
rougher and more practical. the finished goods and sells them to customers.
c)Clothing is still a status symbol today.

ACTIVITIES
Page 211 3 a)Tomasso Aniello, called Masaniello (1622-1647) was a

fisherman in Naples. He became the leader of a great
KNOW HOW TO... Why did the Indian population decrease? popular revolt.
1 The number of native Indians living in Mexico is estimated to b)When the Spanish crown started to impose heavy taxes
have fallen from 25 million in the early 1500s to around one on its subjects in Naples, in order to sustain its many
million a century later. wars, Masaniello began to sell his fish illegally to escape

taxation. He became a professional smuggler and was century Europe. On one side, there were the Habsburg States
often imprisoned, and driven into debt. He then led the of the Holy Roman Empire and the Spanish Empire. At one
citizens of Naples in a revolt against the Spanish crown. time or another, they were opposed by the United Provinces,
c)The revolt ended successfully: the rebels were pardoned Sweden, France, Denmark, Bohemia, Saxony, Prussia,
for the uprising, the more oppressive taxes were removed, England, Scotland and Transylvania.
and the citizens were granted new rights. However, 2 The Spanish Monarchs were allies of the Holy Roman Empire,
Masaniello was assassinated. also ruled by Habsburgs, on behalf of Catholicism.
3 Although a Catholic nation, France joined the war against the
Page 216 Habsburgs because it feared their growing hegemony.
ACTIVITIES 4 Open answers.
1 Model answer. Juan Everardo Nithard was an Austrian priest

and the confessor to Queen Mariana, widow of Felipe IV. At Page 219
Felipes death, Mariana of Austria became Queen Regent for
WORK WITH THE MAPS
her infant son Carlos, who inherited the throne at age 4. She
appointed Nithard as her valido. Nithard had been Marianas 5 In 1618, Spanish imperial territories in Europe included the
tutor since childhood, at the court of her father Emperor entire Iberian Peninsula, the Canary and Balearic Islands,
Ferdinand III, and when she married Felipe of Spain, Nithard the Low Countries (which would rebel as the United
accompanied her there. She appointed Nithard Grand Provinces), parts of France including Cerdaa and
Inquisitor in 1666, giving him great power and permitting Rosellon, Franche-Comte, the islands of Sardinia and Sicily,
him to rule on behalf of the child king Carlos II. However, and the kingdoms of Milan and Naples.
Nithard signed treaties with Portugal and France that In 1648, when the Peace of Westphalia was signed to end
were considered disadvantageous to the Spanish crown, the war, Spain lost the United Provinces.
and this led to his dismissal in 1669. He went to Rome
In 1659, following the Treaty of the Pyrenees, Spain lost all
as an ambassador and remained there as a Catholic
its French possessions except for Charolais.
cardinal until his death in 1681.
6 The United Provinces (now called the Netherlands) and the
Swiss Confederacy were recognised as independent states in
Page 217
1648, and both still exist today.
WORK WITH THE IMAGE
2 The painting depicts humble citizens of Sevilla, the city where Page 220
the painter Diego Velzquez was born. The artist shows ACTIVITIES
sympathy for them, giving them great dignity.
1 Absolutism is a form of government where a ruler has all
ACTIVITIES the power.
Hegemony is the domination of a single power.
3 Validos, or favourites of the Monarch, were common
throughout Europe in the Early Modern period, serving as de A royal factory was a place where luxury products were
facto Prime Ministers for kings and emperors who had little made.
interest in the details of government. In Spain, validos were Customs duties are a taxes on imported products.
key advisors whose personal views shaped royal policy. 2 Louis XIV, the absolutist monarch of France known as the Sun
4 The recession was due to various factors: a decreasing rural King, exercised power personally. He closely controlled the
population, which led to declining agricultural production; nobles by maintaining them at his court; disallowed ministers
decreased artisan activity as a result of lower demand, from making decisions without his approval; centralised and
higher taxes and growing trade from abroad; higher prices as unified laws and tax systems throughout the kingdom; and
a result of the imports of precious metals from America; and imposed religious unity, favouring Catholics and persecuting
a fall in the quantities of precious metals reaching Spain. Protestants.
5 The Habsburg dynasty that had begun with Carlos I ended 3 Louis XIV extended his territorial reach in Europe by fighting
with his great-great grandson Carlos II. Carlos had no wars against the Spanish, the United Provinces, and the Holy
children and in 1700 his throne passed to Philip of Bourbon, a Roman Empire.
grandson of the French King Louis XIV.
Page 221
Page 218
ACTIVITIES
ACTIVITIES
1 The United Provinces, today called the Netherlands, were an
1 The Thirty Years War that dominated central Europe from important centre of international trade thanks to the Dutch
1618 to 1648 involved most of the great powers of 17th East India Company and the Dutch West India Company,

which monopolised Asian and American trade and obtained
Evangelista Italian 1608-1647 Invented
immense profits. Torricelli barometer
2 Timber and cereals from the Baltic region, iron from Sweden, Blaise Pascal French 1623-1662 Invented
cloth from England, wine and wool from Spain, as well as calculator
spices and raw materials from all around the world.
Marcello Italian 1628-1694 Greater
3 The United Provinces have been called the first modern Malpighi understanding of
economy due to their extensive trade and the innovation anatomy
of their banking systems, all of which led to great wealth
for the growing merchant class or bourgeoisie. Thanks to 2 Recorded text.
their economic power, the bourgeoisie gained control of
a)It explains the relationship between the pressure and the
Parliament and acquired political power as well.
volume of a gas. Boyles law.
4 The Dutch Republic was a confederation of seven provinces. b)It enabled him to discover Jupiters satellites, sun spots
It had a central representative government at The Hague and the surface of the Moon. Galileos telescope.
known as the States General. Its key functions were to pass
c)It is an instrument used in meteorology to measure
laws and elect a Grand Pensionary (administrator) and Grand
atmospheric pressure. Torricellis barometer.
Stadtholder (military commander).
d)It had eight dials and could add, subtract, multiply and
divide. Pascals calculator.
Page 222 e)It explains the reason for the attraction of any two bodies
in the universe. Newtons law of universal gravitation.
ACTIVITIES
f)There was greater knowledge of animals, humans and
1 a)Jamestown, in the colony of Virginia, was established in plants, as the scientist was one of the first to use a
1607, and was the first permanent English settlement in microscope. Malpighis anatomical studies.
America,. Pocahontas, a princess of the local Powhatan
g)They explain the movement of the planets around the
tribe, was taken prisoner by Jamestown colonists in 1613.
Sun. Keplers laws of planetary motion.
Although she was later allowed to return to her people,
h)The frequency of the appearance of a celestial body was
she chose to remain with the English. She converted to
predicted for the first time. Halleys calculations.
Christianity and took the name Rebecca.
b)The Pilgrim Fathers were English Calvinists who fled 3 Model answer. William Harvey (15781657) was an English
religious intolerance. They emigrated to the New World physician who studied how blood is circulated throughout
and established a colony in 1620 at Plymouth (in what is the body by the activity of the heart. Harvey was born
now the state of Massachusetts). This was the second in the town of Folkestone and educated at Cambridge
permanent English settlement in America. University. He then travelled through Europe, and studied
at the University of Padua in Italy. He became a doctor
c)The Pilgrims at Plymouth are said to have held the first
in London, and became personal physician to King James I.
Thanksgiving holiday in 1621. This celebrated a good
He was sceptical about accusations of witchcraft against
harvest following a difficult first year.
women. His work entitled On the Motion of the Heart and
Blood set out his theories on blood circulation and were
Page 223 considered a significant advance for medical science.
ACTIVITIES
Page 224
1
Main
Name Nationality Born/died
achievement 1 The Church of San Carlo alle Quattro Fontane by Borromini
Galileo Galilei Italian 1564-1642 Father of modern features such typically Baroque elements as curves, columns
physics, and the use of fine coloured marble. It is highly ornamental,
astronomy, combining painting, sculpture and architectural decoration.
improved
telescope
Page 225
Isaac Newton English 1642-1726 Law of universal
gravitation ACTIVITIES
Johannes German 1571-1630 Laws of planetary 2 Model answer. Caravaggios Supper at Emmaus depicts the
Kepler motion Biblical event in which a resurrected Jesus appears to two of
Edmond English 1656-1742 Calculated the his followers. Although the men do not recognize him at first,
Halley orbit of a comet this is the moment when they realise their visitors true
identity. The scene is typically baroque in its realism, the
Robert Boyle Irish 1627-1691 Boyles law
deep contrast of light and shadow, and the highly energetic
Evangelista Italian 1608-1647 Invented
Torricelli barometer
Blaise Pascal
GEOGRAPHY French 3 Photocopiable
AND HISTORY 1623-1662materialInvented
Santillana Educacin, S. L. 157
calculator
response of the two seated disciples. One of them grasps 2 1609 Expulsion of the Moriscos from Spain
the arms of his chair, and the other gestures forcefully.
1609 Twelve Years Truce
1625 Union of Arms
Page 227 1640 Rebellion in Portugal
1643 Beginning of the reign of Louis XIV
ACTIVITIES
1648 Peace of Westphalia
1 The Golden Age was the flowering of the arts in Spain in the 1659 Treaty of the Pyrenees
late 16th and 17th centuries. It was given this name because
1689 Bill of Rights in England
it was a period of exceptional cultural achievement.
3 Valido was the Spanish term for a favourite royal advisor
2 Spanish Baroque architecture used simpler materials than
who governed in the monarchs name.
elsewhere in Europe, but it had similar ornamentation.
Spanish sculpture was strongly religious, and specialised in Absolutism was strong rule by a monarch, who reduced
expressive pieces made of carved and painted wood that the role of the nobility and institutions of civil government.
were used on church altars and in religious processions. The Twelve Years Truce was a period of peace with the
Paintings of the Golden Age represented religious subjects, United Provinces promoted by the Duke of Lerma, valido to
such as the lives of the saints and Biblical events. Felipe III of Spain.
3 Open answers. Baroque is the term for the highly expressive art style
characteristic of the period.
States General was the parliamentary government of the
Page 228 United Provinces.
Domestic system was a system of manufacturing goods,
ACTIVITY ROUND-UP
where merchants contracted craftspeople to work in their
1 Baroque Europe: own homes.
A period of crisis: 4 Gaspar de Guzmn, the Count-Duke of Olivares (1587-
Demographic changes due to wars, disease, famines, 1645) was valido to Felipe IV of Spain. He held power from
migrations. 1621 to 1643, when he led Spain into many international
Lowered productivity of the rural economy. conflicts. His unsuccessful attempts at internal reform led
to revolts in Catalonia and Portugal.
Changes to traditional patterns of production of goods.
Gian Lorenzo Bernini (1598-1680) was a prominent Italian
Social unrest due to high taxation and limited
artist, sculptor and architect of the period. He was
representation.
responsible for redeveloping St Peters Basilica in the
Loss of Spanish hegemony: Vatican (Rome). (For more information, see below at
Internal crisis. The Union of Arms, rebellions in Catalonia and Students Book, page 231, Activity 3.)
Portugal. Louis XIV (1638-1715) also known as the Sun King, was the
Foreign policy. Defeats in the Thirty Years War, peace treaties absolute monarch of France during the late 17th century, a
with France and the United Provinces. time of great splendour and growing French hegemony.
Felipe III (1578-1621) was King of Spain during the early 17th
Rise of new powers: century. This was a time of relative peace.
France. Government by absolute monarchy. Diego Velzquez (1599-1660) was the outstanding Spanish
England. Government by parliamentary monarchy. painter of the Baroque period. He painted at the court of
United Provinces. Government by representative parliament King Felipe IV.
(States General). They obtained their independence from Galileo Galilei (1564-1642) was an Italian physicist and
Spain. astronomer. He advanced the heliocentric theory despite
charges of heresy.
Cultural development:
5 The Thirty Years War proved catastrophic for the Spanish
Scientific revolution. Advances in rationalism and empiricism;
Monarchy. It bankrupted the crown and caused taxes to
astronomy and physics; medicine; development of scientific
increase. Although territorial losses by Spain were small,
method.
Habsburg domination of Europe came to an end.
Baroque art. Artists:
Architecture: Bernini, Borromini, Churriguera brothers, Page 229
Ribera, Casas Nova.
Sculpture: Bernini, Fernndez, Martnez Montas, Alonso ACTIVITY ROUND-UP
Cano, de Mena. 6 This table shows the powers that the monarch had under the
Painting: Caravaggio, Rembrandt, Hals, Vermeer, Rubens, constitutional monarchy that developed in England in the 17th
Van Dyck, Velzquez, Zurbarn, Murillo. century, and became the basis for Britains evolving system of

government. The monarch governed under law and not by 2 a)The dramatic and energetic movement of the figures
divine right. He could appoint the government, but needed made them realistic and credible.
parliamentary approval to increase taxes and raise armies.
b)Sculptures of human figures before the Baroque period,
Parliament met regularly and established new laws.
whether realistic or idealised, lack the dynamism of 17th
7 Rembrandts painting entitled The Anatomy Lesson of Doctor century works.
Tulp depicts an anatomy lesson delivered by a doctor. The c)Like Baroque painting and architecture, the sculpture of
situation illustrates 17th century scientific practice, where the the period communicated great emotion to the onlooker.
professor performs careful dissection of a corpse with the
3 Model answer. Gianlorenzo Bernini (1598-1680) was born
a)
goal of advancing knowledge.
in Naples to a family of sculptors, and he began sculpting
The legacy of the Baroque period as a child. His early works Aeneas, Anchises, and Ascanius
(1619), The Rape of Proserpina (162122), Apollo and
8 a)Spain is a constitutional monarchy. Daphne (162225), and David (162324) confirmed his
b)The monarch in Spain is the head of state and nominates the prominence as a dynamic artist who could show great
Prime Minister (called president of the government), who is psychological tension. He acquired many prominent
then confirmed by a vote in parliament. The monarch may patrons, one of whom became Pope Urban VIII. Bernini
dissolve the parliament, but only at the request of the Prime designed architectural masterpieces, like the basilica for
Minister. The monarch is also commander in chief of the the tomb of St Peter in the Vatican. He was made Chief
nations armed forces. However, in practice the monarchs Architect of St Peters in 1629 and also accepted
role is essentially symbolic, because he (or she) is not commissions from wealthy and distinguished patrons
expected to intervene in political life. throughout Europe, such as Cardinal Richelieu of France
c)Along with the executive branch, the Parliament helps to and King Charles I of England. When Innocent X became
govern Spain in many fields, such as public administration Pope in 1644, he kept Bernini on, and so did his successor
and defence. However, the country is divided into 17 Pope Alexander VII. Over time, Bernini made changes to
Autonomous Communities and two Autonomous Cities, the Vatican, including the square (or piazza) leading to St
which also have important functions (for example, in Peters. In 1665, when Bernini was considered the most
education and health). important artist in Rome, he travelled to France to work on
the Louvre Palace (later the famous museum) for King
9 Picassos Las Meninas (1957) was one of 58 versions of
Louis XIV. However, his designs were rejected because
Velzquez painting that Picasso painted three centuries after
they were too Italian in style. Berninis many fountains in
the original. Perhaps Picassos homage was intended to
Rome are among his best known works. He died in Rome
show that he was the great Spanish master of the 20th
in 1680.
century, just as Velzquez had been the outstanding artist of
Open answers.
b)
the Golden Age. (Elsewhere, Picasso also showed a similar
admiration for another extraordinary figure of Spanish art,
Francisco de Goya.) This particular painting reveals the
geometry of Velzquezs masterpiece, for example, by giving
several figures a triangular shape.
Page 230
KNOW HOW TO... Analyse symbols

1 Symbols of power on display in the portrait of Louis XIV
include a crown (which represents his divine right to rule), a
sceptre (his authority over his subjects), a sword (his
authority over the courts and military), and a coronation robe
(his royal ancestry).
2 The clothes worn by Louis were extraordinarily expensive.
The gold elements were made of real gold and the fabrics
were of the finest quality.
3 Louis XIV wanted his appearance to show his regal nature.
4 Open answers.
Page 231
KNOW HOW TO... Baroque sculpture

1 Open answers.

Recording Transcripts
RECORDING TRANSCRIPTS
1. Physical Geography 2. World population
Track 1: Students and teachers Track 3: Students and teachers
Pages 6 and 7: The highest peak in the world Pages 30-1: Where does most of the worlds population
Everest, at 8,850 metres, is the highest mountain in the world. live?
On 29th May 1953, the New Zealander Edmund Hillary and the Today the world has more than 6,800 million inhabitants. 60.3%
sherpa Tenzing Norgay, both members of a British expedition, of these people live on the continent of Asia. In 2010, the worlds
reached the top for the first time. Other climbers had tried most populated countries were China, India, the United States,
to do the same unsuccessfully since the first expedition to Indonesia, Brazil, Pakistan, Nigeria, Bangladesh, Russia and Japan.
Everest in 1920. It is estimated that over half of the worlds population will still live
The 1953 Everest expedition. There were 406 members of this in Asia in 2050.
expedition: 13 climbers, 43 sherpas and 350 porters. Each man
carried a rucksack weighing 27 kilos. They carried oxygen Track 4: Teachers
to help them breathe at high altitude. At times, the oxygen froze.
Page 45: Birth control policies and population growth
Each climbing suit, made of cotton and nylon, weighed 8 kilos.
They had to put up with winds of 160 kilometres per hour China is the most highly populated country in the world with
and temperatures of minus 27 degrees centigrade. more than 1,300 million inhabitants. It is followed by India with
more than 1,200 million. However, this situation will change
according to estimates made by the United Nations Organisation
Track 2: Teachers (UNO). Indias population will equal Chinas in 2028, when both
Page 29: Tropical cyclones countries will have 1,450 million inhabitants. After that, Indias
population will continue to grow rapidly.
A tropical cyclone is a highly destructive natural phenomenon.
In 1980, the Chinese government introduced a policy of one child
It is a huge rotating system of thunderstorms that originates
per couple when the population reached one thousand million
over tropical or subtropical waters.
inhabitants. This policy brought overpopulation under control.
In the northern hemisphere, it circulates in an anticlockwise Chinas fertility rate was 6.4 children per woman in 1965, but
direction. In the southern hemisphere, it circulates today it is only 1.6. However, the negative consequences have
in a clockwise direction. included forced sterilizations and abortions, and baby girls who
Two conditions are needed for a tropical cyclone to develop: were killed at birth or abandoned. In 2013, the policy was relaxed
The surface temperature of the oceans must be higher than to allow many families to have a second child.
26 degrees centigrade. At this temperature, evaporation and Today, India has a fertility rate of 2.7 children per woman, which
condensation are intense, and they provide the necessary is higher than Chinas. Some regional Indian governments are
energy to generate strong winds and rain. This explains why worried about at the rapid growth of their populations. They have
most cyclones form at the end of summer when the water suggested measures to slow down the rate of growth. In the state
is warm. of Kerala, in the south of India, a law has been proposed which
Cyclones form in areas of low atmospheric pressure which would limit the number of children per woman to two. Breaking
attract high winds. the law would be punished by high fines or a prison sentence.
Cyclones move with the rotation of the Earth. As they move,

they can change in size, speed, and direction, according to
atmospheric and oceanic conditions. When a cyclone comes
into contact with colder waters or with land, it gradually 3.Cities
weakens until it disappears altogether.
The effects of tropical cyclones Track 5: Students and teachers
Strong winds. When the sustained speed of the wind
Pages 46-7: Oslo: a sustainable city
is less than 60 kilometres per hour, we refer to a tropical
depression. If it is between 60 and 119 kilometres per hour, Oslo is one of the richest cities in Europe and the most populated
it is a tropical storm. If it is higher than this, it is a hurricane in Norway. More than 600,000 people live in the city and 1.5
or typhoon. million in the metropolitan area. Oslo aims to be one of the most
eco-friendly cities in the world through careful economic, social
Storm surge. This occurs in coastal areas when the sea level
and cultural development.
rises dangerously and there are huge waves.
A greener city. About two thirds of Oslo is made up of protected
Torrential rain. This can cause flooding and landslides.
woodland, hills and water. 95% of its citizens have access to
Tornados. These are strong winds forming a violent, a green area within 300 metres of their houses. Oslo wants
rotating column. to improve its biodiversity by avoiding the introduction of invasive
All these effects can result in serious personal and material species and protecting its fauna and flora. It is creating new green
damage, especially in coastal areas. spaces and water courses.
162 DIA A DIA A LAULA GEOGRAPHY AND HISTORY 1 Photocopiable material Santillana Educacin, S. L.
A healthier city. Oslo wants its citizens to generate less waste they are still at sea.
and make the city a cleaner place. Areas of urban decay Commercial agriculture is the practice of growing a specialized
will be cleaned up and recycling will be extended. crop on a large scale. It uses modern and mechanized methods,
Less pollution. By 2030 Oslo plans to reduce its greenhouse gas and its products are sold on national or global markets.
emissions by 50%. Oil-fired heating will disappear by 2020. Subsistence agriculture is the traditional method of producing
Priority will be given to electric cars. small quantities of mixed crops for the immediate use of the
producers.
Track 6: Teachers
Page 59: Social exclusion in cities

Many big cities in developed countries have depressed areas
where social exclusion is common. In France, this type of area
Track 9: Students and teachers
is called a banlieue. These areas developed in the 1960s.
Immigrants arrived in large numbers to take advantage of the Pages 84-5: The strategic importance of rare raw
jobs created by the economic boom. They lived in large blocks materials
of flats on the outskirts of the city. Services were poor and there
Industrial technology requires certain raw materials that are
was overcrowding. People who obtained jobs and money began
only found in a few places. As a result of their scarcity, they are
to leave the area and moved to other parts of the city.
considered strategic resources. Many of these resources are
The result was:
found in China. So China controls their supply, and could even
Those left behind became poorer. prevent other countries from manufacturing high technology
Buildings began to deteriorate. products.
Services remained poor. The mining of valuable minerals can cause armed conflict
Unemployment was high and social problems grew. in developing countries. Coltan (which contains tantalum) is
essential to the electronics industry. Rival groups are fighting
for control of this resource in the Democratic Republic of Congo
and Sierra Leone.
Track 10: Teachers
Page 103: Energy poverty
Pages 62-3: The cultivation of oranges Energy poverty is the lack of access to modern energy services.
A Planting. Planting takes place in the spring. The trees should It affects a fifth of the worlds population. More than 1,300 million
be planted at some distance from each other because their people have no electricity in their homes, and around 3,000
roots spread. The trees are at a distance of 6 to 7 metres million depend on traditional types of energy like coal and wood
from each other. for heating and cooking. Sub-Saharan
B T ending. Orange trees need a lot of water. They need many Africa is the area with greatest energy deficiencies.
hours of sunlight and mild temperatures. The trees need The lack of clean energy puts health at risk. It causes breathing
artificial irrigation when rain is scarce. problems and the death of two million people every year.
C Harvesting. The oranges are often harvested by hand. In Moreover, without energy, industry cannot develop, basic social
Spain, the harvest is usually between November and May. services like hospital care are missing, and the water supply
is not assured. Energy poverty prevents economic and social
development.
Energy poverty also exists in developed countries although it
Page 80, Activity 3 means something different. In these cases, people are unable
Open-field holdings are unfenced landscapes for livestock to cover their basic energy needs, for example to take a shower
or farming. Closed holdings are separated by walls, fences or heat their houses. In Spain, more than 10% of homes suffer
or trees into plots of land. from energy poverty.
Extensive livestock farming is the use of large, natural spaces
for the grazing of livestock. Different types of livestock may graze Track 11: Students and teachers
together. Intensive livestock farming is the high-technology Page 105: A sustainable energy project, Activity 1
method of raising large numbers of animals of a single species
in closed spaces under controlled conditions. aFalse. The world consumes less energy in a year than a desert
receives in six hours.
Inshore fishing is fishing done in coastal waters by small and
medium-sized boats, which deliver their fresh catch to market bTrue. One of the objectives of Desertec is to produce clean
each day. Deep-sea fishing is carried out by large ships that sustainable energy.
stay in oceans and seas for long periods of time. They operate cFalse. The energy would mainly go to solar plants located
like factories, cutting, cleaning and freezing their catches while in the deserts.
DIA A DIA A LAULA GEOGRAPHY AND HISTORY 1 Photocopiable material Santillana Educacin, S. L. 163
dTrue. Parabolic mirrors are used to direct the sunlight towards b False. In 1883 Benidorm was mainly a fishing village
tanks of water. with 3,150 inhabitants.
e False. Solar energy from the deserts would cover around c False. The population increased by about 3,000 people
15% of Europes electricity demand. between 1883 and 1960.
f False. The project would provide the Saharan countries with d False. The tourist boom started in 1956.
a clean energy supply, boost their economic development e True. Although the population of Benidorm is only 69,000
and provide energy for them to desalinate seawater. in the winter, it increases to 400,000 in the summer.
6.Services 7.Development
Track 12: Students and teachers Track 15: Students and teachers
Pages 108-9: The northern sea routes Pages 128-9: Is education a universal right?
The ships that sail along Russias northern coast through Education is an essential means to fight poverty and inequality.
the Arctic Ocean experience extreme conditions. It is dark for However, in 2011, 57 million children did not go to primary school.
much of the year, and there are strong winds, fog and abundant Another 70 million young people, especially girls, did not continue
ice. However, in the summer enough ice melts to create a very their studies at secondary level.
narrow corridor through which ships can navigate. 84% of the worlds population can read and write. But this
As a result of climate change, many parts of the Arctic Ocean percentage is much lower in less developed countries.
could become free of ice in the future. Ships would then be able
to navigate between the worlds main ports along new routes. Track 16: Teachers
Page 141: The Millennium Development Goals

Track 13: Teachers
The Millennium Development Goals were established by member
Page 125: Fair international trade relations states of the United Nations in 2000. They have become an
One of the challenges of the 21st century is to achieve fairer trade important part of the international fight against world poverty.
relations. The production of goods and raw materials has moved Significant progress has been made in many areas. However,
to developing countries. However, many of these countries are there is much to be done: one in eight people in the world today
not progressing and extreme poverty still exists there. Why? suffers from hunger.
A. Unfair trade: The goals:
Large companies, generally multinational firms, dictate 1To eradicate extreme poverty and hunger.
conditions to the workers and the local companies they 2To achieve universal primary education.
subcontract. 3To promote gender equality.
Some companies buy raw materials as cheaply as possible. 4To reduce child mortality.
Occasionally, they speculate with the price of raw materials.
5To improve maternal health.
They reduce labour costs, and their workers live in very poor
6 To combat HIV/AIDS, malaria and other diseases.
conditions. They try to prevent any attempts to draw up union
laws in the countries. They sometimes employ children. 7To ensure environmental sustainability.
B. Fair trade: 8 To develop a global partnership for development.
Would it be possible to establish other types of companies

(either family or local) with different objectives?
Prices are determined by the international markets is there 8. Environmental sustainability
an alternative?
Why are the workers in less developed countries treated Track 17: Students and teachers
differently from workers in developed countries?
Pages 144-5: Local decisions, global effects
What are the minimum conditions that we should demand
for every worker? In 1984 Monaco Oceanographic Museum imported a dangerous
invasive plant, a tropical alga called Caulerpa. The museum
Track 14: Students and teachers submerged some of its aquariums in the sea to clean them.
This had very serious environmental consequences. The alga
Page 126: Analyse a tourist resort: Benidorm Caulerpa spread throughout the Mediterranean and killed many
(Alicante), Activity 3 of the Posidonia fields in Italy, France, Spain, Monaco and Croatia.
aTrue. The first tourists arrived in Benidorm in the nineteenth Why is Posidonia important to the Mediterranean?
century, thanks to the new railway line and Francisco Rondas Posidonia is a Mediterranean marine plant. It is the habitat
baths. for over 400 species of plants and 1,000 species of animals.
Its long leaves protect the coast from erosion caused Crew. 234 men left. 18 men returned. The Nao Victoria was
by the waves. Illegal trawling, the contamination of sea water the only ship to return. Juan Sebastin Elcano was its captain.
and the construction of infrastructures on the coast have Provisions for the voyage. The crew did not eat fresh food for
a very adverse effect on its growth. several months. By the end of the voyage, very little food was left.
Posidonia is the habitat of around 400 species of plants They ate leather soaked in water, leftovers full of worms and even
and 1,000 species of animals. rats. They had10 tons of biscuits, 200 barrels of sardines, 1 ton of
Its long leaves protect the coast from erosion caused cheese, 6 tons of meat.
by the waves. Antonio de Pigafetta wrote:
Its roots stabilize the sea bed. On 21 October 1520, at 52 in the southern latitude, we found
Aggressive algae: Caulerpa a strait by miracle. It is surrounded by high mountains covered
with snow. It leads to another sea, which we called the peaceful
The Caulerpa is not toxic for human beings but it is very
sea, or Pacific Ocean. There was a terrible storm during the night
aggressive with flora and fauna. This invasive plant is currently
and we were forced to pull up the anchors and let our ships drift
colonising over 3,000 hectares of the Mediterranean Sea.
around the bay. We thought that two ships were lost, but after
We need to take action to prevent it from spreading more!
a while they returned.
Divers should clean their material before and after each dive.
Sailors should check their anchors and chains before Track 21: Students and teachers
and after anchoring.
Page 173, Activity 10
Fishermen should clean their nets before and after throwing
them into the sea. a False. In 1500 there were not quite as many people in Europe
as before the Black Death.
Track 18: Students and teachers bTrue. The population of most of Europe began to increase
in the 15th century.
c False. The bourgeoisie improved their social position by
aGlobal warming is the increase in the Earths average increasing their wealth. But they did not yet have the same
temperature. privileges as the nobles and the clergy.
bAir pollution is caused by gases that cannot be naturally dTrue. Some extremely rich bourgeois families rose on the social
recycled scale when their children married members of the nobility.
c Smog is a mixture of smoke and fog. e False. Wealthy bankers like the Fuggers lent money to
d The ozone layer absorbs most of the radiation from the Sun. monarchs.
e Acid rain increases the acidity of lake and river water. fTrue. Peasants still had a very hard life, but in most of Europe
fIn excess, greenhouse gases stop heat leaving the planet. they were now free and no longer had the obligations of serfs.
Track 19: Teachers Track 22: Teachers
Page 151, activity 4 Page 174: Extracts from Christopher Columbus Journal
(1492)
Water is a natural resource which is essential to life. Fresh water
is a renewable resource thanks to evaporation and rainfall. The third of August. They set out at 8 oclock on Friday the third
Unfortunately, most fresh water is frozen at the poles or in of August 1492.
glaciers. Water consumption is much higher in developed The sixth of September. The Admiral stored water, firewood, meat
countries than in less developed countries. There is an economic and other things. Finally, he set sail from the island of La Gomera
water scarcity in some less developed countries because they with his three caravels.
do not have the necessary infrastructures. The tenth of October. The sailors became impatient, and
complained about the length of the voyage. But the Admiral
encouraged them, telling them about the profits they would
9. The Age of Discovery receive. He added that there was no use complaining because
they were going to the Indies. They would have to continue until
they arrived there with the Lords help.
The eleventh of October. The Pinta was the swiftest ship, and
Pages 160-1: How did we discover that the Earth was ahead of the Admirals ship. It discovered land and made
was round? the signals which had been ordered. A sailor called Rodrigo
In 1519, an expedition led by Ferdinand Magellan left southern Spain de Triana was the first person to see land.
in search of the Maluku Islands in Asia. An explorer called Antonio The twelfth of October. The Admiral landed on the island in a
de Pigafetta wrote down everything he saw during the voyage. small boat with the two captains and other sailors. They saw
There was an especially dangerous moment when they crossed the trees, rivers and streams, and many kinds of fruits. The Admiral
strait between the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans. This was the first told the others to witness how he took possession of the island
voyage round the world. Only one of the five ships returned. on behalf of the king and queen.
Then many people from the island assembled together. These

were the Admirals words: 11. The Spanish Empire
I wanted them to see us as friends, and convert them
to Our Holy Religion without violence. I gave them some
coloured caps and glass beads which they put round Pages 194-5: What were the tercios?
their necks, as well as other things of little value. They were The tercios were a fighting force of the Spanish monarchy.
very pleased with them They were created during the Italian Wars in the 16th century.
and were wonderfully friendly with us. But I thought they were The soldiers of the tercios were famous for being proud,
very poor people. They were all completely naked. All the people professional veterans.
I saw were young and good-looking. Their hair was short and
A tercio. A tercio was formed by 3,000 men organised into ten
rough like a horses tail, except for a small part which hung
companies. It was led by a maestro de campo. A company had
behind their heads and which they never cut.
300 soldiers. It was led by a captain. Four companies formed
They did not have any weapons, and they did not know a coronela. It was led by a colonel.
anything about them. I showed them swords and they took Military strategy. The pikemen were in the centre. Veterans
them and cut themselves out of ignorance. They dont have marched at the front. Arquebusiers protected the flanks.
any iron. Their spears are sticks with a fishs tooth at the end.
AThe musketeers fired when the enemy was 100 metres away.
I saw that some of them had wounds on their bodies
BNext, the arquebusiers fired.
and I gestured to ask what they were. They showed me
how people came from other islands and attacked them CFinally, the pikemen used swords and daggers in hand
and they defended themselves. to hand combat.
Track 26: Teachers
Page 211: Two views of the treatment of the Indians

10. Renaissance and Reformation Fray Antonio de Montesinos, Sermon (1511)
To speak these truths, I have come here I am the voice of Christ
Track 23: Students and teachers and you should hear what I have to say.
Pages 176 and 177: Leonardo da Vinci, a universal You are all in a state of mortal sin and you live and die in this
way because of the cruelty and tyranny you practise among
genius
these innocent people.
Leonardo da Vinci (14521519) was an incredibly versatile
Tell me: by what right do you hold these Indians in such cruel
Renaissance genius. He was an extraordinary painter, engineer
and horrible servitude?
and inventor. He investigated in numerous fields, such as
On what authority have you fought such hateful wars against
anatomy, mechanics, optics, hydraulics, architecture, meteorology,
people who lived so peacefully in their own lands? In these wars
and astronomy.
you have killed vast numbers of them. Why have you oppressed
The painter. The Mona Lisa (or Gioconda) is an extremely famous and exhausted them? Why have you failed to feed them or heal
portrait. The woman in the painting was probably Mona Lisa, their sicknesses? You give them far too much work and they die,
the wife of a rich merchant called Francesco del Giocondo. or rather, you kill them in order to obtain gold every day.
The inventor. Leonardo was fascinated by the flight of birds Juan Ins de Seplveda, On the just causes of war against the
and he designed several types of flying machine. He also Indians, (1545)
designed war engines and other machines.
It is not against either justice or religion to put decent,
The scientist. Leonardo was interested in anatomy and made fair and prudent Spaniards in charge of these towns and villages,
studies of the human body. The most famous is 'Vitruvian Man'. especially those who took an active part in the conquest.
This drawing was based on the texts of Marcus Vitruvius, They can instruct the Indians in decent, civilised customs
a great ancient Roman architect. and initiate and educate them in the Christian religion.
This should not be preached through violence but by persuasion
Track 24: Students and teachers and giving a good example. No reason of justice, humanity
or Christianity prohibits domination over subject peoples or
the demand for tribute. These are fair compensation
Heliocentrism a theory that places the Sun at the centre for the work of princes, magistrates and soldiers.
of the universe.
Reformation a Christian movement that opposed the Catholic
Church. 12. Baroque Europe
Counter-Reformation the Catholic Churchs movement
of renewal. Track 27: Students and teachers
Patron someone who commissions work by an artist. Pages 214-5: The Palace of Versailles
Herrerian style a plain, unadorned architectural style. King Louis XIV of France ordered his architects to convert
Plateresque style a very ornate architectural style. a hunting lodge near Paris into a luxurious palace. In 1682
he moved his court there. The Palace of Versailles was designed
like a city, in which up to 20,000 people could live. Louis XIVs
court was intended to display his greatness to
the world.
So many people lived in the Palace of Versailles that every aspect
of daily life had to be carefully planned. This included the kings day.

aIt explains the relationship between the pressure and the
volume of a gas. Boyles law.
bIt enabled him to discover Jupiters satellites, sun spots
and the surface of the Moon. Galileos telescope.
cIt is an instrument used in meteorology to measure
atmospheric pressure. Torricellis barometer.
dIt had eight dials and could add, subtract, multiply and divide.
Pascals calculator.
eIt explains the reason for the attraction of any two bodies
in the universe. Newtons law of universal gravitation.
fThere was greater knowledge of animals, humans and plants,
as the scientist was one of the first to use a microscope.
Malpaghis anatomical studies.
gThey explain the movement of the planets around the Sun.
Keplers laws of planetary motion.
hThe frequency of the appearance of a celestial body was
predicted for the first time. Halleys calculations.
Geography and History 3 Teacher's Book is a collective work, conceived, designed and created by the Secondary Education
department at Santillana, under the supervision of Teresa Grence Ruiz.
Writers: Martin Minchom, Beln Garrido, Joseph Candora, Fernando Abascal, Pedro Adiego,
Olga Cabeza, Jos Luis Domnguez, Margarita Gamb, Javier Iniesta, Juan Martn, Ana Redondo,
Mara Luisa Vzquez, Javier Velilla, Francisco Javier Zabaleta.
Managing editor: Sheila Tourle
Art director: Jos Crespo Gonzlez
Design coordinator: Rosa Marn
Cover design and illustration: Carlos Cubeiro
Design coordinator: Rosa Marn Gonzlez

Design development coordinator: Javier Tejeda de la Calle
Design development: Ral de Andrs Gonzlez and Jorge Gmez Tobar
Technical director: Jorge Mira Fernndez

Technical coordinator: Francisco Moral
Layout: Marcos Elena Merinero and Antonio Daz Costafreda

Photo research: Amparo Rodrguez
Photographs: ARCHIVO SANTILLANA.
2015 by Santillana Educacin, S. L. / Richmond Publishing

Avda. de los Artesanos, 6 Tres Cantos.
28760 Madrid
Richmond Publishing is an imprint

of Santillana Educacin, S. L.
Printed in Spain
Richmond Publishing All rights reserved. No part of this work may be reproduced, stored
58 St Aldates in a retrieval system or transmitted in any form, electronic,
Oxford 0X1 1ST mechanical, photocopying or otherwise without the prior permission
United Kingdom in writing of the copyright holders. Any infraction of the rights
mentioned would be considered a violation of the intellectual
ISBN: 978-84-680-2083-9 property (Article 270 of the Penal Code). If you need to photocopy
CP: 608093 or scan any fragment of this work, contact CEDRO (Centro Espaol
DL: M-40109-2015 de Derechos Reprogrficos, www.cedro.org).

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KEY COMPETENCES are a combination of knowledge, skills and attitudes appropriate to

Competences develop progressively and can be acquired in different learning situations

Linguistic competence Social and civic competence

This is the ability to use computer Competences in Mathematics,

4 GEOGRAPHY AND HISTORY 3

HOW ARE THE KEY COMPETENCES DEVELOPED IN GEOGRAPHY AND HISTORY 3?

Linguistic competence. By studying this subject in a foreign language, students develop

GEOGRAPHY AND HISTORY 3 5

The teaching sequence is learner-centred and designed to promote the acquisition of

Environmental sustainability PosidoniaisaMediterraneanmarineplant.Itisthehabitatforover400

KNOW HOW TO:

AGGRESSIVE ALGAE: CAULERPA

WE NEED TO TAKE ACTION TO PREVENT IT

Divers should Sailors should check Fishermen should

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1 Environmental degradation and green awareness

Ecological DID You KnoW?

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6 GEOGRAPHY AND HISTORY 3

Activities. A wide range of activities develops

several levels of critical thinking, for example,

remembering, comparing, classifying

and analysing. Develop protected areas to preserve

Listening activities. The opening presentation

of each unit is recorded, along with additional

texts and the solutions to a number of matching Biodiversity in the EU and

and gap-fill activities.

For instance, it created the

Think about it. Brief, thought-provoking nuggets

of content stimulate higher order thinking skills

Work with the image. The students analyse

ES0000000004054 509798-Unidad 08_32229.indd 155 21/1/16 13:13

information in photos, maps and graphs.

FINAL UNIT PAGES

Thermal variation (in C)

2 Analyse the photographs.

Today we produce and consume more than ever before. We consume

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GEOGRAPHY AND HISTORY 3 7

THE TEACHERS BOOK

Reinforcement sheets. This material can be photocopied

the requirements of specific groups of students. ES0000000011375 608093_Geo-Hist_3_TB_ESO_43427.indd 1 15/12/2015 8:52:11

EXTENSION SHEET EXTENSION

Name: Course: Date: Name: Course: Date:

that a player who did so could claim the clothing

b. Explain in your own words how the game was played.

Drer, Painter studying the laws of foreshortening Mantegna, Lamentation of Christ.

8 GEOGRAPHY AND HISTORY 3

Title and learning objectives.

GEOGRAPHY AND HISTORY 3 9

RELIGIOUS DIVISIONS IN THE WORLD TODAY

These final tasks are situated right at the

end of the unit. However, some of the

questions they raise should be presented

s Solar power plant

continuation of the work that the

students have begun.

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10 GEOGRAPHY AND HISTORY 3

GEOGRAPHY AND HISTORY 3 11

Unit Introduction Contents Key Competences

Competences develop progressively and can be acquired in different learning situations

This is the ability to use computer Competences in Mathematics,

Linguistic competence. By studying this subject in a foreign language, students develop

Activities. A wide range of activities develops

Listening activities. The opening presentation

Think about it. Brief, thought-provoking nuggets

Work with the image. The students analyse

Reinforcement sheets. This material can be photocopied

Title and learning objectives.

These final tasks are situated right at the

Why is fresh water a scarce resource?

the Galician Massif:

the Ebro river basin

b. What does 'ageing population' refer to?

c. Which types of country generally have an ageing population?